697 Sentences With "serf" | Random Sentence Generator

Kick back, throw on some leeches, and listen to the premiere of No Age's "Serf to Serf" below.

Today we're pleased to premiere the lead single from pressing, "Serf to Serf," which we also debuted this weekend on Noisey Radio on Beats 1.

But not so as a serf elsewhere on the island.

"Robot" comes from the Czech word "robotnik," meaning serf or slave.

A serf here and there didn't obscure the essentially positive picture.

After my gastric ordeal, it was time to calm down with some serf entertainment.

But alas, there is no hot tub at the Chateau and I am but a Hollywood serf.

Some brilliantly clued entries included SERF, MAFIA, TREY, COT, CLAP, BALL, DIY, YES, and the wonderful OUTAGE.

K$UPREME & Okasian)" VenessaMichaels ft Leven Kali - "Do You Feel" **World Premiere**American Football - "I've Been So Lost for So Long"No Age - "Serf to Serf" **World Premiere** Beau Young Prince - "She Keep Me High" **World Premiere** Vince Staples Vince Staples - "War Ready" Vince Staples - "Prima Donna (ft.

Some of this idea of my father as a sort of liberated serf must have come from my mother.

They come back and they replace it with the personality and the soul of a slave or a serf.

The son of a former serf, he left rural poverty for a factory job and the thrill of modernity.

WEINTRAUB: This is a plural entry, so make sure the clue matches: [Serfs] is good, but [Serf] is not.

What kind of serf would I be without breaking my brittle backbone into a thousand tiny pieces with some menial work?

The average medieval serf worked way less than we do, and the same is true of tribal societies around the world.

Plus G3: Serf City recorded Thursday, May 4, 2017 with Halley Suitt Tucker, Elisa Camahort Page, Maria Ogneva, and Tina Chase Gillmor.

With basic income, $12,000 becomes the new absolute minimum for everyone and no one is a serf because everyone's basic needs are covered.

Other companies like Stripe, Uber, Twitch, OpenAI, Pinterest and Capital One use its open-source tools like Vagrant, packer, Terraform, Serf and Nomad.

We know that you fathered a child with a serf — an unhappy woman who was not, of course, free to reject your advances.

Two suggestions: GOP leaders can go hat in hand and grovel before Trump like a serf pleading to "Game of Thrones" Queen Cersei Lannister.

The Juiced board is the example of a serf that got close in an attempt to turn electric skateboards into a white-label market.

The entrepreneurial Lopakhin (Harold Perrineau), whose father was a serf, has kind of a thing for Ranevskaya's housekeeper and adopted daughter, Varya (Celia Keenan-Bolger).

New York visual artists Mint+Serf, known for elevating their graffiti into desirable objects for consumption, want to spin the image of the iconic patriot.

The silk scarf is a replica of a painting by Mint+Serf titled Young, Dumb and Full of Cum and digitally printed by Software Studios.

"Whenever I introduced myself as a Tibetan in middle school and high school, the first word everyone would blurt out was: 'serf,'" Mr. Tseden said.

"I am not a subject, I am not a slave and I am not a serf, and I will not be treated as such," he said.

Month by month, year by year, I shed my Russianness; as Chekhov once said about his serf parentage, I squeezed my Russianness out of myself drop by drop.

Her seductions and transactions are accompanied by a jaunty song "Moi, je me balance" ("Me, I'm Swinging") written and sung by the celebrated cabaret performer Barbara (Monique Serf).

FAGLIANO: In the case of the word SERF, for instance, there aren't likely to be any serfs doing our crossword, so it's hard to imagine someone taking personal offense.

After Father Tommasso (John C. Reilly) offers refuge to a strapping young servant on the run from his former employer, the nuns are all desperate for a taste of serf.

Certainly fit for special occasions, however, is the Barbara, a voluminous winged collar named for a famous French singer of the 0003s and '60s whose name actually was Monique Serf.

Somehow, the idea of equating the Faberge eggs and serf-slaves of the Russian monarchy with mid-ranking Whitehall bureaucrats seems to have discreetly fallen out of the political playbook. Why?

SVU recasts this relationship as Lord and Serf, but judging by the enormous room filled with mattresses that Detective Rollins finds on the Westchester manse, the idea is very much the same.

"These gestures were like signs of vassalage," with Mr. Macron playing the part of the serf, said J. C. Icart, a retired writer for scientific journals, interviewed outside the arrondissement's City Hall.

In all likelihood, had Carl Karcher been born in any other nation, he would have died an impoverished serf and his potential to improve the lives of others would have died with him.

It's how about this ambitious, soap-opera handsome, emotionally opaque man went from Iowan to New Yorker, from serf at Bergdorf Goodman to Merlin of American fashion to shuttlecock in corporate-takeover badminton.

After making them dependent, Amazon sets all the terms of engagement, and the merchant is left with a terrible choice: quit Amazon and lose their business, or agree to a serf-like relationship.

FAGLIANO: Particularly in the case of the word SERF, where the fact that there aren't likely to be any serfs doing our crossword, it's hard to imagine someone taking personal offense at this.

She plays an actress named Brigitte, who's playing the real-life French singer Monique Serf, who went by the stage name Barbara, in a film directed by Yves, the character played by Mr. Amalric.

He brought with him a desire to break the stereotype of Tibetans encapsulated in "Serfs," the classic 1963 Chinese film about the exploitation of a Tibetan serf and his emancipation by the People's Liberation Army.

But to hear Maria tell it, she lived like a serf, bowing to the whims of her feudal lord and lady even before this act of industrial espionage landed her on an F.B.I. witness list.

The ordinary person, who, in the view of past ruling classes, was often referred to as a serf, indentured servant or modern-day lower and middle class who achieves economic freedom will not willingly surrender it.

By not acknowledging the need for more competitive pricing, high-end board makers become the lords, and brands like Juiced take the role of the serf, rising against the pricing structure in many futile attempts to bring revolution.

"He was the biggest serf owner in old Tibet, and has no qualifications at all to talk about human rights," it added, referring to the period before what China calls its "peaceful liberation" of the remote Himalayan region in 1950.

It also makes me quite astonishingly calm at the thought of death: I know whom I would die to protect and I also understand that nobody but a lugubrious serf can possibly wish for a father who never goes away.

For example, Marx described the feudal economy as generating a conflict between lord and serf that was finally overcome by the rise of bourgeois capitalism, which in turn gave rise to a conflict between owners and workers that would inevitably lead to communism.

Mikhail Sokovikov and Jason Aaron Wall, who go by the monikers Mint and Serf, known collectively as Mirf, are true emblems of downtown New York City culture, fluctuating between tagging Manhattan streets, getting wild with club kids, and collaborating on immersive art experiences.

As the man most responsible for ending the Cold War, Mr. Gorbachev feels betrayed that the West — and the United States, in particular — played the victor and treated Russia like a dismissed serf, bringing NATO forces and the European Union to its very borders.

An empire with rulers such as Conrad II—who stopped to hear pleas from a serf, a widow and an orphan despite being late for his coronation in 1027—could only be an empire dedicated to "peace through consensus" between rulers (very much plural) and ruled.

I spent the day as a medieval serf, the common peasant, the grub-man, to see if being plunged back to a time where I would already be middle aged and dying at 23 could compete with the sexy Snapchat dog filter of a life I've built for myself.

The fictional narrative composed by Komar and Melamid calls attention to issues such as the ideological status of abstraction in the Soviet Union and the United States, the serf-like dependence of Soviet artists on state institutions, the hypocritical style of the official Soviet art history, and the question of historical truth in Russia.

Ternan and Saint Serf followed Palladius. Serf was the teacher of Saint Mungo, the apostle of Strathclyde, and patron saint of Glasgow.

Saint Serf or Serbán (Servanus) () is a saint of Scotland. Serf was venerated in western Fife. He is called the apostle of Orkney, with less historical plausibility. Saint Serf is connected with Saint Mungo's Church near Simonburn, Northumberland (off the Bellingham Road, north of Chollerford).

Saint Serf is said to have founded the Scottish town of Culross. David Hugh Farmer wrote that the legend of Serf is "a farrago of wild impossibilities" stating that Serf was the son of Eliud, King of Canaan, and his wife Alphia, daughter of a King of Arabia. Childless for a long time, they at last had two sons: the second was Serf. Serf came to Rome, carrying with him such a reputation for sanctity that he was elected and served as Pope for seven years.

Within his constraints, a serf had some freedoms. Though the common wisdom is that a serf owned "only his belly"even his clothes were the property, in law, of his lorda serf might still accumulate personal property and wealth, and some serfs became wealthier than their free neighbours, although this happened rarely. A well-to-do serf might even be able to buy his freedom. A serf could grow what crop he saw fit on his lands, although a serf's taxes often had to be paid in wheat.

And for a serf, 5 grivnas; for serf woman, 6 grivnas. 14\. And for a teacher, 12, same for a nanny, whether they be serfs or women. (...) 17\.

SERF components mockup. The SERF magnetometer was developed by Michael V. Romalis at Princeton University in the early 2000s. The underlying physics governing the suppression spin- exchange relaxation was developed decades earlier by William Happer but the application to magnetic field measurement was not explored at that time. The name "SERF" was partially motivated by its relationship to SQUID detectors in a marine metaphor.

At sufficiently high atomic density, extremely high sensitivity can be achieved. Spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometers containing potassium, caesium, or rubidium vapor operate similarly to the caesium magnetometers described above, yet can reach sensitivities lower than 1 fT Hz−½. The SERF magnetometers only operate in small magnetic fields. The Earth's field is about 50 µT; SERF magnetometers operate in fields less than 0.5 µT.

Automobiles Robert Serf was a French automobile manufacturer active between 1925 and 1935.

Costumes of slaves or serfs, from the sixth to the twelfth centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel from original documents in European libraries The word serf originated from the Middle French serf and was derived from the Latin ("slave"). In Late Antiquity and most of the Middle Ages, what are now called serfs were usually designated in Latin as coloni. As slavery gradually disappeared and the legal status of servi became nearly identical to that of the coloni, the term changed meaning into the modern concept of "serf". The word "serf" is first recorded in English in the late 15th century, and came to its current definition in the 17th century.

The Serf, Campbell (2001), page 5. and in his literary translation of a Zulu Song.Campbell (2001), page 6.

Surviving, she was then abandoned in a coracle in which she drifted across the Firth of Forth to Culross in Fife. There Mungo was born. Mungo was brought up by Saint Serf who was ministering to the Picts in that area. It was Serf who gave him his popular pet-name.

SERF magnetometers are relatively small, as they do not require bulky cooling systems to operate. At the same time, they feature sensitivity equivalent to that of SQUIDs. In 2012, it was demonstrated that MEG could work with a chip- scale atomic magnetometer (CSAM, type of SERF). More recently, in 2017, researchers built a working prototype that uses SERF magnetometers installed into portable individually 3D-printed helmets, which they noted in interviews could be replaced with something easier to use in future, such as a bike helmet.

In some cases, servus can also mean "serf," in the same way of a Medieval European serf; therefore Quirk asks whether Sepúlveda was referring to Native Americans as serfs, rather than slaves.Quirk, Robert E. (1954-08). "Some Notes on a Controversial Controversy: Juan Gines de Supulveda and Natural Servitude". The Hispanic American Historical Review.

Documents from 1440 show that the village was named, "Valasi". In 1600, the village consisted of 16 serf houses. At the end of the 16th century, Legnava was a medium-sized municipality with exclusively serf population mostly of Rusyn origin. In the 17th century, most land around the village belonged to the Semsey family.

If a boyar or a druzhina member dies, then his property does not go to the knyaz; and if he had no sons, then the inheritance goes to his daughters. (...) On serfdom 102\. There are three types of serfdom: one buys a serf for up to half a grivna before witnesses, and gives a nogata to the judge before the serf. 103\. A second serfdom: if one marries a serf woman without her master's agreement; if he marries with agreement, then whatever they decide with the master, thus he shall be. 104\.

Soroka was born as a serf in Pokrovskoye village (Tver Guberniya), owned by the Milyukov family. In 1842-1847 he studied art from Alexey Venetsianov then he was returned to his owner. In the 1850s-1860s he resided in his home village. He fell in love with his owner's daughter Lydia but was forcibly married to a serf woman.

All his property and that of his relatives was confiscated. Kunphela's father was sent back to serve as a serf in Nyemo.

Finally getting Clyde back, he declares, "My name is Clyde Langer!" as he touches the totem pole, destroying it. While investigating the Serf board computer in The Man Who Never Was, Sky accompanies Sarah Jane and Luke to the Serf factory for a practice press launch. While there, along with Luke, she spots Mr. Serf flickering, something everyone else misses and only seen by Sky due to her sensitivity to electrical fluctuations, and Luke because of his acute senses. After telling Sarah Jane, she helps Mr. Smith find video evidence of the glitch when the others are sceptical.

Additionally, the roof at the SERF is able to house ten PV panels to evaluate and analyze the performance of commercial building-integrated PV systems. Additionally, R&D; in PV materials and devices, measurement and characterization, reliability testing are also conducted at the SERF. At the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory, NREL has been measuring solar radiation and meteorological data since 1984.

Daniil Nikititsch Kaschin (1769 – December 1841) was a Russian composer, pianist, conductor, and folk-song collector. Kaschin was born the son of a serf of General Bibikov. He was a student of Giuseppe Sarti in Bessarabia in 1788. In 1790, he performed two of his own works in Moscow with a serf orchestra; Kashin went on to direct this ensemble in the 1790s.

It was a serf village from the founding of Újudvar. Most of its population was engaged in agriculture. Until 1945, he had several smallholders.

Saint Serf is a relatively common dedication for churches in Fife, Edinburgh and Central Scotland. The name also attaches to schools in the area.

In the case of their lord's defeat, their own fate might be uncertain, so the serf certainly had an interest in supporting his lord.

And if he steels bees, then 3 grivnas to the knyaz; and for the honey, if the beehive was full, 10 marten pelts to the victim; but if an empty hive then 5 marten pelts. On serfs 71\. If a serf tortures a serf without orders from the knyaz, then pays 3 grivnas to the knyaz, and 1 marten pelt to the victim for his suffering. 72\.

Other sources mention a "petit camion" (small truck) version. In rural eastern France the old carriage trade was still alive, and the bodies for Robert Serf automobiles were constructed by small-scale local coach-builders. Robert Serf exhibited at the 22nd Paris Motor Show where they took the opportunity to announce a new grill for their 7CV model. About 70 of these cars were made.

Often these bargains were severe. A 7th-century Anglo Saxon "Oath of Fealty" states: To become a serf was a commitment that encompassed all aspects of the serf's life. Moreover, the children born to a serf inherited the status of the parent, and were considered born into serfdom at birth. By taking on the duties of serfdom, individuals bound not only themselves but their future progeny.

Under these conditions, the atoms exchange spin quickly compared to their magnetic precession frequency so that the average spin interacts with the field and is not destroyed by decoherence. A SERF magnetometer achieves very high magnetic field sensitivity by monitoring a high density vapor of alkali metal atoms precessing in a near- zero magnetic field. The sensitivity of SERF magnetometers improves upon traditional atomic magnetometers by eliminating the dominant cause of atomic spin decoherence caused by spin-exchange collisions among the alkali metal atoms. SERF magnetometers are among the most sensitive magnetic field sensors and in some cases exceed the performance of SQUID detectors of equivalent size.

It also promoted Christian morals, and unlike the HNZ, the HKU advocated the abolition of the serf system as they had no relations with the Muslims.

A kholop () was a type of feudal serf in Russia between the 10th and early 18th centuries. Their legal status was close to that of slaves.

London: Jarrold and Son, 1897. # The Queen's Serf: Being the Adventures of Ambrose Gwinnett in England and Spanish America. 1 vol. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1898.

Peter Balakian, The Burning Tigris, "Killing fields". At the turn of the 20th century, most Armenians were peasants, who were exploited and oppressed by their Turkish feudal beys. According to the Russian vice- consul Tumanskii, Armenian peasants were treated as serfs attached to some Turkish chief. They were sold as property, and if Kurd killed a serf, the latter's master took revenge by killing a serf belonging to the murderer.

The peasant land was divided into three equal fields to facilitate the three-field system of crop rotation. Each field was then divided into strips () and assigned to each serf household. That way each serf was assigned a strip in each field; the three strips measured one volok (about ). Wealthier serfs with enough manpower were sometimes assigned additional land outside of the designated village; these farms were known as beyond- border ().

Russian landowners eventually gained almost unlimited ownership over Russian serfs. The landowner could transfer the serf without land to another landowner while keeping the serf's personal property and family; however, the landowner had no right to kill the serf. About four- fifths of Russian peasants were serfs according to the censuses of 1678 and 1719; free (black) peasants remained only in the north and north-east of the country.

Schulton or Scheltone is an ancient word, which means shelf. Shilton is therefore Scheltone or shelf-town. The village boasted 3 ploughs, with 1 serf and 4 sokemen.

After twenty years of work, a serf earns a gram of Protonite, and his retirement. While a paltry sum on Proton itself, this is enough to make the former serf comfortably wealthy elsewhere in the galaxy. Even then many serfs would choose to stay on Proton after their twenty years are up, but it is not permitted in most circumstances. The exception to this rule is getting far enough in the tourney (see below).

New York, NY, USA: Zone Books, 2001. in which the father passed his social status to his sons, while the women passed their status to their daughters. Thus, if a Mosuo commoner female married a male serf, her daughter would be another commoner, while her son would have serf status. Chuan-Kang Shih argued that matrilineality and "walking marriage" (tisese) is a primary institution of family, sex and reproduction, and marriage is secondary.

If a serf household had a garden they had to give the lord a lamb, 2 chickens, 2 chicks and 10 eggs. The price for the grazing of the public land was a dried pig's head. Serf daughters were sent to work as maids in noble families, thus bringing culture and fashion trends from the city to the countryside. Public schools started operating quite early in the Republic, since navigation and sailing required literacy.

Groupe Razel built the concrete piers. The steelwork was built by Société d'études R. Foucault et Associés (SERF) of Cergy in Paris (Île-de- France). Construction finished in January 2002.

The derivation would appear to be assumed rather than attested and the modern form is Innis Cheith.Watson (1994) pp. 381-82"The Life of Saint Serf" cyberscotia.com. Retrieved 27 Dec 2010.

Russian Serf Theatre refers to theatrical productions performed by serfs for their owners. Russian serf theaters dates back from the early to mid eighteenth century when the nobility began organizing their serfs to put on shows for each other. In 1795 the Russian population was 37 million, of whom the vast majority were serfs, owned by a mere 360,000 male nobles. The average aristocrat owned just 60 serfs and only 11 per cent owned more than 1000 .

Scientists at NREL work at the Outdoor Test Facility to develop standards for testing PV technologies. At the Outdoor Test Facility NREL researchers calibrate primary reference cells for use in a range of applications. One of the main buildings for PV research at NREL is the Solar Energy Research Facility (SERF). Examples of research conducted at the SERF include semiconductor material research, prototype solar cell production, and measurement and characterization of solar cell and module performance.

A villein (or villain) represented the most common type of serf in the Middle Ages. Villeins had more rights and higher status than the lowest serf, but existed under a number of legal restrictions that differentiated them from freemen. Villeins generally rented small homes, with a patch of land. As part of the contract with the landlord, the lord of the manor, they were expected to spend some of their time working on the lord's fields.

It may derive from a Germanic word meaning "serf" or "half-free colonist".Walde & Hofmann (1965) Bd. 1. A - L. 4. Aufl. Other authorities suggest the term was of Celtic or Iranian origin.

Taras Shevchenko. Documents…. Kyiv, 1982. Documents #59,60 Shevchenko began writing poetry while still being a serf, and in 1840 his first collection of poetry, Kobzar,Kobzar by T. Shevchenko. SPb. 1840 was published.

In the traditional songs, he introduces himself as a serf trying to cheer people whom he refers to as his lords. As a black-faced serf, he is a controversial character, seen as symbolically racist.Faces around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face By Margo DeMello – Black Face, Page 28 Therefore, half of his face is sometimes painted white in order to avoid the criticisms. According to some sources, Haji Firuz is based on a tradition called Mir Nowruzi.

The Utrecht baptismal vow Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The language is mostly recorded on fragmentary relics, and words have been reconstructed from Middle Dutch and loan words from Old Dutch in other languages.Webster's New World Dictionary: Old Dutch The oldest recorded is found in the Salic law. In this Frankish document written around 510 the oldest Dutch sentence has been identified: Maltho thi afrio lito ("I say to you, I free you, serf") used to free a serf.

If a debtor steals something, the master is in his right; when the debtor is caught the master may reimburse the victim for his horse or whatever else, and makes the debtor his serf; or if the master does not want to reimburse, then he may sell his debtor into serfdom, and reimburse the victim from that, and keep the rest. (...) On witnesses 59\. A serf may not be a witness; but if there are no free witnesses, then a serf caretaker may bear witness, but any others may not. And for minor cases a debtor may be a witness. (...) 65\. If one violates land borders, or works somebody else's land, or puts a fence on somebody else's land, then he’ll pay 12 grivnas to the knyaz. 69\.

The first fine upon a female serf getting married was known as merchet, to be paid by her father to their lord; the rationale was that the lord had lost a worker and her children. The second fine is the leyrwite, to be paid by a male or female serf who had committed sexual acts forbidden by the Church, for fear that the fornicating serf might have her marriage value lessened and thus the lord might not get the merchet. Chris Middleton cited other historians who demonstrated that lords often regulated their serfs' marriages to make sure that the serfs' landholdings would not be taken out of their jurisdiction. Lords could even force female serfs into involuntary marriages to ensure that the female serfs would be able to pro- create a new generation of workers.

Many ex-slaves as well as poor whites worked in the sharecropping system in serf-like conditions.Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960 (LSU Press, 1986) online free to borrow.

She accompanies Sarah Jane again back to the factory, where she rejoins Luke while Sarah Jane has an interview with Mr. Serf. While looking round, she feels electrical fluctuations taking place below her and heads down in the lift, along with an irritated Luke. Once at the bottom level, they discover the technology generating Mr. Serf and the people behind it. They are discovered when Luke notices Sarah Jane in trouble on the screen, however the aliens, slaves called Skullions, warn them to leave.

He opened on 2 November with three new plays: Tom Taylor's The Hidden Hand, and two farces, John Oxenford's The Girl I Left Behind Me and John Maddison Morton's My Wife's Bonnet, all of them adaptations from the French. In Tom Taylor's Settling Day, opening on 4 March 1865, he was the first Meiklam. In a revival of Twelfth Night he was Sir Andrew Aguecheek. From 30 June 1865 in Tom Taylor's The Serf, or Love Levels All, he was Khor, an old serf.

In exchange for gaining protection, his service was required: in labour, produce, or cash, or a combination of all. These bargains became formalized in a ceremony known as "bondage", in which a serf placed his head in the lord's hands, akin to the ceremony of homage where a vassal placed his hands between those of his overlord. These oaths bound the lord and his new serf in a feudal contract and defined the terms of their agreement.Marc Bloch, Feudal Society: The Growth of the Ties of Dependence.

Many early settlers to Alvena were of Ukrainian descent. Many were peasant serf farmers in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Others were from Poland and they erected Roman Catholic Churches in the area.Kaleidoscope. Many Cultures, One Faith.

The life of a serf belonged to the state. Historically, when the serfs faced problems they could not solve on their own (such as abusive masters), they often appealed to the autocrat, and continued doing so during Catherine's reign, but she signed legislation prohibiting it.Madriaga, “Catherine II”, 48–51 Although she did not want to communicate directly with the serfs, she did create some measures to improve their conditions as a class and reduce the size of the institution of serfdom. For example, she took action to limit the number of new serfs; she eliminated many ways for people to become serfs, culminating in the manifesto of 17 March 1775, which prohibited a serf who had once been freed from becoming a serf again.Madriaga, “Catherine II”, 35 However, she also restricted the freedoms of many peasants.

The rebellion ultimately failed and in fact backfired as Catherine was pushed away from the idea of serf liberation following the violent uprising. Under Catherine's rule, despite her enlightened ideals, the serfs were generally unhappy and discontented.

There was one plough, 1 serf, 1 villein, 2 smallholders, 20 acres of pasture and 20 sheep. The value of the manor was 6 shillings though it had formerly been worth 10 shillings.Thorn, C. et al., ed.

Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 136–137, noting that economic historian Moses Finley maintained "serf" was an incorrect term to apply to the social structures of classical antiquity.

David Moon. "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. Page 40 The Bargain by Nikolai Nevrev (Sale of a serf girl) Tsar Alexander I and his advisors quietly discussed the options at length.

Orest was born in the village of Nezhnovo in the Saint Petersburg Governorate on . He was an illegitimate son of a landowner Alexey Dyakonov, hence his name, derived from Kypris, one of the Greek names for the goddess of love. He was raised in the family of Adam Shvalber, a serf. Although Kiprensky was born a serf, he was released from the serfdom upon his birth and later his father helped him to enter a boarding school at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg in 1788 (when Orest was only six years old).

A spin exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometer is a type of magnetometer developed at Princeton University in the early 2000s. SERF magnetometers measure magnetic fields by using lasers to detect the interaction between alkali metal atoms in a vapor and the magnetic field. The name for the technique comes from the fact that spin exchange relaxation, a mechanism which usually scrambles the orientation of atomic spins, is avoided in these magnetometers. This is done by using a high (1014 cm−3) density of potassium atoms and a very low magnetic field.

Both male and female serfs had to labor as part of their services to their lords and their required activities might be even specifically gendered by the lords. A serf woman would pass her serfdom status to her children; in contrast, children would inherit gentry status from their father. A serf could gain freedom when released by the lord, or after having escaped from the lord's control for one year plus one day, often into towns; escaping serfs were rarely arrested. When female serfs got married, they had to pay fines to their lords.

Heriot was the right of a lord in feudal Europe to seize a serf's best horse, clothing, or both, upon his death. It arose from the tradition of the lord lending a serf a horse or armour or weapons to fight so that when the serf died the lord would rightfully reclaim his property.Brooks, "Arms, status and warfare", pp. 91-2. Payments of heriot are sometimes mentioned in the wills of West-Saxon nobles from the mid-tenth century onward (a case in question is that of Æthelmær).

Georges Didier established a small automobile business at Colombey-les-Belles, not far from Toul, concentrating on Ford cars and Fordson tractors. In 1925 he started to manufacture automobiles, designed by a man named Robert Serf, whose name was given to the cars. Production ended in 1935 when the business relocated a short distance to the east, to Vandoeuvre, a quarter of Nancy. The business existed till approximately 1942 which was the year in which Dider died, although Robert Serf himself was still working in his own automotive workshop at Nancy until the 1970s.

From the moment of his return from abroad Sheremetev not only watched closely all events of the Moscow theatre life, but on a regular basis he took out the troupe to performances of theatre Medox, and he invited lead actors of Peter theatre (theatre Medox) to teach serf actors. In the beginning of 1790 Sheremetev decided to transfer the serf theatre from Kuskovo to Ostankino. On July 22, 1795 the theatre was opened with the premiere of the heroic opera The Capture of Izmail (P. Potemkin's libretto, I. Kozlovski's music).

Fixed years () was the term used in Russian documents for the statute of limitations during which a run-away serf could be sought out and returned to his landlord. They were fixed at five years by an ukaz (decree) of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich issued on November 24, 1597. They were done away with as part of the Ulozhenie of 1649, where there was no limit on the time a serf could be sought out and returned to his estate.See Chapter Eight of Ruslan Skrynikov's Boris Godunov: Zapovednye i urochnye rody Tsara Fedora Ioanovicha.

Mazour, pp. 17-18. Landed gentry tried to restore lost income through enclosures and driving away redundant serf peasants, but Alexander outlawed the "emancipation" of serfs without land.Mazour, pp. 3-6, analyzed Alexander's motives for the 1808 ban.

Sheremetev's love for theatre was exhibited by his long-term relationship with Kovalyova as well as the high professional quality of his theatre. By the early nineteenth century, there 170 serf theatres varying greatly in size and quality.

An orthogonal probe beam detects the precession using optical rotation of linearly polarized light. In a typical SERF magnetometer, the spins merely tip by a very small angle because the precession frequency is slow compared to the relaxation rates.

Lieutenant-colonel Arsenyev in 1917. Arseniev was born in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire. His father, born a serf, became the chief of the Moscow District Railway. After a military education, Arseniev began his expeditions to the forests of the Far East.

There were 2 ploughs, 1 serf, 1 villein, 3 smallholders, 10 acres of woodland, 40 acres of pasture, 10 cattle and 50 sheep. The value of the manor was £1; "this land is of St. Kew's".Thorn, C. et al., ed.

488–89 In the 7th century St Adomnán of Iona founded a "school of the prophets" on Inchkeith in the late 7th century having met St Serf there. Inchmickery's name may be derived from the Gaelic for "island of the vicar".

Emperor Paul also treated Nikolev kindly and referred to him as "L'aveugle clairvoyant". Five volumes of his works were published during Paul's reign. Nikolev had a theatre of serf actors at his estate near Moscow, where he staged his own plays.

Serfs had a specific place in feudal society, as did barons and knights: in return for protection, a serf would reside upon and work a parcel of land within the manor of his lord. Thus, the manorial system exhibited a degree of reciprocity. One rationale held that serfs and freemen "worked for all" while a knight or baron "fought for all" and a churchman "prayed for all"; thus everyone had a place. The serf was the worst fed and rewarded, but at least he had his place and, unlike slaves, had certain rights in land and property.

Alexander Nikitenko was born a Little-Russian serf, property of Count Nikolai Sheremetev, stationed in Alekseevka Sloboda of the Biruchenskii uezd. Nikitenko was born in 1804 or 1805; his father, who served as senior clerk in the estate office of Count Sheremetev, was educated at the level above that of his peers and suffered from harassment by superiors for serfs' interests. Nikitenko's childhood was not favorable for good upbringing. He received his initial education at Voronezh Uezd School, but could not further advance his studies because as a serf, he would not be admitted to a Gymnasium.

And for a caretaker, or a horse trainer, 80 grivnas 11\. But for a village supervisor, or the field work supervisor, 12 grivnas. And for a serf, 5 grivnas. Same for boyar's. 12\. And for a tradesman and a tradeswoman, 12 grivnas. 13\.

Only in this way apart from conscription to the army could a serf leave the farm for which he was responsible but this was used for selling serfs to people who could not own them legally because of absence of nobility and abroad.

Monique Andrée Serf (9 June 1930 – 24 November 1997) was a French singer. She took her stage name, Barbara, from her grandmother, Varvara Brodsky, a native of Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine). Her song "L'Aigle noir" sold 1 million copies in twelve hours.

Semnan was also an important medical center for members of the Qajar Imperial Family and was home to many notable physicians and doctors of the era. Economically, the city consisted of several feudal estates with agricultural plantations which relied on serf labor.

Veresai was born in 1803 in the village of Kaliuzhentsi, Pryluky county, Poltava Governorate. He was the only child of a serf family. His father, Mykyta Veresai, was a congenitally blind violinist. At age 4, Veresai fell ill and lost his sight.

Dmitriy Filatov’s father, Petr Mikhailovich Filatov, was a wealthy landowner who married late in life. His mother, Klavdiya Vasilevna Kazakova, came from the serf peasantry. Among his relatives included mathematicians, zoologists, ophthalmologists, and pediatricians. His childhood home was frequented by physiologist Ivan Sechenov.

Tucker's illiterate serf and literate proletarian view the tsarist state as "an abstract entity" and "an alien power".Tucker, "The Image of Dual Russia," pp. 122-125. (italics added). His collective farmer resents enserfment and his factory worker resents exploitation in Stalin's "socialist" revolution.

A villein, otherwise known as cottar or crofter, is a serf tied to the land in the feudal system. Villeins had more rights and social status than those in slavery, but were under a number of legal restrictions which differentiated them from the freeman.

Shumsky was born in the village of Turchynka, Volhynian Governorate (today Zhytomyr Oblast) in a family of foresters.Papakin, H. Alexander Shumsky (ШУМСЬКИЙ ОЛЕКСАНДР ЯКОВИЧ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. Himself, Shumsky wrote that he was born in a family of "batrak" (poor farmer- serf).

They named him Þræll (thrall, serf, or slave). Þræll grew up strong but ugly. He married a woman named Thír (slave girl or bondswoman), and they had twelve sons and nine daughters with names mostly suggesting ugliness and squatness. They became the race of serfs.

The Wings of a Serf also known as Ivan the Terrible () is a 1926 Soviet silent historical film directed by Yuri Tarich and starring Leonid Leonidov, Ivan Klyukvin and Safiyat Askarova.Christie & Taylor p.434 The film's sets were designed by the art director Vladimir Yegorov.

The creations of John of Kijany contained a hearty dose of social radicalism. The moralist Sebastian Klonowic wrote a symbolic poem Flis using the setting of Vistula river craft floating work. Szymon Szymonowic in his Pastorals portrayed, without embellishments, the hardships of serf life.

Erenkrantz has made major coding developments on Apache HTTP Server, APR, mod_mbox, flood and Serf. As of 2010 Erenkrantz graduated from the University of California, Irvine where he received a PhD. His dissertation is titled Computational REST: A New Model for Decentralized, Internet-Scale Applications.

Anton Ivanov was born a serf in a village of Kozakovo, Vladimir gubernia. From 1833 he studied painting in Saint Petersburg with Chernetsov's brothers. In 1838 he accompanied them on a trip on Volga River. In 1841 he was redeemed from serfdom by Chernetsov's brothers.

After her death, Brattsevo was owned by Rimsky-Korsakov. Apparently, c. 1813 upon a picturesque hill near the village was created a complex estates and parks, existing to our time. The architect is expected to be Andrey Voronikhin, a former serf of Counts Stroganoff.

After consoling herself, Elizabeth turned to handsome coachmen and footmen for her sexual pleasure. She eventually found a long-term companion in Alexis Razumovsky, a kind-hearted and handsome Ukrainian peasant serf with a good bass voice. Razumovsky had been brought from his village to St. Petersburg by a nobleman to sing for a church choir until the Grand Duchess purchased the talented serf from the nobleman for her own choir. A simple-minded man, Razumovsky never showed interest in affairs of state during all the years of his relationship with Elizabeth, which spanned from the days of her obscurity to the height of her power.

In 1870, a law was promulgated that prohibited the use of any private money, the law had in mind such cases as "Maltsovka". However, they had denomination in rubles or kopecks, in contrast to the bonds of Sebryakov. Under the socage economy system, the serf peasant worked part of the week for his land allotment, and worked for the rest of the week on the landowner in his estate, thus practicing the land allocated to him by the landowner. Socage is a free forced labor of a serf peasant in the landowner's household, a typically Russian form of labor in the second half of the XVIII century.

Serfs could also escape their plights if they survived twenty-five years of service in the armed forces. But in general, laws tied serfs to their masters for life and caused them to suffer under an owner's rule. The most harrowing part of the experience was the lack of rights given to a serf, whether he was a peasant, entrepreneur, or member of the serf intelligentsia. His state was one of constant vulnerability; a bad season farming his land could bring famine and its related difficulties to his family, and he was always at the mercy of a master who could switch from benevolent to vicious at any moment.

Furthermore, the increasing use of money made tenant farming by serfs less profitable; for much less than it cost to support a serf, a lord could now hire workers who were more skilled and pay them in cash. Paid labour was also more flexible, since workers could be hired only when they were needed. At the same time, increasing unrest and uprisings by serfs and peasants, like Tyler’s Rebellion in England in 1381, put pressure on the nobility and the clergy to reform the system. As a result, the gradual establishment of new forms of land leases and increased personal liberties accommodated serf and peasant demands to some extent.

Plato and Greek Slavery. Mind, 48(190), 186–201. Retrieved 5 July 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/2250858 And, two millennial later, in the Middle Ages, slaves played an integral part in imperial economies, and the role of the slave eventually evolved into that of the feudal serf.

He was sired by St Serf who won the Rous Memorial Stakes and went on to sire several other good horses included the 1000 Guineas winner Thais. Challacombe's dam Lady Chancellor was a distant, female-line descendant of the dam of the Epsom Oaks winner Nike.

Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov () (1831–1898) created Russia's leading pre- revolutionary vodka company, an antecedent of both Smirnoff and Smirnov vodka. He was born a serf in Kayurovo, a rural Russian village, on 9 January 1831, and rose to become one of the wealthiest men in Russia.

The Sheremetev Fortress Theatre was a historic theatre in Moscow in Russia, active from the 1760s to at least 1797.Кренкель Эрнст Теодорович, Крепостной театр Шереметевых (рус.). Проверено 1 февраля 2018. It was the Moscow stage of the famous serf theatre of Pyotr Sheremetev and Nikolai Sheremetev.

Parasha Zhemchugova, a serf actress-turned-countess. Enlightenment ideas were popularized by the nascent Russian theatre. The first Russian theater group of this kind was established in Yaroslavl by Fyodor Volkov and Ivan Dmitrievsky during Elizaveta's reign. Aleksandr Sumarokov was responsible for the repertory of their theatre.

There is land for two ploughs. > There are five villeins with one serf. It is worth twenty shillings by > weight and assay. To the same manor has been unjustly annexed Nymet,Nymet > was the ancient name of the River Mole, from which are named several manors, > e.g.

Feodosy Kosoy, "Feodosy the Squint-Eyed" (Феодосий Косой) (fl. 1550s) was a Russian serf-monk in the time of Ivan the Terrible. He preached full equality, rejecting church hierarchy, the Trinity, the sacraments, icons, and churches.Victor Terras, A History of Russian Literature (Yale UP, 1991), p.

In medieval tournaments a kipper was a person employed by a knight, usually a vassal of the knight such as a slave, serf, or peasant. Kippers might also be fighters of non-knightly status, who therefore did not fight on horseback.Francis G. Gentry (1995). German Epic Poetry.

She seeks sanctuary with the monks of Saint Serf, where she brings up her infant son. Tranter's tale blends historical detail from early manuscripts with Scottish folklore and Arthurian legend. According to the latter, Loth is King Arthur's brother-in-law, and father of Gawain and Mordred.

The serfs took little part in uprisings against the empire as a whole; it was the Cossacks and nomads who rebelled initially and recruited serfs into rebel armies. But many landowners died during serf uprisings against them. The revolutions of 1905 and 1917 happened after serfdom's abolition.

Maria Blumenthal-Tamarina's father, Mikhail, was born a serf. Maria graduated in 1875 from the Mariinsky de Saint-Petersburg gymnasium. In 1880, she married a drama teacher and actor named Alexander Eduardovich Blumenthal-Tamarin. Her stage debut was in 1885, when she became part of an amateur theater group.

Arguing that all men are born free, Louis declared in 1315 that French serfs would therefore be freed, although each serf would have to purchase his freedom.Bishop, p.296. A body of commissioners was established to undertake the reform, establishing the peculium, or value, of each serf.Stephen, p.377.

A taeog (pl. taeogion; Latin: villanus) was a native serf or villein of the medieval Welsh kingdoms. The term was used in south Wales and literally denoted someone "belonging to the house" (ty) of the lord's manor. The equivalent term in north Wales was aillt or mab aillt.

The Pool. 1902 Victor Musatov was born in Saratov, Russia (he added the last name Borisov later). His father was a minor railway official who had been born as a serf. In his childhood he suffered a spinal injury, which made him humpbacked for the rest of his life.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Slavyansky (, 1817–1876) was a Russian painter. He was born a serf of the landlady Avdotya Nikolayevna Semenova, in the village of Vyshkovo in Tver Guberniya. He became Venetsianov’s student in 1839 in his estate of Safonkovo. Venetsianov did his best to buy freedom to Slavyansky.

This tradition would place Serf's floruit in the late 7th century. At the time, this island was part of the Pictish kingdom of Fib (Fife). Serf founded the eponymous St Serf's Inch Priory on the island, where he remained seven years. The priory was a community of Augustinian canons.

His father Nikolai was an ex-serf, earning money on the side as a cobbler. After the famine of 1891, Nikolai became an alcoholic. Afanasy, who had learned to read at 9, had to take up cobbling when he was 12. Matushenko managed to finish a church parish school.

The famous serf soprano Praskovya Zhemchugova acted the role of the captive Turkish woman Zelmira. The opera was revived and performed again on 28 August 2004 at the same place in Ostankino. Between 1799 and 1819 Kozlovsky supervised the theatre orchestras and the theatrical college at St Petersburg.

Mint&Serf; at Ace Hotel, New York City Recently, graffiti and street art have played a key role in contemporary wall painting. Such graffiti/street artists as Keith Haring, Shepard Fairey, Above, Mint&Serf;, Futura 2000, Os Gemeos, and Faile among others have successfully transcended their street art aesthetic beyond the walls of urban landscape and onto walls of private and corporate clients. As graffiti/street art became more mainstream in the late 1990s, youth-oriented brands such as Nike and Red Bull, with Wieden Kennedy, have turned to graffiti/street artists to decorate walls of their respective offices. This trend continued through 2000's with graffiti/street art gaining more recognition from art institutions worldwide.

Yet no mechanism existed to restore escaped serfs to their estates, and no means to enforce bondage existed, though the estate lord held the right to pursue and forcibly return them to the land. Any serf who had absented himself from his estate for three years was automatically granted either commoner (chi mi) status or reclassified as a serf of the central government. Estate lords could transfer their subjects to other lords or rich peasants for labor, though this practice was uncommon in Tibet. Though rigid structurally, the system exhibited considerable flexibility at ground level, with peasants free of constraints from the lord of the manor once they had fulfilled their corvée obligations.

This did not mean freedom itself, but abandoning forced labour and payments in kind to landlords meant the open evidence of servility was concealed. In disputes, royal courts were increasingly biased toward declaring a peasant was free. Second, through an act of manumission lords could voluntarily grant freedom and this was increasingly done, after the plague, if the serf or a relative made a payment of money. Third, the common law stated that if a serf lived on free soil, as in a chartered town or Royal demesne land, for a year and a day, they would become free.HM Cassidy, ‘The Emergence of the Free Labor Contract in England’ (1928) 18(2) American Economic Review 201, 207-208.

Saint Serf is said to have been a contemporary of Saint Mungo, also known as Saint Kentigern, though he could not have lived at the same time as both Adomnán and Mungo. A legend states that when the British princess (and future saint) Theneva (Thenaw) became pregnant before marriage, her family threw her from a cliff. She survived the fall unharmed, and was soon met by an unmanned boat. She knew she had no home to go to, so she boarded the boat; it sailed her across the Firth of Forth to land at Culross where she was cared for by Saint Serf; he became foster-father of her son, Saint Kentigern (Saint Mungo).

The senchléithe (hereditary serf) was bound to work the land of his master, whereas the fuidir had no independent status nor land of his own, but could at least leave as he might desire.Kelly 1988, p. 11 Others might be of less than full status, based on age or origin.

The estate was visited by Empress Catherine II in 1775; an obelisk in the park marks the event. By the end of the 18th century, the estate went into a decline. It was badly damaged during the French invasion in 1812. In the 1830s, the serf theater was torn down.

1012, case 1526 In 1824 Taras, along with his father, became a traveling merchant (chumak) and traveled to Zvenyhorodka, Uman, Yelizavetgrad (today Kropyvnytskyi).Works in 10 volumes. Vol.3. 129 At the age of eleven Taras became an orphan when, on , his father died as a serf in corvée."Osnova" 1862.

He escaped captivity and became a professional soldier in the Military Frontier. In 1564, he became a serf on the estates of infamous Ferenc Tahy. Three years later, as a semi- professional soldier, he raided Ottoman territories. He was again captured by the Turks, and brought as prisoner to Constantinople.

The villages Orekhovo and Zuyevo were mentioned in the chronicle several more times during the Middle Ages. In 1797, serf peasant Savva Vasilievich Morozov () opened his first silk factory in Zuyevo. Later he shifted from silk to wool. In 1823, profits from his business allowed him to be freed from serfdom.

There was land for 2 ploughs. There were 1 plough, 1 serf, 2 villeins, 6 smallholders, 100 acres of woodland, 40 acres of pasture, 4 unbroken mares, 2 cows, 24 sheep and 7 goats. The value of the manor was 10 shillings though it has formerly been worth £2 sterling.

One known phrase in Old Frankish is found in the Salic law of the early sixth century, and is used to free a serf: Old Low Franconian (also Old Low Frankish) was a group of dialects spoken in the Low countries. It was a daughter language of the Old Frankish language.

Historians, until the 20th century, focused on master-serf economic and labor relations, portraying the serfs as slave-like, passive, and isolated. 20th century scholars downplayed the evils and emphasize the complexities.Boris B. Gorshkov, "Serfdom: Eastern Europe" in Peter Stearns, ed., Encyclopedia of European Social History (2001) 2:379-88; Online.

Poorer serfs shared one volok between 2 or 3 families. On average, each serf household had about . Since land was owned by the Grand Duke, peasants had to perform services and pay dues to the landowner in exchange for their use of their farms. The unit of such services was one volok.

One's stability was constantly threatened: a serf's family could be removed from their land, sold away, or raped by their owner. The serf could be conscripted for the army, sent to Siberia, punished viciously without cause or proof of guilt, beaten, or even killed.Madariaga, Isabel de. Catherine the Great: A Short History.

Below were the jung-in (중인-中人: literally "middle people". This was a small class of specialized professions such as medicine, accounting, translators, regional bureaucrats, etc. Below that were the sangmin (상민-常民: literally 'commoner'), farmers working their own fields. Korea also had a serf population known as the nobi.

Tseten Dolma (; ) is a Tibetan soprano. She was born August 1, 1937 to a serf family in Shigatse, Tibet. Tseten was influenced by Tibetan folk music from a very young age, and first performed on stage in 1956. She is known for starring in the 1965 musical epic The East Is Red.

In addition to service, a serf was required to pay certain taxes and fees. Taxes were based on the assessed value of his lands and holdings. Fees were usually paid in the form of agricultural produce rather than cash. The best ration of wheat from the serf's harvest often went to the landlord.

Vasily Andreevich Tropinin (; - ) was a Russian Romantic painter. Much of his life was spent as a serf; he didn't attain his freedom until he was more than forty years old. Three of his more important works are a portrait of Alexander Pushkin and paintings called The Lace Maker and The Gold-Embroideress.

Portrait of Bishop György Klimó György Klimo was born on the 4th of April, 1710 in Lopassó (Nyitra County, Kingdom of Hungary) . His family name was written as “Klimovicz” in the register. His parents were poor peasants from a serf family. György had one sister Anna, and two brothers, Márton and János.

Jean Claude Jacob was a serf from the Jura Mountains, supposedly 120 years old, who was brought from his native place to figure as "dean of the human race" in Paris at the Festival of the Federation of July 1790. Thomas Carlyle wrote of Jacob in The French Revolution: A History: > Having seen the Human Species itself, to have seen the 'Dean of the Human > Species,' ceased now to be a miracle. Such 'Doyen du Genre Humain, Eldest of > Men,' had shewn himself there, in these weeks: Jean Claude Jacob, a born > Serf, deputed from his native Jura Mountains to thank the National Assembly > for enfranchising them. On his bleached worn face are ploughed the > furrowings of one hundred and twenty years.

Land is generally passed down from father to son or from older brother to younger brother. If a family does not have any sons, the oldest daughter can inherit the land. This land is separated by matrilineal kinship. Individuals and groups who have to rely on other people's lands are part of the serf caste.

Governor Dmitry Golitsyn became an influential fundraiser for the theatre and arranged emancipation of serf actors. In the same year, future stars Mikhail Shchepkin and Pavel Mochalov joined the company, immediately receiving top billings. Later, in the 1830s, cast hiring was influenced by Shchepkin, who hired and mentored future stars Prov Sadovsky and Ivan Samarin.

Paul J. Fouracre is professor of medieval history at the University of Manchester. His research interests relate to early medieval history, the history of the Franks, law and custom in medieval societies, charters, hagiography, serf-lord relations in the eleventh century, and the cost of the liturgy.Prof Paul Fouracre - personal details. University of Manchester.

Self portrait (1830) He was a serf of Mr. Kushelev, who was later released into the wild. He received his initial training at the school of painting Alexander Stupin's in Arzamas. He continued to study at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. In 1840 he received from the Academy the title of a class artist.

He was the son of a serf and received no formal education., but was trained as a carpenter. Encouraged by a local priest, Father Stanislaw Morgenstern, Wnęk became a prolific sculptor in wood and stone for churches and cemeteries in Kraków and Odporyszów. The angels he sculpted are described as having wings of "exceptional beauty".

One of the porters, known as , who contributed to the construction of the church by carrying stones The book is set in Barcelona and its main character is Arnau Estanyol, the son of a fugitive serf and one of the cathedral's stone workers, who obtains freedom and eventually achieves a high status in society.

Bondarev was born a serf in southern Russia. When he was 37, his owner signed a commission to send him to the army for a 25-year conscription period. The conscription forcibly separated Bondarev from his wife and children. In the military, he renounced his Russian Orthodox faith and joined the Subbotniks, a Sabbatarian sect.

Already as a "serf village" in 1694 the name was finally changed to Felsőtárkány. In 1750 Archbishop Barkóczy built the Castle Fourcontrasti, and a monastery for the Nazarenes. The remains of the monastery can be still seen on the north of the settlement. The population of Felsőtárkán was changing rapidly, from 862 in 1786 to 1440 in 1869.

The Game-champion serf Stile is assaulted on Proton by an unknown enemy, but learns he can escape into a mysterious fantasy world (Phaze). In Phaze he meets Neysa, a unicorn, and learns of his magical legacy as the Blue Adept. Back in Proton he tries to uncover his enemy, while building a relationship with his robot lover, Sheen.

By using the hypnotic Serf hologram, she manages to destroy the pen and deactivate the hologram. Throughout the story, Sky deals with emotions related to meeting Luke in person, and doubts as to her importance, however this is resolved at the end of the episode with Luke fully appreciating her and recognising her room and role as his sister.

Honcharenko was born in the village of Ripky into a serf family. He became blind at the age of 3 or 4. He began to study the bandura at the age of 22 under the old kobzar Petro Kulibaba. He studied for a period of four months, and continued his studies under other kobzars he later met.

Charisian success causes divisions among the Temple Loyalist forces, allowing the Reformists to begin routing them in detail; one battle with the army of the Empire of Desnair causes 90 percent enemy casualties. The Empire of Harchong's massive serf army becomes modernized and remains a grave threat, but Charisian commanders express confidence that total victory is within reach.

The settlement contained 59 villagers, 54 smallholders (middle level of serf below a villager), and 51 slaves. There were ploughlands for 24.5 lord's plough teams and 28 men's plough teams. Resources were of meadow, a woodland of 0.5 leagues, and four mills. Three of the mills may have been included as part of the wider Deerhurst manor.

He was born a serf named Nodar Zalikashvili. After he had lost his mother due to his master's cruelty, he killed his master, fled, and embraced Islam to avoid persecution. Durmishkhan now starts to work for Osman Agha and marries another woman, who gives birth to a boy named Zurab. Meanwhile, Vardo becomes a fortune teller.

The Central Agricultural Zone was the main area of colonisation in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The centre of agricultural production moved to the region at the same time, and barschina emerged as principal peasant obligation. In these areas nearly 85 per cent of the serf population lived during the latter third of the seventeenth century.Blum, p.

The educational level of the rural serf population was improving very slowly, despite the efforts of the Commission of National Education. In times of the existential threat, the idea of national self-defense was met with some peasant response already during the Confederation of Bar, and to a much greater extent at the time of the Kościuszko Uprising.

The twenty- six rooms of the palace were designed for entertaining and impressing guests on state occasions. Count Sheremetev entertained in a grand style; his outdoor entertainments in the park attracted as many twenty-five thousand guests. Entertainments included his a famous theater and orchestra with serf actors.Boris Brodsky, "Les Trésors artistiques de Moscou", pg. 136.

After 1760 a labor surplus developed. The serf population grew, pressure on the land increased, and the serfs' standard of living declined. Landowners began making greater demands on new tenants and began violating existing agreements. In response, Maria Theresa issued her Urbarium of 1767 to protect the serfs by restoring their freedom of movement and limiting the corvée.

Finally after an assault with his lance, sword, mace and surprisingly a jackhammer, Sir Cumference collapses from exhaustion and Cedric wins by default and is crowned the new champion. Princess Esmeralda leaps to her new fiancé with glee, Cedric soaks in the crowd adoration, while a serf nonchalantly pushes Sir Cumference from the field in a scoop shovel.

The town developed from a series of 16th Century Catholic parishes. It became more formally settled around 1771 as a jobbágy faluból or serf village. It became Kenderes after the 1848 revolutions which swept across much of Europe. The late Baroque Catholic church, built by Count Antal Haller, began in 1783 and was completed in 1800.

These words originate from servus, the Latin word for servant or slave. (Servus is also the origin of the word "serf".) The phrase is an ellipsis of a Latin expression servus humillimus, domine spectabilis, meaning "[your] most humble servant, [my] noble lord". No subservience is implied in its modern use, which has the force of "at your service".

Klimó came from a serf family. He studied first in Pressburg, then in Pest (present-day Bratislava and Budapest, respectively), and in 1731 began his studies at the St. Stephen seminary (Szent István Papnevelő Intézet). He was ordained to the priesthood in 1733. In 1751 he was appointed Bishop of Pécs (he was ordained as bishop in 1752).

"Volodya", aged three Lenin's father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was the fourth child of impoverished tailor Nikolai Vassilievich Ulyanov (born a serf father); and a far younger woman named Anna Alexeevna Smirnova, who lived in Astrakhan. Ilya escaped poverty by studying physics and mathematics at the Kazan State University, before teaching at the Penza Institute for the Nobility from 1854.

For the most part, the Dai/Tai/Thai people occupied the more fertile intermontane basins and the valleys, while the less powerful groups lived in the poorer, higher elevations. This dichotomy was often also characterized by a master/serf relationship.Kusuma Snitwongse & W Scott Thompson eds. Ethnic Conflicts in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (October 14, 2005) , pg.

The surplus he would sell at market. The landlord could not dispossess his serfs without legal cause and was supposed to protect them from the depredations of robbers or other lords, and he was expected to support them by charity in times of famine. Many such rights were enforceable by the serf in the manorial court.

He also sang alongside Tibbett in Aida and Tosca. His second marriage ended in divorce, and he married for a third time, to Miriam Ferris, an actress. On 20 October 1938 he sang in the world premiere of George Lloyd's The Serf, under Albert Coates. In March 1939 came the British premiere of Hindemith's Mathis der Maler.

Polina Suslova was born in Panino, Nizhny Novgorod guberniya.(Russian) Polina's father, Prokofiy Suslov, was a serf of the Sheremetevs, but was able to succeed as a merchant and manufacturer. He decided to provide proper education for his daughters, Polina (a diminutive form of the given name Apollinaria) and Nadezhda. The girls had a governess, and a dancing teacher.

Trần Đăng Ninh was born in 1910 as Nguyễn Tuấn Đáng in the hamlet of Quảng Nguyên, Quảng Phú Cầu commune, Ứng Hòa District of Hà Tây Province (now part of Hanoi), where he completed primary school. Rather than remaining a serf tied to the land, he moved to Hanoi where he worked in the Lê Văn Tân Printworks.

The show includes a banquet feast served by a costumed serf or wench and is meant to be eaten without utensils. Tournament of Kings debuted along with the opening of Excalibur in 1990. Dick's Last Resort restaurant opened at Excalibur in June 2007. Dick's is known for its unusual dining experience in which servers purposefully act obnoxious towards guests.

The citizen Junoš reports on plundering and looting Brandenburgian troops. Ludiše, the mayor's daughter, rejects the approaches made by the German townsman Jan Tausendmark, who thereupon joins the occupants. The serf Jíra is designated the leader of a rebel movement. He openly charges Tausendmark with the kidnapping of the three daughters of the mayor, Ludiše, Vlčenka and Děčana.

Bashkir woman Kisyakbika Bayryasova was captured by punitive power and have brought to Ekaterinburg. She was given as serf to the writer and translator Kiriak Kondratovich. She was baptized, and after baptism she was named Katerina. Like the rest of the slaves, Kisyakbika dreamed of freedom. September 18, 1737, she made her first escape with another slave.

Longmann, 1838 - 721 pages. Accessed April 2020. (perhaps heard by the Domesday scribe as Old French: bening = benign, good – from Latin benignus); Old English: eorðe = earth, ground) and once as Bennieworte (cf. Anglo-Saxon: bene = prayer; worð = land, farm, street, public way)), a larger than average hamlet whose inhabitants were a mixture of free, serf and slave.

Ibrahim Sultan Ali (born March, 1909) was a farmer, trader Tigre, serf from the Rugbat of Ghizghiza district in Sahel. He was born in Keren, Eritrea. He played a part in the emancipation of Tigre/serfs in Sahel and Barka and in establishing Blocco Independenza. He was also the Secretary General of the Eritrean Democratic Front (EDF).

Upon graduating in 1855, he was named a "Free Artist". In the 60s, Nevrev painted one of his masterpieces, "The Bargain" (1866), in which he depicted the sale of a serf. Some other paintings focused on criticisms of the Church. He temporarily stopped working in the 1870s, for unknown reasons, but began painting historical art in the 80s.

In Russia, the industrial revolution began in the 1820s, went extremely slowly and ended after the abolition of serfdom. This process was completed no earlier than the 1880s, when the technical and social restructuring of the Ural mining industry, which was entirely based on serf labor, ended. The serf system, in turn, narrowed down the possibilities of creating a free-labor market and was the main obstacle to the industrial revolution. An important problem of industrialization in the Russian Empire at that time was the technical component of this process. In England, starting from the 1760s, and after it in other Western European countries, there was a process of accumulation of technical experience and the introduction of technical inventions, which became the condition for the transition to machine production.

His father was a freed serf who had worked as an estate manager. Despite the financial burdens, he saw to it that his son had a proper education; first at a parish school in Krasny Kholm, then the secondary school in Bezhetsk.Brief biography @ Russian Paintings. In 1849, he entered the Imperial Academy of Arts, where he studied with Pyotr Basin and Maxim Vorobiev.

Then the Lindow Nunnery listed in its records of serfs obliged to perform dues for Banzendorf 14 serf farmer families tilling tenured land and seven cotters (Kossäten; derived from Kate, cottage, and Sate, someone seated on a plot) holding only tiny gardens and earning their livelihood as farmhands. Whereas the feudal rent for the meadows was to paid to the counts of Ruppin.

Nikolai Abramovich Rogov (, 1825 — August 5, 1905) was a Russian ethnographer and philologist, a researcher of Komi-Permyak language. He is known as the author of the first and one of the most complete dictionaries of that language. The dictionary contains about 13,000 words. Nikolai Rogov was born in 1825 in Sredne-Yegvinskoye settlement of Perm Governorate in serf family.

The story is a retelling of a well-known Georgian folk-tale brought into written literature by the 19th-century writer Daniel Chonkadze. Durmishkhan is a serf freed by his master. Now, he has to buy the freedom of his lover Vardo to marry her. He leaves his land and encounters a merchant named Osman Agha who tells his story.

She received her education at home, following the custom of noble families of the time. In 1855 she married Vladimir Dmitryevich Filosofov, a powerful official in the Ministry of War and Defence. Anna had six children, including the writer Dmitry Filosofov. Anna's husband came from a serf-owning family, and after their marriage she made frequent visits to the Filosofov estate in Bezhanitsy.

Nikolai Sheremetev initially assigned landscaping to his serf architect, Mironov, but soon deemed Mironov's plan inappropriate. The job passed to Pyotr Argunov, with consultancy by Francis Reid, manager of Tsaritsyno Park project. Reid and his associate, Nikolai Kuverin, worked in Ostankino in 1791–1794. A permanent garden manager, Robert Manners, was hired in 1796 and stayed in Ostankino for thirty years.

He was born a serf; belonging to Count Nikolay Rumyantsev. While participating in the hunts at Gomel Palace, young Sazonov would make sketches. These were noticed by the Count, who sent him to study at the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1804. He studied under the history painter Grigory Ugryumov and showed such rapid progress that the Count gave him his freedom.

As they turned into the finishing straight, the Foxhall filly was just leading from Martago, with Orvieto in third place. At this point Orvieto swerved off the racing line and cut back in again. This caused interference to Amphion (who was nearly brought down), St. Serf and Orion. For a short time Cannon lost hold of the reins, but soon recovered.

Peter Thomas was born around the year 1305 to a very poor family in Périgord. His father was a serf. When still a teenager, he left his parents and his younger sister to ease the burdens on his family. He went to the nearby small town of Monpazier, where he attended school for about three years, living on alms and teaching younger pupils.

Leadership, scholarship, ability and interest displayed in student activities are given equal consideration each year in selecting new knights. Each knight selects a freshman to act as his serf throughout the year. Members names and photos were published in the SMU yearbook, The Rotunda, every year. From time to time the organization's activities were reported in the SMU newspaper, The SMU Daily Campus.

Many slaves who worked for temple estates lived under punitive conditions, but on average the Ancient Egyptian slave led a life similar to a serf. They were capable of negotiating transactions and owning personal property. Chattel and debt slaves were given food but probably not given wages. There is a consensus among Egyptologists that the Great Pyramids were not built by slaves.

Joss Fritz, Untergrombach Joss Fritz (c.1470–c.1525) was a late fifteenth and early sixteenth century insurgent who lived in Germany. Full name Joseph Fritz, he was a serf from Untergrombach, Bruchsal. In 1512, Fritz continued as a leader in a series of freedom oriented rebellions against local feudal and church rule started by Hans Boheim in 1476, 1493, 1501.

During the cold war between the Alliance and the Domination, Frederic and Marya work for the OSS as spies and assassins. During the Draka conquest of India, Marya Lefarge is taken prisoner. She becomes a serf to Yolande Ingolfsson, who after torturing her repeatedly with a neural weapon, forces her to become a "brooder" (i.e. a surrogate mother) for her offspring, Gwendolyn.

The real story with the dog happened at Turgenevs' house in Moscow. The landlady was Turgenev's mother, Varvara Turgeneva, and the strong mute serf was Andrey. Unlike Gerasim, Andrey stayed with his mistress. Varvara Zhitova, Varvara Turgeneva's adoptive or real daughter, tells a story of a marriage the mistress arranged for two of her favorite serfs, Agafya Semyonovna and Andrey Polyakov.

Viktor Chernov was born in Novouzensk, a town southeast of Saratov in Samara guberniya. He was the son of a former serf peasant who had risen to become a low-level functionary in the local civil service.Maureen Perrie, "Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov," in George Jackson with Robert Devlin (eds.), Dictionary of the Russian Revolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989; pp. 116-119.

The Pictish Saint Drostan appears to have had a wide following in the north in earlier times, although he was all but forgotten by the 12th century. Saint Serf of Culross was associated with Nechtan's brother Bridei. , It appears, as is well known in later times, that noble kin groups had their own patron saints, and their own churches or abbeys.

The last type of serf was the slave. Slaves had the fewest rights and benefits from the manor. They owned no tenancy in land, worked for the lord exclusively and survived on donations from the landlord. It was always in the interest of the lord to prove that a servile arrangement existed, as this provided him with greater rights to fees and taxes.

On the other hand, on the great estates in Assyria and its subject provinces there were many serfs, mostly of subject race, settled captives, or quondam slaves; tied to the soil they cultivated and sold with the estate, yet capable of possessing land and property of their own. There is little trace of serfs in Babylonia, unless the mushkenu is really a serf.

Yefrosinya Fedorova (, ; also Euphrosyne, Afrosinya, Afrosina, Ofrosinya; 1699/1700 – 1748), was a Finnish-born Russian serf. She became the mistress of Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia who fled with him on 26 September 1716. She was the property of Alexei's tutor, Prince Nikifor Vyazemsky, but had originally been a captive from Finland, then a Swedish province, and was thereby a Swedish citizen.

Orlov Trotter in racing sleigh In 1809, the Khrenovsky stud-farm was inherited by Orlov's daughter Anna. Until 1831 Orlov's disciple, the former serf Vasily Shishkin, continued to develop the breed. However, in 1831, he left the Khrenovsky stud- farm and founded his own. Orlov's daughter lacked her father's competence in horse-breeding and the Khrenovsky stud-farm went downhill.

Legislation of the Russian Empire required the mandatory presence of the surname of the name and patronymic name for everyone. Including poor serf wives. When they were married they were given the surname of the husband, a patronymic formed on behalf of the father and given a name from the Sviatcy (List of names of saints of the Orthodox Church).

It includes Ashgill, Larkhall, Netherburn, Rosebank and Shawsburn. The parish has a population of 17,985 (mostly from Larkhall's near 15,500 population). The name of the village comes from the Gaelic dail, meaning "field", and Serf, the name of a 6th-century saint who dwelt here. Of old, it was also known as Machan or Machanshire, from the Gaelic Maghan meaning "small plain".

In substitution, the tenant would alienate his land, and the attendant duties owed to the lord. After alienation, the tenant expected nothing from the new tenant, other than the price of the alienation. In subinfeudation, the new tenant would become a serf owing feudal duties to the person who alienated. The previous tenant would become the lord to the new tenant.

Hrebinka took kindly to a young artist and serf, Taras Shevchenko, and helped connect him with members of the Saint Petersburg elite, who organized Shevchenko's liberation from serfdom in 1838. He also helped publish Shevchenko's Kobzar in 1840. In 1840 Otechestvennye Zapiski published his novella Notes of a student, while Utrenneya zarya published novella Wader. In 1842 he wrote novella Senya.

It contains disturbing descriptions of torture. The Church teaches that knowledge is of the Devil and guards against learning, citing Scripture as proof. Richard, a serf, manages to buy his freedom and sets out on the road to self-discovery. The novel's two priests are diametric opposites: Father Daoul is caring and good; Father Luce is evil, fanatical and corrupt.

Kamensky was both famous and notorious as the owner of a serf theater that had been created by his father; he brought it to Orel, where he was cruel to his serfs but generous to the poor and "lived in unspeakable squalor." > This short, fat, bald dandy, the owner of seven thousand souls, created an > elaborate complex on Cathedral Square with residence, church, theater, and > actors' dorms — housing altogether about four hundred people. Sparing no > expense, Kamensky engaged a German ballet master; bought an acting couple > and their six-year-old tap-dancing daughter for 250 souls; maintained a > well-trained serf orchestra and horn band... In a regiment-like operation, > actors took their meals standing up and were marched back and forth to the > music of drum and horn. A jail cell was on hand for infractions.

In retrospect, the Dalai Lama also prefers the term "poor people" for Tibetans, for which he says the designation "serf" is questionable. He also alleges that the Government of Tibet had drawn up plans to gradually lower hereditary debts, but that the central government was hesitant, preferring to do things their own way.Laird, Thomas. The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama (2006) Grove Press. pp.

Serf Vasilisa is in a romantic relationship with nobleman Ivan Ryazanov, who promises her freedom and a wedding, but who has since his childhood been engaged to a girl of his own society. Head of the village Kozhin asks for Vasilisa's hand in marriage. Having interpreted Ryazanov's explanation concerning his fiancé falsely, Vasilisa agrees to marry the elder. Soon after this, the Patriotic War begins.

Avdotya Panaeva, wife of Ivan Panaev. (1850s) He was born a serf. After displaying some artistic talent, he was sent to Moscow where, from 1836 to 1840, he studied art in a school operated by . After graduating, he received a recommendation from Nikolai Gogol that enabled him to attend the Imperial Academy of Arts in St.Petersburg from 1840 to 1846, where he studied under Karl Bryullov.

In December 1796, Paul I reestablished the Novorossiya Governorate, mostly with land from the former Ekaterinoslav Viceroyalty. In 1802, this province was divided into the Nikolayev Governorate (known as the Kherson Governorate from 1803), the Ekaterinoslav Governorate, and the Taurida Governorate. A Decree of 12 December 1796 set up a serf system on the territory of South Ukraine and Caucasus by attaching peasants to the land.

Three Borland Farms have been recorded near Craigie village and this may relate directly to Craigie Castle. The name 'Boarland' could refer to the presence of wild boar, however a more likely origin is that a 'Boor' also meant a serf and Norman lords often apportioned lands near their castles for their servants.Bayne, John F. (1935). Dunlop Parish - A History of Church, Parish, and Nobility. Pub.

In general, the peasants bought not only land, but also the value of serf labor, which enabled the state to cash in on the redemption operation. Unlike Austria and Prussia, the Russian government did not invest a single ruble in agrarian reform, but managed to make the redemption operation beneficial to the state. The debts of the landowners were transferred to the shoulders of the peasants.

Afanasyev was born in Tobolsk in 1821. He obtained his musical education from his father, the violinist Yakov Ivanovich Afanasyev, an illegitimate son of Prince Ivan Dolgorukov. In 1838, two years after his debut as a violinist in Moscow, he was appointed concertmaster of the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra. However, he resigned in 1841 to conduct the serf orchestra of a wealthy landowner at Vïksa, near Saint Petersburg.

Prior to what Marx regarded as the start of the capitalist era in human history (i.e. before the 16th century), structural unemployment on a mass scale rarely existed, other than that caused by natural disasters and wars., chapter 2. In ancient societies, all people who could work necessarily had to work, otherwise they would starve; and a slave or a serf by definition could not become "unemployed".

Under the government of Daendels, in order to collect funds for the construction of the new Anyer- Panarukan road, some lands were sold to private owners. Generally, the buyers are Dutch, Chinese and Arabic origin. Among them is Roosendaal, H. Hussein Madani (Indo-Dutch), Abdullah, and De Groof. These landlords have the power to regulate land from users, who are indigenous population and serf.

Although landholders were superior in status to castle folk, royal legislation did not treat castle warriors as full-fledged freemen.Zsoldos 1994, p. 715. For instance, a castle warrior who had departed from his lord was "regarded as a fugitive in the same way as a runaway serf" (Pál Engel). Nevertheless, they had the right to appeal to the monarch against the ispán they were serving.

Thais was a bay mare bred by her owner the Prince of Wales. She was sent into training with Richard Marsh at Egerton House in Newmarket, Suffolk. She was described as a "delicate and highly-strung" filly. She was sired by St Serf who won the Rous Memorial Stakes and went on to sire several other good horses included the St Leger winner Challacombe.

He also chartered a Russian-American Company, which eventually led to Russia's acquisition of Alaska. Paul limited landowner's right to serf labour to three days in a week, alleviating the condition of the serfs. As a major European power, Russia could not escape the wars involving revolutionary and Napoleonic France.Dominic Lieven, Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace (2010).

Serf Wars encourages players to transform their land from a rotten borough into a thriving fantasy kingdom. Gamers play arcade-style minigames, train an army, raise their population, and take part in quests as they expand their domains. Players can ally with their friends or wage war against them. This game became discontinued around the end of late February to early March 2012 along with Ranch Town.

Serf () is a 2019 Russian comedy film directed by Klim Shipenko, the film stars Miloš Biković, Aleksandra Bortich and Ivan Okhlobystin. The plot follows a wealthy businessman's son who is made to believe he has traveled back to the time of Serfdom in Russia, in order to reform his uncouth behaviour. It was theatrically released in Russia on 26 December 2019 by Central Partnership.

The citizens were until 1782 de jure serfs of St Gall. During the second St Gall rule this meant, that the people had to pay local taxes instead of a corvée of three days per year, as corvée labour wasn't very efficient. Other forms of socage were still in use. In official documents the term Leibeigener (serf) was more and more replaced by Burger (citizen).

His origin is uncertain; it is possible he was born into a serf family, which originated from Bars County. His father was a certain Clement. He had a brother Lawrence and a sister, Elizabeth. Early ecclesiastical scholars – church historians Ferenc Kollányi, Árpád Bossányi and genealogist Mór Wertner – identified him as a member of the Frankói family and called him with the surname "de Franko" or "Frankói".

He was the illegitimate son of a serf and a retired Rittmeister named Alexei Petrovich Yelagin. Due to that status, his surname was shortened to "Agin". From 1827, he studied at the , then, from 1834 to 1839, at the Imperial Academy of Arts, under the tutelage of Karl Bryullov and Taras Shevchenko. Upon graduation, he was certified as a drawing teacher at the secondary school level.

A freeman became a serf usually through force or necessity. Sometimes the greater physical and legal force of a local magnate intimidated freeholders or allodial owners into dependency. Often a few years of crop failure, a war, or brigandage might leave a person unable to make his own way. In such a case he could strike a bargain with a lord of a manor.

Serfs could purchase their freedom, be manumitted by generous owners, or flee to towns or to newly settled land where few questions were asked. Laws varied from country to country: in England a serf who made his way to a chartered town (i.e. a borough) and evaded recapture for a year and a day obtained his freedom and became a burgher of the town.

Catholicos Joseph spared no effort to aggrandize his cathedral at Gelati. A new wall was constructed around it; several new estates, serf households, precious liturgical items, and a collection of manuscripts, including the 13th-century Vani Gospels, were donated to it. Donations were also sent to the Bichvinta Cathedral, an erstwhile seat of the catholicoi of Abkhazia. Joseph died in 1776, at the age of 37.

The display of Martial's relics brought food and pilgrims to the city when it was besieged by Geoffroy Tête- Noire. Nevertheless, the universality of Martial's cult was stressed. He interceded for the English as well as French and in cases of French misbehaviour (such as the robbing of a priest). His petitioners included rich and poor, urban and rural, noble and serf, men and women.

Mindovsky family originated in Kineshma, where serf Ivan Ivanovich Mindovsky (1781–1853) launched his own textile mill. His grandson, Ivan Alexandrovich, commissioned the first historical Mindovsky House to Lev Kekushev (44, Povarskaya Street). Next of kin, Nikolay Ivanovich, commissioned the second Mindovsky House to Nikita Lazarev. Various members of the clan also owned apartment blocks in the city (including 9, Vspolny Lane by Fyodor Schechtel).

Today, it is on display in the Staatgalerie at Stuttgart. Ratgeb had developed a distinctive personal expressive style, visibly influenced by artists such as Albrecht Dürer, Matthias Grünewald and Hieronymus Bosch. Because of his marriage to a serf of the Duke of Württemberg he lost most of his rights as a citizen of Heilbronn. He moved to Stuttgart, where he became a member of the city council.

A generic name for serfs was șerb (from Latin servus, "slave", cognate with serf), but they also had some regional names: vecini in Moldavia (in today's language meaning "neighbour") and rumâni in Wallachia.Djuvara, p.246 The latter was actually the native ethnonym of Romanians; Neagu Djuvara explains it by the fact that in the Middle Ages, the landlords may have been foreign, Slavic or Cuman.

Mikhail Sokovikov and Jason Aaron Wall have exhibited extensively throughout the United States and abroad. They have created commissioned work for Ace Hotel, Nike, Red Bull, Ogilvy & Mather, Adidas, Yahoo, Boost Mobile, PowerHouse Books among other clients. Mint&Serf; curated original art work for the Ace Hotel in New York City. They invited some of their friends to create original pieces for the project.

Two socmen abiding in Braunstone had five oxgangs of land in > Lubbesthorpe; and jointly with ten villains and six borders in that lordship > had two ploughs and five ploughing oxen. The above lands were held by Robert Burdet under Hugh de Grandmesnil, one of William I’s most powerful barons. Notes: A ploughland or carvcate = about 80 to of land. Socmen = Scandinavian Villan = Peasant or serf.

Bondarev was born a serf in southern Russia. In the 1850s, his owner commissioned him into the army for a 25-year term, forcibly separating Bondarev from his wife and children. In the army he abandoned his Russian Orthodox faith and became a Subbotnik. In 1867, he was arrested for apostasy and exiled to a remote village on the Yenisey River for life.Bartlett 2011, p. 320.

The White movement's leaders and first membersKenez, Peter, Civil War, 18. came mainly from the ranks of military officers. Many came from outside the nobility, such as generals Mikhail Alekseev and Anton Denikin, who originated in serf families, or General Lavr Kornilov, a Cossack. The White generals never mastered administration; they often utilized "prerevolutionary functionaries" or "military officers with monarchististic inclinations" for administering White-controlled regions.

His father was a landlord, Ivan Petrovich Kostomarov, and he belonged to Russian nobility. His distant family roots were in the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the reign of Boris Godunov. His mother Tatiana Petrovna Melnikova was an ethnic Ukrainian and one of his father's serfs; that is why Nikolay Kostomarov de jure was a "serf" of his father. Kostomarov was a specialist of East Slavic folklore.

Summer 1841. Lermontov is killed. The news of this arrives to a modest attic of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, where lives and works the young artist and poet Taras Shevchenko. Growing up in a Ukrainian peasant family, knowing all hardships of serf life, Shevchenko in the years of study clearly identifies the meaning of true art, which is to serve the interests of the people.

She can summon to guard the mansion and serve the guests with her. ; : :Two young sisters who took refuge at Crimson Scholar's estate. Coming from a serf family of seven siblings, the sisters' other siblings died from hunger and disease. Due to the harsh life of serfdom which their lord treated them like slaves, they escaped and hope to get a better life at the city.

Recognizing the gesture, Béla IV returned other estates from Somogy County to Panyit in September 1268. However Panyit only wanted to gain time with this act. In June 1269, his soldiers pestered and invaded the adjacent lands, and brutally massacred the local serf families. Gregory Andi and his son, in addition to a relative of Kemény Ják were also ruthlessly murdered having after their tongues cut out.

Imperial laws were very particular with the age in which serfs could marry. The minimum age to marry was 13 years old for women, and 15 for men. After 1830 the female and male ages were raised to 16 and 18 respectively. To marry over the age of 60, the serf had to receive permission, but marriage over the age of 80 was forbidden.

Free agriculturalists (, literally, free ploughmen) were a category of peasants in the Russian Empire in 19th century. This was the official reference to the Russian serfs freed from serfdom within the framework of the February 20, 1803 decree of Alexander I of Russia "Указ об отпуске помещиками своих крестьян на волю по заключении условий, основанных на обоюдном согласии", informally known as the . As the title of the decree says, the serf were freed and endowed with land by the will on the serf owner under certain conditions: payment or obligations to carry out certain works. During the reign of Alexander I only about 7,300 male peasants (with families) or about 0.5% of serfs were freed.Семевский В. И. «Крестьянский вопрос в России в XVIII и первой половине XIX века», vol.1, St. Petersburg, 1888Бирюкович В. «Устройство быта свободных хлебопашцев», в сб. «Архив истории труда в России», 1921.

Yakov Grigorievich Buhvostov was born in the mid 17th-century, as a serf to Mikhail Tatishchev. The Tatishchev family were influential Boyars in Nikolskoe. Little is known about the early life of Bukhvostov, only that he was granted his freedom in the 1690s, when he was recognized as a great architect. The most notable example of his work as an architect is the Church of the Savior in Ubory.

Grigol Maisuradze, Portrait of N. Chichinadze. 1853 Grigol (Giorgi) Maisuradze () (1817 — 1885) was a Georgian painter and a founder of realistic school in the Georgian portraiture. Maisuradze was born in Tsinandali into the family of serf of Prince Alexander Chavchavadze, a poet and general in the Imperial Russian service. In 1836, Chavchavadze emancipated Maisuradze and sponsored his education in St. Petersburg where he studied under guidance of Karl Bryullov.

1783 year. With a small detachment of sailors and craftsmen Ushakov arrives in Kherson to shipyards. At this time, on the southern borders of Russia, the epidemic of plague rages, among the workers riots riot. Tikhon Prokofiev, nicknamed the Ragged Ear, the fugitive serf from the estate Ushakov and the ally of Pugachev, at the instigation of the English spy Orfano encourages the people to go to the Don.

Of the thirteen serf estates existing before the war, twelve still remained at the end of the war. The entrepreneur Mathias Probst built a new stone bridge over the Alzette in 1837-1840. This bridge was blown up by the Germans in September 1944 during the retreat, and was rebuilt in 1948-1949 by the entrepreneur Jos Kieffer. A serious fire ravaged the town on 18 June 1858, destroying eleven houses.

Dmitryeva was born in the village of Voronino, in the Saratov Governorate of the Russian Empire, where her father was a serf. He had been sent to an agricultural school by his master and was subsequently made the overseer of his master's estate. Her mother, Anna passed on her love of literature to Dmitryeva. After the Emancipation reform of 1861 the family was reduced to poverty and a transient existence.

256 Within Humber were two manors, listed in the Domesday Book, Humber and Risbury. At the time of the Norman Conquest both were in the Hundred of Leominster in the county of Herefordshire. Humber is listed as "Humbre", with assets of 11 villagers, 22 smallholders (middle level of serf below a villager), 16 slaves and two priests. Working the ploughlands were three lord's and ten men's plough teams.

Kapiton Yakovlevich Ushkov () (1813–1868) was a Russian serf who became a major chemical industrialist in Tartarstan. He was born in Bonduga, a village near Yelabuga, in Tartarstan. Bonduga was subsequently renamed Mendeleyevsk. Ushkov discovered that the raw materials for potassium bichromate, a chemical used in the dying process was to be found locally, and so he established a plant for its production in the village of Kokshan.

Vasily Semenovich Sadovnikov was born in 1800 in Saint Petersburg into the family of a serf belonging to Princess N. P. Golitsyna. He obtained his freedom in 1838, after her death, when he was already a well-known artist. Vasily's brother, Pyotr Sadovnikov, was the architect of the Stroganov and Golitsyn families. He started his professional training with Andrey Voronikhin, subsequently became a Member of Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts (1849).

Alongside a spring, she was surprised by the beautiful song of an unfamiliar bird. Asking one of the peasants about the songbird, the serf responded that the song came from a bird of the kind called cartaxos or cartaxinhos. Enchanted by the place, the Queen ordered that the land, then called Lugar da Fonte, receive the name Lugar do Cartaxo. It is unclear whether there is any truth to this story.

Kyiv: Main Edition of the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1976-1978. and brother Mykyta, in family of serf peasants Hryhoriy Ivanovych Shevchenko (1782?–1825) and Kateryna Yakymivna Shevchenko (Boiko) (1782? – 6 August 1823), both of whom were owned by landlord Vasily Engelhardt. According to the family legends, Taras's forefathers were Cossacks who served in the Zaporizhian Host and had taken part in the Ukrainian uprisings of the 17th and 18th centuries.

There was an Iron Age fort on Dun Knock (no visible remains) and a 1st-century Roman camp at Kincladie (part of the rampart and ditch survive in Kincladie Wood). The former is the probable origin of the name Dunning, ex Old Irish dúnán 'little fort'. Legend tells that Saint Serf (fl. 8th century?) killed a dragon here, and there is a thorn tree planted in Jacobite times.

The opera takes place in Little Russia (present-day Ukraine) in 1762. Olga and Pierre have loved each other since childhood, but he is a serf and not of the legal social status to marry her. Olga is encouraged to marry the wicked Nyrkoff, and eventually agrees to do so if he will arrange Pierre's freedom. However, when Pierre learns of Olga's potential sacrifice for his sake, he commits suicide.

They were restored in 1912, but the monarchy was already about to collapse. Regulations Concerning Peasants Leaving Serf Dependence (Положения о крестьянах выходящих из крепостной зависимости) provided for creation of volost' courts to deal with minor offences committed by the peasants. Judges in such courts were local peasants who had to be literate and not have convictions. They were elected for three years by electors elected by the peasants themselves.

Because he is meek and dresses shabbily, most of his coworkers regard him as a nobody and frequently pick on him. When his cloak becomes so frayed that it can no longer protect him against the bitter cold, he dedicates himself to saving enough money to purchase a new cloak. Petrovich: One-eyed, heavy- drinking, decent, tailor whom Bashmachkin hires to make his new cloak. Petrovitch was once a serf.

St. Petersburg Mumu () is a short story by Ivan Turgenev, a Russian novelist and story writer, written in 1854. The story of Gerasim, a deaf and mute serf whose life of poverty is brought into sharp relief by his connection with Mumu, a dog he rescued, brought greater national attention to the cruelties of serfdom, and received praise for its brutal portrayal of this institution in Russian society.

Lavrovsky performed in Fyodor Lopukhov's Dance Symphony along with Balanchine, Alexandra Danilova, and Lidia Ivanova. Lavrovsky's first major work as a choreographer was the ballet Katerina, which he created for a graduation performance. The ballet told the story of a serf theater, and was choreographed to music by Anton Rubinstein and Adolphe Adam. In the late 1930s, Lavrovsky was made the artistic director of the ballet troupe of the Kirov Theater.

New York, Random House, 2011, p. 312. In the mid-1780s or early 1790s, Praskovya became the mistress of Count Nikolai Sheremetev. Nikolai was the impresario of the family serf theater, and he had helped train Praskovia over the years, eventually falling seriously in love with the young star of the troupe. The circumstances surrounding the early years of their relationship, like so much of Praskovia's life, are unknown.

A thrall (Old Norse/Icelandic: þræll, Faroese: trælur, Norwegian: trell, Danish: træl, Swedish: träl) was a slaveThrall Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2009 or serf in Scandinavian lands during the Viking Age. The corresponding term in Old English was þēow. The status of slave (þræll, þēow) contrasts with that of the freeman (karl, ceorl) and the nobleman (jarl, eorl). The Middle Latin rendition of the term in early Germanic law is servus.

Peasant serf Thomas is entrusted with protecting the forest. Thomas has to catch serfs like himself, who come to the forest to hunt or cut wood without the permission of the master. Unsurprisingly the villagers do not like him and nickname him "Biryuk" for his surly and unsociable character. But in reality Thomas is a kind and conscientious man who lives with his young daughter Ulithi a simple life.

The word rōnin literally means "wave man". It is an idiomatic expression for "vagrant" or "wandering man", someone who is without a home. The term originated in the Nara and Heian periods, when it referred to a serf who had fled or deserted his master's land. It then came to be used for a samurai who had no master (hence the term "wave man" illustrating one who is socially adrift).

Villagers were afraid the old landowners/serf owners were coming back and that the villagers joining the collective farm would face starvation and famine. More reason for peasants to believe collectivization was a second serfdom was that entry into the kolkhoz had been forced. Farmers did not have the right to leave the collective without permission. The level of state procurements and prices on crops also enforced the serfdom analogy.

The thetes (, thêtes, sing. θής, thēs, "serf") were the lowest social class of citizens. The thetes were those who were workers for wages, or had less than 200 medimnoi (or their equivalent) as yearly income. This distinction spanned from some time earlier than 594/593 BC until 322 BC. The thetes were defined as citizens who did not qualify as zeugitae, although the thetes may have predated the Solonian reforms.

Just Visiting is a 2001 comedy film that is an American remake of the French film Les Visiteurs. It stars Jean Reno, Christina Applegate, Christian Clavier, Malcolm McDowell, Tara Reid, and Bridgette Wilson. It is about a medieval knight and his serf who travel to 21st-century Chicago, meeting the knight's descendant. Unlike the original film, the remake was not successful in either France or the United States.

Počátky were the town of a serf, or feudal, or chess, i.e. under protection. The lord was their lord, set them up with administration, took salaries (taxes) from the town, protected the townspeople and their crafts and granted them rights. A district court was established here in 1850 and František Sedláček, the father of the historian August Sedláček, who went to school here (since 2250, was set up in No. 22).

It flows by heavily glaciated mountains with names like Monarch Mountain, The Queen, The Pretender, The Throne, The Serf, and Concubine Peaks. Knot Lakes, tributary to the North Klinaklini River, extend north into Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park. After its confluence with the North Klinaklini River the main Klinaklini flows south along the western side of the Pantheon and Waddington Ranges. Along the way it is contained in Klinaklini Canyon.

In 1885, Sherman voted in favor of the Alien Contract Labor Law, which barred engaging in a labor contract before immigrating or transporting a person under such a contract to the United States. Sherman saw this Act as a more appropriate solution to depressed wages than Chinese exclusion: the problem, as he saw it, was not the national origin of Chinese immigrants, but their employment under serf-like conditions.

Lev Stepanovich Gurilyov (; 1770–1844) was a renowned Russian serf musician and composer of church music and liturgical works in the Italian style fashionable at the period. Father of pianist and composer Aleksander Gurilyov, he was a violin player and kapellmeister in the orchestra of Count Vladimir Grigorievich Orlov. 60879620 He was a pupil of Giuseppe Sarti, he also studied music under the guidance of Irish composer John Field.

The boy is seen drowning. The scene then shifts to a summer day in 1861, where a serf named Tadas Blinda wakes up from dreaming the last scene while washing himself. Then, he and his friend Vincas venture into a forest. While walking, Tadas tells his friend about how the previous landowner Adam Razumowski died during a hunting trip, how his wife committed suicide, and that their money is buried somewhere.

The song was written by Mykola Voronyi, a prominent Ukrainian poet, civil activist, politician, and one of the founders of the Central Rada. Voronyi was from a former serf-peasant family and was eventually murdered by the Soviet regime as a socially dangerous element. He was posthumously rehabilitated by the Kirovohrad Oblast Court. The music to the Vorony's lyric was written by Yaroslav Yaroslavenko, a Ukrainian composer and conductor from Lviv.

View of Ariccia Lebedev was born in Tartu into the family of an impoverished serf. In the 1820s, serfdom was abolished in his region and the young Lebedev got an opportunity to study at a nearby school. His artistic endeavours attracted the attention of the Count Pahlen, who sent Lebedev to the Academy at Saint Petersburg with a full scholarship. In the Academy, Lebedev studied under Maxim Vorobiev.

Stile has gained significant power in Phaze as the Blue adept, whose songs and poems hold incredible power. However, on Proton he faces deportation and enters the tournament in the hope of gaining citizenship. His adversary is revealed to be the amulet-making Red Adept, who exists in Proton as a serf in the Tourney. Stile defeats her in combat in Phaze and in the Tourney on Proton, leading to her expulsion from both worlds.

The manor of Delabole (Deliou) was recorded in the Domesday Book (1086) when it was held by Roger from Robert, Count of Mortain. There was one hide of land and land for 4 ploughs. There were 1 plough, 1 serf, 1 villein, 3 smallholders, 1 acre of meadow, 40 acres of pasture, 5 cattle and 25 sheep. The value of the manor was 10 shillings though it had formerly been worth 30 shillings.

Peter's reign deepened the subjugation of serfs to the will of landowners. He firmly enforced class divisions, believing that "just as the landowner was to be tied to service, the townsman to his trade or handicraft, so the peasant was tied to the land." Sumner, The Emergence of Russia pg. 158 Peter endowed estate-owners to broad new rights, including a requirement that no serf leave his master's estate without written permission.

Grand Bridge The Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos The Marfino estate contains a landscape park and a number of buildings constructed in different styles. The oldest remaining building is the Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, built in 1707 by the architect Vladimir Belozerov. Belozerov was a serf of Golitsyn who sent him to France to study architecture. He built a church in a style close to European Baroque.

The repurchase amount in the Non-Chernozem zone included capitalization of the quitrent. The cost of land purchased by peasants included the price of serf souls. In other words, the bank must be paid such an amount that the annual 6% of it makes an income equal to the rent. Redemption payments included not only the market value of the land received, but also in hidden form the value of the identity of the peasant.

Originally Anton Goremyka ended with a scene of riot, serf peasants setting manager Nikita Fyodorovich's house on fire and pushing the hated tyrant into it. As such it was promptly rejected by the censorship committee. Alexander Nikitenko, an influential censor who happened to be a member of the Sovremennik staff, managed to persuade his colleagues in the Committee otherwise. What he did first, though, was completely re-write the final scene himself.

Added to this was there were still serf like conditions for many workers and insufficient educational infrastructure. Population continued to increase faster than the economy could absorb. There were some attempts to resettle peasant farmers onto non cultivated lands, but they were met with resistance. President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz awarded a land grant to the town of Venustiano Carranza in 1967, but that land was already being used by cattle-ranchers who refused to leave.

Wojciech Bartosz was born around 1765 as a serf of Antoni Szujski. He was probably born in the village of Rzędowice, although some sources give Zakrzów as his place of birth. As the church documents which would have recorded the details were destroyed in 1794, the exact place of his birth, as well as the time are uncertain. In 1783 he married Jadwiga Czernikowa, and they had three daughters (Helena, Cecylia and Justyna).

In the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America. Catherine reformed the administration of Russian guberniyas (governorates), and many new cities and towns were founded on her orders. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernize Russia along Western European lines. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and of private landowners intensified the exploitation of serf labour.

Battle of Tsaritsyn was decisive confrontation between imperial Russian army commanded by Johann von Michelsohnen and serf rebels led by Yemelyan Pugachev. Following Pugachev's victory in Kazan, Michelsohnen was tasked with the suppression of the revolt and he did this in August 21, 1774 near Tsaritsyn, despite being outnumbered. Following the battle, the rebellion quickly collapsed. Pugachev himself escaped, but was captured on September 14th and executed on January 10th of the next year.

Woven throughout the larger story is Clovis, runaway serf from the 9th century who stumbles upon the mythical Golden Bough, a scene which Bridget Snapdragon happened to paint on the kitchen wall while pregnant with Elizabeth. Possessed of the Golden Bough, Clovis is thereby granted solitary access to the underworld - the world beneath the illusions of time and meaning. Existing outside of time, he aspects the trickster, and amuses himself by orchestrating tremendous coincidences.

Qannauji replied that he could only explain Muhibbullah's words when he reached a similar spiritual status, which was far above his present condition. He also said that the emperor had enough fire in his kitchen and did not have to use a poor man's fire. The important shrine of Daira Shah Hujjatulla in Allahabad was founded by Muhibullah. Sheikh Mohsin Fani of Kashmir, a disciple of Molla Serf, celebrated Muhibullah in one of his poems.

Denikin was born in Szpetal Dolny village, part of the city Włocławek in Warsaw Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Poland). His father, Ivan Efimovich Denikin, had been born a serf in the province of Saratov. Sent as a recruit to do 25 years of military service, the elder Denikin became an officer in the 22nd year of his army service in 1856. He retired from the army in 1869 with the rank of major.

Peasant or Serf Theaters entertained the subjugated native peoples of present-day Ukraine, who remained relegated to lower social classes in their own homelands, while their foreign rulers often lived lavishly in comparison, importing foreign entertainers and their dances. It is within this context that staged Ukrainian folk dances, which depicted the ideals of an agrarian society, gained even more popularity with the native population, which further developed the theater into a thriving occupation.

Villein was a term used in the feudal system to denote a peasant (tenant farmer) who was legally tied to a lord of the manor – a villein in gross – or in the case of a villein regardant to a manor. Villeins occupied the social space between a free peasant (or "freeman") and a slave. The majority of medieval European peasants were villeins. An alternative term is serf, from the Latin , meaning "slave".

In 1806, the government of Alexander I established the Imperial Moscow Theatre in place of the former Petrovsky. The new theatre consolidated actors from state and private companies into the unified state company, buying out serf actors from their private owners (among them Stepan Mochalov and his five-year-old son Pavel Mochalov). Alexander himself joined the trading, pressing reluctant slave owners to cut their prices.Serf actors were not emancipated: they became state serfs instead.

Pruszynowski was mentioned as heir in 1504. In 1498 Przeworsk and its vicinity were plundered by Stefan, Voivode of Wallachia. It was then that many settlements in the region were encircled by impervious ramparts with round towers and gates. According to the recruitment register from 1515, the village was written as Byaloboky and was subject to taxation of six serf-fields, a tavern and a pop (Polish for priest of a Rus Orthodox church).

Csáky's rival, George Martinuzzi (died 1551) He was born into a lower noble family around 1492.Following the disclosure of historian József Kemény, the Romanian historiography believes him as serf-born, but another historian Zsigmond Jakó refuted that information, based on the data of Csáky archives in his study. Jakó 1997, pp. 91-96. His father, István Csáky (Csáki) participated in the Diet of 1505 as envoy of Sopron County.Jakó 1997, p. 92.

Bilichilde (d. 610), was a queen of Austrasia by marriage to Theudebert II. She was a serf bought from the slave market by Brunhilda of Austrasia. In 1979, Alfred Friese hypothesised that she was apparented to Duke Gisulf I of Friuli, whose two daughters were captured and enslaved, only for one to be married to a Bavarian prince and the other to an Alaman prince. This hypothesis was then disproven by Christian Settipani.

Ebbo or Ebo ( – 20 March 851) was archbishop of Rheims from 816 until 835 and again from 840 to 841. He was born a German serf on the royal demesne of Charlemagne. He was educated at his court and became the librarian and councillor of Louis the Pious, king of Aquitaine, son of Charlemagne. When Louis became emperor, he appointed Ebbo to the see of Rheims, then vacant after the death of Wulfaire.

The grotto was constructed between 1755 and 1761 by the architect F. Argunov, and was intended to represent the palace of the King of the Seas. It was placed next to a large pond, which reflected its imposing facade and dome. Inside rows of niches were filled with statues of Venus, Diana, Ceres, Flore, Juno and Jupiter. The windows were covered with iron grills forged by serf artisans look like strands of seaweed.

In the second half of the 19th century, three other cruel serfresses and followers of Saltychikha were documented: princess Anna Stepanovna Sheleshpanskaya, who earned the nickname of the "Chukhloma Saltychikha" for torturing and then, in a drunken stupor, slaying 15 serfs; princess Alexandra Vladimirovna Kozolovskaya, who tortured, maimed and killed her serfs; and Honorata Stotskaya, the "Saltychikha from Mozyr Uyezd", whom surpassed all of her "serf-colleagues" and was exiled in Siberia.

Unwary travelers or field workers were often easy targets. Despite their martial prowess, however, the Aeta's small numbers, primitive economy and lack of organization often made them easy prey for better-organized groups. Zambals seeking people to enslave would often take advantage of their internal feuding. They were often enslaved and sold to Borneo and China, and, unlike the serf feudal system imposed on other Filipinos, there was little chance of manumission.

Geladze was born to a family of Georgian Orthodox Christian serfs in Gambareuli near Gori in either 1856 or 1858. Her father, Giorgi (or Glakha) Geladze, was either a bricklayer or potter, and was a serf belonging to Prince Amilakhvari. He died around the time of Geladze's birth, though her mother Melania ensured that Geladze learned to read and write, which was unusual for women at the time. She had two brothers: Gio and Sandala.

Ronnie Barker wrote scripts for three further "Three Classes" sketches featuring the same characters, comparing their family life, their leisure activities, and their work. A spinoff sketch was broadcast on the BBC Millennium programme, satirising three eras of English history. Stephen Fry represents Modern Man, Barker a miller from the Renaissance, and Corbett a weaver serf from the Middle Ages. The basic premise of the sketch is no different from the original.

Rape under the code is punished with fines. The fine is largely determined by the difference in social status between the victim and the accused. A free man convicted of raping a serf or a slave would receive the lowest fine; a slave convicted of raping a free man or woman would warrant the highest fine. Adultery is punished similarly to rape under the code but also takes into consideration the location of the crime.

He was the son of a serf on the estate of the Lubomirski family. After his father received his freedom, they moved to Saint Petersburg and entered the employ of Alexander Golitsyn, who would later be a government minister. He showed an early aptitude for art and received his first lessons from . In 1834, thanks to a recommendation from Alexey Venetsianov, he was able to begin auditing classes at the Imperial Academy of Arts.

In Mauritania, the use of Haratin girls as servants has attracted activists. Amnesty International reported that in 1994 90,000 Haratine still lived as "property" of their master, with the report indicating that "slavery in Mauritania is most dominant within the traditional upper class of the Moors."Afrol News According to Mauritanian officials, any master-serf relationship is mutually consensual. This position has been questioned by the United Nations and human rights advocacy groups.

Mikhail Petrovich Pogodin (; , Moscow, Moscow) was a Russian Imperial historian and journalist who, jointly with Nikolay Ustryalov, dominated the national historiography between the death of Nikolay Karamzin in 1826 and the rise of Sergey Solovyov in the 1850s. He is best remembered as a staunch proponent of the Normanist theory of Russian statehood. Mikhail Pogodin. Pogodin's father was a serf housekeeper of Count Stroganov, and the latter ensured Mikhail's education in the Moscow University.

The novel opens by depicting Dickon's hardships as a serf on a baronial manor. The boy being whipped by his bailiff for missing work and harassed by the village priest for not paying tithe. Despite his youth, Dickon has to serve as his family's breadwinner because his father Dick has been conscripted as an archer for the Crusades. His troubles are compounded when the King's deer from nearby Sherwood Forest ravage his garden's.

The serf said he had only three lambs and nothing to feed his children with, but agreed to give some roasted lamb to the beggar. When he said he would go and get the lamb, Jesus stopped him saying: "Do not go! If your heart is like your tongue, the lamb shall come by itself!" And so it was, the lamb came out of the pen by itself and was slaughtered by the serf's wife.

A Journey From St. Petersburg to Moscow. p 282 Under this system, government was better positioned to breach its social contract with the governed, creating an unjust and oppressed society. He extends this system to master-serf relations as well, noting that seeking unlimited power is a natural human vice. Radischev does not sweepingly criticize all autocrats, but only tyrants, praising, in fact, Lycurgus, the philosopher king of Sparta who promoted equality and civil rights.

Ilya Ulyanov was born in Astrakhan to father, Nikolai Vasilievich Ulyanov (or Ulyanin; 1765–1838), a port-city tailor and a former serf, who came from Sergachsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate. He received his freedom from a landowner, Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov. Ilya's mother, Anna Alexeyevna Smirnova (1793–1871), was the daughter of a rich city- dweller Alexei Lukyanovich Smirnov, a son of Lukyan Smirnov. Nikolai married the 30-year-old Anna in 1823.

Kaadara developed as a coastal town for the few Nabooan fisherman (not to be confused with nabooian). Moenia was the only human colony built in the traditional Gungan homelands of the Lianorm Swamps. The Naboo developed into a classic feudal society with a hereditary noble class and common folk, though unlike most feudal societies, there is no record of a subservient serf class. Naboo city-states traded with each other and with the Gungans.

Sheremetev's theatre left far behind numerous other serf troupes (the only exception was the theatre of the Count A. R. Vorontsov). In 1796 Sheremetev was made a senator, and in March he moved to St. Petersburg to Catherine II's court. On November 6, 1796 Catherine died and the throne was inherited by Paul I who gave Sheremetev the title of marshal. Sheremetev's life proceeded in St.Petersburg, Pavlovsk, Gatchina; he was engaged in theatre much less.

The village kirk, built in 1655, is dedicated to Saint Serf, and may be built on the site of an early church founded by him. The church dates from The Killing Time, when the rebel Covenanters were persecuted for their faith, and was a centre of Covenanter activity. John M'Millan, the controversial preacher and first post-Revolution minister of the United Societies, is buried in the kirkyard. The kirk is Category A listed.

The serf said he had only three lambs and nothing to feed his children with, but agreed to give some roasted lamb to the beggar. When he said he would go and get the lamb, Jesus stopped him saying: "Do not go! If your heart is like your tongue, the lamb shall come by itself!" And so it was, the lamb came out of the pen by itself and was slaughtered by the serf's wife.

The Embassy occupies a listed neoclassical revival building, the Nikolay Mindovsky House, designed and built by Nikita Lazarev in 1906. Mindovsky family originated in Kineshma, where serf Ivan Ivanovich Mindovsky (1781–1853) launched his own textile mill. His grandson, Ivan Alexandrovich, commissioned the first historical Mindovsky House to Lev Kekushev (44, Povarskaya Street, present-day Embassy of New Zealand in Moscow). Next of kin, Nikolay Ivanovich, commissioned the second Mindovsky House to Nikita Lazarev.

Kazakov was born in Moscow. His father was a government clerk and a former serf who earned his freedom by serving in the Navy. When Kazakov was twelve years old, he joined the architectural school of Dmitry Ukhtomsky, where he worked and studied until 1760. After a devastating fire in Tver in 1761, Kazakov was assigned to rebuild Tver as a junior architect under P.R. Nikitin, and dedicated seven years to this project.

Sandy Ford Lane and the Glazert Water. The name Boarland (sic) could refer to the presence of wild boar,Dobie, Page 97 however a 'Boor' also meant a serf and Norman lords often apportioned lands near their castles for their servants.Bayne, Pages 10 - 16. Another interpretation is that Borland or Bordland meant the land that was granted to the feudal superior, Godfrey de Ross, specifically to be used to furnish food for his castle or dwelling.

The population of the town has been predominantly Hungarian at least since the late Middle Ages. The first detailed description of the territory of the town is a charter of King Charles I of Hungary from 1341 when the king gave the estate of Pókafölde to comes Tamás. In the middle of the 15th century Szerdahely became an oppidum, or market town. The first conscription of the population happened in 1574 (26 royal serf families and 3 noble families).

Pugachev envisioned the nobles returning to their previous status as the czar's servicemen on salary instead of estate and serf owners. He emphasized the peasants’ freedom from the nobility. Pugachev still expected the peasants to continue their labor, but he granted them the freedom to work and own the land. They would also enjoy religious freedoms and Pugachev promised to restore the bond between the ruler and the people, eradicating the role of the noble as the intermediary.

Telesilla and her fellow Argive citizens have been recorded to have used the underlying attached to their households (known as oιkétaι) to wield as weapons. Consequently, based on the Agrarian economy and serf labour, women of the Dorian ruling class enjoyed greater political, social and economic freedoms (compared to women from Sparta and Crete) during the classical period. Ultimately, the actions of Telesilla and the Argive women, underpinned the acceleration of Greek women’s autonomy during the classical period.

The same conclusion can be drawn from Procopius's report of the "phoney Chilbudius"a young Antian serf who "spoke the Latin tongue"Procopius: History of the Wars (7.14.33.), p. 275.who was dispatched by his fellow tribesmen to negotiate with the Eastern Roman Empire in 545. The disappearance of bronze and gold coins from sites north of the Lower Danube demonstrates an "economic closure of the frontier" of the Eastern Roman Empire between 545 and 565.

Advancement of the Promyshlenniki to the East The promyslovik(Russian: Промысловик), not to be confused with promyshlennik (Russian: Промышленник) (industrialist) (from Russian промысел (promysel small private business, fortune-dependent odd earnings), were Russian and indigenous Siberian artel or self-employed workers drawn largely from the state serf and townsman class who engaged in the Siberian, maritime, and later Russian American fur trades.Fisher, Raymound H. The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1943, pp. 29-30.

Matisoff (2013) has demonstrated that the extinct Andro, Sengmai, and Chairel languages of Manipur are also Luish languages. Andro, Sengmai, and Chairel are extinct and known only from a glossary recorded in 1859, their speakers having switched to Meitei. There are also various unattested varieties of Lui or Loi ('serf') mentioned in nineteenth-century accounts that appear to be Luish varieties. It is uncertain whether the extinct Pyu language of central Myanmar is a Luish language.

This was cumbersome, and, in the 1980s, MEG manufacturers began to arrange multiple sensors into arrays to cover a larger area of the head. Present-day MEG arrays are set in a helmet-shaped vacuum flask that typically contain 300 sensors, covering most of the head. In this way, MEGs of a subject or patient can now be accumulated rapidly and efficiently. Recent developments attempt to increase portability of MEG scanners by using spin exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometers.

The US premiere of his Seventh Symphony was given by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He conducted 25 CD recordings in all, including two operas, in addition to those recorded by Sir Edward Downes and others. Only two orchestral works and his opera The Serf remained unrecorded at the time of his death. Critical opinion of his work tended to polarise around those who appreciated his melodic and tonal, late romantic style, and those who found his work regressive.

Many items relating to the social history of Queensland including furniture and cars were donated by Pat Marks and her extended family to the Queensland Museum, John Oxley Library at the State Library of Queensland, the Samford Museum and Queensland Art Gallery. The E.N. Marks' insect collection was donated to the University of Queensland. The Marks family farm was sold off, but the old cottage now exists at the Queensland University of Technology’s Samford Ecological Research Facility (SERF).

In lands outside Punic political control, independent Berbers cultivated grain and raised horses on their lands. Yet within the Punic domain that surrounded the city-state of Carthage, there were ethnic divisions in addition to the usual quasi feudal distinctions between lord and peasant, or master and serf. This inherent instability in the countryside drew the unwanted attention of potential invaders.Gilbert and Colette Charles-Picard, Daily Life in Carthage (1958; 1968) at 83–85 (invaders), 86–88 (rural proletariat).

Serfdom was a problem not just in Georgia but throughout most of the Russian Empire. By the mid-19th century the issue of freeing the serfs had become impossible to ignore any longer if Russia was to be reformed and modernised. In 1861, Tsar Alexander II abolished serfdom in Russia proper. The tsar also wanted to emancipate the serfs of Georgia, but without losing the recently earned loyalty of the nobility whose power and income depended on serf labour.

166 At the end of the 19th century Sheremetev Park became a popular picnic destination; Sheremetevs built a temporary summer stage and ballroom. The palace, which went through another round of repairs and alterations in the 1870s, was opened for public viewing. In the Soviet period the nationalized palace operated as a museum of serf art. In 1935 the eastern part of former Ostankino park grounds were allotted to the emerging Agricultural Exhibition and completely remodelled by 1939.

"Tidmington", in A History of the County of Worcester, Volume 3. Victoria County History, London, 1913, pp.539-541. Retrieved 25 March 2019 Tidmington is listed in the 1086 Doomsday Book as 'Tidelmintun' in the Hundred of Oswaldslow. The settlement was subordinate to the manor of Tredington [today to the north], and comprised 42 villagers and households, 30 smallholders (middle level of serf below a villager), 10 slaves, a priest, and one rider (mounted escort for a lord).

Kositskaya was born in the village of Zhdanovka nearby Nizhny Novgorod to a family of Russian serf peasants. "We were part of the household of a master whom people were calling the Dog. We, as children, were scared even by the sound of his name, for he was for us the embodiment of horror. I was born in his house which stood on land soaked with peasant blood and tears," she wrote in her posthumously published memoirs.

Born a serf of the Stroganov family, he is best known for his work on Kazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg. Andrey Voronikhin was born in the village of Novoa Usolye (now Perm Krai) to a family who were the serfs of count Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov, a longtime President of the Imperial Academy of Arts. It is generally believed that he was fathered by Alexander Stroganov. Voronikhin trained in painting in the workshop of Ural icon painter Gabriel Yushkov.

They include self-employed artisans, small shopkeepers, and many professionals. Jon Elster has found mention in Marx of 15 classes from various historical periods.The classes are: "bureaucrats and theocrats in the Asiatic mode of production; freemen, slaves, plebeians, and patricians under slavery; lord, serf, guild master and journeyman under feudalism; industrial capitalists, financial capitalists, landlords, peasantry, petty bourgeoisie, and wage laborers under capitalism." Jon Elster, An Introduction to Karl Marx, (Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 124.

Murder by poison, however, carried the death penalty. Assault or offenses against honor were dealt with in a similar fashion, through a fine called sarhaed. However, it only applied to the upper classes: any serf who struck a free man was to liable to have the offending limb removed. The crime of rape was treated as a theft and remedied by the payment of another fine (dirwy), payment of which restored the woman's virginity for legal purposes.

According to the sources: "The difference between living inside the Minkowce State and outside the same was like comparing heaven and hell. As Ścibor Marchocki was printing documents and posters, those have been delivered widely outside his estates. Such actions was of course not popular among the nobility that considered their serfs as something they, like a furniture. Killing a serf at that time within Russian borders could at most cause financial penalty that nobility did not pay anyway".

Coates and Rosing launched a season of the British Music Drama Opera Company at Covent Garden the following week."Opera in English – New Company for Covent Garden", The Times, 18 July 1936, p. 10 In 1938 he conducted George Lloyd's opera 'The Serf' at Covent Garden with The New English Opera Company, directed by Rosing. When World War II broke out, Coates moved to the US. There, together with Rosing, he founded the Southern California Opera Association.

Artist's Wife is one example of this style. Others include portraits of Yevhen Hrebinka (1840) and Nikolai Gogol, a self- portrait (1840), and numerous Italian landscapes. He is known for the significant role he played in the life of Taras Shevchenko, Ukraine's national poet and artist, who was born a serf. He introduced Shevchenko to the Russian and Ukrainian intelligentsia: artists Karl Briullov and Alexey Venetsianov, poet Vasily Zhukovsky, writer Yevhen Hrebinka, intellectuals Panteleimon Kulish, Vasyl Hryhorovych and others.

Veldamas (plural: veldamai) was a form of landownership in the early stages of Lithuanian serfdom. The term describes a peasant family with its land and other belongings granted by the Grand Duke of Lithuania to his loyal followers, usually as a reward for military service. The peasant retained ownership of his property, including land, but owed taxes and levies imposed by the noble. Veldamas was a middle stage between laukininkas (a free peasant) and a serf.

For a year and a half, Acre is besieged by the Frankish army, while the Sultan's camp is close by. In an incredible twist of fate, Jennet's ship reappears and she arrives to Adam with baby Tibby, the daughter of Robert de Martel. By chance, Adam and Faithful stumble across Salim, who was watching Acre in a spell of homesickness. Adam becomes a serf for Sir Ivo, and works as a groom and later becomes a squire.

The situation of the former serf-proprietors was also unsatisfactory. Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor, they failed to adapt to the new conditions. The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been effected. The forests were sold, and the only prosperous landlords were those who exacted rack-rents for the land without which the peasants could not live upon their allotments.

McGoohan wrote "Free for All" as Paddy Fitz, and directed "Many Happy Returns" and "A Change of Mind" as Joseph Serf. He also wrote "Once Upon A Time" and "Fall Out" using his own name. The originally commissioned seven episodes became seventeen. The title character of The Prisoner (the otherwise-unnamed "Number Six") spends the entire series trying to escape from a mysterious prison community called "The Village", and to learn the identity of his nemesis, Number One.

Most of his life, Tarjei lived as a serf, moving with his family from homestead to homestead, not resting more than a few years at each place. The success of 1849 made enough income to raise a proper farm in Rauland. But mostly he lived as a pauper, often lacking proper clothing when traveling on tours. People in the county who knew him, often tried to help him with food and clothes as well as money.

Nikolai Argunov (1771 – c. 1829): the portrait of Praskovya Ivanovna Zhemchugova-Sheremeteva, 1803. The pendant of her necklace shows a miniature portrait of her husband Nikolai Sheremetev Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova in a scenic costume for Les mariages samnites by André Ernest Modeste Grétry Praskovia Ivanovna Kovalyova-Zhemchugova also Kovaleva or Kovalyova, Kovaleva- Zhemchugova, Zhemchugova-Sheremeteva, and Sheremeteva or Sheremetyeva (Прасковья Ивановна Жемчугова, Ковалёва, Шереметева) (July 20, 1768 - February 23, 1803) was a Russian serf actress and soprano opera singer.

In the parable which bears his name, he is the son of a serf, and is disobedient from birth. He takes great pleasure in treating animals cruelly and destroying plants. Sometimes, his mother orders him to carry a meal to his father, who works in a garden, and Romãozinho goes, albeit unwillingly. One afternoon en route to delivery, he eats the chicken his mother has sent, puts its bones back in the box, and carries it to his father.

Reeve and serfs in feudal England, c. 1310 The usual serf (not including slaves or cottars) paid his fees and taxes in the form of seasonally appropriate labour. Usually a portion of the week was devoted to ploughing his lord's fields held in demesne, harvesting crops, digging ditches, repairing fences, and often working in the manor house. The remainder of the serf's time he spent tending his own fields, crops and animals in order to provide for his family.

The name of the town derives from the Scottish Gaelic, dìseart, meaning "a hermitage or religious retreat", which itself was a loan-word from the Latin, desertum, meaning "a desert or deserted place". This is most likely linked to Saint Serf, who lived as a hermit in a cave in the area in the 8th century. Prior to the 16th century, little is known about the history of the town.Kirkcaldy District Council Community Programme, Dysart, pp.5-6.

In England, the end of serfdom began with the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. It had largely died out in England by 1500 as a personal status and was fully ended when Elizabeth I freed the last remaining serfs in 1574. Land held by serf tenure (unless enfranchised) continued to be held by what was thenceforth known as a copyhold tenancy, which was not completely abolished until 1925 (although it was whittled away during the 19th and early 20th centuries).

The British naturalist James Fisher wrote that the first person recorded as feeding wild birds was the 6th- century monk Saint Serf of Fife who tamed a pigeon by feeding it. During the harsh winter of 1890–1891 in the United Kingdom national newspapers asked people to put out food for birds. In 1910 in the United Kingdom, Punch magazine declared that feeding birds was a "national pastime."Moss, Stephen 2004 A bird in the bush.

Memorial Plaque at Čáslav Stich was born in Žehušice in Bohemia. His father was a serf bonded to the estate of Count Joseph Johann von Thun, but Stich was taught singing, violin and finally the horn. The Count sent him to study horn under Joseph Matiegka in Prague, Jan Schindelarz in Munich, and finally with A. J. Hampel in Dresden (from 1763 to 1764). Hampel first taught Stich the hand-stopping technique which he later improved and extended.

He shows them in the dynamic of life, acting and speaking, even larger than life. The poet, moreover, knows the psychology of peasant and serf. To this end the poet makes ingenious use of synecdoche. He also employs hyperbole, exaggerating tempo of action, distances, and results to the point of demolishing the bounds of reality and creating a new artistic world. Donelaitis has nature operating in terms which only a villager’s associations could attribute to it.

Several of the islands of the Clyde have possible Brythonic roots. In addition to Arran (see above) Bute may have a British root and Great and Little Cumbrae both certainly have (see below). Inchkeith in the Firth of Forth is recorded as "Insula Keth" in the 12th century Life of Saint Serf. The name may derive from Innis Cheith or Innis Coit and both Mac an Tàilleir (2003) and Watson (1926) suggest that the root is the Brthyonic coed.

Adam of Perseigne ( 1145 – 1221) was a French Cistercian, abbot of Perseigne Abbey in the Diocese of Le Mans. Adam was born around 1145 into a serf, or peasant, family. He is thought to have been first a canon regular, later a Benedictine of Marmoutier Abbey, Tours, and then a Cistercian. In 1188, he became abbot of Perseigne Abbey, to which his reputation for holiness and wisdom drew the great personages of his time to seek his advice.

Took, A Native Chieftaincy in Southwest China, p. 115. A tusi had court and jail in his yamen and could imprison or punish his subjects as long as he thought it was necessary. For instance, Li Depu, the native official of Anping subprefecture in Guangxi province, brutally punished a serf for wearing white stockings because according to his dress rule only official clans were allowed to do so.Took, A Native Chieftaincy in Southwest China, p. 176.

With time, each of these strata became endogamous, states Daniel Littlefield, a professor of history. Above the slaves were the castes of Soninke, which too were hereditary, endogamous, and had an embedded hierarchical status. They included, for example, the garanke (leather workers) below the fune (bard), the fune below the gesere or jeli (griots, singers), and the jeli below the tage or numu (smiths, pottery workers). The castes and serf system can be linked to the Mandé 'Nyamakalaw' (literally'caste').

He was in Toulouse during the turbulent events of 1229–1231 (see Albigensian Crusade), which he describes in De Triumphis. After the death of bishop Foulques of Toulouse in 1231, the Cathars regained influence at Toulouse, university teachers ceased to be paid, and many considered it too dangerous to remain in the city. Johannes de Garlandia was one of those who escaped, disguising himself as a serf or slave. He returned to Paris, where Roger Bacon heard him lecture.

The Degodia were suspected of being Shifta or bandits along the roadways. The Kenyan military rounded up 5000 men and boys and brought them to the Wagalla Airstrip and forced them to lie on the stomachs naked for 5 days. Possibly a thousand were shot, tortured or died of exposure. Annalena brought a couple lorries and her Toyota Serf to the Wagalla Airstrip and attempted to collect the bodies and treat the wounded but was refused.

Protective of his serf, Bernardas tried to disarm his friend, and the first shot went into the air. Adam tried to get the second shot as the two noblemen continued to struggle with the gun, but he ended up shooting himself. Soon, the young Edmundas, who had witnessed the whole scene, appeared and told the distraught Bernardas that his secret will be safe with him. Seeing that Adam was still alive, Edmundas dumped his body into the creek.

Unsatisfied with his military service, he moved back to his village and married a fourteen-year-old serf. In 1798, Karazin attempted to leave Russia given his opposition to the policies of Russian Emperor Paul I, but was denied a passport. After he attempted to cross the border illegally, he was swiftly arrested. When Alexander I took power, Karazin began petitioning him with his views on government development, pointing out the state's need to invest in education.

Sketch of Dolgellau, 1840 Cymer Abbey Bridge over River Mawddach at Llanelltyd The site of Dolgellau was, in the pre-Roman Celtic period, part of the tribal lands of the Ordovices, who were conquered by the Romans in AD 77–78. Although a few Roman coins from the reigns of Emperors Hadrian and Trajan have been found near Dolgellau, the area is marshy and there is no evidence that it was settled during the Roman period. There are, however, three hill forts in the vicinity of Dolgellau, of uncertain origin. After the Romans left, the area came under the control of a series of Welsh chieftains, although Dolgellau was probably not inhabited until the late 11th or 12th century, when it was established as a "serf village" (or '), possibly by Cadwgan ap Bleddyn. It remained a serf village until the reign of Henry VII (1485–1509). A church was built in the 12th century (demolished and replaced by the present building in 1716), although Cymer Abbey, founded in 1198 in nearby Llanelltyd, remained the most important religious centre locally.

And this is the third serfdom: if one acts as someone's official or servant without the master's knowledge; if there is an agreement, then whatever they decide, thus he shall be. If he takes the master's tasks, he's his servant. 105\. But for a debt of grain, one will not become a serf; but if he does not work it off in time, then he must repay it at once; but if he repays in full before the due date, he's free.

Relations between the Sasak and Balinese in western Lombok were largely harmonious and intermarriage was common. In the island's east, however, relations were less cordial and the Balinese maintained control from garrisoned forts. While Sasak village government remained in place, the village head became little more than a tax collector for the Balinese. Villagers became a kind of serf and Sasak aristocracy lost much of its power and land holdings. Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem against the Balinese in 1894.

He was born in Tallinn or Saint Petersburg. He grew up in the German community of Tallinn ("Reval", in German),RusArtNet: Wilhelm Golicke and studied in Saint Petersburg at the studios of the English painter George Dawe. Between 1822 and 1828 Dawe, together with Golicke and another of his students, Alexander Polyakov (1801–1835), a serf, painted 332 portraits of Tsarist Generals who had distinguished themselves in the war against Napoleon. The paintings were placed in the Military Gallery of the Winter Palace.

In addition, some governors listened to the complaints of serfs and punished nobles, but this was by no means universal. Other than these, the rights of a serf were very limited. A landowner could punish his serfs at his discretion, and under Catherine the Great gained the ability to sentence his serfs to hard labour in Siberia, a punishment normally reserved for convicted criminals.Madriaga, “Catherine II”, 42–46 The only thing a noble could not do to his serfs was to kill them.

Twenty years later, in 1225, a man appeared in Flanders claiming to be the presumed dead Baldwin. His claim soon became entangled in a series of rebellions and revolts in Flanders against the rule of Baldwin's daughter Jeanne. A number of people who had known Baldwin before the crusade rejected his claim, but he nonetheless attracted many followers from the ranks of the peasantry. Eventually unmasked as a Burgundian serf named Bertrand of Ray, the false Baldwin was executed in 1226.

The latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to that office, but betrayed him later. He retained some of his father's ministers, such as Elisachar, abbot of St. Maximin near Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of many monasteries. He also employed Benedict of Aniane (the Second Benedict), a Septimanian Visigoth, whom he made abbot of the newly established Inden Monastery at Aix- la-Chapelle and charged him with the reform the Frankish church.

The Central Agricultural Zone is a traditional region of Russia. Historically it was the centre of agriculture and colonisation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and was the most densely populated area of the Russian Empire. It was also the poorest. Before the emancipation of serfs, it was home to most of the Russian serf population, and later it was also the centre of the communal system, which contributed to the areas relative poverty compared to the rest of Russia.

In 1589 Konstanty Korniakt (1520-1603) purchased the village making it part of the Białoboki key. This included: 8 columns of soldiers, 3 farms settled on the land of a master or village administrator, 5 mercenary farms, 6 bailiffs with cattle, 7 mercenary bailiffs, 3 water mills, and 8 serf fields. In 1601 the parish in Ostrów was founded by Konstanty Korniakt. When Konstanty Korniakt (the elder) died in 1603 his estates passed to his son, Konstanty Korniakt of Białobok (1582-1624).

Portrait of Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov, before 1786-1788 Mikhail Shibanov () was a Russian painter active during the 1780s; a portrait of Count Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov of which he is known to be the author dates to about this time. Shibanov was a serf of Prince Grigory Potemkin; his date of birth is unknown. Two of his genre scenes are held at the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow; the above-mentioned portrait is in the Russian Museum now. Shibanov died sometime after 1798.

Different historians have called him a serf, an independent farmer, a squire, a nobleman, a cobbler, a priest, and a Waldensian.Wagner, Murray L. Petr Chelcický, A Radical Separatist in Hussite Bohemia. Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983. On one occasion, Chelčický called himself a peasant, but this description is at odds with his ability to live in Prague from 1419 to 1421, his rudimentary knowledge of Latin, and the time he was able to devote to literary, political, and religious pursuits.

The composer's mother, Sofya Vasilievna Rimskaya-Korsakova (1802–1890), was also born as an illegitimate daughter of a peasant serf and Vasily Fedorovich Skaryatin, a wealthy landlord who belonged to the noble Russian family that originated during the 16th century.Skaryatin coat of arms by All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses of the Russian Empire. Part 6, 23 June 1801 (in Russian) She was raised by her father in full comfort, yet under an improvised surname Vasilieva and with no legal status.

In the time of Baron Marko, the Pejačević family achieved the largest territorial expansion and became one of the greatest landowners in Slavonia. Although he faced the serf rebellions, he was recognized for improving the economic development of the area he ran. When he died in 1762, leaving no children behind, his property was inherited by his relatives Leopold (1740–1765), a great-grandson of Đuro II, and Josip II (Joseph) of Našice (1710–1787), a son of Marko II.

In 1824 the tsar Alexander I visited the deposit Tashkutargan which was later named the «Tsarevo-Alexander gold-field» in his honour. They say that following his accompanies’ advice he went down to the mine, got 22 poods of sand and «discovered» a nugget weighing more than three kilograms and took it as a souvenir. The Tsarevo-Alexander gold-field gave 6,400 kg of gold within 18 years. Nikifor Sutkin, a serf, found the largest nugget of gold weighing 36 kg.

In its earliest forms, most hardware was simple and home-made - usually of readily available materials such as wood or leather. Iron was far too expensive for the common serf and the time of a skilled smith was beyond most people's means. A patch of leather spanning between the stile and jamb and fastened with wooden pegs served to hinge a door or shutter. Hand-carved wooden hinges and pintles, slide bolts and lift-latches were whittled from a variety of woods.

Kunphela was born as Dechen Chödrön in a "taxpayer" serf family in Nyemo in 1905. At the age of 12, he was sent to Lhasa as a servant in the palace of the 13th Dalai Lama. His intelligence gained the Dalai Lama's attention, and subsequently he became a household servant, and then the favorite personal attendant, known as jensey. In the 1920s, he oversaw a series of construction tasks including the renovation of the Potala Palace and the expansion of Norbulingka.

The castle purchased some goods, such as salt, through the annual Stourbridge Fair at nearby Cambridge, then one of the biggest economic events in Europe. Some of this expenditure was supported by the demesne manor attached to the castle, which comprised of land and 5,000 days of serf labour under feudal law.Ridgard, p.19. A vineyard was created at the castle in the late 12th century, and a bakery and a horse mill were built in the castle by the 14th century.

Marko Gerbec was born in Šentvid pri Stični (then part of the Duchy of Carniola, now in Slovenia) to the family of a serf. After graduating from the Jesuit college in Ljubljana (Laibach), he studied with the help of a government scholarship—first philosophy in Laibach (now Ljubljana), then medicine in Vienna. Just a few days before the arrival of the Ottoman Army at Vienna in 1683, he left the city for Padua. He finished his studies in 1684 at Bologna.

In 1601 may have been a noble family tree together, but most of this century has been the same-Kery family. Later, the Batthyány family this episode has also extended its authority. Felsőcsatár, named Big striker also left the feudal serf village period. During the Batthyánys has belonged to the run, then the Rohonc lordship, they followed the story, but the owners sold to pawn several times. First half of the 20th century, the family was Sághy large part of the border.

Imperial Russia, 1801–1905. Routledge. p.83. Status-wise, the bordar or cottar ranked below a serf in the social hierarchy of a manor, holding a cottage, garden and just enough land to feed a family. In England, at the time of the Domesday Survey, this would have comprised between about .Daniel D. McGarry, Medieval history and civilization (1976) p 242 Under an Elizabethan statute, the Erection of Cottages Act 1588, the cottage had to be built with at least of land.

Catherine II also took steps to mitigate the situation of peasants in the Russian Empire. The decrees of Catherine II on the ban on the purchase of serfs to factories and their registration with enterprises and on the free foundation of industrial enterprises for all sectors of society (1775) intensified the process of attracting hired workers to production. In turn, manufactories continued to use both hired and non-free labor. Serf labor continued to dominate mining and metallurgy, especially in the Urals.

Born into the family of a Moscow merchant Ivan Kamzolkina, Kamzolkin was the grandson of a serf and grew up without a father. Between 1904 and 1912 he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture under the tutorship of Abram Arkhipov and Nikolay Kasatkin. In 1907, he exhibited work at the International Photography Exhibition in Turin. In 1918, he proposed a 'hammer and sickle' symbol as a decoration for the May Day celebrations in the Zamoskvorechye District of Moscow.

It began as a collective of artists and designers including MINT&SERF; (MIRF), GOAL, HEILS, BOO, CH, CECS, VYELS, KEVS and OUCH (RIP). Over the years more artists and musicians joined and collaborated with 1134NYC on different art related projects in galleries, clubs and streets. The logo has appeared on a plethora of art object; shirts, street signs, stickers and canvases. 1134NYC has also been referenced in China Doll, a Team Facelift song off Manhattan album to be released on Duck Down records.

He was of serf origin (thus he was not related to the Kendi de Szarvaskend noble family). According to his last will and testament, Kendi liberated his parents himself from serfdom, when he was already notary. Based on his noble prefix, it is possible that he was born in the early 1600s in Nagykend (today Chendu, part of Bălăușeri commune in Romania). In 1623, he was a scribe at the Princely Court of Justice during the reign of Gabriel Bethlen.

Lace making beauty, 1823 Vasily was born as a serf of Count Munnich in the village Korpovo of Novgorod guberniya and then transferred to Count Morkovs as a part of the Munich's daughter's dowry. Soon he was sent to Saint Petersburg to study the trade of a confectioner. Instead of learning his trade Tropinin secretly attended free drawing lessons in the Imperial Academy of Arts. In 1799, his owner allowed Tropinin's to study at the Academy as a non-degree student (Postoronny uchenik).

Hence the Republic enjoyed overwhelming support among the population. In order to have the right to live in a house, every serf family with at least one male member over 16 years of age, had to perform services. Those included working the land for free, transporting the lord by rowing boat and carrying out other orders. The number of days that these services had to be performed varied until the Dubrovnik Senate in 1800 set it at 90 days a year.

Jānis Akmeņkalis was the son of Matīss Akmeņkalis (Germanised as Matthis Steinhauer), a runaway Latvian serf turned into a merchant who transported cargo for the Swedes during the Swedish rule of Riga. He was born about 1680 and emigrated to Riga from Courland at the turn of the century. In 1704 he married Johann's mother Margareta Schugge, a Riga Latvian. "Matthis possessed an exceptional talent for judging the quality of timber and built an international reputation as an assessor of ship's masts".

In 1784, half of the population consisted of serfs, accounting for 400,000 out of the 1 million French serfs. Landowners took one-twelfth of the sale's price if a serf (mainmortable) wanted to sell up. Serfs were not forced to stay on the land, but the lord could claim droit de suite, whereby a peasant who died away from his holding left it to the lord, even if he had heirs. A runaway serf's land was forfeit after ten years.

But if he tortures a knyaz's man, then 12 grivnas to the knyaz, and 1 marten pelt to the victim for his suffering. (...) On barns 79\. If a barn is burned, then the victim's house and property is plundered, after the damage is repaid, and for the rest he’ll be a serf to the knyaz; same for burning of houses. 80\. And if one intentionally cuts a horse or other cattle, then he’ll pay 12 grivnas to the knyaz, and also repay the victim for the damages.

Stamps of Lithuania, 2013 Main town square in Kamajai with monument to Strazdas Antanas Strazdas (9 March 1760 in Margėnai, Rokiškis district – 23 April 1833 in Kamajai; signed in Polish as Antoni Drozdowski, often called Strazdelis by the locals) was a Lithuanian priest and poet. Because of his humble origins and lifestyle, he became somewhat of a folklore hero. Born to a poor serf family, he attended many schools established by monasteries, including ones in Polatsk and Daugavpils. In 1789 he finally graduated from Varniai theological seminary.

Losses of valuable and significant art treasures – the Swedes engaged in systematic looting – were irreplaceable. The Commonwealth never fully recovered, unlike Muscovy, which had suffered almost as much during the Time of Troubles and during several Polish invasions. Twentieth-century historians blamed the manorial economy based on serf labour for pauperising the masses and undermining the towns, yet the Polish economy was not unique in that respect. Moreover, some attempts to replace serfs with rent-paying tenants did not prove to be a panacea.

In the late eighteenth century it became popular to employ serfs to mount productions of operas, ballets or plays. More than 2,000 of these slave- artists performed in more than 170 noble theaters and were bought and sold wholesale while at the same time becoming stars. For example, Prince Potemkin bought the whole serf orchestra of Count Kirill Razumovski for 40,000 rubles. As the popularity of drama grew in Russia, competition developed between the nobles as to who could host the most impressive performances.

Atomic magnetometer principle of operation, depicting alkali atoms polarized by a circularly polarized pump beam, precessing in the presence of a magnetic field and being detected by optical rotation of a linearly polarized probe beam. Alkali metal vapor of sufficient density is obtained by simply heating solid alkali metal inside the vapor cell. A typical SERF atomic magnetometer can take advantage of low noise diode lasers to polarize and monitor spin precession. Circularly polarized pumping light tuned to the D_1 spectral resonance line polarizes the atoms.

A Literary Polish language breakthrough came under the influence of the Reformation with the writings of Mikołaj Rej. In his Brief Discourse, a satire published in 1543, he defends a serf from a priest and a noble, but in his later works he often celebrates the joys of the peaceful but privileged life of a country gentleman. Rej, whose legacy is his unbashful promotion of the Polish language, left a great variety of literary pieces.Łukasz Górnicki, an author and translator, perfected the Polish prose of the period.

Alexey and his sister were born in Moscow into a working-class family.Alexey Gribov. The Great Simplicity documentary at Russia-K, 2002 (in Russian) His mother worked at the tobacco manufacturing company; she died from tuberculosis when he was four years old.Svetlana Novikova-Ganelina. National character of Alexey Gribov article from Argumenty i Fakty № 5, 4 March 2004 (in Russian) His paternal grandfather was a serf who moved to Moscow from the Lotoshino volost following the Emancipation reform of 1861 and became a machinist.

The Night Before Christmas (1913). Ivan Mozzhukhin was born in Kondol, in the Saratov Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Penza Oblast in Russia), the youngest of four brothers. His mother Rachel Ivanovna Mozzhukhina (née Lastochkina) was the daughter of a Russian Orthodox priest, while his father Ilya Ivanovich Mozzhukhin came from peasants and served as an estate manager for the noble Obolensky family. He inherited this position from his own father — a serf whose children were granted freedom as a gratitude for his service.

A second symphony had its premiere in 1935 and was soon followed by a third. George Lloyd and his father William, formed The New English Opera Company in 1935, with the intention of establishing a school of English opera. George Lloyd's first opera, Iernin, with a libretto by his father, was performed in 1934 in Penzance, before being transferred to the Lyceum Theatre, London, where it had an unusually long run. His second opera, The Serf, was staged by Vladimir Rosing at Covent Garden in 1938.

These were the privileges a serf was entitled to and that nobles were bound to carry out. All of this was true before Catherine's reign, and this is the system she inherited. Catherine did initiate some changes to serfdom. If a noble did not live up to his side of the deal, the serfs could file complaints against him by following the proper channels of law.Isabel de Madriaga, “Catherine II and the Serfs: A Reconsideration of Some Problems”, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol.

One of those he assisted was twenty-year-old Alexander Nikitenko, an educated Ukrainian serf, working in Saint Petersburg, whom Ryleyev met in a bookstore. Nikitenko had been struggling for some time to obtain emancipation. He explained his dilemma to Ryleyev, who immediately set about convincing several influential cavalry officers, old comrades of his, to campaign for Nikitenko's freedom. Nikitenko's case became something of a cause célèbre in Saint Petersburg, and the pressure ultimately proved to be too much for Nikitenko's owner, Count Sheremetev, to bear.

Their power over peasants became somewhat reduced, in that peasants were declared to be under the protection of the law and the government. New settlers arriving from abroad would enjoy personal freedom and landlords were encouraged to enter into contractual agreements with their rural tenants, which would specify obligations. The state had become involved and through enforcement of contracts able to intervene in the lord-serf relationship. 1791 printed edition Government reform included further unification of the Crown of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

As a Muslim people, the Hedareb follow Sharia law in most matters. In the nineteenth century, blood feuds marked by chains of revenge killings existed among Hedareb groups; unlike those among neighboring groups, they were rarely resolved by the payment of blood money, possibly because the Hedareb had fewer trading practices. Also distinctively, killing one's wife was traditionally punished by death, while killing one's children went unpunished. Rape of a noblewoman by a serf was punishable by death, while rape of serfs by nobles was tolerated.

Written by William Barton A Nazi nuclear scientist, kidnapped from Germany after the Eurasian War, seeks to make a life after having been given Draka citizenship. It proves difficult in language, ethics and home life. The story jumps between his field tests of intercontinental missiles and his purchase of, and subsequent domestic encounters with, a serf woman. The story includes the obvious anachronism (from the point of view of our history) of an auction in the slave market in which payment is made with a credit card.

By that March they were rehearsing their new material and Reflex was writing lyrics, with plans to record in early April and have the album finished by May. The band traveled to Europe again in December 2009, touring France, Switzerland, and Spain. To coincide with this tour they released a split EP with French band Burning Heads, featuring the new songs "Serf City" and "One Nation, Under Siege". The Fastest Kid Alive was recorded at Exile on Mountain Street in Glendale, California with recording engineer Chris Heckman.

Vynnychenko was born in a village, Vesely Kut (today – Hryhorivka, Novoukrainka Raion), in the Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire, in a family of peasants.Volodymyr Vynnychenko at the Cabinet of Ukraine website. His father Kyrylo Vasyliovych Vynnychenko earlier in his life was a peasant-serf who moved from a village to the city of Yelisavetgrad, where he married a widow, Yevdokia Pavlenko (nee: Linnyk). From her previous marriage Yevdokia had three children: Andriy, Maria, and Vasyl, while from the marriage with Kyrylo only one son, Volodymyr.

Kolokolnikov was born in the village of Kravotyn in Tver gubernia. He was a serf of the Pafnutievo-Borovsky Monastery, and learnt the art of portrait painting from Ivan Nikitich Nikitin and Louis Caravaque; he also studied icon painting with Vasily Vasilevsky. He is known to have assisted in the decoration of the palace at Tsarskoye Selo, and to have lived for a time in St. Petersburg, where one of his pupils was Trifon Anisimov. One of his portraits is in the Tver Regional Picture Gallery.

He forayed into Malayalam cinema the same year, through T. V. Chandran's drama Ponthan Mada. The film portrayed the irrational bonding of a feudal serf (played by Mammootty) and a colonial landlord (played by Shah). He strongly believed that the distinction between art and commercial films had largely reduced, especially with the directors of the former also making commercial films. In 2000, Shah played Mahatma Gandhi in Kamal Hassan's Hey Ram which focused on the assassination of Gandhi from the assailant's point of view.

In March 1611, the people's volunteer army approached Moscow and blocked the invaders. In the summer of 1611, Lyapunov practically became the head of the interim government. On June 30, he issued a decree, which reinstated certain serf regulations and violated his own promises to Cossacks of "freedom and salary". Thereupon he was killed by the indignant Cossacks on August 1, 1611 O.S. The idea of a Volunteer Army was taken up by Dmitry Pozharsky, who finally delivered Moscow from the Poles in 1612.

D. R. Johnston (ed.). Gwaith Iolo Goch (University of Wales Press, 1988), poem II.37. There are a number of theories as to the meaning, but the most popular is that it comes from Crug Caeth: caeth may mean 'prisoner' and thus the name could mean prisoner's rock, a reference to the imprisonment of one of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth's sons in the castle by his brother. However, caeth has the primary meaning in Middle Welsh of 'serf[s]'Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (University of Wales Dictionary), vol.

However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and of private landowners intensified the exploitation of serf labour. This led to a number of peasant rebellions throughout her reign, including the large-scale Pugachev Rebellion. The period of Catherine the Great's rule is considered the Golden Age of Russia. The Manifesto on Freedom of the Nobility, issued during the short reign of Peter III and confirmed by Catherine, freed Russian nobles from compulsory military or state service.

Meteor Games' first project was the MMO Twin Skies, with the first public demo of the game being shown at the Penny Arcade Expo (PAX) in Seattle.Twin Skies at PAX 08 The game was originally planned to be in 3D, but was later changed to become a 2D Flash game. In the company's shift to the rapidly growing social gaming market it released several games based on internal intellectual property including: Island Paradise which became a large commercial success, Serf Wars, and Ranch Town.

Just before she died Nikolai informed Emperor Alexander I of his marriage and requested official recognition, which Alexander granted. News of the marriage scandalized society and angered Nikolai's family. Nikolai's two nephews, the Razumovsky brothers, had planned to inherit their uncle's vast fortune, and upon hearing that they were to lose it all to the son of a serf they contemplated murdering the infant. Praskovia was buried in an elaborate ceremony at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery attended by clergy and servants from the Sheremetev household.

Despite the exploitation, the population of the town and municipal area remained mostly indigenous. For this reason, the town has kept much of its rustic architecture. In the decades before the Mexican War of Independence, Tequisquiapan experienced a number of small rebellions on area haciendas, by indigenous people whose socioeconomic status was still serf- like. However, during Independence and other major conflicts of the 19th century, there were no major battles in the area and little information as to how this area was affected.

The solution of a multiple-span viaduct cable-stayed bridge, presented by the structural engineering group Sogelerg, Europe Etudes Gecti and Serf, and the architects Foster + Partners was declared the best. Detailed studies were carried out by the successful consortium, steered by the highways authority until mid-1998. After undergoing wind tunnel tests, the shape of the road deck was altered, and detailed corrections were made to the design of the pylons. When the details were eventually finalised, the whole design was approved in late 1998.

Employed is the breeding of farm animals. For example, the German statistical yearbook Trencin County from 1877 states that at this time is kept in the first divorce 350 sheep, 45 pigs, 20 cows, 34 oxen and 2 horses. Some divorced people, and certainly the other villages are employed occasionally fishing, what are frequently reference in Urbar, primary sources and informants of the feudal serf obligations towards. Until recently, the II. World War II and shortly after, locals hunted fish Vah especially at night.

The Essex rebels, possibly a few thousand strong, advanced towards London, some probably travelling directly and others via Kent. One group, under the leadership of John Wrawe, a former chaplain, marched north towards the neighbouring county of Suffolk, with the intention of raising a revolt there.; Revolt also flared in neighbouring Kent. Sir Simon de Burley, a close associate of both Edward III and the young Richard, had claimed that a man in Kent, called Robert Belling, was an escaped serf from one of his estates.

Matyushin was a bastard son of a landlord and a serf woman. According to his own memoirs, at an early age he studied reading, writing and playing violin himself; at the age of eight he was admitted to the music classes of Nizhny Novgorod Concervatory and in 1875 to Moscow Conservatory. Matyushin was also inclined to painting, but could not afford college training at the time. After graduation in 1881 Matyushin joined the Court Orchestra in Saint Petersburg and played with it professionally until 1913.

"Many Happy Returns" is an episode of the allegorical British science fiction TV series, The Prisoner. It was written by Anthony Skene and directed by Patrick McGoohan using the pseudonym Joseph Serf and thirteenth produced. It was the seventh episode to be broadcast in the UK on ITV (ATV Midlands and Grampian) on Friday 10 November 1967 and first aired in the United States on CBS on Saturday 20 July 1968. The episode stars Patrick McGoohan as Number Six and features as Number Two Georgina Cookson.

Born in to a family of serf actors in Nizhny Novgorod, she was the sister of the actress Khioniya Talanova (1822–1880), who was a star at the Maly Theatre (Moscow) 1860–80. She acted on the stage in Nizhny Novgorod already as a child. In 1852, she debuted as an adult actress in Kazan. She became one of the most famed tragediennes in 19th-century Russia, and it was said, that during the 1850s and 1860s, her name was known from Tver to Astrachan.

Bleddyn's legacy in the Chronicle of the Princes was that of a benevolent ruler: Bleddyn was also responsible for a revision of the Welsh law which continued in force in his dynasty's domain of Powys. Gwynedd's Venedotian Code noted that he changed the legal composition of the homestead (') for purposes of inheritance etc., varying its size depending on the social status of the owner. The homestead of a nobleman (') was 12 Welsh acres, that of a serf ( ', ') had 8, and that of a bondsman or slave (Med.

The settlement name means Rocky, an apt description of the village environs and the parish lands. The names Laigh, West and High Borland on old maps could refer to the presence of wild boar,Dobie, Page 97 however a 'Boor' also meant a serf and Norman lords often apportioned lands near their castles for their servants.Bayne, Pages 10 - 16. The Borland or Bordland also meant the land that was granted to the feudal superior specifically to be used to furnish food for his castle or dwelling.

After 1812 the rules relaxed slightly, but in order for a family to give their daughter to a husband in another estate they had to apply and present information to their landowner ahead of time. If a serf wanted to marry a widow, then emancipation and death certificates were to be handed over and investigated for authenticity by their owner before a marriage could take place.Avdeev, Blum, Troitskaia, Juby, "Peasant Marriage", 726. Before and after the abolition of serfdom, Russian peasant families were patriarchal.

Richard II meets the Peasants' Revolt rebels in a painting from Froissart's Chronicles. It has also been shown how greatly a fresh spirit of enterprise in industry and trade was stimulated first by the Danish and next by the Norman invasion; the former brought in a vigour shown in growth of villages, increase in number of freemen, and formation of trading towns; the latter especially opened up new communications with the most civilised continental people, and was followed by a considerable immigration of artisans, particularly of Flemings. In Saxon England slavery in the strictest sense existed, as is shown in the earliest English laws, but it seems that the true slave class as distinct from the serf class was comparatively small, and it may well be that the labour of an ordinary serf was not practically more severe, and the remuneration in maintenance and kind not much less than that of agricultural labourers in recent times. In spite of the steady protest of the Church, slavery (as the exception, not the general rule) did not die out for many centuries, and was apt to be revived as a punishment for criminals, e.g.

If anyone murders a man in a rampage, and the villain is not being sought, then the community where the victim's head lies pays a vyra (fee to the knyaz) of 80 grivnas; or be he a commoner, then 40 grivnas (note: this was a fortune; a horse cost two grivnas, and a serf 1/2 grivna). 4\. Whichever community pays the common vyra (i.e. the fee for the murderer they're hiding or cannot find), several years they shall have to pay that, as the members are paying without the murderer.

28 May 2012Merrian-Webster online "peasant" In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: slave, serf, and free tenant. Peasants hold title to land either in fee simple or by any of several forms of land tenure, among them socage, quit-rent, leasehold, and copyhold. In a colloquial sense, "peasant" often has a pejorative meaning that is therefore seen as insulting and controversial in some circles, even when referring to farm laborers in the developing world. As early as in 13th-century Germany, the word also could mean "rustic", or "robber", as the English term villain.

Horea was a craftsman who built wooden churches, some of which still exist, among them the church in Cizer (Csizér) which dates back to 1773 and was moved in 1967 (or 1968) to the Transylvanian Museum in Cluj-Napoca. The words “worked by Ursu H” are carved on the nave's beam in Cyrillic letters. Horea is also said to have taken part in the construction of the Orthodox Church of the Moon in Oradea (Nagyvárad, Großwardein). Although a serf, he is supposed to have been able to read and write.

Historian Christopher MacEvitt cites these as reasons that the term indentured peasant is a more accurate description for the villagers in the Latin East than serf. The Frankish population of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was concentrated in three major cities. By the 13thcentury the population of Acre probably exceeded 60,000, followed by Tyre with the capital having a smaller population of between 20,000 and 30,000. At its zenith, the Latin population of the region reached with the Kingdom of Jerusalem's population numbering and the combined total in Tripoli, Antioch and Edessa being broadly comparable.

Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing had "a slight physique" and "a certain whimsical humour". The Reverend Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing FRS, FLS (6 February 1835, London – 8 July 1926, Royal Tunbridge Wells) was a British zoologist, who described himself as "a serf to natural history, principally employed about Crustacea". Educated in London and Oxford, he only took to natural history in his thirties, having worked as a teacher until then. Although an ordained Anglican priest, Stebbing promoted Darwinism in a number of popular works, and was banned from preaching as a result.

Queen Jeonghui, however, issued instructions that the child be spared regardless of its sex, telling the eunuch in charge that she would take responsibility for deceiving Sejo. After Princess Gyeonghye gave birth to her son in exile, the eunuch dressed the child in female clothes and took it to the court, where it was raised. In 1461, Jeong was found guilty of rebelling against Sejo of Joseon and was executed by dismemberment. Princess Gyeonghye was judged guilty by association, her rank was reduced to nobi serf (), and she was sent to the official royal convent.

The Times quoted McDonald's answer that at the time of the Constitutional Convention, "Slavery was a fact. It had simply not crossed many people's intellectual or moral horizons to question it," and he further commented, "The condition of the French peasants was far worse than that of the American slaves, and that was heaven compared to the Russian serf." "The Intellectual World of the Founding Fathers" was republished in the essay collection, Requiem: Variations on Eighteenth-Century Themes.Forrest McDonald & Ellen Shapiro McDonald, Requiem: Variations on Eighteenth-Century Themes (University Press of Kansas, 1988), .

There were various pressures on Russian serfs during the 18th century, which induced them to follow Pugachev. The peasantry in Russia were no longer bound to the land, but tied to their owner. The connecting links that had existed between the peasant community and the tsar, which had been diminishing, was broken by the interposition of the serf owners; these private lords or agents of the Church or state who owned the land blocked serfs' access to the political authority. Many nobles returned to their estates after 1762 and imposed harsher rules on their peasants.

The power of the landowners over the peasants was abolished, and the peasants received personal freedom. The former serf became a legal entity that had the right to own property, engage in trade and crafts, marry without the consent of the landowner, initiate legal claims and participate in elections to local governments. The peasants received the estate and the allotment for permanent use, which they could not get rid of earlier than 9 years later. Land left to the peasants remained the legal property of the landowner until the conclusion of the redemption transaction.

Chinese Pavilion in Gruzino, 1822 The Gruzino estate near Chudovo, Russia, was constructed by a team of Neoclassical architects under Vasily Petrovich Stasov for Count Alexey Arakcheyev in the 1810s. Count Arakcheyev chose Gruzino as an imperial gift from Emperor Paul when Arakcheyev was appointed Commandant of St. Petersburg, though the area was in disrepair. He was given the land despite prior claim to it by the governor of the Novgorod and Tver provinces. Using serf labor, Arakcheyev built Gruzino to one of the most up-to-date estates in Russia at the time.

Giovanny Lammona was born in Moscow, to Yoakhim de Lammona, an Italian artist and decorator. His mother Pelageya Vasilyevna Azarevicheva was a serf actress at Count Semyon Zorich Theatre, whom Yoakhim married when working with that troupe as decorator, in the early 1800s. Василий Игнатьевич Живокини at Krugosvet/Кругосвет Online Encyclopedia In 1824, still a senior year student at Moscow Theatre Institute, Lammona joined the Moscow's Maly Theatre. From 1826 onwards, when, after his first marriage, he joined the Russian Orthodox Church, he's been known under his assumed Russian name, Vasily Zhivokini.

De Moor has worked with chansonniers Barb Jungr, Robb Johnson, Leon Rosselson, pianist David Harrod and double bass player Julia Doyle. He is also a translator who has written accurate English translations of songs by Jacques Brel, Léo Ferré, Claude Nougaro, Barbara (Monique Serf), Bertolt Brecht and Wannes Van de Velde. De Moor is also known for several other activities. Between 1996 and 2006 he was a regular DJ at the 100 Club, London, though playing vintage swing, R&B;, soul and ska rather than chanson or cabaret.

SQUIDs, or superconducting quantum interference devices, measure extremely small changes in magnetic fields. They are very sensitive vector magnetometers, with noise levels as low as 3 fT Hz−½ in commercial instruments and 0.4 fT Hz−½ in experimental devices. Many liquid-helium-cooled commercial SQUIDs achieve a flat noise spectrum from near DC (less than 1 Hz) to tens of kilohertz, making such devices ideal for time- domain biomagnetic signal measurements. SERF atomic magnetometers demonstrated in laboratories so far reach competitive noise floor but in relatively small frequency ranges.

She played Mopes the maid in Pygmalion, Princess Bariatinski in Tom Taylor's The Serf and Mrs Raby in Miriam's Crime. There, still only 23 years old, she originated the role of the fading Marchioness of Birkenfelt, the first of W. S. Gilbert's long series of "elderly, ugly" women, in his second operatic burlesque, La Vivandière. She was the only member of the cast to be re-engaged for the London production six months later at the Queen's Theatre, starring Lionel Brough.Advertisement, The Liverpool Mercury, 13 June 1867, p.

Because of this, they were harshly criticized by the Štadler's Croatian Catholic Association (HKU) that advocated an end to the serf system. Pilar believed that the HNZ's goals could only be achieved if Croats gained support from the Muslim population, and at the same time, he criticised Štadler for his Catholic propaganda. Štadler, who was Pilar's main opponent, believed that Catholic Croats should not be educated in any way other than as Catholics, thus advocating segregation between Catholics and Muslims. The HKU, like the HNZ, advocated unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina with other Croatian lands.

Phanthog was born in 1939 into a serf family in rural Tibet. After her father died when she was eight, she was forced to help her mother support the family by working long days performing backbreaking manual labor. While working in a factory, Phanthog was chosen to be part of the Chinese female mountaineering team at the age of 20 because of her excellent physical condition. Her 1959 ascent of Muztagh Ata in Xinjiang, with an elevation of , broke the record for the highest altitude reached by a female mountaineer.

Name of the architect remains unknown; construction was managed by T. G. Prostakov, a free man, and I. M. Podyachy - a serf of Lazarevs. By 1823 the main building acquired its present-day shape; an obelisk in the rear courtyard, raised in 1822, was cast of pig iron produced at Lazarev's iron mills in Perm (later, the obelisk was moved into the front courtyard). In 1828 Lazarev purchased adjacent building (2, Armyansky Lane) and converted it to an Armenian printshop.(in Russian) Амирханян А. Т. Тайны дома Лазаревых.

Unlike Saint-Bénigne, the properties of the abbey were concentrated in the immediate vicinity, towards Champlitte and the Saône. Thanks to William's reforms Bèze attracted gifts from local nobles such as the Fouvents, descendants of the counts of Atuyer, the Beaumonts and Montsaugeons towards Langres and the Beaujeus on the Saône. The property included serfs. For example, in the 11th century the abbey received the serf Arnulf and "one half of the sons or daughters of the said Arnulf" for the benefit of Sir Henri de Ferté's soul.

Berdavan is thought to have originally been built between the 10th and 11th centuries, but the present structure is most likely of the late-medieval period from around the 17th century during which time the castle was reconstructed. It is likely that the temple of Ghalinjakar mentioned in the 13th-century works of an unnamed Georgian historian, is in fact Berdavan. Some additional reconstruction took place in the 1980s. Ruins were cleared out, and the poorly constructed upper portions of the serf walls and towers were broken down and reconstructed.

According to the law of 1797 on a three-day corvee, the peasant family had to work on their horse for the landowner three days a week. Moreover, one day a week the wife, daughter or mother of a serf had to work. To account for days worked in the estate of M. V. Sebryakov four types of chips were used, printed on a solid white half-board with a black paint, without the date of release: 1\. Walking male working day - a rectangular shape, measuring 47.5x22.5 mm. 2\.

For many centuries, the majority of the population of Central Europe had lived as serfs, laboring under feudal obligations to Lords. On November 1, 1781, Joseph issued two Patents pertaining to Bohemia, which changed the serf–Lord relationship there by abolishing the use of fines and corporal punishment on serfs, and abolishing Lords' control over serfs' marriage, freedom of movement, and choice of occupation. The patents also allowed peasants to purchase hereditary ownership of the land that they worked. The nobility were hesitant to support Joseph's edicts, however, and they were inconsistently applied.

After the Teutonic Order lost much of its power in the 16th century and the Dominion of Swedish Estonia was lost to Russia following the Great Northern War (1700–1721), conditions worsened for Swedes in Estonia: the lands they had settled were often confiscated from the Church and given to local nobility, and taxes increased. This situation remained the same during Russian rule, and the Estonian Swedes' suffering continued as, for example, the Agrarian reforms which liberated the land of Estonian serfs in 1816, did not apply to Estonian (mostly non-serf) Swedes.

Grigoriev was born a serf, owned by the Kretov family, and acquired freedom at the age of 22. By this time, he was a long-time apprentice to Moscow-based Gilardi family of Swiss architects. Giovanni Gilardi was the chief architect of continuously expanding Moscow Orphanage, Widow's House (public almshouse) and Catherine's Institute; his son, Domenico Gilardi, inherited the family practice and managed rebuilding of these and other public structures after the devastating Fire of 1812. Grigoriev, like Domenico, studied architecture and crafts in Francesco Camporesi workshop in Moscow Kremlin.

The name Matija first appears in the work of the Hungarian historian Miklós Istvánffy in 1622. Probably Istvánffy attributed this name to him after the good King Matija, and later the two, and the peasant king, György Dózsa (leader of the Hungarian peasant revolt in 1514), merged in folk traditions. Before the revolt, Gubec was a serf on the estate of the landowner Ferenc Tahy. When the revolt erupted, the peasants elected him to be one of the leaders, and renowned for his personal qualities, he became the most influential leader of the rebellion.

During the 1781 reform middle Ural finally got its own regional administration in the form of the Perm Governorate. When in 1812 the Russian government legalized gold digging for its citizens, Middle Ural became a center of gold mining. Entrepreneurs of the Perm Governorate also started the gold rush in West Siberia, soon Yekaterinburgers began to dominate the Russian market of precious metals and gemstones. After the emancipation reform of 1861, major Middle Uralian industries that were heavily dependent on serf labor entered decline, although it also allowed light industry to thrive.

Sologub was born in St. Petersburg into the family of a poor tailor, Kuzma Afanasyevich Teternikov, who had been a serf in Poltava guberniya, the illegitimate son of a local landowner. When his father died of tuberculosis in 1867, his illiterate mother. Tatiana Semyonovna Teternikova, was forced to become a servant in the home of the aristocratic Agapov family, where Sologub and his younger sister Olga grew up. The family took an interest in the education of young Fyodor, sending him to a pedogogical institution where Sologub was a model student.

The peasant and serf classes were nearly destroyed en totalium; the continuation of the historical family commune social structure was broken and proved ineffective for large-scale governmental control. Most of the minor princedoms were destroyed. Most cities in the Rus' were razed and the population found it necessary to flee to the northeast in hopes of escaped the wrath of the Golden Horde. As the Golden Horde expanded across Asia, the Khanate found it necessary to incorporate different governing aspects of the peoples it conquered; from these, much was taken from the Chinese.

Edwin Adams (February 3, 1834 – October 28, 1877) was an American stage actor, considered to have been one of America's best light comedians. He was born in Medford, Massachusetts, and worked "at a mechanical trade in Boston" before he became an actor. Adams began his career on the stage in The Hunchback, at the National Theatre in Boston in 1853. He also appeared in Hamlet with Kate Josephine Bateman in 1860, as well in The Serf in 1865, and The Dead Heart, Wild Oats, The Lady of Lyons, Narcisse, and The Marble Heart.

In the first case, lands reserved for serf use were assigned to the mir for allocation by the proprietor. Even after the 1861 emancipation of the serfs, a peasant in his everyday work normally had little independence from obshchina, governed at the village level (mir) by the full assembly of the community (skhod). Among its duties were control and redistribution of the common land and forest (if such existed), levying recruits for military service and imposing punishments for minor crimes. Obshchina was also held responsible for taxes underpaid by members.

St. Serf's Church Cairn to Maggie Wall, Dunning Stained glass by Bannantyne & Son, St. Serfs, Dunning The Dupplin Cross, Dunning Dunning is a small village in Perth and Kinross in Scotland with a population of about 1,000. The village centres around the 12th–13th century former parish church of St. Serf, where the Dupplin Cross is displayed (Historic Scotland; open in summer without entrance charge). It is in Strathearn, the valley of the River Earn, north of the Ochil Hills. It is just south of the A9, between Auchterarder and Perth.

Never divorcing her "first and one true love" or renouncing her marriage name, Zoe remained his confidant and secretary until the time of his death.Nastasă (2010), pp. 63, 83, 290–291 Claudian earned a doctorate at Iași in 1930; his thesis dealt with the agrarian problem in pre-1917 Russia and the role of Marxism in the social transformations undergone by Russia and Germany in 1917–1918. A fragment of the work, detailing the serf emancipation, the miry, and the ideological push for collectivization, was published in 1931 by Viața Românească.

The name of Guriev porridge comes from the name of Count Dmitry Alexandrovich Guriev (1751–1825), Minister of Finance and member of the State Council of the Russian Empire. It has been stated that Guryev porridge was invented by Zakhar Kuzmin, a serf chef of the retired major of the Orenburg dragoon regiment Georgy Jurisovsky, who was visited by Guryev. Subsequently, Guriev bought Kuzmin with his family and made him a regular chef in his court. According to another version, Guryev himself came up with a recipe for porridge.

While no such gifts came, the town has continued to perform the dance as part of the town's yearly festival. Santiago Collantes is also known for its version of the Devil's Dance, which is related to the hardships of slavery and serf-like conditions that the slaves suffered. Pinotepa Nacional has its well-known Chilena dance, which may be related to the cueca (or zamueca) dances of South America. Other dances performed in the area include the Turtle Dance, the Tiger Dance, and the old and new versions of the Badger's Dance.

Economics in Louisiana and Sicily combined to bring about what became known as the Great Migration of thousands of Sicilians. The end of the Civil War allowed the freed men the choice to stay or to go, many chose to leave for higher paying jobs, which in turn led to a perceived scarcity of labor resources for the planters. Northern Italy enjoyed the fruits of modern industrialization, while southern Italy and Sicily suffered destitute conditions under the system of absentee landowners. The peasant was still essentially the serf in the system.

A legend states that when the British princess (and future saint) Teneu, daughter of the king of Lothian, became pregnant before marriage, her family threw her from a cliff. She survived the fall unharmed, and was soon met by an unmanned boat. She knew she had no home to go to, so she got into the boat; it sailed her across the Firth of Forth to land at Culross where she was cared for by Saint Serf; he became foster-father of her son, Saint Kentigern or Mungo.

The film takes place during the 16th century, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible (Leonid Leonidov). All-rounder Nikita (Ivan Klyukvin), serf of the nobleman Kurlyatev, reflecting a great deal regarding free birds once manages to soar into the sky on homemade wings. Nikita gets captured by the oprichnina for supposed communication with Satan, is shackled and sent to the command. However he is remembered from time to time as the master whose crafts amazed the world and is often invited to the royal court to fix broken machinery and amuse the high lords.

In the Kingdom of England from the 12th to 15th centuries, a franklin was a member of a certain social class or rank. In the Middle English period, a franklin was simply a freeman; that is, a man who was not a serf. In the feudal system under which people were tied to land which they did not own, serfs were in bondage to a member of the nobility who owned that land. The surname "Fry", derived from the Old English "frig" ("free born"), indicates a similar social origin.

A Literary Polish language breakthrough came under the influence of the Reformation with the writings of Mikołaj Rej. In his Brief Discourse, a satire published in 1543, he defends a serf from a priest and a noble, but in his later works he often celebrates the joys of the peaceful but privileged life of a country gentleman. Rej, whose legacy is his unbashful promotion of the Polish language, left a great variety of literary pieces. Łukasz Górnicki, an author and translator, perfected the Polish prose of the period.

To the Art Institute of Chicago, he gave the paintings Virgin and Child with Saint Elizabeth and John the Baptist as a child by Jacques Blanchard. He gave Claude Monet's The Bodmer Oak, Fontainebleau Forest to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. He donated the sculpture The Serf by Henri Matisse and paintings and drawings by Édouard Vuillard to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. In recognition of his gifts to the museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art named Salz a Fellow in Perpetuity of the Museum.

Dimitri Andreevich Usatov Dimitri Andreevich Usatov (February 22, 1847 - August 23, 1913) was a Russian tenor and vocal teacher. Born a serf to Dmitri Nikolayevich Sheremetev, he studied music with Camille Everardi at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory and sang at the Bolshoy Theatre from 1880 to 1889. There he sang the role of Lensky in Eugene Onegin in 1881 and the role of Andrei in Mazeppa in 1884. He later taught singing in Tbilisi, where his most famous pupil was Feodor Chaliapin, whom he not only trained, but fed, clothed and supported.

The code deals with such matters as disputed ownership of slaves, rape and adultery, the rights of a wife when divorced or a widow, the custody of children born after divorce, inheritance, sale and mortgaging of property, ransom, children of mixed (slave, free and foreign) marriages and adoption.For a full discussion of the text see John Davies: The Gortyn Laws in The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, pp. 305-327. The code makes legal distinctions between different social classes. Free, serf, slave and foreigner social statuses are recognized within the document.

The Settlers () is a city-building video game with real-time strategy elements, developed and published by Blue Byte Software. Released in Germany for Amiga in June 1993, and in the United Kingdom in November, it is the first game in The Settlers series. In 1994, Blue Byte and Massive Development ported the game to MS-DOS. Blue Byte published the DOS version in Europe under its original title in May, but in North America, it was published in December by SSI as Serf City: Life is Feudal.

Edmund Leach points out that the Dasa was the antithesis of the concept of Arya. As the latter term evolved through successive meanings, so did Dasa: from "indigenous inhabitant" to "serf," "tied servant," and finally "chattel slave." He suggests the term "unfreedom" to cover all these meanings. According to Arthashastra, anyone who had been found guilty of nishpatitah (Sanskrit: निष्पातित, ruined, bankrupt, a minor crime)निष्पातित Sanskrit English dictionary may mortgage oneself to become dasa for someone willing to pay his or her bail and employ the dasa for money and privileges.

However, the nobles omitted this section from the document as it did not benefit them. "Rather than seeing her as insincere in her concern for the peasantry, historians have recently highlighted…what she might have achieved had the circumstances been different,". Despite the constraints, Catherine did manage to implement few policies that benefitted the serfs. In 1767 it was forbidden for foster parents to enserf illegitimate children and in 1781 enserfment of prisoners of war was prohibited and a law passes that saw marriage of a free man to a serf woman emancipate the woman.

Wyke, unlike the larger settlement of Flexford, appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Wucha held by Godric from (Turald) Thorold under Roger de/of Montgomery. It was part of Burpham manor and was valued underneath its listing. As heads of household it had four villagers, three smallholders, one serf (a form of slavery abolished by the time of the Magna Carta), two ploughlands and woodland for 83 pigs, 25 acres of meadow and a mill worth 15s per year. It rendered 8 pound sterling per year to its feudal system overlords.

Colette Giraudon, Paul Guillaume et les Peintres du XXe Siècle (La Bibliothèque des Arts, 1993). Picasso exhibited four works : Tête, Buste, Nature Morte, and Nu de Femme. Modigliani exhibited twelve : La Demoiselle du dimanche, Portrait de Jean Cocteau, La Dame au médaillon, La Collerette blanche, La jolie Fille rousse, Le Liseré noir, Madam Pompadour, Femme au fauteuil, Beatrice, L’Enfant gras, La Rouqine, Tête de Femme, and Raymond. Matisse exhibited one painting, Les Trois sœurs, and four bronze sculptures : Le Serf, Femme accroupie, Tête de femme, and Torse de fillette.

He handled the lure and power of atavism satirically in Pact, critically in "The Queen of Air and Darkness" and The Night Face, and tragically in "Goat Song". His 1965 novel The Corridors of Time alternates between the European Stone Age and a repressive future. In this vision of tomorrow, almost everyone is either an agricultural serf or an industrial slave, but the rulers genuinely believe they are creating a better world. Set largely in Denmark, it treats the Neolithic society with knowledge and respect does but not hide its faults.

Gillemachoi was a serf quitclaimed by King William the Lion to Jocelin, Bishop of Glasgow. His name means "lad or servant of Saint Mungo". In a charter issued at Selkirk at some point between 1175 and 1190, King William acknowledges the full ownership of "Gillemachoi de Conglud" and all his relatives and dependents to the "church of St Kentigern of Glasgow". It is not clear why Jocelin sought confirmation of ownership, since the bishopric had possessed the land of "Conglud", that is, Kinclaith (modern Glasgow Green) since the reign of King Malcolm IV.

On the above conditions, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty used their political privileges to plunder huge amounts of land from the hands of the Han people and forcibly redistribute the land. This caused certain damage and blockade of agricultural production in the north. Therefore, the Manchu rulers could not impose their own mode of production which is the serf system on the conquered Han, and only let the Han's original mode of production which is the rent system to continue. Under the strong influence of the feudal tenancy system, the serfdom system gradually declined.

Alexander Kerensky was born in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) on the Volga River on 4 May 1881 and was the eldest son in the family. His father, Fyodor Mikhailovich Kerensky, was a teacher and director of the local gymnasium and was later promoted to be an inspector of public schools. His maternal grandfather was head of the Topographical Bureau of the Kazan Military District. His mother, Nadezhda Aleksandrovna (née Adler), was the granddaughter of a former serf who had managed to purchase his freedom before serfdom was abolished in 1861.

There was, he felt, a system of checks and balances between the ruling princes and their vassal lords, a tendency for feuds and other rivalries, and often a serf-like peasantry.Metcalf (1997), pp. 73–74. The Rajputs were, in his opinion, on the same developmental trajectory that nations such as Britain had followed. His ingenious use of these viewpoints later enabled him to promote in his books the notion that there was a shared experience between the people of Britain and this community in a distant, relatively unexplored area of the empire.

A lord of the manor could not sell his serfs as a Roman might sell his slaves. On the other hand, if he chose to dispose of a parcel of land, the serfs associated with that land stayed with it to serve their new lord; simply speaking, they were implicitly sold in mass and as a part of a lot. This unified system preserved for the lord long-acquired knowledge of practices suited to the land. Further, a serf could not abandon his lands without permission, nor did he possess a saleable title in them.

Wei Zifu was born of humble means to a serf family. She was the fourth child and the youngest daughter of a lowly housemaid/servant at the household of Princess Pingyang (平陽公主), Emperor Wu's older sister. Her father presumably died around the time of her birth, as there were little historic records of most of her family members. Her younger half-brother Wei Qing, born not long after her, was an illegitimate child from an extramarital affair by her mother with a low-level official serving the Princess's household.

He performed the songs "How Sweet to Be an Idiot" and "I'm the Urban Spaceman". He also appeared as one of the singing "Bruces" in the Philosopher Sketch and as a Church Policeman in the "Salvation Fuzz" sketch. Innes wrote original songs for the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), such as "Knights of the Round Table" and "Brave Sir Robin". He appeared in the film as a head-bashing monk, the serf crushed by the giant wooden rabbit, and the leader of Sir Robin's minstrels.

Such rubidium standards are often mass- produced for the telecommunication industry. Other potential or current uses of rubidium include a working fluid in vapor turbines, as a getter in vacuum tubes, and as a photocell component. Rubidium is also used as an ingredient in special types of glass, in the production of superoxide by burning in oxygen, in the study of potassium ion channels in biology, and as the vapor in atomic magnetometers. In particular, 87Rb is used with other alkali metals in the development of spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometers.

Kovalskaya was born near Kharkiv. Her mother was a serf, who belonged to her father, Colonel Solntsev. When she was aged about seven, she confronted her father, having just learnt that "there were landowners and peasant serfs in the world, that landowners could sell people, that my father could separate my mother and me by selling her to one neighbouring landowner and me to another - but my mother could not sell my father." He agreed to free them both, and had them registered as free citizens, and arranged for her to be privately educated.

A free wife might be sold into slavery, such as if she had married a serf or her husband had been murdered. Sometimes, a slave-master sold an enslaved wife. Enslaved families were often broken up and wives, husbands, and children sold to separate buyers, often never to see each other again, and a threat to sell a wife was used to keep an enslaved husband under a master's discipline. In wartime, one side might, possibly falsely, accuse the other of wife sale as a method of spying.

Economics in Louisiana and Sicily combined to bring about what became known as the Great Migration of thousands of Sicilians. The end of the Civil War allowed the freed men the choice to stay or to go, many chose to leave for higher paying jobs, which in turn led to a perceived scarcity of labor resources for the planters. Northern Italy enjoyed the fruits of modern industrialization, while southern Italy and Sicily suffered destitute conditions under the system of absentee landowners. The peasant was still essentially the serf in the system.

In 1794 in the city started to operate a big treasury-sponsored manufacture that consisted of two factories: cloth factory that was transferred here from town of Dubrovny Mogilev Governorate along with workers and serf-peasants and silk-stockings factory that was brought from village of Kupavna near Moscow. The workers for silk stockings factory were bought at an auction for 16,000 rubles. In 1797 at the cloth factory worked 819 permanent workers among which were 378 women and 115 children. At the stockings factory a bigger portion of workers consisted of women.

Alexander Vasilievich Nikitenko (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Никите́нко; 1804 - 1877) was a well-educated Ukrainian serf of Count Sheremetev who was granted freedom under pressure from Kondraty Ryleyev and other men of letters. He narrowly escaped persecution in the wake of the Decembrist Uprising and served as censor through much of Nicholas I's reign. He was also a literary historian, censor, Professor of Saint Petersburg University, and ordinary member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Nikitenko is notable for a very detailed diary that he kept from an early age.

Later, Tadas and Bernardas meet under a tree, and Bernardas recounts his secret that has been nagging him for fifteen years: In the winter of 1846, two noblemen – Adam Razumowski and Bernardas Gruinius – went to hunt in a forest. Adam was drinking heavily when Bernardas heard the shouts of a serf kid whose brother was drowning in a creek. He rushed to save him. After dragging the kid out of the water, Bernardas saw the drunk Adam brandishing a gun, ready to shoot the unconscious boy because he thought "Lithuanian serfs were worthless".

At the Gruinius' estate, Edmundas, who has now been captured by Janek, reveals the secret of Adam's death, twisting the facts to portray Gruinius as a traitor who saved a rebel–turned serf Tadas Blinda in place of his father Adam. Furious at receiving such news, Janek goes off to Gruinius' mansion. Bernardas returns home only to find his servant dead, and his family held captive by Snegiryov and Janek. Snegiryov tells Bernardas that he will be sent to Siberia for helping the rebels and Janek delivers a knockout to the landowner.

As a whole, serfdom both came and remained in Russia much later than in other European countries. Slavery remained a legally recognized institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter the Great abolished slavery and converted the slaves into serfs. This was relevant more to household slaves because Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679.Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery Formal conversion to serf status and the later ban on the sale of serfs without a land did not stop the trade in household slaves; this trade merely changed its name.

Enticed by promises of new fertile land, they trekked overland to southern Ukraine, as colonists for the new territories. While some sources call the Estonian Swedes' migration an outright expulsion from their Estonian homeland, other accounts stress the fact that these poor and oppressed serf farmers were given what may have seemed like a generous offer. Regardless of the impetus, the outcome of this mass migration was disastrous. Almost half of the nearly 1,000 villagers died on the march to their new home which they were required to get to on their own resources.

But if a person on either world lacks a duplicate (for instance if a Proton citizen immigrated there from another planet, or a counterpart from the opposite frame died), he can cross to the other through an energy "curtain" that circumscribes each frame. The first three books in the series follow Proton serf Stile as he enters Phaze and becomes an important political force there. The next three concern the adventures of Mach (Citizen Blue's son), Bane (Stile's son), and Bane's companions. Finally, volume 7, Phaze Doubt follows Bane's and Mach's nine- year-old children, Flach and Nepe, among others.

Indeed, expectations and assessments of "dual Russia" seem to have greatly influenced the decisions and actions of tsars and commissars, revolutionaries and bureaucrats, and ordinary citizens of Russian and non-Russian ethnicity. Tucker underscored that most tsars and tsarist officials viewed state-society relations as hostile, and that most of the huge serf peasantry, small urban proletariat, and tiny educated stratum had similarly hostile views. But Tucker did not observe a stable or complementary relationship between authoritarian Russian elites and obeisant Russian masses. Instead, he saw mounting pressures from social units and networks for an "unbinding" of the state's control of society.

A peasant was to be free to work and own the land he worked. Pugachev's followers idealized a static, simple society where a just ruler guaranteed the welfare of all within the framework of a universal obligation to the sovereign. The ruler ought to be a father to his people, his children; and power should be personal and direct, not institutionalized and mediated by land- or serf owner. Such a frame of mind may also account for the strong urge to take revenge on the nobles and officials, on their modern and evil way of life.

Some of his childhood experiences found their way into his writings. When a nine-year-old girl had been raped by a drunk, he was asked to fetch his father to attend to her. The incident haunted him, and the theme of the desire of a mature man for a young girl appears in The Devils, The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment, and other writings. An incident involving a family servant, or serf, in the estate in Darovoye, is described in "The Peasant Marey": when the young Dostoevsky imagines hearing a wolf in the forest, Marey, who is working nearby, comforts him.

Batman (military) (1802–1812) The Imperial Russian Army used the term denshchik () for a batman. In the Russian Empire higher-ranking cavalry officers often chose Cossacks for these roles as they could be reasonably depended on to survive combat, and were also known for resourcefulness on campaign. However, they were hired help, and had to be provided with a horse also. The lower-ranking officers from serf-owning families brought a servant from home they were familiar with, particularly the infantry and artillery officers that did not require additional protection in combat, and tended to leave the servants with the unit baggage train.

The problem of the serf economy was that in agriculture and industry there were neither conditions for introducing free labor, nor free workers themselves, because the country produced a limited volume of production, and society constantly needed to increase labor in agriculture (in labor serfs). The development of capitalist relations in agriculture was difficult. Since the extremely extensive system of economy was also severely limited by the conditions of nature and climate. It required large financial investments that are necessary for the development of market relations in connection with the collapse of former ties with the peasant economy.

20 farm acres per field and with a three-field system, however, with the active use of fertilizers. The estate had 31 horses and 22 cows until 1861, and after them several horses were added. The amount of plowing remained the same as the size of the sowing, but since serf labor was replaced by hired labor, with fewer working hands and the same space of the cultivated land, more arable land was obtained number of products. The main source of the formation of an army of wage workers was the liberation of the multimillion masses of the peasantry from serfdom.

This in turn led local Russian owners of slaves to petition the government for conversion and even involved forced conversions of their slaves. The rules stipulated that the native convert became a serf of the converter. As an indication of the extent of the slavery system, one voyevoda reported in 1712 that "there is hardly a Cossack in Yakutsk who does not have natives as slaves". Russian conquest of the Caucasus led to the abolition of slavery by the 1860s and the conquest of the Central Asian Islamic khanates of Bukhara, Samarkand, and Khiva by the 1870s.

The young Aleksander was raised in the rich musical environment of Count Vladimir Orlov's country estate Otrada, near Moscow. He was taught violin by his father, Lev Gurilyov, 60879620 a serf musician and kapellmeister in the orchestra of the Orlovs. Together with his children, he took lessons in piano playing from Russian-based pianist of Irish origin John Field and later studied music theory under the guidance of Iosif Genishta. In 1831 he was freed after the death of his father's owner and moved to Moscow, where he soon became known as a composer of folk music, pianist and teacher.

Septicemic plague was the least common of the three plague varieties that occurred during the Black Death from 1348 to 1350 (the other two being bubonic plague and pneumonic plague). Like the others, septicemic plague spread from the East through trade routes on the Black Sea and down to the Mediterranean Sea. Major port cities such as Venice and Florence were hit the hardest. The massive loss of working population in Europe following the Black Death, resulting in increased economic bargaining power of the serf labour force, was a major precipitating factor for the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.

It would be imperative to keep Steadman alive, so he could talk. Steadman takes the time to ridicule Kellerman by calling him the "Serf that would be King", alleging that Kellerman had proposed marriage to his sister Caroline Reynolds several years ago. Unwilling to cooperate with Kellerman much less trust him, Michael takes the telephone, asks for a television news channel, and informs them of his identity and that he would like to turn himself in. Unable to cope with the deaths of so many people including his beloved Veronica Donovan, Lincoln angrily points a gun at Steadman's face.

Zogu was officially elected as the first President of Albania by the Constituent Assembly on 21 January 1925, taking office on 1 February for a seven-year term. A new constitution vested Zogu with sweeping executive and legislative powers, to the point that he was effectively a dictator. He had the right to appoint all major government personnel, as well as one-third of the lower house. Zogu's government followed the European model, though large parts of Albania still maintained a social structure unchanged from the days of Ottoman rule, and most villages were serf plantations run by the Beys.

Enlightenment political and economic publicists had become preoccupied with promoting fundamental alteration of social aspects of agricultural production, in particular with serfdom and the necessity of its reform. Insufficient productivity and quality of output of folwark enterprises was increasingly forcing their szlachta operators to supplant or supplement the overburdened serf labor with agricultural hired work force and rent of farmland. A pool of agricultural laborers, the "loose" people, often subjected to restrictions, were in demand and enticed by published wage tariffs in times of labor shortages. Feudal rent offered enterprising peasants more independence and ability to get ahead, if fees were reasonable.

The sejm of 1768 barred feudal lords from imposing the death penalty on their serf subjects, but an attempt to regulate peasants' rights further in the 1780 Zamoyski Code was unsuccessful. Only in 1791 the May 3 Constitution generally took the peasantry under the protection of the law. A more decisive, but short-lived effort to advance the rights of the peasants was the Proclamation of Połaniec promulgated by Tadeusz Kościuszko in 1794, before the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian state. After the first partitions peasants enjoyed limited legal rights under the Prussian jurisdiction, but more meaningful protection and implemented reforms in Austria.

One older runic sentence (dating from around 425–450 AD) is on the sword sheath of Bergakker which is either the singular direct attestation of the Old Franconian language or the earliest attestation of Old Low Franconian (Old Dutch) language. Another early sentence from the early 6th century AD (that is described as the earliest sentence in Old Dutch as well) is found in the Lex Salica. This phrase was used to free a serf: :"Maltho thi afrio lito" :(I say, I free you, half-free.) These are the earliest sentences yet found of Old Franconian. The location of the Franks around 475 .

As the Grand Princes extended their power, land ownership was assuming a more dominant role in deciding one's true worth in the social strata. Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries there were no restrictions on land ownership, as men of every class were able to hold a piece of dirt and call the other their equal. Since primary production was still the chief means of working the land, the serf class, as was seen in England, did not develop quickly. Instead the land was worked by the owner and his family, slaves, and those he paid for labor.

This system left Hutus in a serf-like status with Tutsi chiefs as their feudal masters. Under Mwami Rwabugiri, Rwanda became an expansionist state. Rwabugiri did not bother to assess the ethnic identities of conquered peoples and simply labeled all of them “Hutu”. The title “Hutu”, therefore, came to be a trans-ethnic identity associated with subjugation. While further disenfranchising Hutus socially and politically, this helped to solidify the idea that “Hutu” and “Tutsi” were socioeconomic, not ethnic, distinctions. In fact, one could kwihutura, or “shed Hutuness”, by accumulating wealth and rising through the social hierarchy.

Skitalets was born in Samara Province to a peasant father who had once been a serf. After gaining his freedom Skitalets's father spent some time as a village bartender and later took to wandering through Russia, with his young son in tow, the two making a living together as street and barroom musicians for several years. Afterwards they returned to Samara province where Skitalets's father settled down as a joiner. Skitalets's father taught him to play the gusli, and Skitalets was well known in later life for his skill with the instrument and for being a talented folk singer.

Likewise, Charles Esdaile also emphasises that, while Paul's treatment of the army's officers verged on the brutal, he was regarded with approval by the common soldier for his willingness to treat their officers without fear of favour, thus making the army a safer place for the ordinary trooper. This suggests, says Esdaile, that Paul had "genuine care" for their lot. Paul, suggests Blum, although far less well known or liked than his mother, actually went further than she did in improving serf rights. Similarly, Paul was not unpopular in the countryside, as landowners respected an Emperor who cracked down on corrupt local officialdom.

Peasants Reading the Emancipation Manifesto, an 1873 painting by Grigory Myasoyedov The legal basis of the reform was the Tsar's Emancipation Manifesto of , accompanied by the set of legislative acts under the general name Regulations Concerning Peasants Leaving Serf Dependence ( Polozheniya o krestyanakh, vykhodyashchikh iz krepostnoi zavisimosti). This Manifesto proclaimed the emancipation of the serfs on private estates and of the domestic (household) serfs. Serfs were granted the full rights of free citizens, gaining the rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property and to own a business. The Manifesto also permitted peasants to buy the land from the landlords.

After about 1700 some of the industrial enterprises were increasingly being taken over by land owners who used serf labor, which led to their neglect and decline in the second half of the 17th century. Danzig had remained practically autonomous and adamant about protecting its status and foreign trade monopoly. The Karnkowski Statutes of 1570 gave Polish kings the control over maritime commerce, but not even Stephen Báthory, who resorted to an armed intervention against the city, was able to enforce them. Other Polish cities held steady and prosperous through the first half of the 17th century.

The locals were mainly engaged in animal husbandry, farming was less developed. Every autumn, large fairs were held here, which were attended by Kremenchuk and Kyiv merchants. In 1752, with the establishment of military settlements, Onufriivka became part of New Serbia and became the property of Jovan Horvat-Otkurtich, and in the 1770s the descendants of Horvat-Otkurtych sold Onufriivka to Mikhail Kamburley, who was an adviser, senator, and civilian governor of Volhynia. In the winter of 1805, the landowner Ivan Kamburley relocated part of the serf peasants from his estates in the Orel and Tambov governorates.

Vera Ignatyevna Mateychuk () was born on 24 March 1896 in Supraśl, which at the time was located in the Russian Empire, to Anna (née Vishnevskaya) and Ignatius Mateychuk. Mateychuk's maternal grandfather had been a runaway serf who adopted the name of Nikolai Vishnevsky, when he arrived in Supraśl; his original name was Mikhail Domanovsky. Having a large family of ten children and a small plot of land, Ignatius often had to seek employment at some distance from home. By the time Mateychuk was two or three, the family relocated to Ogrodniczki, a village eight kilometers from Białystok.

Then there are those castes of captive, slave or serf ancestry: the Maccuɗo, Rimmayɓe, Dimaajo, and less often Ɓaleeɓe, the Fulani equivalent of the Tuareg Ikelan known as Bouzou (Buzu)/Bella in the Hausa and Songhay languages respectively. The Fulani castes are endogamous in nature, meaning individuals marry only within their caste. This caste system, however, wasn't as elaborate in places like northern Nigeria, Eastern Niger or Cameroon. According to some estimates, by the late 19th century, slaves constituted about 50% of the population of the Fulɓe-ruled Adamawa Emirate, where they were referred to as jeyaɓe (singular jeyado).

In addition to recover previously owned lands, Bolesław has increased the wealth of his archdiocese. He bought Csév, Esztergom County for inexpensive 50 silver denari from Mikóca Rosd, who, with that step, paid his debts, which existed since his act of unintentional homicide against a serf in Kesztölc, a subject of the archdiocese. He also exchanged the estate of Ölveld for Borch in 1327. During the first six years of his rule as Archbishop (1321–1326), Bolesław had to fight against an extreme Franciscan faction, the Fraticelli, who at that time were considered too radical by Pope John XXII.

Ludwika Maria (Marie Louise) Gonzaga was the wife of Władysław IV and then of John Casimir, whom she strongly influenced The deep agricultural crisis lasted from the 1650s through the 1720s. Under the plight of constant warfare and adverse economic conditions the peasants were being increasingly burdened with excessive obligations. Their communities suffered population losses and many villages disappeared altogether. The serf labor force was displaced and their plots taken over under estate consolidation schemes (to further increase the already dominant folwark portion of the rural economy), or manorial duties were replaced by feudal rent arrangements if that seemed more profitable to landlords.

At the height of the theatre's flowering in the late 1790s Praskovia became ill, possibly with consumption (tuberculosis), and was forced to retire. In late 1796, Nikolai was appointed to the court of Paul I and Praskovia moved with him to St. Petersburg. Although they lived as man and wife, and most people knew of this, Nikolai and Praskovia could not live their relationship openly. It was taboo for an aristocrat like Sheremetev to move about in society with a serf as his social equal, and marriage, especially for a man from the highest noble family, was theoretically out of the question.

With the moderate financial success of the film The Producers, Glazier financed Brooks' next film, The Twelve Chairs (1970). Loosely based on Ilf and Petrov's 1928 Russian novel of the same name about greedy materialism in post- revolutionary Russia, the film stars Ron Moody, Frank Langella, and Dom DeLuise as three men individually searching for a fortune in diamonds hidden in a set of 12 antique chairs. Brooks makes a cameo appearance as an alcoholic ex-serf who "yearns for the regular beatings of yesteryear." The film was shot in Yugoslavia with a budget of $1.5 million.

Chambers gave speeches on his way back to Texas, castigating the banks and defending the admission of socialists to the convention as "simply a body of men enlisted in the cause of human rights." In his official acceptance letter, he called for expansion of the currency, immigration restriction to help workingmen compete "with Chinese serf labor," and the forfeiture of all unfulfilled railroad grants. On July 8, before reaching home, Chambers fell as he exited his train in Kosse, Texas, and broke two ribs. He was confined to bed for several weeks and considered withdrawing from the race, but decided against it.

Before eating, Jesus told them not to throw away a single bone, and after eating he told them to put all the bones on one pile. The lamb then came back to life and went back to the pen. He asked another one for a handful of wool in the name of God, and the serf said he and his wife had nothing to wear but still agreed to give the beggar not only a handful of wool but a whole fleece. Jesus took the fleece, crossed it and disappeared leaving behind himself an entire stack of wool.

It is often identified as one of the three or four outstanding plays by Chekhov, along with The Seagull, Three Sisters, and Uncle Vanya.Harold Bloom, Genius: A Study of One Hundred Exemplary Authors. The play revolves around an aristocratic Russian landowner who returns to her family estate (which includes a large and well-known cherry orchard) just before it is auctioned to pay the mortgage. Unresponsive to offers to save the estate, she allows its sale to the son of a former serf; the family leaves to the sound of the cherry orchard being cut down.

The novel's protagonist is Fyodor Ivanych Lavretsky, a nobleman who shares many traits with Turgenev. The child of a distant, Anglophile father and a serf mother who dies when he is very young, Lavretsky is brought up at his family's country estate home by a severe maiden aunt, often thought to be based on Turgenev's own mother, who was known for her cruelty. Lavretsky pursues an education in Moscow, and while he is studying there, he spies a beautiful young woman at the opera. Her name is Varvara Pavlovna, and he falls in love with her and asks for her hand in marriage.

Generally hunting and trapping of wild game by the serfs on the lord's property was prohibited. On Easter Sunday the peasant family perhaps might owe an extra dozen eggs, and at Christmas a goose was perhaps required too. When a family member died, extra taxes were paid to the lord as a form of feudal relief to enable the heir to keep the right to till what land he had. Any young woman who wished to marry a serf outside of her manor was forced to pay a fee for the right to leave her lord, and in compensation for her lost labour.

It was re-founded by a Turkish spahi, Haszán Kara. Overall both Gerse and Karátföld endured many Turkish attacks. In 1766, there was another serf uprising. It was suppressed, and some participants were brought before the royal courts. At the end of the 18th century, Gerse fell under the control of the Festetics family. Karátföld, being a noble village, was able to keep its remaining privileges until 1848. Under the influence of the 1868 Education Act, community schools were established first in Karátföld, and soon after in Gerse. In 1906 the town gained a notary, and in 1907 a post office.

A screenshot from the game, showing a room surrounded by locked doors, and the rotting chicken energy meter on the right The game is presented in a top-down perspective and is set inside a labyrinth of a complex castle. The player has been trapped inside and needs to collect three pieces of the "Golden Key of ACG" in order to escape. They can choose from three different characters; a Wizard, Knight or Serf. Each character has a different weapon to kill common enemies and access to a secret passage unique to them, meaning that navigating the castle is different for each one.

The official decline of corvée is linked to the abolition of serfdom by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and Habsburg ruler, in 1781. Corvée labour continued to exist, however, and was only abolished during the revolutions of 1848, along with the legal inequality between the nobility and common people. Bohemia (or Czech lands) were a part of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Habsburg monarchy and corvée labour itself was called "robota" in Czech. In Russian and other Slavic languages, "robota" denotes any work but in Czech, it specifically refers to unpaid unfree work, corvée labour, serf labor, or drudgery.

In 1853 Ludwig Minkus emigrated to St. Petersburg, Russia to serve as conductor of the Serf orchestra of Prince Nikolai Yusupov, a post which Minkus occupied until 1855. That same year, Minkus married Maria Antoinette Schwarz at the Catholic Church of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg. Schwarz was also a native of Austria, born in Vienna in 1838. From 1856 until 1861 Minkus served as principal violinist in the orchestra of the Moscow Imperial Bolshoi Theatre, and soon he was given the dual position of conductor and principal violinist to the Imperial Italian Opera of that theatre.

The nature of Georgian Jew's observance to rabbinic law was also noted by Benjamin of Tudela and Abraham ben David (also known as the RABAD or RAVAD). The Mongols swept through Georgia in 1236, prompting many of the Jews of Eastern and Southern Georgia to move to the western region, which remained independent. There they formed small communities along the Black Sea, and eventually their poverty forced them into serfdom. For 500 years, beginning in the end of the 14th century, the Jews of Georgia belonged to the kamani, or serf class, under the Georgian elite.

In 1740 Soimonov fell from grace after having been accused of conspiring against Empress Anna of Russia's lover Ernst Johann von Biron. He was exiled to Okhotsk, the main Russian base on the Pacific coast at that time, where he was condemned to live as a serf. He regained freedom in 1749 under Empress Elizabeth of Russia's rule and went back to his estate in Moscow where he kept a low profile until 1753, when he was appointed to lead the Nerchinsk Expedition and was sent to map the then little explored area of the Amur River and its tributaries.

Before eating, Jesus told them not to throw away a single bone, and after eating he told them to put all the bones on one pile. The lamb then came back to life and went back to the pen. He asked the other one for a handful of wool in the name of God, and the serf said he and his wife had nothing to wear but still agreed to give the beggar not only a handful of wool but a whole fleece. Jesus took the fleece, crossed it and disappeared leaving behind himself an entire stack of wool.

Moustaki's songwriting career peaked in the 1960s and 1970s with songs like "Sarah", performed by Serge Reggiani, and "La Longue Dame brune", written for the singer Barbara (Monique Serf). In 1969 Moustaki composed the song "Le Métèque" — 'métèque' is a pejorative word for a shifty-looking immigrant of Mediterranean origin – in which he described himself as a "wandering Jew" and a "Greek shepherd". Serge Reggiani rejected it and the record companies refused to produce it. Moustaki then sang it himself, on a 45rpm disc, and it became a huge hit in France, spending six non-consecutive weeks at number one in the charts.

Poster from the cabaret Moulin Rouge in Paris (1890), the spiritual birthplace of the French Cancan dance. The 19th century saw the apogee of the Cabaret style with Yvette Guilbert as a major star. The era lasted through to the 1930s and saw the likes of Édith Piaf, Charles Trenet, Maurice Chevalier, Tino Rossi, Félix Mayol, Lucienne Boyer, Marie-Louise Damien, Marie Dubas, Fréhel, Georges Guibourg and Jean Sablon. During the 50s and 60s, it was the golden age of Chanson Française: Juliette Gréco, Mireille Mathieu, Georges Brassens, Jacques Brel, Gilbert Bécaud, Monique Serf (Barbara), Léo Ferré, Charles Aznavour and Alain Barrière.

This law is based on the Digest but the meaning of the word servi that the medieval author translates "serf" meant "slave". ;Laws of war The Livres, by defining treason (traïson) as férir, et l'en ne voie pas le cop venir (to wound [someone], and when the blow could not be seen coming), declared all crossbowmen to be traitors, since nobody could see their blows coming. ;Sexual crimes The Livres has provided scholars with unique insight into medieval legal attitudes to sexual crimes. It does not lay out punishment for prostitutes, preferring to reintegrate them into society in accordance with canon law.

He also advised the Tsar's Emancipation Committee, which was developing the terms of serf emancipation that would be enacted in 1861. In 1859 Poltoratzky discovered that two of his estate managers had massively defrauded him. The men were tried and convicted, which might have enabled Poltoratzky to gain legal redress from the debts incurred on his behalf, but he did not pursue this possibility. Around the same time it became known to the imperial government that Poltoratzky's English wife had never converted to the Russian Orthodox church, and furthermore, that their children were being raised in the Anglican church.

Harrison, the man behind the Skullions slavery and the company itself, captures Sky and Luke and locks them up, separate from Sarah Jane. Sky throughout shows compassion towards the Skullions and revulsion at what was done to them, and tries to persuade one when he delivers food and water to them. She thinks of the idea to use K9's dog whistle to broadcast a Morse code message to Mr. Smith, who passes it on to Clyde and Rani. She helps free the Scullions, but has to operate the Serf hologram along with Luke when Harrison retrieves his pen controlling the Skullions torturing devices.

Two silver-gilt strainer spoons and a cignus spoon decorated with a mythical marine creature. (4th century AD Roman spoons from the Hoxne Hoard.) Before the place setting became popular around the 18th century, people brought their own spoons to the table, carrying them in the same way that people today carry wallet and keys. In pre- modern times, ownership of a silver spoon was an indication of social class, denoting membership in the land-owning classes. In the Middle Ages, when farmers and craftsmen worked long hours and frequently got dirt under their fingernails, it was important to not be mistaken for a serf or escaped slave.

1128 and presided over by Causantín, Mormaer of Fife and magnum judex in Scotia, assisted by Dufgal filium Mocche and Meildoineneth filium Machedath; the trial pertained to the behaviour of one Robert "the Burgundian", the earliest recorded French settler north of the Forth, towards the monks of St Serf, and resulted in favour of the monks after Causantín bowed to the "superior knowledge" of the law held by "Dufgal".Lawrie, Charters, no. lxxx. The same view in summer Prior Andrew of Wyntoun, author of the 15th century historical work called Oryginalle Cronykil of Scotland included various unflattering stories about his monarch. Macbeth was described as a 'changeling' or 'Devil's child'.

Lloyd's first opera Iernin made his reputation in 1935, and he attracted the attention and approval of Boughton, Beecham, Ireland, Vaughan Williams, and Christie at Glyndebourne. He consolidated his reputation with The Serf at Covent Garden in 1938, which led to his commission for the Festival of Britain. Thereafter his reputation suffered because he was unwilling to change his style to accord with changes in the musical and critical environment. Nevertheless, Lloyd's champions included conductors Charles Groves and Edward Downes and the virtuoso pianist John Ogdon who studied composition with Lloyd and for whom Lloyd wrote his first piano concerto (Scapegoat) and other works for solo piano.

Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelt Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic peasant from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth born to Minsker parents, who in 1680 married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likely that two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf.

The question of emancipation or what to do with the newly freed serfs in the face of the corrupting influence of the West looms over the novel. Arkady's mother is a former serf and Versilov is a landowner and understanding their relationship is ultimately at the center of Arkady's quest to find out who Versilov is and what he did to his mother. Answering the question of emancipation, in Dostoevsky's novel, has to do with how to educate the serfs and address the damage of Petrine reforms in order to construct a new Russian identity. The novel was written and serially published while Leo Tolstoy was publishing Anna Karenina.

They first arrived at the house of Arsa Stojković, which they looted and emptied before the owner's eyes, enraging him and causing him to punch one of the Albanians. He was shot in the stomach, but still alive, he took a stake to his shooter's head, dying with him. The local villagers then quickly entered an armed conflict with the Albanians, killing them. On 19 January 1878, forty Albanian deserters retreating from the Ottoman army broke into the house of elder Taško, a serf living near Bujanovac, tied up the males, raped his two daughters and two daughters-in-law, and then proceeded to loot the house and leave the village.

When Ministries were introduced in 1802, there was no original independent ministry to oversee state property. These powers and responsibilities were divided among the Ministry of Domestic Affairs and Ministry of Finance. Since 1811, control over government assets was exercised by the Department of State Assets of the Ministry of Finance, and later the Fifth Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. After a nationwide crop failure and reconsideration of peasant and serf policy, an independent Ministry was created to take care of these issues, including reapportionment of land in the Tavria Governorate and encouragement of potato cultivation as an attempt to diversify Russia's crop.

Before the Russian annexation in the 1800s, the Georgian princes not only enjoyed nearly unlimited power over their estates and the enserfed peasantry but exercised police and judicial power. The highest official appointed by the king to govern the towns and countryside, the mouravi, was almost always a noble from the upper ranks and often held the position as a hereditary privilege.Suny (1994), p. 65 After the Russian annexation of Georgia, the former basis of Georgian society, patronqmoba or lord-vassal relationship, was replaced by the principle of batonqmoba (ბატონყმობა, from batoni, "master", and qmoba), which may best be rendered as "proprietor-serf relationship".

The Count then tells them about the giant's mound where King Sarak was buried. After finding King Sarak's grave they learn that the crown had not been buried with him. They encounter a serf who tells them about the great battle which killed the King and how the Earl of Heid retrieved the fallen King's crown and cast it into the dark murky waters of Lake Randera. The search for Bhelliom suffers a setback when Ghwerig, the deformed dwarf troll who originally carved the gem into the shape of a rose, retrieves the Bhelliom first after his own centuries-long search to reclaim his beloved gem.

Another disaster struck Pavlovsk in 1803; a fire caused by a defective chimney destroyed a major part of the interior of the palace, including all the decor of the State Apartments and living rooms. Most of the furniture was saved, along with some door panels, fireplaces and mirrors, but most of the Palace had to be rebuilt. Maria Feodorovna brought Cameron and Brenna's young assistant, the Italian architect Carlo Rossi, to help restore the Palace. She also employed a Russian architect, Andrei Voronykhin, who had been born a serf, and was trained in decoration and design, who rose to become the architect of Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

The first document mentioning a village from the Mânzălești commune is a property act of February 3, 1522, by which the prince of Wallachia, Radu de la Afumaţi, gave ownership of the land of Peceneaga, from Menedic all the way to Cheia, to Negru Braga, his brothers and sons. The name Menedic refers to the present-day Meledic plateau, which lies close to the confluence of the Jgheab River and the Slănic River. Throughout its medieval history, the commune was made up of several yeoman villages: Mânzălești-Mănești, Ciomagi, Răghinești and Ichimești, as well as the serf settlements on the Meledic and Poiana Ascunsă lands.

At the time of the Norman Conquest both were in the Hundred of Leominster in the county of Herefordshire. Ford had assets of five households, two villagers, five smallholders (middle level of serf below a villager), three slaves and two female slaves. Working the ploughlands were three lord's plough teams. There was also a fishery. In 1066 Alward held the lordship, which passed in 1086 to Drogo (son of Poyntz), with Ralph of Tosny as tenant-in-chief under Queen Edith as overlord for king William I. Stoke Prior is listed with 20.9 households, 224 villagers, 81 smallholders, 13 slaves, 12 female slaves, and six priests.

Walcott is a small village and civil parish on the North Norfolk coast in England between Mundesley and Happisburgh.Ordnance Survey, Explorer Sheet 252, Norfolk Coast East, The name is formed from the Anglian word 'walh' (cognate with 'Welsh') and the Anglo-Saxon 'cot' meaning 'cottage, hut, shelter or den'.'Guide to English Place Names', Nottingham University, online A different source suggests "walh" means "serf or foreigner": Rye J, 'A popular guide to Norfolk place-names', 2000, Larks Press The village is north east of Norwich, south east of Cromer and north east of London. The village lies east of the town of North Walsham.

He was a serf belonging to Count Sheremetev and had grown up in the family of his uncle, Semyon Mikhaylovich Argunov, who was a steward of princess Cherkassky and later a majordomo for count Sheremetev. For many years Semyon managed Sheremetev's house on Millionnaya Street in Saint Petersburg, the house where Ivan grew up. In 1746–1749 Ivan Argunov studied painting with a German artist named Georg Grooth who at the time was in the employ of the Empress Elizabeth of Russia. Ivan also got lessons from his cousins Fedor Leontyevich Argunov and Fedor Semenovich Argunov, painters working in Saint- Petersburg on decorating the Imperial residences.

Galaheart has an initial allocation of lives which can be lost by running out of energy, colliding with a fireball or being executed after being caught stealing. Extra lives can be found scattered throughout the kingdom. Most collectible items are of a fixed type, but some cycle through the available options allowing the player with careful timing to collect the powerup most needed at the time. When the game ends (either through successfully returning the Firestone or losing all the lives) the player is ranked in a pseudo-mediaeval ranking from serf through various English titles of nobility up to the ultimate accolade of "Firelord".

Arndt was born at Gross Schoritz (now a part of Garz on the island of Rügen), then in Swedish Pomerania, as the son of a prosperous farmer and emancipated serf of the lord of the district, Count Putbus. His mother came of well-to-do German yeoman stock. In 1787 the family moved to Stralsund, where Arndt was able to attend the academy. After an interval of private study he went in 1791 to the University of Greifswald as a student of theology and history, and in 1793 moved to Jena, where he came under the influence of the German idealist philosopher Gottlieb Fichte.

In lands outside direct Punic control, independent Berbers cultivated grain and raised horses; within the lands immediately surrounding Carthage, there were ethnic divisions that overlapped with semi-feudal distinctions between lord and peasant, or master and serf. The inherent instability of the countryside drew the attention of potential invaders,Gilbert and Colette Charles-Picard, Daily Life in Carthage (1958; 1968) at 83–85 (invaders), 86–88 (rural proletariat). although Carthage was generally able to manage and contain these social difficulties.E.g., Gilbert Charles Picard and Colette Picard, The Life and Death of Carthage (Paris 1970; New York 1968) at 168–171, 172–173 (invasion of Agathocles in 310 BC).

Rather, it was farmers who built the pyramids during flooding, when they could not work in their lands. Egyptian slaves, specifically during the New Kingdom era, originated from foreign lands. The slaves themselves were seen as an accomplishment to Egyptian kings’ reign, and a sign of power. Slaves or b3k were seen as property or a commodity to be bought and sold. Their human qualities were disregarded and were merely seen as a property to be used for a master’s labor. Unlike the more modern term, “serf”, Egyptian slaves were not tied to land; the owner(s) could use the slave for various occupational purposes.

All of these elements were dictated by scenography: two board constructions moved by the stage, transforming in imagination of spectators to locks of Montague and Capulet, to fighting vehicles, to serf towers. The textures of suits of heroes well- matched to all atmosphere of performance: "skin-bast mat-zamsh-metal". The stage director of performance, the choreographer, the honoured worker of arts of Russia, the winner of the international contests considered that the majority of performances, based on the Shakespeare's works are very refined and coddled, that is why he wanted to show a power and pressure, epoch – barbarous. And it has given an original colouring.

A knight from the Black Army Jörg Kölderer: A big caliber siege cannon from the "Elephant" series of Matthias Corvinus. In the first years of Matthias' rule, the structure of enlisting troops was built on the legacy of his ancestor Sigismund of Luxembourg. The majority of his army consisted of noble banners and the soldiers provided and regulated by the militia portalis (manor militia), which outlined that for every twenty serf-lots (portae, literally "gates"), a noble was ordered to raise and lend one archer to the king. Later, that obligation was reconsidered, and the limit was shifted to one archer per 33 manors and three mounted archers per 100 manors.

By the age of 17, she could read and write French and Italian fluently, played the harp and clavichord, and was acknowledged by her contemporaries for her operatic and dramatic abilities. In a career that spanned almost two decades, Praskovia performed in over a dozen operas, including Monsigny's Le déserteur and Aline, reine de Golconde, Paisiello's L'infante de Zamora, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Le Devin du village, and Piccinni's La buona figliuola maritata. Her most important role was Eliane in Grétry's opera Les Mariages samnites. Assuming the part for the first time in 1785, Praskovia sang Eliane for 12 years -- a first in the history of serf theatre.

Being denied the right and the ability to own any land, they historically survived by accepting a patron- client serf relationship either as domestic servant or as share-cropping labor (khammasin). They became a common target of mandatory conscription by the Moroccan ruler Ismail Ibn Sharif as he sought to build a military that had no social or cultural attachment to any other Arab or Berber group in Maghreb. He conscripted majority of able-bodied male Haratin and 'Abid that were present in Morocco at the time. This army was then commonly coerced into a series of wars in order to consolidate Ibn Sharif's power.

Monique Andrée Serf, whose stage name was "Barbara", was a French singer and songwriter who was born in Paris on 9 June 1930 and died in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 24 November 1997. Her lyricism and depth of emotion earned her an audience that followed her avidly for forty years. Square des Batignolles was mentioned by Barbara in her song "Perlimpinpin": > The taste of water, the taste of bread And the Perlimpinpin In the Square > des Batignolles! Yves Duteil titled one of his songs, "Les Batignolles" (1976) : Pathway named for the singer-songwriter, Barbara > So, in the Square des Batignolles I forded the river to see the pigeons > flying.

Ivan Timofeevich Kokorev (Russian Иван Тимофеевич Кокорев) (September 6, 1825 - June 14, 1853) was a Russian writer. The son of a freed serf, Kokorev's stories and essays began appearing in the 1840s, but he did not become well known until he began his association with the journal Moskvityanin in 1849. His stories "Sibirka" (1847) and "Savvushka" (1852) were successful, but he is best remembered for his essays collected under the title Moskva sorokovykh godov ('Moscow of the [eighteen] forties'); the collection Ocherki i rasskazy ('Essays and stories') came out posthumously in 1857. He was considered one of the "Moscow patriots" and inveighed against the introduction of foreign words and customs.

Then there are those castes of captive, slave or serf ancestry: the Maccuɗo, Rimmayɓe, Dimaajo, and less often Ɓaleeɓe, the Fulani equivalent of the Tuareg Ikelan known as Bouzou (Buzu)/Bella in the Hausa and Songhay languages respectively. The Fulani rulers and merchants were, like many other ruling ethnic groups of Africa, also involved in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, sourcing the enslaved people through raids and from captives they took by waging war. Many Fulani were enslaved and raided by ethnic groups who adhere to Traditional African religions.Fisher, Humphrey J., Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2001), p.

Hopak - a soviet short film (1931) After Hopak-like dances began to be performed on stage in the 18th century in Serf and Peasant theaters, professional dramatic troupes began to incorporate this popular dance into their repertoire. These performances only incorporated the Hopak into a larger opus, such as Kotliarevsky's operetta Natalka Poltavka. It was the pioneering work of a performer in a dramatic ensemble, the ethnochoreologist Vasyl Verkhovynets, in the early 20th century, that enable the dance to develop into its current format. Verkhovynets' initial work entailed gathering authentic village steps throughout central Ukraine and constructing dances which more accurately represented the Ukrainian cultural tradition.

It contained one freeman, four smallholders (middle level of serf below and with less land than a villager), and seven slaves. Ploughland area was defined by three lord's and one men's plough teams. In 1066 Spirtes (the priest) held the manorial lordship, which in 1086 was transferred to Nigel the doctor who was also tenant-in-chief to king William I."Little Cowarne", Open Domesday, University of Hull, Domesdaymap.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2020 The Quaker preacher and writer Humphrey Smith (1624 - 4 May 1663), was born at and lived in Little Cowarne as a child and preached between 1654 and his last meeting at Stoke Bliss.

Born of parents who were petty tradesmen of serf descent, Tikhonov trained as a clerk, graduating from the Petersburg School of Commerce in 1911. He volunteered for the Imperial Russian Army at the outbreak of World War I and served in a hussar regiment; he entered the Red Army in 1918, fought in the Russian Civil War, and was demobilized in 1922. He began writing poetry early; his first collection, Orda (The Horde, 1922), "shows startling maturity" and "contains most of the few short poems which have made him famous."R.R. Milner-Gulland in A.K. Thorlby (ed.), The Penguin Companion to Literature: European (Penguin, 1969), p. 762.

Returning to Moscow and receiving the post of director of the Moscow bank for noblemen, Sheremetev started to reconstruct his father's theatre: he engaged in special education of serf children, "certain to theatre" (Russian letters, foreign languages, music, singing, dance, diction, refined manners). Feeling extraordinary talent in one of his students, Parasha Kovaleva (Praskovya Ivanovna Kovaleva), he gave her more and more attention, preparing for her star career as the future "Praskovya Zhemchugova", whom he married in 1801. Sheremetev's performances involved Moscow gentlefolk. From a small private theatre of the count P. B. Sheremetev, it grew into a troupe capable of giving "an opera and allegorical ballets".

Ibrahim was a prominent figure in the emancipation of Tigre/serfs in the 1940s. The movement was usually known as the Emancipation Movement of Serfs (Harakat Tahrir al Aqnan). By 1946, the demands of the serfs for complete emancipation from the shumagulle were compounded by another political dilemma originating among another predominantly Muslim tribal group, the Beni-Amer. Although former Beni-Amer serfs had conducted raids against their landowners, the formerly Italian-supported Nabtab, serf revolts had begun to spread from the western Eritrean region of Gash-sedit to as far south to the borders of Ethiopia and north to the Sahel and Massawa provinces.

In 1823 the count's valet died, and a new one was employed, the freedman, citizen Nikanor Afanassjev, a former serf of Prince P.M. Volkonsky, the Chief of the General Staff and one of the leaders of the political police, who had already been the recipient of Gribovsky's denunciation in 1822. In that denunciation he informed him on the unexpected reactivation of the Russian Order of Chivalry "long since deemed defunct" and openly named Mamonov. According to the son of the teacher of Russian literature in the Mamonov household, P. Kicheyev - the new valet rather than fulfilling his role as servant spied upon the count. As he suspected him to be a government agent, the count ordered him flogged.

The 115th edition of the St Leger, on 10 September over fourteen and a half furlongs at Doncaster Racecourse attracted a field of fifteen and saw Memoir start at odds of 10/1. She had been one of the favourites before her preparation was interrupted by a minor injury sustained in a training gallop. Heaume, the winner of the Poule d'Essai des Poulains and Prix du Jockey Club started favourite ahead of Sainfoin while the other fancied horses included Surefoot, Queen's Birthday (Great Yorkshire Stakes), Blue Green and St Serf (Sussex Stakes). The race took place in fine, breezy weather and attracted a crowd of approximately 100,000 including the Prince of Wales.

Priory remains on St Serf's Inch The St Serf's Inch Priory (or Portmoak Priory) was a community of Augustinian canons based, initially at least, on St Serf's Inch in Loch Leven, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It was founded from St Andrews Cathedral Priory at the instigation of King David I of Scotland in 1150. There was a Scottish Céli Dé (or Culdee) establishment there in the first half of the 12th century, allegedly found by Bruide, son of Dargart, King of the Picts (696–706). Presumably it was dedicated to St Serb (Serf or Servanus), and there are indications that the Scottish establishment had a large collection of writings, mostly lost now or translated into Latin.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain, using very sensitive magnetometers. Arrays of SQUIDs (superconducting quantum unit interference devices) are currently the most common magnetometer, while the SERF (spin exchange relaxation-free) magnetometer is being investigated for future machines. Applications of MEG include basic research into perceptual and cognitive brain processes, localizing regions affected by pathology before surgical removal, determining the function of various parts of the brain, and neurofeedback. This can be applied in a clinical setting to find locations of abnormalities as well as in an experimental setting to simply measure brain activity.

Born a serf in 1789, Tikhanov showed artistic talent at the age of seventeen and was sent by his master Prince Galitzine to the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg. Freed in 1815, he worked at the Academy before being recommended by Alexey Olenin for the post of an expeditionary artist for Captain Vasily Golovnin and the expedition of the Kamchatka around the world. During the voyage from 1817 to 1819, Tikhanov painted at least 43 different pictures of important figures and scenes from Russian North America, Alaska, California and Hawaii. He specialized in human portraits and painted figures including Hawaiian notables King Kamehameha I and High Chief Boki, as well as Russian colonial governor Alexander Andreyevich Baranov.

An ex-seminary student Vasily Bogoslovsky, a.k.a. Ovtsebyk (Musk-Ox, a nickname referring both to peculiarities of his appearance and certain habits) is an eccentric whose every step and phrase baffles and amuses people. He detests what's going on around him, but is uncapable of any practical work, spending his time loitering in the woods, reading Latin philosophers and visiting his old friends from time to time, reminding them about his urgent need of finding any kind of employment. Alexander Sviridov, once a serf peasant and now a successful building engineer, entrepreneur and businessman, is a direct opposite: intelligent and good-natured, he is a practical man, enjoying all-round respect and admiration.

They first arrived at the house of Arsa Stojković, which they looted and emptied before his eyes, enraging Stojković who proceeded to punch one of them. He was shot in the stomach and fell down, though still alive, he took a stake and delivered a mighty blow to the shooter's head, dying with him. The villagers then quickly entered an armed fight with the Albanians, killing them. On January 19, 1878, 40 Albanian deserters retreating from the Ottoman army broke into the house of elder Taško, a serf, in the Bujanovac region, tied up the males and raped his two daughters and two daughters-in-law, then proceeded to loot the house and left the village.

Outside Geraldtown (C64) In the first Questron game, the player takes on the role of a young serf who tries to make a name for himself by traveling the realm in order to gain the power and experience necessary to defeat the wicked "Mantor", ruler of the "Land of Evil". The view is mostly in top-down style for the world maps and town encounters, but switches to a first-person style in the dungeons of the Land of Evil. Some features were novel for a game of its type at the time of its release. First there are two "games within a game" that allow the character to permanently increase dexterity or intelligence attributes if completed successfully.

Arms of de Lacy: Or a lion rampant purpure At the time of the Domesday Book Ocle Pychard was in the Hundred of Tornelaus, and contained 35 households. The population included 9 villagers, 11 smallholders (middle level of serf below a villager), and 13 slaves, with its assets listed as an area of land under plough defined by four lord's and ten men's plough teams. Roger de Lacy, the manor's co-lord with the Bishop of Hereford, was the tenant-in-chief to king William I."Ocle [Pychard"], Open Domesday, University of Hull, Domesdaymap.co.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2020 Ocle Pichard, a section of Ocle, derived its additional name from a family which arrived soon after the Norman Conquest.

It is a little unusual for the name 'Borland' to be associated directly with a castle as a 'Boor' was a serf and Norman lords often apportioned lands near their castles for their servants. Borland or Bordland could also mean the mensal land that was granted to the feudal superior specifically to be used to furnish food for his castle or dwelling. Linking the name to Wild Boar is a more fanciful association that is occasionally inferred when such a placename exists. The Dumfries Road used to run through Borland Smithy and close to the castle site, but now runs slightly to the east with the line of the old road still visible.

The private life of Miloradovich, who never married and had no offspring, has been a controversial subject. Contemporaries condemned him for a desire "to create his own harem in the theatre school" that allegedly became a reality with the aid of Shakhovskoy and Maikov. According to these sources, Miloradovich "had a weakness for women" and regularly spent evenings in the company of Shakhovskoy and female trainees of his theatre school; the chosen favorites then enjoyed the general's benevolence after graduation. Catherine Shuler noted that the appetites of Miloradovich and other dignitaries could be the cause of high "traffic in women" on stage and that "the resemblance between serf actresses and imperial actresses is surely not coincidental".

Vaillant also authored a work on the history of the Romani people, to whom he referred as Romes or "the actual Bohémiens".Iorga, La Révolution de 1848...; Polet, p.953; Pons, passim Centered on the Roma community in Wallachia and Moldavia, the work was an investigation of slavery, to which Roma people were subjected in both lands. Making reference to the corvées required from peasants, Vaillant stressed: "if the peasant is a serf, the Gypsy is entirely a slave", while noting the prevalence of slavery among in Romanian society, the Orthodox Church included ("the state sells them, the private entrepreneurs buy them, and the monks also sit around with their palms exposed").

The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia: Work in Freedom is the Foundation of a State (1914), by Alphonse Mucha, The Slav Epic Central Bank of Russia coin commemorating the 150th anniversary of the emancipation reform Despite newly acquired freedom, the life of a serf remained grim in many aspects. Household serfs were the least benefited, gaining their freedom, but no land. Many bureaucrats believed that these reforms would bring about drastic changes that would only affect the "lower stories" of society, strengthening the autocracy. In reality, the reforms forced the monarch to coexist with an independent court, free press, and local governments—all operating differently and more freely than they had in the past.

In economics, the term commodity is used specifically for economic goods that have full or partial but substantial fungibility; that is, the market treats their instances as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them. Karl Marx described this property as follows: "From the taste of wheat, it is not possible to tell who produced it, a Russian serf, a French peasant or an English capitalist."Karl Marx, "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29, p. 270. Petroleum and copper are examples of commodity goods: their supply and demand are a part of one universal market.

New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. 157. Despite the undeniable unpleasantness of peasant and serf life, it was comparatively less adverse than the existence of a commoner elsewhere. If they lived in areas with fertile land, Russian peasants led better lives than their French counterparts, who were heavily taxed while Catherine's government reduced taxes in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, and unlike the Irish, English, and French, Russians were entitled to land to farm due to the Board of communal structure of the townships. Furthermore, due to a steady balance between population and resources during Catherine's reign, the peasants of the late eighteenth century fared better than their nineteenth century counterparts.

Hetman Michał Kazimierz Pac of Lithuania The predominant 16th century agricultural production organization, the Szlachta's folwark gave way by the middle of the 17th century to the magnate-owned latifundia, huge networks of landed estates. Latifundia were present throughout the Polish–Lithuanian federation, but developed most extensively in the eastern reaches of the Crown, having expanded in that direction before the Union of Lublin. War destruction affected the diversified magnate possessions to a lesser degree than single estates of middle szlachta, which increasingly turned szlachta into dependent clients of their "elder brothers". Parts of a latifundium were typically leased or run by hired szlachta or urban, often Jewish, hierarchy of administrators, with each layer exploiting the serf laborers.

As a young girl she moved with her family to the estate of Kuskovo outside Moscow. Soon thereafter she was taken from her family to serve as a chambermaid to Princess Martha Dolgorukaya, a relative of her master, Count Pyotr Sheremetev, who lived in the manor house. When it was discovered that she was blessed with a fine voice, Praskovia, like other serfs who became artists, was trained to be a singer in the opera company then being put together by Count Pyotr and his son, Nikolai Sheremetev. She debuted in 1779 on the stage of the serf theatre at Kuskovo in the role of the servant Gubert in the comic opera L'Amitié à l'épreuve by André Grétry.

Forteviot Bronze Age tomb is a Bronze Age burial chamber discovered in 2009 at Forteviot near Perth, Scotland. The Bronze Age tomb is one of a number of archaeological digs at the site that Co-directors of the excavation, Dr. Gordon Noble of the University of Aberdeen, and professor Stephen Driscoll and Dr Kenneth Brophy, both of the University of Glasgow, are currently conducting. The excavation at Forteviot is part of a long-term collaborative study by the Strathearn Environs and Royal Forteviot (SERF) project - funded by Historic Scotland and the Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust - to study the archaeology of the former Pictish royal centre in the Strathearn region of what later became Central Scotland.

The 1811 German Coast Uprising in the Territory of Orleans was the largest rebellion in the continental United States; Denmark Vesey rebelled in South Carolina, and Madison Washington during the Creole case in the 19th century United States. Ancient Sparta had a special type of serf called helots who were often treated harshly, leading them to rebel. According to Herodotus (IX, 28–29), helots were seven times as numerous as Spartans. Every autumn, according to Plutarch (Life of Lycurgus, 28, 3–7), the Spartan ephors would pro forma declare war on the helot population so that any Spartan citizen could kill a helot without fear of blood or guilt in order to keep them in line (crypteia).

In many societies, like America, slave and serf labor was utilized to pick the cotton, increasing the plantation owner's profit margins (See Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade). The first practical cotton picker was invented over a period of years beginning in the late 1920s by John Daniel Rust (1892–1954) with the later help of his brother Mack Rust. Other inventors had tried designs with a barbed spindle to twist cotton fibers onto the spindle and then pull the cotton from the boll, but these early designs were impractical because the spindle became clogged with cotton. Rust determined that a smooth, moist spindle could be used to strip the fibers from the boll without trapping them in the machinery.

As the feudal states were created, the obști were affected by the system of princely decrees, which gave land (danii) to a newly created nobility. This led to a gradual disappearance of the common ownership of land, transforming the free peasants into serfs. The feudal system, which was already formed by the 15th century, did not destroy the obști, but a greater number of obști became serf obști: while the Hospodar or the boyars owned the whole villages, they kept their internal organization. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was still found in some mountainous areas of Romania, such as Vrancea and Câmpulung in Moldavia as well as Dragoslavele and Rucăr in Wallachia.

The centre of his cult (and possibly of his activity) was Culross, which according to tradition, was founded by the saint. At Dunning, in Strathearn, he is said to have slain a dragon with his pastoral staff. "Finally, after many miracles, after divine virtues, after founding many churches, [Saint Serf], having given his peace to the brethren, yielded up his spirit in his cell at Dunning, on the first day of the Kalends of July; and his disciples and the people of the province take his body to Cuilenross [Culross], and there, with psalms and hymns and canticles, he was honourably buried."History of the Scottish Nation, volume 3,chapter 17 by J.D. Wylie.

Birth house of Anton Chekhov in Taganrog, Russia Young Chekhov in 1882 The Taganrog Boys Gymnasium in the late 19th century. The cross on top is no longer present Portrait of young Chekhov in country clothes Young Chekhov (left) with brother Nikolai in 1882 Anton Chekhov was born on the feast day of St. Anthony the Great (17 January Old Style) 29 January 1860 in Taganrog, a port on the Sea of Azov in southern Russia. He was the third of six surviving children. His father, Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov, the son of a former serf and his Ukrainian wife,: Egor Mikhailovich Chekhov and Efrosinia Emelianovna was from the village Olhovatka (Voronezh Governorate) and ran a grocery store.

By 123 BC, the Wei family had five marquesses and achieved top family honour, a remarkable feat for a clan from serf background. Despite the fact that the rise of the Wei family largely owed credit to the military talent of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, Wei Zifu was often seen as the backbone of the family. A contemporary folk song sang: Because the great achievements of this Wei family, many later Han emperors considered marrying concubines with the surname Wei as a way of attaining good fortune. During her tenure, Wei Zifu was recorded as a modest, careful and low-key empress, who tried her best to keep her clan members in line and out of trouble.

The government's efforts to alter their traditional nomadic lifestyle resulted in the Cossacks being involved in nearly all the major disturbances in Russia over a 200-year period, including the rebellions led by Stepan Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev. Stenka Razin Sailing in the Caspian Sea, by Vasily Surikov, 1906 As Muscovy regained stability, discontent grew within the serf and peasant populations. Under Alexis Romanov, Mikhail's son, the Code of 1649 divided the Russian population into distinct and fixed hereditary categories. The Code increased tax revenue for the central government, and put an end to nomadism, to stabilize the social order by fixing people on the same land and in the same occupation as their families.

Discussing the social structure of Tibet inevitably leads to difficulties with defining terms. Not only may serf and feudalism be Western terms inappropriate for Asian use but the geography and peoples of Tibet vary according to interpreter. The lack of agreement of the various sides as to terminology highlights that the "serfdom in Tibet" controversy is a politicised debate, with the term "feudal serfdom" largely being used by the People's Republic of China as a justification for their taking control of Tibet. According to the PRC: > ...there was a historically imperative need for the progress of Tibetan > society and the welfare of the Tibetan people to expel the imperialists and > shake off the yoke of feudal serfdom.

The van, originally to be a 1969 Chevrolet, was abandoned as being too close in concept to the DeLorean used in the Back to the Future trilogy. This was later replaced with a phone booth, but contrary to common belief, it was not intended as a reference to the TARDIS from British sci-fi show Doctor Who, with Matheson saying "all of us were so clueless and knew nothing about Doctor Who". In earlier drafts of the script, other historical figures Bill and Ted plucked from history included Charlemagne (whom they referred to as "Charlie Mangay"), Babe Ruth, and a non-famous medieval person called "John the Serf". John is listed in the credits.

The Republic nobility divided the land among each other and passed laws stating that no one may own land on Pelješac unless he was a citizen of Ragusa, and no one may reside or work there unless he was a serf of the Republic. As a result, all inhabitants automatically became serfs. The serfs of the Republic, although having quite a few obligations, had the right to sail (in the Dubrovnik merchant fleet), be educated, do business and accumulate possessions. In contrast with the other two local superpowers which could have claimed the area, (Venice and the Ottoman Empire), the serfs were acquainted with their local lords and could communicate with them in Croatian.

After the death of Archbishop Ferenc Barkóczy in 1765, Maria Theresa offered him the position of Archbishop of Esztergom but Klimó rejected that, referring to his illness as being the cause. During his term as Bishop of Pécs, and therefore “perpetual count” (ruler and head) of Baranya and Tolna County, Klimó faced to a serious issue in connection with the city of Pécs; the people of Pécs wanted to earn royal free city right for the settlement. Even though – as a serf family descendant – he understood their point of view, he could not free the city because of his episcopal vow. Because of this, he asked for his resignation in 1775 from Pope Pius VI, who declined his request.

However all transactions had to be owned under somebody else's name, because, according to the Statute, only members of the Great Guild had the right to trade and to own property, and membership was refused to them because they were Latvian and of serf origin. In 1747 the Steinhauers brought the case before Riga's Senate but in 1753 it issued its verdict against the appellants. After the Senate's Decision, new restrictions against the Latvians were enacted. The Steinhauers brought their case before the Governor General of Livonia, prince Dolgoruky, who supported them, and eventually the Grand Duke Peter, heir to the Russian Throne, named Johann's brother Daniel commissar of commerce to Schleswig-Holstein, saving their property from confiscation.

There are remains of human activity in the Tullibody area from Mesolithic times. On Braehead Golf Course, the green-keepers found a midden containing shell remains of mussels, scallops and cockles dating back to 4000 BC. Known as The Braehead Shell Midden it is one of the few found on the north side of the Forth. The Haer Stane, now part of Tullibody War Memorial, is said to have formed part of a circle of standing stones. Forth from Colsnaur Hill It is thought that the church in Tullibody dates from the end of the fourth century and St. Serf ministered to the church in the 5th century on his journeys to Alva.

After that Peter resided in Esztergom at the archiepiscopal court of his mentor, Lodomer. In 1281, local noble comes Stephen accused Peter's two familiares, Michael Chotow and Fuldur forcibly deported thirty-serf families and seized a huge part in the land of Gyovd, near Tasnád (today Tășnad, Romania) for the diocese. A trial was convened at Buda in September 1281, where Stephen was forced to resigne from third part of the possession after an interrupted duel. In the same year, Peter filed a lawsuit against three members of the Dara branch of the Csák kindred, Michael, Ugrin and Barc, also owners of Selénd (today Șilindia, Romania), accusing them with arbitrary takeover of the diocese's land, Barátpüspöki in Bihar County.

Kimani suggests that they must assume the roles of master and serf, but Peter refuses to change their relationship. Back at the black settlement, Kimani's father Karanja orders the murder of one of the tribe's newborns, which was born feet first, a condition the tribe believes to be a curse. After Karanja is arrested and sentenced to jail, Henry argues with the Crown consul that if the whites continue to take away the tribal elders' authority, the tribe children will begin to disrespect their own way of the life and, he warns, disrespect the colonial Christian God. When Henry, Peter and Kimani visit the elderly man in jail, Karanja gives Henry his sacred stone.

Yuriev Day, painting by Sergei V. Ivanov The term "serf", in the sense of an unfree peasant of the Russian Empire, is the usual translation of () which meant an unfree person who, unlike a slave, historically could be sold only with the land he or she was "attached" to. There was slavery in Russia as well which had been abolished by Peter I only. Historic legal documents of the epoch, such as Russkaya Pravda (12th century onwards), distinguished several degrees of feudal dependency of peasants. But soon the serfs became essentially slaves, as recognized Catherine II officially, and their human rights were much less than that of slaves in French colonies, including US Louisiana, described by novels against slavery.

In the beginning, most of the soldiers in the prelates' retinues were serfs who served their lords not only as horsemen but who were employed also in their household. Several freemen joined voluntarily to the prelates' army and offered their possessions to them in order to enjoy the protection of the Church. In the first decades of the 13th century, the kings of Hungary granted the higher legal status of "horsmen serf" (, ) to people serving in the household of the prelates or authorized royal servants to join to the prelates' household. From 1250, the prelates themselves received their serfs into their retinue and thus granted them a higher status in their household.

The non-album single "Searching for Shadows" was released in 1969, followed by Forest's debut eponymous album which featured an array of acoustic medieval sounding instruments, contrapunctal harmonies and pastoral lyrical imagery. Full Circle was released a year later, an eclectic set of songs with dark themes that saw more disparate styles incorporated into their brand of pagan folk, including the neo-classical piece 'Graveyard' and the bleakly baroque "Midnight Hanging of a Runaway Serf". Opening track "Hawk The Hawker" was given a country hint by the inclusion of steel guitar (played by session musician Gordon Huntley) and the traditional folk piece 'Famine Song' saw the band return to their unaccompanied three-part harmony roots. Both gatefold album covers featured strikingly haunting artwork by artist Joan Melville.

It also names all the serfs, 13 families with 44 inhabitants. A serf here belonged, together with his family, to the Count of Palatinate-Veldenz, whose residence was at Lauterecken, but was nevertheless ready to show the Duke of Zweibrücken the customary subservience. At the time of the exchange, it was clearly laid out what taxes and payments Merzweiler's inhabitants had to pay before 1595. The Duke of Zweibrücken received from the Beth (tax) each year 1 Rhenish guilder, 4 Alben and 2 Pfennige. From land taxes he got 19 Rhenish guilders and 4 Batzen. In kind, each household had to deliver to him 11 chickens along with 1 Simmer of fodder oats for each horse, all together 7 Simmer.

The church was rebuilt and expanded between 1787 and 1789, with the addition of a small sacristy at the northern end, and refectory on the western end. Most of the funding was provided by Ivan Yelagin, a prominent figure of Catherine the Great's reign, with further funding of 1,600 rubles from Count Nikolai Sheremetev to include the grave of Borish Sheremetev and to bring the church to its present dimensions. Sheremetev, who had scandalised society by marrying Praskovia Zhemchugova, an actress and opera singer of serf origins, arranged for a lavish funeral on her death in 1803, and for requiem services in the following years. On his own death in 1809 he was interred next to her in the church.

In practice, the bulk of the state peasants were making money that was paid as dues to private landowners; in the Kingdom of Poland and the Baltic, state- owned estates were leased to private owners and the state peasants were serving in private serfdom; peasants initially paid grocery dues, followed by monetary dues later in history. In the 1st half of the 18th century, rents ranged from 7 rubles 50 kopecks, to 10 rubles. With the increase of specific serf duties and the number of serfs, the money-rent of the peasants became relatively less than other categories of farmers trespass. The state peasants were also required to pay money into local taxes, paid a poll tax and serve other duties (road construction, waterway improvements, etc.).

The military threat of the use of this new weapon in the campaign of 1856 contributed to Russia's acceptance of the unfavourable conditions of the Paris treaty of 1856. Scientist Faraday received a proposal from the British government to develop chemical weapons for use in the siege of Sevastopol. Faraday categorically refused and publicly condemned the proposal and his position contributed to the rejection of the development and use of these weapons during the Crimean war. The Crimean War was a contributing factor in the Russian abolition of serfdom in 1861: Tsar Alexander II (Nicholas I's son and successor) saw the military defeat of the Russian serf-army by free troops from Britain and France as proof of the need for emancipation.

As late as Poland's Kościuszko Uprising in 1794, the pike reappeared as a child of necessity which became, for a short period, a surprisingly effective weapon on the battlefield. In this case, General Thaddeus Kosciuszko, facing a shortage of firearms and bayonets to arm landless serf partisans recruited straight from the wheat fields, had their sickles and scythes heated and straightened out into something resembling crude "war scythes". These weaponized agricultural accouterments were then used in battle as both cutting weapons, as well as makeshift pikes. The peasant "pikemen" armed with these crude instruments played a pivotal role in securing a near impossible victory against a far larger and better equipped Russian army at the Battle of Racławice on April 4 of that year.

From this document originated the oldest sentence that has been identified as Dutch: "Maltho thi afrio lito" as sentence used to free a serf. Other old segments of Dutch are "Visc flot aftar themo uuatare" ("A fish was swimming in the water") and "Gelobistu in got alamehtigan fadaer" ("Do you believe in God the almighty father"). The latter fragment was written around 900. Arguably the most famous text containing what is traditionally taken to be Old Dutch is: "Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu" ("All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for"), dating around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England.

A gradonachalnik () was —in the Russian Empire of the 19th and early 20th century— an official with the rights of governor who controlled a gradonachalstvo (a city with the adjacent land), independent of the provincial subdivision, with its own administrative unit due to its special significance or geographical location. These cities were Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Sevastopol, Kyakhta, Feodosiya, Izmail, Derbent, Rostov-on-Don, Dalniy, Baku, Taganrog, Yalta, Kerch-Yenikale and Nikolayev. The gradonachalnik was either personally appointed by the emperor or by recommendation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Compared to the cities that were subordinated to governorates, gradonachalniki enjoyed full rights to oversee city self- government (city police administration, supervision of trade, mail, shipping and public, serf and port buildings).

Besides the forests, the serf farmers in a number of villages were subject to dues to be delivered and duties to be provided to the convent, before their emancipation. With the foundation of the convent in 1219, the Knights of Diepholz granted the convent their possessions and rights in and around Midlum in the Land of Wursten.June Mecham, "Neuenwalde" (section: Assets/Property), on: Monastic Matrix: A scholarly resource for the study of women's religious communities from 400 to 1600 CE, retrieved on 15 January 2015. In the subsequent years the convent purchased privileges in the villages of Honstede (Hustedt), Da(h)lem, Krempel, and rights to tithes in Wenekenbutle (Wenckenbüttel).Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Neuenwalde“ (article), in: Germania Benedictina: 12 vols.

Neem Ka Ped tells the story of a "asami" (tenant/serf labourer) and his landlord. The story starts in pre-independent India and ends in post-independent India, showing the vagaries of both the feudal and democratic systems in India with its darker side. The main protagonist is a landless labourer Budhai Ram (Pankaj Kapoor), who is very faithful and obedient to his master (landlord Zaamin Miya played by Arun Bali), and dreams only of making his only son Sukhi Ram an educated person. Fortunes dwindle in landlord's home and he is sentenced to jail for murder of an upcoming politician because of manipulations of his cousin (Muslim Miya, played by S.M. Zaheer), who is also a politician and landlord but nurses a grudge against Muslim Miya.

Lazarev was born on April 12, 1855 in the village of Grachevka, Buzuluksky district (Samara Governorate) into a free peasant family, whose father (Yegor's grandfather) was a serf. By the time of the general abolition of serfdom, Yegor was six years old. At the age of seven he left his village to study in the Samara Parish School, and then became a participant in meetings of the Samara intelligentsia, which took place in the evenings in the sewing workshop of his aunt, Anna. In 1874 he was arrested and excluded from the Samara Gymnasium, but was later acquitted of spreading propaganda. As part of the 159th Guriy Infantry Regiment, Lazarev participated in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), participated in the Battle of Kars.

Serge Elisséeff was born "Sergei Grigorievich Eliseyev" (Russian: ) on 13 January 1889 in St. Petersburg. Elisséeff's great-grandfather Pyotr Eliseyev (1775-1825) was born a serf in bondage to the Sheremetev family but started a wine and fruit import business that with subsequent generations became a large economic empire including the St. Petersburg Private Commercial Bank (first joint-stock bank in the Russian Empire), the Russian Bank for Foreign Trade and the Russian Lloyd's insurance company among others. Elisséeff's father, Grigori Eliseyev (1858-1949), inherited the family business, and was one of the builders of the Eliseyev Emporium in St. Petersburg. Due to the great wealth of Elisséeff's family, his parents spared no expense in educating him and his brothers.

Even so, it would not have a major impact: Robert Service explains that "the peoples of the Caucasus had moved around the region for centuries," while also notes that the claim was made to explain Stalin's later actions, "since the mountain peoples are widely regarded as less civilized than town dwellers of the valleys" (). Furthermore, Donald Rayfield has stated that "Stalin's possibly Osetic blood is no more significant to Georgian or Russian history than Henry Tudor's Welshness is to English history," which is to say, not at all (). Zaza escaped the uprising and moved to Didi Lilo, a village about away from the capital, Tiflis (now Tbilisi). He worked as a serf for Prince Badur Machabeli, tending to his vineyards.

2 He attracted further good notices for his next role, in The Love Chase, receiving encouragement from The Times "as a representative of young men of something like rank and position."The Times, 20 October 1860, p. 9 The same year, he played Victor Savignie in Arrienne at the Lyceum and, at the Olympic Theatre, he played Ivan in Serf and Valjean in an adaptation of Les Miserables.Collins, Barry. "Thomas Henry Gartside Neville Performances" , Gartside–Neville family website, 2007, accessed 25 May 2009 In May 1863, still at the Olympic, Neville created the role of Bob Brierley in Tom Taylor's drama about the dismal life of a released convict, The Ticket-of-Leave Man, a character in which he made the success of his career.

In February 2020, Winter found some stills from the filmed version of the scene on an old hard drive and shared them on the Internet with some additional details on its production. Winter believed that Kenny Ortega had been involved in establishing the choreography based on the time period and his recollection. Winter said neither he nor Reeves could dance prior to shooting this scene, so the scene was rehearsed for roughly an hour a day across several weeks concurrent to other parts of filming. Winter identified other scenes that he recalled filming that had been cut, including a scene involving a prom, and a running gag involving the pudding cups and the "John the Serf" character that remained in the films credits.

King Stefan Uroš I of Serbia granted the Hilandar monastery with another 30 Vlach families from the Drim river. In the grant (around 1280) by his wife and queen, Helen of Anjou, which confirmed the grant given by Stefan Vladislav to the Vranjina monastery, the Vlachs are separately mentioned, along with Arbanasi (Albanians), Latins and Serbs. King Stefan Milutin's charter to the Banjska monastery granted it with six katuns (highland hamlets), and also made the first mention of the "Vlach law" (zakon Vlahom). In 1330, King Stefan Dečanski granted the Visoki Dečani monastery with pasture land along with Vlach and Albanian katuns around Drim and Lim rivers of whom had to carry salt and provide serf labour for the monastery.

By the 1540s, they had already been in possession of a sizeable fiefdom within the Kingdom of Imereti located in its eastern part and called Saabashidzeo (სააბაშიძეო; literally, "[the land] of Abashidze"). The family reached a climax of its might at the turn of the 18th century, when it possessed 78 villages, several castles, fortresses, churches and monasteries as well as 1,500 serf households. Prince Giorgi-Malakia Abashidze was not only the most powerful vassal of the crown of Imereti, but himself acted as a kingmaker and even de facto king from 1702 to 1707. The family branched out in eastern Georgia when Erekle II, King of Kartli and Kakheti, granted, in 1774, to his father-in-law Prince Zaal Abashidze and his male descendants estates in Kakheti.

His first literary effort, Thoughts in the Cloister and the Crowd (1835), was a series of aphorisms upon life, character, politics and manners.See One of these aphorisms is quoted by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty, Chapter Two: "The Deep slumber of decided opinion."In the Cambridge Edition, On Liberty and Other Writings this quote occurs on p. 44 His Essays written in the Intervals of Business had appeared in 1841, and his Claims of Labour, an Essay on the Duties of the Employers to the Employed, in 1844. Two plays, King Henry the Second, an Historical Drama, and Catherine Douglas, a Tragedy, published in 1843, have no particular merit. Neither in these, nor in his only other dramatic effort, Oulita the Serf (1858) did he show any real qualifications as a playwright.

His account is written in very archaic spelling, but is still perfectly intelligible, if a bit dry, dealing mostly with a number of borderstones and the number of paces between each and the next. In 1570, during Duke Wolfgang's reign, the government in Zweibrücken set forth the so-called Breitenbacher Abschied, a law that laid down measures for the subjects’ rights and duties. It dealt with, among other things, direct taxation rights at Breitenbach, a serf in the village and others at Werschweiler, swine-grazing rights in the woods at Limbach, the use of the Vorbacher Wald (forest) by Limbach's inhabitants and tolls in Mittelbexbach. The village was struck hard by the events of the Thirty Years' War, not only by the warfare waged then, but also by the Plague.

Sensing element of the SQUID A SQUID (for superconducting quantum interference device) is a very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely subtle magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions. SQUIDs are sensitive enough to measure fields as low as 5 aT (5×10−18 T) with a few days of averaged measurements. Their noise levels are as low as 3 fT·Hz−½. For comparison, a typical refrigerator magnet produces 0.01 tesla (10−2 T), and some processes in animals produce very small magnetic fields between 10−9 T and 10−6 T. Recently invented SERF atomic magnetometers are potentially more sensitive and do not require cryogenic refrigeration but are orders of magnitude larger in size (~1 cm3) and must be operated in a near-zero magnetic field.

In 1770 Argunov became the major-domo for the Sheremetevs' house on Millionnaya Street, then the major-domo of the Moscow house of the Sheremetevs, then one of the stewards for their estates (chlen krepostnoj kollegii grafov Sheremetevs). He painted much less but it was in that time (1784) he created his masterpiece Portrait of an Unknown Woman in Peasant Dress. The identity of the sitter for the painting remains uncertain, whilst studies have suggested that she was the serf actress and singer of the counts Sheremetev, Anna Kovalyova-Zhemchugova, it has equally been supposed that it was not in fact an official portrait of her, but rather an image of an unidentified wet nurse, taken from amongst the Seremetevs' serfs.Richard Stites, 'Serfdom, Society , and the Arts in Imperial Russia', p.

As Long continued his educational work, he developed a keen interest in Russia, which he visited for the first time in 1863, and twice after his retirement in 1872. In his paper entitled Russia, Central Asia, and British India published in London in 1865, he wrote of his optimism about the prospects of serf emancipation, and against the current attitude of paranoia towards Russia about the valuable role of the Russian government and of the Orthodox Church in propagating Christianity in central Asia to serve as a bulwark against Islam. In 1872, Reverend James Long retired from the Church Missionary Society and left India for good. He lived for the rest of his life in London, where he continued to write and publish until his death on 23 March 1887.

The cottage industry also thrived during this period, and many peasants turned to methods other than farming to make a living. In addition to the struggle to eat and survive, peasant serfs faced several other difficulties. In many ways, serfdom resembled North American slavery except that serfs belonged to the same race and religion as those who ruled over them and were bound to serfdom by their society's lack of social mobility rather than by some perceived inferiority inherent in serfs. Serfs also lacked the ability to buy their own freedoms for a fixed sum as slaves in some countries in South America could, which made their situations inescapable except in the rare instances where an owner agreed to release a serf from his duties, which occasionally occurred when a household master died.

On the European continent under feudalism, there were various forms of status applying to people (such as serf, bordar, villein, vagabond and slave) who were indentured or forced to labor without pay. Under Muslim rule, the Arab slave trades that included Caucasian captives were often fueled by raids into European territories or were taken as children in the form of a blood tax from the families of citizens of conquered territories to serve the empire for a variety of functions. In the mid-19th century, the term 'white slavery' was used to describe the Christian slaves that were sold into the Barbary slave trade. The modern legal term applies more narrowly to sexual slavery, forced prostitution and human trafficking, with less focus on the race of victims or perpetrators.

Walter de Caen held the manor as tenant-in-chief from Robert Malet's mother. This manor formed part of the Easton Estate once owned by the Earl of Rochford, and later the Dukes of Hamilton. The first historical details of the manor were recorded in the Domesday book which stated prior to the Norman conquest the manor was in the estate of Edric in Edward the Confessor's time, and was held by Robert Malet at the time of the survey. The original manor land in the Domesday Book was recorded as being . No manor apparently existed in Saxon times but Edric held a carucate and a half of land, with 1 villein, 1 bordar, 1 serf, 1 ploughteam, 2 acres of meadow, 1 rouney, 4 beasts, 16 hogs and 80 sheep valued at 20s.

In these works the language is already sophisticated and technical, well equipped with its own legal terminology. This includes many words which are of Latin origin but whose forms have been shortened or distorted in a way which suggests that they already possessed a long history of French usage. Some examples include advowson from the Latin advocationem, meaning the legal right to nominate a parish priest; neife, from the Latin nativa, meaning a female serf; and essoyne or essone from the Latin sunnis, meaning a circumstance that provides exemption from a royal summons (later essonia replaced sunnis in Latin, thus replacing into Latin from the French form). Until the early fourteenth century, Law French largely coincided with the French used as an everyday language by the upper classes.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain via extremely sensitive devices such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) or spin exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometers. MEG offers a very direct measurement of neural electrical activity (compared to fMRI for example) with very high temporal resolution but relatively low spatial resolution. The advantage of measuring the magnetic fields produced by neural activity is that they are likely to be less distorted by surrounding tissue (particularly the skull and scalp) compared to the electric fields measured by electroencephalography (EEG). Specifically, it can be shown that magnetic fields produced by electrical activity are not affected by the surrounding head tissue, when the head is modeled as a set of concentric spherical shells, each being an isotropic homogeneous conductor.

548 As historian Norman Davies stated, because the balance of power equilibrium was observed, many contemporary observers accepted explanations of the "enlightened apologists" of the partitioning state.Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005, , Google Print, p.283 19th-century historians from countries that carried out the partitions, such as 19th-century Russian scholar Sergey Solovyov, and their 20th century followers, argued that partitions were justified, as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had degenerated to the point of being partitioned because the counterproductive principle of ' made decision-making on divisive issues, such as a wide-scale social reform, virtually impossible. Solovyov specified the cultural, language and religious break between the supreme and lowest layers of the society in the east regions of the Commonwealth, where the Belarusian and Ukrainian serf peasantry was Orthodox.

The economic foundations of the feudal agricultural system began to shift substantially in 16th-century England as the manorial system had broken down and land began to become concentrated in the hands of fewer landlords with increasingly large estates. Instead of a serf-based system of labor, workers were increasingly employed as part of a broader and expanding money-based economy. The system put pressure on both landlords and tenants to increase the productivity of agriculture to make profit; the weakened coercive power of the aristocracy to extract peasant surpluses encouraged them to try better methods, and the tenants also had incentive to improve their methods in order to flourish in a competitive labor market. Terms of rent for land were becoming subject to economic market forces rather than to the previous stagnant system of custom and feudal obligation.

Traditional Tibetan society consisted of feudal class structure, serfdom and slavery, which was one of the reasons the Chinese Communist Party claims that it had to liberate Tibet and reform its government.John Powers, History As Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles Versus The People's Republic Of China, Oxford University Press, 2004 pp.19–20. Professor of Buddhist and Tibetan studies Donald S. Lopez stated that at the time: These institutional groups retained great power down to 1959.Pradyumna P. Karan, The Changing Face of Tibet: The Impact of Chinese Communist Ideology on the Landscape, University Press of Kentucky, 1976, p.64. The thirteenth Dalai Lama had reformed the pre-existing serf system in the first decade of the 20th century, and by 1950, slavery itself had probably ceased to exist in central Tibet, though perhaps persisting in certain border areas.

Alexander Mourousis welcoming the British ambassador in Curtea Nouă The Phanariot epoch was initially characterized by fiscal policies driven by Ottoman needs and the ambitions of some hospodars, who (mindful of their fragile status) sought to pay back their creditors and increase their wealth while in a position of power. To make the reigns lucrative while raising funds to satisfy the needs of the Porte, princes channeled their energies into taxing the inhabitants into destitution. The most odious taxes (such as the văcărit first imposed by Iancu Sasul in the 1580s), mistakenly identified with the Phanariots in modern Romanian historiography, were much older. The mismanagement of many Phanariot rulers contrasts with the achievements and projects of others, such as Constantine Mavrocordatos (who abolished serfdom in Wallachia in 1746 and Moldavia in 1749) and Alexander Ypsilantis, who were inspired by Habsburg serf policy.

The 'Bericht' argued for significant reforms of the regent system in place in Dutch Java, opposed slavery, and called for a more liberal system of government. The previous system was essentially feudal, in which indigenous regents or lords were supported by the Dutch in return for tributes. Pointing to British successes in India, van Hogendorp suggested that by redistributing land to the common Javanese 'serf', there would be much more individual incentive to work and thus increased productivity, making the colony more profitable. Under van Hogendorp's plan, the Javanese would be encouraged to plant rice as well as coffee and pepper on drier lands, the Europeans would able to purchase or lease waste lands, and the Chinese would be allowed to lease lands under the condition that no estates were to be farmed out to them.

In Tom Taylor's The Serf, the heroine again loves a worthy peasant who turns out to be of high rank, and she declares happily at the end that "love levels all". In a satire of the libertarian traditions of nautical melodrama, Sir Joseph tells the crew of the Pinafore that they are "any man's equal" (excepting his), and he writes a song for them that glorifies the British sailor. Conversely, he brings the proud captain down a notch by making him "dance a hornpipe on the cabin table". Jones notes that the union between Ralph and Josephine "becomes acceptable only through the absurd second-act revelation of Buttercup's inadvertent switching of the infants" and concludes that Gilbert is a "conservative satirist [who] ultimately advocated preserving the status quo ... [and] set out to show [that] love definitely does not level all ranks".

Column supporting bust of Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian in the grounds of Voltaire's house at Ferney-Voltaire To modern readers, Florian is chiefly known as the author of pretty fables well suited as reading for the young, but his contemporaries praised him also for his poetical and pastoral novels. Florian was very fond of Spain and its literature, doubtless owing to the influence of his Castilian mother, and both abridged and imitated the works of Cervantes. Florian's first literary efforts were comedies; his verse epistle Voltaire et le serf du Mont Jura and an eclogue Ruth were crowned by the Académie française in 1782 and 1784 respectively. In 1782 also he produced a one-act prose comedy, Le Bon Ménage, and in the next year Galatie, a romantic tale in imitation of the Galatea of Cervantes.

TV producer Anastasiya (Mariya Mironova), with whom Pavel has long been in a relationship based on sex, invites him to contact her ex-husband, an eccentric psychologist, whose unusual methods may seem cruel and shocking, but almost always give a guaranteed result. Soon Grisha gets into an accident arranged by his father and loses consciousness. He comes to himself in a stable, the stable is located in the abandoned village, the village - in the estate, and the estate- in the Russian Empire in the summer of 1860, six months before the abolition of serfdom. At first Grisha thinks that this is a joke or a practical joke, but the surrounding reality is too real, the surrounding people are really convincing — and now he is a disenfranchised serf, a master's groom, unable to perform his duties, because he is afraid of horses.

Watson (2004 [1926]), p. 315. His bishopric is usually held to have been Ross, the seat of which was at the settlement in the Black Isle called Ros-Maircnidh or Rosemarkie, named after the adjacent promontory A hagiography of Curetán is found in the sixteenth century manuscript known as the Aberdeen Breviary, where his vita occurs under the name "Boniface". In this hagiography, his Latin name is accompanied by a story of his Hebrew origins, a descendant of the sister of Saint Peter and Saint Andrew, who was first ordained as a priest by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, before travelling to Rome and becoming Pope, later resigning and moving to Pictland. The story is similar to that in the Life of St. Serf, and it has been conjectured that both were the product of the Romanizing faction in the Easter Controversy.

Born in Stolpovo, Moscow Governorate to a serf peasant single mother, Artemyev managed to enroll into the Moscow Art School and, after graduating it in 1878, started to teach art, painting and calligraphy In early 1880s got interested in theatre and in 1888, after having seen cast as Schastlivtsev in an amateur production of Alexander Ostrovsky's The Forest, he was invited to join Maly Theatre but preferred to become a member of the Art and Literature Society where he had met Konstantin Stanislavski a year earlier. In 1898 Artemyev became a member of the original Moscow Art Theatre troupe and in its first season made himself quite a name, having appeared in Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (Bogdan Kryukov), Men Above the Law (Devochkin), The Seagull (Shamrayev, all 1898), as well as Uncle Vanya (Telegin, 1899).Alexander Artyom. Biography at the Krugosvet On-line Encyclopedia.

Specifically, McGoohan wrote "Free for All" under the pen name 'Paddy Fitz' (Paddy being the Irish diminutive for Patrick and Fitzpatrick being his mother's maiden name) and directed the episodes "Many Happy Returns" and "A Change of Mind" using the stage name 'Joseph Serf', the surname being ironically a word meaning a peasant who is under the control of a feudal master. Using his own name, McGoohan wrote and directed the last two episodes—"Once Upon a Time" and "Fall Out"—and directed "Free for All". In a 1966 interview for the Los Angeles Times by reporter Robert Musel, McGoohan stated: "John Drake of Secret Agent is gone." Furthermore, McGoohan stated in a 1985 interview that Number Six is not the same character as John Drake, adding that he had originally wanted another actor to portray the character.

Garrison schools () in 18th century Russia were military schools that provided the primary education for the children of the military recruits. The institution of the Garrison schools was introduced by the ukase (decree) of Tsar Peter the Great in 1721 primarily for the children of military recruits in the course of Peter's reform of the Russian military. This so-called military revolution transformed the military from an archaic militia-like force to the regular army, which drew upon military recruits called, predominantly from enserfed peasantry, to serve for 25 years, which, given the expected life span of most Russian serfs at the time, essentially meant that they would serve for life. The recruits and their children born after the recruitment were liberated from the serf status and a network of Garrison schools was created for the children's education.

19th century drawing of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where Saltykov studied Mikhail's early education was desultory, but, being an extraordinarily perceptive boy, by the age of six he spoke French and German fluently. He was taught to read and write Russian by the serf painter Pavel Sokolov and a local clergyman, and became an avid reader, later citing the Gospel, which he read at the age of eight, as a major influence. Among his childhood friends was Sergey Yuriev, the son of a neighbouring landlord and later a prominent literary figure, editor and publisher of the magazines Russkaya Mysl and Beseda. In 1834 his elder sister Nadezhda graduated from the Moscow Ekaterininsky college, and Mikhail's education from then on was the prerogative of her friend Avdotya Vasilevskaya, a graduate of the same institute who had been invited to the house as a governess.

Chanson Française is the typical style of French music (chanson means "song" in French) and is still very popular in France. Some of the most important artists included: Édith Piaf, Juliette Gréco, Mireille Mathieu, Jacques Brel, Georges Brassens, Gilbert Bécaud, Monique Serf (Barbara), Léo Ferré, Charles Aznavour, Salvatore Adamo and Dalida plus the more art-house musicians like Brigitte Fontaine. Also during the 1950s one of the more representative of Montmartre cabaret singers was Suzanne Robert. Dalida in 1961 During the 1970s, new artists modernized the chanson Française (Michel Fugain, Renaud, Francis Cabrel, Alain Souchon, Jacques Higelin, Alain Chamfort, Joe Dassin) and also in the 80s (Étienne Daho, Têtes Raides) till now (Benjamin Biolay, Zaz, Vincent Delerm, Bénabar, Jean-Louis Murat, Miossec, Juliette, Mano Solo, Jacques Higelin, Matthieu Chedid, Mathieu Boogaerts, Daniel Darc, Maurane, Christina Goh, Renan Luce).

At the end of the war in Northern Italy, the North Caucasian combat group joined the Caucasian Unity of the SS troops. The commander of the Standard Army of the SS, a former officer of the White Army Kuchuk Ulagay, joined the regiment as a regiment. In addition to the reinforced 9 field battalions,1 battalion of the Sonderverband "Bergmann" (Special Unit Highlander) of the and one combat group of the Caucasian Waffen- SS unit, the natives of the North Caucasus were part of a separate Sonderkommando Schamil consisting of three groups of forces up to a platoon, three sapper, railway and road-building companies, as well as two serf regiments. According to the researcher Traho R. "The total number of North Caucasian volunteers since the beginning of the war against the USSR and until 1945 amounted to 28-30 thousand people".

380 The difference between the price of populated and unpopulated land was also less in this region than in non-agricultural regions, such as the Lake region, and land was more expensive in the central agricultural region because landowners realised more rent here than in these other regions. This also led to serfs being cheaper in these areas, as the main income of the gentry came from renting out land, and less came from serf labour; therefore to landowners in the central agricultural zone, land was considered more valuable than the serfs they owned.Blum, 374–375 These areas had few signs of commercialism, and the market economy remained weak. Most peasants were involved in a 'natural system of production', selling winter produce and handicraft to pay taxes and buy some new goods for the household, with the general production being geared towards their own food production.

Dartford, however, cannot claim a monopoly on public houses named after Tyler. It is probable that Dartford was a key meeting point early in the Peasants' Revolt with a detachment of Essex rebels marching south to join Kentish rebels at Dartford before accompanying them to Rochester and Canterbury in the first week of June 1381. Although lacking a leader, Kentishmen had assembled at Dartford around 5 June through a sense of county solidarity at the mistreatment of Robert Belling, a man claimed as a serf by Sir Simon Burley. Burley had abused his royal court connections to invoke the arrest of Belling and, despite a compromise being proposed by bailiffs in Gravesend, continued to demand the impossible £300 of silver for Belling's release. Having left for Rochester and Canterbury on 5 June, the rebels passed back through Dartford, swollen in number, a week later on 12 June en route for London.

Peter the Great ruled Russia from 1682–1725 and in that time brought about many changes to Russian culture, altering the orthodox traditions that had been observed since the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1450's. The three major social classes present during these reforms experienced changes in varying degrees according to their proximity to the tsar and urban settings where reforms could be more strictly enforced. Large cities underwent the westernization process more rapidly and successfully than the outlying rural villages. Noblewomen, merchant class women, and peasant (serf) women each witnessed Petrine reforms differently. For the lower classes it was not until the end of the eighteenth-century (during the time of Catherine the Great’s reign) that they began to see any changes at all. When these reforms did begin to change women’s lives legally, they also helped to expand their abilities socially.

Even though it became increasingly common for one knight to have landholdings in several different princedoms, due to the use of direct production, the land of the Rus' was still largely in the hands of the peasants during the 12th century. By 1100 it started to become more apparent that the smerds were considered lower than their totally independent counterparts in Europe (free traders); however, it is important to note the smerds still had much more freedom than the growing peon/serf class of Europe. Even though this indentured class grew greatly in numbers, the economy of Kievan Russia blossomed until 1125, the year of the death of Prince Vladimir Monomakh. Through its history, the Kievan coalition inherited a tradition of lateral succession to the princedom; that is to say, that when a prince died, he was replaced by his brother, then he by the next brother, etc.

In the Doomsday Book Croft and Yarpole were separated manors, with Yarpole containing three manorial estates, and at the time of the Norman Conquest all in the Hundred of Wolfhay and county of Herefordshire. Croft, of six households in 1086, contained three smallholders (middle level of serf below and with less land than a villager), two further occupants and one Frenchman (typical indication of a military presence). Ploughlands comprised one lord's and two men's plough teams. In 1066 Edwin held the manorial lordship, which in 1086 was transferred to Bernard (Beard), under William d'Ecouis as tenant-in-chief to king William I."Croft", Open Domesday, University of Hull, Domesdaymap.co.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2020 Yarpole, written as "Iarpol" in Domesday, contained of 34.9 households in 1086. The first manor was of 224 villagers, 81 smallholders, 13 slaves, 12 female slaves, six priests, and a further 20 occupants.

This ballad shows the thin line that existed in early Medieval society between seduction and rape; in either case the lady was held to be guilty of a misdeed, and her ability to prove the man's identity (and his acknowledgment of the event, even if he did not marry her) was as important from both a legal and moral standpoint as whether or not she gave consent. Inability to identify the man was generally held to be sufficient proof that the lady had been indiscriminately promiscuous, probably with her social inferiors. The request by the lady in Crow and Pie for some of her rapist's goods may seem mercenary by modern standards, but is quite understandable from a Medieval perspective. Money or a valuable token would indicate to the lady's parents (and her peers) that the man was not a serf, slave or beggar, and might serve as identification.

AI takeover is a common theme in science fiction. Fictional scenarios typically differ vastly from those hypothesized by researchers in that they involve an active conflict between humans and an AI or robots with anthropomorphic motives who see them as a threat or otherwise have active desire to fight humans, as opposed to the researchers' concern of an AI that rapidly exterminates humans as a byproduct of pursuing arbitrary goals. This theme is at least as old as Karel Čapek's R. U. R., which introduced the word robot to the global lexicon in 1921, and can even be glimpsed in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (published in 1818), as Victor ponders whether, if he grants his monster's request and makes him a wife, they would reproduce and their kind would destroy humanity. The word "robot" from R.U.R. comes from the Czech word, robota, meaning laborer or serf.

"Hospital care for stroke patients in the Valencian Region using the basic minimum data set from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification". D. REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA, 2006, VOL 42; NUMB 10, pages 584-590 or "Land of Valencia") – from the Valencian words País ("country" or "region") and Valencià ("Valencian") – was first recorded by 17th-century hagiographer Agustín Bella, in his work Vida de fra Agustín Antonio Pascual (1699)."...no le tenía el Señor destinado para el apóstol de las Indias, sino de nuestro País Valenciano" in Agustín Bella, Vida del venerable i apostòlic serf de Déu el P.M.Fr. Agustin Antonio Pascual ..., València 1699, impremta de Vicente Cabrera. Biblioteca Nacional de España, Signatura: 3/64918 . Reproducció: DGmicro/21722. Valencian linguist and historian Manuel Sanchis i Guarner reports other instances of the term since the 18th century in his work La llengua dels valencians.

Labour shortages after the mid-14th century Black Death were among the factors that broke the serf system. Chattel slavery continued on the fringes of Christendom, and had a revival in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance with Muslim captives. As in other societies, new slaves were continually needed, and the wars of the Reconquista seem to have ensured that Spain and Portugal had the slowest declines in slavery, so that they still had significant numbers of slaves when the Age of Discovery began. England had also been relatively late to lose slavery, which declined sharply after the Norman Conquest did away with the traditional Anglo-Saxon legal framework, and brought in Norman government more heavily influenced by the Church. Over 10% of England's population entered in the Domesday Book in 1086 were slaves, a far higher figure than in France at the same date.

There were also extremely popular operas by the Belgian/French André Ernest Modeste Grétry that were widely performed, including in Kuskovo and Ostankino theatres, where they were given with participation of the famous serf-soprano Praskovya Zhemchugova at the private opera of Nikolai Sheremetev. Catherine II sent some domestic composers like Berezovsky and Bortniansky abroad to study art of music composition and later they produced some operas in Italian and French. And only at the beginning of the 1770s the first modest attempts of the composers of Russian origin to compose operas to the Russian librettos were made. Among these were successful one-act opera Anyuta (1772) to the text by Mikhail Popov, and opera Melnik – koldun, obmanshchik i svat (The Miller who was a Wizard, a Cheat and a Match- maker) to the text by Alexander Ablesimov with music by Mikhail Sokolovsky (1779).

In horror, trying to just run away, the runaway groom is on the scaffold, and from the gallows he is saved only by the appearance of Aglaya (Olga Dibtseva), the daughter of a landowner, for the sake of whose name day the master (Oleg Komarov) pardons the fugitive. Trying to reason logically, Grisha at first vehemently denies the possibility of falling into the past, but then gradually comes to terms with the position of a serf. In reality, the whole village of the 19th century turns out to be a skilful production of Anastasiya and a psychologist, carried out with the huge money of Grisha’s father. The goal of the project is to completely change Grisha’s view of the world around him and himself, for which the team is watching his every move, calculating the intricacies of scenario turns and trying to think through every little thing.

Listed in the Domesday Book, at the time of the Norman Conquest King's Pyon was in the Hundred of Stretford in the county of Herefordshire. The manor had assets of 18 households, eight villagers, three smallholders (middle level of serf below a villager), four slaves, a priest, and two further people. The area of land under plough was defined by two lord's and nine men's plough teams. In 1066 King Edward held the lordship, which passed in 1086 between the St Mary's abbey of Cormeilles, Gruffydd, and Roger de Lacy who was also tenant-in-chief to king William I."King's Pyon", Open Domesday, University of Hull, Domesdaymap.co.uk. Retrieved 15 March 2020 King's Pyon in 1898 In 1909 King's Pyon is described as a village and parish and as being south-east from Moorhampton station on the Hay and Brecon section of the Midland Railway.

Most manorial work was segregated by gender during the regular times of the year; however, during the harvest, the whole family was expected to work the fields. A major difficulty of a serf's life was that his work for his lord coincided with, and took precedence over, the work he had to perform on his own lands: when the lord's crops were ready to be harvested, so were his own. On the other hand, the serf of a benign lord could look forward to being well fed during his service; it was a lord without foresight who did not provide a substantial meal for his serfs during the harvest and planting times. In exchange for this work on the lord's demesne, the serfs had certain privileges and rights, including for example the right to gather deadwood – an essential source of fuel – from their lord's forests.

Huo Qubing was an illegitimate son from the love affair between Wei Shaoer (), the daughter of a lowly maid from the household of Princess Pingyang (Emperor Wu's older sister), and Huo Zhongru (), a low- ranking civil servant employed there at the time.霍去病，大將軍青姊少兒子也。其父霍仲孺先与少兒通，生去病 However, Huo Zhongru did not want to marry a lower class serf girl like Wei Shaoer, so he abandoned her and went away to marry a woman from his home town instead. Wei Shaoer insisted on keeping the child, raising him with help of her siblings. When Huo Qubing was around two years old, his younger aunt Wei Zifu, who was serving as an in-house singer/dancer for Princess Pingyang, caught the attention of the young Emperor Wu, who took her and her half- brother Wei Qing back to his palace in the capital, Chang'an.

The fact that a serf was received by the Emperor himself suggests that Horea had supporters at court. One source suggests that his sponsor at court was the Austrian geologist Ignatius Born, who had estates in Alba on which Horea worked, and that Horea, when in Vienna, stayed at Born’s home. It is known that Joseph II was, at this time, in conflict with the nobility in Transylvania, because he wished to bring an end to the feudal system and wanted Romanian serfs to be able to join his army, something the nobles forbade because it would deprive them of free labor. Horea is said to have told his fellow Romanian serfs that the Emperor had authorized him to encourage them to wipe out the Hungarian nobility of Transylvania. In any event, during the period when Horea represented them, the Romanian peasants’ situation worsened – their working hours were increased and their right to exploit the forests was taken from them.

Even the lowly serf who belonged to the Counts of Palatinate-Veldenz (Lauterecken) had to pay their part in all of this. Out of the wine tithes, one third each had to go to the Count Palatine, the Meisenheim parish priest and Antoni Bos's widow, meaning a rich landholder's family. In an ordinary year, the wine tithe could be as much as 4 or 5 Ohm (an Ohm was usually something between 134 and 174.75 L). Of the grain tithe, yearly 6 to 7 Malter, half corn (wheat or rye) and half oats, one third went to the Meisenheim parish priest while the other two thirds went to the Lords Cratz von Scharfenstein. Payments had to be made to the Church of Merzweiler itself, too, yearly in money 14 Rhenish guilders and 7 Alben, in grain 3 Malter, 2 Simmer 2 Dreiling and 2 Sester of corn and 3 Malter and 1 Simmer of oats.

At the end of the first millennium AD, Europe was experiencing the full effects of the order and advances in social structure begun during the early Middle Ages; however, the structure and development(s) characterising medieval European society were not found beyond the Carpathian Mountains, and the region of Rus' remained as a disordered regionalist "state". The early development of feudal society in the absence of a strong central government helped the European states overcome the harshness experienced in the Dark Ages by enabling the creation of strong governments. In Western Europe, a manorial (economic)/feudal (political) system was created, culminating in the full development of feudal society spreading across Europe and to England; a society which divided land, top to bottom, from the monarch to his immediate trustee or vassal, to the peasant or serf, who worked the fiefs in tribute, in return for protection from invaders. This symbiotic system created the first central governments throughout Christendom since the fall of Rome.

The state peasants were created by decrees of Peter I and applied to population who were involved in land cultivation and agriculture: various peasant classes, single homesteaders (servant people on the border area adjoining the wild steppe), the non-Russian peoples of the Volga, and the Ural regions. The number of state peasants increased due to several factors: the confiscation of church lands (huge estates of the Russian Orthodox Church) by Catherine II, additional conquered territories (the Baltic States, the Right-Bank Ukraine, Belarus, Crimea, the Caucasus), and the former serfs of the confiscated estates of the gentry of the Commonwealth, among others. Many of these state peasants replenished runaway private serfs and allowed peasants to re-settle on the developed but un-tended lands (Bashkiria, New Russia, North Caucasus, etc.). This process (transition of land previously tended runaway serfs to the category of state-serf tended land) implicitly encouraged the imperial power.

In spite of all these restrictions designed to restrain, if not to suppress moneylending, Louis IX of France (1226–70) (also known as Saint Louis), with his ardent piety and his submission to the Catholic Church, unreservedly condemned loans at interest. He was less amenable than Philip Augustus to fiscal considerations. Despite former conventions, in an assembly held at Melun in December 1230, he compelled several lords to sign an agreement not to authorize Jews to make any loan. No one in the whole Kingdom of France was allowed to detain a Jew belonging to another, and each lord might recover a Jew who belonged to him, just as he might his own serf (tanquam proprium servum), wherever he might find him and however long a period had elapsed since the Jew had settled elsewhere. At the same time the ordinance of 1223 was enacted afresh, which only proves that it had not been carried into effect.

Documents and materials, 4 Taras spent his childhood years in the village. On , Taras' sister Yaryna was born,Archives, fund 127, case 1407, part 3 and on —Maria.Archives, fund 127, case 1454, sheet 87 Once, young Taras went looking for "the iron pillars that hold up the sky" and got lost. Chumaks who met the boy took him with him to Kyrylivka.Osnova, 1862. Vol.3. 4-5Works. Vol.3. 167-168 On Taras' brother Yosyp was born.Archives, fund 127, case 1485, sheet 94 In the fall of 1822 Taras started to take some grammar classes at a local precentor (dyak) Sovhyr.Works in 10 volumes. Vol.3. 169-170"Odesa Herald", 1892. #226 At that time Shevchenko became familiar with Hryhoriy Skovoroda's works. During 1822-1828 Shevchenko painted horses and soldiers.Works in 10 volumes. Vol.7. Book 2. 347 On his older sister and nanny Kateryna married Anton Krasytskyi, a serf "from Zelena Dibrova".

Martin Luther especially condemned the greed of the usurer: > Therefore is there, on this earth, no greater enemy of man (after the devil) > than a gripe-money, and usurer, for he wants to be God over all men. Turks, > soldiers, and tyrants are also bad men, yet must they let the people live, > and Confess that they are bad, and enemies, and do, nay, must, now and then > show pity to some. But a usurer and money-glutton, such a one would have the > whole world perish of hunger and thirst, misery and want, so far as in him > lies, so that he may have all to himself, and every one may receive from him > as from a God, and be his serf for ever. To wear fine cloaks, golden chains, > rings, to wipe his mouth, to be deemed and taken for a worthy, pious man > .... Usury is a great huge monster, like a werewolf, who lays waste all, > more than any Cacus, Gerion or Antus.

Among these had been a story about life in a medieval village, told from the standpoint of Simon, a serf who had fled from a nearby manor. This story may have suggested the framework for Redcap Runs Away. However, English literary concern with minstrelsy has been continual since the Romantic period: poems such as Sir Walter Scott's The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) and John Clare's The Village Minstrel (1821), and novels like Helen Craik's Henry of Northumberland (1800), Sydney Owenson's The Novice of St. Dominick (a girl flees disguised as a minstrel, 1805), and more recently, Christabel Rose Coleridge's Minstrel Dick (a boy minstrel becomes a courtier, 1891) and Howard Spring's Darkie and Co. (a boy runs away from an unhappy home to join a travelling show, 1932). The inclusion of so many minstrel stories in Redcap adds to the book's authenticity, but not all US critics at the time viewed this favourably.

Generic map of a medieval manor. The mustard-colored areas are part of the demesne, the hatched areas part of the glebe. William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1923 Manors each consisted of up to three classes of land: #Demesne, the part directly controlled by the lord and used for the benefit of his household and dependents; #Dependent (serf or villein) holdings carrying the obligation that the peasant household supply the lord with specified labour services or a part of its output (or cash in lieu thereof), subject to the custom attached to the holding; and #Free peasant land, without such obligation but otherwise subject to manorial jurisdiction and custom, and owing money rent fixed at the time of the lease. Additional sources of income for the lord included charges for use of his mill, bakery or wine-press, or for the right to hunt or to let pigs feed in his woodland, as well as court revenues and single payments on each change of tenant.

This book lays out, in very broad outline, Belloc's version of European economic history, starting with ancient pagan states, in which slavery was critical to the economy, through the medieval Christendom process which transformed an economy based on serf labour in a state in which the property was well distributed, to 19th and 20th century capitalism. Belloc argues that the development of capitalism was not a natural consequence of the Industrial Revolution, but a consequence of the earlier dissolution of the monasteries in England, which then shaped the course of English industrialisation. English capitalism then spread across the world. Belloc then makes his case for the natural instability of pure capitalism and discusses how he believes that attempts to reform capitalism will lead almost inexorably to an economy in which state regulation has removed the freedom of capitalism and thereby replaced capitalism with the Servile State, which shares with ancient slavery the fact that positive law (as opposed to custom or economic necessity by themselves) dictates that certain people will work for others, who likewise must take care of them.

The peasants were discontented because of many other factors as well, including crop failure, and epidemics, especially a major epidemic in 1771. The nobles were imposing a stricter rule than ever, reducing the land of each serf and restricting their freedoms further beginning around 1767.Raeff, “Pugachev’s Rebellion”, 166–69 Their discontent led to widespread outbreaks of violence and rioting during Pugachev's Rebellion of 1774. The serfs probably followed someone who was pretending to be the true tsar because of their feelings of disconnection to Catherine and her policies empowering the nobles, but this was not the first time they followed a pretender under Catherine's reign.Raeff, “Pugachev’s Rebellion”, 171 Pugachev had made stories about himself acting as a real tsar should, helping the common people, listening to their problems, praying for them, and generally acting saintly, and this helped rally the peasants and serfs, with their very conservative values, to his cause.Raeff, “Pugachev’s Rebellion”, 171–72 With all this discontent in mind, Catherine did rule for 10 years before the anger of the serfs boiled over into a rebellion as extensive as Pugachev's.

According to D. S. Mirsky, Leskov was "one of those Russian writers whose knowledge of life was not founded on the possession of serfs, to be later modified by university theories of French or German origin, like Turgenev's and Tolstoy's, but on practical and independent experience. This is why his view of Russian life is so unconventional and so free from that attitude of condescending and sentimental pity for the peasant which is typical of the liberal and educated serf-owner." Mirsky expressed bewilderment at how Leskov, after his first novel No Way Out, could have been seriously regarded as a 'vile and libelous reactionary', when in reality (according to the critic) "the principal socialist characters in the book were represented as little short of saints." Some modern scholars argue that, contrary to what his contemporary detractors said, Leskov had not held "reactionary" or even "conservative" sensibilities and his outlook was basically that of a democratic enlightener, who placed great hopes upon the 1861 social reform and became deeply disillusioned soon afterwards.

The symbols appearing on the coat of arms represents the life and legends of Saint Mungo, the patron saint of Glasgow, and are often remembered by the following poem:"Kentigern", Foghlam Alba Here is the tree that never grew Here is the bird that never flew Here is the fish that never swam Here is the bell that never rang The tree referred to in this poem is depicted as an Oak tree in the coat of arms, but popular versions of the story refer to a holly branch. The story goes that he was once left in charge of watching a holy fire by Saint Serf, but the fire was put out by some other boys jealous of St. Mungo after he fell asleep. Upon awakening, St. Mungo was able to miraculously light a new fire from the tree branch. The bird referred to in the poem is a robin which was tamed by St. Mungo's teacher, St.Serf which was revived by St. Mungo after it was killed by some of his classmates.

When the Caliphate of Cordoba broke up into the Taifa kingdoms, the Berber mercenary Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Maslamah ibn al-Aftas (1022–1045) took control of Badajoz, by death of Sabur al-Khatib (a Slavic serf, previously serving at the court of Caliph al-Hakam II, that had proclaimed himself Lord of Badajoz in 1009, and that Ibn al-Aftas served). Ibn al-Aftas added to his name the Laqab al-Mansur Billah, Victorious by Grace of God, and ruled over an extensive part of the Al Garb Al Andalus, from the Douro river to the south of Tagus river, establishing the Taifa of Badajoz. Ibn al-Aftas died in 1045. Under Ibn al-Aftas' successors, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Muzzaffar (1045–1065) and his two sons 'Umar ibn Muhammad al- Mutawakkil (1065-1094 in Évora) and Yahya ibn Muhammad al-Mansur (1065-1072 in Badajoz), the Taifa of Badajoz not only controlled large expanses of western Spain and Portugal, but was also a major centre of Islamic culture, which was fostered by the Aftasid rulers.

Various seditions against the Umayyad Caliphate rose-up in the emirs and caliphates of Al-Garb Al-Andalus; the revolts of Ibn Marwan of Mérida/Badajoz or Umār ibn Hafsūn of Bobastro corresponds to a period of weak central government, when the Al Garb was a nominal extension of the Caliphate, an autonomous principality with its seat in Batalyaws (Badajoz). It was in the period of turmoil preceding the fall of the Caliphates (in 1031) that Sacavém was integrated into the Kingdom of Badajoz (except for a decade around 1020 when it was a part of al-Ušbuna, under ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn Sabūr and ʿAbd al- Malik ibn Sabūr (sons of Sabūr al-Saqlabi, a Slavic serf who sparked a revolt in against Caliph Al-Hakam II). This would last until the Aftasids conquered the region. In 1093, in a trade for aid against the Almoravids (from the Maghreb), the emir of Badajoz ceded to the imperator totius Hispaniæ Alfonso VI of León and Castile the castles of al-Ušbuna and aš-Šantaryin (Santarém), along with the territory of Sacavém.

Wilson, the gardener, told Racher "get stuffed, go and shit yourself". The Court of Appeal held that the employer's attitude meant this breakdown in trust and confidence was the employer's own doing, and because the law no longer saw employment as a "Czar- serf" relationship, Wilson was in the right and was wrongfully dismissed. The remedy for breach of contract, following a long tradition that specific performance should not result in draconian consequences or binding hostile parties to continue working together,Contrast Jones v Gwent County Council [1992] IRLR 521, Hill v CA Parsons & Co Ltd [1972] Ch 305, Irani v Southampton and South West Hampshire HA [1985] ICR 590 and Mezey v South West London & St George's Mental Health NHS Trust [2010] IRLR 512 is typically monetary compensation to put the claimant in the same position as if the contract had been properly performed. However, in Edwards v Chesterfield Royal Hospital,[2011] UKSC 58 the Supreme Court held that an injunction is available to restrain breach of contract for the employer's failure to follow a doctor's contractual disciplinary procedure.

Paston's claim to the Fastolf lands was challenged by the Duke of Norfolk, who seized Caister in 1461; by Sir William Yelverton and Gilbert Debenham, who claimed the manors of Cotton in Suffolk and Caldecott Hall near Fritton; by John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, who claimed two Norfolk manors, Hellesdon and Drayton, in 1465; and by Lord Scales, who in January 1466 forced officials of the city of Norwich to seize Paston's property there in the king's name, alleging that Paston was a 'serf of the crown'. In 1464 a legal challenge to Paston's executorship under the nuncupative will was mounted by William Yelverton, one of the ten executors who had been appointed under Sir John Fastolf's written will; however, the case was still undecided at the time of Paston's death. During the latter years of his life, Paston fell out with his eldest son and heir, John. He died at London on 21 or 22 May 1466, and was buried at Bromholm Priory, Norfolk.