735 Sentences With "burgher" | Random Sentence Generator

"Social media stars are made from reality TV shows," Burgher said.

With around 320 patrons, Burgher has the largest number of people paying for her rewards, but there's a public Zoie Burgher subreddit where users have been posting her exclusive Patreon photos for anyone to see for free.

But that's exactly what Luxe Gaming, according to Burgher, intends to change.

Eventually, Burgher hopes Luxe Gaming's YouTube channel will bring in revenue as well.

"From a young age I understood that girls were underrepresented in the gaming industry," Burgher says.

Or pork chops with Dijon sauce, as if you were a burgher in an ale house.

Rather than talk about hard work or the importance of good lighting, Burgher demonstrated her twerking technique.

They were roommates in Utah when Burgher first began to earn a following on Twitch and YouTube.

"When the smoke clears, people will start to see what we've done," Burgher said to an overflow crowd.

Burgher says they'll eventually move the streams over to the Luxe Gaming channel, once her subscribers are on board.

It's matched by a fascinating profile of John T. Edge, that burgher of Southern foodways, by the incomparable Kim Severson.

"The nobleman tells us everything through the person he presents, but the burgher does not, and should not," Goethe writes.

" And then Abigale: "Zoie Burgher lifted a 5-pound rock over her head and smashed it down on this poor, defenseless bird.

It's too early to say if Luxe House will succeed or fail, and even Burgher doesn't seem entirely sure of her vision.

Burgher said the deal would achieve $3.5 billion in synergies and cost savings through divestitures and by eliminating redundancies, including duplicate offices.

They have claw-like hands or, for example, in "Untitled (Burgher with extended arm)" (2014), an extended appendage that's a weighty burden.

In retaliation, Burgher moved her show to YouTube, where she posted captured footage of the Twitch stream that had previously gotten her banned.

The company plans to keep Anadarko's campus in Woodlands, Texas, indefinitely, and make a decision on the space in several years, Burgher said.

If you want to see what an artist committed to his process looks like, watch the video of Elijah Burgher titled Ritual Action.

AS ALEX PHILLIPS makes his case to a burgher of Liverpool Walton, in the city's north, peals of laughter sound a few doors up.

It's fine for Burgher to have secrets that are obscure to me, but that leaves me with little to feel or gather from his drawings.

Basically, Burgher says, Luxe House will be like The Real World, but populated only by young women, with a little bit of Call of Duty.

For the remainder of the video, Burgher works in the nude, putting as much of himself into the painting as he can—blood, semen, everything.

For instance, one of the most striking images of the exhibition is an elegantly posed group portrait of a burgher family at a country home.

Team members (right now there are six of them, including Burgher) live together in a house and post episodic vlogs of their daily lives to YouTube.

When the women clink champagne flutes, Burgher asks, "Is this the thumbnail?" referring to the still image that represents a video while it's not being played.

In an announcement video about joining the team, Hitomi says her fans might not understand her decision, but she's impressed by what Burgher is trying to do.

The company's view of pipeline assets, said finance chief Cedric Burgher to analysts, is "you don't need to own" them, only to have the right to use them.

Burgher also has a Patreon account, where fans can tip her anywhere from $5 to $200 per month in exchange for rewards based on how much money they give.

Burgher says the majority of the people who watch and comment on her videos are men, but she thinks women are watching, but they're just more skittish about commenting.

Elliot Bostwick Davis was appointed director and CEO of the Norton Museum of Art in West Palm Beach, Florida P.P.O.W. Gallery in New York will represent artist Elijah Burgher.

The play's subtitle — "The Burgher King" — is a play on the German word "Bürger" ("Citizens"), and is also a more literal reference to hamburgers and meat, Mr. Hentschker said.

Eventually, Burgher helped Mandler start her own YouTube channel, teaching her how to set up a greenscreen and where to stick the "10 million wires" required for shooting and streaming.

To friends and business associates, including struggling writers, he was frequently generous, more generous than unalloyed prudence or the burgher work ethic that he embodied might lead us to expect.

A few weeks ago, Burgher announced that she would be going on tour to meet her fans, and hinted at the possibility of other Luxe members would be coming with her.

"On the Royal Road: The Burgher King," a new play about President Trump written by the Nobel laureate Elfriede Jelinek, will have its first presentation next week in the United States.

Complex and colorful drawings by Toyin Ojih Odutola, Nathaniel Mary Quinn and Elijah Burgher make for an unusually rich show in "For Opacity," curated by Claire Gilman at the Drawing Center.

Make Country Captain as if you were a Charleston burgher or a big shot in Savannah, and marvel at the interplay of flavors in this simple, awesome taste of our Southern past.

In it, Burgher prepares a canvas by hanging it in his studio, with a spectrum of colored pencils nearby and the E-40's song "Beastin'" playing loudly on a nearby boombox.

FOR OPACITY: ELIJAH BURGHER, TOYIN OJIH ODUTOLA, AND NATHANIEL MARY QUINN Dreamy colored pencil, dense pastel and confident charcoal from three young artists thinking about subjectivity and the self. Oct. 1-Feb.

The portraits are joined by a fourth drawing, Grünewald, in which Burgher, the artist AA Bronson, Bronson's partner Mark, and Burgher's husband Jonathan lounge in the nudist section of a park outside Berlin.

When Burgher pitched Luxe Gaming to her last fall, Mandler was working as a medical transcriptionist, and she was nervous to ditch her steady paycheck to chase the whims of a content-hungry internet.

Occidental this week hedged about 40% of its combined oil production into 2020 to assure shareholders it could make its dividend payments while paying off increased debt from the deal, finance chief Cedric Burgher said.

Some of its plays have been seen as critical of populism, including a recent staging of "On the Royal Road: The Burgher King," a play about President Trump written by the Nobel laureate Elfriede Jelinek.

Mary Stewart Burgher, a 60-year-old retired Houston native who worked for the World Health Organization in Copenhagen, became a cause célèbre in Denmark this month after she was ordered to leave after living there for 32 years.

Cedric Burgher, in his first public remarks since the $38 billion acquisition closed last week, told an EnerCom energy conference audience, the resulting debt burden was "not too bad," and pledged Occidental would be selective in choosing assets to sell.

Cedric Burgher, in his first public remarks since the $38 billion acquisition closed last week, told an Energen energy conference audience, the resulting debt burden was "not that bad," and pledged Occidental would be selective in choosing assets to sell.

Meanwhile, equipped with his camera, "Billy" Goldman knowingly and artistically documented a slice of his life that was also an essential part of the covert identity he crafted quite deliberately for himself and whose role he played — that of an apparently lustful bohemian behind the mask of a buttoned-down, good Pennsylvania burgher.

Thomas Mair (1701 – 17 February 1768) was a Scottish Anti-Burgher minister and Moderator of the Anti-Burgher Associate Synod.

Boers in Battle (Burghers Slaags), c.1899-1902 In the Boer Republics of 19th century South Africa, a burgher was a fully enfranchised citizen. Burgher rights were restricted to white men, in particular Boers.

It is possible to have a blond, pale white-skinned Burgher, as well as a Burgher with a very dark complexion and black hair, a Burgher with complexion from brown to light brown and black hair, and a Burgher with fairer complexion and black hair. Pale- skinned and dark-skinned children can even appear as brother and sister in the same family of the same parents. Burghers share a common culture rather than a common ethnicity. Burghers have a very strong interest in their family histories.

The Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon (abbreviated as: DBUC; ), known commonly as the Dutch Burgher Union (DBU), is an organisation of Dutch Burghers in Sri Lanka. It was established on 18 January 1908 by Richard Gerald Anthonisz.

The township contains six cemeteries: Burgher, Hopkins, Horn, Johnson, Newton and Washington.

The burgher watch system ended when the militia was disbanded in 1795.

She was a Dutch Burgher, the term for offspring of Dutchmen and indigenous women.

He was noted for acting on principle with honesty and courage. In 1820 the burgher and anti-burgher sections of the Secession Church were reunited, followed, in 1847 by their union with the relief synod as the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland.

In 1922, 3 Permanent Battery was formed. This unit was split up on 1 July 1926 into two units namely 4 Burgher Battery and 5 Burgher Battery. In 1932 these two were renamed 1 Oranje-Vrystaat Veldartillerie and 2 Oranje Vrystaat Veldartillerie.

Himesh Ramanayake (born 5 October 1997) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 Premier League Tournament on 8 December 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 25 February 2018. He made his List A debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 10 March 2018.

Shashin Dilranga (born 28 November 1994) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2016–17 Premier League Tournament on 6 January 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 24 February 2018. He made his List A debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 10 March 2018.

This building functioned as the city hall and Burgher Watch House for a period of time.

Often the designs of burgher arms would resemble the profession of the armiger (priests would prefer crosses and chalices, jurists would prefer scales and swords). Previously the king tried to introduce the French system of rank helmets but these rules were largely ignored even in royal patents. The open helmet was previously associated with nobility but it is also found on burgher arms as well as there are examples of noble arms with closed helmets. Although it is perfectly legitimate for a burgher family to use an open helmet, as a rule of thumb noble families use open helmets while burgher families used closed ones.

The union has published in excess of 70 volumes of The Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon. The first copy was issued on 31 March 1908 and copies were issued regularly until 1968. No volumes were published between 1968 and 1981, mostly due to the exodus of members of the burgher community from Sri Lanka. The journals contain genealogies of over 200 burgher families, and are considered a valuable resource for researching the community.

They are mixed with other Burgher people, including Dutch Burghers. However, Portuguese Burghers are not Dutch Burghers.

After the fall of the Holy Roman Empire, arms were no longer granted to burghers except in the Kingdom of Saxony, where such grants continued from 1911 until 1918. Elsewhere burgher arms were assumed. Such family heraldry is still alive in Germany and burgher arms are protected by law.

Batticaloa has historically been a centre of Portuguese Burgher culture, supported in the modern era by the Catholic Burgher Union. In the 1980s, despite Burger emigration to Australia, the Union still numbered some 2,000 speakers of Sri Lankan Portuguese, making them the largest community still speaking the dialect.

Malindu Shehan (born 19 May 1994) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his List A debut on 17 December 2019, for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2019–20 Invitation Limited Over Tournament. He made his Twenty20 debut on 10 January 2020, for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2019–20 SLC Twenty20 Tournament. He made his first-class debut on 22 February 2020, for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2019–20 Premier League Tournament, scoring a century in the first innings.

Wijesooriya Arachchige Raminda Pravinath (born 18 March 1998 in Matara), known as Raminda Wijesooriya, is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 24 February 2018. He made his List A debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 10 March 2018. He made his first- class debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 Premier League Tournament on 11 January 2019.

In 1657 Abraham became a burgher, and there is no more mention of him in the extant records.

The ratelwagt were not the only ones patrolling the streets at night. From 1699, the burgher militia (citizen force) also patrolled the town. In this context, they were known as the 'burgher watch'. The militia was controlled by the krygsraad (council of war), presided over by the commander of the garrison.

Michelle Burgher (born 12 March 1977 in Kingston, Jamaica) is a track and field athlete, competing internationally for Jamaica.

Chameera Dissanayake (born 10 December 1995) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 1 March 2018. He made his List A debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 4 March 2019.

Hashan Sandeepa (born 2 November 1998) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 15 January 2020, for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2019–20 SLC Twenty20 Tournament. He made his first-class debut on 6 March 2020, for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2019–20 Premier League Tournament.

He made his Twenty20 debut on 4 January 2020, for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2019–20 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.

He was married to Desiree Frederica Rita Hills. Woutersz was a past president of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon.

Elizabethan London was a musical city, and part-singing was cultivated beneath the rooftree of every well-to-do burgher.

In the census of 1981, the Burgher population of Sri Lanka was 39,374 persons, about 0.2% of the total population. The highest concentration of Burghers is in Colombo (0.72%) and Gampaha (0.5%). There are also significant communities in Trincomalee and Batticaloa, with an estimated population of 20,000. Burgher descendants are spread throughout the world.

Nimantha Gunasiri (born 1 November 1996) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament on 1 February 2019. He made his List A debut on 14 December 2019, for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2019–20 Invitation Limited Over Tournament.

To the common town dweller – whether he lived in a prestigious Free Imperial City like Frankfurt, Augsburg or Nuremberg, or in a small market town such as there were hundreds throughout Germany – attaining burgher status (') could be his greatest aim in life. The burgher status was usually an inherited privilege renewed pro-forma in each generation of the family concerned but it could also be purchased. At times, the sale of burgher status could be a significant item of town income as fiscal records show. The ' was local and not transferable to another city.

Lorenz Books 2002, p. 204 This restriction against burgher arms in Portugal lasted until the establishment of the Republic in 1910.

Originally a synonym of burgher or bourgeois, the word "Burgess" came to mean a borough representative in local or parliamentary government.

The right to seek shelter within a burg was known as the right of burgess. The term was close in meaning to the Germanic term burgher, a formally defined class in medieval German cities (Middle Dutch burgher, Dutch burger and German Bürger). It is also linguistically close to the French term Bourgeois, which evolved from burgeis.

Burgher arms had a complicated and suppressed history in Portugal. During the reign of King Afonso V, burgher arms were restricted to the use of colours only. This restriction would become irrelevant when King Manuel I forbade the use of arms to those who were not of the Portuguese nobility.Stephen Slater: The Complete Book of Heraldry.

American Biographical Company, 1942. p. 196 and in 1657 was made a Burgher."Leaves From The Tree", p. 336; retrieved 25 October 2009.

Stockholm: Streiffert. Pp. 17, 35 and 44. During the years 1934–1936 the National Heraldry Office even registered private burgher arms.Andersson, Per (1989).

This first-born had Rubens as his godfather and later took over his father's workshop and was known as Jan Brueghel the Younger. Brueghel was registered as a burgher of Antwerp on 4 October 1601 as 'Jan Bruegel, Peetersone, schilder, van Bruessele' ('Jan Bruegel, son of Peeter, painter, of Brussels'). Just a month before, Brueghel had been elected dean of the Guild of Saint Luke, but he had not been able to take up the position as he was not a burgher of Antwerp. Upon becoming formally registered as a burgher the same year Brueghel could finally be the dean.

During European Middle Ages, citizenship was usually associated with cities.Note: see burgher, Grand Burgher (German Großbürger) and Bourgeoisie. Nobility in the aristocracy used to have privileges of a higher nature than commoners. The rise of citizenship was linked to the rise of republicanism, according to one account, since if a republic belongs to its citizens, then kings have less power.

The Burgher Memorial Located just south of the town, this area saw action during the Relief of Ladysmith. The Burgher Memorial on Wagon Hill was erected in honour of Boer forces killed during the siege and relief of Ladysmith. On Platrand there are memorials to the Imperial Light Horse, the Devonshire Regiment, the Earl of Ava and a number of others.

In the 18th century, the Eurasian community (a mixture of Portuguese, Dutch, and Sinhalese as well as Tamil, known as the Burgher) grew, speaking Portuguese or Dutch. The Portuguese Burghers were more mixed, following Catholicism and speaking a Portuguese creole language. Despite the socio-economic disadvantage, the Burghers maintained their Portuguese cultural identity. In Batticaloa, the Catholic Burgher Union reinforced this.

Senaka Dissanayake (born 21 June 1965) is a Sri Lankan former first-class cricketer who played for Burgher Recreation Club and Kandy Cricket Club.

John Leonard Kalenberg (J. L. K.) van Dort (28 July 1831 – 24 March 1898) was a 19th-century Ceylonese artist of Dutch Burgher descent.

Nevertheless, the Turku burgher election of 1771 was deemed to be incorrect and a re-election was held, during which Pipping lost his place.

Lillian Worth (born Lillian Burgher Murphy, June 24, 1884 – February 23, 1952) was an American actress. She appeared in 58 films between 1913 and 1937.

Heraldry first appeared among the warrior class and thus became linked to nobility. But other groups of society quickly took up the heraldic tradition. The first Scandinavian burgher arms is from 1320. As the assumption of arms is free in Denmark not only noble families have coats of arms and today it is estimated that up to 80% of Danish private coats of arms are burgher arms.

The grandson of John Brown of Haddington, he was born at Whitburn, Linlithgowshire. He studied at Glasgow university, and afterwards at the divinity hall of the Burgher branch of the Secession church at Selkirk, under George Lawson. In 1806 he was ordained minister of the Burgher congregation at Biggar, Lanarkshire, where he laboured for sixteen years. While there he had a controversy with Robert Owen the socialist.

96 The arms of burghers bore a far wider variety of charges than the arms of nobility like everyday objects, and particularly tools. House marks are another type charges usually only used in burgher arms. Most widespread burgher heraldry was and still is found in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and in the Netherlands. In the latter only a small percentage of the existing arms belong to the nobility.

Stephen Slater: The Complete Book of Heraldry. Lorenz Books 2002, p. 204 This restriction against burgher arms in Portugal lasted until the end of the Monarchy in 1910, although, by that time, it was very common to a burgher who stood out in politics, commerce, industry, agriculture, military or other matters, to be ennobled and so to become entitled to bear a coat of arms.

The Dutch Burgher Union still operates in Colombo as a centre for social and community activities. It has been described as a "once a powerful secret society but now only a gloomy billiard hall near Buller Road, draped in dust and cobwebs". The union manages St Nikolaas' Home (a care home for elderly women of the Burgher community), and the Brohier Memorial Home (for elder men).

The Kingdom of France, the city-state of Bern, and the Kingdom of Sardinia sent professional troops. The city was returned to government by the burgher élite.

The couple had many children of whom their son Gillis the younger became a painter. Gillis the elder was accepted as a burgher of Frankfurt am Main on 24 February 1597. Just like his brother Frederik he was required to undergo a theological test before he was admitted as a burgher since they were suspected of being Gnesio-Lutherans. He remained active in his adopted hometown where he died.

Birthplace of Thomas Carlyle, Ecclefechan Carlyle was born in 1795 in Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire. His parents determinedly afforded him an education at Annan Academy, Annan, where he was bullied and tormented so much that he left after three years. His father was a member of the Burgher secession Presbyterian church."Among these humble, stern, earnest religionists of the Burgher phase of Dissent Thomas Carlyle was born." – Sloan, John MacGavin (1904).

The Ghanaian-German community created a form of highlife called Burger-highlife. The most influential early burgher highlife musician was George Darko, whose "Akoo Te Brofo" coined the term and is considered the beginning of the genre. Burgher highlife was extremely popular in Ghana, especially after computer-generated dance beats were added to the mix. The same period saw a Ghanaian community appear in Toronto and elsewhere in Canada.

The memorial plaques at the Dutch Burgher Union building, Colombo On 12 November 1907 Richard Anthonisz organised a preliminary meeting of men and women of the Dutch Burgher community at the Lindsay School Hall in Bambalapitiya to consider the establishment of a Dutch Burgher Union. A small committee was appointed to draft a constitution for the union. The inaugural general meeting of the union was held on 18 January 1908 at the Pettah Public Library, with 267 enrolled members present. At the meeting Frederick Charles Loos, a Proctor and Member of the Legislative Council was elected as the first president of the union, with Anthonisz as Honorary Secretary (a position he retained until 1915).

Also, a prominent burgher, shoemaking master Jan Kiliński, started gathering support from other townsfolk. The King remained passive, and subsequent events unfolded without any support — or opposition — from him.

1902); George Eustace Neil (b.1906); and George Alfred Herbert (b.1910). He was the only Burgher community leader who was an active participant of the Ceylon National Congress.

Burgher culture is a mixture of East and West, reflecting their ancestry. They are the most Europeanised of the ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. Most of them wear modern contemporary clothing, although it is not uncommon for a man to be seen wearing a sarong, or for a woman to wear a sari. A number of elements in Burgher culture have become part of the cultures of other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka.

John Godfind Hillebrand was a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. He was the first Burgher to sit on the bench of the Supreme Court of Ceylon as well as the first Burgher member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon from 1825 to 1843. He was appointed, after the death of John Fredrick Stoddart, as Acting Second Puisne Justice on 23 November 1839. Hillebrand retained his Legislative Council seat while on the bench.

Lisula Lakshan (born 13 September 1995) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2016–17 Premier League Tournament on 2 December 2016 and his List A debut for Batticaloa District in the 2016–17 Districts One Day Tournament on 15 March 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 25 February 2018.

See Burgher people and Portuguese Burghers. In Sri Lanka, the Portuguese were followed by the Dutch and the British and the Luso-Sri Lankans are represented today by the Burgher or Eurasian community. However, there is a specific community people of African origin who speak Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole. Additionally, Portuguese names, Catholicism and aspects of Luso-Asian Architecture are found among the fishing communities of the Northwest coast of Sri Lanka.

9971693739- 2008 "... abandoned the idea of equal rights because not all Christians could be labeled "Burgher". II someone were subject to a local head, they were obliged to perform corvee, but anyone categorized as a Burgher was exempt from this." Only burghers could join the city guard in Amsterdam because in order to join, guardsmen had to purchase their own equipment. Membership in the guard was often a stepping stone to political positions.

During the Dutch East India Company rule, the Dutch and Portuguese descendants intermarried. In the 18th century the Eurasian community (a mixture of Portuguese, Dutch, Sinhalese and Tamil) known as the Burghers grew, speaking Portuguese or Dutch. Burgher means "citizen" in Dutch, hence was originally used to differentiate the Dutch from the other Europeans in Ceylon. "Burgher" is now used to describe the Eurasians (of mixed European and Asian ancestry) from Sri Lanka.

The grounds were renovated in July 2012 to celebrate the club's 97th anniversary. The Burgher Recreation Club (BRC) is also located on Havelock Park. The club originally known as the Bambalapitiya Sports Club was established in 1896 and in 1901 changed to Burgher Recreation Club when the club house was relocated to Havelock Park. In the south-east corner is Colts Cricket Club Ground, the home of Colts Cricket Club since 1971.

The League's monopolistic control over the economy of Norway put pressure on all classes, especially the peasantry, to the degree that no real burgher class existed in Norway.Larsen, p. 201.

Jan van Riebeeck established the Burgher Militia on 1 May 1659. A few days later on 19 May, the Khoikhoi protested against white encroachment, leading to the first Khoikhoi-Dutch War.

As with the administration expense for conferring letters patent to nobility, both types of burghership were also subject to expenses. The burghership expense in Hamburg in year 1600 was 50 Reichstaler for the grand and 7 Reichstaler for the petty burghership, in 1833 the initial expense for receiving grand burghership in Hamburg was 758 Mark 8 Schilling (Hamburg Mark); that of the petty burghership, 46 Mk 8 Sh.Claudia Thorn, Handelsfrauen, Bürgerfrauen und Bürgerwitwen. Zur Bedeutung des Bürgerrechts für Frauen in Hamburg im 19. Jahrhundert bis zu seiner Aufhebung 1864, Hamburg, 1995, Other ways to become a Grand Burgher were to marry a grand burgher or, subject to meeting constitutional conditions, the daughter of a grand burgher born in the city or town.

Stockholm: Stockholmia förlag. Libris 10013848. . The alley is named after the merchant and burgher Mårten Trotzig (1559–1617), who, born in Wittenberg, emigrated to Stockholm in 1581, and bought properties in the alley in 1597 and 1599, also opening a shop there. According to sources from the late 16th century, he was dealing in first iron and later copper, by 1595 had sworn his burgher oath, and was later to become one of the richest merchants in Stockholm.

Ferdinand Berthoud Ferdinand Berthoud was born on 18 March 1727, in Plancemont, Val-de-Travers, in the Principality of Neuchâtel, which then belonged to the Kingdom of Prussia, into a distinguished family of watch and clock makers. His father, Jean Berthoud, was a master carpenter and architect. He was a burgher of Couvet, burgher of Neuchâtel, and justice of the peace for Val-de-Travers from 1717 to 1732. His mother, Judith Berthoud (1682–1765) was born in Couvet.

This experience is central to Maya's growth, as is the incident that immediately follows it, her short period of homelessness after arguing with her father's girlfriend. These two incidents give Maya a knowledge of self-determination and confirm her self-worth. Scholar Mary Burgher believes that female Black autobiographers like Angelou have debunked the stereotypes of African-American mothers as "breeder[s] and matriarch[s]", and have presented them as having "a creative and personally fulfilling role".Burgher, p.

They are both buried in the Old Burgher churchyard in Pollokshaws. Their children were William Thomson b. 23 March 1809, d. 22 May 1855; Jean Armour Thomson b. 27 July 1815, d.

The population of the Matale Municipality areas is mix of numerous ethnic groups, Mainly Sri Lankan Tamils, small number of Indian Tamils & Sri Lankan Moor (Muslims). Others including Burgher, Malay & the Sinhalese.

In March 2018, he was one of the two onfield umpires for the quarterfinal match between Chilaw Marians Cricket Club and Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 Premier Limited Overs Tournament.

Neranjana Wanniarachchi (born 9 June 1998) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2016–17 Premier League Tournament on 9 December 2016.

Richard Leslie Brohier, , , (5 October 1892 – 14 February 1980) was a Ceylonese Burgher surveyor and author. He served as Deputy Surveyor General of Ceylon and Chairman of the Gal Oya Development Board.

Lamprais (English: Lumprice) is a Sri Lankan dish that was introduced by the country's Dutch Burgher population. Lamprais is derived from the Dutch word lomprijst, which loosely translated means a packet of food.

The VOC employed not only Dutch nationals, but also enlisted men from the Southern Netherlands, the German states, Denmark and Austria. It is therefore not unusual to find ancestors from these countries in many Dutch Burgher family trees. The term 'Burgher' comes from the Dutch word burger, meaning "citizen" or "town dweller", and is cognate with the French and English word "bourgeois". At this time in Europe, there had emerged a middle class, consisting of people who were neither aristocrats nor serfs.

Stopius was married twice: in 1563 he married Anna Drobe, daughter of a burgher of Riga, and in 1574 he married Anna Ingenover, also the daughter of a burgher in Riga. He had eight children, though it is not known which children were born from which marriage. His daughter Catharina Stopia entered Swedish service and was the first woman to serve as a diplomat of Sweden. His son, also named Zacharias Stopius, became personal physician to the king of Poland.

Any crime against a burgher was taken as a crime against the city community. In Switzerland if a burgher was assassinated, the other burghers had the right to bring the supposed murderer to trial by judicial combat.Louis Simond Switzerland; Or, A Journal of a Tour and Residence in that Country 1822 "If a burgher was assassinated, all the others had a right to bring the supposed murderer to trial by judicial combat, assumere duellum; and the chronicle of 1288 adds a singular circumstance, Duellum fuit in Berne inter virum et mulierem, sed ..." In the Netherlands burghers were often exempted from "corvee" or forced labor, a privilege which later extended to the Dutch East Indies. Ulbe Bosma, Remco Raben Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolization and Empire.

Richard Lionel Spittel, (commonly known as Dr. R. L. Spittel) (9 December 1881 – 3 September 1969) was a Ceylonese Burgher physician and author. He was one of the foremost experts on the Vedda community.

Portrait of Hardy by William Strang, 1893 "The Respectable Burgher on The Higher Criticism" is a poem by Thomas Hardy. It was originally published in 1901 in his collection Poems of the Past and Present.

Malinga Maligaspe (born 20 June 1986) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Burgher Recreation Club in Tier B of the 2008–09 Premier League Tournament on 14 November 2008.

The floor which Elms organized included works by Terry Adkins, Elijah Burgher, My Barbarian, Susan Howe, Charlemagne Palestine, Allan Sekula, and others. Elms worked as an associate producer for the 2011 PERFORMA visual art biennial.

He was born on 3 June 1937 in Colombo to a Burgher family in Hulftsdorp. His father was a businessman. He is an alumnus of St. Sebastian Maha Vidyalaya, Hulftsdorp. He has one elder sister.

Hans Vlieghe and Iris Kockelbergh. "Quellinus." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 25 March 2014 He was back in Antwerp in 1657 and became an Antwerp burgher on 11 May 1663.

The latter were not referred to as burghers in Ceylon, but rather by their rank, position or standing. During British colonial rule, they were referred to by the British as 'Dutch Burghers' and formed the European-descended civilian population in Ceylon. To some degree the term of Burgher was used in a derogatory way to divide and conquer the population, as it distinguished between British and other races or positions. The 'Dutch Burgher' community took pride in its own achievements and prized their European ancestry.

Citizens enjoyed legal protection of life and property from their governing body. A legal system encompassing the whole population of the republic did not yet exist. As in the 17th century the extent of this protection of life and property, varied from city to city. Meaning that if one burgher was to travel from his hometown to another territory, he was not protected by the law of the territory that he was on, but by the law of the territory that he was a burgher of.

Members of the congregation of Old Kilpatrick Parish Church left in 1777 to form a Burgher Secession congregation, which built a new church in 1781 at Kilpatrick Craigs at the foot of Cochno Road. The Burgher Secession congregation split again in 1799, resulting in the formation of the "auld lichts" and "new lichts", but they reunited some time after 1860 to form the Craigs and Duntocher United Free Church, worshipping at the church built by the "new lichts" at Old Street in Duntocher in 1822.

Until the reign of King John I there were apparently no restrictions on the use of burgher arms in Portugal. The first restriction appeared in this reign, with the ban of the use of the or tincture in these type of arms. During the reign of King Afonso V, burgher arms were restricted to the use of colours only, with both metals being banned. This restriction would become irrelevant when King Manuel I forbade the use of arms to those who were not of the Portuguese nobility.

In 1957 he was elected as president of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon, a position in which he served until 1959. Martensz emigrated to Australia in 1959 and died in Canberra on 26 March 1963.

In 1833 the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission created the Legislative Council of Ceylon, the first step in representative government in British Ceylon. Initially the Legislative Council consisted of 16 members: the British Governor, the five appointed members of the Executive Council of Ceylon, four other government officials and six appointed unofficial members (three Europeans, one Sinhalese, one Tamil and one Burgher). In 1889 the number of appointed unofficial members was increased to eight (three Europeans, one Low Country Sinhalese, one Kandyan Sinhalese, one Tamil, one Muslim and one Burgher). The Legislative Council was reformed in 1910 by the McCallum Reforms. Membership was increased to 21 of which 11 were officially appointed and 10 were unofficial (two elected Europeans, one elected Burgher, one elected educated Ceylonese, two appointed Low Country Sinhalese, two appointed Tamils, one appointed Kandyan Sinhalese and one appointed Muslim).

Most of the latter Burgher families, being unaware of the Jewish origins of these customs, have given them a Catholic slant. (Catholic and Episcopal churches had services for the churching of women after childbirth from ancient times.) However, some traditions attributed to Judaism can also be explained as borrowings or retention from the Tamil and Sinhalese communities with whom many Burgher families also share ancestry and culture. For example, the purification bath after a girl’s first period is a common cultural feature of the Tamil and Sinhalese communities of Sri Lanka and neighboring India.

According to Volborth, "the custom of the warrior-caste of using their [heraldic] arms on seals made this kind of pictorial identification fashionable and led to the adoption of arms by anybody using a seal." Noble women began using armorial seals in the 12th century. Heraldry spread to the burgher class in the 13th century, and even some peasants used arms in the 14th century. German burgher arms may have played a key role in the development of Swedish heraldry, especially in Stockholm, which had a large German population in the late Middle Ages.

The Burgher seat was contested by three candidates, whilst the seat for "educated" Ceylonese was contested by two candidates, with both winning candidates elected by large winning margins. Elections were held on 12 December for the Burgher seat and 13 December for the Ceylonese seat, with the results formally released on 18 December. Hector William van Cuylenburg (later Sir) was elected with 829 votes, with H Geo Thomas and Arthur Alvis receiving 466 votes and 273 votes respectively. A total of 1,568 Burghers (72.9%) of the total 2,149 registered voters casting their vote.

Beira Lake in the Slave Island area, is one of many religious structures in Colombo Colombo is a multi-religious, multi-ethnic, multi-cultural city. The population of Colombo is a mix of numerous ethnic groups, mainly Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamils, and Sri Lankan Moor. There are also small communities of people with Chinese, Portuguese Burgher, Dutch Burgher, Malay, and Indian origins living in the city, as well as numerous European expatriates. Colombo is the most populous city in Sri Lanka, with 642,163 people living within the city limits.

They were formed after the British took over the Cape Colony from the Dutch and granted the colony representative government. The organization was made up of a variety of units that patrolled and operated in various areas of the Cape. The organization was made up of the Frontier Armed and Mounted Police, the Burgher Force, and the Volunteer Force. The Burgher and Volunteer forces were district-based militias that could be mobilized in their respective areas; the Volunteer Force was made up of privately organized and financed units that provided services at the government's disposal.

He resigned from the Congress, following the retirement of Allen Drieberg, the Burger member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon, to take Drieberg's position on the Legislative Council, serving from 27 September 1924 to 1931. When the 1st State Council of Ceylon was constituted in 1931, Wille was nominated as the Burgher member. He was however prevented from taking up the office due to professional problems at his legal firm, De Vos and Gratiaen. However, when the Burgher deputation to the Donoughmore Commission was selected, Wille was an undisputed representative.

The burgher house was built in 1911. It was designed by Warsaw-based architect Stanisław Paszkiewicz. The building was originally planned for use of Włocławek Credit Union. Ludwik Bauer was the chairman of the organisation at the time.

Sri Lanka has longstanding ties with the Indian subcontinent that can be traced back to prehistory. Sri Lanka's population is predominantly Sinhalese with sizable Sri Lankan Moor, Sri Lankan Tamil, Indian Tamil, Sri Lankan Malay and Burgher minorities.

Piotr Baryka (1600–1675) was a seventeenth-century Polish soldier and writer, most probably of burgher origin, of whom very little is known. He is listed as one of the authors present at the coronation of Władysław IV.

She is described as a very useful and able actor. She is most known for her successful roles as aristocratic ladies in burgher comedies, but she was also a singer and able to perform when the theatre occasionally offered opera performances.

November 2007. Horton Gallery has earned a reputation for discovering and launching the careers of emerging painters. Gallery exhibitions have been widely reviewed, including exhibitions by artists Saul Becker, Elijah Burgher, Peter Gallo, Clare Grill, Kirk Hayes, and Aaron Spangler.

Barbara Giza (; ca. 1550 – May 1589), was the mistress of King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland during 1570-1572. She was the daughter of Warsaw burgher Jan Giza, a merchant and usurer, and his wife Anna, whose origins are unknown.

Sri Lankan Canadians refers to people from Sri Lanka who have arrived and settled in Canada. Among these immigrants include members from the Sinhalese, Tamil, Moor, Malay and Burgher ethnicities. According to 2016 census there are 152,595 Sri Lankans in Canada.

A burgher was a rank or title of a privileged citizen of medieval towns in early modern Europe. Burghers formed the pool from which city officials could be drawn, and their immediate families formed the social class of the medieval bourgeoisie.

The Burghers established their own culture and have contributed linguistically to the variety of Sri Lankan English. The Burgher sub-culture, and cuisine has been portrayed effectively through popular literature, notably Carl Muller's trilogy and Michael Ondaatje's Running in the Family.

In 1833 the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission created the Legislative Council of Ceylon, the first step in representative government in British Ceylon. Initially the Legislative Council consisted of 16 members: the British Governor, the five appointed members of the Executive Council of Ceylon, four other government officials and six appointed unofficial members (three Europeans, one Sinhalese, one Tamil and one Burgher). In 1889 the number of appointed unofficial members was increased to eight (three Europeans, one Low Country Sinhalese, one Kandyan Sinhalese, one Tamil, one Muslim and one Burgher). The Legislative Council was reformed in 1910 by the McCallum Reforms.

John Kingsman Beling was born in New York City on October 29, 1919, and was raised in Harrington Park, New Jersey. He was the son of Aelian Arnold Beling, born in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) on 31 December 1879 and Mable Ashe Jackson (b.1886). Aelian Arnold Beling was a Ceylonese Burgher or Dutch Burgher, the son of William Wright Beling I (Proctor) and Maria Elizabeth Prins, who were married in the Dutch Reformed Church, Wolvendahl, Ceylon on 1 February 1864. Aelian was also the younger brother of the Ceylonese artist William Wright Beling II (1867 - 1928).

During the European Middle Ages, citizenship was usually associated with cities and towns (see medieval commune), and applied mainly to middle class folk. Titles such as burgher, grand burgher (German Großbürger) and bourgeoisie denoted political affiliation and identity in relation to a particular locality, as well as membership in a mercantile or trading class; thus, individuals of respectable means and socioeconomic status were interchangeable with citizens. During this era, members of the nobility had a range of privileges above commoners (see aristocracy), though political upheavals and reforms, beginning most prominently with the French Revolution, abolished privileges and created an egalitarian concept of citizenship.

He was 2nd Cousin to Cornelius Vanderbilt from his mother's side. Eliza and Henry and most of their family members are buried in Moravian Cemetery at New Dorp on Staten Island. > Children # Cornelia J Butler (1845-1929) married John H Burgher # James > Henry Butler (1847- ) # Sarah Maria Butler (1849-1917) married George A > Burgher # George Washington Butler (1851-1934) # Ella Frances Butler > (1853-1888) married George Henry Prier # Emilie Augusta Butler (1856-1920) > married Alexander C Bragaw # Simeon Andrews Butler (1858-1943) married Ella > Gertrude Brown # Fanny Butler (1866-1875) Henry Clay Bolster (1827–1854) married Mary Jane Whitting in 1853.

The Dutch retained the Kapitan system, but when the growing number of Europeans in Malaysia made change necessary, a police force known as the 'Burgher Guard' was established. The Burgher Guard was controlled by the Dutch, but their subordinates were made up of the local citizens. Village leaders continued to assume the duties of policemen under Dutch rule, as they had since before the Portuguese arrived. Following the assimilation of Malacca into the British Empire in 1795, a modern police organisation in Malaysia was formed, on 25 March 1807, after the Charter of Justice in Penang was granted.

The colonial forces were established after Britain granted the Cape Colony "representative government" in 1853. The colony was encouraged to assume some of the responsibility for its own defence, and in 1855 three separate military organisations were formed: the para-military Frontier Armed and Mounted Police (FAMP); the Burgher Force; and the Volunteer Force. The FAMP was responsible for maintaining law and order in the districts along the frontier with the Xhosa territories in the Transkei. The Burgher Force was a district-based militia, whose units could be mobilised when necessary to maintain order in their home districts.

In 1833 the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission created the Legislative Council of Ceylon, the first step in representative government in British Ceylon. Initially the Legislative Council consisted of 16 members: the British Governor, the five appointed members of the Executive Council of Ceylon, four other government officials and six appointed unofficial members (three Europeans, one Sinhalese, one Tamil and one Burgher). In 1889 the number of appointed unofficial members was increased to eight (three Europeans, one Low Country Sinhalese, one Kandyan Sinhalese, one Tamil, one Muslim and one Burgher). The Legislative Council was reformed in 1910 by the McCallum Reforms.

Robb was instrumental in uniting the Associate Burgher Synod, of which he was Moderator in 1835, with the Church of Scotland. He joined the Church of Scotland in 1839 along with the remainder of the Burgher Synod, retaining his old congregation in Strathkiness. However, only four years later he made a stand for 'Christ's Gown and Covenant' signing the Protest and joining the Free Church of Scotland Free Church of Scotland when it withdrew from the established church following the Disruption of 1843. That same year he left Glasgow for America, arriving in Nova Scotia in July 1844.

Carl Forsstrand, Storborgare och Stadsmajorer, 1918 She enjoyed theatre and a large social life, often entertained and had guests from both the nobility and burgher class. Several anecdotes are known about Nyman. At one occasion, two male guests from the nobility was said to have praised her hospitality on the grounds that, as they were in a burgher house and not among their own class, they did not have to bother about manners but put their arms on the table, upon which Nyman replied: "If you join my pigs you may enjoy your comfort in that regard - you may lay down in their trough completely." According to one version of this story, these noblemen were in fact the two princely brothers of the king, Gustav III: Christina Nyman and her brothers were valuable allies of the king among the burgher estate and the king "displayed his polite attention to her numerous times".

Andrew Burgher Michael Ker (born 16 October 1954 in Kelso, Scottish Borders) is a Scottish rugby union and cricket player.Bath, p106 He was capped for in 1988. He also played for Kelso RFC. He also played for the Scotland national cricket team.

Now known as Liberty Island, under Dutch sovereignty the island became the property of Isaack Bedloo, merchant and "select burgher" of New Amsterdam, and one of 94 signers of the "Remonstrance of the People of New Netherlands to the Director-General and Council".

J. R. Weinman was a Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) lawyer, judge and legislator. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon and had served as District Judge of Colombo.Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union Weinman was educated at the Colombo Academy.

Jeffrey was a good conversationalist and could tell many literary and professional anecdotes. He was a staunch Protestant. He has a long association with the Anti-Burgher Meeting House in Jedburgh. Just before it closed, he became a member of Jedburgh's Parish Kirk.

Prior to the Second World War, Yangon, then known as Rangoon, had a thriving Portuguese community. The community was primarily composed of Eurasians of Asian-Portuguese origin and ethnic Goans, as well as few Burgher people from Sri Lanka, and some European Portuguese.

Caterina d’Olzinelles (fl. 1448), was a Spanish woman, subject of a cause célèbre in Barcelona in Aragon in 1448. She was the widow of a burgher, with an adult son. As a widow, she had the right by law to live independently.

After Stralsund's surrender, a Danish administration under commander von Stöcken was set up,Meier (2008), p.72 and 1028 Swedish prisoners of war were detained in the town.Meier (2008), p.73 Yet, many noble and burgher families - Pomeranian, Swedish or intermarried - remained loyal to Sweden.

Peter Burgher's Quicksilver MX-1 In the summer of 1982, Peter Burgher modified a Quicksilver MX-1 with longer wings, larger fuel tanks, and modified carburetor jets flew from Utica, Michigan to St. Petersburg, Florida on an endurance flight setting 56 world and national records.

"Ben Viljoen, The Forgotten Boer War Hero", BHA News Number 139, Boksburg Historical Association, August 2006 He attained the position of Assistant Commandant- General of the Transvaal Burgher Forces and was member for Krugersdorp in the Transvaal Volksraad. He was a South African Freemason.

Adrianus (Adriaen) Valerius, also known as Adriaen Valerius, (c. 1575 - 1625) was a Dutch poet and composer, known mostly for his poems dealing with peasant and burgher life and those dealing with the Dutch War of Independence, assembled in his great work Nederlandtsche gedenck-clanck.

He was active in Middelburg until September 1657. From 1659 he is recorded in Rotterdam. Here he was referred to as a 'burgher and painter' when he was involved in the sale of a house in 1666. He is documented in Rotterdam until 1677.

In 1281, a burgher of Magdeburg announced a Round Table in that town. Another was set up by the burghers of Tournai in 1330. René of Anjou, the King of Naples, even erected an Arthurian castle for his 1446 Round Table.Lacy, Norris J. (1991).

In 1747, a 'breach' occurred in the secession church, to which he belonged. Two bodies were formed, called the Burghers and the Anti- burghers, of whom the first maintained that it was, and the second that it was not, lawful to take the burgess oath in the Scottish towns. Following the division, there was a need for preachers in the Burgher branch, and Brown was the first new divinity student. Brown adhered to the more liberal view, and now began to prepare himself for the ministry, he studied theology and philosophy in connection with the Associate Burgher Synod under Ebenezer Erskine of Stirling, and James Fisher of Glasgow.

The name of Anna's parents are unknown, but she was the sister of Simon Skräddare ("Simon the Tailor") and with him the heir of their parents, and born into the wealthy Stockholm burgher class: it is noted that her brother sold a stone house which had previously belonged to their parents in 1513. On an unknown date, Anna married a burgher craftsman of bags, who is named as "Bag Maker" but whose first name cannot be clearly established. It is clearly stated that both Anna's husband and brother was executed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. As a widow, Anna became more visible in the official documents.

At 16 he fought in Matebeleland. He joined the Cape Mounted Police and was at the Relief of Mafeking in South Africa. He joined the Somaliland Burgher Corps fighting the "Mad Mullah" in Somaliland. In 1906 he took part in the suppression of the Bambatha Rebellion.

See also Popp, p. XII In one especially controversial writ of 1820, Soutzos ruled that the city of Târgoviște was not mortmain, and proclaimed it his family's property. This edict resulted sparked a burgher revolt, during which cadastre officials were attacked and chased out of Târgoviște.Djuvara, p.

When the severance took place over the oath administered to burgesses, he adhered, along with his brother, to the burgher section. His works consist of sermons, poetical paraphrases and gospel sonnets. The Gospel Sonnets have frequently appeared separately. His Life and Diary, edited by the Rev.

Bagge is a Swedish family originally of Norwegian background from Marstrand, Bohuslän, by Nils Fredriksson Bagge, burgher and mayor of Marstrand in the 17th century. According to Danmarks Adels Aarbog, the yearbook of the Danish Nobility, ennobled Sea Captain Peder Bagge was issued from the family.

A certain Peter, burgher of Sopron complained to the monarch in the next year that Lawrence, as ispán of the county, unlawfully usurped and retook the estate of Dag from him, despite the fact that Peter had received it as a royal privilege from Béla before that.

She came from a burgher family, and married the vicar Hendrik van Meerten (ca 1760-1830) in 1794. She was given an education in a finishing school, which was described as shallow, as was the custom for education offered in the schools for girls at that time.

Ebenezer Erskine (1680-1754). Ralph was named after Revd. Ralph Erskine (1685-1752) the brother of Ebenezer. From the age of 14 Robb was educated at Glasgow University, and thereafter pursued theological studies under Mr Taylor of Perth, Professor of Theology to the Original Burgher Synod.

Bates, p. 114 Allen Tate suggests a different interpretation in maintaining that Stevens' dandyism was "the perfect surface beneath which plays an intense Puritanism".Tate, p. 506 The burgher does not look on with ironic dismay but rather uses the poses to achieve reticence about self-disclosure.

Anna Hansdatter Svane was born at Ribe, the daughter of Hans Svaning and Marine Sørensdatter Stage. Her grandfather was historian Hans Svaning (ca. 1500- 1584) whose surname was subsequently altered to Svane. In 1590, she was married to the mayor of Horsens, burgher merchant Hans Olufsen Riber (d. 1615).

He also held office again in 1649 and 1650. He was appointed a Grand Schepen (alderman, or magistrate) on Feb. 2, 1656, and on April 11, 1657 he was admitted to the Rights of a Great Burgher. Thus he took an important part in the government of New Amsterdam.

During the reaction which followed he fled to Amsterdam, of which city he was admitted a burgher. cites: Christie, Life of Shaftesbury, ii. 452, 455. In 1683 and the following year he was at Bremen, of which place Lord Preston, the English ambassador at Paris, describes him as governor.

He served as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Finance in the First Sirimavo Bandaranaike cabinet, from 28 August 1962 to 6 May 1963, following the resignation of George Rajapaksa. Poulier also served as the president of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon from 1955 to 1957.

The development of the Indo European (Eurasian) community was not completely unique in world history. Everywhere where Colonial powers established a consistent and continued presence hybrid communities existed. Notable international examples include the Anglo-Burmese people, Anglo-Indian, Burgher people, Eurasian Singaporean, Filipino mestizo, Kristang people, Macanese people.

He became a full miller at the age of fourteen. The family attended the Seceder Anti-burgher Presbyterian Meeting House at Midlem. The minister, the Reverend James Inglis, noticed Alexander's appetite and aptitude for education. Inglis provided him with his personal books, including volumes by Burns and Shakespeare.

Gehan Dassanayake was a Sri Lankan cricketer who played for Sinhalese Sports Club. Dassanayake made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1988-89 season, against Burgher Recreation Club. He did not bat in the match, but bowled 7 overs, taking figures of 2-11.

His other matches were against Burgher Recreation Club and Colts Cricket Club. Tamil Union finished the Trophy as runners up to the Sinhalese Sports Club Instead of continuing in domestic cricket, Kamalasuriya moved to the Australian city of Adelaide where he studied marketing and later opened a cleaning business.

Nerio's wife, Agnes de' Saraceni, was the daughter of Saraceno de' Saraceni, a Venetian burgher living in Euboea. They married before 1381. She administered Athens and Corinth during Nerio's captivity. She sent James Petri, Bishop of Argos to Venice to achieve the release of her husband in 1389.

Within the Catholic Church, the most prominent resistance member was Greifswald priest Alfons Wachsmann, who was executed in 1944.Werner Buchholz (1999), pp. 506, 510. After the failed assassination attempt of Hitler on July 20, 1944, Gestapo arrested thirteen Pomeranian nobles and one burgher, all knight estate owners.

Born in 1474 to a burgher family in Kraków, Ciołek graduated from the Kraków Academy with the Master's in 1491.Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna (2007), Biskup płocki, bp Erazm Ciołek. Retrieved . He is not to be confused with Erazm Ciołek from the same family, who received his Master's in 1512.

Vasudevi was born as Pearl Peiris in Galle on March 30, 1915 to a Burgher family. She studied at the Good Shepherd Convent, Colombo and became interested in theater at a young age. She was married to fellow actor Eddie Junior. The couple has one daughter, Sujeewa Lalee.

Eds: József Fazekas, Péter Huncík. Šamorín: Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín. . In the school year 1920–21, the Hungarian minority had 721 elementary schools, which only decreased by one in the next 3 years. Hungarians had also 18 higher "burgher" schools, 4 grammar schools and 1 teacher institute.

Radhe is a Swedish family. An early primogenitor was Bryngel Radhe, burgher and restaurateur in Gothenburg (dead 1679-11-05). He was married 1656-01-17 in Gothenburg to Maria Hantons (dead 1680-06-11), daughter of presumably a Scottish immigrant. One branch was ennobled as Gripenstedt in 1717.

Main Reef outcrop on original farms 1886. After the Great Trek European pastoralists also started settling in the Transvaal. Some of them chose to farm where Johannesburg was to rise later. Each burgher (citizen) was entitled to at least one farm, measuring 1500 morgen or about 3100 acres.

1601) became mayor of Horsens. Her youngest son Hans Svane (1606-1668) would become Bishop of the Diocese of Zealand. After the death of her spouse, she took over his business and managed his properties in Horsens. She became a leading member of the then growing wealthy Danish burgher class.

Percentage of burghers per district based on 2001 or 1981 (cursive) census. Nowadays Burgher people predominantly speak Sinhala. Until the early 20th century, many Burghers spoke English and a form of Portuguese Creole, even those of Dutch descent. Portuguese Creole had been the language of trade and communication with Sri Lankans.

It was not until 1909 that constitutional development began with a partly elected assembly, and not until 1920 that elected members outnumbered official appointees. Universal suffrage was introduced in 1931, over the protests of the Sinhalese, Tamil and Burgher elite who objected to the common people being allowed to vote.

The building is similar in style to contemporary city houses in Visby, and may have been commissioned by a Visby burgher living on the countryside. In 1925 a restoration was carried out with elements of reconstruction. It is a listed building and is privately owned. However, for visitors it is accessible.

When the British took over Malacca in 1795 (while Sumatera's Bangkahulu province remained under Dutch rule), William Farquhar was elected as the British military governor and the Dutch officers remained in their positions. The Malacca justice council was allowed to function as a magistrate and continue the Burgher Guard police duties.

Under government direction, the Colonial Forces grew and became more professional during the 1880s and 1890s. Maj Gen Charles 'Chinese' Gordon was briefly commandant-general in 1882. He was succeeded by Col Zachary Bayly (1882–1892). Compulsory registration of men for the Burgher Force ended in 1884, effectively disbanding the force.

He served as President of the Engineering Association of Ceylon; President of the Ceylon Geographical Association; President of the Ceylon Survey Institute, and President of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society and an honorary member of the Netherlands Alumni Association.

Haizmann’s votive painting (triptych). Left: Satan appears as a fine burgher, and Haizmann signs a pact with ink. Right: The Devil reappears a year later and forces Haizmann to sign another pact with his own blood. Middle: The Virgin Mary makes the Devil to return the second pact during an exorcism.

John was born into a Jewish family in Vienna. The date of his birth is unknown. He was also known as John Hampó. He was first mentioned as a burgher in Buda in 1457 or 1458, showing that he had moved from Vienna to the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary.

Thushendra De Zoysa (born 29 November 1978) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He has played 18 first-class and 15 List A matches for several domestic sides in Sri Lanka since 2001/02. His last first-class match was for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2006–07 Premier Trophy on 23 February 2007.

Cranach married Barbara Brengbier, the daughter of a burgher of Gotha and also born there; she died at Wittenberg on 26 December 1540. Cranach later owned a house at Gotha, but most likely he got to know Barbara near Wittenberg, where her family also owned a house, which later also belonged to Cranach.

Thus the family held a dual status as patricians or members of the Daig of the burgher republic of Basel, and as nobles of the Holy Roman Empire. As of 1659, the Faesch family was the richest family of Basel with a fortune of nearly 250,000 florins. Their family foundation still exists.

Laurence (Lorenz) James Vernon Ludovici (19 September 1910"The Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union in Ceylon". Vol. 57, No. 1-4. 1967. p. 39. – April 1996)James Lorenz Ludovici, England and Wales Death Registration Index 1837-2007 was an American non-fiction author. He was born in Colombo and died in London.

In 1694 he acquired the rights of a burgher of Leipzig. He quickly became wealthy. Among his customers were the Imperial Army of Emperor Charles VI of Germany, which he supplied with equipment and foodstuffs. For his services, in 1717 in Vienna he was raised to the peerage and designated Edler of Hohenthal.

This is a list of notable Burgher people, who are a Eurasian ethnic group, historically from Sri Lanka, consisting for the most part of male-line descendants of European colonists from the 16th to 20th centuries (mostly Portuguese, Dutch, German and British) and local women, with some minorities of French and Irish.

The burgher elders stated that Baer, Söderman and Richter had merely inherited their businesses (and burgher rights) from their late husbands: they had not sworn the burgher oath personally, were thus not 'full members' of the guilds, and thereby they did not have the right to vote, despite being guild members.Jarna Heinonen, Kirsi Vainio-Korhonen, Women in Business Families: From Past to Present In his answer to Baer's petition to vote, the governor stated that she had no reason to fear that her business rights should be threatened in any way, but: :"… Mrs Baer wishes to vote for the representatives of the Parliament: this curious matter seemed too ridiculous for the City Elders to answer further. For that reason, and because it seemed likely that Mrs Baer had been seduced to this step, so unexpected for the strength of her intellect and unflattering for her sex, we will give no further reply to her petition in this matter." The conditional women's suffrage in Sweden-Finland was in any case abolished the following year, when the revolution of 1772 abolished the age of liberty in favour of absolute monarchy.

The free burghers nominated persons among them who could serve as representatives at the Council meetings at the Cape. The first burgher Councillor (Dutch title: burgherraden), Steven Jansz, was appointed in 1657 by the Rijcklof van Goens. The following year he was joined by his colleague Hendrik Boom to serve as burgherraden in the Council.

These are sometimes referred to as burgher arms, and it is thought that most arms of this type were adopted while the Netherlands was a republic (1581–1806). This heraldic tradition was also exported to the erstwhile Dutch colonies.Roosevelt Coats of Arms: Theodore and Franklin Delano at American Heraldry Society. Accessed January 20, 2007.

Stanisław Staszic was born into a burgher family in the town of Piła (he was baptised on 6 November 1755), the youngest of four siblings. His father, Wawrzyniec Staszic, was mayor of Piła and a royal secretary. His brothers were Antoni (1743–1775) and Andrzej (1745–1825), a priest. Staszic attended secondary school at Wałcz.

The church's congregation was founded in 1792 as an "Anti-Burgher" congregation, which in 1820 became part of the United Secession Church (and in turn U.P. from 1847)."Wellington Church", What's on Glasgow. Retrieved on 1 August 2020. In 1828, they opened their own church building in Wellington Street near the centre of Glasgow.

When the peasant died, the lord was entitled to his best cattle, his best garments and his best tools. The justice system, operated by the clergy or wealthy burgher and patrician jurists, gave the peasant no redress. Generations of traditional servitude and the autonomous nature of the provinces limited peasant insurrections to local areas.

Savin Gunasekara (born 15 July 1996) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his List A debut for Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club in the 2017–18 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 14 March 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut on 15 January 2020, for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2019–20 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.

They cooperated among the several denominations and appealed to the Treaty of Oliva guarantees or to foreign (Prussian, English and Dutch) protection in case of imposed restrictions. The ethnically Polish and culturally active settlement concentrations that had remained in parts of Silesia, Pomerania and Prussia had the burgher Protestant class as their leading component.

Christoph Haizmann’s 1677-78 votive painting (triptych). Left: Satan appears as a fine burgher, and Haizmann signs a pact with ink. Right: The devil reappears a year later and forces Haizmann to sign another pact with his own blood. Middle: The Virgin Mary makes the devil to return the second pact during an exorcism.

Membership was increased to 21 of which 11 were officially appointed and 10 were unofficial (two elected Europeans, one elected Burgher, one elected educated Ceylonese, two appointed Low Country Sinhalese, two appointed Tamils, one appointed Kandyan Sinhalese and one appointed Muslim). Less than 3,000 Ceylonese were eligible to vote for the four elected unofficial members.

His vida goes further in describing him as a handsome man of the middle class, the son of a burgher and jongleur, who himself became a jongleur.Jones, 309. The biographer did not regard him as an accomplished trobaire (troubadour/composer/inventor of poetry) but as a noellaire. This word has been open to interpretation.

Charuka Kahagalla (born 9 June 1988) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He is a left- handed batsman and right-arm off-break bowler who plays for Sebastianites Cricket and Athletic Club. He was born in Diwulapitaya. Kahagalla made his List A debut during the 2009-10 Premier Limited Overs Tournament, against Burgher Recreation Club.

Moore casts Stevens as an explorer of the exotic who takes refuge in a "riot of gorgeousness". She adds that although "Mr. Stevens is never inadvertently crude, one is conscious...of a deliberate bearishness—a shadow of acrimonious, unprovoked contumely."Axelrod and Deese, p. 4 Stevens seems to admit as much in "The Weeping Burgher".

Barchusen was the eldest son of the burgher Conrad Barkhausen and his wife Catharina Hedwig Barkhausen (born Eichhof). After the death of his parents, Johann Conrad Barchusen lived with his uncle Franz Caspar Barkhausen (1636-1715). Franz Caspar Barkhausen was a jurist, archivist and librarian who lived in Detmold. While living with him, Johann Barchusen learned Latin and Greek.

Soon thereafter, further rows of houses were built outside the eastern gate. These led to the small Church of Our Lady (today's Church of the Assumption of Mary). The first church inside the town walls (at first only a small chapel) was built beneath the castle by the Brunecker burgher Niklas von Stuck. This church is today the Rainkirche.

Paavali, as he was known before his ecclesiastical career, was initially schooled at the Viborg School of Latin. His parents, burgher Pietari Juusten and his wife Anna, owned their townhouse near the Blackfriars' monastery at Viborg. The street bore the name Juusteninkatu until the town centuries later was ceded to the Soviet Union. His parents seemingly died in ca.

The Tartu Linna-tütarlastekool (German: Stadttöcherschule zu Dorpat) was a girls' school active in Tartu in Estonia between 1804 and 1893. It belonged to the most prestigious educational institutions for girls in the Baltic. The school was founded 14 October 1804. It was a German language school for girls of the German language burgher and higher classes.

It is alleged the Regiment was founded as the Burgher Guard of Wildwijk in 1758. Captain Hendrick's Schoonmaker's Company of the 1st Ulster Regiment lineage continues to the Headquarters and Service Battery, 1st Battalion of the 156th Field Artillery Regiment which in 2006 was reorganized to become both the 1156th Engineer Company and the 104th Military Police Battalion.

Leidenberch says that the rebel action is ruined. Act 2, Scene 6: Utrecht The feminist Dutchwomen lament the Prince's victory. Their husbands (the burgher rebels) tell them to go home and pray for their souls, as they expect to be hanged soon. The English gentlewoman enters and gloatingly asks the Dutchwomen if their opinion of the Prince has changed.

The origins of toponymic by-names have been attributed to two non-mutually exclusive trends. One was to link the nobility to their places of origin and their feudal holdings and provide a marker of their status, while the other relates to the growth of the burgher class in the cities, partly via migration from the countryside.

Portugal ruled Malacca for over a century. On 14 January 1641, a Dutch fleet conquered it with help from Johor troops in a battle at Aceh. The Dutch ruled Malacca with a combined military and Portuguese system. Its police force, known as Burgher Guard, was formed as the European population increased; the lower ranks were made up of Malaccans.

He moved to the Southern Netherlands and joined the Guild of Saint Luke of Antwerp in 1635 or 1636 and became a burgher of that city in 1637. However he was often absent, as attested by the duties he had to pay for this. His remarkable talent gained him a considerable reputation. He could hardly satisfy the demand.

Adam Tas (pronounced "Ah-dum Tuss") was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. One of his aunts and her German husband, Henning Hüsing, came to the Cape in search of fortune. When he was 29 (1697), Tas joined them and stayed at Meerlust, their Stellenbosch home. Two years later he was appointed Standard Bearer to the Burgher Infantry.

Fort White was established in 1835 as a base for the British army during the Xhosa Wars. It is the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, near King William's Town. It was named after Major TC White, Assistant Quarter-Master General of the Burgher Force and military land-surveyor and topographer, who was killed near the Mbashe River.

The 2016–17 Premier League Tournament was the 29th season of first-class cricket in Sri Lanka's Premier Trophy. Fourteen teams competed, split into two groups of seven. Burgher Recreation Club replaced Sri Lanka Ports Authority Cricket Club, who were relegated from the previous years' tournament, after finishing bottom of the Plate League. Sinhalese Sports Club won the competition.

Nishantha Fernando (born 8 February 1970) was a Sri Lankan cricketer. He was a right-arm bowler who played for Moratuwa Sports Club. Fernando made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1989-90 season, against Burgher Recreation Club. From the tailend, he scored 6 runs in the only innings in which he batted.

Commemorative plaque at former Jesuit Collegium in Krasnystaw Niesiecki was born in Greater Poland to a burgher family. In 1699 he began training as a Jesuit in Kraków. From 1701 to 1704 he studied philosophy in Lublin, earning a master's degree. In 1707 Niesiecki started his studies in theology at the Jagiellonian University, graduating in 1711.

First Book 1772-1842). Albert Bonniers Förlag (1917), Stockholm. (in Swedish) In 1825, she is noted to have performed the part of Elizabeth opposite Maria Sylvan in Mary Stuart by Schiller in Åbo in Finland. She spent her last years with her daughter in Gothenburg, where she gave dance lessons to the children of the city burgher upper class.

The students who studied there included Sinhalese, Tamil, Muslim and Burgher. In 1954, the school consisted of 40 students and two staff members but doubled in size that year. In the 1970s, enrollment increased to 250, and later exceeded 500. During those first decades, the focus was to promote as many students as possible to university level.

Kromer was born in 1512 into a prominent burgher family of German descent in Biecz, in Lesser Poland. He completed his basic education in a local church-run school. In 1528 he transferred to Kraków, where in 1530 he graduated as a bachelor at the Cracow Academy. In 1533–37 he worked at the Royal Chancellery in Kraków.

Mohamed Askar (born 13 December 1986) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He is a left- handed batsman and slow left-arm bowler who plays for Burgher Recreation Club. He was born in Ragama. Askar, who made his cricketing debut for the Under-23s team in 2009, made his List A debut during the 2009-10 season, against Sebastianites.

Albertus Pictor, the most famous Swedish artist of the late medieval period, was admitted burgher of the town in 1465. Today the city is an important traffic link since the highways E18 and E20 merge there. Two railways Mälarbanan and Svealandsbanan, between Stockholm and Hallsberg also merge in Arborga. The city has a population of about 14,350 (2016).

Pradeep Kumara (born Jayasinghage Pradeep Kumara on 15 August 1972) was a Sri Lankan cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and left-arm slow bowler who played for Police Sports Club. He was born in Colombo. Kumara made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1998-99 season, against Burgher Recreation Club.

Under Dutch sovereignty the island became the property of Isaack Bedloo, a merchant and "select burgher" of New Amsterdam, and one of 94 signers of the "Remonstrance of the People of New Netherlands to the Director-General and Council". It has been the home of the Statue of Liberty since 1886, and was renamed to Liberty Island in 1956.

Gavin Struthers, ut supra, at pp. 256-7, states that Hutchison was educated for the Anti-burgher ministry and was on the point of applying for his licence when persuaded otherwise by sermons of Rev. Alexander Pirie, preached in the parish of Blairlogie which Hutchison visited from neighbouring Dunblane. The first limb of this is challenged by Rev.

Paterson United Free Church of Scotland was renamed to honour H. A. Paterson, the church's minister who died in 1901, this church was originally called the United Presbyterian Church and was built in 1879. Prior to this was the church for the Associates Secession or Burgher denomination, which was built nearby in 1796 and existed until 1878.

These figures became even more polarized towards Hindus during the LTTE occupation which came to an end in 2007 (see Eelam War IV). According to the 2012 census, the total population was 525,142. Of which 381,285 were Sri Lankan Tamils, 133,844 Moors, 6,127 were Sinhalese, 2,794 Burgher, 1,015 Indian Tamils, 58 Veddah, 16 Malay, and 3 Sri Lanka Chetty.

His stipend was only £50, a quarter of what he had been offered by the United Secession Church in 1829. In 1837, the church voted to join the Auld Licht Burghers, and they were formally received into the Original Burgher Synod the following year.Prentis (1993), p. 342. In 1839, Reid took over an Auld Licht congregation in Bathgate, Linlithgowshire.

His father Anders Jensen Høegh was described by one historian as a "common, enterprising, skillful burgher of Brevig". He had been married for the second time, to Cathrine Cudrio, née Zachariassen. Simon Karenius Høegh married Karen Sophie Wiborg (1815-1905) in 1843. She was the daughter of Simon Grotter Wiborg and his wife Karen, née Holst, from Tønsberg.

Regulations issued in 1714 defined their duties as watching out for fire, public mischief, housebreaking, theft or other offences, uproars in taverns, and unlocked doors and windows.Resolution of the Council of Policy (9 January 1714). Under British rule, the ratelwagt became known as the 'night watch'. Control of the watch passed to the new Burgher Senate in 1796.

Many old Burgher families kept stamboeken (from the Dutch for "clan books"). These recorded not only dates of births, marriages and deaths, but also significant events in the history of a family, such as details of moving house, illnesses, school records, and even major family disputes. An extensive, multi-volume stamboek of many family lineages is kept by the Dutch Burgher Union. Individual families often have indigenous European traditions reflecting their specific family origins. Burghers of Dutch origin sometimes celebrate the Feast of Saint Nicholas in December, and those of Portuguese- Jewish origin observe customs such as the separation time of a woman after childbirth (see Leviticus 12:2-5), the redemption of the Firstborn (Pidyon ha- Ben), and the purification bath (taharah) after a daughter’s first period (see niddah).

The early events of the French Revolution were taking place when the Great Sejm was in session. Accordingly, as feudal interests in Europe were being threatened, close attention was paid in Poland to the views expressed by burgher publicists and burgher leaders wanted to take advantage of the situation. Advised by Kołłątaj, Jan Dekert, President of Warsaw, summoned in November 1789 representatives of 141 royal cities to the Polish capital. There they signed the "Act of Unification of the Cities" and formed the Black Procession, which headed for the Royal Castle and handed in their postulates of greatly increased political and economic rights for residents of towns to the King and the Sejm. The 1789 peasant unrest also added to the fears of the revolution spreading to the Commonwealth.

22, London, Publisher J. Newbery, 1763, General History, of Nobility, p. 155—167. A member class within the patrician ruling elite,Wörterbuch der schweizerdeutschen Sprache, Schweizerisches Idiotikon - Dictionary of the Swiss German Language, Verlag Huber Frauenfeld, Frauenfeld, Switzerland, 1881, Volume IV, Page 1584, in German. the Grand Burgher was a type of urban citizen and social order of highest rank, a formally defined upper social class of affluent individuals and elite burgher families in medieval German-speaking city-states and towns under the Holy Roman Empire, who usually were of a wealthy business or significant mercantile background and estate. This hereditary title and influential constitutional status, privy to very few individuals and families across Central Europe, formally existed well into the late 19th century and early part of the 20th century.

Vidanelage Samantha Pathmachandra de Mel (born 12 December 1965) is a former Italian cricketer of Sri Lankan origin.Cricinfo profile A left-arm orthodox spinner,CricketArchive profile he played for the Italy national cricket team between 1996 and 1998, having previously played first-class cricket for Burgher Recreation Club and Sebastianites Cricket and Athletic Club in his native Sri Lanka.Teams played for by Samantha de Mel at CricketArchive Born in Colombo, de Mel started his career playing in his native Sri Lanka, playing eight first-class matches for Burgher Recreation Club in 1989, and four for Sebastianites Cricket and Athletic Club during the 1990–91 season.First-class matches played by Samantha de Mel at CricketArchive He later moved to Italy, and first represented the national team there in the 1996 European Championship.

By 1779 the Relief was under attack from both Burghers and Anti-burghers, and Hutchison took it upon himself to hold the Relief’s corner in print, publishing A Compendious View of the Religious System maintained by the Synod of Relief.A Compendious View of the Religious System maintained by the Synod of Relief together with a distinct Account of the Points in difference between the Synod of Relief and the National Establishment on the one hand and the Secession on the other (Daniel Reid, Falkirk, 1779). This put at the heart of the system principles of independence of church from patronage and civil authority, toleration and friendly communion between all Protestant persuasions, and rejection of conventions (in particular, submission to the Solemn League of Covenant) that would, as Hutchison saw it, exclude Christ’s apostles from membership of the church of the First Secession. The Burgher Synod replied with a pamphlet denouncing the Relief as unprincipled in its fellowship and conducive to immorality, to which Hutchison responded with A Few Animadversions on the Re-exhibition of Burgher- Testimony,A Few Animadversions on the Re-Exhibition of the Burgher Testimony as far as it relates to the Principles of the Relief Church (David Paterson, Edinburgh, 1779).

In 1958, the burgher school was transformed into an eight-year secondary school for six surrounding villages.Nekuda, p. 306. Today, there is a primary school in Bohdalice – a contributory organization, which was established as an independent legal entity by the municipal office in Bohdalice. This school brings together an elementary school, a kindergarten, a school club, and a school canteen.

Whilst at Binghamton he was involved with solidarity movements in support of El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua. He returned to Sri Lanka in 1982 to observe the presidential election but, having gotten involved in militant Sri Lankan politics, never returned to Binghamton and dropped out. Jayatilleka has been married three times. He first married a Burgher woman called Margreet and then Pulsara Liyanage.

He married Marie Josselet alias de Herck , and they had a daughter, Jeanne. He was a rich burgher who owned considerable property but from 1601, the prince-bishop no longer paid for his services, and his financial situation deteriorated, forcing him to live with his daughter and his son-in-law, a goldsmith named Georges Libert, who supported him. He died in 1613.

All three were supporters of the French king Louis IX and the French aristocracy against the native Occitan nobility. They have been described as "Gallicised". Raimon Gaucelm supported the Eighth Crusade and even wrote a planh, the only known one of its kind, to a burgher of Béziers. Joan Esteve and Bernart both composed in support of the French in the Aragonese Crusade.

Oswind Suriya Rosayro () is a Singaporean footballer of Sri Lankan Burgher descent who plays for Woodlands Wellington FC, primarily in the Prime League as a midfielder. Oswind is normally deployed as an attacking midfielder, winger or striker. He can also play goalkeeper, central defender, and wing back. Oswind first rose to prominence during his early playing days with Glasgow Hotspurs.

She was unmarried and listed as a member of the Burgher class. She operated an innkeeper business in Turku from 1794 onward. Innkeeper business was not included in the guild professions and so was easily accessible for women. However, Falck's business was not an ordinary innkeeper business, she operated the perhaps most luxurious and elite of its kind in Finland.

A mixed Dutch-Sri Lankan people known as Burgher peoples are the legacy of Dutch rule. In 1669, the British sea captain Robert Knox landed by chance on Ceylon and was captured by the king of Kandy. He escaped 19 years later and wrote an account of his stay. This helped to bring the island to the attention of the British.

Evidence of the general reception of the Renaissance in Bohemia, involving an influx of Italian architects, can be found in spacious châteaux with arcade courtyards and geometrically arranged gardens. Emphasis was placed on comfort, and buildings that were built for entertainment purposes also appeared. Gothic burgher house in Kutná Hora. In the 17th century, the Baroque style spread throughout the Crown of Bohemia.

Kaarina Multiala (died after 1563 but before 1571), was a Finnish merchant. She is the earliest women merchant documented in the history of Finland. In 1549, Kaarina Multiala is named as "Wife Muldiala", widow of Esko Multiala, and noted to be the wealthiest burgher merchant in Vyborg. Two years later, she is documented to have been the owner of several ships.

After Székeles' death, Helene married Johann Kottanner, a burgher from Vienna, in 1432. During that time, Johann was chamberlain of the St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. According to historian Karl Uhlirz, he has reached the age of majority only in 1426, thus Helene was approximately six years older than her second husband. Their marriage produced more children, including a daughter Catherine.

The hotel was run by her son William Brooks STREAK. In November 1899 Boers from Jacobsdal erected a cairn of a heap of stones (klipstapel), each burgher scratching his name on a stone, before departing for the battle of Roodelaagte. 20 km north west of Jacobsdal lies the Magersfontein battlefield where in December 1899 General Piet Cronjé blocked Lord Methuen's advance on Kimberley.

Ravi Philips was a Sri Lankan cricketer. He was a right-arm bowler who played for Kalutara Town Club. Philips made a single first-class appearance for the side during the 1996-97 season, against Burgher Recreation Club. From the lower order, he scored 8 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and 6 runs in the second.

Pettifleur Berenger (born 20 December 1964) is an Australian property developer, author and reality television personality of Sri Lankan/Ceylonese Dutch Burgher descent. She appeared on The Real Housewives of Melbourne in its second and third seasons. She released her first book, Switch the Bitch, in April 2015. Berenger appeared as a contestant on Hell's Kitchen Australia, which premiered in 2017.

His contemporary, poet Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin, called him the "leader of Polish burghers". In 1896 a plaque dedicated to him in St. John's Archcathedral proclaimed him "the first defender and representative of the burgher class in the Commonwealth". Jan Dekert is one of the characters in Jan Matejko's painting of the "Adoption of the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791".

Artistic tastes of the epoch were often acquiring an increasingly Oriental character. In contrast with the integrative tendencies of the previous period, the burgher and nobility cultural spheres went their separate ways. Renaissance publicist Stanisław Orzechowski had already provided the foundations for Baroque szlachta's political thinking. At that time there were about forty Jesuit colleges (secondary schools) scattered throughout the Commonwealth.

Prasad Kumara (born Withanachchi Koralge Nihal Prasad Kumara on 28 April 1978) was a Sri Lankan cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Saracens Sports Club. He was born in Kaluthara. Kumara made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 2005-06 season, against Burgher Recreation Club.

The Neuer Siebmacher, Siebmachers großes und allgemeines Wappenbuch was compiled 1854-1967 by Adolf Matthias Hildebrandt, Maximilian Gritzner, and Gustav A Seyler. The General-Index of the whole work has been edited by Hanns Jäger-Sunstenau. Later Ottfried Neubecker had published all burgher arms of the New Siebmacher without the text as a sort of illustrated glossary organized by the heraldic charges.

Antonio Stradivari's second house, at No. 2 Piazza San Domenico Stradivari married his first wife, Francesca Ferraboschi, on 4 July 1667.Hill et al (1963), p. 8 Francesca was the young widow of the burgher Giacomo Capra, with whom she had two children. Francesca's brother had shot Giacomo with a crossbow on the Piazza Garibaldi (formerly the Piazza Santa Agata) in 1664.

By the late 12th century, a new and remarkable society had emerged in Northern Italy; rich, mobile, expanding, with a mixed aristocracy and urban borghese (burgher) class, interested in urban institutions and republican government. But many of the new city-states also housed violent factions based on family, confraternity and brotherhood, which undermined their cohesion (for instance the Guelphs and Ghibellines).

She was the daughter of Elisabeth Fabritius and her husband burgher Kaarle Bruun, a rich merchant and businessman in Hamina, Old Finland. he owned Oravala manor of Valkeala,the nearest chartered town to Traversay command, the fortification on the Kymi River. This marriage produced two children - Fyodor = Frederic (b. 1803, a civil servant in the Navy), and Marie (1807–1871).

Buddika Sandaruwan (full name Pethiyangaha Wattage Buddika Sandaruwan; born 11 July 1989) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and leg- break bowler who plays for Sri Lanka Air Force Sports Club. He was born in Galle. Sandaruwan made his cricketing debut for Sri Lanka Air Force Sports Club Under-23s during the 2009 season, against Burgher Recreation Club.

Helot was married twice. His first marriage took place in 1704, to Christina de Beer, the daughter of the Cape free burgher Jan Dirksz de Beer and his wife, Anna van Veldhuisen. Their three daughters, Wilhelmina, Anna Christina and Louisa Adriana, were baptised in 1705, 1707 and 1709 respectively. After Christina's death in 1709, he married Maria Engelbrecht on 27 July 1710.

Hingert was born on 9 January 1937 in Colombo, Ceylon. Her parents, Lionel Hingert and Lorna Mabel del Run, were of Dutch Burgher ancestry. Her father was an employee of the Bank of Ceylon. Hingert attended school at the Holy Family Convent in Bambalapitiya, Colombo until she was eighteen and continued her college education in Los Angeles, California in the United States.

Some Dutch Burghers on the East Coast in Batticaloa do not speak English as their first language but instead a Portuguese-Tamil creole that is still spoken in households. The reason for this is due to the original Dutch settlers there mixing heavily with Portuguese Burgher women centuries ago, hence resulting in Burghers with Dutch surnames (e.g., Barthelot) who speak Portuguese Creole.

Builders and artists called to build the university also participated in improvements of the burgher architecture. The Holy Trinity Statue and the group of statues of St. Joseph, the Ursulinian and Trinitarian Church and Monastery are of recent construction. The District hospital was built 1824. The building of the theatre started in May 1831 and the first performance was played at Christmas.

Members of the government installed following the revolution were known as Setembristas, after their short-lived movement, the Setembrismo, which was launched in September. Although this manifestation of popular sentiment was a reactionary movement against political instability and later supported by the military and burgher politicians, it was hampered by constant popular demands which paralyzed government activity.Paulo Jorge Fernandes, et al.

Stockholm : Univ.,Stockholm, 1989 She supervised the chambermaids and the domestic concerns of the court of a royal woman, which was then performed by the servants. She was in rank between the ladies-in-waiting of the nobility and the domestic servants. In Sweden, the kammarfru was normally a woman not from the nobility, but from the wealthy burgher class.

It was with his sister rather than with his wife that the King discussed state affairs. As Queen, Maria Amalia became foremost known for her simple personal life style and her charity. For political reasons, King Louis- Philippe did not wish to have any representation or court life of the more elaborate kind but, rather wished to give the impression of his family living a life of the burgher class, and during her tenure as Queen, the royal court was relatively subdued to its outward appearance. The court etiquette at the Tuileries was therefore simplified, and the royal family lived a life which was to be modeled after the ideal life of a wealthy burgher class family of the time, with few state occasions, though they did regularly host smaller gala dinners for the representatives of the people.

As before, the Duchy's notables had a powerful presence in the central government but burghers, in particular, came to fill many important offices by either university education, clerical expertise, or administrative experience in district and local government. Burgher or noble, the many councilors in the central government had tremendous influence, even if that influence and thus the balance of power in the Duchy's administration, was subject to the whim of the ruling Duke. However, they were not entirely dependent on the Duke, as much of the actual governing was out of his hands, and the geographical location and political instability of the Duchy contributed greatly to its unique political development. One of the leading burgher councilors in the central government was the Chancellor (Kanzler), a position again traceable to the 13th century, when monks worked on documents for the court.

They were educating mostly szlachta, burgher sons to a lesser degree. Jan Zamoyski, Chancellor of the Crown, who built the town of Zamość, established an academy there in 1594; it had functioned as a gymnasium only after Zamoyski's death. The first two Vasa kings were well known for patronizing both the arts and sciences. After that the Commonwealth's science experienced general decline, which paralleled the wartime decline of the burgher class. Early Baroque St. Peter's and Paul's Church in Kraków; Giovanni Trevano was its principal designer By the mid 16th century Poland's university, the Academy of Kraków, entered a crisis stage, and by the early 17th century regressed into Counter- reformational conformism. The Jesuits took advantage of the infighting and established in 1579 a university college in Vilnius, but their efforts aimed at taking over the Academy were unsuccessful.

In 1843 Struthers opined that “To Mr Hutchison, more than to any other author of the last century, the religious public of Scotland is indebted for correct and scriptural views of the constitution of the church of Christ”.Ibid., p. 417. By that year initiatives were already afoot that, in 1847, saw the (now combined) Burgher and Anti-burgher denominations merge with the Relief to form the United Presbyterian Church, a communion that was liberal in instinct, evangelical in practice, concerned to redefine its relationship with civil institutions, and committed to congregational singing. Its principles closely resembled those adumbrated by Hutchison, and when the history of the United Presbyterian Church came to be written in 1904 (shortly after its unification with the Free Church), the author credited him with having “reasoned out principles of permanent value in the ecclesiastical world”.

West New Brighton, also referred to as West Brighton, is a station on the abandoned North Shore Branch of the Staten Island Railway. It had two side platforms and two tracks. It was located at-grade in the West New Brighton section of Staten Island, north of Richmond Terrace between North Burgher Avenue and Broadway. The station site is from the Saint George terminus.

Minor communities in Sri Lanka are also celebrates the wedding ceremony in a similar way with slightly different functions and different traditional dresses. Tamil people wears traditional Tamil wedding dresses and they replace poruwa ceremony with traditional Hindu wedding ceremony. Burgher people wears western traditional dresses and they marry in church as in popular western culture. Sri Lankan Moors celebrates the wedding with added Islam customs.

Handel's father died on 11 February 1697.; (inscription on Georg Händel's tombstone). It was German custom for friends and family to compose funeral odes for a substantial burgher like Georg, and young Handel discharged his duty with a poem dated 18 February and signed with his name and (in deference to his father's wishes) "dedicated to the liberal arts." (containing the poem and English translation).

Erasmus B.K. Zahl was a typical representative of the Nordland families. As such he is known through Knut Hamsun's famous character Mack. Photograph: Mr Finne Lauvøya, which has been possessed by, among others, the Jentoft family and the Hveding family. Photograph: Commons user Knut Nordland families () are the older families of burgher or clerical estate in today's counties of Nordland and Troms, plus Finnmark, in Norway.

In 1722 their only son, Dirk Cornelisz Uys (born Leiden 1698 – died Stellenbosch 1758), settled on the farm Groote Zalze in Stellenbosch, where he married Dina le Roux (Stellenbosch 1702 – Stellenbosch 1740), who was of Norman Huguenot descent, and played a distinguished role in the local community as farmer, deacon, elder, burgher officer and alderman.Rootenberg 2016, pp. 48-50.Uys, J.R. 1985, p. 1.

The most obviously derivative words are burgher in English, Bürger in German or burger in Dutch (literally citizen, with connotations of middle-class in English and other Germanic languages). Also related are the words bourgeois and belfry (both from the French), and burglar. More distantly, it is related to words meaning hill or mountain in a number of languages (cf. the second element of iceberg).

These are sometimes referred to as burgher arms, and it is thought that most arms of this type were adopted while the Netherlands was a republic (1581-1806). This heraldic tradition was also exported to the erstwhile Dutch colonies, such as South Africa, where it influenced South African heraldry.Roosevelt Coats of Arms: Theodore and Franklin Delano at American Heraldry Society. Accessed January 20, 2007.

Pieter Keuneman came from a Dutch Burgher family. He was born to Hon. Justice Arthur Eric Keuneman, a distinguished judge of the Supreme Court, and Majorie Eleanor Shockman, daughter of a wealthy medical doctor from Kandy. Keuneman was educated at the Royal College, Colombo where he was the head of the junior cadet platoon, prefect, captain of the debating team and president of the literary association.

There were between 50 and 200 families that controlled all the key political, military, and industrial positions in Switzerland. In Bern out of 360 burgher families only 69 still had any power and could be elected by the end of the 18th century. However, the aristocracy remained generally open, and in some cities new families were accepted if they were successful and rich enough.

Ludvika Ironworks had three forges and six hearths. They got the ore from their own mines and produced the pig iron in their own foundries. Though Reinhold became ironmaster of the ironworks, he continued to live in Stockholm and utilized the Ludvika estate only as a summer residence. Carl participated as a member of Borgerskapet (Burgher / merchant social class) in the 1847-48 Riksdag (parliament).

Hoffman was asked to step down but refused. Commandant Johan Fick was asked to lead 1,200 men to the presidential residence to ask Hoffman to step down. He first refused, but once Fick setup cannons facing the residence, Hoffman agreed to leave the office and did so on 10 February 1854. He was succeeded by a (temporary) Presidential Executive Commission, chaired by the influential burgher J.J. Venter.

The Associate Presbytery remained united until 1747, when a division took place over how the church should respond to a new oath required of all burgesses. Erskine joined with the "burgher" section, becoming their professor of theology. He continued to preach to a large and influential congregation in Stirling until his death. He was a very popular preacher and a man of considerable force of character.

Luso-Asians were dispersed as prisoners and refugees in this movement. Many Dutchmen in Ceylon, Malacca, Batavia and Timor married Luso-Asian women and this resulted in distinct Eurasian or Burgher communities. In Bengal, Kerala, around Madras and Bombay a similar process led to the creation of the Anglo-Indian communities. There was also some contribution of Ludo-Asians to French colonies in India.

The following year he married Anna Selber, a member of a Basel burgher family. His firm began to grow in prominence after he took over the printshop of his uncle Johannes in 1509. Petri was one of the first printers in Basel who worked with illustrators. His books were illustrated by the likes of Urs Graf, Hans Holbein the Younger, and Conrad Schnitt among others.

Serfs could purchase their freedom, be manumitted by generous owners, or flee to towns or to newly settled land where few questions were asked. Laws varied from country to country: in England a serf who made his way to a chartered town (i.e. a borough) and evaded recapture for a year and a day obtained his freedom and became a burgher of the town.

After walking only a few paces from the house, Burgher van den Berg was summarily shot by an ad hoc firing squad and buried in a shallow grave. His wife and children were given "five minutes to get your things". The farmhouse was then burned down and the van den Berg family was transported to the British concentration camp at Pietersburg.Leach (2012), pp. 7–9.

Crouchmas sends two henchmen, Imi and Ernö, to abduct Dally, who is saved by the reappearance of Kit. Kit turns out to be fleeing Pera after a scuffle with the Committee of Union and Progress. Kit and Dally escape the train, have sex, and attend an operetta, "The Burgher King," starring Hungarian actor Bela Blasko aka Bela Lugosi. They consider heading to London and continually get intimate.

Sri Lanka finished third in the table, behind finalists India and Pakistan. Later in the same season, he played two games in the Costcutter Under-15s World Challenge, including one match against the tournament runners-up Pakistan. Peiris made his first-class debut during the 2009-10 season, against Burgher Recreation Club, scoring 20 runs on his debut, and taking four wickets with the ball.

De Silva's debut first-class appearance came during the 2008-09 season, against Singha Sports Club. He played eight matches during the competition, making a top score of 32 runs against Burgher Recreation Club. De Silva played eight matches during the 2008-09 Premier Limited Overs Tournament, scoring 117 runs, including one of only two half-centuries achieved by the team in that season's competition.

In the group of people gathered below the king, in another acknowledgement of the burghers' importance, is burgher Jan Kiliński (24), one of the leaders of the Kościuszko Uprising. To his right, at the edge of the crowd, is the priest Clemens Maria Hofbauer (25), who ran an orphanage and a school in Warsaw and is canonized as a saint in the Catholic church.

Folk Dance Enterprises. pages 148, 149. At the end of the 13th century and during the 14th century, nobles and wealthy patricians danced as couples in procession in a slow dignified manner in a circle, while farmers and lower classes danced in a lively fashion. The burgher middle class combined the dances with the processional as a "fore dance", and the turning as an "after dance".

Cattle, pigs and cheeses were among the chief foodstuffs,Driscoll (2002) p. 53. from a wide range of produce including sheep, fish, rye, barley, bee wax and honey. David I established the first chartered burghs in Scotland, copying the burgher charters and Leges Burgorum (rules governing virtually every aspect of life and work) almost verbatim from the English customs of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne.Barrow (1981) p. 98.

Instead, she settled in a house owned by her father at Plaza de Santa Ana in Barcelona, where she established a secular school for girls from the nobility and the burgher class. Juana de Aragón (1469 – bef. 1522), illegitimate daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon, was one of her students. Her initiative was unusual for her time - in this period, schools for girls were normally convent schools.

Later, the Burgher community developed into two different communities: the Dutch Burghers and the Portuguese Burghers. The Portuguese presence in Ceylon was extended to non- urban areas, there is a wide Portuguese heritage in Sri Lankan society, culture and administration. Lexicon of Portuguese origin can be found in the Sinhala language (at least 1,000 words), there may be more but insufficient study has been carried out.

Cape Wagons were built by the burghers, the wagons were adjusted to accommodate for the rough Cape landscape The early free burghers were mostly petty officers with families, who drew money instead of rations, and who could derive a portion of their food from their gardens, as well as sell their vegetables to the Company and passing ships to obtain an income. The opportunities to become a successful entrepreneur were abundant and many skilled Europeans applied for free burgher status. The VOC had built a corn mill which was operated by the use of horses, but after a short time it was decided to make use of river water as a motive power. The tender for the construction of the mill was awarded to free burgher Wouter Mostert and when it was in working order he took charge of it and received income on shares of payments made for grinding.

A number of Dutch Burgher Union journals have been created over a period of time, to record family histories. They were not only of Dutch origin but incorporated European (Dutch, German, Hungarian, Italian, French, Swedish etc.), United Kingdom, Portuguese Mix, and Sinhalese lines. When the British took over in 1796, many VOC employees chose to leave. However, a significant number chose to stay, mostly those of mixed descent.

Many 'Dutch Burghers' can find their ancestors' names in this treaty. At the time of the British conquest, the 900 'Dutch Burgher' families residing in Ceylon were concentrated in Colombo, Galle, Matara and Jaffna. The Burghers included members of the Swiss de Meuron Regiment, a mercenary unit employed by the VOC. In diplomatic negotiations in Europe, Count de Meuron pledged allegiance to the British in exchange for back pay and information.

Burghers may vary from generation to generation in physical characteristics; some intermarried with the British and produced descendants with predominantly European phenotypes, including fairer skin and a heavier physique, while others were almost indistinguishable from Sinhalese or Tamils. Most Burgher people have preserved European customs; especially among those of Portuguese ancestry, who "retained their European religion and language with pride."Smith, IR. Sri Lanka Portuguese Creole Phonology. 1978. Dravidian Linguistics Association.

Sri Lankan author Carl Muller chose this tree as the title for his first novel, The Jam Fruit Tree. In the novel, the tree represents the Burgher community of Sri Lanka, "a race of fun-loving, hardy people, much like the jam fruit tree which simply refuses to be contained or destroyed." The book won the Gratiaen Prize for the best published work in the English language in 1993.

They had four children while living in there. Margaretha Jacoba Smuts, the widow of the President of the Burgher Council, Hendrik Justinus de Wet, acquired the property in 1806. Some time after her husband died in 1802, she had sold their house on the corner of Heerengracht (Adderley Street) and Castle Street and moved with their five children and her stepson. De Wet left a large estate, including slaves.

Armorial porcelain, part of a service made between 1740 and 1755, can be viewed in the flat pedimented display cabinet. There are two plates bearing the arms of John White, an Englishman who came to the Cape in 1700. He married into a Dutch family and Batavianized his name to Jan de Wit. He became a prominent Cape citizen and held the position of Burgher Councillor on several occasions.

Burgher, 'Orkney - An Illustrated Architectural Guide'; RIAS 1991 Currently derelict, the house became a listed building in 1971. It was included on the first Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland in 1990, and upgraded to a category A listed building in 1993. The house featured in the second series of the BBC TV series Restoration. It was intended that the building would form the centrepiece of a proposed Orkney Boat Museum.

To ensure the continuation of the firm, Johann Berenberg took on his son-in-law Johann Hinrich Gossler (1738–90) as a new partner in 1769; he had married Berenberg's only daughter Elisabeth Berenberg (1749–1822) the previous year. The Gossler family is known since the 17th century, when Johann Hinrich Gossler's great- grandfather was a Hamburg burgher."Genealogie der Familie Gossler," in: Vierteljahrsschrift für Heraldik, Sphragistik und Genealogie, vol.

Varuna Seneviratne Kithsirimewan Waragoda (born February 18, 1971) in Colombo, is a Sri Lankan former first class cricketer who played in more than 100 matches. A left-handed batsman, Waragoda made 6141 First Class runs at an average of 48.73 during his career. He also scored 14 First Class centuries. Waragoda represented the Burgher Recreation Club, Colombo Cricket Club, Galle Cricket Club and Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club.

Burgher dominated investment financing and general lending, previously concentrated in Danzig, was now done mainly in Warsaw and also in Poznań. The huge fortune accumulated by the banker Piotr Tepper, who came from a non-noble family, was an indication of changing times. The Commonwealth's balance of trade was negative until the 1780s. The decreased role of Danzig was in part due to the Prussian harassment of the city.

She was married to the actor Christian Giebelhausen. Alongside Christian Jörgenseen, Peter Nielsen, Augusta Schrumpf and Emilie da Fonseca, she belonged to the acting elite in Norway in the first half of the 19th-century, when the Christiania Theatre was the only standing stage in Norway, and dominated by actors of Danish origin. She is most known for her successful roles as elder aristocratic ladies in burgher comedies.

Cornelius Berenberg Cornelius Berenberg (1634 – 1711) was a Hamburg grand burgher, merchant banker, a member of the Berenberg family, and owner of Berenberg Bank. His grandfather Hans Berenberg (1561–1626) had fled from Antwerp with his brother Paul Berenberg (1566–1645) and established the Berenberg merchant house in Hamburg. In Hamburg, the Berenberg family formed part of the Dutch merchant colony. Cornelius Berenberg was the first to engage in merchant banking.

In August 2018, he was named in Kandy's squad the 2018 SLC T20 League. In March 2019, he was named in Galle's squad for the 2019 Super Provincial One Day Tournament. On 19 December 2019, Weerakkody scored the fastest List A century by a Sri Lankan batsman, scoring 101 not out from 39 balls for Sinhalese Sports Club against Burgher Recreation Club in the 2019–20 Invitation Limited Over Tournament.

Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (1522-1590), was the Low Countries' first truly humanist writer. Coornhert was a typical burgher of North Holland, equally interested in the progress of national emancipation and in the development of national literature. He was a native of Amsterdam, but he did not take part in the labours of the old chamber of the Eglantine. Quite early in life he proceeded to Haarlem, becoming pensionary of the town.

In Losonc, Hungary deported 54 Slovak teachers on the demarcation line (Deák documents further examples of steps that eliminated Slovak schools). Slovaks lost 386 primary schools attended by 45,709 Slovak children and 29 council schools ("burgher schools") attended by 10,750 children. Four grammar school were closed in Kassa, and six in other towns. Remaining Slovak state employees such as railway workers were forced to enroll their children into Hungarian schools.

Justice F. H. B. Koch, QC was a Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) judge and lawyer. He was a Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon.Dutch Burgher Union Journal During his legal career he had served as District Judge of Colombo and acting Solicitor General of Ceylon (1930 - 1931). From 1924 to 1931 he was a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon.

Hans Thoresen, painted by Johan Gørbitz in 1839 Hans Thoresen (born 1767 - died 1840) was a Norwegian timber merchant and ship-owner in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. He became a burgher in Christiania in 1790 and built a large timber business in the city. He was born at Degrum in the parish of Enebakk in Akershus, Norway. He was a well known public figure in Christiania during his lifetime.

Urszula was most likely born near Munich in Duchy of Bavaria in a poor noble family. She was the daughter of Anna, a Bavarian burgher lady, and (probably) one of the Habsburgs. Meyerin came to Graz as a child in the 1580s. She was pretty in her youth, and some time later was chosen by Maria Anna of Bavaria to become mistress to King Sigismund III of Poland.

Ranganath Prasanna (born 9 March 1975) is a Sri Lankan cricket umpire. He has stood in domestic matches in cricket tournaments in Sri Lanka, such as the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament and the 2017–18 Premier League Tournament. In March 2018, he was one of the two onfield umpires for the quarterfinal match between Chilaw Marians Cricket Club and Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017–18 Premier Limited Overs Tournament.

The same year Walter Borg was born his father (according to the parish book) escaped to America. At that time this was not uncommon among young men who received call-up orders to the Russian army. In 1881 Walter moved with his mother from Jakobstad to her hometown Vaasa. In 1890, he received a final grade of Raahe Burgher and Trade School, a four-year mercantile institution with a good reputation.

The first mention of Kort Rogge's father in archival sources is from 1423. He had moved to Stockholm from Westphalia, and is listed as a master mason in the 1430s. He appears to have maintained close business links to Gdańsk. Kort Rogge's mother Dorotea, née Horn, was a burgher in Stockholm and is mentioned as a house- owner in 1467, more than ten years after the death of her husband.

Charles Frederick "Fred" Van Buren (20 June 1936 - 11 September 2006) was an Australian politician. He was born in Kollupitiya in Ceylon, where he was educated. His father, Charles Frederick Guy Van Buren, was a Dutch burgher, while his mother, Blossom Isabella Enright, was of Eurasian descent. He worked as a printer, and after moving to Australia was an organiser with the Labor Party's Victorian branch from 1974 to 1985.

As the Stone Bell House is now called a corner tower to which the southern wing is connected. The eastern and northern wings which were completed later, enclose the courtyard of the house. The transverse west wing which was not preserved, stood at the site of today's Kinsky Palace. The facades were plastered with the exception of decorative stone around the jamb, which was very common with medieval burgher houses.

The refined daughter of a "good old burgher family," Gertrude Coppard meets a rough-hewn miner, Walter Morel, at a Christmas dance and falls into a whirlwind romance characterised by physical passion. But soon after her marriage to Walter, she realises the difficulties of living off his meagre salary in a rented house. The couple fight and drift apart and Walter retreats to the pub after work each day. Gradually, Mrs.

Moscow School of the Order of St Catherine The Moscow School of the Order of St Catherine () was a girls' school in Moscow, Russia, between 1802 and 1918. It was a fashionable girl school for students from noble and rich burgher families (divided in different classes until 1842), which was the Moscow equivalent to the Smolny Institute of St Petersburg. It belonged to the first educational institutions in Moscow.

Milagiriya Grama Niladhari Division is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat of Colombo District of Western Province, Sri Lanka. Kirilapone North, Visakha Vidyalaya, Bambalapitiya, Milagiriya, Majestic City, Bodu Bala Sena, Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon, Sirimavo Bandaranaike Vidyalaya, Saifee Villa and E FM are located within, nearby or associated with Milagiriya. Milagiriya is a surrounded by the Bambalapitiya, Kurunduwatta, Thimbirigasyaya and Havelock Town Grama Niladhari Divisions.

Keith Leon Potger (born 21 March 1941) is one of the founding members of the Australian pop-folk group the Seekers. He was born in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and is of Burgher descent. With the Seekers, he played twelve string guitar (a 1967 Maton Special SS200/12), mandolin and banjo, and sang. He has been the vocal, and often instrumental, arranger for the group throughout its career.

Minnette de Silva was born on 1 February 1918 in Kandy to the well known mixed race family. Her father was George E. de Silva, a prominent Kandayan politician. He was a Sinhalese and Buddhist and was President of the Ceylon National Congress, and also served as a Minister of Health. Her mother Agnes Nell, was a Burgher Christian who actively campaigned for universal suffrage in Sri Lanka.

From July 1686, the burgher councillors (who were responsible for looking after the town) employed watchmen to patrol the streets at night, when the fiscal's men were off duty.Resolutions of the Council of Policy (3 July 1686 and 11 September 1686). This system was followed until 1840. As the men were equipped with wooden rattles, to raise the alarm when necessary, they were known as the ratelwagt (rattle watch).

He received the A. C. Houen Grant in 1890 and 1891. In 1883 he attended Frits Thaulow's "open-air academy" at Modum, and he debuted at the Autumn Exhibition in 1883. Hjerlow attended the 1889 World Exhibition in Paris, where he received honorable mention. Hjerlow was a teacher at Christiania Burgher School from 1895 and a senior teacher at the National Academy of Craft and Art Industry from 1908 to 1933.

Portrait of Jakob Fugger and Sibylle Artzt, around 1500 Jakob Fugger and Sybille Artzt, Miniature in the Ehrenbuch of the Fugger family, Augsburg, Workshop Jörg Breu der Jüngere, 1545-1549 In 1498 the 40-year-old Jakob Fugger married Sybille Arzt (also: Artzt) Grand Burgheress of Augsburg, the 18-year-old daughter of an eminent Augsburg Grand Burgher. This marriage opened the opportunity for Jakob to elevate to Grand Burgher of Augsburg (German Großbürger zu Augsburg) and later finally giving Jakob Fugger the long-awaited aspiration of a seat on the city council (German Stadtrat) of Augsburg. Four years after the wedding, Jakob Fugger bought for his young wife 40,000 guilders worth of jewels from the treasure of Burgundy, among them the jewel known as the Three Brothers, which the Fuggers later sold to Edward VI of England to become part of the Crown Jewels of England. Jakob wanted to demonstrate that he was after all equal to the Habsburgs, at least financially.

She performs at events and special occasions and stole the show alongside the Burgher Highlife musician, Charles Amoah, at the 18th edition of the Vodafone Ghana Music Awards. In 2018, the Ga-Adangme Concern Youth Group under the leadership of Nii Ayaafio Tetteh recognized and awarded her with the Ga title "Nye Kpakpa" for her contribution to Ga-Adangme music from the grass roots. Naa believes that a gift from God is everlasting.

Burgher people, also known simply as Burghers, are a small Eurasian ethnic group in Sri Lanka descended from Portuguese, Dutch, British and other European men who settled in Sri Lanka and developed relationships with native Sri Lankan women. The Portuguese and Dutch had held some of the maritime provinces of the island for centuries before the advent of the British Empire.Cook, Elsie K (1953). Ceylon – Its Geography, Its Resources and Its People.

Dorake Witharanage Ashana Niroshan Dilshan Vitharana, (born May 13, 1978 in Kandy), but more commonly known as Dilshan Vitharana, is a Sri Lankan cricketer. A wicket-keeper-batsman, he made his debut in the 1997-98 season for the Sri Lankan Under-19 team during India's tour of the country, and has gone on to play First-class and/or List A cricket for Colts Cricket Club, Moors Sports Club and Burgher Recreation Club.

The response was swift and multi-faceted. Boer commandos mobilised under Piet Retief and inflicted a defeat on the Xhosa in the Winterberg Mountains in the north. Burgher and Khoi commandos also mobilised, and British Imperial troops arrived via Algoa Bay. The British governor, Sir Benjamin d'Urban mustered the combined forces under Colonel Sir Harry Smith, who reached Grahamstown on 6 January 1835, six days after news of the uprising had reached Cape Town.

Records of citizens who moved from Șemlacu Mare, Maráz and other nearby villages to Temesvár prove that it had developed into an important regional center. Merchants from Ragusa (now Dubrovnik in Croatia) settled in the town around 1402. Bulgarians, Romanians and Serbians also moved to the town in the . For instance, the name of Johannes Olaah ("John the Vlach"), who was a burgher of Temesvár in 1539, suggests that he was of Romanian origin.

However, in 1860 the member of the Legislative Council were given the right to introduce legislation which did not deal with the financial matters.Cyrene Siriwardhana, Sri Lanak Law College Entrance Examination Course Book,(The Incorporated Council of Legal Education/Sri Lanka Law College, 1998), 26. In 1889 the number of appointed unofficial members was increased to eight (three Europeans, one Low Country Sinhalese, one Kandyan Sinhalese, one Tamil, one Muslim and one Burgher).

Altarpiece attributed to Jordan Painter in Bollnäs Church, Sweden The artist known as Jordan Målare (literally, "Jordan the painter") was a Swedish artist, leader of a workshop that 1460 to 1470 manufactured altarpieces for several Swedish churches. In 1484 he became a burgher of Arboga. Altarpieces from his workshop exist in the churches of Sollentuna, Sånga, Ekerö, Romfartuna and Bollnäs, as well as on display in the Swedish History Museum in Stockholm.

The burgher estate had now found itself in a situation favorable in comparison with that of their brethren in Silesia, or in the strictly government-controlled areas appropriated by Prussia after the First Partition, which were also subjected to German colonizing activity at the expense of Polish urban people. The Austrian partition towns experienced lack of significant economic progress. Seweryn Rzewuski was a consistent opponent of reforms. He participated in the Radom and Targowica confederations.

Meistersinger poetry played a large part in German town life of the 15th and 16th century. The tradition often reinforced German burgher values; as such, it was middle-class popular art rather than high art. The "" culminated in the 16th century and declined shortly thereafter. Meistersinger traditions lingered in southern Germany as late as the 19th century: a society in Ulm dissolved in 1839; the last school died out at Memmingen in 1875.

In the school year 1920–21, the Hungarian minority had 721 elementary schools, which only decreased by one in the next 3 years. Hungarians had also 18 higher "burgher" schools, 4 grammar schools and 1 teacher institute. In the school year 1926–27, there were 27 denominational schools which can also be classified as minority schools, because none of them taught in Slovak. Hungarian representatives criticized the mainly reduced number of secondary schools.

The first Church of the Holy Trinity dates back to the second half of the 14th century. At that time, the rich Bydgoszcz burgher Jan Łapimucha funded a one-nave brick church on the outskirts of today's Poznanska street. With construction work dragging on, only the financial support in 1549 of another citizen, Jan Regulski, allowed its achievement in 1556. On May 20, 1579, Bishop Stanislaw Karnkowski from Włocławek consecrated the new church.

Christ's body is shown as if held out for the concentrated gaze of the viewer. Joseph of Arimathea looks across the body towards the skull of Adam. Joseph appears as a sumptuously dressed burgher and has the most portrait-like appearance of the figures in the painting; his gaze links the hands of Christ and his mother, the new Adam and Eve, with the skull of Adam. Thereby visualising the essence of the Redemption.

Town hall in Szydłowiec The Town hall in Szydłowiec - in the centre of typical medieval town square there is a late Renaissance town hall built in 1602–1629. It is counted among the most impressive and precious monuments of Burgher architecture in Poland. Its silhouette resembles to some degree the town hall of Sandomierz, but makes a grander impression. Its noble figure makes the town hall the most characteristic landmark of the town.

Dancing peasants by Albertus Pictor, Härkeberga Church, Uppland, c. 1480. Albertus was originally called Albertus Immenhusen, after the German town of Immenhausen in Hessen of which he was a native. He occurs in Swedish historical sources from 1465, when he was admitted a burgher of Arboga. Eight years later he moved to Stockholm, where, in accordance with current practice, he took over the workshop as well as the widow of a deceased painter.

In a speech before the Grodno Sejm in 1744, he conditioned an expansion of the army on improvement in the national economy. He participated in the sejms of 1746 and 1748. In 1749 he was royal commissioner in Danzig (Gdańsk), where he resolved disputes between the Council and the burgher opposition. From 1746 he headed a commission that oversaw the reconstruction of a sluice dividing the Vistula River into the Nogat and Leniwka Rivers.

The name originally referred to the strait Snævringen ("the narrowing"), which is the narrowest part of the Little Belt, and was subsequently applied to the settlement as well. Niels Christensen Midelfart (died 1683) became a burgher in Trondheim. His great-grandson was the priest Hans Christian Ulrik Midelfart, a member of the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly. Today the family is known for its business activities, particularly the former cosmetics group Midelfart & Co., founded in 1923.

Despite scoring a duck in the first innings of his debut first-class match, he recovered in the second innings to score 37. His best score of the competition followed in the next match, an innings of 45 in a draw against Burgher Recreational Club. Seeman retained a position in the upper order in the first half of the competition, after which he switched to playing in the middle of the order.

He then joined the Burghers' ownership group as a minority owner. This group repurchased the Pittsburgh National League franchise under a different corporate name, thus allowing them to legally regain title to most of the players who had bolted to the Players' League a year earlier. It is this franchise that forms the current ownership lineage of today's Pirates. In fact, the Pirates nickname can also be traced back to this Burgher episode.

Neil Burgher Ward (June 26, 1914 – April 12, 1972), American meteorologist, was the first scientific storm chaser, and second known storm chaser, developing ideas of thunderstorm and tornado structure and evolution as well as techniques for forecasting and intercept. He also was a pioneering developer of physical models of tornadoes, first at his home, then at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL). He significantly furthered understanding of atmospheric vortices, particularly the tornado.

In November 1779, the anti- Burgher United Presbyterians of north Aberdeen moved to a purpose-built 800-seat church on Belmont Street. The Relief United Presbyterians established a Belmont Street congregation a little after 1778, when funds began to be raised for a 1000-seat church. In 1828, the Belmont Chapel of Ease, as it had come to be, became a fully fledged parish church, under the ministership of Reverend John Bryce.

On 19 January 1520, Regent Sten was mortally wounded at the battle of Bogesund. LLady Christina emerged as the leader of the Sture party and defender of her son's right.,She took command of the city and Castle of Stockholm in the name of her underage son,and secured support from the majority of the peasantry and burgher classe. The commanders of the most important fortresses of the real pledged their loyalty to her.

He was born in Horsens where his father, burgher merchant Hans Olufsen Riber (d. 1615), was burgomaster. His mother, Anna Svane, was a daughter of the historian Hans Svaning, whose surname subsequently altered to Svane, he adopted. Bodil Møller Knudsen Anna Hansdatter Svane Dansk kvindebiografisk leksikon At Copenhagen Svane devoted himself to the study of Oriental languages, and between 1628 and 1635 completed his education abroad, at Franeker in Friesland, Wittenberg, Oxford, and Paris.

John Reid (1800 – 18 July 1867) was a Presbyterian minister from Scotland who was also active in England and Australia. Born in Ayrshire, he was ordained into the United Secession Church in 1829, but later led independent and Burgher churches. He joined the established Church of Scotland in 1839, and in 1845 took over an expatriate congregation in Liverpool, England. Reid immigrated to Australia in 1852, living in Melbourne until 1858 and then in Sydney.

Phenotypically Burghers can be either light skinned or dark skinned, depending on their ancestral history it is common to find Burghers with dark to light brown skin (usually Portuguese Burghers or Kaffirs) and possess European facial features common to the Mediterranean basin (see Mediterraneans). In some Portuguese Burgher families it is common to have both, very dark children and children with fair skin. Most light skinned Burghers are usually of Dutch or British descent.

Stanisław Czerniecki came most likely from a burgher family living in Strzyżów, a town in southern Poland then owned by the Wielopolski family. Nothing else is known about his birth, family, childhood and education. In 1645 or 1646, he began his service at the court of Prince Stanisław Lubomirski, voivode of Kraków, in the castle of Nowy Wiśnicz. After Stanisław Lubomirski's death in 1649, he continued to serve his eldest son, Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski.

The term Uradel can be found in Scandinavian genealogy from the early 20th century. The contrasting term Briefadel was calqued as brevadel.Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon (1915: 169) The 1926 edition of the Swedish Nordisk familjebok also cites 1350 as the required date, because "the oldest known letter patent dates to 1360".Nordisk familjebok (1926:1120) The letters patent referred to here is that issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV to Wicker Frosch, a burgher of Frankfurt, on 30 September 1360.

For example, baila music, which has its origin in the music of 16th- century Portugal, has found its way into mainstream popular Sinhalese music. Lacemaking, which began as a domestic pastime of Burgher women, is now a part of Sinhalese culture too. Even certain foods, such as love cake, breudher, bol fiado (layered cake), ijzer koekjes (iron cookies), frikkadels (savoury meatballs) and lamprais, have become an integral part of Sri Lankan national cuisine. Burghers are not physically homogeneous.

Blignaut was a member from an old Cape family, the son of Johannes Jeremias Cornelis Blignaut and Johanna Emerentia de Villiers. He was named after his grandfather Pieter Jeremias Blignaut, a burgher of Stellenbosch, who married 25 October 1801 with Maria Dorothea de Villiers. Blignaut himself was married twice, first with Caroline Erskine (1850 - 11 February 1883), and after her death with Ms. C.J. Steyn, sister of President Steyn. From his two marriages Blignaut had six children.

Die Tempelhofer Berge nebst ihrer höchsten Erhebung dem Kreuzberge anno 1286 bis 1986, see references for bibliographical details, p. 12\. No ISBN. Already in September 1813 the sloppily constructed huts of the citadel collapsed. After negotiations on 27 August 1818 the merchant Gottfried Wilhelm August Tietz, the farming burgher Johann Friedrich Götze and Christian Weimar (Weymann) sold the top of the Kreuzberg (then called Götze'scher Berg, i.e. Götze's mountain) measuring 1.5 Prussian Morgen () and land for an access path.

The fires started burning on 4 September 1827 in burgher Carl Gustav Hellman’s house on the hill slightly before 9 p.m. The house had possibly been lit on fire by sparks flying from the chimney of a neighboring building. The fire quickly swept through the northern quarter, spread to the southern quarter and jumped the Aura River, setting the Cathedral Quarter on fire before midnight. By the next day, the fire had destroyed 75% of the city.

He was appointed Oberingenieur (senior engineer) by Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, in 1684. The following year Nering was appointed Ingenieur-Oberst (engineer colonel) within the General Staff. After Frederick III came to power in 1688, Nering was tasked with overseeing the drafts of 300 two-storied burgher homes in the new town of Friedrichstadt. He also planned the layout of the Gebdarmenmarkt and contributed to Schönhausen Palace. In Königsberg Nering designed the Burgkirche, constructed from 1690-96.

Later merchant's marks also incorporates Latin letters. In the beginning these marks were displayed without a shield but during the Middle Ages it became common to draw them inside a shield. Merchant's marks were used by burghers until the 18th century and for about a century longer by peasants. Although there are no clear distinction between burgher arms and noble arms, simple coats of arms consisting only of divisions of the field is only used by ancient noble families.

In 1633 and 1635, De Ruyter sailed as a navigating officer aboard the ship Groene Leeuw ("Green Lion") on whaling expeditions to Jan Mayen. Until 1637, he did not yet have a command of his own. In the summer of 1636 he remarried, this time to a daughter of a wealthy burgher named Neeltje Engels, who gave him four children – one of whom died shortly after birth. The others were named Adriaen (1637), Neeltje (1639) and Aelken (1642).

Ondaatje was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka, then called Ceylon, in 1943; he is of Dutch and Sinhalese ancestry, making him a Burgher. His parents separated when he was an infant; he then lived with relatives until 1954 when he joined his mother in England. Before moving to England, he attended S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia in Colombo. While in England, Ondaatje pursued secondary education at Dulwich College; he then emigrated to Montreal, Quebec, in 1962.

By 1650 the burgher families which had grown wealthy through commerce and become influential in government controlled the province of Holland, and to a large extent shaped national policies. The other six provinces were more rural and traditional in life style, had an active nobility, and played a small role in commerce and national politics. Instead they concentrated on their flood protections and land reclamation projects.Israel, The Dutch Republic Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806 (1995) pp.

He settled in Frankfurt, where he became a citizen (burgher) in 1588. In Frankfurt he was part of the large contingent of Flemish artists who had left their home country for religious reasons, such as Hans Vredeman de Vries, Marten van Valckenborch and his sons Frederik van Valckenborch and Lucas van Valckenborch, Joris Hoefnagel and Jacob Hoefnagel.Reginald Howard Wilenski, Flemish Painters, 1430–1830, Viking Press, 1960, p. 190 There were also a great number of Flemish printmakers in Frankfurt.

The Legislative Council was reformed in 1910 by the McCallum Reforms. Membership was increased from 18 to 21, of which 11 were official and 10 were unofficial. Of the non-official members, six were appointed by the governor (two Low Country Sinhalese, two Tamils, one Kandyan Sinhalese and one Muslim) and remaining four were elected (two Europeans, one Burgher and one educated Ceylonese). The most notable aspect of the McCallum Reforms was the introduction of elected members.

German coats of arms are frequently depicted in period sources with a helmet and crest over the shield, often surrounded by mantling. Helmets, which were almost always included in period rolls of arms, were indicative of the bearer's social status. Open helmets, for example, were reserved for the nobility, while burgher arms were allowed a closed helmet. The Prince-Bishops used a mitre in place of a helmet, and other princes of the empire used a coronet.

A well-known example of German burgher arms: canting arms of Albrecht Dürer. Although assumption of arms always remained free, the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire since Charles IV began to grant arms without raising people to nobiliary status. In the 15th century the authority to grant arms was delegated to “Counts Palatine of the Imperial Court” (), who from then on also granted arms to burghers. This was regarded as luxury everyone was not able to afford.

Within the Catholic Church, the most prominent resistance member was Greifswald priest Alfons Wachsmann, who was executed in 1944.Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.506,510 After the failed assassination attempt of Hitler on July 20, 1944, Gestapo arrested thirteen Pomeranian nobles and one burgher, all knight estate owners. Of those, Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin had contacted Winston Churchill in 1938 to inform about the work of the German opposition to the Nazis, and was executed in April 1945.

Danny McFarlane then won a surprise silver medal in the 400 m hurdles, and the 4x400 m women's team (Novlene Williams, Michelle Burgher, Nadia Davy, Sandie Richards, and Ronetta Smith) got bronze, for a total of 5 medals - 2 gold, 1 silver, and 2 bronze to Jamaica. Asafa Powell, former 100 m World Record Holder. In 2005 at the world championships, Jamaica received a record haul of medals they won 1 gold medal 5 silvers and 2 bronzes.

He was also acquainted with the French, Italian, German, Arabic, Persian, Syriac, and Ethiopic. His early career was varied, and he was in succession a travelling merchant, a soldier in the Edinburgh garrison in 1745, and a school-master. He was, from 1750 till his death, minister of the Burgher branch of the Secession Church in Haddington. From 1786 he was professor of divinity for his denomination, and was mainly responsible for the training of its ministry.

But he was also under the influence of the radical French anti-clergy rationalism. He had published an article in the influential Danish periodical Minerva with the title An answer to the question: Should the nobility be suppressed? (July 1790). His answer to the question in the title was affirmative, provided that the privileges of nobility is an injustice and that the burgher can become "that which at present only the nobility is, without upsetting society as a whole".

Medieval Verona was dominated by its forty-eight towers. The increasing wealth of the burgher families eclipsed the power of the counts, and in 1135 Verona was organised as a free commune. The San Bonifacio could at most hold the office of podestà of the city now. In 1164 Verona joined with Vicenza, Padua and Treviso to create the Veronese League, which was integrated with the Lombard League in 1167 to battle against the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.

They gathered support from the Prussian annexed territories of Hanover and Hesse-Nassau as well as from the other states of the Confederation, emerging as the largest faction in the North German Reichstag. An inaugural declaration was adopted on 12 June. The first party chairman was Rudolf von Bennigsen. The party strongly advocated the interests of the Grand Burgher (German: Großbürger) dynasties and business magnates as well as nationalist- minded Protestant circles of the educated bourgeoisie (Bildungsbürgertum).

Donor with Saint Nicholas and Wife with Saint Godelina. Jan Provoost, or Jean Provost, or Jan Provost (1462/65 – January 1529) was a Belgian painter born in Mons. Provost was a prolific master who left his early workshop in Valenciennes to run two workshops, one in Bruges, where he was made a burgher in 1494, the other simultaneously in Antwerp, which was the economic centre of the Low Countries. Provost was also a cartographer, engineer, and architect.

According to the historical annals, during the latter half of the 19th century a Burgher national named Brohier had taken the initiative to start a private School in rented bungalow located in close proximity to Holy Cross Church. In the year 1890, the parish priest of Kalamulla, Kalutara, Rev. Father Wilkinson, who was the first rector baptized this private Institution of Education as Holy Cross English School. Later it was registered as Holy Cross Upper English School by Rev.

The Constituted soon set themselves up as a rival power center to the vroedschap, and started acting like the proposed Burgher Council from the draft-constitution.Schama, pp. 88-90 Quint Ondaatje The negotiations fruitlessly dragged on and in January 1785 six companies of the schutterij approached the Constituted to urge them to take more drastic steps. The irate "shooters" elected a new group of representatives, called the "Commissioned," to permanently ensure the zeal of the Constituted.

The city historically has been a point of contention among the Polish, German and local interests. Sejmiks had become an important part of the Commonwealth's parliamentary life, complementing the role of general sejm. They sometimes provided detailed implementations for general proclamations of sejms, or made legislative decisions during periods when the Sejm was not in session, at times communicating directly with the monarch. There was little significant parliamentary representation for the burgher class, and none for the peasants.

Three years later, in 1692 he settled in Prague and gained burgher rights in Prague's Staré město (Old Town). He and his wife Elisabeth () born Spingler had four children - sons, Michal Jan Josef, Ferdinand Maxmilian and Antonin Sebastian, and a daughter, Anna Eleonora. Two of the sons continued in his work (and the younger, Ferdinand Maxmilian, becoming the more prominent), the third son, Antonín Sebastian, later became the court poet in Vienna. Jan Brokoff died in Prague.

EK Nyame was one of the people whose records became popular in eastern Nigeria.Cape Coast Sugar Babies were of the first highlife orchestras who in 1937 was remembered for their tour in Nigeria.The Tempos band, led by the Ga trumpeter ET Mensah, incorporated Afro-Cuban percussion played by the drummer Guy Warren, known as Kofi Ghanaba. Highlife has evolved into "gospel highlife","techno" like "burgher highlife" forms and "hip-life" ,a vernacular rap,hip hop and highlife combination.

Jewish burgher circles in the Commonwealth were important in trade and cultural contacts. Some Jews were educated abroad at the few European universities that accepted Jewish candidates.Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Rzeczpospolita w dobie złotej wolności (1648–1763) (The Commonwealth in the era of golden liberty (1648–1763)), p. 191–192 In Psalmodia polska Wespazjan Kochowski proclaimed the special mission of Poles as a chosen nation The Eastern influences became clearly discernible and had been increasing throughout the 17th century.

Guilhem or Guillem Fabre was a troubadour and burgher from Narbonne. He may be the same person as the dedicatee of En Guillems Fabres, sap fargar, a eulogistic poem by Bernart d'Auriac. He was one of several mid- to late- thirteenth-century troubadours from Narbonne, with Bernart Alanhan and Miquel de Castillon. Guilhem's own works comprise On mais vei, plus trop sordejor, a sirventes on decadence, a Pos dels majors princeps auzem conten, a Crusade song.

She is of Sri Lankan Burgher ethnicity; her family background and experiences with married men convince her to shun marriage, which she sees as imprisonment. As their liaison grows, Harris invites Annette to live in his separate bungalow, which she agrees to. Along with renovating the dilapidated bungalow, Annette seems to renovate her notion on marriage, and expresses this to Harris. Meanwhile, Harris is contesting the municipal elections, at the urging of his wife and in-laws.

He was obliged to act as Ratsherr, and on 24 June 1447, he became a burgher of Cologne.Chapuis, 26–27 The role of municipal councilor could only be held for a one-year term, with two years vacated before reoccupation. Lochner was re-elected for a second term in the winter of 1450–51 but died in office. There was an outbreak of plague in 1451, and there are no surviving records of him after Christmas of that year.

1545–50), who was a burgher and apparently a wealthy merchant in Oslo. He was according to Finne-Grønn most likely the father of the two clergymen who became the ancestors of two lineages of the family, and who have long been known as the family's earliest certain ancestors: Hans Povelsson Paus (1587–1648) and Peder Povelsson Paus (1590–1653). Both brothers were born in Oslo in the late 16th century and clearly belonged to its social elite.

Duvindu Tillakaratne (born 9 September 1996) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Badureliya Sports Club in the 2016–17 Premier League Tournament on 9 December 2016. He made his List A debut for Ampara District in the 2016–17 Districts One Day Tournament on 15 March 2017. He was the leading wicket-taker for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament, with 34 dismissals in nine matches.

Märvel are a rock band from Linköping, Sweden, active since 2002. The band consists of The King (John Steen) on guitar and vocals, The Burgher (Ulrik Bostedt) on bass, and The Vicar (Tony Samuelsson) on drums. Nicknamed The Barons of High Energy Rock 'n' Roll, the trio frequently delve into rock and roll, hard rock, and heavy metal. The band stands apart from other rock groups by donning masks and headgear during performances to match their individual personas.

Rumesh Buddika (born 14 November 1990) is a Sri Lankan cricketer who is the captain of Sri Lanka Development Emerging Team. He is a left-handed batsman and right-arm off-break bowler who currently plays for Burgher Recreation Club. He was born in Matara District and had his education at Mahinda College, Galle, where he started his cricket career. He represented Sri Lanka in the 2010 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup, which was held in New Zealand.

His wealth and good connections with the higher circles of Anwerp society may have protected him. Emmanuel was later appointed captain of the civic guard, an activity providing a regular income. In 1595 he took part in the liberation of the neighboring town of Lier, which had been occupied by troops of the Dutch Republic. Adriaenssen became a well-off burgher who frequented the local notables including probably from the nobility, who valued his virtuosity on the lute.

Malcolm Graeme Wright (born 2 June 1926) is a Sri Lankan former first-class cricketer. The son of Oswin Ansbert Wright, a member of an Anglo–Burgher family, he was born in British Ceylon at Kandy in June 1926. He later studied in England at St Catherine's College at the University of Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he made two appearances in first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1950, against Warwickshire and Lancashire at Oxford.

The Burgher population worldwide is approximated to be around 100,000, concentrated mostly in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. A large community of Sri Lankans exists in Australia today, of which many are descendants of the migration over the last 50 years. Evident in the many Sri Lanka-Australia Associations, old boys’ and old girls’ school associations are maintained as a reaffirmation of their identity and wish to continue ties with their motherland, Sri Lanka.

Romesh Eranga (born 16 June 1985) is a Sri Lankan-born Canadian cricketer. He bowls left-arm medium-fast and bats left-handed. Eranga became only the third Sri Lankan to take eight wickets in a List A innings; he achieved the feat when he took 8/30 for Burgher Recreation Club against Sri Lanka Army Sports Club. In October 2018, he was named in Canada's squad for the 2018–19 Regional Super50 tournament in the West Indies.

"Genealogy of the Buultjens Family" - The Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union. Edward Buultjens attended Trinity College, Kandy, and received his Lion (an equivalent of the English Blue) in rugby union in 1933.Rugby Lions – Trinity College Kandy Rugby. Retrieved 22 April 2015. His first recorded cricket match for Ceylon came during the 1935–36 season, when a Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) side stopped over in Colombo on its way to a tour of Australia and New Zealand.

In spite of his surname, Transylvanus is said to have come from Flanders, not Transylvania, and to have been a natural or bastard son of Archbishop Lang von Wellenburg which is impossible because in 1490, when he is born, Mathäus Lang was a poor student in Tübingen, and the father of Transylvanus was then a wealthly goldsmith, living in Brussels. Lang von Wellenberg, born in 1469 to a burgher family, took holy orders much later in life (in 1519).

At the 1981 Census, the Burghers (Dutch and Portuguese) were almost 40,000 (0.3% of the population of Sri Lanka). Many Burghers emigrated to other countries. There are still 100 families in Batticaloa and Trincomalee and 80 Kaffir families in Puttalam that still speak the Portuguese Creole; they have been out of contact with Portugal since 1656. The Burgher population worldwide is approximated to be around 100,000, concentrated mostly in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

Tomasz Maruszewski (1769–1834) was a prominent participant in the Kościuszko Uprising. A burgher and Polish Jacobin, he was a member of Kołłątaj's Forge and was ennobled by the Great Sejm in 1790. After pro-reform forces were defeated in the 1792 War in Defense of the Constitution, together with Hugo Kołłątaj he emigrated to Saxony, but in 1793 he returned to Poland. On behalf of Tadeusz Kościuszko he went to Warsaw, where he helped organize the Warsaw Uprising.

' (; fl. 1645–1698) was a Polish soldier, property manager, chef and writer, best known as the author of Compendium ferculorum, albo Zebranie potraw (A Collection of Dishes), the first cookbook written originally in the Polish language. He was an ennobled burgher who held the titular offices of royal secretary and (deputy pantler) of Zhytomyr. During much of his life he served some of the powerful magnate houses of Poland, including the Wielopolski, Zamoyski, Wiśniowiecki and Lubomirski families.

His son, ship's captain Peder Ibsen became a burgher of Bergen in Norway in 1726. Henrik Ibsen had Danish, German, Norwegian and some distant Scottish ancestry. Most of his ancestors belonged to the merchant class of original Danish and German extraction, and many of his ancestors were ship's captains. Ibsen's biographer Henrik Jæger famously wrote in 1888 that Ibsen did not have a drop of Norwegian blood in his veins, stating that "the ancestral Ibsen was a Dane".

Lillian Burgher Murphy was born on June 24, 1884, in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Katherine Stahler and John Burgher Murphy.New York, Passenger Lists, August 1, 1912, "President Grant," entries for Catherine Murphy and Lillian Wiggins.New York, Passenger Lists, June 15, 1925, "Deutschland," entries for Katherine Murphy and Lillian Alderson. After she married in 1905, she began using her husband's surname as her stage name; and by 1909 she, as Lillian Wiggins, had gained public attention and favorable reviews for her performance in the theatrical production The Beauty Spot.Jefferson De Angelis Scores In 'The Beauty Spot,'" Repository (Canton, Ohio), May 9, 1909, p. 23. By early 1913, she was a leading actress at Pathé's West Coast studio in Edendale, Los Angeles, where she starred in Western films. Pathé transferred Wiggins a few months later to its East Coast studio in Jersey City, New Jersey, and then in October 1913 to its new Southern studio in St. Augustine, Florida."She's 'Convert" Of Outdoor Living," Cincinnati Post (Cincinnati, Ohio), June 6, 1913, p. 8 c. 2.

Estonian house marks from the island of Saaremaa. Norwegian house mark with a variation of the shape hourglass. A house mark was originally a mark of property, later also used as a family or clan emblem, incised on the facade of a building, on animals, in signet and similar in the farmer and burgher culture of Germany and Scandinavia. These marks have the appearance of glyphs or runes consisting of a pattern of simple lines, without the application of colour.

The son of James Pillans, he was born at Sheriff Brae in LeithEdinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1776 in April 1778. His father was a merchant and then a printer in Edinburgh, creating Pillans & Wilson. He was also an elder in the Anti-Burgher branch of the Scottish Secession Church, of Adam Gib, and a liberal in politics. Pillans was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, under Alexander Adam, of whom he subsequently contributed a biography to the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Old enterprises were either renovated (Bratislava, Martin, Kosice, Michalovce, Poprad, Nitra, Bytča) or cancelled altogether (Hlohovec, Levoča, Burgher Brewery Bratislava, Banská Bystrica). Gradually, the construction of new breweries begun - Topoľčany (1964), Rimavska Sobota (1966), Velky Saris (1967), Hurbanovo (1969), Banská Bystrica (1971) and Trnava (1974). Hurbanovský brewery's capacity was 1.2 million hectoliters, which was the most in Slovakia. Even before the brewery in Hurbanovo built a new malt house, it had a record production of 66 thousand tons of malt annually.

Hence its prevalence amongst some Burghers families of Sri Lanka is not necessarily of Jewish origins. Some commentators believe that the Burghers’ own mixed backgrounds have made their culture more tolerant and open. While inter-communal strife has been a feature of modern Sri Lankan life, some Burghers have worked to maintain good relations with other ethnic groups. In 2001 the Burghers established a heritage association, the Burgher Association, with headquarters at No.393, Union Place, Colombo 2 Sri Lanka.

G. Karsenberg, Peter Bruninck uit Lichtenvoorde Willem Maurits joined the Dutch East India Company and had risen to opperkoopman ("upper-merchant") before 1735. From 1735 to 1737 he was Governor of the Sumatran West Coast and commissary of the silver and gold mines of Salida near Padang. He was married to Hermina Helena Tolling.F.H. de Vos, Portraits of Dutch Governors of Ceylon , in The Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon, Volume V, Albion Press, Galle, 1912, pp. 14-18.

The first school to be built in South Africa were for the purpose of educating the rescued slaves from the Amersfoort. However, the school were later also used to educate the children of the free burghers. At school, the children were taught to read and write and to compile accounts in gulden and stuivers. The school fees were equal to one half shilling per month for each child of a burgher, enslaved and Khoisan children were taught free of charge or Pro Deo.

In Mecklenburg, inhabitants of towns were called [E]inwohner or Einlieger if they did not possess the status of a burgher nor any other specific privileges. According to the old country laws of Mecklenburg, burghers could only have one main occupation in trade, crafts, or services. Thus, special organisations similar to those of craftsmen also formed for those "farmer-burghers" who lived in the towns, but whose main occupation was agriculture. Their number, however, remained comparatively low in all Mecklenburg country towns.

Margaretha van Kalslagen 1797 - 1836 Margaretha Coppier or Margaretha van Kalslagen (1516, Alphen aan den Rijn – 1597, Breda) was a Dutch noble and a heroine of the Dutch war of liberation. Coppier was the daughter of Jacob Coppier, lord of Kalslagen and Alphen, and Margaretha van Roon. Her brothers and half-brothers all became active members of the Dutch rebellion. Coppier married Joachim Burgher, a polymath known as "Polites" from Goes, who before their marriage had become scribe of Antwerp in 1541.

Haussmann also met the Dresden court painter Ádám Mányoki, who wrote favorably of him. From 1720 Haussmann was the official portrait painter of the city of Leipzig, but left the city in 1722, probably because of differences with the ' (painters' guild) of Leipzig. Haussman and the guild quarrelled in 1729 and 1742 because he refused to become a burgher or to come to agreements with the guild. These disputes are also accepted as a reason that Mányoki revoked his recommendation.

The southern or Shady Side of the Herrengasse was a center of spiritual life for the city, and remained so even after the Reformation. In contrast, the northern or Sunny Side of the street was, with two exceptions, the domain of the minor burgher or merchant class. Most of these houses were built with a stone lower level and fachwerk or half-timbered construction on the upper levels. The two exceptions (Herrengasse 4 and 23) were built for patrician families,Hofer, pg.

In addition to establishing the free burgher system, van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make indentured servants out of the Khoikhoi and the San. They additionally began to import large numbers of slaves, primarily from Madagascar and Indonesia. These slaves often married Dutch settlers, and their descendants became known as the Cape Coloureds and the Cape Malays. A significant number of the offspring from the White and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto Afrikaans speaking White population.

The church built in the Neogothic style faces the town with a high tower. ;Chapel of the Virgin Dolores In 1658 the burgrave (mayor) of Pelhřimov, Jan Eusebius, had a devotional pillar erected on this site. After Pelhřimov had experienced cases of alleged miraculous healing, accredited to the picture of Virgin Dolores placed on the pillar, a chapel was built on the site by burgher Tobiáš Grötzel in 1710–1714. The pilgrimage site was closed in the reign of Josephine.

For a long time attributed solely to Guillaume de Saint-Germain, the house was in truth partially built by the burgher Jean Astorg. The latter belonged to the financial elite who were regularly sought out by the capitouls in period of crisis (war efforts). For the decoration of his new building at the back of the courtyard he decided to imitate the windows of his neighbour Pierre Delpech. Such imitation was prevalent throughout the century, and amounted to honorific appropriation.

Aleksander Michał Lubomirski, at whose court Compendium ferculorum was written Czerniecki was an ennobled burgher who served three generations of the magnate house of Princes Lubomirski as property manager and head chef. He began his service in ca. 1645, initially under Stanisław Lubomirski until 1649, then under the latter's eldest son, Aleksander Michał Lubomirski, and his grandson, Józef Karol Lubomirski. Although Czerniecki's book was first published in 1682, it must have been completed before Aleksander Michał Lubomirski's death in 1677.

De Niese was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, after her parents, Chris and Beverly, had migrated from Sri Lanka to Australia as teenagers. She is a Sri Lankan Burgher with some Dutch and Scottish heritage. In 1988, at the age of nine, she became the youngest winner of the Australian TV talent competition, Young Talent Time. In the competition, she was singing a Whitney Houston medley, for which the prize was A$ 5,000 and a Yamaha baby grand piano, which she still owns.

Wellingsbüttel and Cavalry Lieutenant in the Hamburg Citizen Militia, is a descendant of the distinguished Hanseaten Jauch family. Grand Burgher [male] or Grand Burgheress [female] (from German: Großbürger [male], Großbürgerin [female]) is a specific conferred or inherited title of medieval German origin and legally defined preeminent status granting exclusive constitutional privileges and legal rights (German: Großbürgerrecht),Titel: Lehrbuch des teutschen Privatrechts; Landrecht und Lehnrecht enthaltend. Vom Geheimen Rath Schmalz zu Berlin. Theodor von Schmalz, Berlin, 1818, bei Duncker und Humblot.

There are Portuguese influenced people with their own culture and Portuguese based dialects in parts of the world other than former Portuguese colonies, notably in Barbados, Jamaica, Aruba, Curaçao, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana (see Portuguese immigrants in Guyana), Equatorial Guinea and throughout Asia (Main Article Luso-Asians). Luso-Asian communities exist in Malaysia, Singapore (see Kristang people), Indonesia, Sri Lanka (see Burgher people and Portuguese Burghers), Myanmar (see Bayingyi people) Thailand, India (see Luso- Indian) and Japan.

Stella Maud Hinds was born in Blaauwbank, the South African Republic, on March 11, 1895. She was the daughter of Alice Maud Jennings and Thomas Charles Hinds, a burgher of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek with a farm near Magaliesburg. Stella's sister, (Hilda) Grace Hinds, was the mother of John Cranko, the South African ballet dancer and choreographer. Grace's husband, Herbert Cranko, helped to raise money and secure permissions for Stella's subsequent expedition with Chaplin Court Treatt from the Cape to Cairo.

Detailed regulations controlled what items should be produced and sold by the guilds, and what was permitted to be sold by retail sellers. Stockholm compared to other Swedish cities had a varied market with a great variation of craftsmanship. This society was built on the burgher class, they were the only "proper" citizens in Swedish cities, i.e. they were given a franchise (burskap), the right to undertake bourgeois activities — trade and craftsmanship — a right tied to an obligation to pay taxes.

The baby was given up to burgher-class foster-parents, and was given their last name. In 1827, Jaquettes spouse Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm returned to Sweden and unsuccessfully interrogated her about the rumors of her affair with the crown prince and how the luxurious decoration of her apartment had been financed. Jaquette divorced Löwenhielm on 1 September 1829 on the grounds of different characters. Her second marriage to the Finnish Baron Uno von Troil (1803-1839) took place on 21 August 1838.

The Dutch East India Company established the garden in Cape Town for the purpose of providing fresh vegetables to the settlement as well as passing ships. Master gardener and free burgher Hendrik Boom prepared the first ground for sowing of seed on the 29th of April 1652. The settlers sowed different kinds of seeds and kept record thereof each day. Through trial and error they managed to compile a calendar which they used for the sowing and harvesting throughout the year.

In desperation, the British called in Stockenstrom and the local Cape Burgher forces whose fast-moving commandos, with their considerable local knowledge, inflicted a string of defeats on Sandile's Ngqika."General South African History Timeline: 1800s" , South African History Online. The commandos then rode deep into the Transkei Xhosa heartland, eventually riding right into the village of Gcaleka King Sarhili himself, the paramount chief of all the Xhosa, and negotiating with him an overall treaty, for peace with all Xhosa.

Legislation authorised the government to call up the burgher and volunteer forces for service outside their home districts. Collectively, the CMR, the CMY, the burghers, and the volunteers, were referred to as the "Colonial Forces". In the Northern Border Rebellion (1878), Colonial Forces were deployed against the Koranna in the districts along the Orange River. While British regiments were away in Zululand during the Anglo- Zulu War (1879), volunteer units were called up to man the garrisons in the Transkei and elsewhere.

Leo Pokrowsky before heading to South Africa Leo Pokrowsky (died 25 December 1900 in Utrecht, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa) was a Pole and Captain in the Russian Army, who fought and died on the side of the Boers during the Second Anglo-Boer War. He was killed on Christmas Day 1900 when he and his men attacked the British garrison in Utrecht. A commemorative plaque to his memory can be seen on the Burgher monument in the town of Utrecht.

"The township remained primarily rural and agricultural until the post World War II years when so much happened so quickly and Ulster had to move into the 20th Century ready or not. A major corporation, IBM, opened its Kingston facility. The economy of Ulster, the City of Kingston and neighboring towns changed irreversibly as housing developments sprang up, schools were built and other businesses arrived." (Burgher manuscript) The Town of Ulster is noted as being "The Business Hub" of Ulster County.

Anna Fredrika Ehrenborg Anna Fredrica Ehrenborg, née Carlqvist (16 March 1794, Karlstad – 20 May 1873, Linköping), was a Swedish writer. She was regarded as one of the most notable supporters of The New Church in contemporary Sweden.Anna Fredrika Ehrenborg, Dictionary of Swedish National Biography (in Swedish) Anna Fredrika Carlqvist was orphaned at an early age and adopted by a burgher in Karlstad. She married the Parliamentary Ombudsman Casper Ehrenborg in 1811 and became the mother of the writer Betty Ehrenborg and Ulla Bring.

Just before the beginning of the annual monk's rainy season retreat (vassa) of 1911 (which would have been started the day after the full moon of July), Nyanatiloka and his companions moved to the Island. The hermitage was named Island Hermitage. The island was bought by Bergier in 1914 from its Burgher owner and donated to Nyanatiloka. In September 1911 Alexandra David-Néel came and studied Pali under Nyanatiloka at the Island Hermitage while staying with the monastery's chief supporter, Coroner Wijeyesekera.

Sophie Harmansdochter, also known as Gele Fye (1505 - 3 March 1562), was a Dutch perjurer and informer. Sophie Harmansdochter was the daughter of the Anabaptist Harman Hoen from Zwolle, whom she had followed on his preacher tours before he was executed in 1534. She married a burgher in Amsterdam in 1537. After encountering difficulties in securing her inheritance after her father's death, she was employed as an informer for the mayor of Amsterdam to point out suspected heretics to the authorities.

The Cletcher family (sometimes also spelled Cletscher, Clisser, Clitsert, Clitchert, Cletzer, and van Cletcher) originally lived in Colchester, England. The family emigrated to the Low Countries in the mid-16th century, where Thomas Cletcher sr. registered as a burgher of the city of Antwerp in 1560. As a result of turmoil stemming from the Eighty Years' War between the Dutch and the Habsburg Netherlands, the Cletchers moved north in 1585 and settled in The Hague in the newly founded Dutch Republic.

Claude van der Straaten, also spelt Vanderstaaten and Vanderstraaten (1905 – 1962) was a cricketer who played on Ceylon's first tour in 1932-33. He attended St. Joseph's College, Colombo. He was a renowned hitter in Ceylon.S. S. Perera, The Janashakthi Book of Sri Lanka Cricket (1832–1996), Janashakthi Insurance, Colombo, 1999, p. 460. Playing for Burgher Recreation Club in a senior club match against Colombo Cricket Club in January 1931 he hit 232 in 90 minutes, including 20 sixes and 15 fours.

Konopka was born in 1769 to a burgher family in Poznań. He studies law in Kraków, where he was a lawyer applicant in the F. Barss legal practice. Member of the Kołłątaj's Forge organization and one of the Polish Jacobins, and secretary to Hugo Kołłątaj; during Kołlataj's period as the Deputy Crown Chancellor (podkanclerz koronny) in 1791, Konopka held the position of the Secretary of the Lesser Seal (sekretarz pieczęci mniejszej). He participated in the Kościuszko Uprising, joining the cavalry.

Altogether 655 decorations were awarded between 1921 and 1946, all but one to officers. The sole exception was the award to Burgher A. Kuit, who was awarded the decoration for his service whilst occupying the position of Inspekteur van Veldpos (Inspector of Field Post). A complete list of recipients of the Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst was published in the Military History Journals of the South African Military History Society, Volume 1, Numbers 1 and 2, in December 1967 and June 1968 respectively.

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica reported that, in 1508, a shipwrecked beggar on the Pomeranian coast, while the New International Encyclopedia described him as stricken down with the pestilence and recovering. In 1509, he was studying theology at the University of Greifswald, where he was at first received kindly. In 1510 he spent time further studying theology at Wittenberg University.Von Hutten plaque, Wittenberg However his burgher patrons could not tolerate the poet's airs and vanity and ill-timed assertions of his higher rank.

Timeline showing the evolution of the churches of Scotland from 1560 The Original Secession Church or United Original Secession Church was a Scottish Presbyterian denomination formed in 1822 from the portion of the Anti-Burgher Old Lichts that refused to merge with the Church of Scotland. In 1852 some of its members merged with the Free Church of Scotland formed by the Disruption of 1843. In 1956 the remainder of the Original Secession Church merged with the Church of Scotland.

Agnes de Silva was born in Colombo on 1885. She was the only daughter of Paul Nell of a Burgher Christian aristocratic family, who was an engineer in the Kandy province. She married George E. de Silva, a Sinhala Anglican, a lawyer by profession who was known for his liberal approach in social and political issues and who furthered the cause of women's suffrage. He wooed Agnes in many parties of dance and music and married her in a grand celebration in 1908.

He represented the Burgher Recreation Club whilst in school, and played there until the 1969/70 season. He then played for the Nondescripts Cricket Club from 1970/71 until 1975/76, captaining in the 1974/75 season. His first-class debut was in 1964, playing 50 matches in total and compiling four hundreds (the highest being 136 against Indian Universities at Bangalore in December 1975). Note - at the time only Ceylon/Sri Lanka matches against foreign sides were classified as first-class.

He was born at Florence, the son of a burgher named Marco Magliabechi, and Ginevra Baldorietta. Although Magliabechi was apprenticed to a goldsmith, and worked in this capacity until his fortieth year, Michele Ermini, librarian to Cardinal de' Medici, recognized his academic ability and taught him Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. In 1673 he became librarian to Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Magliabechi became the central figure of literary life in Florence, and scholars of every nation sought his acquaintance and corresponded with him.

He was second in the rector's class, after his close friend Francis Horner; another classmate was John Archibald Murray. His father wished to apprentice him to a paper-stainer, but Pillans went on to the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated with an MA on 30 January 1801. He became a pupil of Andrew Dalzell, was influenced by Dugald Stewart, and attended the chemistry lectures of Joseph Black. He was a member of the "dialectic society" founded by "Burgher" divinity students in the University.

The most notable military clans were granted with Coats of Arms and szlachta status, while many other families melted into the rural and burgher society. The first Tatar settlements were founded near the major towns of the Commonwealth in order to allow for fast mobilization of troops. Apart from religious freedom, the Tatars were allowed to marry Polish and Ruthenian women of Catholic or Orthodox faith, uncommon in Europe of that time. Finally, the May Constitution granted the Tatars with a representation in the Polish Sejm.

Dantiscus was born in Danzig (Gdańsk), in the Kingdom of Poland. His family's name was von Höfen, while Flachsbinder was an occupational name derived from his grandfather's ropemaking trade (literally flax binder). Johannes took on the nickname Dantiscus in order to show that he was a burgher of Danzig () where his father was a brewer and merchant. He finished his elementary studies at a parish school in Grudziądz (Graudenz), and studied first in Greifswald, then in Kraków where he was awarded a bachelor's degree.

Fernandez was born on 11 August 1985, in Manama, Bahrain, and was raised in a multi-ethnic family. Her father, Elroy Fernandez, is a Sri Lankan Burgher, and her mother, Kim, is of Malaysian and Canadian descent. Her maternal grandfather is Canadian and her paternal great-grandparents were from Goa in India. Her father, who was a musician in Sri Lanka, moved to Bahrain in the 1980s to escape civil unrest between the Tamils and Sinhalese and subsequently met her mother who was an air hostess.

Among those Burghers who had stopped fighting, it was decided to form peace committees to persuade those who were still fighting to desist. In December 1900 Lord Kitchener gave permission that a central Burgher Peace Committee be inaugurated in Pretoria. By the end of 1900 some thirty envoys were sent out to the various districts to form local peace committees to persuade burghers to give up the fight. Previous leaders of the Boers, like Generals Piet de Wet and Andries Cronjé were involved in the organisation.

When about to retire, the moderator, by appointment of Presbytery, cited him apud acta to compear before the Presbytery, in the house of the Rev. Adam Gib, next day at ten o'clock, but he did not comply. A committee was sent to Kirkcaldy to expedite matters, but without effect. He was summoned by the Anti-burgher Synod in November 1747, and appeared before that Court in January 1748, and boldly denied that subjection to the civil government was lawful; and at a subsequent meeting he was deposed.

Sophia The Wenceslas Bible contains the text of one of the earliest Bible translations into German. The translation from the Latin Vulgata was commissioned by the wealthy burgher of Prague Martin Rotlev about 1375–1380. Although Wenceslas' father Emperor Charles IV forbade Bible translations from Latin into vernacular languages as heresy in 1369, king Wenceslas with his second wife Sophia disrespected his father's order by their patronage of this spectacular edition of the new German Bible translation. Their own patronage confirms an inscription in the manuscript.

During the Hussite wars, in 1422, Pelhřimov fell into the hands of the Taborites, and Utraquist masses were served here. The vaulting and walls of the church interior show scenes from the life and martyr's death of St. Vitus, as well as allegories of Faith, Hope and Charity. Nowadays the church is used as an exhibition and concert hall. ;Church of the Holy Cross (Calvary) In 1671 the burgher and alderman Jan Kryštof Blažejovský and his spouse Dorota had a small chapel built near the town.

Thereafter he was appointed to the post of Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (known as Foreign Secretary) as the country's most senior diplomat in 1994. At the time he was the second career diplomat to be appointed to this post till then. After retiring from the foreign service, he served as Chairman of the Public Service Commission from 2002 to 2005 and was a visiting lecturer in International Law at the Law Faculty. He was honorary member of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon.

The Council of Heraldry and Vexillology is in charge of supervising the granting and recording of non-noble arms in the French Community of Belgium.Burgher arms or bourgeois arms are coats of arms borne by persons of the burgher social class of Europe since the Middle Ages (usually called bourgeois in English). By definition, however, the term is alien to British heraldry, which follows other rules. In some European countries, certain armorial bearings have traditionally been restricted to a particular social class (usually the nobility), e.g.

Toponymic surnames originated as non-hereditary personal by-names, and only subsequently came to be family names. The origins of toponymic by-names have been attributed to two non-mutually exclusive trends. One was to link the nobility to their places of origin and their feudal holdings and provide a marker of their status, while the other relates to the growth of the burgher class in the cities, partly via migration from the countryside. In London in the 13th century, toponymic surnames came to predominate.

Greenmarket Square is a historical square in the centre of old Cape Town, South Africa. The square was built in 1696, when a burgher watch house was erected. Over the years, the square has served as a slave market, a vegetable market, a parking lot and more recently, a flea market trading mainly African souvenirs, crafts and curios. Near the centre of the square is a hand-operated pump used to bring clean water to the surface from an underground river that runs through the city.

Despite his long-term residency in Amsterdam starting from 1673, Maes never became a citizen of Amsterdam. He waited until 1688 to register with the Amsterdam Guild of Saint Luke, only after the municipality had demanded a list of members from the Guild. Maes registered with the Guild not as a 'burgher' (citizen of Amsterdam), but as a resident. During his life he achieved financial success, as at his death his estate included 11,000 guilders in cash, two houses in Dordrecht and three houses in Amsterdam.

As the main area for burgher activities, the area contains most points of interest in the city. Grand Square (German: Großer Ring, Romanian: Piața Mare ) is, as its name suggests, the largest square of the city, and has been the center of the city since the 15th century. At 142 meters long and 93 meters wide, it is one of the largest ones in Transylvania. Brukenthal Palace, one of the most important Baroque monuments in Romania, lies on the north-western corner of the square.

When the Seventh Frontier War (the "Amatola War") erupted, the conventional British imperial troops soon suffered setbacks in the rough frontier terrain. Their long troop columns were slow and easily ambushed by the elusive Xhosa gunmen. Faced with increasing losses and a full-scale invasion of the Xhosa armies across the frontier, the British Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland called upon the local Cape Burgher Commandos. The Cape burghers were mounted frontier gunmen, recruited locally from Boer, Mfengu, settler, Khoikhoi and Griqua populations, and fiercely loyal to Stockenström.

As colonialism often played out in pre-populated areas, sociocultural evolution included the formation of various ethnically hybrid populations. Colonialism gave rise to culturally and ethnically mixed populations such as the mestizos of the Americas, as well as racially divided populations such as those found in French Algeria or in Southern Rhodesia. In fact, everywhere where colonial powers established a consistent and continued presence, hybrid communities existed. Notable examples in Asia include the Anglo-Burmese, Anglo-Indian, Burgher, Eurasian Singaporean, Filipino mestizo, Kristang and Macanese peoples.

She often dealt with subject matter considered "daringly frank and earthy" for its time, including unwed pregnancy, extramarital affairs, miscegnation, and homosexuality. Hurst's work has been criticized for relying heavily on stereotypes, including "The Cad, the Alcoholic, the Egotist, the Self-Absorbed Rich Lady, the Golden-Hearted Whore, the Brave Wife, the Pure-Minded Virgin, and the Honest Burgher". Women in Hurst's works are generally victimized in some way by preconceived attitudes or social and economic discrimination. including sexual harassment, gender discrimination, and age discrimination.

Instead, on 16 February 1737, he left the Church, and two days later joined the Associate Presbytery of the Secession. It was he who read the Secession's Declinature on 17 May 1739 to the Assembly of the Church of Scotland. As an objector to the Burgess Oath, he became the Moderator of the Associate Presbytery's Synod, picking the Anti-Burgher side when it later split in the Breach of 1747. In 1740, he, alongside the other secessionist ministers, were all formally deposed from office by the Assembly.

Most of the Macanese lexicon derives from Malay, through various Portuguese-influenced creoles (papiás) like the Kristang of Malacca and the creole spoken in the Indonesian island of Flores. Words of Malay origin include sapeca ("coin") and copo-copo ("butterfly"). Many words also came from Sinhala, through the Indo-Portuguese creoles of the Kaffir and Portuguese Burgher communities of Sri Lanka. Some terms derived from other Indian languages through other Indo-Portuguese creoles brought by natives of Portuguese India, these include Konkani and Marathi languages.

Navy Ground is a cricket ground in Welisara, Sri Lanka. The first recorded match held on the ground came in 2002 when Galle Cricket Club Under-23s played Nugegoda Sports Welfare Club Under-23s. First-class cricket was first played there in 2006 when Burgher Recreation Club played Saracens Sports Club in the 2006/07 Premier Trophy. To date twenty first-class matches have been held there, though home side Sri Lanka Navy Sports Club didn't start playing there until the 2009/10 season.

The Journal of The Family of Blaze of Ceylon, Dutch Burgher Union, Vol. 40, 1950. The marriage produced one daughter but failed and they divorced in 1932, Kalenberg remarrying shortly thereafter in Sri Lanka. Lethbridge's liaisons included a romance with Silas Glossop, a civil engineer and one of the founders of Geotechnical Engineering in the UKEmily Holmes Coleman diaries held at The University of Delaware and a long- standing affair with Colin Gill, who was commissioned to paint Lethbridge for The Imperial War Museum.

In 1656, King Charles X Gustav of Sweden signed two charters creating two private banks under the directorship of Johan Palmstruch (though before having been ennobled he was called Johan Wittmacher or Hans Wittmacher), a Riga-born merchant of Dutch origin. Palmstruch modeled the banks on those of Amsterdam where he had become a burgher. The first real European banknote was issued in 1661 by the Stockholms Banco of Johan Palmstruch, a private bank under state charter (precursor to the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden).

Anil de Silva was born in Kandy, Sri Lanka, in 1909. Her parentage was of a mixed race. Her father, George E. de Silva, was a Sinhalese Buddhist who became a politician, was President of the Ceylon National Congress, and also served as a Minister of Health. Her mother, Agnes Nell, was a Burgher Christian who actively campaigned for universal suffrage in Sri Lanka and succeeded in getting it in 1931 with the enactment of the Constitution which extended suffrage to all women over 21.

In Frankfurt, the beginnings of an independent polity date back to the grant of privileges to its citizens by then king Friedrich II in 1217.Die Macht der Patrizier , Frankfurter Rundschau Online Not long after, an upper crust of burgher families began to constitute itself. To them were reserved seats on the town council, which were passed on by inheritance to the sons of the council members. This clique of generally wealthy families was called Patricians, after the patricii ruling families of ancient Rome.

Naleya Downer (born 27 January 1980) is a retired female track and field sprinter from Jamaica, who competed in the 400 metres and the 400 metres hurdles during her career. Her personal best time in the women's 400 metres is 52.61, set on 4 May 2002 in Austin, Texas. She won a silver medal in the women's 4x400 metres relay at the 2003 Pan American Games, alongside Michelle Burgher, Novlene Williams, and Allison Beckford. She ran track for the University of Texas at Austin.

The son of a burgher, Evert Nansen, he was born at Flensburg. He made several voyages to the White Sea and to places in northern Russia, and in 1621 entered the service of the thriving Danish Icelandic Company. For many years the whole trade of Iceland, which he frequently visited, passed through his hands, and he soon became equally well known at Glückstadt, the centre of the Iceland trade, and at Copenhagen. In February 1644, at the express desire of King Christian IV of Denmark, the Copenhagen burgesses elected him burgomaster.

Grant was born in Stellarton, Pictou County, Nova Scotia. He was educated at the Pictou Academy and the anti-burgher seminary in West River in Nova Scotia, and, from 1853 to 1860, in Scotland at the University of Glasgow, where he had a brilliant academic career.DCB: "GRANT, GEORGE MONRO" Having entered the ministry of the Church of Scotland in 1861, he returned to serve in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, before being called to the St Matthew's congregation in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he was minister from 1863 to 1877.

The building of Bohdalický chateau and today's Elementary school (2008) The school in the village probably existed in the second half of the 18th century, but it was not explicitly named until 1785 when the first known teacher died. This first school was one-class, since 1874 it has been extended to two-class and in 1887 to three-class. The burgher school in Bohdalice was opened in the building of the former chateau in 1945. In that year the chateau still belonged to the Manner and Skutezky families.

Claas van Donselaar was uncle to Rijkje van Donselaar and was made executor of the estate, along with Daniel Thibault and Jan Smit. The property was transferred to Jacob Leever in 1724, to Hendrik van Aarde in 1730, and from him to Willem Pool (c.1744). A German carpenter, Johan Fredrik Willem Böttiger, the owner from 1748 to 1771 increased the area of the property and enlarged the house. Böttiger was a Burgher Councillor and is thus distinguished for being a member of the very first town council in South Africa.

Decjusz's Villa in Wola Justowska, Kraków Justus Ludwik Decjusz (, ; 1485–1545) was a notable Polish burgher and diplomat of German origin in 16th- century Kraków. He served as a finance minister and secretary to the Polish king Sigismund I the Old. Originally from Alsace, Decjusz's career peaked with his appointment as the king's personal adviser and overseer of the royal mint. He was also the author of a widely circulated text "De vetustatibus Polonorum" (, On the Ancient Origins of the Poles), an early version of the Sarmatian myth about the origin of the Polish kings.

He then studied law and political science at Göttingen, and Heidelberg universities from 1806 to 1810. After a brief period as secretary to his uncle Charles-Frédéric Reinhard, who was French Minister Plenipotentiary in the Kingdom of Westphalia, Sieveking first went back to Göttingen, obtaining a post-doctoral qualification. But during the climax of the Napoleonic Wars, he participated in setting-up the Burgher Militia of Hamburg and moved there in 1815. In 1819, Sieveking was appointed as the envoy of the Hanseatic cities (Hamburg, Lübeck and Bremen) in St. Petersburg.

F. H. de Vos, Portraits of Dutch Governors of Ceylon , in The Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon, Volume V, Albion Press, Galle, 1912, pp. 14–18. The couple lived in Leiden where they had one surviving daughter, before leaving for the East Indies on 16 May 1716 on the ship De herstelde Leeuw.M. G. Wildeman, Familie- aantekeningen Gerlings (family notes Gerlings from the 18th century), in De Nederlandse Leeuw, 1897 He arrived in 1717 in Batavia where he was fiscal lawyer and in 1720 became Extraordinary Council of the Dutch East Indies.

Bruce was born at Broomhall, Stirlingshire, and, after studying at the University of Glasgow, was ordained, in 1768, minister of the Associate (Anti-burgher) congregation of Whitburn. In 1786 he was appointed professor of divinity by the General Associate Synod, and continued to hold that office till 1806. Being dissatisfied with the action of his synod, he left it and formed, along with three others, the 'Constitutional Associate Presbytery' this led to a sentence of deposition being passed on him by the former body. He died 28 February 1816.

Two sculpted Shields representing Geneva and Zurich appear above the side lights. Above the central door and occupying the entire width of the central bay is a large, five-paneled, stained glass tracery window. The window is enclosed within a pointed arch label-molding with label-stops sculpted in the form of two heads representing a burgher and a knight. Above the central window and within the gable is a pointed arch niche within which rests a figure supporting the shield of Frederick, the Elector of the Palatinate, and symbol of the Reformed Church.

In the German Peasants' War in 1525, Burgau supported the ' against Ulm, but was defeated by the Swabian League. The city suffered badly during both the Thirty Years' War and the War of the Spanish succession. Ferdinand II's successor, his nephew Emperor Rudolph II, entrusted the margraviate to Charles von Österreich, Ferdinand II's second son by his morganatic wife Philippine Welser, daughter of a wealthy Augsburg burgher. Charles was the last holder of the margraviate, from 1609–18; on his death, the land returned to the senior Austrian Habsburg line.

On 26 June 1818 Schinkel commissioned the Royal Prussian Iron Foundry (Königlich Preußische Eisengießerei) to cast the pieces for the monument, including its statues.Michael Nungesser, Das Denkmal auf dem Kreuzberg von Karl Friedrich Schinkel, see references for bibliographical details, p. 46\. . The foundry estimated costs of thaler 20,646. After negotiations on 27 August 1818 the merchant Gottfried Wilhelm August Tietz, the farming burgher Johann Friedrich Götze and Christian Weimar (Weymann) sold the top of the Götze'scher Berg (today's Kreuzberg) measuring 1.5 Prussian Morgen () and an access road branching off from Methfesselstraße.

The major exponents of the mid-17th century, Jacob van Campen and Pieter Post, adopted de Keyser's forms for such eclectic elements as Giant order pilasters, gable roofs, central pediments, and vigorous steeples. Brought together in a coherent combination, these stylistic developments anticipated Christopher Wren's Classicism. The most ambitious constructions of the period included the seats of self-government in Amsterdam (1646) and Maastricht (1658), designed by Campen and Post, respectively. On the other hand, the residences of the House of Orange are closer to a typical burgher mansion than to a royal palace.

Mercator quickly established himself as a man of standing in the town: an intellectual of note, a publisher of maps, and a maker of instruments and globes. Mercator never accepted the privileges and voting rights of a burgher for they came with military responsibilities which conflicted with his pacifist and neutral stance. Nevertheless, he was on good terms with the wealthier citizens and a close friend of Walter Ghim, the twelve times mayor and Mercator's future biographer. Mercator was welcomed by Duke Wilhelm who appointed him as court cosmographer.

Captain Dr Henry Speldewinde de Boer, CMG, MC (1896–1957) was a Ceylonese born British colonial doctor. He was the former Director of Medical Services in Uganda and Nyasaland as well as being elected as County Councillor for the Hemel Hempstead division of Hertfordshire.Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union Born in Colombo, Ceylon, he was educated at the Royal College, ColomboRoyal college salutes the Royalist war heroes and went on to England for medical studies at the London Hospital. There he gained his MRCS and LRCP in 1913.

Champ-Pittet manor house (2012). The 18th century manor house, near the road to Yvonand, has served as summer residence of Frédéric Haldimand, burgher of Yverdon and first Governor of Canada (1777–1786), when this territory became part of the British crown. This country-seat belongs now to Pro Natura, the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature, and is one of its two nature centres; Centres Pro Natura, Pro Natura (page visited on 26 July 2016). organizing special exhibitions, audio-visual shows as well as guided tours of the nature reserve, the Grande Caricaie.

Special Nothing/Especial Nada (2003, with Anton Skrzypiciel and Miguel Borges) presented at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival was considered by The Herald as "a fabulous blast" and "the inspired springboard for a fascinating window into creative processes and what constitutes 'art'". Burgher King Lear (2006, also interpreted by Skrzypiciel and Borges) was selected as one of the best 2006 Portuguese performances and described as one of the most accomplished and intelligent deconstructions of a classical theater text recently staged, achieving success in Spain, where it was awarded the FAD Sebastià Gash 2008 Prize (Barcelona).

Burgher King Lear – staging and dramaturgy based on William Shakespeare King Lear, premiered in Black Box (Montemor-o-Novo) November 2006. Story of a Lier – staging and adicional writing based on Ibsen's Peer Gynt, premiered in Casa de Teatro in Sintra, June 2006. Delivery – staging and adicional writing (with Luís Vieira) based on different texts by Strindberg. Casa de Teatro de Sintra, Dezembro 2005 e Casa D’Os Dias da Água, Janeiro de 2006 Ruins – staging and adicional writing (with Luís Vieira) based on different texts by Strindberg, premiered in Teatro Carlos Alberto – Porto, June 2005.

The Royal Chamber of Commerce sold it at a reduced prize to Matej Hulka, burgher of Nové Město, named by Ferdinand I to the aristocracy with the attribute z Počernice. The new owner then built the western wing. From this period dates the crest vaults arches on the ground floor, and to this day it is possible to see the evident envelope graffito on the façade. In 1622, after the Battle of the White Mountain, the castle was confiscated and sold at a reduced price to Jan Kaprovi z Kaprštejn.

The Vauxhall arranged masquerades, fire works, and performances by actors, athletes, circus artists and all sorts of artists passing through town. It was frequented by the rich burgher class and particularly popular among the officers of Gothenburg. The clients took walks in the park, had dinner, listened to a concert, often with a singer as well, watched a performance of some kind, and danced. The house of the park could also be hired for private celebrations by both private citizens as well as societies, often to celebrate royal events.

Both were members of Catholic clergy, but neither refrained from assuming at times socially radical positions. nobleman, by Jean-Pierre Norblin Stanisław Staszic (1755–1826) originated from a burgher family in Piła, extensively studied abroad, especially in Paris, and became the mentor of Andrzej Zamoyski's children. He published two important works: Remarks on the Life of Jan Zamoyski (1785) and Warnings for Poland (1787). Staszic advocated strengthening of royal power, hereditary succession, majority voting in the sejm and equal representation for townspeople and nobility there (as well as equal rights in general).

Piotr Tepper's palace in Warsaw The stronger position of urban entrepreneurs was also a result of the revitalized trade. Under the King's leadership, steps were taken that led to the abolishment of nobility's monopoly on various trade activities, which made capital concentration in the hands of burgher merchants feasible. The Commonwealth was, however, being subjected to discriminatory trade practices (such as high custom duties, tariffs and fees) imposed by Prussia, Austria and Russia, the Commonwealth's stronger neighbors. Paved roads and inland waterways were constructed or improved by state authorities to facilitate the increased trade.

The policy on both sides was to minimise the role of nonwhites but the need for manpower continuously stretched those resolves. At the battle of Spion Kop in Ladysmith, Mahatma Gandhi with 300 free burgher Indians and 800 indentured Indian labourers started the Ambulance Corps serving the British side. As the war raged across African farms and their homes were destroyed, many became refugees and they, like the Boers, moved to the towns where the British hastily created internment camps. Subsequently, the "Scorched Earth" policy was ruthlessly applied to both Boers and Africans.

Johan Patrik Ljungström was born in Stockholm, Sweden, Christian Fredrik Ljungström, a länsman, and Anna Elisabeth (née Tengman). He married three times: to Fredrika Charlotte (née Skarstedt), Maria Christina (née Spaak), and Britta Catharina (née Bagge). He had children in all three marriages, including Jonas Patrik Ljungström. Active as a jeweler and burgher in Stockholm, Uddevalla, and Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, works surviving from his ateliers include ranging from ciboriums preserved by the Church of Sweden, to jewlry for personal adornment represented by the Nordic Museum, as well as regional cultural heritage museums.

The frustrated reformism of the humanists, ushered in by the Renaissance, contributed to a growing impatience among reformers. Erasmus and later figures like Martin Luther and Zwingli would emerge from this debate and eventually contribute to another major schism of Christendom. The crisis of theology beginning with William of Ockham in the fourteenth century was occurring in conjunction with the new burgher discontent. Since the breakdown of the philosophical foundations of scholasticism, the new nominalism did not bode well for an institutional church legitimized as an intermediary between man and God.

The town patricians were increasingly criticized by the growing burgher class, which consisted of well- to-do middle-class citizens who held administrative guild positions or worked as merchants. They demanded town assemblies made up of both patricians and burghers, or at least a restriction on simony and the allocation of council seats to burghers. The burghers also opposed the clergy, whom they felt had overstepped and failed to uphold their principles. They demanded an end to the clergy's special privileges such as their exemption from taxation, as well as a reduction in their numbers.

Meanwhile, a group of Presbyterians in Pennsylvania were dissatisfied with the Adopting Act, which allowed qualified subscription to the Westminster Confession. They requested ministers from the Anti-Burgher Associate Presbytery in Scotland, who were called "Seceders" because they had broken away from the Church of Scotland during the First Secession of 1733. In 1753, the Associate Presbytery sent Alexander Gellatley and Andrew Arnot to establish congregations and organize a presbytery. The New Side Presbytery of Newcastle denounced the newcomers as schismatics and declared the Associate Presbytery's Marrow doctrine to be unorthodox.

Christ Church circa 1905, with its then white exterior. The Dutch conquest of Malacca from the Portuguese Empire in 1641 saw the proscription of Roman Catholicism and the conversion of existing churches to Dutch Reformed use. The old St. Paul's Church at the summit of St. Paul Hill was renamed the Bovenkerk (Upper Church) and used as the main parish church of the Dutch community. In 1741, in commemoration of the centenary of the capture of Malacca from the Portuguese, the Dutch burgher community decided to build a new church to replace the ageing Bovenkerk.

Anna Sofia Ramström was one of the kammarfru of queen Sophia Magdalena: the position of kammarfru was roughly equivalent to that of a Lady's maid, and was normally recruited from the wealthy burgher class: her brother-in-law, Erik Ek, was a merchant. In 1775, King Gustav III of Sweden made the decision to consummate his marriage. Through Anna Sofia Ramström, Count Adolf Fredrik Munck af Fulkila contacted Ingrid Maria Wenner, who was assigned to inform the queen of the king's wish, because she was married and the confidant of the queen.Gerd Ribbing (1958).

The parish churchyard has a number of pre-1800 gravestones with carved emblems. In the 1840s there were also places of worship for the United Secession Church, the Free Church of Scotland, and the Relief Church. Seceders in the parish Errol who adhered to the General Associate Anti-burgher Synod formed a Secession Presbyterian congregation in January 1759 and met at Westown; their first church was built in 1758 and the second in 1809. In 1796-7 a number of the parish church members left and formed a Relief Church congregation.

There is also a story of an attractive Gujjar princess falling in love with a handsome English nobleman and the nobleman converted to Islam so as to marry her. The 65,000 strong Burgher community of Sri Lanka was formed by the intermarriages of Dutch and Portuguese men with local Sinhalese and Tamil women. Intermarriage also took place in Britain during the 17th to 19th centuries, when the British East India Company brought over many thousands of Indian scholars, lascars and workers. (mostly Bengali) Most of whom worked on British ships in transient around the world.

Prince's Day by Jan Steen (ca. 1665): Supporters of the Prince of Orange drink to the health of the Nassau line on the Prince's birthday. During the Eighty Years' War there had been tension in the provinces between adherents of a government ruled by the burgher oligarchy, called regents, and those who favoured a government led by the Prince of Orange. These tensions had escalated in 1650 when William II, Prince of Orange had tried to conquer Amsterdam, the main bastion of the Regents of the De Graeff and Bicker clans.

Wichmann Lastrop (8 April 1696 in Hamburg – 9 December 1747 in Hamburg) was a Hamburg merchant and grand burgher, and one of the largest business magnates in Hamburg in the early 18th century. In 1722, he married to Ilsabe Tönnies (1702–1739), daughter of the merchant and banker Johann Friedrich Tönnies. Original music by Georg Philipp Telemann, Opus TWV 11/2 ("Vermischet euch, helebte saiten (Lastrop-Tönnies)"), was composed for their wedding.Poesie der Nieder-Sachsen oder allerhand, mehrentheils noch nie gedruckte Gedichte von den berühmtesten Nieder-Sachsen, p.

Here he invokes nonsense lines, suggesting the call-and-response of mating birds, to achieve the desired effect. One reason why Stevens might flout Victorian poetic conventions about treatment of spring is suggested by Bates, one of whose themes is the importance of appreciating Stevens the American burgher. He relates an anecdote about Stevens writing to William Carlos Williams, quoting Stevens about the pleasures of a season in Nashville, where he was then staying. > I spare you the whole-souled burblings in the park, the leaves, lilacs, > tulips, and so on.

His room for maneuver, however, narrowed; upon the request of Petermann and his allies, he was imprisoned by King Wenceslaus II, when the Bohemians decided to left Hungary. Petermann, who came from a prestigious family (his father, Kunc held functions in the royal mintage), was installed as the new rector thereafter. His party also welcomed the arriving Otto of Bavaria in December 1305. However several burgher families, for instance the Hencfis and the Weidners, supported the claim of Charles and did not recognize the Waldensian heresy in their town.

Ruins of Okoř Castle, district Praha-západ Okoř is a castle on a low rocky promontory in Okoř, north-west of Prague, about from the city centre, in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. In 1228 a stronghold was built in the small hamlet of Okoř. It was later modified into a Gothic castle, founded in 1359 by Frantisek Rokyčansky, a wealthy burgher of Prague's Old Town.Martin Pitro, Petr Vokáč (2004), Země v srdci Evropy: české země do roku 1526 v kontaktu s ostatní Evropou, BARONET, p.

Holland and Zeeland nevertheless maintained him as their stadtholder and attempted to declare him count of Holland and Zeeland, thus making him the official sovereign. In the middle of all this, William married for the fourth and final time on 12 April 1583 to Louise de Coligny, a widowed French Huguenot and daughter of Gaspard de Coligny. She was to be the mother of Frederick Henry (1584–1647), William's fourth legitimate son. With her, "Father William," as he was affectionately styled, settled at the Prinsenhof at Delft, and lived like a simple Dutch burgher.

As an ensign in the Bergen Burgher Guard, he took an oath of allegiance on 22 November 1665. Philip Carteret, the governor of New Jersey, requested Adriaen as an interpreter in a meeting to purchase land from the sachem, Oraton, in May 1666. Adriaen also served on jury at the Admiralty Court at Elizabethtown in May 1671, was elected as a representative of Bergen to the New Jersey General Assembly on 7 June 1673, and became a Lieutenant in Bergen's militia in 1675. Adriaen was buried 18 February 1677 in Bergen, Hudson, New Jersey.

When dials were eventually incorporated into clocks, they were analogous to the dials on sundials, and, like a sundial, the clocks themselves had only one hand. A possible explanation for the shift from having the first hour being the one after dawn, to having the hour after noon being designated as 1 pm (post meridiem), is that these clocks would likely regularly be reset at local high noon each day. This, of course, results in midnight becoming 12 o'clock. Peter Henlein, a locksmith and burgher of Nuremberg, Germany, invented a spring- powered clock around 1510.

He was born at a farm in Soutra, near Fala, Midlothian to George Logan, a farmer, and his wife Janet Waterston, daughter of John Waterston in the parish of Stow. His parents soon moved to Gosford Mains, near Aberlady in East Lothian. In terms of their religious belief they were dissenters of the Burgher branch of the First Secession, and attended the ministry of John Brown of Haddington. He then went to the grammar school of Musselburgh; it may have been there that he encountered Alexander Carlyle, a continuing influence in his life.

He studied at Glasgow University and the Divinity Hall in Glasgow, with further training as a Secessionist minister at the Burgher Synod.Ewing, William Annals of the Free Church In 1821 he was ordained at the Secessionist Church at Albion Street in the Merchant City in Glasgow. From 1835 he took on the additional role as Professor of Theology at Divinity Hall. In 1839, as part of a wider absorption of the Secessionist Church, he became a minister of the Church of Scotland, also being one of the leading organisers of this union.

Inside Nijmegen, the small Spanish garrison was composed of less than 400 soldiers under the command of the city burgher Derrick Vlemminck. Maurice in the meantime had built up the fort at Knodsenburg, allowing him to bombard the city from there but was unable to convince a surrender; so a closer siege was needed. The English and Scots under Francis Vere were employed in several attacks on the outskirts which resulted in the capture of all the outlying sconces. There the Anglo-Dutch force had entrenched their camp and made approaches towards the city.

In addition to the regular British columns, the war involved several groups of mixed "Burgher forces", comprising mainly Khoi, Fengu and Boer Commandos, who were recruited locally to fight on the colonial side under their leader Andries Stockenstrom. In the ensuing war, Sandile's Ngqika were assisted by portions of the Ndlambe, and the Thembu. His forces outnumbered the colonials by over ten times, and had by this time replaced their traditional weapons with modern firearms. It was their new use of guns that made the Xhosa considerably more effective in fighting the British.

Duncan was born in Gilcomston, Aberdeen, the son of a shoemaker. He studied at Marischal College in the University of Aberdeen and obtained an MA in 1814. Duncan embarked upon theological study while still an atheist, first through the Anti-burgher Secession Church and then the Established Church. He completed his studies in 1821 and subsequently became a theist, but according to his later testimony was not yet converted when he was licensed to preach in 1825.James Steven Sinclair, "Biographical Sketch," in Rich Gleanings from Rabbi Duncan (Glasgow: Free Presbyterian Publications, 1984 [1925]), 11.

The Frontier Armed and Mounted Police, and burgher and volunteer units fought the Xhosa in the Transkei and the Ciskei in the 9th Frontier War (1877–1878). After the war, in 1878, the government organised the military forces into a single organisation, under a Defence Department headed by a commandant- general. The first two commandants-general were Col Samuel Jarvis (1878–1880) and Brig Gen Charles Mansfield Clarke (1880–1881). The FAMP were fully militarised and renamed the Cape Mounted Riflemen (CMR), with the Cape Mounted Yeomanry as an auxiliary.

Christiania Burgher School (Christiania Borger- og Realskole or Christiania Borgerskole, commonly known as Borgerskolen) was a private middle school in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. It was founded in 1812 and prepared pupils for enrolment at Oslo Cathedral School.Holst, Victor, Kristiania borgerskole i gamle dage, Christiania, Dybwad, 1913 The school was funded by tuition and throughout the 19th century, its pupils belonged to affluent families, such as the bourgeoisie and higher state officials. In the 20th century, the school received municipal subsidies and thus also pupils from less affluent backgrounds were able to attend.

Izaak Synagogue in Kazimierz district of Kraków The slow rebuilding after 1720 took place unevenly, with some of the largest cities, Warsaw and Danzig (Gdańsk) among them, faring the best, while other like Kraków, reduced to 10 thousand inhabitants, remaining depressed. Most smaller towns suffered badly, except for those in western Greater Poland, where the remarkable ascent of Wschowa took place. The changes altered the ethnic character of the burgher classes. The peasant influx into towns slowed to a trickle, while the proportion of Jewish inhabitants increased considerably.

Changing taxation (especially requesting war subsidies), was probably the most frequent reason for convening the Cortes. As the nobles and clergy were largely tax-exempt, setting taxation involved intensive negotiations between the royal council and the burgher delegates at the Cortes. Delegates (procuradores) not only considered the king's proposals, but, in turn, also used the Cortes to submit petitions of their own to the royal council on a myriad of matters, e.g. extending and confirming town privileges, punishing abuses of officials, introducing new price controls, constraints on Jews, pledges on coinage, etc.

Early heraldic designs were personal, used by individual noblemen (who might also alter their chosen design over time). Arms become hereditary by the end of the 12th century, in England by King Richard I during the Third Crusade (1189–1192). Burgher arms are used in Northern Italy in the second half of the 13th century, and in the Holy Roman Empire by the mid 14th century. In the late medieval period, use of arms spread to the clergy, to towns as civic identifiers, and to royally chartered organizations such as universities and trading companies.

Coat of arms of the city of Vaasa, showing the shield with the Royal House of Wasa emblem, a crown and a Cross of Liberty pendant. Coat of arms of the province of Utrecht, Netherlands The heraldic tradition and style of modern and historic Germany and the Holy Roman Empire — including national and civic arms, noble and burgher arms, ecclesiastical heraldry, heraldic displays, and heraldic descriptions — stand in contrast to Gallo-British, Latin and Eastern heraldry, and strongly influenced the styles and customs of heraldry in the Nordic countries, which developed comparatively late. p.129.

Of wealthy burgher stock, Groote was born in Deventer in the Oversticht possession of the bishopric Utrecht in 1340. Having read at Cologne, at the Sorbonne, and at Prague, he took orders and obtained preferment, a canon's stall at Utrecht and another at Aachen. His relations with the German Gottesfreunde and the writings of Ruysbroek, who later became his friend, gradually inclined him to mysticism, and on recovering from an illness in 1373, he resigned his prebends, bestowed his goods on the Carthusians of Arnheim and lived in solitude for seven years.Gilliat-Smith, Ernest.

The Documented Image, p. 97 Bust of Dalou and Burgher of Calais were on display in the official French pavilion at the fair and so between the works that were on display and those that were not, he was noticed. However, the works he gave Hallowell to sell found no takers, but she soon brought the controversial Quaker-born financier Charles Yerkes (1837–1905) into the fold and he purchased two large marbles for his Chicago manse; Yerkes was likely the first American to own a Rodin sculpture.Franch, John (2006).

Son of burgher Jan, waterworks caretaker of Olkusz. He studied first probably at parish school in Olkusz, and later at the University of Cracow, where he doubtless studied under the astronomer Marcin Król z Żurawicy. Bylica later taught astronomy at the University of Bologna in 1463. In 1464, he was in Rome as the astrologer to a cardinal - either Pietro Barbo, who was elevated to the papacy as Paul II in that year, or Rodrigo Borgia, the future pope Alexander VI. In Rome, Bylica met Regiomontanus and began a fruitful collaboration with him.

Exact figures are uncertain, the first census of the Transvaal was only taken in April 1904. The Transvaal government made policy on the assumption that there were 60,000 uitlanders to 30,000 burghers (these figures refer to adult males only). This was a conservative estimate, others claimed the ratio to be 4:1 or even 10:1. Despite these figures, subsequent scholarship has suggested that there was in fact parity between the burgher and uitlander populations, although given the nature of mining there may have been more uitlander males.

Warhawks of War released in 2011 on Killer Cobra Records to positive reviews with a faster, harder sound than previously seen in Thunderblood Heart. The band had multiple guest musicians join them for the album, including Robert Dahlqvist ("Strängen") and Andreas Tyrone Svensson ("Dregen") from the Hellacopters. It was during this time that The Aviator retired from touring, and the band recruited a new bassist in the form of The Burgher. Warhawks of War was a hit, with the band touring Germany, Spain, and France in promoting it.

Maciej Wirzbięta was born in 1523 to a Kraków burgher family. He most likely learned the art of printing from Florian Ungler, whose printing office he managed for his wife Helena Ungler after Florian's death in 1536. In 1544 he acquired a house with a printing office near Sławkowska Street and outfitted the office with equipment bought from the widow of the Bernard Wojewodka, printer of the Brest Bible. It's possible that there was a connection between the death in 1554 of Jakub Przyłuski and Wirzbięta establishing his printing office.

On 4 May 1901, Capt. Taylor was part of a patrol which arrived at the Zwagershoek Farm, near the peak of the Soutpansberg Range, to transport the wife and children of Zoutpansberg Commando member C.J. van den Berg to the British concentration camp at Pietersburg. Unbeknownst to Taylor, C.J. van den Berg had caught a "fever, probably malaria", and had been sent home to recover. Before the British patrol had arrived, the Burgher had retreated to some nearby rocks and instructed his wife to wave her bonnet if she felt threatened.

But the civilians took part in the defense, organised as artilleurs-bourgeois (burgher artillerists) and stood shoulder to shoulder with the battalions of the Meuse and Moselle that formed the garrison. Their wives nursed the wounded and succoured the dying. The city would later collectively receive the Légion d'Honneur for its bravery. Despite the severe losses the garrison commander, general Roulland, at first refused repeated demands to surrender, possibly because the French launched a desperate last attempt to relieve the fortress on 27 April, but this again came to nothing.

Zerbolt was born in 1367 into a wealthy burgher family in Zutphen, then in the Duchy of Guelders. He got his first education in his hometown, and after attending one or more Latin schools elsewhere, he enrolled between 1383 and 1385 at the Brothers of the Common Life's St. Lebwin school in nearby Deventer.G. H. Gerrits "Inter Timorem Et Spem: A Study of the Theological Thought of Gerard Zerbolt", BRILL publisher, 1986. This school had been founded by Gerhard Groote (1340–1384) and in Zerbolt's time was led by Florentius Radewyns (1350–1400).

Sarah Hadry: Die Fugger in Kirchberg und Weißenhorn. Herrschaftsverfassung und Leibeigenschaft, Konfessionalisierung und Residenzbildung, Augsburg 2007 Maximilian I who crowned himself Holy Roman Emperor in 1508 received a payment of 50,000 guilders for these sales. More sales followed in 1508 where he sold manor Schmiechen and in 1514 where he sold the lordship Biberbach to Fugger. Maximilian I elevated Jakob Fugger into nobility in 1511 and granted him the title of Imperial Count in 1514 so the former burgher could operate his business without interference from local nobility.

Nicolaus von Tüngen came from a Teutonic Prussian burgher family in Tüngen (Bogatyńskie) near Wormditt (Orneta) in Ermland (Warmia). He worked in the Roman Curia for many years as a secretary, and accumulated many church offices, including in 1459 becoming Canon of Breslau (Wrocław) and Canon of Warmia. After the death of Warmia's Bishop Paul von Legendorf, Tüngen was chosen as his successor by the Warmia diocese chapter on 10 August 1467. Tüngen received the pope's agreement for his nomination on 4 November 1468 and obtained the bishop's insignia in Rome.

Rumesh Buddika hit an unbeaten 239 for Tamil Union He currently averages over 40 in first class cricket and is one of the most consistent performers in Sri Lankan club cricket. Rumesh Buddika also holds the Galle Cricket Club's record for the highest individual score by a batsman in first class cricket.Highest scores -Galle CC In March 2018, he was named in Galle's squad for the 2017–18 Super Four Provincial Tournament. He was the leading run- scorer for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament, with 781 runs in nine matches.

Many Burghers emigrated to other countries following nationalist movements and language revivals post-independence. With English being replaced by Sinhala, universities and jobs were no longer accessible to minorities like the Burghers who spoke English. While numbers of Burghers are placed at around 40,000 some argue that Burghers who still practice their original culture and customs have dwindled to about 15,000 mostly concentrated in Colombo. Dutch Burghers' lifestyle is a mix of Sri Lankan and Western influence, and many embrace their heritage through participation in the Dutch Burgher Union.

Until 1586 Morando prepared plans of the new city, as well as supervised the erection of first notable monuments, including the Lublin Gate, arsenal and Zamoyski's palace. Between 1587 and 1594 he supervised the construction of the Town Hall and the collegiate church, one of the most notable examples of classical Renaissance architecture north of the Alps. It was completed by 1598, two years before Morando's death. Aside from the notable projects, throughout his stay in Zamość Morando also supervised the construction of burgher houses and the notable star-shaped fortifications.

Hutchison was born on 3 January 1741 into a farming family at Dunblane where his father was an elder of the Anti- burgher Church of the First Secession.Dunblane parish register (baptismal entry of 8 January 1841); Rev Gavin Struthers, DD, The History of the Rise, Progress and Principles of the Relief Church embracing notices of the Other Religious Denominations in Scotland (A. Fullarton & Co., 1843), p. 256. Raised in that communion, he initially accepted its teaching without hesitation but, in circumstances that are unclear, came to question its principles.

Kutschera is a Bohemian and Austrian noble family descended from Matthäus Kutschera (died 1755), a burgher of Leitmeritz, who became an accountant for the Prämonstratenserstift Strahow outside Prague. Carl Kutschera, deputy state accountant of Bohemia (Vize-Landesbuchhalter in Böhmen), was ennobled by letters patent in Vienna on 8 March 1805. On 19 April 1819, his sons, General and Feldzeugmeister Johann Nepomuk von Kutschera, county governor of Saaz Joseph von Kutschera and Imperial-Royal war council secretary (Hofkriegsratssekretär) Anton von Kutschera, were raised to baronial rank. On 31 August 1821, the family received the Bohemian Inkolat.

Southside Community Centre (formerly Nicolson Street Church, and known as ZOO Southside when used as a venue at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe) is a Grade B listed building in Edinburgh, Scotland, situated on Nicolson Street in the south of the city. The church was built by James Gillespie Graham in 1820, on the site of an Anti-Burgher meeting house, at a cost of £6,000. Fire destroyed much of the building in 1932, and the body of the church was demolished. Gillespie Graham's Perpendicular Gothic elevation remains, while the rear was rebuilt by J.R. MacKay.

George Szatmári was born around 1457 into a wealthy burgher family of German origin in Kassa (present-day Košice in Slovakia). He was the youngest (third) son of the merchant Stephen Szatmári and his wife, Anna, who was also from a family of burghers of Kassa. After his father died in 1464, George was placed under the guardianship of his uncle, Francis Szatmári, the richest citizen of Kassa, who was the mayor of the town in 1477. The Szatmáris had dealings with the Thurzós, an influential family of merchants, which facilitated George's career.

He has played for Burgher Recreation Club and Galle Cricket Club in domestic cricket. After consistently performing for Sri Lanka A he was included in the national squad to tour India in 2005. Although he didn't play a Test it was recognition for a wonderful season which included 60 wickets for Sri Lanka A in just seven First-class matches. Before his selection in the Sri Lankan squad he had won the best bowler award twice in domestic cricket, topping 50 wickets on both occasions in the Premier league.

He began to assemble a fleet, ostensibly for another crusade to Tunis. Rioting broke out in Sicily after a burgher of Palermo killed a drunken French soldier who had insulted his wife before the Church of the Holy Spirit on Easter Monday (30March) of 1282. When the soldier's comrades attacked the murderer, the mob turned against them and started to massacre all the French in the town. The riot, known since the 16th century as the Sicilian Vespers, developed into an uprising and most of Charles' officials were killed or forced to flee the island.

Cornelis Frederik Bezuidenhout, known by the nickname Freek, was the fifth of seven children of Wynand Jacobus Bezuidenhout, a burgher of Graaff-Reinet, and his wife, Maria Terblans, a descendant of Wynand Leendertsz Bezuidenhout, of the Netherlands, master gardener at the Cape, and his wife, Jannetje Gerrits, of Amsterdam. He was born in the Graaff-Reinet district and baptised on 9 June 1773. As a frontier farmer, he lived in seclusion in the valley of the Baviaans River, east of Cradock. He was said to know no fear, to be full of self-confidence and decidedly arrogant and quick-tempered.

During World War I an internment camp for enemy aliens was set up.The Boer Prisoners of War in Ceylon The Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of CeylonThe Diyatalawa water works IESL Early in World War II the camp was reopened and German nationals resident in Hong Kong and Singapore were imprisoned there, together with a number of Buddhist monks of German extraction, such as Nyanaponika and Govinda Anagarika, who had acquired British citizenship. In June 1941 most of the sailors were transferred to Canada. The section for Germans were divided into pro and anti-Nazi sections.

Sir Richard Francis Morgan (21 February 1821 – 27 January 1876) was a Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) lawyer, who served as the 13th Queen's Advocate of Ceylon and acting Chief Justice of Ceylon. He was the first Asian in the British Empire to receive a Knighthood and first Ceylonese to be a member of the Governor's Executive Council and was an unofficial (Burgher) member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon. He was the Crown Advocate that prosecuted famed bandit Saradiel. Sir Richard was the 11th and youngest child of Owen Richard Morgan, port magistrate of Colombo, and Behrana Lucretea Lourensz.

Simons also initiated building the Leper Hospital in Hendala in the Gampaha District, which was finished in 1708 under his successor Becker."The Story of Hendala", Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon, Vol. XXXII No. 4, April 1943 After his governorship he remained extraordinary member of the Raad van Indië, and, in 1708, he has the title Commissary of the Cape of Good Hope. He left that year from Ceylon via the Cape to the Dutch Republic as admiral of a returning fleet of 18 ships, carrying a cargo with an estimated value of five million guilders.

During World War I an internment camp for enemy aliens was set up.The Bore Prisoners of War in Ceylon The Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of CeylonThe Diyatalawa water works IESL Early in World War II the camp was reopened and German nationals resident in Hong Kong and Singapore, as well as many sailors, like those removed from the Asama Maru in violation of international law, were housed here. Also imprisoned were Buddhist monks of German extraction like Nyanaponika and Govinda Anagarika who had acquired British citizenship. In June 1941 most of the sailors were transferred to Canada.

Parliament House in central Helsinki Before the construction of the Parliament House, the Parliament met in various different locations. The Diet of Finland, the predecessor of the Parliament, was tetracameral and did not regularly meet together. The Diet of Porvoo (1809) met in various buildings in Porvoo, with Borgå gymnasium as the main hall, the noble and burgher estates meeting in the town hall and the peasants' estate in chief judge Orraeus' house. However, the Diet assembled only once and did not reconvene until 1863. In 1863, the Diet began regular meetings again, reconvening in the House of Nobility (Ritarikatu 1).

Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin (Sunne parish, Jämtlands län 11 September 1717 (OS) - Stockholm 13 December 1783), Swedish astronomer and demographer. Wargentin was the son of the vicar of Sunne Wilhelm Wargentin (1670–1735) and his spouse Christina Aroselia, and the great grandson of Joachim Wargentin (1611–1682), a Lübeck-born burgher of Åbo (Turku) in Finland. When Pehr Wargentin was 12 years old he observed a (total) lunar eclipse which would spark his lifelong interest in Astronomy. During his tenure at Frösö trivialskola (elementary school), his teacher deemed him advanced enough to continue directly to Uppsala University.

The council, consisting of representatives of the Dutch East India Company and free burghers gathered to discuss the protest made by the free burgher farmers. The Company was not in favor for war and the free burghers made it clear that their only desire were to live in peace and trade with the natives, yet they could not endure any more harassment. The free burghers and the Company stated that they could not see any other way to attain peace and quietness in the area than to declare war on Doman's clan.History of South Africa, 1486 – 1691, G.M Theal, London 1888.

Though herself noble, it appears that her circle of acquaintances were mostly from the burgher middle class. Her relationship to her staff was apparently good, though she often mentions how punishments were necessary because of the frequent use of alcohol among her servants. She also includes historical political events in nearby Stockholm, which lay near enough to be visited often: for example, she witnessed the punishment of the Armfelt conspirators in 1794, among them Magdalena Rudenschöld. Except for herself, her spouse, her son and later her brother were the people most closely described in her diary.

Schedelsche Weltchronik depicting the structure of the Reich: The Holy Roman Emperor is sitting; on his right are three ecclesiastics; on his left are four secular electors. During the 13th century, a general structural change in how land was administered prepared the shift of political power towards the rising bourgeoisie at the expense of the aristocratic feudalism that would characterize the Late Middle Ages. The rise of the cities and the emergence of the new burgher class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism. Instead of personal duties, money increasingly became the common means to represent economic value in agriculture.

Prize FAD Sebastiá Gasch Performance Arts, for the direction of the show Burgher King Lear, Barcelona, 2008. Honours for the Award Maria Helena Perdigão, ACARTE, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian for direction of the show EL- Carrying on shoulders in a quarter time syncopated, 1992 Award Theater of a Decade with the show EL- Carrying on shoulders in a quarter time syncopated march, OLHO Theatre Company, 1992. Award for the best scenography, best original soundtrack and honours for the show Humanauta, OLHO Theatre Company, 1994. Award for the best scenography, wardrobe and original soundtrack with the show Warrior, OLHO Theatre Company, 1995.

Farnsumerpoort of Delfzijl, province of Groningen Poorter () is an historical term for a type of Dutch, or Flemish, burgher who had acquired the right to live within the walls of a ci with city rights. In the Dutch Republic, this poorterrecht or poorterschap (citizenship) could be gained by paying a sum of money to, and registering, with the magistrate of the city. The payment of money was to prove that one was not poor, and that one could maintain a household. There were also religious restrictions, and numerous cities forbade Jews from attaining citizenship until the French Revolution.

While he supervised this revenue, his clerks recorded it account books called Kirchenkastenrechungen. Of the positions only held by nobility, most were created in the 15th century and required little or no education, paid much more than burgher, and often involved constant contact to the Duke or other nobles. Originally, the Württemberg court had a Hofmeister, but this office was broken into the offices of territorial governor, Landhofmeister, and the court steward, Haushofmeister. The most powerful of the nobles in court traditionally was the territorial governor, Landhofmeister, who served as the Duke's foremost adviser and controlled the chancery.

The nature of British Indian relationships and stigma during the colonial period often meant that many Anglo-Indians were undocumented or incorrectly racially identified during the British Raj. Many have adapted to local communities in India or emigrated to the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the United States and New Zealand where they are part of the larger Indian diaspora. This process was replicated in many other meetings of European men (traders, soldiers, administrators, infrastructure builders and so on) with women across the subcontinent, creating the Anglo-Burmese people in Myanmar (Burma) and the Burgher people in Sri Lanka.

The Polish lords did not want to accept Jadwiga's fourteen-year-old fiancé, William of Habsburg, as their sovereign. They thought that the inexperienced William and his Austrian kinsmen could not safeguard Poland's interests against its powerful neighbours, especially the Luxemburgs which controlled Bohemia and Brandenburg, and had a strong claim on Hungary. According to Halecki, the lords of Lesser Poland were the first to suggest that Jadwiga should marry the pagan duke Jogaila of Lithuania. Jogaila sent his envoysincluding his brother, Skirgaila, and a German burgher from Riga, Hanul to Kraków to request Jadwiga's hand in January 1385.

Legislative Council elections were held in Ceylon in 1911."Outposts Of Empire" The Times, 3 May 1912 elect the four mentioned above for the following four electorates - two for European electorates (European urban and European rural) one for the Burgher electorate and one for the Ceylonese electorate. Four unofficial members were to be selected through an election and the remainder would be appointed by the Governor. The two European seats for registered European rural and urban inhabitants (previously the Governor had appointed three members to represent these areas) were filled without any election as there was only one nomination for each.

Johann Christian Jauch the Elder quit the service and became burgher of the city of Güstrow, dealing at retail and being a court shoemaker, purveyor to the ducal family. His eldest son Johann Christopher Jauch (1669–1725) had been a stipendiary of the duke and carried out since the end of 1694 the function of a court chaplain (). After the death of the last Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Gustav Adolph, in 1695 the dukedom of Mecklenburg-Güstrow became extinct. Though duchess Magdalena Sibylla maintained a small court until 1718 the residence Güstrow lost its splendour and relevance.

Born in Kalutara in 1979, Chaminda made his first-class debut for Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club in January 1999, playing against Burgher Recreation Club and Sinhalese Sports Club. He played just one first-class match in 2000, against Police Sports Club,First-class matches played by Chaminda Ruwan at CricketArchive and made his List A debut that year, playing seven matches between October and November.List A matches played by Chaminda Ruwan at CricketArchive His final year in Sri Lankan cricket was in 2001, during which he played seven first- class matches and one List A match before moving to Singapore.

The House of Representatives initially consisted of 101 members, of whom 95 were elected by the electors of the 89 electoral districts and six appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister. The members were known as "Members of Parliament". The six appointed members represented important interests which were not represented or inadequately represented in the House, they were usually from the European and Burgher communities and on occasions from the Indian Tamils and Muslim ( Moors or Malays) groups. On a few occasions caste groups from within the Sinhalese and Tamils also obtained representation in Parliament as appointed members.

The Preußisches Allgemeines Landrecht (ALR) of 1794 (English Prussian General Land Law) applied to Prussian state territory. Legal provisions for burgher classes („Bürgerstände“) could be found in Eighth Title (Achter Titel). This comprised rules for craftsmen (Handwerker) (§§ 179 to 400) in addition to these for artists and fabricants (Künstler und Fabrikanten) (§§ 401 to 423) and for merchants (§§ 475 to 712). Here §§ 475 bis 496 ALR defined characteristics of a merchant. §§ 497 bis 545 ALR affected factors and dispatchers (Faktoren und Disponenten) whereby procuration (Prokura), a special power of attorney, could be found in §§ 498 et seq. ALR.

Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss, photographed by Gustav Borgen He attended Drammen Latin School, where he was one of the first known members of the literary fraternity Silentium,Festskrift i Anledning af Gymnasiesamfundet Fraternitas' 50-Aarsjubilæum, Drammen, Samfundet, 1901 and graduated with the examen artium university entrance exam in 1857. He then studied philosophy and theology (that is, Lutheran theology, the state religion of Norway) at the Royal Frederick University and obtained the cand.theol. degree in 1865. As a student, he worked as a teacher at Christiania Burgher School, a private middle school serving the affluent, from 1860.

The Act was not repealed until 1597, though by then the flat cap had become firmly entrenched as a recognised mark of a non-noble person, such as a burgher, a tradesman, or an apprentice. The style may have been the same as the Tudor bonnet still used in some styles of academic dress. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, when men predominantly wore some form of headgear, flat caps were commonly worn throughout Great Britain and Ireland. Versions in finer cloth were also considered to be suitable casual countryside wear for upper-class Englishmen.

He expresses confidence, however, that the Prince will not risk civil war, and that, in any case, his reputation will protect him from harm. Leidenberch reports that the citizen-companies are ready to follow Barnavelt into war, and that the preachers "play their parts too, / And thunder in their Pulpitts, hell and dampnation / To such as hold against us" (2.1.587-89). Barnavelt ask if Leidenberch has managed to persuade the English garrison to desert the Prince and join the insurrection. In answer to his question, an English captain enters with Rockgiles (Barnavelt's chief ally among the burghers), and a burgher.

A Dutch Burgher-influenced dish, lamprais is rice boiled in stock accompanied by frikkadels (frikadeller meatballs), a mixed meat curry, blachan, aubergine curry, and seeni sambol. All of this is then wrapped in a banana leaf and baked in an oven. Lamprais is ideal for special occasions with a large gathering of friends and family considering its richness and the time it takes to prepare. Lamprais is cooked twice; first the rice and the entrees are cooked separately and later what is already cooked is wrapped in a banana leaf and baked in an oven, which makes it a unique recipe.

Dreyer’s earliest forebear in South Africa was a slave, Ansla [Angela] van Bengale [of Bengal], also known as Mãe [Mother] or Mooij [Beautiful/Pretty] Ansla, imported there in 1657 and bought by Commander Jan van Riebeeck. Manumitted, she married a German free burgher named Arnoldus Basson. Their great-granddaughter Catharina Maasdorp (1757–86) later married the frontiersman Daniel Ferdinand Immelman (1756–1800), the guide of the Swedish naturalists Carl Peter Thunberg and Anders Sparrman (Linnaeus's star pupils) in the Cape Interior in the late eighteenth century. Peter Dreyer is a direct descendant of Catharina and Daniel Ferdinand.

King Edward III of England intends to hang six leading citizens of Calais for resisting his siege of the town, but he must keep his plans from his wife Philippa, whose forgiving nature is such that she will plead for their lives. Peter Hardmouth, the leading burgher is unrepentant, and berates Edward for his warmongering. Philippa finds out about Edward's plan and uses all her wiles to persuade him to change his mind, clinching her case by saying that the brutality could adversely affect their unborn child. He eventually gives in, but decides he will use Hardmouth to get back at her.

Many famous names of 300 year Sri Lankan history, Dutch, Burgher, Singhalese, Tamil and English, can be found amongst the gravestones within and outside the church. There are five Dutch Governors buried at the church, including the last Governor, Johan Gerard van Angelbeek, who died in Colombo in 1799, three years after the British occupation. From the time of its dedication through to the end of Dutch rule Wolvendaal was the principal place of worship, although Kasteel Kerk remained the main religious seat for the European and local officials of the VOC, until it was demolished in 1813.

Valerius was born about 1575 in Middelburg to an ethnic French notary, François Valéry. His father had a somewhat prosperous career as a notary and customs official and in 1592 obtained a position as Court Scribe to Pieter van Reigersbergh, the Burgemeester (mayor) of the city of Veere in the province of Zeeland. Six years later, Adriaen Valerius was named the Toll and Customs Controller for Veere, starting a prosperous career as both a burgher and a patrician of his city. Having married the Burgemeester's daughter in 1605, he advanced to Tax Collections and later was appointed to the City Council.

Half a century later, only 50% of them had survived, with the burgher Lutheranism suffering lesser losses, the szlachta dominated Calvinism and Nontrinitarianism (Polish Brethren) the greatest. The closing of the Brethren Racovian Academy and a printing facility in Raków on charges of blasphemy in 1638 forewarned of more trouble to come.A Concise History of Poland, by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, p. 104 Krasiczyn Palace This Counter-Reformation offensive happened somewhat mysteriously in a country, where there were no religious wars and the state had not cooperated with the Catholic Church in eradicating or limiting competing denominations.

Its economy and growth were further damaged by the nobility's reliance on agriculture and serfdom, which, combined with the weakness of the urban burgher class, delayed the industrialization of the country. By the beginning of the 18th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous European states, was little more than a pawn of its neighbors (the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria), who interfered in its domestic politics almost at will. In the second half of the 18th century, the Commonwealth was repeatedly partitioned by the neighboring powers and ceased to exist.

The SIRT sued the Transit Commission, arguing that it did not have the power to order the construction of such projects. The Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the Transit Commission on July 23, 1926. The case was carried to the Supreme Court, which decided to hear the case "for a lack of jurisdiction." On November 27, 1929, the Transit Commission held hearings on proposals to eliminate eleven grade crossings in Dongan Hills and Grasmere at Old Town Road, Buell Avenue, Liberty Avenue, Sea View Avenue, Garretson Avenue, Cromwell Avenue, Tysen Avenue, Burgher Avenue, Clove Avenue, Parkinson Avenue and Grasmere Avenue.

In 1971 following heavy monsoon rains one of the exterior walls collapsed and the building was abandoned. Following protests by the Royal Asiatic Society and the Dutch Burgher Union against plans to demolish the building, in 1973 a committee was established with representatives from the Ceylon Tourist Board, the Department of Archaeology, the Netherlands Alumni Association of Lanka and the National Archives, to restore the building and establish a museum covering the Dutch colonial period. The restoration of the building commenced in 1977, with financial assistance of Netherlands government, and was completed in 1981. This museum was opened to the public in 1982.

Jayah was instrumental in founding the United National Party. In the inaugural meeting held at Palmcourt, Albert Crescent, Colombo on 6 September 1946, Jayah seconded the proposal made by S. Natesan to unite several political fronts as a single party. The party was formed by uniting the National Congress, the Sinhala Maha Sabha, the All Ceylon Muslim League which was under the leadership of Jayah, the Moors Association which was under the leadership of Sir Razik Fareed, and some individual members of the Tamil and Burgher communities. Jayah was elected as one of five vice-chairmans of the party in this inaugural meeting.

Adelborg is a Swedish noble family, which consists of two different lines. The older main line is descended from the burgher and brewer in Gothenburg Anders Eriksson, who died before February 1688. His son was the customs controller in Helsingborg Lars Andersson Borgh, who died 1719. His grandsons were the adjutant and later Captain Eric Otto Borgh (1741–1787) and his older brother Johan Borgh (1736–1805), who were ennobled 13 September 1772 at Stockholm Palace by King Gustavus III of Sweden with the name Adelborg, and were introduced 9 May 1776 at Riddarhuset as noble family number 2090.

Covering in detail the system of government at the Cape, the law courts, the burgher senate, registration of slaves, agriculture, trade and the customs of the population, he was highly critical of the way in which such ceremonies as weddings and funerals were conducted. Bird married first, in 1779, Elizabeth Bird, and second, in 1782, Penelope Wheler, daughter of Charles Wheler and Lucy Strange, and by Penelope had several children.Edward J. Davies, "Some Connections of the Birds of Warwickshire", The Genealogist, 26(2012):58-76; R.G. Thorne, ed., The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1790-1820, 5 vols.

Nyein was born on 25 January 1909 in Mandalay, British Burma, son of U Nyi, a goldsmith, and mother Daw Chit Oo, a lacquerware merchant. He was educated at Central National School, Mandalay. At the age of ten, he learnt a Burmese classic titled Jambu Kyun Lone (Universal) from Deva Einda Maung Maung Gyi in a single day much to the surprise of the famous harpist. In 1925 he co-founded the Myoma (meaning City Proper) music band or Myoma Amateur Music Association with his teacher artist and musician U Ba Thet and a city burgher Dahdan U Thant.

Mair later came to disagree with the Associate Presbytery over a point of doctrine, and was ejected by the Anti- Burghers in 1755 "as an erroneous person, for maintaining that Christ, in some sense, died for all mankind". The point at issue was based upon a Treatise on Justifying Faith that had been written, but never published, by a colleague of Mair's father at Culross, one Fraser of Brae. It had only been published posthumously, and had received condemnation at the instigation of Adam Gib by the Anti-Burgher Synod. Mair himself had, as a young boy, transcribed the treatise for his father.

Scotland, outside Lothian, Lanarkshire, Roxburghshire, Berwickshire, Angus, Aberdeenshire and Fife at least, largely was populated by scattered hamlets, and outside that area, lacked the continental style nucleated village. David I established the first chartered burghs in Scotland, copying the burgher charters and Leges Burgorum (rules governing virtually every aspect of life and work in a burgh) almost verbatim from the English customs of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne.Barrow, Kingship and unity, p. 98 Early burgesses were usually Flemish, English, French and German, rather than Gaelic Scots. The burgh’s vocabulary was composed totally of either Germanic and French terms.

Administratively it was located in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. Its heyday was in the first half of the 15th century and the second half of the 16th century. Later, lengthy wars, epidemics and natural catastrophes caused Śrem to decline, like many other towns in the Greater Poland region. In the late 18th century, Józef Wybicki, Polish jurist, poet, political and military activist, best known as the author of the lyrics of the Polish national anthem, settled in nearby Manieczki, and in 1791 became a burgher and honorary citizen of Śrem.

South African army commandant insignia 1950-1994 In South Africa, Commandant was the title of the commanding officer of a commando (militia) unit in the 19th and early 20th centuries. During the First World War, Commandant was used as a title by officers commanding Defence Rifle Association units, also known as Burgher commandoes. The commandoes were militia units raised in emergencies and constituted the third line of defence after the Permanent Force and the part-time Active Citizen Force regiments. The commandant rank was equivalent to majorNaamlys, Lindley Kommando, Military Archives, Pretoria or lieutenant-colonel, depending on the size of the commando.

Some of the most interesting names associated with satirising the Anglo‑Boer conflict include H.H. Munro (Saki) (Alice in Pall Mall, 1900); G.K. Chesterton (The Napoleon of Nottinghill, 1904), Hilaire Belloc (Mr Clutterbuck's Election, 1908) and Kipling: "Fables for the Staff", published in The Friend in 1900 in which he lampooned the incompetence of the British general staff. Douglas Blackburn's A Burgher Quixote (1903) is one of the most undervalued works in South African literature. The end of the Great War saw an interesting ideological shift from imperialism to an ideological commitment to the Union of South Africa.

The conflict in Bohemia was complicated further by the Reformation and the subsequent wars of religion in Central Europe. Adherents of the Czech Reformed Church (Hussites) opposed the Roman Catholic Habsburgs, who were in turn supported by the Czech and German Catholics. The Lutheran Reformation of 1517 introduced an added dimension to the struggle: much of the German burgher population of Bohemia adopted one of the new Protestant creeds (both Lutheran and Calvinist); the Hussites split, and one faction allied with the German Protestants. In 1537, Ferdinand conceded to the Czechs, recognized the Compacts of Basel, and accepted moderate Utraquism.

The early-modern European society gradually developed after the disasters of the 14th century as religious obedience and political loyalties declined in the wake of the Great Plague, the schism of the Church and prolonged dynastic wars. The rise of the cities and the emergence of the new burgher class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism. The commercial enterprises of the mercantile patriciate family of the Fuggers of Augsburg generated unprecedented financial means. As financiers to both the leading ecclesiastical and secular rulers, the Fuggers fundamentally influenced the political affairs in the empire during the 15th and 16th century.

The end product is a bread like cake with a slight yeasty taste. Breudher is traditionally served at Christmas breakfast, and New Years Day, cut into slices, spread with butter and topped with Dutch Edam cheese or fruit, such as green skinned bananas. The difference in the recipe between the Sri Lanka Dutch Burgher and the Malacca Dutch Eurasian community, is that the Malaccan version uses toddy (fermented sap from the flower of the coconut tree) instead of yeast. It is likely that toddy was used as a local substitute when yeast was difficult to source.

Anderson met Cheryl Majoire Blossom Minnette née Fleming who came from Sri Lanka (her mother Millicient Toussaint was a Burgher while her father Clifford Fleming was from Australia) at Bowring Club in Bangalore. They married in April 1929 at Sorkalpet, Cuddalore, then had a daughter named June (born 19 June 1930) and a son named Donald (18 February 1934 - 12 July 2014) who also took an interest in hunting. The couple separated in later life; Kenneth Anderson moved to Whitefield, while Blossom stayed on at Prospect House, their home on Sydney Road (now Kasturba Road). Blossom died on 11 March 1987.

Engel Korsendochter was born to the rich burghers Corsgen Elbertsznoon and Geertruyt Hendriksdr. van der Schelling and married to Heiman Jacobszoon, mayor of Amsterdam. Her spouse was a Protestant sympathizer. She herself was a convinced Catholic: her father was the founder of a Franciscan convent in Amsterdam, two of her sisters were nuns, while she was the leader of the Guild of the Holy Sacrament, a religious society that protected a pilgrimage chapel between Kalverstraat and Rokin, were a miracle allegedly took place in 1345, and which counted women from powerful burgher families among its members.

One of them was made to the French firm Clary in Marseilles, where he spent some time employed in the company of Clary, whose daughter Désirée Clary was eventually to be the queen consort of Sweden. He returned to Sweden permanently in 1808 and took over the company as director upon the death of his father in 1826. He was elected to serve as director of the Swedish East India Company for a period. During the 1810s, he owned the villa Listonhill in Stockholm, which was for a period a center of the burgher upper class society life in the capital.

As promised during the election Bandaranaike began a rapid Sinhalisation of all parts of the government, which culminated in the passage of the controversial Sinhala Only Act. At the same time, he had the last of the British military bases in Ceylon removed and led a move towards a socialist form of economy. The RAF and RCyAF - A parting of the ways Prior to these changes, the officer corps of the army were composed of three-fifths Christian, one-fifth Tamil, and one-fifth Burgher. Bandaranaike moved to balance this by increasing the number of Buddhist Sinhalese officers.

Orpen was born in 1828 in Dublin, Ireland and emigrated in 1846 to the Cape, as a land surveyor, with three of his brothers. With his brother he moved to the Orange River Sovereignty for surveying work, and was elected in 1853 to stand against the departure of British control over the sovereignty. He then became a citizen (or "burgher") of the resulting Orange Free State. He was elected as a representative in the Volksraad (parliament) of the Orange Free State and wrote the country's constitution, influenced a great deal by that of the United States.

In late 1090 William Rufus encouraged Conan Pilatus, a powerful burgher in Rouen, to rebel against Robert; Conan was supported by most of Rouen and made appeals to the neighbouring ducal garrisons to switch allegiance as well. Robert issued an appeal for help to his barons, and Henry was the first to arrive in Rouen in November. Violence broke out, leading to savage, confused street fighting as both sides attempted to take control of the city. Robert and Henry left the castle to join the battle, but Robert then retreated, leaving Henry to continue the fighting.

Returning to Ceylon in 1910, he was appointed the Third Surgeon at the General Hospital Colombo. Going on to be a senior surgeon and a lecturer at the Ceylon Medical College, he retired in 1935, yet worked as a consultant surgeon and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1942 and a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1950 for his services towards medicine and surgery. A lifelong member of the British Medical Association, he was the President of its Ceylon Branch from 1940 to 1946. He served as President of Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon from 1936 to 1938.

He was named for his maternal grandfather, ship's captain Bent Pedersen Kolbjørnsviken (1724–1781) from Kolbjørnsvik. He was married to Goron Cathrine Fegth (1785–1838), a daughter of the Drammen timber merchant Jacob Fegth. After serving as a lieutenant in the Navy from 1807, he became a burgher in Strømsø on 19 September 1810 and sailed as a captain of his father-in-law's ships. Aged 26, he received letter of marque on 10 November 1813 for his ship Recovery (owned by Niels and Gabriel Omsted) with 14 cannons and a crew of 30 men. The ship was taken over by the Navy in 1814.

Although its founding ministers were from Perthshire and Fife, the forty congregations they had established by 1740 were widely spread across the country, mainly among the middle classes of major towns. The Secessionists soon split among themselves over the issue of the burgess oath, which was administered after the 1745 rebellion as an anti-Jacobite measure, but which implied that the Church of Scotland was the only true church. The "burghers", led by Erskine, maintained that the oath could be taken, but they were excommunicated by an "anti-burgher" faction, led by Andrew Gibb, who established a separate General Associate Synod.Mackie, Lenman and Parker, A History of Scotland, p. 302.

The Sunday School, also designed by Pelz, was constructed from 1911–1912. The Parish House, preceding both religious structures, was erected in 1892 by W. H. H. Knight, a member of the congregation. The three structures are situated so that the Parish House and Church front 15th Street, N.W. while the Sunday School, abutting the Church to the east, faces onto an alley which was originally intended as O Street, N.W. The architectural style is Late Gothic Revival. The exterior design, with its stone shields of Zurich and Geneva and stone heads of the knight and burgher, symbolizes the history of the Reformed Church.

Burgher arms follow the same rules as noble arms. Canting coat of arms of the Bielke family (Bielke being an old spelling for bjælke, the Danish word for fess.)Canting coats of arms have been popular in Danish heraldry for a long time; examples include a man with a tree for Holzmann (lit. "wood-man"), a troll for the Trolle family and a unicorn for Langhorn (lit. "long-horn"). Conversely some ancient noble families have coat of arms older than their family names and took a name based on their armorial bearings, for instance the Huitfeld family (named after the white field in their arms).

Jacob Fugger (right) and his accountant M. Schwarz The early- modern European society gradually developed after the disasters of the 14th century as religious obedience and political loyalties declined in the wake of the Great Plague, the schism of the Church and prolonged dynastic wars. The rise of the cities and the emergence of the new burgher class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism. The commercial enterprises of the mercantile patriciate family of the Fuggers of Augsburg generated unprecedented financial means. As financiers to both the leading ecclesiastical and secular rulers, the Fuggers fundamentally influenced the political affairs in the empire during the 15th and 16th century.

The Duchy's first Chancellor was a prelate who was given the position by Count Eberhard V in 1481. However, after the County's elevation to a Duchy, this position would only be held by burghers, like most of the jobs in the chancery, because of the legal knowledge required. The growing influence of the chancery meant the growing influence of the Chancellor, normally the best educated of the Duke's councilors, typically holding a doctorate in canon and civil law as well as extensive administrative power. As one of the burgher elite, he was the link between the central government and local communities for settling disputes.

The urban intelligentsia, crucial in the dissemination of the Enlightenment ideology, originated both from impoverished szlachta and from urban families; some of the strongest supporters of the national reform movement and leaders of the Kościuszko Uprising's left wing originated from that group. Many burgher sons attended leading educational institutions in the Commonwealth and abroad. Radical ideas and currents were readily assimilated by the politically very active elements of Warsaw's lower classes. Members of this group massively supported reformist postulates of the Great Sejm, promoted the French Revolution ideals, helped distribute political literature, and were the faction that matured and became indispensable during the Insurrection.

The Blower family are recorded in Shrewsbury, Shropshire over several centuries, elevating themselves to burgher status by the time of the great economic expansion of the Victorian period. Sons of the family have been hereditary Freemen of the City since at least the Great Reform Act of 1832. Michael's grandfather John had built up a successful business as a master cabinetmaker and house furnisher in the City, later run by his brother Benjamin after his untimely and early death. Benjamin was a sometime Mayor of Shrewbsury and their former business premises now house the City Museum, the name 'Blowers Repository' remains emblazoned across the stone facade.

He was struck by the opulence of the town and exclaimed: "If I were not King of France, I would be a burgher of Vitré! ". During the French Wars of Religion, at the end of the 16th century, the Protestant city was besieged for five months by the troops of the League under the command of the duke of Mercœur, governor of Brittany. The siege was unsuccessful and the city remained one of the few bastions to resist the Leaguers in western France. At the beginning of the 17th century, the family of Laval, who were barons of Vitré, petered out with the death of Guy XX in Hungary.

It seems that this medieval German concept has been taken over by other countries and cities. In Hamburg, hereditary grand and ordinary petty burghership were existing before 1600,Mirjam Litten, Bürgerrecht und Bekenntnis: Städtische Optionen zwischen Konfessionalisierung und Säkularisierung in Münster, Hildesheim und Hamburg, 2003, S. 30 and in like manner, France. In 1657 the Dutch council of New Netherland for example established criteria for the rights of burghers in New Amsterdam (present day New York City), distinguishing between "great" and "petty" burgher rights following the distinction made in this regard in Amsterdam 1652.Janny Venema, Beverwijck: a Dutch village on the American frontier, 1652-1664, 2003, p.

Following the conclusion of the group stage, Burgher Recreation Club, Chilaw Marians Cricket Club, Colts Cricket Club, Nondescripts Cricket Club, Ragama Cricket Club, Saracens Sports Club, Sinhalese Sports Club and Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club progressed to the quarterfinals. Chilaw Marians Cricket Club, Nondescripts Cricket Club, Saracens Sports Club and Sinhalese Sports Club won their quarterfinals to progress to the semi-finals. In the semi-finals, Nondescripts beat Saracens by 89 runs and Sinhalese beat Chilaw Marians by 8 wickets to advance to the tournament final. In the final, Sinhalese Sports Club beat Nondescripts Cricket Club by 4 wickets to win the tournament.

They had climbed to within fifteen metres of the crest when an Ndzundza counter-attacked, hurling down a continuous hail of stones and bullets pitching the attackers headlong down the way they had come. On 8 July, Nyabela belatedly decided to sacrifice Mampuru in the slender hope that this would end the siege. The Pedi fugitive was seized, trussed up and delivered to General Joubert, but the offering came too late. The prolonged campaign had cost the Transvaal Republic a small fortune (the Volksraad later estimated the war costs to be £40 766) in addition to many burgher lives lost, and General Joubert was now bent on forcing an unconditional surrender.

In 1811 he was commissioned as an ensign in the Cape Regiment, took part in the 4th Cape Frontier War (1811–12), and in the campaign against Ndlambe. During this time, Andries served as aide-de-camp to his father, Anders Stockenström. When his father was ambushed and killed, the young Andries rode from Bruintjieshoogte with 18 mounted burghers. He hunted down and overtook a number of the killers near Doringnek, slaying 13 of them. Upon returning from Doringnek, Andries was appointed to his father’s position in command of the burgher forces. Following Ndlambe’s expulsion, he assisted Colonel John Graham in fortifying the Fish River frontier.

The son of Augsburg council member Melchior Jenisch and Elisabeth Haintzel von Degelstein, Zimbert's mother was a granddaughter of Catharina Welser (1487–1550), who was a sister of Bartholomeus V. Welser and aunt of Philippine Welser. In 1618 Zimbert became a burgher of Hamburg, and founded the firm Paulus Pütz & Zimbrecht Jenisch with his relatives. The firm became a major import-export firm from the White Sea area in Russia to the Mediterranean. Married twice, Zimbert's first wife from 1618 was Maria Elisabeth Putz from Stade and after her death from 1635 he remarried to Esther Amsinck, a daughter of Hamburg senator Rudolf Amsinck.

They were headed by the normally married kammarfru (Mistress of the Chamber, roughly equivalent to a Ladies Maid), often of burgher background, who supervised the group of kammarpiga (Chamber Maid) From the reign of Queen Christina, the hovmästarinna was supervised by the överhovmästarinna (Chief Court Mistress). In 1774, the post of statsfru (Mistress of the State) was introduced, which was the title for the group of married ladies-in-waiting with rank between the hovmästarinna and the kammarfröken. The Swedish court staff was reduced in size in 1873. The new court protocols of 1911 and 1954 continued this reduction, and many court posts was abolished or no longer filled.

It was chiefly through Gib's influence that the Antiburghers decided, at subsequent meetings, to summon to the bar their Burgher brethren, and to depose and excommunicate them for contumacy. Gib's action in forming the Antiburgher Synod led, after prolonged litigation, to his exclusion from the building in Bristo Street where his congregation had met. In 1765 he made his response to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which had stigmatized the Secession as threatening the peace of the country. From 1753 till within a short period of his death, he preached regularly in Nicolson Street Church, which was constantly filled with an audience of two thousand persons.

Sir George Sinclair stated that in 1804, a minister was ordained over that parish whom the magistrates and the principal inhabitants had petitioned for, and that he officiated there for upwards of twenty years with the greatest acceptance. In 1808, a party in the Anti-Burgher church obtained sermon from the Constitutional or Old Light Presbytery. Dr Scott in his Annals understood that the whole congregation separated from the New Light Synod; but this seems to be a mistake, as Thurso all the while retained its place on the list of Elgin Presbytery. John M'Donald, who had been loosed from Dubbieside some time before, was the third minister.

Among their descendants are also Prime Minister Sigurd Ibsen, film director Tancred Ibsen and the actress Beate Bille. Ole Paus (1776–1855) became a burgher of Skien in 1798, and has numerous descendants. He married Johanne Plesner, daughter of the wealthy merchant Knud Plesner and Maria Kall, and who had formerly been married to ship's captain Henrich Ibsen (Henrik Ibsen's grandfather). Ole Paus and Johanne Plesner were the parents of the lawyer Henrik Johan Paus (1799–1893), of the judge, magistrate, Member of Parliament and Governor of Bratsberg Christian Cornelius Paus (1800–1879), and of the merchant and ship-owner Christopher Blom Paus (1810–1898).

Hilton Poulier (1909 – 6 May 1979) was a cricketer who played on Ceylon's first tour in 1932-33. He attended Royal College, Colombo, and played for Burgher Recreation Club in Colombo as a right-arm fast-medium bowler and useful lower-order batsman. On his first-class debut, for Dr J. Rockwood's Ceylon XI in December 1929, he took 5 for 17 and 3 for 29 in the victory over J. D. Antia's Bombay XI in Colombo. He took part in Ceylon's tour of India in 1932-33, when he was the team's main pace bowler, taking 14 wickets at an average of 24.21 in the five first-class matches.

He left Sri Lanka in July 1972 when he was 5-years-old with his adoptive sister, having been adopted by a childless Swedish couple Christer Bjerkhagen. Both he and his adoptive sister were at the same orphanage, Evelyn Nurseries Orphanage, in Kandy. His adoptive father, Michael Bjerkhagen, was a Colonel of the Royal Cavalry Regiment and his adoptive mother was an economist. He did not have difficulty communicating with his adoptive parents as he was fluent in English from his childhood as his biological mother was of Burgher descent; his birth father came from a Buddhist family with a long tradition in Sri Lanka.

The national elections consisted of the election of the representations to the Riksdag of the Estates. Suffrage was gender neutral and therefore applied to women as well as men if they filled the qualifications of a voting citizen. These qualifications were changed during the course of the 18th century, as well as the local interpretation of the credentials, affecting the number of qualified voters: the qualifications also differed between cities and countryside, as well as local or national elections. Initially, the right to vote in local city elections (mayoral elections) was granted to every burgher, which was defined as a taxpaying citizen with a guild membership.

Women participated in all of the eleven national elections held up until 1757. In 1772, women suffrage in national elections was abolished by demand from the burgher estate. Women suffrage was first abolished for taxpaying unmarried women of legal majority, and then for widows. However, the local interpretation of the prohibition of women suffrage varied, and some cities continued to allow women to vote: in Kalmar, Växjö, Västervik, Simrishamn, Ystad, Åmål, Karlstad, Bergslagen, Dalarna and Norrland, women was allowed to continue to vote despite the 1772 ban, while in Lund, Uppsala, Skara, Åbo, Gothenburg and Marstrand, women were strictly barred from the vote after 1772.

Jakob Fugger, in Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden Jakob Fugger of the Lily () (6 March 1459 – 30 December 1525), also known as Jakob Fugger the Rich or sometimes Jakob II, was a major German merchant, mining entrepreneur, and banker. He was a descendant of the Fugger merchant family located in the Free Imperial City of Augsburg, where he was born and later also elevated through marriage to Grand Burgher of Augsburg (German Großbürger zu Augsburg). Within a few decades he expanded the family firm to a business operating in all of Europe. He began his education at the age of 14 in Venice, which also remained his main residence until 1487.

Coat of arms of the Fugger of the lily family, granted in 1473 Jakob Fugger was born the tenth of eleven children to Jakob Fugger the Elder (1398–1469) and his wife Barbara Bäsinger (1419–1497), daughter of Münzmeister Franz Bäsinge. The Fugger family had already established themselves as successful merchants in the city. Hans Fugger, grandfather of Jacob Fugger the Rich had taken up residence in Augsburg in 1367, became a burgher through marriage and acquired considerable wealth by trading textiles with Italy. A few years before his death his son Jakob Fugger the Elder was already one of the richest citizens of Augsburg.

The congregation of St Blane's has its origins in the controversies which bedevilled the Church of Scotland in the 18th and 19th centuries, controversies centring more, perhaps, on the rights of members in the appointment of ministers than on any theological differences. A first congregation of Seceders was formally established in Dunblane 1758 and built its first meeting house in what is now the Haining. Initially linked with another congregation in Doune, it grew sufficiently to become a separate entity in 1766. It would have successive name changes, from Associate to First Associate Burgher to United Secession and then United Presbyterian before becoming Leighton United Free Church of Scotland in 1900.

1613)), but are challenged by others, some of whom are reluctant to place a grant of arms on the same legal plane as a feudal barony or peerage. In 2008, the so-called nobility clause seen in Scottish grants of arms since the days of Lord Lyon Innes of Learney was dropped and is no longer included in new grants of arms. On the European continent, there is a clear difference between noble arms and burgher arms. In most countries, scholars agree that a coat of arms is an indication of nobility, but that (in times past) simply assuming a coat of arms did not ennoble the armiger.

During the Medieval period the In der Maurs were elevated to the burgher class and granted the right to use heraldry. As members of the privileged class, they were permitted to live in fortified stone houses, instead of wooden houses that were typical of the peasant class. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the early Renaissance period, the In der Maurs served in administrative roles in the government of Farniwang (later called Berneck) as Landamänner, or chief magistrates of the rural Landsgemeinde. They continued having political and economic influence in the region after the Abbey of Saint Gall gained control, having been granted privileges by the Prince-Abbots of St. Gallen.

Edward Wilhelm Adolphus Buultjens (18 February 1913 – May 1980) was a Ceylonese cricketer who played first-class matches for Ceylon representative teams, the antecedents of the current Sri Lankan national side. Born in Matara, on the southern coast of what was then the crown colony of Ceylon, Buultjens was a member of a Burgher family that had been resident in the country since the 18th century, descended from a Flemish sailor. He was the fifth child (and third son) of John William Buultjens, who was headmaster of St. Thomas' College (a school known for its involvement in cricket), and also a local justice of the peace.D. V. Allendorff.

Martinuzzi personally participated in the defense of Buda Castle when the besiegers made a sudden assault on 11 June. Two days later, he ordered the persecution of a burgher who entered into secret negotiations with the besiegers about the surrender of the castle. John Zápolya named Martinuzzi and Péter Petrovics guardians of his infant son John II Sigismund, who was elected King of Hungary by the Diet (with Martinuzzi as regent). Martinuzzi frustrated attempts by dowager queen Isabella Jagiellon to promote Ferdinand; the latter, contending that John II's election had violated the treaty, invaded Hungary, and an Austrian army reached the walls of Buda in 1541.

She gained a new confidence, and showed herself in public riding astride on horseback, dressed as a man. This was seen as scandalous, and according to Luise Gramm, she had been encouraged to do this by her lady-in- waiting Elisabet von Eyben. Struensee introduced a reform in which burgher- class people were allowed to dine informally with the royal family, and the Queen acquired friends outside the aristocracy such as Johanne Marie Malleville, which was seen as a scandal. Princess Louise Augusta, by Helfrich Peter Sturz, 1771 On 17 June 1771 the court took summer residence at Hirschholm Palace in present-day Hørsholm municipality.

The original closing date for applications was 30 June 1921, but this was not strictly adhered to. The last batch of twelve of the Medalje voor de Anglo-Boere Oorlog was awarded in 1982, eighty years after the end of the war. One of these was awarded to Burgher Herman Carel Lubbe, who joined the Fauresmith Commando under Commandant Charles Nieuwoudt at the age of twelve years when his mother was taken to the concentration camp in Kimberley. It was presented to him on 24 January 1983 in his hometown of Carolina by Major General Neil Webster, Chairman of the Council of Military Veterans Organisations.

Having taken root in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in 1796, Sri Lankan English has gone through over two centuries of development. In terms of its socio-cultural setting, Sri Lankan English can be explored largely in terms of different stages of the country's class and racial tension, economy, social disparity as well as post-war rehabilitation and reconciliation. For instance, the country witnessed a general lowering in the standard of English following the Sinhala Only Act that was introduced in 1956. English as a medium of education in schools were dropped and the Act also prompted the emigration of the predominantly English-speaking Burgher community of Sri Lanka.

Rasmus Ibsen's son, ship's captain and merchant Peter Ibsen (died 1765), settled in Norway as a burgher of Bergen. Peter's son Henrik Ibsen (1726–1765) became a ship's captain in Bergen. After his father died early and his mother Wenche Dishington remarried, Henrik's son Henrik Johan Ibsen (1765–1797) grew up in the household of parish priest Jacob von der Lippe, his stepfather. After Henrik Johan Ibsen, a ship's captain and merchant in Skien, died at sea outside Hesnes, his widow Johanne Plesner remarried to ship's captain Ole Paus, and their son Knud Ibsen grew up in the Paus household at Rising in Gjerpen.

Pegida Switzerland was launched on 9 January 2015, two days after the Charlie Hebdo attacks, with Ignaz Bearth as spokesman. It is the Swiss branch of the German movement Pegida (Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes, in English Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West). According to Marco Lüssi from 20 Minuten, Lutz Bachmann wrote in a Facebook post on 5 March 2016 that Ignaz Bearth "had agreed to leave Pegida months ago and is in no way a representative of our burgher movement." This means that Bearth is no longer welcome as a speaker at any Pegida rallies anywhere in the world.

Family coat of arms Johan de Witt was a member of the old Dutch patrician family De Witt. His father was Jacob de Witt, an influential regent and burgher from the patrician class in the city of Dordrecht, which in the seventeenth century, was one of the most important cities of the dominating province of Holland. Johan and his older brother, Cornelis de Witt, grew up in an elite social environment in terms of education, his father having as good acquaintances important scholars and scientists, such as Isaac Beeckman, Jacob Cats, Gerardus Vossius and Andreas Colvius. Johan and Cornelis attended the Latin school in Dordrecht, which imbued both brothers with the values of the Roman Republic.

Savinien I de Cirano, fish merchant His paternal grandfather, Savinien I de Cyrano (15??-1590), was probably born into a notable family from SensSaint Savinian is the name of the first archbishop of Sens. in Burgundy. Documents describe him in turn as a "merchant and burgher of Paris" (« marchand et bourgeois de Paris » 20 May 1555), "(sea-)fish merchant to the King" (« vendeur de poisson de mer pour le Roy ») in several other documents in following years, and finally "Royal counsellor" (« conseiller du Roi, maison et couronne de France » 7 April 1573). In Paris, on 9April 1551, he married Anne Le Maire, daughter of Estienne Le Maire and Perrette Cardon, who died in 1616.

Polish migrants from Masuria began moving to Królewiec during the fourteenth century, settling particularly in the Knipawa portion of the town, and, along with Lithuanians and Kurlandians, were soon granted the ability to acquire burgher rights. Unlike the local Old Prussians, Poles along with Germans, were allowed membership in the local trade guilds. By the beginning of the fifteenth century, according to the German historian Bernhard Stade, a large portion of the city's population was fluent in Polish, mostly for economic reasons. By 1436 one of the largest streets in the city was named polnische Gasse (Polish Street) and a tower near the Cathedral bridge was referred to as polnische Turm (Polish tower).

"Adel"), an attestation prior to the year 1350 is required to establish Uradel status. It was used officially from the 19th century by the Royal Prussian Herald Office (königlich-preußische Heroldsamt). In contrast, the younger Briefadel are families of the post-medieval nobility, probably originally of bourgeois (Bürger, burgher) or peasant origin, ennobled in the modern era by letters patent issued by a monarch, usually with the award of a coat of arms if they did not already have one. Said to have been modelled on the earlier French practice of raising officials (especially lawyers) to the aristocracy, the earliest letters patent conferring nobility in Germany were issued under Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, in the late 14th century.

Membership was increased to 21 of which 11 were officially appointed and 10 were unofficial (two elected Europeans, one elected Burgher, one elected educated Ceylonese, two appointed Low Country Sinhalese, two appointed Tamils, one appointed Kandyan Sinhalese and one appointed Muslim). Less than 3,000 Ceylonese were eligible to vote for the four elected unofficial members. Further reforms were enacted in 1920 by the First Manning Reforms. Membership was increased to 37 of which 14 were officially appointed and 23 were unofficial (11 elected on a territorial basis, five elected Europeans, two elected Burghers, one elected to represent the Chamber of Commerce, two appointed Kandyan Sinhalese, one appointed Muslim and one appointed Indian Tamil.

The street appears in historical records in 1666 as Funckens grendh, named after the burgher Tomas Funck (1580–1645) who moved to Stockholm from Stralsund. The Funck family owned several properties in the alley, except for the so-called Funck House (Funckska huset) on 53, Kornhamnstorg, also one on the opposite side of the alley. As the daughter-in-law of Tomas Funck, Elisabet Hansdotter, bought other neighbouring properties in 1680 and 1698, most of the alley belonged to the family, and as the alley's earlier name Bredgränd (17th century) was used for other streets, the family therefore gave its name to the alley. In the middle of 16th century it was named Stråbucksgränd or Henrik Stråbucks gränd.

However, both the stadtholder and the Bijltjes were unreceptive to this secret approach. And on 20 April an incendiary pamphlet appeared on the Amsterdam streets, entitled Het Verraad Ontdekt ("Treason Unmasked"), disclosing the whole conspiracy. That evening the Patriot clubs were in a frenzy. The "Burgher Defense Council" (the effective leadership of the Free Corps) convened in the Doelen Hall to organize a monster petition (the so-called Act of Qualification) demanding the purge of the Council of the Dedel-faction, which garnered 16,000 signatures in one day. On 21 April this petition was presented while the Dam Square in front of the Amsterdam City Hall was filled with demonstrating armed citizens.

In 1833 the Colebrooke- Cameron Commission created the Legislative Council of Ceylon, the first step in representative government in British Ceylon. Initially the Legislative Council consisted of 16 members: the British Governor, the five appointed members of the Executive Council of Ceylon (the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney General, the Auditor-General, the Treasurer and the General Officer Commanding), four other government officials (including the Government Agents of the Western and Central provinces) and six appointed unofficial members (three Europeans, one Sinhalese, one Tamil and one Burgher). The unofficial members had no right to initiate legislation; they could only contribute to discussion. This was the first step towards giving the people of the country a voice in its administration.

German heraldry is the tradition and style of heraldic achievements in Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, including national and civic arms, noble and burgher arms, ecclesiastical heraldry, heraldic displays and heraldic descriptions. German heraldic style is one of the four major broad traditions within European heraldry and stands in contrast to Gallo-British, Latin and Eastern heraldry, and strongly influenced the styles and customs of heraldry in the Nordic countries, which developed comparatively late. Together, German and Nordic heraldry are often referred to as German-Nordic heraldry. p.129. The German heraldic tradition is noted for its scant use of heraldic furs, multiple crests, inseparability of the crest, and repetition of charges in the shield and the crest.

The family's earliest known ancestor is Peter Baring (or Petrus Baring), who was a burgher of the city of Groningen, then a semi-independent city-state that was part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Hanseatic League, now part of the Netherlands, around 1500. Peter Baring's son Franz Baring (Franciscus Baringius) became the first Lutheran bishop of Lauenburg in what is now Lower Saxony in Germany from 1565. The current family in Germany and England is descended from Franz Baring. In the Electorate of Hanover, the Baring family belonged to the upper bourgeoisie, the so-called Hübsche Familien (from höfisch, courtly, associated with the court), which comprised the third elite class after the nobility and the clergy.

He married 20 June 1721, Margaret, daughter of George Alexander of Peffermill, advocate, and had issue — William, died aged 11 ; Katherine; George, died in infancy ; Isabella (married John Muckersie, minister of Associate Secession Congregation, Kinkell), died 1798 ; Gilbert ; Elizabeth, died aged 9 ; James ; Mary (married William Jameson, minister of Associate Secession Congregation, Kilwinning), died 1802 [Jameson had but a small stipend, and to eke out their income his wife manufactured thread and sold it. Their grandson, William Jameson, was the pioneer missionary of the United Presbyterian Church in Calabar]; Margaret; Marjory, died aged 16; Thomas; John, min. of the Associate Anti-burgher Congregation, Methven, born 1733, died 31st Jan. 1803. Wilson married, on 20 June 1721, Margaret (d.

In 1652 he became a burgher of Amsterdam, and in 1653 he married Elisabeth Dell, whose father held positions with the Admiralty of Amsterdam and the wine merchants' guild, both institutions that later gave commissions to the artist. Within a few years (1655) he became the head of the guild and received orders to deliver two chimney pieces for rooms in the new town hall designed by Jacob van Campen, and four more for the Admiralty of Amsterdam. Around this time, Bol was a popular and successful painter. His palette had lightened, his figures possessed greater elegance, and by the middle of the decade he was receiving more official commissions than any other artist in Amsterdam.

The crypt of the chapel used to be a burial place for members of burgher families. The town cemetery was transferred here from the Church of St Vitus in 1787 and was used up to 1906. ;Lower (Jihlava) Gatehouse Jihlava gate The Gatehouse was built in the 16th century as a part of the fortification system. It is a 5-storeyed construction, 36 metres high. In the gatehouse houses the Museum of Records and Curiosities, which was opened on June 30, 1994, as a unique institution of this kind in Central Europe and is run by the "Dobrý den" Agency. ;Upper (Rynárec) Gatehouse Just like the Lower Gatehouse, the Upper Gatehouse was built in the 16th century.

The editorial board, Gubernatores et Inspectores institut historiæ Ecclesiasticæ, was composed of Flacius, John Wigand (1523–1587), superintendent at Magdeburg, Matthew Judex (1528–1576), preacher at Magdeburg, Basil Faber (1525–1576), humanist, who collaborated in the first four Centuries, Martin Copus, a physician who acted as treasurer, and Eblinek Alman, a burgher of Magdeburg, each of whom had his own assistants. Seven junior assistants were appointed to compile extracts from early Christian writers and historians in accordance with a fixed plan; two more mature scholars acted as "architects", grouped the material, and submitted it to the editors. When approved, the materials were worked up into chapters and again submitted before the final form was fair- copied.

Following the German Revolution of 1918–19, the German "Großbürger" along with German nobility as a legally defined class was abolished on August 11, 1919 with the promulgation of the Weimar Constitution, under which all Germans were made equal before the law, and the legal rights and privileges due to the Großbürger (Grand Burgher) and all ranks of nobility ceased. Any title, however, held prior to the Weimar Constitution, were permitted to continue merely as part of the family name and heritage, or erased from future name use. The Grand Burghers would nevertheless continue to retain their powerful economic significance, political authority and influence, as well as their personal status and importance in society, beyond the Weimar Constitution.

1685 reprint of a 1656 map of the Dutch North American colonies showing extent of Dutch claims, from Chesapeake Bay and the Susquehanna River in the South and West, to Narragansett Bay and the Providence-Blackstone Rivers in the East, to the St. Lawrence River in the North In the same year, Wilhelmus Beekman was appointed one of the five Schepens of New Amsterdam. Beekman was a member of The Nine Men, 1652; Schepen in 1653, 1654, 1656 and 1657 (President), 1673; Burgomaster in 1674. Between 1652 and 1658, he served as Lieutenant of the Burgher Corps of New Amsterdam. In 1658, Beekman, while Vice Director of New Netherland, he added the title of Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

John Radzilowski, A Traveller's History of Poland; Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Books, 2007, , p. 260 The German, Polish and other new rural settlements represented a form of feudal tenancy with legal immunity and German town laws were often utilized as its legal bases. German immigrants were also important in the rise of the cities and the establishment of the Polish burgher (city dwelling merchants) class; they brought with them West European laws (Magdeburg rights) and customs that the Poles adopted. From that time, the Germans, who created early strong establishments (led by patriciates) especially in the urban centers of Silesia and other regions of western Poland, were an increasingly influential minority in Poland.

On 23 April 1784 a draft of a new "constitution" for Utrecht province, to replace the 1674 Regulation, was published in the Utrecht Patriot newspaper Utrechtse Courant, after the Utrecht States had imprudently invited all citizens to lodge their objections to the Regulations in early 1784. This draft of 117 articles proposed that henceforth the Utrecht city vroedschap was to be popularly elected under a form of census suffrage in indirect elections. This relatively moderate proposal directly attacked the co-option rights of the regenten. Another objectionable proposal was the institution of an elected body of 16 burgher representatives to sit in permanent session to hear and address grievances of citizens against the city government.

As a member of the Cape legislative council, Sir Andries piloted the passage of the Divisional Councils Act, which in his view restored a link between the government and the governed, which had been broken in 1828 (with the abolition of landdrosts). He also supported the passing of the Burgher Force Bill, which placed the local Cape commandos on an equal footing with the British imperial military. In one of his final political acts, he gave his support to the infant movement for "Responsible Government" in the Cape, as a way to curtail what he saw as the ineptitude and injustice of direct British rule in Southern Africa. In other respects, he was frustrated.

The 1834–36 campaign began with a response to a Xhosa cattle raid when, on 11 December 1834, a Cape Government Commando party killed a chief of high rank. This incensed the Xhosa and an army of 10,000 men swept across the frontier into the Cape of Good Hope, pillaged and burned homesteads and killed all who resisted. In response, Boer commandos under Piet Retief, Burgher and Khoikhoi commandos and British Imperial troops which arrived via Algoa Bay launched a retaliatory campaign. The 1846–47 and 1851–53 campaigns were both fought against the Gaika tribe of Chief Mgolombane Sandile, who resented British land encroachments and had recently begun to receive fire-arms.

Kunitzer's villa, ul. Spacerowa 15, Łódź Kunitzer was born on 19 September 1843 in Przedbórz, then Congress Poland (increasingly known as the Vistula Land). JULIUSZ KAROL KUNITZER His family had roots in German burgher society, and moved to the Polish territories in the 1830s Kunitzer described himself as a Pole, including during a public speech to Russian businessmen in Nizhny Novgorod which caused a brief sensation.Polacy-Niemcy-Żydzi w Łodzi w XIX-XX w:sąsiedzi dalecy i bliscy Paweł Samuś,page 224 1997Ilustrowana encyklopedia historii łodzi, Urząd Miasta Łodzi, nr IV / 1, page 198 His father, Jakub, a weaver by profession, died in 1850, after which Juliusz with his mother moved to Tyniec.

At the end of 1813 it became the headquarters of the Russian Lieutenant-General Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy.Rackowitz p. 82 Wellingsbüttel Manor, park elevation with the pond made by damming the Alster River (1850) Outing at Wellingsbüttel Manor: Carl Jauch (left) and his wife Louise née von Plessen (far left) (1868) In 1846 the Grand Burgher of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Johann Christian Jauch junior (1802–1880), a member of the Jauch family, became Lord of Wellingsbüttel. As a result of the Second Schleswig War, when Denmark fought Prussia and Austria, Wellingsbüttel was annexed by Prussia in 1868 and became a part of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein but remained in the possession of the Jauchs.

The Transvaal government made policy on the assumption that there were 60,000 uitlanders to 30,000 burghers (these figures refer to adult males only). This was a conservative estimate, others claimed the ratio to be 4:1 or even 10:1. Despite these figures, subsequent scholarship has suggested that there was in fact parity between the burgher and uitlander populations, although given the nature of mining there may have been more uitlander males. cf. Marias, JS - The Fall of Kruger's Republic, p2 The relations between these two groups were fraught; the discover of gold and the rapid industrialisation of the Transvaal had done much to disturb the settled ways of the Boer population.

Although documents directly relating to the construction of the castle in Darłowo have not been found yet, the results of archaeological and architectural and historical premises allow us to date back the creation of the castle to the second half of the fourteenth century. It was during the reign of the prince of the House of Griffins, Boguslaw V and Elizabeth, the daughter of King Casimir the Great. The prince purchased the island with a mill in 1352 from a rich burgher of Darłowo – Elizabeth von Behr – in order to build a fortress on it. Over the decades, a castle had grown on the island, which in its main outlines has survived to this day.

Rønneberg is a Norwegian patrician family from Sunnmøre. It was the most prominent business family of Ålesund during the 19th and early 20th century, and its history is closely connected to the rise of Ålesund as a city. The Rønneberg Company, founded in 1812, was for a long time the city's largest company and employer. The family is descended from Christopher Tjærandsen Rønneberg (1737–1824), the son of a farmer from Jæren, who became a burgher and a wealthy merchant at Sunnmøre. He was the father of ship-owner and fish wholesaler Carl Rønneberg (1779–1858), who founded the Rønneberg Company, and who is often regarded as the principal founder of the city of Ålesund.

Starobrno Brewery, Brno City The beginnings of the brewery were connected with the Cistercian convent, built by Elisabeth Richeza of Poland, and located in the Old Brno district. The brewery was initially independent from the city council; it was managed by a burgher named Mořic. However, the quality of the beer was strictly controlled by the city councillors. During the Hussite Wars in the first half of the 15th century, the brewery and convent buildings were burned down several times, but were always restored in something like their old form. Following the Battle of White Mountain, in 1624, the city of Brno was forced to pay a special charge per beer, called "pivní tác".

In some Dutch colonies there are major ethnic groups of Dutch ancestry descending from emigrated Dutch settlers. In South Africa the Boers and Cape Dutch are collectively known as the Afrikaners. The Burgher people of Sri Lanka and the Indo people of Indonesia as well as the Creoles of Suriname are mixed race people of Dutch descent. In the USA there have been three American presidents of Dutch descent: Martin Van Buren, the first president who was not of British descent, and whose first language was Dutch, the 26th president Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd president, elected to four terms in office (1933 to 1945) and the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.

Matthäus Lang was the son of a burgher of Augsburg and later received the noble title of Wellenburg after a castle near his hometown that came into his possession in 1507. After studying at Ingolstadt, Vienna and Tübingen he entered the service of Emperor Frederick III of Habsburg and quickly made his way to the front. He was also one of the most trusted advisers of Frederick's son and successor Maximilian I, and his services were rewarded in 1500 with the provostship of the cathedral at Augsburg and five years later with the position of the Bishop of Gurk. He also received the Bishopric of Cartagena in Murcia in 1510 and was appointed cardinal by Pope Julius II one year later.

The clergy in the earlier part the formation of the Lutheran Church (in its High Church form) was constituted most often of the wealthier strata of the peasantry with the closely linked medieval Finnish nobility and the rising burgher class in the expanding cities. The Church required fluency in Finnish from clergymen serving in predominantly or totally Finnish-speaking parishes (most of the country); consequently clerical families tended to maintain a high degree of functional bilingualism. Clerical families in the whole seem to have been more fluent in Finnish than the burghers as whole. In the Middle Ages, commerce in the Swedish realm, including Finland, was dominated by German merchants who immigrated in large numbers to the cities and towns of Sweden and Finland.

Earley's sculpture for Grace Reformed Church included much of the stone ornamentation on the exterior of the building, including the carved tympanums above the central door and two side doors; the figure supporting the banner of Frederick, the Elector of the Palatinate; the shields located at either side of the central door, and the heads of the Knight and Burgher serving as label-stops. Paul Pelz praised Earley's work and was pleased at learning "that you [the Chairman of the Building Committee] are pleased with my endeavor to make your church the most artistic in the city" (Letter from Paul Pelz to Mr. Slagle, February 9, 1903). The sculptural work on the church was entirely completed, at a discount rate of $1,000.00, by early April, 1903.

He also engraved portraits of Cardinal de Bouillon; Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux; Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (the last for an edition of his works published in 1795), plus a smaller portrait of Rousseau; a small profile of Cicero after Moreau; and both drew and engraved a portrait of Hue de Miroménil (keeper of the seal and deputy to the Chancellor of France (Minister of Justice) from 1774 to 1787). Amongst other large works, he engraved "The Siege of Calais", after Jean-Simon Berthélemy. He dedicated the engraving to the National Assembly, who accepted the honour officially in a session of 16 September 1789. The citizens of Calais also showed their appreciation by making him a "Burgher of Calais" on 21 January 1790.

The Ehrbarkeit held a variety of positions in local government as well as district government, which relied on a network of the Duchy's market towns, establishing a link between the town and the countryside. The most powerful official in a district was the bailiff (Vogt), who governed and supervised the functions of urban government in the name of the Duke from the district seat (Amtstadt). This position first appeared around 1425, but it took around seventy years for the functions of the bailiff to be fully established. By the end of the 15th century, this office had split into senior bailiff (Obervogt), typically a nobleman, and junior bailiff (Untervogt), who would preside in the absence of the senior bailiff and was usually himself a burgher.

This job was also always held by a burgher, as he had to have clerical expertise, but almost never had a university education. At first, the Vice Chancellor held no political power, but then Duke Christoph enlarged the role of the Kammersekretär by allowing him to advise on policies concerning the chancery, church council, and even to oversee the treasury, a right no other official but the chamber master (Kammermeister) possessed. In the reign of Duke Ludwig, he would become one of the most influential officers in the central government, assuming the role of personal adviser and close friend to the Duke, rivaling only the territorial governor, Landhofmeister in influence on policy. Following the Reformation, new positions that worked during the Visitation were created.

The club has six of the original manuscripts which Burns sent to John Wilson, printer, Kilmarnock, for his famous Kilmarnock Edition, published on 31 July 1786, namely – The Twa Dogs, The Holy Fair, The Author's Earnest Cry and Prayer, The Address to the Deil, Scotch Drink and The Cottar's Saturday Night. These manuscripts were originally in the possession of Burns' friend Gavin Hamilton, a lawyer in Mauchline and the poet's landlord at Mossgiel Farm. They passed to a relative Hamilton Robinson, originally an apprentice in Hamilton's office, and his widow married Mr Alexander Campbell, the Burgher Kirk Minister (1809–1843) in Irvine. In 1837 Mr Campbell gave the manuscripts to Mr Patrick Blair a founder member of the club, for the Club.

The foundation stone was laid by the Malacca born Captain of the Malacca Burghers, Abraham de Wind, on behalf of his father, Claas de Wind, a prominent Burgher who had been the Secunde (Deputy Governor) of Malacca. The church was completed 12 years later in 1753 and replaced the Bovenkerk as the primary Dutch Reformed Church in Dutch Malacca. With the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, possession of Malacca was transferred to the British East India Company and in 1838, the church was re-consecrated with the rites of the Church of England by Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta and renamed Christ Church. The maintenance of the church was taken over by the Government of the Straits Settlements in 1858.

A certain Müller, a burgher of Berlin, endowed a chapel in gratitude for his lucky rescue from a Saracen assault during his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. On 18 October 1484 Arnold von Burgsdorff, Prince-Bishop of Brandenburg, issued an indulgence, promising all those helping to restore the chapel 40 days less in the purgatory.Karin Köhler, Christhard-Georg Neubert and Dieter Wendland, Kirchen und Gotteshäuser in Berlin: Eine Auswahl, Berliner Arbeitskreis City-Kirchen (ed.), Berlin: Evangelische Kirche in Berlin-Brandenburg, 2000, p. 148. . The indulgence is the oldest surviving document mentioning the chapel, then consecrated to Mary(am) of Nazareth, the Holy Cross, Pope Fabian, and Sebastianus of Narbonne.Arno Hach, Alt-Berlin im Spiegel seiner Kirchen: Rückblicke in die versunkene Altstadt, 2nd ed.

From 1669, the ennobled who came mainly by then from the burgher class would only receive skartabellat (similar to the German Briefadel, or Letters patent), a specific form of institution and ennoblement introduced by pacta conventa, a lower class of nobility where newly created nobles could only hold public offices and perform legations not until after the third generation; from 1775 an obligation was imposed on newly created nobles possessing (purchasing) land estate. During the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski (r. 1764 to 1795), almost half of the total number of Polish ennoblements was made. Under the reigns of Stanisław Leszczyński and Stanisław August Poniatowski, both were also known for circumventing the restrictions placed on conferring ennoblement, applying the so-called 'secret ennoblements', without parliamentary confirmation.

He decorated the municipal counting board in 1433 and became a burgher of Colmar in 1435 or 1436. Nothing is known about his teachers but it is assumed that he may have been apprenticed either to Hans Hirtz of Strasbourg or Konrad Witz of Basel; his art also shows the influence of Rogier van der Weyden and his school. After 1450, Isenmann is registered as an alderman (Schöffe) and in 1461, he is one of the main organizers of a Mystery play during Corpus Christi. In 1462, Isenmann received a commission to paint a set of panels (oil on fir wood) for the high altar of St Martin's Church, Colmar's main place of worship, and he delivered the finished altarpiece in 1465.

Named after Johan von Beijer (-1669), a man of German origin appointed postmaster in 1642, who bought two buildings on the site that same year to replace them with his own residence, accordingly the only post office in the capital until his death. The brick cellar vaults of the two Medieval buildings are still preserved, and the building is the only burgher residence with a preserved 17th century courtyard. Two storeys were added during the 18th and 19th centuries, and in 1918 it became the property of the state and was subsequently merged with the Oxenstierna Palace. The building was declared a historical monument in 1949 and is today occupied by the accountants of the Parliament, the unique interiors and courtyard thus not accessible to the public.

A string of defeats by Sir Benjamin d'Urban combining forces under Colonel Sir Harry Smith stopped the Xhosa, most Xhosa chiefs surrendered but the primary leadership Maqoma and Tyali retreated, a treaty was imposed and hostilities finally died down on 17 September 1836. Aftermath the sixth war, a chief believed to be actually the paramount chief or the King of the Gcaleka Xhosa by the British, Chief Hintsa ka Khawuta, was murdered by the British. The era also saw the rise and fall of Stockenström's treaty system. The seventh war became a war between the imperial British troops collaborating with the mixed-race "Burgher forces", which were mainly Khoi, Fengu, British settlers and Boer commandos, against the Ngcika assisted by the Ndlambe and Thembu.

The Modern French word bourgeois (; ) derived from the Old French burgeis (walled city), which derived from bourg (market town), from the Old Frankish burg (town); in other European languages, the etymologic derivations include the Middle English burgeis, the Middle Dutch burgher, the German Bürger, the Modern English burgess, the Spanish burgués, the Portuguese burguês, and the Polish burżuazja, which occasionally is synonymous with the "intelligentsia".The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology C. T. Onions, Editor (1995) p. 110. In its literal sense, bourgeois in Old French (burgeis, borjois) means "town dweller". In English, the word "bourgeoisie" (a French citizen-class) identified a social class oriented to economic materialism and hedonism, and to upholding the extreme political and economic interests of the capitalist ruling-class.

On 19 December 2019, Sandun Weerakkody scored the fastest List A century by a Sri Lankan batsman, scoring 101 not out from 39 balls for Sinhalese Sports Club against Burgher Recreation Club. The following day, only one of the twelve scheduled matches reached a result, with the other eleven fixtures all abandoned due to rain. Ahead of the final day of fixtures, Sinhalese Sports Club, Sri Lanka Army Sports Club, Nondescripts Cricket Club, Panadura Sports Club, Saracens Sports Club, Sri Lanka Air Force Sports Club and Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club had all qualified for the quarterfinals. Following the conclusion of the final day of group matches, Chilaw Marians Cricket Club had also reached the quarterfinals of the tournament.

Anna Elisabeth Baer wanted to vote in the Riksdag elections in Turku in 1771, and sent a letter to the governor regarding the matter. The petition was sent together with the book binder Hedvig Söderman and the tanner Hedvig Ottiliana Richter, both widows who had inherited their businesses from their late husbands, and who all petitioned to vote on the grounds that they were tax paying guild members. The petition to vote was sent because the election of the burgher city representatives to the Riksdag had already been held, without her having been called to participate in it, despite having the legal right to do so. In the election, Jost Joachim Pipping was elected representative to the Riksdag by the Turku burghers.

Later in June, however, Cape Dutch politicians began to realise that President Kruger's attitude was not as reasonable as they had believed, and Hofmeyr, along with a Mr Herholt, the Cape Minister of Agriculture, visited Pretoria. After they arrived, they found the Transvaal Volksraad to be in a spirit of defiance and that it had just passed a resolution that offered four new seats in the Volksraad to represent the mining districts, and 15 exclusive burgher districts. Hofmeyr, upon meeting the executive, freely expressed indignation at these proceedings. Unfortunately, Hofmeyr's influence was more than counterbalanced by an emissary from the Free State named Abraham Fischer who while purporting to be a peacemaker, practically encouraged the Boer executive to take extreme measures.

81 These included burgher delegates and introduced the monetagio system, a fixed sum to be paid by burghers to the Crown. Property rights of the king and his subjects, as well as of ecclesiastical bodies, were addressed in the previous Cortes of Coimbra in 1211 (which included members of the nobility and the clergy). The Portuguese Cortes met again in 1256, 1261 and 1273 under Afonso III of Portugal, always by royal summon. In the realms of the Crown of Aragon, the institutional system effectively limited powers of the monarchs. Particularly, in the Principality of Catalonia, in 1283, the Catalan Courts (Corts Catalanes) became one of the first parliamentary bodies of Europe that officially banned the royal power to create legislation unilaterally.

Breudher, also known as Brueder or Bloeder (pronounced as broo-dhuh), is a traditional Sri Lankan Dutch Burgher buttery yeast cake, baked in a fluted mould. A variation, Bleuda, Kueh Bleuda or Kue Bludder is also found in the Malacca Dutch Eurasian community and in Kochin, a city in the south-west of India. The mould used to bake the Breudher is typically a heavy brass or iron mould with deep groves with a tube in the centre, so that when the cake is baked, it comes out in a grooved ring shape with a central cylindrical hole. Each family has its own variation, but essentially the recipe for Breudher consists of butter, sugar, eggs, bread dough, milk, nutmeg and raisins/sultanas.

Kasper Goski (died 1576) was a Polish doctor, astrologer and the mayor of Poznań. Kasper Goski was born the son of a burgher in Sochaczew. He began his studies at the Lubrański Academy before continuing at the Kraków Academy from 1541–1547. After earning his magister, he taught at the university, as well as that the parochial school attached to the Church of St. Anne in Kraków, where he also served as rector. He returned briefly to Poznań in 1547, leaving two years later for Padua where he earned a medical degree in 1551. Back in Poland he was the doctor of primate Mikołaj Dzierzgowski until the latter's death in 1552, at which point Goski set up his own medical practice in Poznań.

Ralph Robb (22 April 1800 - 5 July 1850) was a Scottish clergyman. He was born in Manor Peebles, a farm within Logie Parish, Perthshire, the ninth of ten children of former maltman and farmer William Rob (1749–1818), son of farmer John Rob (1698–1764) and his second wife Agnes Wright (1709–1778), and Lilias Jaffray (1756–1820), daughter of Robert Jaffray and Lilias Hill of St. Ninian's parish. William and Lilias had been married in the Stirling Secession or Burgher Church and St. Ninian's on 15 February 1784. Ralph's grandfather John, a man of 'great piety and unblemished integrity', had left the Church of Scotland after a forced settlement at Logie, joining the Secession in Stirling under the pastoral ministrations of Revd.

At the opposite end, the authority of Cologne, Aachen, Worms, Goslar, Wetzlar, Augsburg and Regensburg barely extended beyond the city walls. The constitution of Free and Imperial Cities was republican in form, but in all but the smallest cities, the city government was oligarchic in nature with a governing town council composed of an elite, hereditary patrician class, the so-called town council families ('). They were the most economically significant burgher families who had asserted themselves politically over time. Below them, with a say in the government of the city (there were exceptions, such as Nuremberg, where the patriciate ruled alone), were the citizens or burghers, the smaller, privileged section of the city's permanent population whose number varied according to the rule of citizenship of each city.

Her personal background is sketchy: it is known that she was a widow and had a sister by the name of Genevieve who were also a linen merchant and was married to a mercier, Guillame St Marcel. Several circumstances signifies the Jeanne la Fouacière as a leading merchant. She had clients among royalty and nobility: she is known to have delivered linen to the agents of the English royal court in 1278, 1307 and 1308, and to the countess Mahaut of Artois in 1201 and 1310. In the tax registers, she was taxed for 16 livres, which was around the same amount as the elite of Parisian burgher alderman at the time, while the average income was below one livre.

Radley College A member of the Shakespeare family, his grandfather, Sir Geoffrey Shakespeare, was made a baronet following long service as a Member of Parliament and in various senior government roles. While still a student, Tom was featured in a television documentary by Lord Snowdon connected to his 1976 report 'Integrating the Disabled' about his restricted growth, along with his father, Sir William Geoffrey Shakespeare, a prominent medical practitioner.Defying Disability: The Lives and Legacies of Nine Disabled Leaders, Mary Wilkinson, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2009, pg 83 His mother was a nurse of Sri Lankan Burgher descent. Shakespeare was educated at Radley College, Oxfordshire, taking A-levels in English, History, and History of Art; and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he matriculated in 1984 to read Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic.

Since Sadłowski was the main representative of the William Morris' Arts and Crafts movement in Poland, his project included not only the architectural part of the future building, but also the ornaments and decorations. The project of three waiting halls (one for each class of travellers) was prepared in cooperation with another graduate of Sadłowski's alma mater, Alfred Zachariewicz. The first class waiting hall was modelled after the style of an English gentleman's club, and was equipped with dark, luxurious Viennese-style furniture, resembling the works of the Wiener Werkstätte. The second class waiting room was modelled after 19th century burgher houses in Galicia, while the third class waiting hall was equipped with simple wooden pieces of furniture, modelled after the Zakopane style of Polish Gorals made by the artist Tadeusz Obmiński.

Most free burghers negotiated deals with the VOC which were beneficial to both the Company and the burgher such as Dr Jan Vetteman, the surgeon of the fort, who arranged for a monopoly of practice in his profession. Applicants received land in accordance to the purposes for which the land was to be used while carefully taking into consideration the set of skills and experiences possessed by each individual. Roelof Zieuwerts, for instance, received a small piece of forest where he could make a living as a wagon and plough maker. Martin Vlockaart, Pieter Jacobs and Jan Adriansen maintained themselves as fishermen, while Pieter Kley, Dirk Vreem, and Pieter Heynse made a living by sawing and selling yellow wood plank as well as to work their occupation as carpenters.

Michael Roberts, in Sri Lanka Journal of Social Science, describes three groups within early nationalism in British Ceylon. The most prominent group, "ultra-moderate constitutionalists", with culture and value system significantly westernised, whose main goal was greater participation in government; the second group, "mild-radicals", represented by leaders like Pinto, was a labour movement with political radicalism and interest in more radical trade unions; the third group, "religio-cultural revitalists", traditional values Sinhalese Buddhists "which expressed militant objection to changes produced by Western penetration." Roberts wrote all three groups interacted with the others and had indigenous, Indian, and Burgher people among members, in a complex social tapestry whose members also changed group affiliations over time. A strike at the largest publisher in Colombo, influenced by Pinto's propaganda, took place in September 1893.

Initially, the right to vote in local city elections (mayoral elections) was granted to every burgher, which was defined as a taxpaying citizen with a guild membership. Women as well as men were members of guilds, which resulted in women's suffrage for a limited number of women. In 1734, suffrage in both national and local elections, in cities as well as countryside, was granted to every property owning taxpaying citizen of legal majority. This extended suffrage to all taxpaying property owning women whether guild members or not, but excluded married women and the majority of unmarried women, as married women were defined as legal minors, and unmarried women were minors unless they applied for legal majority by royal dispensation, while widowed and divorced women were of legal majority.

Helena herself, married to a prosperous burgher named Sebastian, was described as an "aggressive, independent woman who was not afraid to speak her mind" Broedel, Hans P. "The Malleus Maleficarum and the construction of witchcraft: theology and popular belief", page 1 (2003). Right after Kramer had arrived in the city, she had passed him in the street, spatted and cursed him publicly: "Fie on you, you bad monk, may the falling evil take you". Later, it was discovered she was not attending Kramer's sermons and encouraged others to do likewise, things of which were all brought against her as charges for the crime of witchcraft. Helena even disrupted one of his sermons "by loudly proclaiming that she believed Institoris to be an evil man in league with the devil".

Warsaw painted by Bernardo Bellotto; view from the Royal Castle in 1773 The level of economic prosperity in the Commonwealth was largely determined by its agricultural production, but for the fundamental transformation that the country experienced in the second half of the 18th century, the changes taking place in the cities and within the industrial sphere were of crucial importance. At the outset manufacturing and crafts were underdeveloped in comparison with Prussia, Austria and Russia. The hurried efforts to close the half-century delay and industrialization gap that took place especially during the last three decades of the Commonwealth's existence, were only partially successful. The industrialization process, initiated by landed magnates in the first half of the 18th century, intensified during its second half, when burgher entrepreneurship also became a significant component.

Implementing the Patriot manifestos brought a fundamental rift between the "democratic" and "aristocratic" wings of the Patriot movement to light. Initially both saw a common interest and a basis for cooperation (as the Leiden Draft explicitly proposes). This was exemplified by the Utrecht example where in July 1783 the vroedschap acceded to the demand of the local Free Corps to be recognized as the new manifestation of the schutterij under the direction of an elected Burgher Defense Council.Schama, p. 84 Both factions were opposed to the 1674 Government RegulationImposed by the States General in 1674 at the occasion of the readmission of Utrecht province to the Union, after the French occupation was lifted, as a punishment for the city's meek submission to the French during the invasion of 1672; Israel, pp.

During the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the inhabitants of Danzig fought fiercely for it to remain a part of Poland,Gdańsk i Ziemia Gdańska Franciszek Mamuszka Wiedza Powszechna, 1966 page 83 although the majority of Royal Prussia fell to the Kingdom of Prussia. For several years Danzig was surrounded by Prussian territories. In 1793 it was captured by Prussian forces and incorporated into the Prussian Kingdom as part of the province of West Prussia. According to Peter Oliver Loew (2011) the common language in Danzig until the partition was German and the knowledge of German was the premise to become an integrated burgher, however, according to Maria Babnis (1989) the majority of the population in the city spoke both Polish and German and spoken language didn't determine national identity.

In 1819, she finally made her study trip to Sweden, and upon her return, she settled in Uleåborg, where she opened her first school for girls. Her school was a success among the burgher class of Uleåborg, but burned down in the great Uleåborg fire of 1822. Between 1823 and 1827, Sara Wacklin managed her second school in Åbo together with her business partner Amalia Ertman. While their school was a traditional girls' pension with focus on accomplishments similar to that of Christina Krook, of which there were many in contemporary Finland, it was somewhat more progressive than most, as it had a two-year course and tutored in other languages than French as well as in several subjects also tutored to boys, rather than exclusively accomplishments and household tasks.

Declaration signed by Józef Wybicki, author of the Polish national anthem lyrics, of becoming a burgher of Śrem in 1791 Śrem was founded in the second half of the 10th century in the cradle of the emerging Polish state, when a fortified settlement, which protected the ford across the Warta on an important trade route from Silesia to Poznań, was erected on the right bank of the Warta river, and soon a trade settlement developed on the left bank. It is numbered among the oldest Lechitic settlements. Śrem received municipal rights from dukes Bolesław the Pious and Przemysł I of Greater Poland in 1253, the same year as Poznań. Śrem developed rapidly and in the 14th century, it became a royal town of the Polish Crown and the seat of local royal officials (starosta).

The Guild Regulation of 1720 was in place until 1846, but adjusted by several amendments. In the Riksdag of 1809-10, a number of reforms in the legal privileges of the four official classes were introduced prompted by the Coup of 1809, and this included the privileges of the burgher class, represented by the guild system. The reform of 1810 stated that any citizen had the right to practice a profession outside of the guild provided that they fulfilled their professional obligations. The Guilds interpreted obligations to be the traditional guild requirements, while the city magistrates started to issue permits to male citizens outside the guilds (women already had that opportunity since before): the conflicts was solved in 1820, when the monarch stated that the Guild Regulation of 1720 was still in use.

Movement away from European influences and toward the responsibility of writing distinctly American poetry may be traced to "Anecdote of the Jar" (1919). Bates suggests that Stevens the American burgher was self-conscious about the poses of aesthete and dandy, writing, > It is as though Stevens, having assumed the pose of aesthete, had suddenly > caught sight of himself in a mirror; thereafter, his dismay and amusement > became an integral part of the pose. The same might be said of his dandiacal > poems, for the dandy is by definition someone who lives always as though > reflected in a mirror; the dandy's vaunted wit sprang in the first place > from an awareness of his own absurd pretensions. Further compounding the > aesthetic dandy's self-consciousness, in Stevens' case, was his burgherly > sense of his own foppish creations.

The Dancing Couple, by Jan Steen, 1663 As seen in art and literature at the time, unmarried young women were valued for maintaining their modesty and diligence as this time in a woman's life was regarded to be the most uncertain. From a young age, burgher women were taught various household related duties by their mothers, including reading, so as to prepare them for their lives as housewives. Dutch art at this time shows the idealized situation in which an unmarried young girl ought to conduct herself in situations such as courtship, which commonly included themes relating to gardens or nature, music lessons or parties, needlework, and reading and receiving love letters. However, ideals of the young women espoused by genre painting and Petrarchian poetry did not reflect the reality.

The country was surprised by Edward's will, which appointed his consort Eleanor of Aragon, rather than his brothers, as regent of the kingdom on behalf of his young son, the new king Afonso V of Portugal. Many commoners believed the foreign-born Eleanor would be a pliable puppet of the Portuguese high aristocracy, who were itching to claw back the authority they lost to the burghers since the revolution of the 1380s. The country seemed to be careening towards civil war, when John of Reguengos, in his capacity as constable, quickly seized control of the city of Lisbon and assembled a burgher-packed Cortes that promptly elected his brother and ally Peter of Coimbra as regent. The Portuguese high nobility, now rallied around the half-brother Afonso, urged Eleanor to refuse to step down.

She was born to captain Emanuel Meyer and Johanne Mohlholm, and married captain Thomas de Malleville in 1763. After the queen had entered into a love affair with Struensee in 1770, a reform was introduced to allow non-nobles invitations to the royal table, were etiquette was relaxed, and members of the rich burgher class were commonly invited to dine with the royal family. Officially introduced as a reform through which the monarch was given opportunity to meet his subjects, the real reason was thought to be a wish to Struensee to introduce the queen to people outside of the nobility, among whom she could meet friends likely to be more favorable to his reforms. Johanne Marie Malleville belongs to those non-noble women invited who actually did become a personal friend and favorite of the queen.

Some basic characteristics of a Nordland family are that they were socially established since the centuries before 1800, that they lived on the countryside, where they had typical burgher culture and professions, that they married each other, that they bore permanent family names, something that very few people had (ordinary people used patronyms), and that they often had roots outside Norway, mostly in Denmark and the Duchies. Many Nordland families are, in some cases extensively, described in written pieces especially of the 18th and the 19th century. Among these are travel journals by Gustav Peter Blom, the Swedes Johan Erik Forsström, Sven Nilsson, and J.W. Zetterstedt, the German Leopold von Buch, and the Englishmen Sir Arthur de Capell Brooke and Frederick Metcalfe. These families' culture, among other their way of being, society life, and dances, was different from that of ordinary people.

In Vaasa in Finland (then a Swedish province), there was opposition against women participating in the town hall discussing political issues as this was not seen as their right place, and women's suffrage appears to have been opposed in practice in some parts of the realm: when Anna Elisabeth Baer and two other women petitioned to vote in Åbo in 1771, they were not allowed to do so by town officials. In 1758, women were excluded from mayoral elections by a new regulation by which they could no longer be defined as burghers, but women's suffrage was kept in the national elections as well as the countryside parish elections. Women participated in all of the eleven national elections held up until 1757. In 1772, women's suffrage in national elections was abolished by demand from the burgher estate.

The Estates (Landschaft), the largest political body in the Duchy, were an entity that had existed even before the founding of the Duchy (The first assembly of the Estates, called a Landtag, occurred in Leonberg in 1457 when Count Ulrich V summoned the notables of the towns to counterbalance the attending knights (Ritterschaft)), and it consisted of representatives from several different estates (Stände): the prelates, nobles, and burgher officials. The prelates were the abbots of the fourteen monasteries of the Duchy, who were generally present at the diets as Ducal appointees after the Reformation. Roughly 30 noblemen, usually Ducal councilors or some other senior official, also regularly attended. Since the Estates were intended to be the representatives of the Duchy's inhabitants, about 75% of the participants of a Diet were townsfolk, though the peasantry had almost no input.

Stanisław Staszic As in many other European countries, the Enlightenment in the Polish-Lithuanian state was a period of great advancement of the burgher class, the upper ranks of which consisted of urban business and professional people, whose economic position was growing stronger and who sought corresponding expansion of political standing and influence. In the middle of the 18th century, the towns and their inhabitants were still in miserable shape, especially in Lithuania. In Poznań Voivodeship (western Poland) urban people constituted ca. 30% of the population, in the eastern provinces below 10%. Danzig, the largest city, fell below 50,000 residents, Warsaw counted less than 30,000. Because of the state protection and revitalized economy, the situation improved during the last decades of the Commonwealth's existence, with Warsaw exceeding 100,000 around 1790; other cities grew more slowly, e.g.

There were no private palaces at this time and the only larger buildings were the castle, the church, and the former Greyfriars monastery on Riddarholmen. This urbanity could hardly have made a lasting impression on any visitor, but the structures on the surrounding ridges failed to meet even these standards as Gustav Vasa, who, for defensive purposes, required any structures outside the city to be easily burnt down, had made sure the ridges couldn't even present a single timber framed building. So instead, the ridges were primarily used for activities that either required a lot of space, produced odours, or could cause fire. Even though some burgher had secondary residences outside the city, the population living on the ridges, perhaps a quarter of the city's population, were mostly poor, including the royal personnel occupying the northern ridges.

The Burgher Defense Council, which commanded the Free Corps, organised a petition (the "Act of Qualification") which was signed by 16,000 people, and the next day the Dam Square before the city hall was thronged with thousands of guild members, Patriot citizens and armed militiamen. The Amsterdam council was once more locked in chambers, not expected to emerge without a positive decision, and on the initiative of Hooft the vroedschap was purged of the members whose dismissal had been demanded in the Act of Qualification. Amsterdam had belatedly joined the Patriot coalition. The rioting of the BijltjesThis so-called Bijltjesoproer (insurrection of the "Little Axes") is actually a misnomer as the Bijltjes reacted to attacks by Patriots on Orangist clubs in the center of Amsterdam, and the Bijltjes rioted in reprisal, only to be attacked and suppressed by armed Patriots.

When Groote began, education in the Netherlands was still rare, unlike in Italy and the southern parts of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; the University of Leme of the schools of Liège was only a vague memory. Apart from some of the clergy who had studied at the universities and cathedral schools in Paris or in Cologne, there were few scholars in the land; even amongst the higher clergy there were many who were ignorant of the scientific study of Latin, and the ordinary burgher of the Dutch cities was quite content if, when his children left school, they were able to read and write the Medieval Low German and Diets. Groote determined to change all that. The Brethren worked consistently in the scriptorium; afterwards, with the printing press, they were able to publish their spiritual writings widely.

She belonged to the Berenberg family, a Flemish-origined family from Antwerp in today's Belgium, who came as religious refugees to Hamburg in 1585, where they founded Berenberg Bank and became, together with the closely related Amsinck family, one of the two most prominent families of the city-state's ruling class of Hanseaten.Richard J. Evans, Death in Hamburg, 1987 She was the daughter of owner of Berenberg Bank Johann Berenberg (1718–1772) and Anna Maria Lastrop (1723–1761), and was named for her grandmother Anna Elisabeth Amsinck (1690–1748). Her grandfather Rudolf Berenberg was elected a Senator in 1735 and her great-grandfather Cornelius Berenberg had become an hereditary grand burgher in 1684 and developed the Berenberg merchant house into a highly successful merchant bank. She was also descended from numerous other prominent merchant and banking families, such as the Welser family.

Taxation on their mining provided almost all of the republic's revenues, but they had very limited civic representation and almost no say in the running of the country. Though the English language was dominant in the mining areas, only Dutch remained official. Kruger expressed great satisfaction at the new arrivals' industry and respect for the state's laws, but surmised that giving them full burgher rights might cause the Boers to be swamped by sheer weight in numbers, with the probable result of absorption into the British sphere. Agonising over how he "could meet the wishes of the new population for representation, without injuring the republic or prejudicing the interests of the older burghers", he thought he had solved the problem in 1889 when he tabled a "second volksraad" in which the uitlanders would have certain matters devolved to them.

He initially worked for the De Beers mine, and later became a news correspondent with various newspapers: Stent served in Raaff's Rangers, the Chartered Company's Irregular Forces 1893 as Sub-Lieutenant promoted Lieutenant and then Captain, November 1893; served with Colonel Gould-Adam's column entering Matabeleland from south, representing the Transvaal Advertiser; he resigned his commission on conclusion of the war, In December 1893 he was correspondent to the Press, Pretoria, and on General Joubert's staff through the Malaboch War in 1894, also correspondent with General Schalk Burgher through the Low Country Campaign of 1894. Stent the accompanied West Coast fleet under Admiral Rawson to Cape Coast Castle in 1895. He represented the South African Telegraph in Ashanti from 1895 to 1896. He was in Matabeleland during Native Rebellion of 1896 representing the Cape Times and Daily Mail.

The bylaws of the guilds are featured in twenty-seven illustrations in the codex and depict both biblical subjects and the daily activities of the Kraków burgher guild members, for example that of bakers, titled in Latin: Pistores, with a subtitle in German: Das ist der briff und geseccze der becker von Krakow. ("This is the letter and law of the bakers in Cracow", example in color), and the text calligraphed in Latin. This kind of illustration - showing the practice of trades - was a tradition with an iconographical history going back to late Roman astronomical texts showing the "Labours of the Months", pairing a characteristic activity of rural life with the astrological sign for that month. Historians of culture and art have shown that these illustrations sometimes reflect their iconographical traditions rather than actually depicting contemporary life with accuracy .

He grew up in Oslo together with his brother, fellow priest Sir Hans Paus (b. 1587); the brothers have long been known as the earliest certain ancestors of the family Paus. The fact that both brothers received the best and most costly education available in Denmark-Norway and their apparent social connections to powerful men in Oslo/Eastern Norway – both easily received attractive positions; the education of Peter's nephew was paid for by Chancellor Jens Bjelke, Bishop Oluf Boesen and various members of the high nobility – show that they clearly belonged to the elite of 16th century Oslo. According to S. H. Finne-Grønn, the brothers were almost certainly the sons of burgher of Oslo Povel Hansson (born ca. 1545–50), a son of canon at St Mary's Church Hans Olufsson (died 1570), who held personal noble rank.

The school was founded on 4 September 1787 by the doctor Johan Clemens Tode, and the school was named after him. At that time, the interest for a proper formal education was great among the wealthy burgher class of Copenhagen. Two secondary schools for boys were founded during that period, and a school for girls was deemed necessary as well. While the argument for founding a school for boys had been that men needed formal education to fill their place as active citizens and businesspeople in society, the argument for starting a school for girls was that the future wives and mothers of citizens needed to have at least basic knowledge in academic and scientific subjects to assist and support their husbands and educate their children, which was a common and successful argument for women's education in Europe at that time.

Tilly levied high war contributions from Stade's burghers (e.g. 22,533 rixdollars in 1628 alone) and offered in 1630 to relieve every burgher, who would attend Catholic services, without success. In July 1630 Tilly left to head for the Duchy of Pomerania, where King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden had landed with his troops, opening a new front in the Thirty Years' War. He had been won by French diplomacy to join a new anti-imperial coalition, soon joined by the Netherlands. In February 1631 John Frederick conferred with Gustavus II Adolphus and a number of Lower Saxon princes in Leipzig, all of them troubled by Habsburg's growing influence wielded by virtue of the Edict of Restitution in a number of Northern German Lutheran prince-bishoprics. John Frederick speculated to regain the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and therefore in June/July 1631 officially allied himself with Sweden.

The patricians of Telemark formed a distinct social group until the 19th century; a letter Henrik Ibsen wrote to Georg Brandes in 1882 has often been quoted in this respect; in it Ibsen named "just about all the patrician families" in the area during his childhood, and mentioned the families Paus, Plesner, von der Lippe, Cappelen and Blom.Oskar Mosfjeld, Henrik Ibsen og Skien: En biografisk og litteratur-psykologisk studie, Oslo, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1949, p. 16 Jon Nygaard argues that "the most prominent patrician families in Upper Telemark were Blom, Paus and Ørn," and notes that while the burgher class in Skien was relatively open to new men, the "aristocracy of officials" in Upper Telemark was a more closed group. Furthermore, the Aall and Løvenskiold families became part of the Telemark patriciate in the 18th century and acquired significant fortunes, partly through intermarriage with the older elite in Telemark.

The shires and boroughs they represented paid them for their services, and reimbursed the expenses they were put to in journeying to and from the place of meeting. In 1322, by a statute of Edward II, the salary of a knight was fixed at 4 shillings a day, and that of a citizen or burgher at 2 shillings a day. These payments could be enforced by writs issued after the dissolution of each parliament, and there were many instances of the issue of such writs down to the reign of Henry VIII; while the last known instance is that of one Thomas King, who in 1681 obtained a writ for his salary against the corporation of Harwich. The practice of the payment of members of parliament gradually fell into desuetude, and in the second parliament of Charles II, strong disapproval was expressed of the practice.

In the 19th century, the Cape frontier was afflicted by a recurring series of Frontier Wars, between the Cape Colony and the British Empire on the one side, and the Xhosa chiefs on the other. Stockenström’s military career additionally saw growing disagreement between the leadership of the local Cape forces (the Burgher commandos) and the British frontier settlers who supported greater British imperial control. While the young Stockenström was a great and sometimes ruthless soldier in the frontier wars, in the coming years he came to develop a growing sympathy with his Xhosa opponents. The frontier policy of the British colonial government at the time was the so-called "Reprisals System", whereby frontier settlers were permitted to cross the border to reclaim stolen cattle from any Xhosa settlement to which the cattle-tracks led – even if the stolen cattle were not in fact there.

The active involvement of Joseph as a foster father in the events of the scene, specifically in the active care for the new-born baby, is relatively unusual in the first half of the 14th century although it does appear as early as the 13th century. However it appears more often from the turn of the 14th century (for example with Joseph cooking porridge, preparing a bath, sewing and drying nappies, preparing food for Mary and feeding the donkey and ox). It is not based in any literary sources and, in all likelihood, originated in the secular context of burgher society; we can also trace how it was received and reflected on in period ‘carols’ that, however, represent the foster father of Our Lord as a rather grotesque figure. At the same time, from the 14th and 15th centuries onwards, official respect for St Joseph grew.

A. A. Vorsterman van Oijen, "Van Eck", in Stam- en Wapenboek van Aanzienlijke Nederlandsche Familiën, Wolters Publ, Groningen, 1885, pp. 227–230 Cornelia and he had a daughter Magdalena Clara Schaghen. After the death of Cornelia, Joan Paul married Susanna Cornelia Breving in July 1723 in Batavia."Schagen" in The Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon, vol III, Colombo, 1910, p. 73 After her death he married in 1735 Elisabeth Blanckert, the widow of Josua van Arrewijne. She died on the trip back to the Netherlands and was buried (and saluted) in Cape of Good Hope, in April 1742. In Amsterdam he finally married for the forth time (announcement 4 November 1745) with the 17-year old Margaretha Constantia Delborgo. In 1722 Schaghen became commander of Galle. The VOC appointed him interim governor of Ceylon on 19 October 1725 which position he held until the arrival of Petrus Vuyst on 16 September 1726.

Asser Levy was probably born in Vilna, present-day Lithuania. He left Poland for Amsterdam, possibly to escape the pogroms of the Khmelnytsky uprising. Although he lived for a time in Amsterdam, he was not given burgher (citizenship) rights, and probably was not granted poorter (permanent residency) rights either. He might also have lived for a time in Schwelm, a town in the County of Mark in modern-day Germany. Two archived documents from Amsterdam reveal that on April 26, 1660, he was there seeking payment of a debt owed to him, and on May 24, 1660, he announced he was going to Germany. Levy might have married his wife Miriam (whose maiden name was probably Israel) while living in Amsterdam, but this cannot be verified; no record of this marriage exists in the Amsterdam archives, but this might be due to the fact that Jews were not required to register their marriages in Amsterdam until 1695.

188 Rumours began circulating that he was having a sexual relationship with the two teenage sons of a Burgher named De Saram, and that he was patronising a "dubious club" attended by British and Sinhalese youths. Matters came to a crisis when a tea- planter informed Ridgeway that he had surprised Sir Hector in a railway carriage with four Sinhalese boys; further allegations followed from other prominent members of the colonial establishment, with the threat of even more to come, involving up to seventy witnesses. Ridgeway advised MacDonald to return to London, his main concern being to avoid a massive scandal: "Some, indeed most, of his victims ... are the sons of the best-known men in the Colony, English and native", he wrote, noting that he had persuaded the local press to keep quiet in hopes that "no more mud" would be stirred up. In London MacDonald "was probably told by the king that the best thing he could do was to shoot himself".

Whilst the Land Law of 1274 and the Town Law of 1276 gave farmer women and burgher women only limited control of their assets, noblewomen could buy and sell as much as they pleased. This estate-based discrimination would last until the Land Law (including the Norwegian Code of 1604, which was mostly a Danish translation) was replaced by the Norwegian Code of 1687, a law that made all non-widowed women legally minor, regardless of their birth. (Some minor restrictions were introduced in 1604, when Norwegian law, granting unmarried women financial independence from their 21st year, was adjusted to match Danish law, which imposed lifelong guardianship on women and their fortune.) The noble privileges of 1582 decreed that a noblewoman who married a non-noble man should lose all her hereditary land to her nearest co-inheritor, for example her brother. The rule was designed with the intention of keeping noble land in noble hand, which would strengthen the nobility's power base.

Johann Christian Jauch (1765–1855) Grand Burgher of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg The trading firm was relocated in the middle of the 18th century by Carl Daniel Jauch (1714–1794) from the falling back Lüneburg to Hamburg, the ″Queen of the cities″. Since the 17th century Hamburg played a special role in Germany's economic history because thanks to its it came out of the Thirty Years' War as the wealthiest and most populous of all German cities.Hamburg 1650: 60,000 inhabitants, Berlin 1648: 6,000, Cologne 1714 (see German page): 42,015 and Munich 1700: 24,000 inhabitants Hamburg was a strictly bourgeois mercantile republic in which neither nobility existed, which was exiled since 1276, nor patricians in the strict sense of the formally defined class of governing elites found within the other free imperial cities. In contrast to the mediatised burgesses in the towns located in monarchies which were governed by authoritarianism Hamburg was characterized by its free citizens tied to the culture of England.

The Germans are said to have been led from the Royal Palace to the pillory. A copper statue of a man holding a birch in his right hand, placed on top of the pillory in 1602, was replaced in 1647 by a new one in bronze which is still preserved in the Town Hall. The pillory was moved to Norrmalmstorg in 1776, and from there to Eriksbergsplan in 1810. On a map dated 1733, the upper part of the street, between Stortorget and Västerlånggatan, is called Kåkbrinken, while the lower part is given several names: Kocks gränd (referring to the burgher Ragvald Kock); Jokum bagares, Bagare gränd, Schultens gränd, and Nedre Schult gränd (referring to the baker Joachim Schult); Söte Gudmunds gränd Söte gummans gränd ("Alley of the Sweet Old Woman", Gudmund is also a proper name), Lasse Månssons gränd, Björn Perssons gränd, Mäster Eriks gränd (referring to men with those names), and Påfvel murmästares gränd ("Alley of Masonry master Paul").

Schama, pp. 91-92 But the democrats were back in August and again in September with demonstrations following the established paradigm. Eventually, end December 1785, things came to a head when in a final demonstration of Free Corps strength the vroedschap was forced to capitulate. On 20 December they promised to adopt a democratic city constitution within three months. And indeed, on 20 March 1786, while the Free Corps again occupied the central square in silent menace, while a blizzard blew, the vroedschap allowed several of its members to formally abjure the old Government Regulation. On 2 August 1786 an elected Burgher College was installed as the new city council.Schama, pp. 96-98 In the Spring of 1787 similar events took place in Amsterdam. The political situation in that city had long been very different than in Utrecht. The Amsterdam regenten belonged to the old States-Party faction and were as such opposed to the stadtholder long before the Patriot movement started to rear its head.

They objected to serving under a British imperial commander, so Governor Maitland promoted Stockenström to colonel, so as to place him in command of the local mixed commandos. Stockenström’s use of mobile mounted local commandos was shown to be highly effective in the mountainous frontier terrain. Stockenström’s burgher force first cleared the south-western part of the Eastern Province up to the Fish River, inflicting a string of defeats on the amaNgqika, and then advanced to Fort Beaufort, where it was initially ordered that he would invade the Xhosa country. Instead of launching a military invasion to destroy the Xhosa armies, Stockenström selected a small group of his mounted commandos, crossed the Colony's border and rapidly rode deep into the Transkei Xhosa heartland, directly towards the kraal of Sarhili ("Kreli"), the paramount chief of all the Xhosa. Due in part to the speed of their approach, they were barely engaged by Xhosa forces and rode directly into Sarhili’s capital.

Fiege, Geschichte, p. 64 who was an ancestor inter alia of the present-day British royal family. Wellingsbüttel Manor was elevated to the status of a Danish "chancellery manor" (Kanzleigut).Burkhard von Hennigs, Güter in Stormarn, in: Johannes Spallek (editor),Jahrbuch für den Kreis Stormarn 2005, Ahrensburg 2004, It was then acquired by Grand Burgher of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Johann Christian Jauch junior (1802–1880), becoming a country estate of the Jauch family.Fiege, Geschichte, p. 69; Fiege, Hartwig, Über die Wellingsbütteler Gutsbesitzerfamilie Jauch in: Jahrbuch des Alstervereins 1984, Hamburg 1984; Natalie Bombeck, Jauchs Vorfahren waren Wellingsbütteler, in: Hamburger Abendblatt 25 January 2007 The manor house is together with Jenisch House (Jenisch-Haus) one of Hamburg's best conserved examples of the Hanseatic lifestyle in the 19th century and jointly with the manor gatehouse a listed historical monument. The estate is located on the banks of the Alster River in the middle of the Alster valley (Alstertal) nature reserve.

In 1842 he went to Egypt to work as an architectural draughtsman for the Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius, having obtained the job through Joseph Bonomi. He left Lepsius' employment in 1844, but remained in Cairo for several years, making drawings of Islamic architecture, in which he paid particular attention to details of domestic buildings.Caspar Purdon Clark noted that Wild "cared more for dwellings of burgher people than for temples or palaces", Owen Jones later used Wild's drawings as the sole source for the chapter on Arabian design in his Grammar of Ornament, and nine of Wild's sketchbooks from this period are now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. While in Cairo he also drew up plans for a burial ground for the city's British community, which were never carried out, and in 1845 was commissioned to build the Anglican church of St Mark in Alexandria, following the rejection of a Gothic design by Anthony Salvin.

Summer is like a fat beast, > sleepy in mildew... Josephson's objection to this side of Stevens is that he in his next book "would have to be more and more intimate and scandalous, ad absurdum", and that already this side "has influenced many of his younger contemporaries, and in them, at least, leads to pretense, and murkiness".Josephson, 32 There are those who maintain that both the aesthete and sensualist readings overlook the American burgher in Stevens, the successful insurance executive possessed of "something of the mountainous gruffness that we recognize in ourselves as American—the stamina, the powerful grain showing in a kind of indifference".Richard Eberhart, quoted in Bates, p. 89. This character trait may be reflected in the element of anti-poetry in Stevens' work, as in his choice of the word 'stupid' in "Hibiscus on the Sleeping Shores", or the "tink and tank and tunk-a-tunk-tunk" of "A High-Toned Old Christian Woman".

On the outbreak of the Second Boer War, as a burgher in the Rouxville Commando under General J.H. Olivier, he took part in the invasion of the Cape Colony and took part in the Battle of Stormberg on 10 December 1899. At the time, Kritzinger was engaged to a daughter of General J.H. Olivier, the victor of the Battle of Stormberg who led the humiliating defeat over Lieutenant- General William Forbes Gatacre, the hero of the Battle of Omdurman in Sudan. The Boer victory at the Battle of Stormberg, in which 135 British soldiers were killed and 696 captured was part of the British Black Week. Gatacre's reputation sank after Stormberg, and he returned to England and to his pre-war posting. As a result of Lord Roberts's successful campaign which led to the collapse of Boer resistance on the western front and the occupation of Bloemfontein on 13 March 1900, the commando's at Stormberg had to retreat hastily to the north and the Rouxville commando also had to turn back.

Contemporary engraving of Philips van Almonde Memorial for Philips van Almonde in the Saint Catherine's Church in Brielle Philips van Almonde (29 December 1644 – 6 January 1711) was a Dutch Lieutenant Admiral, who served in his nation’s maritime conflicts of the 17th and early 18th centuries. Philips was born in Den Briel, the son of Pieter Jansz van Almonde, a wealthy burgher. Van Almonde learned the maritime profession under his uncle, the frigate commander Jacob Cleidijck, becoming a cadet on his ship the Wapen van Dordrecht in 1661. He was appointed lieutenant in 1664 by the Admiralty of the Maze. During the Battle of Lowestoft in the Second Anglo-Dutch War he in 1665 took over command from his incapacitated uncle and was on return confirmed in his command on 14 August. He distinguished himself in the Four Days Battle of 11–14 June 1666, where Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter defeated a fleet under George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle. In 1667 he was made a full captain. In 1671 he was captain of the Harderwijk.

When the widowed Sigismund III Vasa married princess Constance, an Austrian archduchess from the House of Habsburg, in 1605, he presented the town of Piła, together with the lands of the domain of Ujście, as a wedding gift to his new bride. She became responsible for changing Piła in several ways over the next few decades. Acting in concert with the tenets of the prevailing Catholic Counter Reformation, the queen first attended to what seemed closest to her heart. She saw to it that numerous Protestant churches in the region of Wałcz, the most German of areas where seventeen Protestant villages existed, be handed over to the Roman Catholic clergy, hounding many a German Protestant burgher in the process. Birthplace of Stanisław Staszic, a leading figure of Polish Enlightenment After one of the town's frequent fires in 1619, the queen — in a benevolent gesture and as her ‘present’ to the burghers of Piła — appropriated funds from the large estate to have the old burnt-out wooden Catholic Church rebuilt.

Ebel riot (Swedish: Ebelska upploppet) was a riot taking place in Stockholm 7 January 1793. The riot took place when a group of burgher men, among them Ebel, was insulted by a royal guardsman and was given the sympathy by a crowd of people, who accompanied them to the police and then to the Royal Palace to complain and demand action, while a speech was made by Ebel, before the crowd was dissolved by the military. The riot was, in fact, not of a violent nature. However, it was perceived as such by the regent duke Charles and Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm, who were reportedly greatly frightened, and it is resulted in the abortion of the enlightened policy of the guardian government: Nils Henric Liljensparre lost his position for having frightened the duke-regent by exaggerating the riot, Ebel was exiled and five other sentenced to prison on water and bread, all crowds and private clubs were banned and public bars, pubs and other gathering places were to be closed at nine o'clock.

Christoffel's son, Johannes, was the house-master and chamberlain of the princes of the House of Orange-Nassau in Dillenburg. The family coat of arms still appears today on the frontispiece of the town hall in Herborn, and was restored in 2016. The coat of arms of the family Von der Mühll on the facade of the town hall of Herborn in Hessen, Germany. Johannes' great-grandsons, Hans Georg (1648-1727) and Johann Valentin (1656-1732), came to Basel, Switzerland, in 1674 to work as saddlers and shoemakers, eventually becoming masters of their trade. The still existing Basel branch descends from Hans Georg, who became burgher of Basel in 1681. He sat on the Grand Council of Basel and became secretary of the Zunft zum Himmel in 1690. His son, Johannes von der Mühll-Burckhardt (1695-1774), was Gerischtsherr and turned to the silk trade, the family company later becoming Von der Mühll & Söhne, then Von der Mühll & Cie. In 1899, Von der Mühll & Cie merged with Kern Sohn & Cie.

The coat of arms of the province of Zeeland has a red lion rising from waters on a gold field, while the town of Oud-Vossemeer use similar arms but with a red wolf, so the red lion of the Van Rosevelts is either directly taken from the Zeeland arms or an allusion to both Zeeland and Oud-Vossemeer. A traditional blazon suggested would be, Per fess vert a chevron between three roses argent and Or a lion rampant gules. The coat of arms of the Dutch burgher Claes van Rosenvelt, ancestor of the American political family that included Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, were white with a rosebush with three rose flowers growing upon a grassy mound, and whose crest was of three ostrich feathers divided into red and white halves each. In heraldic terms this would be described as, Argent upon a grassy mound a rose bush proper bearing three roses gules barbed and seeded all proper, with a crest upon a torse argent and gules of Three ostrich plumes each per pale gules and argent.

Although the Dutch authorities were permitted to administer the Cape again for a brief interlude between 1803 and 1806, the British military occupation was later re-imposed as a result of political developments in Europe and became permanent. Relations between the new colonial leadership and the Boers were soon poisoned when the British refused to subsidise the Cape Colony, insisting that it pay for itself by levying heavier taxes on the white population. In addition to raising taxes, the British administration abolished the burgher senate, the only Dutch-era form of representative government at the Cape. It also took measures to bring the Boer population under control by establishing new courts and judiciaries along the frontier. Boer resentment of the British peaked in 1834, when the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was passed, outlawing slavery throughout the British Empire. All 35,000 slaves registered with the Cape governor were to be freed and given rights on par with other citizens, although in most cases their masters could retain them as paid apprentices until 1838.

A Wappenbüchlein ("little armorial", libellus scutorum) was published by Virgil Solis in 1555, printed in Nuremberg. The title page introduces the work as follows: > Zu Ehren der Kay. und Kö. Mt., auch Bäpstlicher Heyligkeit, sambt anderer > der Furnembsten auslendischen Kunigreichen, Churfürsten, Fürsten und > gemeinen stenden, darauf des Heyligen Romischen Reichs grundveste gepflantzt > unnd geordnet ist, Sovil derselben wappen zu bekhumen sind gewesen mit Iren > namen und farben, Durch Virgil Solis Maler und Bürger zu Nürnberg, mit > sonderm fleys gemacht In English: > In honour of his imperial and royal majesty, and also his Holiness the pope, > including some of the most noble foreign kingdoms, the prince-electors, > princes and common estates on which the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire > is planted and ordered, as many as have been available with their names and > colours, by Virgil Solis, painter and burgher in Nuremberg, compiled with > assiduity. After presenting the imperial coat of arms, the royal coat of arms of Ferdinand I and those of the Habsburg territories at the time (Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Spain, Austria, Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Luxembourg, Swabia, Württemberg, Burgau, Moravia, Habsburg, Tyrol, Pfirt, , Alsace, Windic March, Portenau).