If the blood vessels that connect to the corpora cavernosa are damaged or impaired, blood can't fill the corpora, leaving a half-filled balloon.
|
|
Google's translation engine is 'trained' on corpora ranging from news sources to Wikipedia.
|
|
A 2014 study proposed that LIST shock waves cause microtrauma in the corpora cavernosa.
|
|
During arousal, blood rushes into two tube-like bodies inside the penis called the corpora cavernosa.
|
|
The same tissue that becomes corpora cavernosa in a penis becomes clitoral bulbs in a vagina.
|
|
Only patients who have corpora cavernosa tissue [the male erection mechanism] can have a penis transplant.
|
|
I find that the aesthetic and value of POC's Corpora helmet ($120) hits the perfect sweet spot.
|
|
It had many corpora of data it could draw from, just like Watson did back in the day.
|
|
Three scientists who study corpora amylacea said in interviews that the increased presence of the structures was significant.
|
|
Ojore started the Corpora IV project with a series of gestural photographs she had taken of a fellow student.
|
|
The structures, made up mostly of carbohydrates but also containing proteins and other components, are known as corpora amylacea.
|
|
The increased blood flow will increase, and the corpora [the erectile tissue] will be expanded, and the penis will be 'larger.
|
|
The magnetic buckle of the Corpora easily fastens and unfastens with a single hand, and there's a color for every taste.
|
|
"Ross actually had a not-so-common fracture of both corpora cavernosa as well as a complete disruption of the urethra," Purohit said.
|
|
Blood fills the corpora cavernosa (the two spongy tissue sections running along either side of the penis), causing the penis to stand hard and proud.
|
|
Tafjord explained that all three top teams relied on search-style machine learning models: they essentially found ways to search massive test corpora for the answers.
|
|
Read my review of the Ventral Air Spin helmet for road biking, the Tectal Race Spin helmet for mountain biking, and the Corpora helmet for relaxed rides, below.
|
|
But computers and digital corpora make this far faster today: Ben Blatt adopted these techniques for many clever experiments in "Nabokov's Favorite Word is Mauve", his book from 2017.
|
|
According to Solomon, lexicographers use language corpora—large collections of written material—to analyze how language is used in practice and determine what should be included in a dictionary.
|
|
Training on parallel texts (which linguists call corpora, the plural of corpus) creates a "translation model" that generates not one but a series of possible translations in the target language.
|
|
Free software such as Moses, developed with the support of the EU and used by some of its in-house translators, can be trained by anyone with parallel corpora to hand.
|
|
What had happened, essentially, was this: The clock registered the time, which sent the data into the LSTM neural network that Goodwin had trained on one of three corpora of literature.
|
|
Automated speech recognition and machine translation have something in common: there are huge stores of data (recordings and transcripts for speech recognition, parallel corpora for translation) that can be used to train machines.
|
|
The penis consists of three tubes: the hollow urethra that carries urine and semen, and two soft, spongy tubes called the corpora cavernosa that fill with blood to stiffen the penis in an erection.
|
|
Buy the POC Ventral Spin Helmet, $231.96, at Competitive CyclistBuy the POC AVIP Ceramic Short-Sleeve Jersey, $139.96, at Competitive CyclistBuy the POC Tectal Race Spin Helmet, $175.96, at Competitive CyclistBuy the POC Corpora Helmet, $119.96, at Competitive Cyclist
|
|
Yuval Noah Harari: Yeah, so, thank you for hosting me and for being open about these very difficult questions, which I know that you, being the head of a global corpora– I can just sit here and speak whatever I want–
|
|
Comparing the DarkLyrics data with the Brown Corpus—a 1961 collection of English-language documents (no song lyrics) that is "the first of the modern, computer readable, general corpora"—the data scientist found the top 20 most and least metal words.
|
|
Truly, we have succeeded in developing a first prototype which also shows that there is still a long way to go: the extractive summarization of large text corpora is still imperfect, and paraphrased texts, syntax and phrase association still seem clunky at times.
|
|
Dr. Hyman Schipper, a professor of neurology at McGill University in Montreal, said his laboratory's studies have found evidence that corpora amylacea can result from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals, which can be unleashed by various stressors.
|
|
For both datasets, we uncover strong associations between inferred AAE dialect and various hate speech categories, specifically the "offensive" label from DWMW 17 (r = 0.42) and the "abusive" label from FDCL 18 (r = 0.35), providing evidence that dialect-based bias is present in these corpora.
|
|
XCES is an XML based standard to encode text corpora, which are used by linguists and natural language researchers. XCES is highly based on the previous EAGLES Corpus Encoding Standard (CES) but uses XML as the markup language. It supports simple corpora as well as annotated corpora, parallel corpora and other.
|
|
When the language of the corpus is not a working language of the researchers who use it, interlinear glossing is used to make the annotation bilingual. Some corpora have further structured levels of analysis applied. In particular, a number of smaller corpora may be fully parsed. Such corpora are usually called Treebanks or Parsed Corpora.
|
|
The TenTen Corpus Family (also called TenTen corpora) is a set of comparable web text corpora, i.e. collections of texts that have been crawled from the World Wide Web and processed to match the same standards. These corpora are made available through the Sketch Engine corpus manager. There are TenTen corpora for more than 35 languages.
|
|
Computer Corpora and the Language Classroom: On the Potential and Limitations of Computer Corpora in Language Teaching. Recall, 17(1), 65-84.
|
|
Isomerization of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and homoisopentenyl pyrophosphate by Manduca sexta corpora cardiaca - corpora allata homogenates., in: Pratt, G.E., Brooks, G.T. (Eds.), Juvenile Hormone Biochemistry.
|
|
The first insect hormone prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) operates the species life cycle and diapause. This hormone is produced by corpora allata and corpora cardiaca, where it is also stored. Some glands are specialized to perform certain task such as producing silk or producing saliva in the palpi. While the corpora cardiaca produce PTTH, the corpora allata also produces juvenile hormones, and the prothorocic glands produce moulting hormones.
|
|
"DKvec is a method for extracting bilingual lexicons, from noisy parallel corpora based on arrival distances of words in noisy parallel corpora". This method has emerged in response to two problems plaguing the statistical extraction of bilingual lexicons: "(1) How can noisy parallel corpora be used? (2) How can non-parallel yet comparable corpora be used?" The "DKvec" method has proven invaluable for machine translation in general, due to the amazing success it has had in trials conducted on both English – Japanese and English – Chinese noisy parallel corpora.
|
|
The juvenile hormone, released by the corpora allota, is necessary for females to produce and release pheromones through their calling behavior. The corpora allata is an endocrine gland that when removed, causes pheromone synthesis and calling behavior to cease. The juvenile hormone also plays a role in ovarian development. When the corpora allata is removed in females, the ovaries are underdeveloped, whereas in insects with intact corpora allata, mature gametes are formed.
|
|
Current statistical machine translation (SMT) systems use parallel corpora for source (s) and target (t) languages to achieve their good results, but good parallel corpora are not available for all languages. A pivot language (p) enables the bridge between two languages, to which existing parallel corpora are entirely or partially not yet at hand. Pivot translation can be problematic because of the potential lack of fidelity of the information forwarded in the use of different corpora. From the use of two bilingual corpora (s-p & p-t) to set up the s-t bridge, linguistic data are inevitably lost.
|
|
Corpus-assisted discourse analysis is also typically characterised by the compilation of ad hoc specialised corpora, since very frequently there exists no previously available collection of the discourse type in question. Often, other corpora are utilized in the course of a study for purposes of comparison. These may include pre-existing corpora or may themselves need to be compiled by the researcher. In some sense, all work with corpora – just as all work with discourse - is properly comparative.
|
|
Antonio Corpora (1909–2004) was a Tunisian born Italian painter who followed the Tachisme style of Abstract art. Corpora was born in Tunis, Tunisia on August 15, 1909 to Sicilian parents. He trained at the Tunis Institute of Fine Arts under the mentorship of Armand Vergeaud. In 1930, Corpora moved to Paris, eventually settling in Rome in 1939.
|
|
London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009., Reppen (2010)Reppen, R. Using corpora in the classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010., Bennett (2010)Bennett, G. Using corpora in the language learning classroom: Corpus linguistics for teachers.
|
|
GloWbE is related to the many other corpora of English.
|
|
In Rome, Corpora joined the Fronte Nuovo delle Arti, a post-cubist Italian art movement. Untitled (1957) by Corpora In the 1930s, Corpora's style was abstract and geometric, heavily influenced by Cubism and Fauvism. His work later shifted more towards abstract expressionism and Tachisme. Corpora exhibited his work at the Venice Biennale four times, including a solo show in 1960.
|
|
Flesch, Marie. "“That spelling tho”: A Sociolinguistic Study of the Nonstandard Form of Though in a Corpus of Reddit Comments." of the 6th Conference on Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) and Social Media Corpora (CMC-corpora 2018).
|
|
The following are some examples of hapax legomena in languages or corpora.
|
|
These experimental corpora once again can be separated into General-Purpose Corpora that were collected for another purpose but have been analysed for referring expressions and Dedicated Corpora that focus specifically on referring expressions. Examples of General-Purpose Corpora are the Pear Stories,W W Chafe (1980). The Pear Stories: Cognitive, Cultural, and Linguistic Aspects of Narrative Production. Ablex, Norwood, NJ. the Map Task corpusA A Anderson, M Bader, E Gurman Bard, E Boyle, G Doherty, S Garrod, S Isard, J Kowtko, J McAllister, J Miller, C Sotillo, H Thompson, R Weinert (1991).
|
|
TenTen corpora follow a specific metadata structure that is common to all of them. Metadata is contained in structural attributes that relate to individual documents and paragraphs in the corpus. Some TenTen corpora can feature additional specific attributes.
|
|
Equinox Publishing. 2002\. Susan Hunston. Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. 2000\.
|
|
Most frequently used words in different languages based on Wikipedia or combined corpora.
|
|
Corpora died in Rome on September 5, 2004 at the age of 95.
|
|
A contrastive study of the semantic prosody and colligation in two news corpora.
|
|
The lab also supports signal processing research via software, speech corpora, and processor clusters.
|
|
When the fourth instar Rhodnius had its corpora allata removed, both contained a third instar level of JH and hence one proceeded to instar four, and the other remained at this instar. Generally, the removal of the corpora allata from juveniles will result in a diminutive adult at the next moult. Implantation of corpora allata into last larval instars will boost JH levels and hence produce a supernumary (extra) juvenile instar etc.
|
|
The German Reference Corpus is often referred to by other names, such as Mannheim corpora, IDS corpora, COSMAS corpora and the corresponding German translations. The name Deutsches Referenzkorpus (DeReKo) was originally used for a specific portion of the current archive which was collected between 1999 and 2002 by a number of institutions in a joint project under the same name. Since 2004, Deutsches Referenzkorpus (DeReKo) is the official name of the full corpus archive.
|
|
The corpus can be accessed online via the PhilologicPhilologic interface (see The ARTFL Project, Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, The University of Chicago). It is virtualized into various sub-corpora, and individual or specific definitions of sub-corpora can be provided on demand.
|
|
A quasi-comparable corpus includes very heterogeneous and non-parallel bilingual documents that may or may not be topic-aligned. The rarest parallel corpora are corpora that contain translations of the same document into two or more languages, aligned at the sentence level at least.
|
|
For the reason that the user does not understand the target language when speech translation is used, a method "must be provided for the user to check whether the translation is correct, by such means as translating it again back into the user's language". In order to achieve the goal of erasing the language barrier worldwide, multiple languages have to be supported. This requires speech corpora, bilingual corpora and text corpora for each of the estimated 6,000 languages said to exist on our planet today. As the collection of corpora is extremely expensive, collecting data from the Web would be an alternative to conventional methods.
|
|
Corpora is a three times yearly peer-reviewed linguistic academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews on corpus linguistics, with a focus on corpus construction and corpus technology. It is edited by Tony McEnery (Lancaster University).Corpora Editorial Board . Retrieved on 2009-07-13.
|
|
Sidney Greenbaum's goal to compile corpora that would compare the syntax of world English became the ICE project that was achieved by Professor Charles F. Meyer. Sidney Greenbaum anticipated for international teams of researchers to collect comparable national variations of English both written and spoken. Comparable variations would be British English, American English, and Indian English, that would be represented through a computer corpora. The corpora are used by researchers to compare the syntax of the varieties of English.
|
|
Each corpus contains one million words in 500 texts of 2000 words, following the sampling methodology used for the Brown Corpus. Unlike Brown or the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen (LOB) Corpus (or indeed mega-corpora such as the British National Corpus), however, the majority of texts are derived from spoken data. With only one million words per corpus, ICE corpora are considered very small for modern standards. ICE corpora contain 60% (600,000 words) of orthographically transcribed spoken English.
|
|
It basically connects the forebrain and the hind brain. It has four corpora quadrigemina which are the reflex centres of eye movement and auditory responses. The superior part of corpora quadrigemina are called superior colliculi, and inferior part as inferior colliculi.Marieb, Elaine N. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology.
|
|
The most famous example is the Rosetta Stone. Large collections of parallel texts are called parallel corpora (see text corpus). Alignments of parallel corpora at sentence level are prerequisite for many areas of linguistic research. During translation, sentences can be split, merged, deleted, inserted or reordered by the translator.
|
|
First the distinction between text corpora and experimental corpora has to be made. Text corpora like the GNOME corpus can contain texts from all kind of domains. In REG they are used to evaluate the realization part of algorithms. The content selection part of REG on the other hand requires a corpus that contains the properties of all domain objects as well as the properties used in references. Typically those fully "semantically transparent"K van Deemter, I van der Sluis, A Gatt (2006).
|
|
Due to the lack of recordings of spoken language, sociohistorical linguistics has to rely exclusively on written corpora.
|
|
These glands are part of the endocrine system: 1\. Neurosecretory cells 2\. Corpora cardiaca 3\. Prothoracic glands 4\.
|
|
From the internal surface of the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis, as well as from the sides of the septum, numerous bands or cords are given off, which cross the interior of these corpora cavernosa in all directions, subdividing them into a number of separate compartments, and giving the entire structure a spongy appearance. These bands and cords are called the trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis, and consist of white fibrous tissue, elastic fibers, and plain muscular fibers. In them are contained numerous arteries and nerves. The component fibers which form the trabeculae are larger and stronger around the circumference than at the centers of the corpora cavernosa; they are also thicker behind than in front.
|
|
Word-aligned bilingual corpora have been used to infer cross-lingual sense distinctions, a kind of semi-supervised system.
|
|
Joseph A. Corpora III (born September 25, 1961) is a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
|
|
The Application of Corpora in EFL Writing Course in China. Review Of Higher Education & Self-Learning, 3(7), 82-90.
|
|
Structures of the vulva, including external and internal parts of the clitoris The clitoral body forms a wishbone-shaped structure containing the corpora cavernosa – a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the clitoris during clitoral erection. The two corpora forming the clitoral body are surrounded by thick fibro-elastic tunica albuginea, literally meaning "white covering", connective tissue. These corpora are separated incompletely from each other in the midline by a fibrous pectiniform septum – a comblike band of connective tissue extending between the corpora cavernosa. The clitoral body extends up to several centimeters before reversing direction and branching, resulting in an inverted "V" shape that extends as a pair of crura ("legs").
|
|
In insect physiology, the corpus allatum (plural: corpora allata) is an endocrine gland which generates juvenile hormone; as such, it plays a crucial role in metamorphosis. Surgical removal of the corpora allata (an allatectomy) can cause an immature larva to pupate at its next molt, resulting in a miniature adult.Vitamins and Hormones: v. 14: Advances in Research and Applications, edited by Richard Harris, 1956, from Elsevier Similarly, transplantation of corpora allata from a young larva to a fully mature larva can greatly extend the larval stage, resulting in an equivalent to gigantism.
|
|
A more efficient way of finding data to train a CLIR system is to use matching pages on the web which are written in different languages. EXCLAIM capitalizes on the idea of latent parallel corpora on the web by automating the alignment of such corpora in various domains. The most significant of these is Wikipedia itself, which includes articles in 250 languages. The role of EXCLAIM is to use semantics and linguistic analytic tools to align the information in these Wikipedias so that they can be treated as parallel corpora.
|
|
Teaching and Language Corpora (TaLC) is the name of a biennial conference that focusses on data-driven learning (DDL), an approach to language teaching and learning. These conferences aim to promote classroom applications of language corpora, data-driven learning, as well as the creation of corpus-informed teaching materials and other resources, and foster discussion between practitioners, researchers and theorists from all over the world. The use of corpora in language teaching has been growing steadily since Tim Johns's pioneering work at Birmingham University in the last two decades of the 20th century.
|
|
This enables to narrow the search to a particular parts of speech, word sequences or a specific part of the corpus. First text corpora were created in the 1960s, such as the 1-million-word Brown Corpus of American English. Over time, many further corpora were produced (such as the British National Corpus and the LOB Corpus) and work had begun also on corpora of larger sizes and covering other languages than English. This development was linked with the emergence of corpus creation tools that help achieve larger size, wider coverage, cleaner data etc.
|
|
Parsed corpora are large databases containing detailed grammatical tree structures. One of the consequences of forming large collections of valuable linguistic data is a pressing need for methods and tools to help researchers and other users make the most of them. So in parallel with the parsing of natural language data, the Survey team have carried out research and development of software tools to help linguists use these corpora. The ICECUP research platform uses an intuitive grammatical query representation called Fuzzy Tree Fragments (FTFs) to search parsed corpora.
|
|
Large corpora used as training sets for machine translation algorithms are usually extracted from large bodies of similar sources, such as databases of news articles written in the first and second languages describing similar events. However, extracted fragments may be noisy, with extra elements inserted in each corpus. Extraction techniques can differentiate between bilingual elements represented in both corpora and monolingual elements represented in only one corpus in order to extract cleaner parallel fragments of bilingual elements. Comparable corpora are used to directly obtain knowledge for translation purposes.
|
|
Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in corpora (samples) of "real world" text. Corpus linguistics proposes that reliable language analysis is more feasible with corpora collected in the field in its natural context ("realia"), and with minimal experimental-interference. The field of corpus linguistics features divergent views about the value of corpus annotation. These views range from John McHardy Sinclair, who advocates minimal annotation so texts speak for themselves,Sinclair, J. 'The automatic analysis of corpora', in Svartvik, J. (ed.) Directions in Corpus Linguistics (Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82).
|
|
Shows the sub-areas of the clitoris. Areas include clitoral glans, body, crura. Also shows vestibular bulbs and corpora cavernosa The two corpora cavernosa are expandable erectile tissues which fill with blood during clitoral erection. These formations are made of a sponge-like tissue containing irregular blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa.
|
|
As well as distributing corpora and tools to the corpus linguistics research community, the SEU carries out research into English language. Recent projects include research on the English Noun Phrase, Subordination in Spoken and Written English, and the English Verb Phrase. The Survey also provides support for PhD students who carry out research into English language corpora.
|
|
In addition, corpora information about the semantic prosody; i.e. appropriate choices of words to be used in positive and negative co-texts, is available as reference for non-native language users in writing. The corpora can also be used to check for the acceptability or syntactic "grammaticality" of their written work.Kaltenbock, G., & Mehlmauer-Larcher, B. (2005).
|
|
Natural language modelling and text processing. His specific areas of interest are natural language understanding systems and multivariate analysis of text corpora.
|
|
Hydroxyapatite crystals are also found in the small calcifications, within the pineal gland and other structures, known as corpora arenacea or 'brain sand'.
|
|
Manual annotation of large text corpora is not realistically possible. Training data may therefore be products of weak supervision or purely statistical methods.
|
|
The ANC and its sub-corpora differ from similar corpora primarily in the range of linguistic annotations provided and the inclusion of modern genres that do not appear in resources like the British National Corpus. Also, because the initial target use of the corpora was the development of statistical language models, the full data and all annotations are available, thus differing from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which is available only selectively through a web browser. Continued growth of the OANC and MASC relies on contributions of data and annotations from the computational linguistics and corpus linguistics communities.
|
|
Composite image showing the development of a penile erection with Peyronie's disease An erection occurs when two tubular structures, called the corpora cavernosa, that run the length of the penis, become engorged with venous blood. This may result from any of various physiological stimuli, also known as sexual stimulation and sexual arousal. The corpus spongiosum is a single tubular structure located just below the corpora cavernosa, which contains the urethra, through which urine and semen pass during urination and ejaculation respectively. This may also become slightly engorged with blood, but less so than the corpora cavernosa.
|
|
Juvenile hormone is synthesised in the corpora allata. In every insect tested, at least one of the three types of Allatostatin inhibits the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone. This is achieved by paracrine release of Allatostatin from neurons in the brain which terminate in the corpora allata. The signal is transduced by GPCR receptors, but the intracellular pathway is not yet known.
|
|
In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina (Latin for "quadruplet bodies") are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. They are respectively named the inferior and superior colliculus. The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing. It consists of groups of nerve cells-grey matter scattered in white matter.
|
|
The father of the project, Sidney Greenbaum, insisted on the primacy of the spoken word, following Randolph Quirk and Jan Svartvik's collaboration on the original London-Lund Corpus (LLC). This emphasis on word-for-word transcription marks out ICE from many other corpora, including those containing, e.g. parliamentary or legal paraphrases. The corpora consist entirely of data from 1990 or later.
|
|
In this species, pheromones suppress activity of the corpora allata and juvenile hormone (JH) secretion. The corpora allata is an endocrine gland that produces JH, a group of hormones that regulate many aspects of insect physiology. With low JH, eggs do not mature. Similar inhibitory effects of lowering JH were seen in halictine bees and polistine wasps, but not in honey bees.
|
|
Still others may use either: corpus (corpora or corpuses), formula (formulae in technical contexts, formulas otherwise), index (indices mostly in technical contexts, indexes otherwise).
|
|
Thus different databases are needed for different populations. Corpora are available for American and British English as well as for many other European languages.
|
|
Despite the sheer size of the Web, it may still not be representative of all the languages and domains in the world, and neither are other corpora. However, the huge quantities of text, in numerous languages and language types on a huge range of topics makes it a good starting point that opens up to a large number of possibilities in the study of corpora.
|
|
Two sub-corpora (subsets of the BNC data) have been released: BNC Baby and BNC Sampler. Both these sub-corpora may be ordered online via the BNC webpage. BNC Baby is a sub-corpus of BNC that consists of four sets of samples, each containing one million words tagged as they are in BNC itself. The words in each sample set correspond to a specific genre label.
|
|
ICE corpora completion would have comprehensive linguistic analysis of varieties of English that have emerged. Ongoing research for ICE is implemented by international teams in diversified regions. The project began in 1990 with the primary aim of collecting material for comparative studies of English worldwide. Twenty-three research teams around the world are preparing electronic corpora of their own national or regional variety of English.
|
|
Electronic corpora in the target language provide non- native language users with authentic examples of language use rather than fixed examples, which may not be reflected in daily interactions.Koo, K. (2006). Effects of Using Corpora and Online Reference Tools on Foreign Language Writing: A Study of Korean Learners of English as a Second Language. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: The Humanities And Social Sciences, 67(3), 873.
|
|
With the Web being a huge reservoir of data and resources, language scientists and technologists are increasingly turning to the web for language data. Corpora were first formally mentioned in the field of computational linguistics at the 1989 ACL meeting in Vancouver. It was met with much controversy as they lacked theoretical integrity leading to much skepticism of their role in the field, until the publication of the journal ‘Using Large Corpora’ in 1993 that the relationship between computational linguistics and corpora became widely accepted. To establish whether the Web is a corpus, it is worthwhile to turn to the definition established by McEnery and Wilson (1996, pp 21).
|
|
The helicine arteries of penis are arteries in the penis. They are found in the corpora cavernosa penis. They are involved in the process of erection.
|
|
As the condition progresses, there is an increase in echogenicity of the corpora cavernosa, attributed to tissue edema. Eventually, changes in the echotexture of the corpora cavernosa can be observed due to the fibrotic transformation generated by tissue anoxia. In high-flow priapism normal or increased, turbulent blood flow in the cavernous arteries is seen. The area surrounding the fistula presents a hypoechoic, irregular lesion in the cavernous tissue.
|
|
A survey conducted on English as a Second Language (ESL) students revealed corpus activities to be generally well received and thought to be especially useful for learning word usage patterns and improving writing skills in the foreign language. It was also found that students' writings became more natural after using two online corpora in a 90-minute training session.Gilmore, A. (2009). Using Online Corpora to Develop Students' Writing Skills.
|
|
Most of the corpora are collections of read speech. If the corpus instead consists either partly or completely of spontaneous utterances, this is mentioned in the Specials column.
|
|
Nevertheless, for skip-gram models trained in medium size corpora, with 50 dimensions, a window size of 15 and 10 negative samples seems to be a good parameter setting.
|
|
The Amarna letters text corpus contains 382 numbered letters; there are "sub-Text corpora" in the letters, most notably the 68-letter corpus of Rib-Hadda of Gubla-(Byblos).
|
|
These piercings pass vertically through the shaft. They usually pass between or through the two corpora cavernosa and through the corpus spongiosum, often causing a fair amount of bleeding.
|
|
Insects play a large role in what is known about neurosecretion. In simpler organisms neurosecretion mechanisms regulate the heart, the process of metamorphosis, and directly influences the development of the gonadal function. In more advanced organisms the gonadal function is manipulated by the intermediary endocrine processes. Axons from neurosecretory cells trace to corpora cardiaca and corpora allata and produce and secrete a brain hormone which insect physiologists suspect is bound to a large carrier protein.
|
|
The EXtensible Cross-Linguistic Automatic Information Machine (EXCLAIM) was an integrated tool for cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), created at the University of California, Santa Cruz in early 2006, with some support for more than a dozen languages. The lead developers were Justin Nuger and Jesse Saba Kirchner. Early work on CLIR depended on manually constructed parallel corpora for each pair of languages. This method is labor-intensive compared to parallel corpora created automatically.
|
|
Only after a long time, did the concept of so-called translation memory come into being. The real exploratory stage of TM systems would be 1980s. One of the first implementations of TM system appeared in Sadler and Vendelmans' Bilingual Knowledge Bank. A Bilingual Knowledge Bank is a syntactically and referentially structured pair of corpora, one being a translation of the other, in which translation units are cross-coded between the corpora.
|
|
The Bulgarian National corpus is created at the Institute for Bulgarian Language „Prof. L. Andreychin” by research associates from the Department of Computational Linguistics and the Department of Bulgarian Lexicology and Lexicography. BulNC incorporates several individual electronic corpora, developed in the period 2001-2009 for the purposes of the two departments. The corpus is constantly enlarged with new texts.Svetla Koeva, Sv. Leseva, I. Stoyanova, E. Tarpomanova, M. Todorova (2006) “Bulgarian Tagged Corpora”.
|
|
A corpus cavernosum penis (singular) (literally "cave-like body" of the penis, plural corpora cavernosa) is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue, which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection. Such a corpus is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female; the body of the clitoris that contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa with a recognisably similar structure.
|
|
Nelson, Gerald, Wallis, Sean, and Aarts, Bas (2002). Exploring Natural Language. Working with the British Component of the International Corpus of English Amsterdam: John Benjamins To ensure compatibility between the individual corpora in ICE, each team is following a common corpus design, as well as a common scheme for grammatical annotation.The International Corpus of English website Many corpora are currently available for download on the ICE official webpage, though some require a license.
|
|
Poliqarp is an open source search engine designed to process text corpora, among others the National Corpus of Polish created at the Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences.
|
|
Historical pragmatics is the study of linguistic pragmatics over time. Research in historical pragmatics is mainly carried out on written corpora as recordings of spoken language are a relatively recent phenomenon.
|
|
Corpora arenacea (or brain sand or acervuli or corpus arenaceum) are calcified structures in the pineal gland and other areas of the brain such as the choroid plexus. Older organisms have numerous corpora arenacea, whose function, if any, is unknown. Concentrations of "brain sand" increase with age, so the pineal gland becomes increasingly visible on X-rays over time, usually by the third or fourth decade. They are sometimes used as anatomical landmarks in radiological examinations.
|
|
To treat erectile dysfunction, both corpora cavernosa can be irreversibly surgically replaced with manually inflatable penile implants. This is a drastic therapeutic surgery meant only for men who suffer from complete impotence who have resisted all other treatment approaches. An implanted pump in the (groin) or (scrotum) can be manipulated by hand to fill these artificial cylinders, normally sized to be direct replacements for the natural corpora cavernosa, from an implanted reservoir in order to achieve an erection.
|
|
Oracc currently includes several different kinds of projects. Some gather and present historical information for studying certain areas of ancient Near Eastern life or scholarship, including projects designed to contextualize specific textual corpora ("portals"). Others provide interfaces for searching corpora. These usually incorporate full transliterations and translations of texts in a given corpus, and many offer supplementary material such as an introduction to the corpus, discussion of its historical context, and interpretive syntheses of its content.
|
|
The book relies on elicitation experiments as well as three corpora: a corpus from the Survey of English Usage, the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus (UK English), and the Brown Corpus (US English).
|
|
Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2, 191-202. Sparagana, S.P., Bhaskaran, G., Dahm, K.H., Riddle, V., 1984. Juvenile hormone production, juvenile hormone esterase, and juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase in corpora allata of Manduca sexta.
|
|
Internal morphology of adult male in the family Nymphalidae, showing most of the major organ systems, with characteristic reduced forelegs of that family: The corpora include the corpus allatum and the corpus cardiaca.
|
|
The journal is concerned both with the construction of text corpora and their practical use across fields, disciplines and languages. Most emphasis is given to contributions devoted to corpus linguistic theories and methodologies.
|
|
Bloom contributed two corpora in the CHILDES database. The Bloom70 corpus comprises recordings and transcripts she collected for her dissertation, and Bloom 73 consists of recordings of her daughter Allison as a child.
|
|
The initial incision was extended along the raphe of the scrotum to the root of the penis. The surgical field was widened by retracting the scrotal skin on both sides and widely exposing the corpus spongiosum, both corpora cavernosa, and the two testes. Once the testes and their pedicles had been dissected, the spermatic cord was cut and ligated. Then, both corpora cavernosa were ligated and cut at a level just distally to their attachment to the inferior ramus of the pubic bone.
|
|
As of 2015, BulNet contained more than 80,000 synonym sets distributed into nine parts of speech - nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections. The words included in BulNet have been selected according to different criteria. The main criteria are the frequency analysis of the word occurrences in large text corpora and the inclusion of synsets. The synsets include those already featured in the wordnets of other languages and synsets that correspond to high-frequency word senses found in parallel corpora.
|
|
Rajawali Corpora (RC) is a leading investment holding company based in Jakarta, Indonesia. The corporation was formerly established in 1984 by Peter Sondakh as PT Rajawali Wira Bhakti Utama. Throughout the decades, Rajawali has developed into a regional player in several major business ventures and portfolios; ranging from Agriculture, Infrastructure, Information & Technology, Consumer Goods, Media & Communication, Mining & Resources, Property & Hotels, Retail, and Transportation Services. In 2004, the Chairman and CEO of Rajawali Corpora, Peter Sondakh, founded Rajawali Foundation (RF) as the philanthropic arm of Rajawali Corpora. The mission of RF is to promote peace, prosperity and the conservation of Indonesia’s natural heritage through support for research, education and training. The foundation’s emphasis on education reflects Mr. Sondakh’s view that knowledge, skills and creativity are the true foundations of equitable and sustainable economic development.
|
|
Allen Building Takeover Collection, 1969-2002. Rubenstein Library. Duke University. (accessed September 16, 2014). The response to the Takeover differed among the three main corpora of the school’s community: the students, faculty, and administration.
|
|
The Survey of English Usage was the first research centre in Europe to carry out research with corpora. The Survey is based in the Department of English Language and Literature at University College London.
|
|
The Language Grid is a multilingual service platform on the Internet mainly for supporting Intercultural collaboration. It enables easy registration and sharing of language resources such as online dictionaries, bilingual corpora, and machine translations.
|
|
The main historical dictionary of English, the Oxford English Dictionary, was initiated in 1857 and was completed in 1928. Recently the availability of historical text corpora and other large text databases such as digital newspaper archives have begun to influence historical dictionaries. The Trésor de la langue française was the first historical dictionary to be based mainly on a computerized corpus. Most recent historical dictionaries and historical dictionary revision projects have been based on a mixture of quotations taken down be hand and texts from corpora.
|
|
In some circumstances, release of nitric oxide precedes relaxation of muscles in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, in a process similar to female arousal. The spongy tissue fills with blood, from arteries down the length of the penis. A little blood enters the corpus spongiosum; the remainder engorges the corpora cavernosa, which expand to hold 90% of the blood involved in an erection, increasing both in length and in diameter. The function of the corpus spongiosum is to prevent compression of the urethra during erection.
|
|
Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2010., Flowerdew (2102)Flowerdew, L. Corpora and language education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012., Boulton and Tyne (2014)Boulton, A., & H. Tyne. Des documents authentiques aux corpus: Démarches pour l’apprentissage des langues.
|
|
Some Prolog systems, such as WIN-PROLOG and SWI-Prolog, now implement hashing to help handle large datasets more efficiently. This tends to yield very large performance gains when working with large corpora such as WordNet.
|
|
In partial bifid phallus, the duplication of urethra, corpora cavernous and corpus spongiosum in one penis is incomplete, and there is only a corpus cavernosum and a spongiosum surrounding the functioning urethra in the other penis.
|
|
Multext-east: Parallel and comparable corpora and lexicons for six central and eastern european languages. In Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics-Volume 1 (pp. 315-319). Association for Computational Linguistics. Petrov et al.
|
|
He has also developed an advanced learning system for Swahili and a system for producing targeted vocabularies for language learners. Hurskainen has compiled two annotated corpora, Helsinki Corpus of Swahili 1.0 and Helsinki Corpus of Swahili 2.0.
|
|
In Japanese, causative alternation is seen in ergative verbs and paired verbs.Lam, Patrick P.K. "Causative- inchoative Alternation of Ergative Verbs in English and Japanese: Observations from News Corpora." Thesis. Center for English Language Education, Asia University, 2006.
|
|
The corpora cavernosa penis are surrounded by a strong fibrous envelope consisting of superficial and deep fibers. The superficial fibers are longitudinal in direction, and form a single tube which encloses both corpora; the deep fibers are arranged circularly around each corpus, and form by their junction in the median plane the septum of the penis. This is thick and complete behind, but is imperfect in front, where it consists of a series of vertical bands arranged like the teeth of a comb; it is therefore named the septum pectiniforme.
|
|
The process repeats, each new classifier being trained on a successively larger training corpus, until the whole corpus is consumed, or until a given maximum number of iterations is reached. Other semi-supervised techniques use large quantities of untagged corpora to provide co-occurrence information that supplements the tagged corpora. These techniques have the potential to help in the adaptation of supervised models to different domains. Also, an ambiguous word in one language is often translated into different words in a second language depending on the sense of the word.
|
|
While the bulbs are considered the equivalent of the male spongiosum, they do not completely encircle the urethra. The thin corpus spongiosum of the penis runs along the underside of the penile shaft, enveloping the urethra, and expands at the end to form the glans. It partially contributes to erection, which are primarily caused by the two corpora cavernosa that comprise the bulk of the shaft; like the female cavernosa, the male cavernosa soak up blood and become erect when sexually excited. The male corpora cavernosa taper off internally on reaching the spongiosum head.
|
|
Proximal shunts, such as the Quackel's, are more involved and entail operative dissection in the perineum where the corpora meet the spongiosum while making an incision in both and suturing both openings together. Shunts created between the corpora cavernosa and great saphenous vein called a Grayhack shunt can be done though this technique is rarely used. As the complication rates with prolonged priapism are high, early penile prosthesis implantation may be considered. As well as allowing early resumption of sexual activity, early implantation can avoid the formation of dense fibrosis and, hence, a shortened penis.
|
|
EXMARaLDA (Extensible Markup Language for Discourse Annotation) is a set of free software tools for creating, managing and analyzing spoken language corpora. It consists of a transcription tool (comparable to tools like Praat or Transcriber), a tool for administering corpus meta data and a tool for doing queries (KWIC searches) on spoken language corpora. EXMARaLDA is used for doing conversation and discourse analysis, dialectology, phonology and research into first and second language acquisition in children and adults. EXMARaLDA is based on the open standards XML and Unicode and programmed in Java.
|
|
In the years 2000–2004, he was the president of the Special Interest Group on the Lexicon (SIGLEX) of the ACL. Kilgarriff was an active member of the European Association for Lexicography (member of board 2002–2006), consultant for major publishing houses and reviewer for journals and conferences around that field.Adam Kilgarriff's Curriculum Vitae He has been working on methods for automatic acquisition of large web corpora and quantitative and qualitative corpus analysis (text genres, corpus similarity, homogeneity and heterogeneity). His work on corpora was closely connected with their application for computer lexicography.
|
|
In most species the genitalia are flanked by two soft lobes, although they may be specialized and sclerotized in some species for ovipositing in area such as crevices and inside plant tissue. Hormones and the glands that produce them run the development of butterflies and moths as they go through their life cycle, called the endocrine system. The first insect hormone PTTH (Prothoracicotropic hormone) operates the species life cycle and diapause (see the relates section). This hormone is produced by corpora allata and corpora cardiaca, where it is also stored.
|
|
Some glands are specialized to perform certain task such as producing silk or producing saliva in the palpi. While the corpora cardiaca produce PTTH, the corpora allata also produces jeuvanile hormones, and the prothorocic glands produce moulting hormones. In the digestive system, the anterior region of the foregut has been modified to form a pharyngial sucking pump as they need it for the food they eat, which are for the most part liquids. An esophagus follows and leads to the posterior of the pharynx and in some species forms a form of crop.
|
|
Development of new methods to identify features specific to biomedical documents therefore requires assembly of specialized corpora. Resources designed to aid in building new biomedical text mining methods have been developed through the Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) challenges and biomedical informatics researchers. Text mining researchers frequently combine these corpora with the controlled vocabularies and ontologies available through the National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Machine learning-based methods often require very large data sets as training data to build useful models.
|
|
The arteries dilate causing the corpora cavernosa of the penis (and to a lesser extent the corpus spongiosum) to fill with blood; simultaneously the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa restricting the egress and circulation of this blood. Erection subsides when parasympathetic activity reduces to baseline. As an autonomic nervous system response, an erection may result from a variety of stimuli, including sexual stimulation and sexual arousal, and is therefore not entirely under conscious control. Erections during sleep or upon waking up are known as nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT).
|
|
In corpus linguistics, discourse refers to the study of language expressed in corpora (samples) of “real world” text, the codified language of a field of enquiry, or a statement that determines the connections among language and structure and agency.
|
|
The International Corpus of English (ICE) is a set of corpora representing varieties of English from around the world. Over twenty countries or groups of countries where English is the first language or an official second language are included.
|
|
North American river otters are polygynous. Females usually do not reproduce until two years of age, although yearlings produce offspring on occasion. Males are sexually mature at two years of age. The number of corpora lutea increases directly with age.
|
|
After the boy's testicles have enlarged and developed for about one year, the length and then the breadth of the shaft of the penis will increase and the glans penis and corpora cavernosa will also start to enlarge to adult proportions.
|
|
A later revision noted evidence in the specimens may be lacking if the persistence of corpora luteum after birth is short and the specimens examined were able to be assigned to the revising author's later description as another species, Taphozous hilli.
|
|
The ANC differs from other corpora of English because it is richly annotated, including different part of speech annotations (Penn tags, CLAWS5 and CLAWS7 tags), shallow parse annotations, and annotations for several types of named entities. Additional annotations are added to all or parts of the corpus as they become available, often by contributions from other projects. Unlike on- line searchable corpora, which due to copyright restrictions allow access only to individual sentences, the entire ANC is available to enable research involving, for example, development of statistical language models and full- text linguistic annotation. ANC annotations are automatically produced and unvalidated.
|
|
The regulation of the female sex pheromone production, calling behaviour and release is regulated directly and indirectly by the corpora allata and juvenile hormone.Smith and Schal 1990, p. 251 Smith and Schal came to this conclusion because both pheromone production and calling failed to occur after allatectomy; both pheromone production and calling could be restored by a corpora allata implantation or treatment with juvenile hormones; applications of a juvenile hormones to intact females advanced the age of pheromone production and NCA-I transection, which activates the copora allata in other cockroaches, advanced the age of pheromone production and calling.Smith and Schal 1990, p.
|
|
The fibrous envelope of the corpus cavernosum urethrae is thinner, whiter in color, and more elastic than that of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is called the trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis. The trabeculae are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis. The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus cavernosum urethrae is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra.
|
|
Modern entity linking systems do not limit their analysis to textual features generated from input documents or text corpora, but employ large knowledge graphs created from knowledge bases such as Wikipedia. These systems extract complex features which take advantage of the knowledge graph topology, or leverage multi-step connections between entities, which would be hidden by simple text analysis. Moreover, creating multilingual entity linking systems based on natural language processing (NLP) is inherently difficult, as it requires either large text corpora, often absent for many languages, or hand-crafted grammar rules, which are widely different among languages. Han et al.
|
|
Machine translation (MT) algorithms may be classified by their operating principle. MT may be based on a set of linguistic rules, or on large bodies (corpora) of already existing parallel texts. Rule-based methodologies may consist in a direct word-by-word translation, or operate via a more abstract representation of meaning: a representation either specific to the language pair, or a language-independent interlingua. Corpora-based methodologies rely on machine learning and may follow specific examples taken from the parallel texts, or may calculate statistical probabilities to select a preferred option out of all possible translations.
|
|
Between then and midnight there is a surge in progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and ovulation occurs at about 4 am on the next estrus day. The following day, metestrus, is called early diestrus or diestrus I. During this day, the corpora lutea grow to a maximal volume, achieved within 24 hours of ovulation. They remain at that size for three days, halve in size before the metestrus of the next cycle and then shrink abruptly before estrus of the cycle after that. Thus the ovaries of cycling rats contain three different sets of corpora lutea at different phases of development.
|
|
Besides these corpora of living languages, computerized corpora have also been made of collections of texts in ancient languages. An example is the Andersen-Forbes database of the Hebrew Bible, developed since the 1970s, in which every clause is parsed using graphs representing up to seven levels of syntax, and every segment tagged with seven fields of information. The Quranic Arabic Corpus is an annotated corpus for the Classical Arabic language of the Quran. This is a recent project with multiple layers of annotation including morphological segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, and syntactic analysis using dependency grammar.
|
|
Discovering English with Sketch Engine. VERSATILE, 2016. exemplifies DDL and acknowledges Johns throughout. Other recent books on DDL which credit Johns as the originator of the approach include those by Anderson and Corbett (2009)Anderson, W., & Corbett, J. Exploring English with online corpora.
|
|
Since the BNC represents a recognizable effort to collect and subsequently process such a large amount of data, it has become an influential forerunner in the field and a model or exemplary corpus on which the development of later corpora was based.
|
|
The difficulty of ensuring that the entire corpus is completely and consistently annotated means that these corpora are usually smaller, containing around one to three million words. Other levels of linguistic structured analysis are possible, including annotations for morphology, semantics and pragmatics.
|
|
An example is the phrase "common stocks rose to ", e.g., "common stocks rose 1.72 to 340.36".Susan Armstrong (1994) Using Large Corpora, , p. 149 The neologism "snowclone" was introduced to refer to a special case of phrasal templates that "clone" popular clichés.
|
|
ELT Journal, 63(4), 363-372. Retrieved 21 March 2012. In recent years, there were also suggestions to incorporate the applications of corpora into EFL writing courses in China to improve the writing skills of learners.Yinqing, Q., Gang, L., & Jianjun, Y. (2010).
|
|
To measure the correspondence between corpora and the results of REG algorithms several Metrics have been developed. To measure the content selection part the Dice coefficientL R Dice (1945). Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species. Ecology, 26:297–302.
|
|
Multi- clutching is demonstrated in this species in the original study by Legler and Cann (1980) as corpora lutea, current eggs and enlarged follicles were present in the females, indicating at least 3 clutches. Anecdotal records since indicate up to 5 clutches may occur.
|
|
In 1752 the construction began, and in 1757 the grand opening of the Hotel Saint-Côme de Montpellier took place. In 1743 Peyronie described a disorder characterized by induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis. This condition is now referred to as Peyronie's disease.
|
|
Shows the sub-areas of the clitoris. Areas include clitoral glans, body, crura. Also shows vestibular bulbs and corpora cavernosa The clitoral crura (singular: clitoral crus) are two erectile tissue structures, which together form a V-shape. Crus is a Latin word that means "leg".
|
|
B Channel changed its name to RTV with the launch of Langit Rajawali on May 3, 2014. In 2016, Mayapada acquired 20% stake in RTV ownership from Rajawali Corpora. Mayapada later acquired another television network INTV (formerly Banten TV), which in 2019 relaunched as MYTV.
|
|
The function of the corpus spongiosum in erection is to prevent the urethra from pinching closed, thereby maintaining the urethra as a viable channel for ejaculation. To do this, the corpus spongiosum remains pliable during erection while the corpora cavernosa penis become engorged with blood.
|
|
The full period of development for Melipona quadrifasciata is approximately 38 days; 5 days of embryonic development, 15-day larval stage, and 18-day pupal stage.Rossini, AS. 1989. Caracterização das mudas ontogenéticas e biometria dos corpora allata de Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Lep. (Hymenoptera, Apidae).
|
|
The 1960s also saw a new rise of comparative linguistics: the study of language universals in linguistic typology. Towards the end of the century the field of linguistics became divided into further areas of interest with the advent of language technology and digitalised corpora.
|
|
The principle of translation by analogy is encoded to example-based machine translation through the example translations that are used to train such a system. Other approaches to machine translation, including statistical machine translation, also use bilingual corpora to learn the process of translation.
|
|
Its results were repeatedly reviewed and corrected by hand, and later users sent in errata so that by the late 70s the tagging was nearly perfect (allowing for some cases on which even human speakers might not agree). This corpus has been used for innumerable studies of word-frequency and of part-of-speech and inspired the development of similar "tagged" corpora in many other languages. Statistics derived by analyzing it formed the basis for most later part-of- speech tagging systems, such as CLAWS (linguistics) and VOLSUNGA. However, by this time (2005) it has been superseded by larger corpora such as the 100 million word British National Corpus.
|
|
Shortly before his death in 1632, he proposed as a settlement of the Thirty Years' War the establishment of a corpus politicum (political body) composed only of Protestant princes for civil administration and a corpus bellicum (body of war) for matters of defence. The relationship these corpora were to have with the empire is unclear. Gustavus' intention was mainly to limit the authority of the imperial Habsburg dynasty to their own lands and to strengthen Swedish domination of the Protestant part of the Empire. The Peace of Westphalia (which ended the Thirty Years' War) enshrined the corpora in the imperial constitution and introduced the itio in partes procedure for religious matters.
|
|
The arteries dilate, filling the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa with blood. The ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles also compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa, limiting the venous drainage of blood. Erection subsides when parasympathetic stimulation is discontinued; baseline stimulation from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causes constriction of the penile arteries and cavernosal sinosoids, forcing blood out of the erectile tissue via erection-related veins which include one deep dorsal vein, a pair of cavernosal veins, and two pairs of para-arterial veins between Buck's fascia and the tunica albuginea.Drake, Richard, Wayne Vogl and Adam Mitchell, Grey's Anatomy for Students.
|
|
Figure 1: Normal penile anatomy, dorsal and cross-sectional view showing two hypoechoic images corresponding to the corpora cavernosa, with an echoic line that surrounds them and corresponds to the tunica albuginea. Figure 2: Longitudinal section of the penis under right lateral access. Note the cylindrical structure, corresponding to the corpus cavernosum (thick arrow), in the superior portion and the corpus spongiosum (thin arrow), adjacent to the corpus cavernosum, in the inferior portion. The corpora cavernosa are homogeneous and relatively hypoechoic cylindrical structures lined with tunica albuginea, a thin membrane that has a thickness of approximately 2 mm when the penis is flaccid and 0.25 mm when it is erect.
|
|
The Collins Corpus Copies of the corpus are held both at HarperCollins Publishers and the University of Birmingham. The version at Birmingham can be accessed for academic research. The Bank of English forms part of the Collins Word Web together with the French, German and Spanish corpora.
|
|
" By "canon" Grote meant "the Berlin edition of Aristotle." He is totally innocent of any Aristotelian corpora. Even if "canon" had survived instead of corpus, such a meaning now would fail to distinguish Bekker. One translational solution is just to name Bekker, as in "Bekker pages.
|
|
Michael Beddow (3 September 1947 - 2 September 2019) was a British scholar of German literature, who was also a renowned expert in the application of XML technologies to web representations of literary corpora, and who was deeply involved with the work of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI).
|
|
The Prostatic Plexus is continued from the lower part of the pelvic plexus. It lies within the fascial shell of the prostate. The nerves composing it are of large size. They are distributed to the prostate seminal vesicle and the corpora cavernosa of the penis and urethra.
|
|
B-Channel was founded by Sofia Koswara in 2008, at the time was relayed through a local television station in Cikarang, TVN (currently part of RTV regional stations). In 2012, Rajawali Corpora acquired B-Channel. In May 3, 2014, B-Channel changed name to RTV during Langit Rajawali show.
|
|
A distributional–relational database, or word-vector database, is a database management system (DBMS) that uses distributional word-vector representations to enrich the semantics of structured data. As distributional word-vectors can be built automatically from large-scale corpora,Harris, Z. (1954). "Distributional structure". Word. 10 (23): 146–162.
|
|
A Linguistic Time-Capsule: The Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (NECTE), AHRB project code RE11776 Project Leaders: K. Corrigan, J. Beal, H. Moisl Postgraduate Supervision Natural language modelling and text processing. My specific areas of interest are natural language understanding systems and multivariate analysis of text corpora.
|
|
Rachinsky reported that synephrine was equipotent with octopamine in stimulating JH (juvenile hormone) release in the corpora allata of honey bee (Apis mellifera), but Woodring and Hoffmann found that synephrine had no effect on the synthesis of JH III, in in vitro preparations from the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus.
|
|
Czekanowski introduced numerical taxonomy into comparative linguistics, thus founding the discipline of computational linguistics. He developed (1913) a still much-used index of similarity between two samples. He applied it to phonemes and words in text corpora of different languages. It was later introduced in analysis of ecological communities.
|
|
If pregnancy occurs in equine, the placental hormone equine chorionic gonadotropin released by endometrial cup acts like LH and FSH and stimulates additional ovulations, although the oocytes released during these ovulations are not fertilized. The resulting accessory corpora lutea produce progesterone and keep levels of progesterone high during pregnancy.
|
|
Depending on the corpora used, idioms may not translate "idiomatically". For example, using Canadian Hansard as the bilingual corpus, "hear" may almost invariably be translated to "Bravo!" since in Parliament "Hear, Hear!" becomes "Bravo!". W. J. Hutchins and H. Somers. (1992). An Introduction to Machine Translation, 18.3:322.
|
|
The International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English (ICAME) is an international group of linguists and data scientists working in corpus linguistics to digitise English texts. The organisation was founded in Oslo, Norway in 1977 as the International Computer Archive of Modern English, before being renamed to its current title. The portal to their materials is hosted at the University of Bergen, where they have set out the aim of the organization to "collect and distribute information on English language material available for computer processing and on linguistic research to compile an archive of English text corpora in machine-readable form, and to make material available to research institutions." Creating computer corpora, i.e.
|
|
As a junior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows, Truman studied the underlying mechanisms of silkmoth eclosion, mainly focusing on the role of the circadian clock in driving time of day rhythms in eclosion. Truman demonstrated that eclosion rhythms persist in Hyalophora cecropia moths that have had their compound eyes, corpora cardiaca, and corpora allata surgically removed. Eclosion rhythms were only abolished with the removal of the brain, indicating that the circadian clock is located within the brain. Further experiments involving brain transplantation and selective illumination of different parts of the body revealed that the circadian photoreceptors, which are responsible for receiving light information to entrain the circadian clock, are also located in the brain.
|
|
This reaction appears to be the only known enzymatic reaction involving the coupling of two molecules with a carbocation. The free electron pair adds to the double bond of IPP, also isomerizing IPP so that the product is an allylic diphosphate. Thus, this part of the isoprenoid pathway appears nearly identical with that of cholesterol with the exception of the insect specific homoisoprenoid units. NAD+-dependent farnesol dehydrogenase, a corpora allata enzyme involved in juvenile hormone synthesis showed that the same source of enzymes efficiently make both mevalonate and its 3-ethyl homolog, homomevalonate. Absolute configuration of homomevalonate and 3-hydroxy-3-ethylglutaryl and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a, produced by cell-free extracts of insect corpora allata.
|
|
The two corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum (also known as the corpus cavernosum urethrae in older texts and in the adjacent diagram) are three expandable erectile tissues along the length of the penis, which fill with blood during penile erection. The two corpora cavernosa lie along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis, where they join. These formations are made of a sponge-like tissue containing trabeculae, irregular blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa. The male anatomy has no vestibular bulbs, but instead a corpus spongiosum, a smaller region along the bottom of the penis, which contains the urethra and forms the glans penis.
|
|
Spoken Tunisian Arabic (Vol. 2). Indiana University and more researches on it were made. Some which used new methods like computing operations and the automated creation of several speech recognition-based and Internet-based corpora,Zaidan, O. F., & Callison-Burch, C. (2014). Arabic dialect identification. Computational Linguistics, 40(1), 171-202.
|
|
In 1961, he composed the music for "So Until I See You", with lyrics by Victor Gari Corpora. The music was used as the closing theme of the Jack Paar Show. It was recorded by singer David Lucas for Arwin Records. Lerner's first wife, Ruth Levkovitz Lerner, died in 1986.
|
|
Clitoris; deep dissection The clitoris contains external and internal components. It consists of the glans, the body (which is composed of two erectile structures known as the corpora cavernosa), and two crura ("legs"). It has a hood formed by the labia minora (inner lips). It also has vestibular or clitoral bulbs.
|
|
Juvenile hormone is produced in the corpora allata of insects. JH will disperse throughout the haemolymph and act on responsive tissues. JH is principally degraded by the enzymes Juvenile-hormone esterase (JHE) or juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH). JHE and JHEH both lead to suppression of JH signaling and response.
|
|
Phenylephrine is used to treat priapism. It is diluted with normal saline and injected directly into the corpora cavernosa. The mechanism of action is to cause constriction of the blood vessels entering into the penis, thus causing decreased blood flow and relieving the priapism. An injection is given every 3–5 minutes.
|
|
Since 1990s, Plungian has paid attention to the development of corpus methods in linguistic research. He is one of the creators of the Russian National Corpus and of the East Armenian National Corpus, he also founded various projects on creating corpora for other languages of Russia and beyond (e.g. Beserman Udmurt and Yiddish).
|
|
Blood now pools in the corpora cavernosa, resulting in erection. The valves prevent backflow in the now-tortuous route through the cavernosa. This parasympathetic relaxation response is mediated by a release of nitric oxide (NO). NO binds to the enzyme guanylate cyclase, which results in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).
|
|
The only synthetic polymer utilised so far has been poly(ethylene glycol), which developed immature mouse follicles into antral follicles and corpora lutea. Natural polymers have bioactive molecules present which plays a role in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. However, they lack the mechanical strength and the adaptability that synthetic polymers have.
|
|
In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a language resource consisting of a large and structured set of texts (nowadays usually electronically stored and processed). In corpus linguistics, they are used to do statistical analysis and hypothesis testing, checking occurrences or validating linguistic rules within a specific language territory.
|
|
It is usually considered a congenital malformation of unknown cause. Since at an early stage of fetal development the penis is curved downward, it has been proposed that chordee results from an arrest of penile development at that stage. The curvature of a chordee can involve #tethering of the skin with urethra and corpora of normal size; #curvature induced by fibrosis and contracture of the fascial tissue (Buck's fascia or dartos) surrounding the urethra; #disproportionately large corpora in relation to the urethral length without other demonstrable abnormality of either; or #a short, fibrotic urethra that tethers the penis downward (the least common type). Severe degrees of chordee are usually associated with hypospadias, but mild degrees of curvature may occur in many otherwise normal males.
|
|
The procedure by which TenTen corpora are produced is based on the creators' earlier research in preparing web corpora and the subsequent processing thereof. At the beginning, a huge amount of text data is downloaded from the World Wide Web by the dedicated SpiderLing web crawler. In a later stage, these texts undergo cleaning, which consists of removing any non-textual material such as navigation links, headers and footers from the HTML source code of web pages with the jusText tool, so that only full solid sentences are preserved. Eventually, the ONION tool is applied to remove duplicate text portions from the corpus, which naturally occur on the World Wide Web due to practices such as quoting, citing, copying etc.
|
|
Mushroom bodies visible in a Drosophila brain as two stalks. From Jenett et al., 2006 The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of insects, other arthropods, and some annelids (notably the ragworm Platynereis dumerilii). They are also known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory.
|
|
Arguably the first system of its kind, originally sketched in (Sacks et al. 1978), later adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as CA-CHAT by (MacWhinney 2000). The field of Conversation Analysis itself includes a number of distinct approaches to transcription and sets of transcription conventions. These include, among others, Jefferson Notation.
|
|
At times Hogben wavers between Greek and Latin, and suggests pairs of equivalent synonyms (e.g. hypo and infra, soma and corpora), for an eventual international committee to decide between them. In 1943 Hogben announced the preparation of an additional volume, A short English-Interglossa Dictionary. It seems that this volume was not in fact published.
|
|
For example, for Web pages SimRank can be combined with traditional textual similarity; the same idea applies to scientific papers or other document corpora. For recommendation systems, there may be built-in known similarities between items (e.g., both computers, both clothing, etc.), as well as similarities between users (e.g., same gender, same spending level).
|
|
Penetrating injuries can be caused by accidents during sexual activities (typically, by foreign objects inserted into the urethra), by weapons (i.e. bullets) during wartime, or by stabbing. These injuries can have varying severity and be superficial, affect the corpora cavernosa, other soft tissue, and/or urethra. In 50% of cases, the urethra is injured.
|
|
Four main corpora types can be distinguished. A noisy parallel corpus contains bilingual sentences that are not perfectly aligned or have poor quality translations. Nevertheless, most of its contents are bilingual translations of a specific document. A comparable corpus is built from non-sentence-aligned and untranslated bilingual documents, but the documents are topic-aligned.
|
|
The corpus was mainly built for speech synthesis purposes, specifically Speech Synthesis, but the corpus has been used for building HMM based voices in Arabic. It was also used to automatically align other speech corpora with their phonetic transcript and could be used as part of a larger corpus for training speech recognition systems.
|
|
Liberman's main research interests lie in phonetics, prosody, and other aspects of speech communication. His early research established the linguistic subfield of metrical phonology. Much of his current research is conducted through computational analyses of linguistic corpora. In 2017, Liberman was the recipient of the IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award.
|
|
"Author Profiling from Facebook Corpora". LREC. These are acquired to produce a corpus in the selected language(s) for author profiling, to create either a bilingual or multilingual database of content words,Fatima, M., Hasan, K., Anwar, S., & Nawab, R. M. A. (2017). "Multilingual author profiling on Facebook". In: Information Processing & Management, 53(4), 886–904.
|
|
K and β are free parameters determined empirically. With English text corpora, typically K is between 10 and 100, and β is between 0.4 and 0.6. The law is frequently attributed to Harold Stanley Heaps, but was originally discovered by .: "Herdan's law in linguistics and Heaps' law in information retrieval are different formulations of the same phenomenon".
|
|
In Latin, most second declension masculine nouns in -us form their plural in -i. However, some Latin nouns ending in -us are not second declension (cf. Latin grammar). For example, third declension neuter nouns such as opus and corpus have plurals opera and corpora, and fourth declension masculine and feminine nouns such as sinus and tribus have plurals ' and '.
|
|
Geoffrey Sampson (born 1944) is Professor of Natural Language Computing in the Department of Informatics, University of Sussex. Geoffrey Sampson, University of Sussex staff bio page. He produces annotation standards for compiling corpora (databases) of ordinary usage of the English language. These involve specifying whether usage is spoken or written, and other demographic information, like age, gender and occupation.
|
|
METASHARE, and, for data, the LLOD classification). Important classes of language resources include # data ## lexical resources, e.g., machine-readable dictionaries, ## linguistic corpora, i.e., digital collections of natural language data, ## linguistic data bases such as the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data collection, # tools ## linguistic annotations and tools for creating such annotations in a manual or semiautomated fashion (e.g.
|
|
Penile fracture is rupture of one or both of the tunica albuginea, the fibrous coverings that envelop the penis's corpora cavernosa. It is caused by rapid blunt force to an erect penis, usually during vaginal intercourse, or aggressive masturbation. It sometimes also involves partial or complete rupture of the urethra or injury to the dorsal nerves, veins and arteries.
|
|
Any type of motion can increase blood flow to this organ and this results in increased secretions which lubricate the vagina. There are many ways to stimulate the clitoris. Clitoral erection occurs when the corpora cavernosa, two expandable erectile structures, become engorged with blood. This may result from any of various physiological stimuli, including sexual arousal.
|
|
Bulgarian Tagged Corpora, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference Formal Approaches to South Slavic and Balkan Languages, 18–20 October 2006, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp. 78–86. Todorova, Maria, Rositsa Dekova. Balgarski POS anotiran korpus – osobenosti na gramatichnata anotaciya. (Bulgarian POS annotated corpus – specifics of the grammatical annotation) в: Езикови ресурси и технологии за български език. Състав.
|
|
The Influence of Maori on the New Zealand English Lexicon. In John M. Kirk (ed), Corpora Galore: Analyses and Techniques in Describing English. Amsterdam: Rodopi: 33–44 The everyday use of Māori words, usually colloquial, occurs most prominently among youth, young adults and Māori populations. Examples are kia ora ("hello"), nau mai ("welcome"), and kai ("food").
|
|
This multisensory integration may underlie a filtering of self-effected sounds from vocalization, chewing, or respiration activities.Shore, S. E.: Auditory/Somatosensory Interactions. In: Squire (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Academic Press, 2009, pp. 691–695. The inferior colliculi together with the superior colliculi form the eminences of the corpora quadrigemina, and also part of the tectal region of the midbrain.
|
|
Each ICE corpus consists of one million words of spoken and written English produced after 1989. For most participating countries, the ICE project is stimulating the first systematic investigation of the national variety. To ensure compatibility among the component corpora, each team is following a common corpus design, as well as a common scheme for grammatical annotation.
|
|
To choose a value for n in an n-gram model, it is necessary to find the right trade-off between the stability of the estimate against its appropriateness. This means that trigram (i.e. triplets of words) is a common choice with large training corpora (millions of words), whereas a bigram is often used with smaller ones.
|
|
Fusion of urogenital folds forms urogenital groove on ventral (under) side of phallus, and the groove gradually closes towards the glans forming the penile urethra. The urogenital sinus differentiates into bladder and prostatic and posterior urethra. Erectile mesenchymal tissue develops into corpus spongiosum around the urethra and forms the glans penis, and into corpora cavenosa in the penile shaft.
|
|
Evaluating algorithms for the generation of referring expressions using a balanced corpus. Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation (ENLG), pages 49–56, Schloss Dagstuhl. count to the Dedicated Corpora. The TUNA corpus which contains web-collected data on the two domains furniture and people has been used in three shared REG challenges already.
|
|
The aim of this was to look into the information retrieval community by supplying the infrastructure that was needed for evaluation of text retrieval methodologies on a very large text collection. This catalyzed research on methods that scale to huge corpora. The introduction of web search engines has boosted the need for very large scale retrieval systems even further.
|
|
Because of his sudden popularity, Cavellini's father and his brother, who was president of the chamber of commerce of the province of Brescia, asked him to avoid contact with artists because they were afraid they might be communists. Despite this Cavellini kept collecting art and visiting artists in Rome in the weekends, especially the home of Guttuso and his studio in the park of Villa Massimo. There he met the artists of the Group of Eight (Afro Basaldella, Antonio Corpora, Giulio Turcato, Alberto Burri, Corrado Cagli, Giuseppe Capogrossi, Pietro Consagra, Nino Franchina, Leoncillo Leonardi and Mimmo Rotella) and acquired many of their works, among them Sacco e nero 3 by Burri. At the following Rome Quadriennale Cavellini bought numerous works by abstract artists like Franchina, Consagra, Corpora and Capogrossi.
|
|
Many of the notable early successes occurred in the field of machine translation, due especially to work at IBM Research, where successively more complicated statistical models were developed. These systems were able to take advantage of existing multilingual textual corpora that had been produced by the Parliament of Canada and the European Union as a result of laws calling for the translation of all governmental proceedings into all official languages of the corresponding systems of government. However, most other systems depended on corpora specifically developed for the tasks implemented by these systems, which was (and often continues to be) a major limitation in the success of these systems. As a result, a great deal of research has gone into methods of more effectively learning from limited amounts of data.
|
|
He studied at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, under Gustave Moreau, Fernand Cormon and François Flameng. In 1912, he moved to Tunis. He was named Director of the Institut Supérieur des Beaux-Arts de Tunis in 1927, a position he held until his death. Among his notable students there, one may mention , Yahia Turki, , Abdelaziz Gorgi and Antonio Corpora.
|
|
Tinea corpora (body), tinea manus (hands), tinea cruris (groin), tinea pedis (foot) and tinea facie (face) can be treated topically. Tinea unguum (nails) usually will require oral treatment with terbinafine, itraconizole, or griseofulvin. Griseofulvin is usually not as effective as terbinafine or itraconizole. A lacquer (Penlac) can be used daily, but is ineffective unless combined with aggressive debridement of the affected nail.
|
|
The number found through the search engines are more than three times the counts generated by the British National Corpus, indicating the significant size of the English corpus available on the Web. The massive size of text available on the Web can be seen in the analysis of controlled data in which corpora of different languages were mixed in various proportions.
|
|
Notable modern neoplatonists include Thomas Taylor, "the English Platonist", who wrote extensively on Platonism and translated almost the entire Platonic and Plotinian corpora into English, and the Belgian writer Suzanne Lilar. The science fiction writer Philip K. Dick identified as a Neoplatonist and explores related mystical experiences and religious concepts in his theoretical work, compiled in The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick.
|
|
Diagnosis may be supported by blood gas analysis of blood aspirated from the penis or an ultrasound. Treatment depends on the type. Ischemic priapism is typically treated with a nerve block of the penis followed by aspiration of blood from the corpora cavernosa. If this is not sufficient, the corpus cavernosum may be irrigated with cold, normal saline or injected with phenylephrine.
|
|
CoBoost is a semi-supervised training algorithm proposed by Collins and Singer in 1999. The original application for the algorithm was the task of Named Entity Classification using very weak learners.Michael Collins and Yoram Singer, Unsupervised Models for Named Entity Classification. Proceedings of the 1999 Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora, pp.
|
|
In addition to enabling grammatical analyses and concordance searches, the archives also contain unique corpora, such as Hebrew poetry from the 11th century. The database is accessible to the public.Database Retrieved 2012-07-02. The database draws upon some 4,300 Hebrew sources, from the classic Rabbinic literature period (2nd century BCE) through the Geonic period (11th century CE) to 1947.
|
|
Lee & Swales (2006) designed an experimental course in corpus- informed English for Academic Purposes (EAP) for doctoral students at the English Language Institute (ELI) of the University of Michigan in the US. Participants used three main corpora as the basis of their investigations: Hyland's Research Article Corpus, the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE), and academic texts from the BNC.
|
|
When erect, the average penis is between to in length and in diameter. The penis's internal structures consist of the shaft, glans, and the root. The shaft of the penis consists of three cylindrical bodies of spongy tissue filled with blood vessels along its length. Two of these bodies lie side-by-side in the upper portion of the penis called corpora cavernosa.
|
|
Growth factor and clotting factors are paracrine signaling agents. The local action of growth factor signaling plays an especially important role in the development of tissues. Also, retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A, functions in a paracrine fashion to regulate gene expression during embryonic development in higher animals. In insects, Allatostatin controls growth through paracrine action on the corpora allata.
|
|
The corpus cavernosum of clitoris is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the clitoris during clitoral erection. This is homologous to the corpus cavernosum penis in the male; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa (literally "cave-like bodies"), with a recognizably similar structure.
|
|
In some circumstances, release of nitric oxide precedes relaxation of the clitoral cavernosal artery and nearby muscle, in a process similar to male arousal. More blood flows in through the clitoral cavernosal artery, the pressure in the corpora cavernosa clitoridis rises, and the clitoris is engorged with blood. This leads to extrusion of the glans clitoridis and enhanced sensitivity to physical contact.
|
|
Data mining techniques, and in particular co-occurrence analysis, has been used to discover relevant similarities among music corpora (radio lists, CD databases) for purposes including classifying music into genres in a more objective manner.Pachet, François; Westermann, Gert; and Laigre, Damien; Musical Data Mining for Electronic Music Distribution , Proceedings of the 1st WedelMusic Conference, Firenze, Italy, 2001, pp. 101–106.
|
|
The follicle proper has met the end of its lifespan. Without the oocyte, the follicle folds inward on itself, transforming into the corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea), a steroidogenic cluster of cells that produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones induce the endometrial glands to begin production of the proliferative endometrium and later into secretory endometrium, the site of embryonic growth if implantation occurs.
|
|
0, No. 1, pp. 65-110. . It also includes parallel corpora of various size for 47 foreign languages.Koeva, S., Dekova, R., Stoyanova, I., Rizov, B., Genov, A. (2012) “Bulgarian X-language Parallel Corpus”. In: Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’12) BulNC is annotated at various linguistic levels.Koeva, Sv., Genov, A. (2011) “Bulgarian Language Processing Chain”.
|
|
Researchers in the humanities have developed numerous large- and small-scale digital corporation, such as digitized collections of historical texts, along with the digital tools and methods to analyze them. Their aim is both to uncover new knowledge about corpora and to visualize research data in new and revealing ways. Much of this activity occurs in a field called the digital humanities.
|
|
In parallel corpora single sentences in one language can be found translated into several sentences in the other and vice versa. Long sentences may be broken up, short sentences may be merged. There are even some languages that use writing systems without clear indication of a sentence end (for example, Thai). Sentence aligning can be performed through the Gale-Church alignment algorithm.
|
|
After the war, Dorazio worked briefly as a translator for the British Army and then studied architecture at the University of Rome.Piero Dorazio: Italian painter inspired by the revolutionary power of abstract art. Obituary, by Christopher Masters for The Guardian, 26 May 2005. He was influenced by futurists such as Gino Severini, Antonio Corpora, Enrico Prampolini, and Giacomo Balla, attracting him to painting.
|
|
A quantitative study, published by folklorist Sara Graça da Silva and anthropologist Jamshid J. Tehrani in 2016, seemed to indicate that the tale type shows a certain antiquity: based on a phylogenetic model, both researchers estimated that the ATU 531 type belongs to an ancestral tale corpora of the Indo-Iranian languages and the Western branch of the Indo-European languages.
|
|
Because of their late maturation, low fecundity, and restricted distributions, they are still more vulnerable to overfishing than teleost fishes. Juvenile females have filiform uteri, small ovaries with undifferentiated oocyctes, egg cells, and narrow, thread-like oviducts with undeveloped oviducal glands. Adolescents have enlarged oviducal glands with distinguishable oocytes and no or few corpora lutea. Adults have large ovaries and vitellogenic oocytes.
|
|
Retrieved 21 March 2012. The contextualised grammatical knowledge acquired by non-native language users through exposure to authentic texts in corpora allows them to grasp the manner of sentence formation in the target language, enabling effective writing.Yoon, H., & Hirvela, A. (2004). ESL Student Attitudes toward Corpus Use in L2 Writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 13(4), 257-283. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
|
|
The body of the penis extends from the root to the ends of the corpora cavernosa penis, and in it these corpora cavernosa are intimately bound to one another with a dorsally fenestrated septum which becomes a complete one before penile crura. It is surrounded by a bi-layered model of tunica albuginea in which a distal ligament buttresses the glans penis and plays an integral role to the penile fibroskeleton, and the structure is called "os analog," a term coined by Geng Long Hsu in the Encyclopedia of Reproduction. This indispensable structure is a continuation of the body of human penis, differing from other mammalian penis, in that it has no baculum (or erectile bone) and instead relies exclusively on engorgement with blood to reach its erect state. It is a remnant of baculum evolved likely due to change in mating practice.
|
|
A vibrator (such as a clitoral vibrator), dildo or other sex toy may be used. Other women stimulate the clitoris by use of a pillow or other inanimate object, by a jet of water from the faucet of a bathtub or shower, or by closing their legs and rocking. During sexual arousal, the clitoris and the whole of the genitalia engorge and change color as the erectile tissues fill with blood (vasocongestion), and the individual experiences vaginal contractions. The ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscles, which insert into the corpora cavernosa, contract and compress the dorsal vein of the clitoris (the only vein that drains the blood from the spaces in the corpora cavernosa) and the arterial blood continues a steady flow and, having no way to drain out, fills the venous spaces until they become turgid and engorged with blood.
|
|
The Survey of English Usage Corpus was used in the development of one of the most important Corpus-based Grammars, the Comprehensive Grammar of English (Quirk et al. 1985).Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language London: Longman. 1985. The Brown Corpus has also spawned a number of similarly structured corpora: the LOB Corpus (1960s British English), Kolhapur (Indian English), Wellington (New Zealand English), Australian Corpus of English (Australian English), the Frown Corpus (early 1990s American English), and the FLOB Corpus (1990s British English). Other corpora represent many languages, varieties and modes, and include the International Corpus of English, and the British National Corpus, a 100 million word collection of a range of spoken and written texts, created in the 1990s by a consortium of publishers, universities (Oxford and Lancaster) and the British Library.
|
|
The juvenile hormone (JH), released by the corpora allata (CA), is necessary for the production and release of the sex pheromone. The CA releases JH which acts on the production/release of the PBAN-like factor. So, PBAN is what connects the network in the CA to the central nervous system's production of sex pheromone. When the CA was removed, calling behavior and sex pheromone production stopped.
|
|
Specialists depend on such on-going series of volumes in which newly discovered inscriptions are published, often in Latin, not unlike the biologists' Zoological Record— the raw material of history. Greek epigraphy has unfolded in the hands of a different team, with different corpora. There are two. The first is Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum of which four volumes came out, again at Berlin, 1825-1877.
|
|
The first version, containing nine language backgrounds, came out in 2002. The second version, released in 2009, contains data from 16 learner populations, and a third version is in the making. Its spoken counterpart, the Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage (LINDSEI), came out in 2011. Besides those two, she also launched the collection of a number of other corpora, such as LOCNESS, PLECI and LONGDALE.
|
|
Other research projects investigate various aspects and different variants of Hungarian. Further tasks include the assembly of linguistic corpora and databases, and laying the linguistic groundwork for computational software and applications. The Institute also operates a public advice service on language and linguistics, prepares expert reports on relevant affairs on demand, and runs the Theoretical Linguistics Undergraduate and Doctoral Program jointly with Eötvös Loránd University.
|
|
Its value is in its focus on school teaching materials, and its tagging of words by the frequency of each word, in each of the school grade, and in each of the subject areas (). ;The Brown (Francis and Kucera, 1982) LOB and related corpora These now contain 1 million words from a written corpus representing different dialects of English. These sources are used to produce frequency lists ().
|
|
The area Interaction is a leading international center for conversation research and interactional linguistics. The area Spoken Corpora includes archives, such as the "Archiv für Gesprochenes Deutsch (AGD)" (the Archive for spoken German). The Department of Digital Linguistics is divided into two areas. The area Research Coordination and Research Infrastructure deals with tasks and projects related to the internal and external communication of information and networking.
|
|
Within the framework of its support services, the IDS maintains the German Language Archive, which is the largest collection of audio recordings of spoken German. Prospective users can order audio documentation and transcripts. Besides, the IDS provides online the archive corpora of written language (nine million book pages) as well as a specialized library that collects literature that encompasses all areas of present-day German linguistics.
|
|
Four revolutions. Language Log, February 5, 2011. in the late 1980s and mid-1990s, much natural language processing research has relied heavily on machine learning. The machine- learning paradigm calls instead for using statistical inference to automatically learn such rules through the analysis of large corpora (the plural form of corpus, is a set of documents, possibly with human or computer annotations) of typical real-world examples.
|
|
In Arona, the presence of the relics of Fidelis and Carpophrous is attested in documents dating back to 1259 and 1321. Goffredo da Bussero (1220–1289 ca.), discussing a group of martyrs of the Theban Legion killed in Lombard territory, states: sed horum duo corpora ad monasterium de Arona dati sunt. This group has been identified as Carpophorus, Exanthus, Cassius, Severinus, Secundus, and Licinius.
|
|
Statistical machine translation (SMT) is a machine translation paradigm where translations are generated on the basis of statistical models whose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingual text corpora. The statistical approach contrasts with the rule-based approaches to machine translation as well as with example-based machine translation. The first ideas of statistical machine translation were introduced by Warren Weaver in 1949,W. Weaver (1955).
|
|
A corpus manager (corpus browser or corpus query system) is a tool for multilingual corpus analysis, which allows effective searching in corpora. A corpus manager usually represents a complex tool that allows one to perform searches for language forms or sequences. It may provide information about the context or allow the user to search by positional attributes, such as lemma, tag, etc. These are called concordances.
|
|
The Corpus Evangelicorum was of the view that any issue which affected a Protestant was a religious issue and thus, in effect, anything could be deliberated by itio in partes. Also implicit in the treaty was that no decision might be reached if the two corpora could not agree. This became the explicit view of the Corpus Evangelicorum by 1700. Each corpus was placed under a director.
|
|
MacWhinney developed and directs the CHILDES and TalkBank corpora, two widely used databases for language acquisition research. He manages FluencyBank, a TalkBank project, together with Nan Bernstein Ratner. The CHILDES system provides tools for studying conversational interactions. These tools include a database of transcripts, programs for computer analysis of transcripts, methods for linguistic coding, and systems for linking transcripts to digitized audio and video.
|
|
The Bulgarian etymological dictionary () is a multi-volume etymological dictionary of the Bulgarian language. It is published by the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The first seven published corpora are available on the Institution for Bulgarian Language website. It is an ongoing project, with seven volumes published in the period 1971-2017 and the ninth volume currently in preparation.
|
|
These glands secrete an ecdysteroid called ecdysone, or the moulting hormone, which initiates the epidermal moulting process. Additionally it plays a role in accessory reproductive glands in the female, differentiation of ovarioles and in the process of egg production. #Corpora allata are small, paired glandular bodies originating from the epithelium located on either side of the foregut. They secrete the juvenile hormone, which regulate reproduction and metamorphosis.
|
|
The apparent-time hypothesis allows sociolinguists the convenience of gathering data at one point in time or analyzing past data from historical linguistic studies that cannot be replicated. For real-time sociolinguistics, the same participants of the study must be recruited and tested at later times to validate the data, a difficult method to implement. However, real-time corpora can also be used for apparent-time analyses.
|
|
253 Oöcyte growth in the brown-banded cockroach correlated with corpora allata activity in vitro.Smith and Schal 1990, p. 254 Ovariectomies were conducted: both pheromone production and calling were unaffected by either nymphs or adults, this was done to demonstrate that the ovaries do not mediate in the regulation of pheromone production. The role of juvenile hormone in pheromone production appears to be regulated by neural and humoral feedbacks.
|
|
The penises of even-toed ungulates have an S-shape at rest and lie in a pocket under the skin on the belly. The corpora cavernosa is only slightly developed; and an erection mainly causes this curvature to extend, which leads to an extension, but not a thickening, of the penis. Cetaceans have similar penises. In some even-toed ungulates, the penis contains a structure called the urethral process.
|
|
Their target size is 10 billion (1010) words per language, which gave rise to the corpus family's name. In the creation of the TenTen corpora, data crawled from the World Wide Web are processed with natural language processing tools developed by the Natural Language Processing Centre at the Faculty of Informatics at Masaryk University (Brno, Czech Republic) and by the Lexical Computing company (developer of the Sketch Engine).
|
|
In corpus linguistics, a text corpus is a large and structured collection of texts that are electronically stored and processed. It is used to do hypothesis testing about languages, validating linguistic rules or the frequency distribution of words (n-grams) within languages. Electronically processed corpora provide fast search. Text processing procedures such as tokenization, part-of-speech tagging and word- sense disambiguation enrich corpus texts with detailed linguistic information.
|
|
The program was developed by Jon Orwant and Will Brockman and released in mid-December 2010. It was inspired by a prototype called "Bookworm" created by Jean-Baptiste Michel and Erez Aiden from Harvard's Cultural Observatory and Yuan Shen from MIT and Steven Pinker. The Ngram Viewer was initially based on the 2009 edition of the Google Books Ngram Corpus. , the program supports 2009, 2012, and 2019 corpora.
|
|
Many local everyday words have been borrowed from the Māori language, including words for local flora, fauna, place names and the natural environment. The dominant influence of Māori on New Zealand English is lexical. A 1999 estimate based on the Wellington corpora of written and spoken New Zealand English put the proportion of words of Māori origin at approximately 0.6%, mostly place and personal names.Kennedy, Graham & Shinji Yamazaki 1999.
|
|
It is a paired structure and together with the paired inferior colliculi forms the corpora quadrigemina. The superior colliculus is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The layers can be grouped into the superficial layers (stratum opticum and above) and the deeper remaining layers. Neurons in the superficial layers receive direct input from the retina and respond almost exclusively to visual stimuli.
|
|
The two superior colliculi sit below the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the mammalian midbrain. It comprises the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, posterior to the periaqueductal gray and immediately superior to the inferior colliculus. The inferior and superior colliculi are known collectively as the corpora quadrigemina (Latin, quadruplet bodies). The superior colliculi are larger than the inferior colliculi, though the inferior colliculi are more prominent.
|
|
Steroidogenesis, showing estrogens at bottom right as in pink triangle. Estrogens, in females, are produced primarily by the ovaries, and during pregnancy, the placenta. Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the ovarian production of estrogens by the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. Some estrogens are also produced in smaller amounts by other tissues such as the liver, pancreas, bone, adrenal glands, skin, brain, adipose tissue, and the breasts.
|
|
Species from other phyla than vertebrates, such as arthropods and sponges, do not possess a hypothalamus. Hormones that influence the behaviour of insects are excreted by neurosecretory cells (NCS) in the corpora cardiaca. Sponges, despite not having a neurosystem, do show signs of behaviour in response to external stimuli, but not much is known about neuro-sensory mechanisms in sponges and whether they possess all four of these drives.
|
|
Bentoel received significant foreign investment but in late 1990 its chief executive (one of Ong's sons) resigned as the company had debts of several hundred million dollars. In 1987, Rajawali Corpora bought a majority stake and replaced managers and directors. In June 2009, BAT bought an 85% stake in PT Bentoel Internasional Investama for $494 million and would purchase the remaining public shares by the end of August 2009.
|
|
The current widely accepted classification, introduced by Aleem in 1972, classifies double penis into two groups: true diphallia and bifid phallus. True diphallia is caused by cleavage of pubic tubercle; bifid phallus is caused by separation of pubic tubercle. Each of these two groups is further subdivided into partial or complete. True diphallia is where each phallus has two corpora cavernosa and a single corpus spongiosum containing a urethra.
|
|
Malik ibn Anas refers to Zuhri for 21% of the traditions in his Muwatta, while Ma'mar ibn Rashid and Ibn Jurayj refer to Zuhri for 28% and 6% of the traditions in their respective corpora in the Musannaf of Abd al- Razzaq.Motzki, Anthony et al 2009, pp. 5, 12, 18. Ma'mar and Ibn Ishaq, both students of Zuhri, rely heavily on their teacher's traditions in their respective prophetic biographies.
|
|
Clark aimed to understand how children register words they haven't heard before by extracting the words and transcripts from five corpora (collection of written/spoken texts) (2007). She hypothesized that, because the repetition of a new word is how children place that word into their language, there will be a difference in repeat-rates for new information and given information. To test the prediction, she compared children's repetition's of the new words to the repetition in the new-to given conversation shifts. The study consisted of 701 new words that were used and exposed to the five children. An example of the way the words were said to the children are as followed: “Deictic term (this/that/here) + new word (This) is an + owl (Here) is a + whisk” (Clark & Wong, 2002) The five corpora, or collection of written/spoken speech, were analyzed by three researchers who each observed specific children: Stanley Kuczaj (child: Abe), Jacqueline Sachs (child: Naomi) and Roger Brown (children: Adam, Eve and Sarah).
|
|
Narrative network of US Elections 2012Automated analysis of the US presidential elections using Big Data and network analysis; S Sudhahar, GA Veltri, N Cristianini; Big Data & Society 2 (1), 1–28, 2015 The automatic parsing of textual corpora has enabled the extraction of actors and their relational networks on a vast scale. The resulting narrative networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from Network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes.Network analysis of narrative content in large corpora; S Sudhahar, G De Fazio, R Franzosi, N Cristianini; Natural Language Engineering, 1–32, 2013 This automates the approach introduced by Quantitative Narrative Analysis,Quantitative Narrative Analysis; Roberto Franzosi; Emory University © 2010 whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object.
|
|
Palmer served as president of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2005 and was named an ACL Fellow in 2014 "for significant contributions to computational semantics and the development of semantic corpora". In 2017, she was awarded the Helen & Hubert Croft Professorship by the University of Colorado. In the same year, the university named her a "Professor of Distinction", a title reserved for professors who have received international recognition for their research.
|
|
WSD has been traditionally understood as an intermediate language engineering technology which could improve applications such as information retrieval (IR). In this case, however, the reverse is also true: web search engines implement simple and robust IR techniques that can successfully mine the Web for information to use in WSD. The historic lack of training data has provoked the appearance of some new algorithms and techniques, as described in Automatic acquisition of sense-tagged corpora.
|
|
The development of technology, new techniques and methodology relating to massive corpora have all consolidated this trend. There are, however, numerous political dimensions that come into play when keywords are studied in relation to cultures, societies and their histories. The Lublin Ethnolinguistics School studies Polish and European keywords in this fashion. Anna Wierzbicka (1997), probably the best known cultural linguist writing in English today, studies languages as parts of cultures evolving in society and history.
|
|
Using x' \approx x/p rule for a general probability distribution is the base of Asymmetric Numeral Systems family of entropy coding methods used in data compression, which state distribution is also governed by Zipf's law. Zipf's law has been used for extraction of parallel fragments of texts out of comparable corpora. Zipf's law has also been used by Laurance Doyle and others at the SETI Institute as part of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
|
|
Known as Treebanks, these corpora include a grammatical analysis for each word; his VISL team has generated such manually revised language data for 27 languages and, in cooperation with GrammarSoft, which is commercializing the technology, developed rule-based taggers and parsers for nine languages, including English, Portuguese, Esperanto and the Scandinavian languages.GramTrans Text Translation, free and commercial versions. Retrieved 2009-07-23. As a linguist, Bick researches natural language parsing and corpus linguistics.
|
|
Roman Neo-Attic stele depicting a warrior in a muscle cuirass, idealizing the male form without nudity (1st century BC) The poet Ennius (ca. 239–169 BC) declared that "exposing naked bodies among citizens is the beginning of public disgrace (flagitium)," a sentiment echoed by Cicero that again links the self-containment of the body with citizenship.Flagiti principium est nudare inter civis corpora: Ennius, as quoted by Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 4.33.70Williams, pp.
|
|
Queen bees can control oogenesis in worker bees by suppressing juvenile hormone (JH) in the workers, which regulates egg development. Among queenless B. terrestris workers, the corpora allata, which secrete JH, was noticeably enlarged compared to queenright workers. JH concentrations were also higher in the hemolymph of queenless workers. This suggests that the presence of a queen is enough to prevent workers from laying eggs, which helps her maintain genetic control over her colony's brood.
|
|
Because of their rigid exoskeleton, insects grow in their development by successively shedding their exoskeleton (a process known as molting). Juvenile hormones are secreted by a pair of endocrine glands behind the brain called the corpora allata. JHs are also important for the production of eggs in female insects. JH was isolated in 1965 by Karel Sláma and Carroll Williams and the first molecular structure of a final six was solved in 1967.
|
|
She also holds several patents in TTS and in speech search. Corpora she and collaborators have collected include the Boston Directions Corpus, the Columbia SRI Colorado Deception Corpus, and the Columbia Games Corpus. She has served on numerous technical boards and editorial committees, and is now on the Computing Research Association's (CRA) Board of Directors and serves as co-chair of CRA-W. She is also noted for her leadership in broadening participation in computing.
|
|
In 2008, she was awarded a medal by the International Federation Association of Current Languages (FIPLV) for her contribution to international cooperation. She has been a member of the Board of the Edinbrough-based international journal Corpora. She has also participated in the creation of the ICLE textbook for English as a foreign language. On December 20, 2010, by decision of the Academic Council, Gvishiani was made a 'Distinguished professor of the University of Moscow'.
|
|
Merriam–Webster even states, "Use regardless instead." The Chicago Manual of Style calls irregardless "[a]n error" and instructs writers to "[u]se regardless (or possibly irrespective)." Australian linguist Pam Peters (The Cambridge Guide to English Usage, 2004) suggests that irregardless has become fetishized because natural examples of this word in corpora of written and spoken English are greatly outnumbered by examples where it is in fact only cited as an incorrect term.
|
|
One of the main goals of the CLC project is to create a publicly available Croatian corpus that is annotated on multiple levels, i.e. lemmatized, morphologically segmented and morpho-syntactically annotated, phonemically transcribed and syllabified, and syntactically parsed. While the current version of the corpus provides resources from the Croatian language standard, several corpora from different development phases of Croatian are created as well, including the digitizations of manuscripts and Croatian dictionaries.
|
|
The first successful penis allotransplant surgery was done in September 2005 in a military hospital in Guangzhou, China. A man at 44 sustained an injury after an accident and his penis was severed; urination became difficult as his urethra was partly blocked. A recently brain-dead man, aged 23, was selected for the transplant. Despite atrophy of blood vessels and nerves, the arteries, veins, nerves and the corpora spongiosa were successfully matched.
|
|
However, the synthetic technique doesn't work well with RBMT, and systems' performances are lower than expected. Hybrid SMT/RBMT systems achieve better translation quality than strict-SMT systems that rely on bad parallel corpora. The key role of RBMT systems is that they help fill the gap left in the translation process of s-p → p-t, in the sense that these parallels are included in the SMT model for s-t.
|
|
Greek has also been variously grouped with Armenian and Indo-Iranian (Graeco-Armenian; Graeco-Aryan), Ancient Macedonian (Graeco-Macedonian) and, more recently, Messapian. Greek and Ancient Macedonian are often classified under Hellenic; at other times, Hellenic is posited to consist of only Greek dialects. The linguist Václav Blažek states that, in regard to the classification of these languages, "the lexical corpora do not allow any quantification" (see corpus and quantitative comparative linguistics).
|
|
Concordance set up through concordancing programs of corpora allow non-native language users to conveniently grasp lexico-grammatical patterns of the target language. Collocational frequencies of words (i.e. word pairings frequencies) provide non-native language users with information about accurate grammar structures which can be used when writing in the target language. Collocational information also enable non- native language users to make clearer distinctions between words and expressions commonly regarded as synonyms.
|
|
30 say, "Both gorillas and chimpanzees possess a penile bone. In the latter species, the os penis is located in the lower part of the organ and measures approximately three-quarters of an inch in length."Patterns of Sexual Behavior Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Beach, published by Harper & Row, New York in 1951. In humans, the rigidity of the erection is provided entirely through blood pressure in the corpora cavernosa.
|
|
The German Reference Corpus (original: Deutsches Referenzkorpus; short: DeReKo) is an electronic archive of text corpora of contemporary written German. It was first created in 1964 and is hosted at the Institute for the German Language (IDS) in Mannheim, Germany. The corpus archive is continuously updated and expanded. It currently comprises more than 4.0 billion word tokens (as of August 2010) and constitutes the largest linguistically motivated collection of contemporary German texts.
|
|
The American National Corpus (ANC) is a text corpus of American English containing 22 million words of written and spoken data produced since 1990. Currently, the ANC includes a range of genres, including emerging genres such as email, tweets, and web data that are not included in earlier corpora such as the British National Corpus. It is annotated for part of speech and lemma, shallow parse, and named entities. The ANC is available from the Linguistic Data Consortium.
|
|
Historical pragmatics has to rely exclusively on written corpora. This leads to the question how can we find out about the ways people talked to each other in medieval and early modern times? The difficulty of unmasking spoken language in earlier periods has been discussed several times; for medieval times there are practically no reflexes of or on spoken language, and a majority of studies on historical pragmatics do not delve into text prior to the 17th century.Cf., e.
|
|
Clitoroplasty, like phalloplasty, is a term that encompasses any surgical reconstruction of the clitoris, such as removal of the corpora. Clitoral recession and reduction can both be referred to as clitoroplasty. Potential surgical problems: Major complications can include scarring, contractures, loss of sensation, loss of capacity for orgasm, and unsatisfactory appearance. Clitoral recession involves the repositioning of the erectile body and glans of the clitoris farther back under the symphysis pubis and/or skin of the preputium and mons.
|
|
It is increasingly recognized that long-term outcomes are poor. Epispadias repair may involve comprehensive surgical repair of the genito-urinary area, usually during the first 7 years of life, including reconstruction of the urethra, closure of the penile shaft and mobilisation of the corpora. Urogenital closure closure of any midline opening at the base of the penis. In severe undervirilization a boy may have a "pseudovaginal pouch" or a single urogenital opening in the midline of the perineum.
|
|
Pattern Grammar is a model for describing the syntactic environments of individual lexical items, derived from studying their occurrences in authentic linguistic corpora. It was developed by Hunston, Francis, and Manning as part of the COBUILD project. It is a highly informal account that suggests a linear view of grammar (as opposed to phrase-structure or dependency grammars). Each word has a set of patterns assigned to it which describe typical contexts in which they are used.
|
|
Anna-Brita Stenström (born 1932) is a linguist whose areas of research include corpus linguistics, sociolinguistics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis. She has initiated and co-directed three online corpora of adolescent language: The Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT), Ungdomsspråk och språkkontakt i Norden (UNO), and Corpus Oral de Lenguaje Adolescente (COLA). She is Professor Emerita of English Linguistics at the University of Bergen, Norway. Stenström is a foreign member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
|
|
She is also currently building an open-access Language Change Database to facilitate statistical modelling and comparative sociolinguistic typologies. Since 1993, Nevalainen has been leading the compilation of the Corpora of Early English Correspondence, which currently comprises 5.1 million words of Late Middle and Early Modern English from 1400 - 1800. In 2002, a Festschrift entitled Variation Past and Present (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique LXI), was complied in her honor by Raumolin- Brunberg, H. et al.
|
|
The main treatment for isolated epispadias is a comprehensive surgical repair of the genito-urinary area usually during the first 7 years of life, including reconstruction of the urethra, closure of the penile shaft and mobilisation of the corpora. The most popular and successful technique is known as the modified Cantwell-Ransley approach. In recent decades however increasing success has been achieved with the complete penile disassembly technique despite its association with greater and more serious risk of damage.
|
|
A chordee may be caused by an underlying condition, such as a disorder of sex development or an intersex condition, or from a complication of circumcision, though some medical professionals do not consider it to be true chordee because the corporal bodies are normally formed. However, not all congenital chordee includes abnormal corpora, and case reports of damage to the corpus cavernosum from circumcision are noted in the literature; particularly as a complication of local anesthetic.
|
|
Frame-Based Terminology is a recent cognitive approach to Terminology developed by Pamela Faber and colleagues at the University of Granada. It was conceived within the context of the Functional Lexematic Model and Cognitive Linguistics. Frame-Based Terminology focuses on: # conceptual organization; # the multidimensional nature of terminological units; and # the extraction of semantic and syntactic information through the use of multilingual corpora. Within this context, Faber's current major project is called EcoLexicon, a terminological knowledge base on the Environment.
|
|
These uniform resource locators (URLs) can be used as unique uniform resource identifiers (URIs) for the entities in the knowledge base. Using a different knowledge base will return different URIs, but for knowledge bases built starting from Wikipedia there exist one-to-one URI mappings. In most cases, knowledge bases are manually builtWikidata, but in applications where large text corpora are available, the knowledge base can be inferred automatically from the available text.Aaron M. Cohen (2005).
|
|
RCTI at the time only aired foreign programming as it cost cheaper compared to self-produced programming. RCTI was initially co-owned by PT Rajawali Wira Bhakti Utama (later Rajawali Corpora) and PT Bimantara Citra (later Global Mediacom, subsequently PT Media Nusantara Citra (MNC)), thus its name. It is completely owned by MNC, which also owns Global TV and MNCTV, both private Indonesian television stations. RCTI now has 47 relay stations around Indonesia and reaches 180 million viewers.
|
|
The glans penis is the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum. It is moulded on the rounded ends of the corpora cavernosa penis, extending farther on their upper than on their lower surfaces. At the summit of the glans is the slit-like vertical external urethral orifice. The circumference of the base of the glans forms a rounded projecting border, the corona glandis, overhanging a deep retroglandular sulcus (the coronal sulcus), behind which is the neck of the penis.
|
|
United together along their medial surfaces by an incomplete fibrous pectiniform septum; each corpus is connected to the rami of the pubis and ischium by a clitoral crus. The female anatomy has two vestibular bulbs beneath the skin of the labia minora (at the entrance to the vagina), which expand at the same time as the glans clitoridis to cap the ends of the corpora cavernosa. This is homologous with the corpus spongiosum of the male anatomy.
|
|
The first written account of the material is due to the Kabardian author Shora Begmurzin Nogma, who wrote in Russian 1835–1843, published posthumously in 1861. A German translation by Adolf Berge was published in 1866 . The stories exist in the form of prose tales as well as epic songs. It is generally known that all the Nart corpora have an ancient Iranian core, inherited from the Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans (the Alans being the ancestors of the Ossetians).
|
|
A word sketch database is a set of such triples or quintuples, which may be generated either by querying a corpus using corpus query languageMiloš Jakubíček, Adam Kilgarriff, Diana McCarthy and Pavel Rychlý (2010) Fast syntactic searching in very large corpora for many languages. In Proceedings of Workshop on Advanced Corpus Solutions, PACLIC 24, Japan. or by parsing the corpus using a natural language parser.Aleš Horák, Pavel Rychlý, Adam Kilgarriff (2009) Czech word sketch relations with full syntax parser.
|
|
Because human languages contain biases, machines trained on language corpora will necessarily also learn these biases. Other forms of ethical challenges, not related to personal biases, are more seen in health care. There are concerns among health care professionals that these systems might not be designed in the public's interest but as income-generating machines. This is especially true in the United States where there is a long-standing ethical dilemma of improving health care, but also increasing profits.
|
|
The history of machine translation (MT) starts around the mid 1940s. Machine translations was probably the first time computers were used for non-numerical purposes. Machine translation enjoyed a fierce research interest during the 1950s and 1960s, which was followed by a stagnation until the 1980s. After the 1980s, machine translation became mainstream again, enjoying an even bigger popularity than in the 1950s and 1960s as well as rapid expansion, largely based on the text corpora approach.
|
|
The interpeduncular fossa is a somewhat rhomboid-shaped area of the base of the brain, limited in front by the optic chiasma, behind by the antero- superior surface of the pons, antero-laterally by the converging optic tracts, and postero-laterally by the diverging cerebral peduncles. The floor of interpeduncular fossa, from behind forward, are the posterior perforated substance, corpora mamillaria, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, and Pituitary Gland. Contents of interpeduncular fossa include oculomotor nerve, and circle of Willis.
|
|
Amtgard has a system of awards and honors based on past contributions and accomplishments.Amtgard Corpora There are incremental awards for all sorts of arts and crafts, ranging from sewing to singing to armor smithing. By achieving 10 ranks of most awards one might also attain the Masterhood for that award. As an example, someone who is very generous and works hard to benefit the province of Amtgard as a whole may gain Orders of the Rose.
|
|
In addition to his studies of microscopic life, he did extensive research on invertebrate groups that included echinoderms, hexapods, helminths and cnidarians. In the Foraminifera, he noticed an apparently formless life substance that he named "sarcode", later renamed protoplasm by Hugo von Mohl (1805–1872). Dujardin also remains famous for the identification and the first description in 1850 of the mushroom bodies (corpora pedunculata)Dujardin, F. 1850. Mémoire sur le système nerveux des insectes. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.
|
|
An English-Kannada Machine Translation(MT) package which bids to break new ground on the MT scene in India is being developed under NTM. The main aim of this project is to automate the translation of a given English sentence into Kannada. This Package is divided into 3 main modules– Parallel Aligned Corpora, Digitization of Source Language(SL) resources and Architecture. The Architecture is divided into 8 modules and implemented using Java with Netbeans Integrated Development Environment(IDE).
|
|
Hemingway's writing style, for example, is visibly different from Faulkner's. Letter, bigram, trigram, word frequencies, word length, and sentence length can be calculated for specific authors, and used to prove or disprove authorship of texts, even for authors whose styles are not so divergent. Accurate average letter frequencies can only be gleaned by analyzing a large amount of representative text. With the availability of modern computing and collections of large text corpora, such calculations are easily made.
|
|
The insect has five larval stages, with a moult between each. Each larval stage consumes a single large meal of blood, which triggers the moulting process, 12–15 days later. Wigglesworth demonstrated that the moult is started by prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) secreted into the blood in response to hormone release by neurosecretory cells in the brain. Further it was demonstrated that the corpora allata secrete the juvenile hormone which prevents the premature development into an adult.
|
|
6 but this was never widespread and is now largely abandoned.Google Books Ngram Viewer for cigaret vs. cigarette in US and British corpora The first patented cigarette-making machine was invented by Juan Nepomuceno Adorno of Mexico in 1847. However, production climbed markedly when another cigarette-making machine was developed in the 1880s by James Albert Bonsack, which vastly increased the productivity of cigarette companies, which went from making about 40,000 hand- rolled cigarettes daily to around 4 million.
|
|
The AI program had been trained to sample fiction in preparation for the novel-writing journey. Goodwin fed it three different text corpora, each with about 20 million words--one with poetry, one with science fiction, and one with "bleak" writing, in Goodwin's words. It had also been fed a data set from Foursquare; the AI recognized locations from Foursquare, and appended commentaries to them. The conversations captured inside the car were rendered in mutated fashion.
|
|
In the 1990s, many of the notable early successes on statistical methods in NLP occurred in the field of machine translation, due especially to work at IBM Research. These systems were able to take advantage of existing multilingual textual corpora that had been produced by the Parliament of Canada and the European Union as a result of laws calling for the translation of all governmental proceedings into all official languages of the corresponding systems of government.
|
|
Mahmood Bijankhan (; born 1958 in Abadan) is an Iranian linguist and professor of linguistics at the University of Tehran.Mahmood Bijankhan He is the creator of Bijankhan Corpus and a winner of Khwarizmi International Award.An Interview with Mahmood BijankhanBijankhan Corpus Bijankhan received his BSc in applied mathematics from University of Texas at Arlington (1981) and his MA (1990) and PhD (1996) in linguistics from University of Tehran. He is known for his research on Persian phonetics and phonology and creating Persian corpora.
|
|
DDL positions students to use higher order thinking skills to learn how to learn to make and learn from their own observations. Such guided discovery leads to fuzzy results, which are incompatible with prescriptive linguistics and teaching. There is a considerable body of research conducted into DDL as evidenced by the professional bodies, books, journal articles and conference presentations. TaLC (Teaching and Language Corpora) is a biennial conference that is a platform for corpus-based research that has a pedagogical focus.
|
|
In semantics, and the more- general discourse analysis, discourse is a conceptual generalization of conversation within each modality and context of communication. In this sense, the term is studied in corpus linguistics, the study of language expressed in corpora (samples) of "real world" text. The study of semantics particularizes discourse as meaning the totality of codified language (i.e., vocabulary) used in a given field of intellectual enquiry and of social practice, such as legal discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse, etc.
|
|
The EAG compiler developed there will generate either a recogniser, a transducer, a translator, or a syntax directed editor for a language described in the EAG formalism. The formalism is quite similar to Prolog, to the extent that it borrowed its cut operator. EAGs have been used to write grammars of natural languages such as English, Spanish, and Hungarian. The aim was to verify the grammars by making them parse corpora of text (corpus linguistics); hence, parsing had to be sufficiently practical.
|
|
Word meaning is in principle infinitely variable and context sensitive. It does not divide up easily into distinct or discrete sub-meanings. Lexicographers frequently discover in corpora loose and overlapping word meanings, and standard or conventional meanings extended, modulated, and exploited in a bewildering variety of ways. The art of lexicography is to generalize from the corpus to definitions that evoke and explain the full range of meaning of a word, making it seem like words are well-behaved semantically.
|
|
At the end of the 1980s, there was a large surge in a number of novel methods for machine translation. One system was developed at IBM that was based on statistical methods. Makoto Nagao and his group used methods based on large numbers of translation examples, a technique that is now termed example-based machine translation. A defining feature of both of these approaches was the neglect of syntactic and semantic rules and reliance instead on the manipulation of large text corpora.
|
|
Building largely on Isaac Newton's theory of the tides, Mesmer expounded on certain tides in the human body that might be accounted for by the movements of the sun and moon.Bloch, xiii Evidence assembled by Frank A. Pattie suggests that Mesmer plagiarizedPattie, 13ff. a part of his dissertation from a workDe Imperio Solis ac Lunae in Corpora Humana et Morbis inde Oriundis (On the Influence of the Sun and Moon upon Human Bodies and the Diseases Arising Therefrom (1704). See Pattie, 16.
|
|
A parser may be improved by applying it to large amounts of text and gathering rule frequencies. However, it should be obvious that only by a process of correcting and completing a corpus by hand is it possible then to identify rules absent from the parser knowledge base. In addition, frequencies are likely to be more accurate. In corpus linguistics, treebanks are used to study syntactic phenomena (for example, diachronic corpora can be used to study the time course of syntactic change).
|
|
They are also consistent with a model advanced by others that corpora allata maintained in vitro of day 0 M. sexta larva secrete high levels of JH, but that the shift to producing only JH acid at day 4, which is then methylated by imaginal discs to generate the JH peak.Sparagana et al., 1985; Sparagana et al., 1984 However, secretion of the relative amounts of JH produced by CA of Manduca sexta has been found to differ considerably from in vivo titers.
|
|
At this point, new instruments and equipment are replaced and the entire prosthesis is inserted through the small opening of the loose drape. The loose drape allows for manipulation of the penis and scrotum required for this procedure without touching the skin. Implantation of the device continues with an incision and dilation of corpora, sizing and placing the penile cylinders, and placement of the pump in the scrotum and the reservoir in the retropubic space. Saline is used throughout the implantation for irrigation.
|
|
Since the prime characteristics of the tobacco mosaic virus are that it damages the leaves and flowers of the plant, stunts growth, and lowers quantity and quality of the crop, it is puzzling to many academics and scientists that twenty more years passed before "breaking" was even suspected of being virus-induced.Wilkinson, Lise, The Development of the Virus Concept as Reflected in Corpora of Studies on Individual Pathogens, 3. Lessons of the Plant Viruses - Tobacco Mosaic Virus, p. 113-114.
|
|
Rajawali Televisi (RTV, stylized as rtv) is a commercial television network in Indonesia, owned by Rajawali Corpora and Mayapada. RTV is currently segmented as "family television", licensed via the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission, and its frequency is coordinated through the Department of Transportation. RTV officially aired for the first time on November 1, 2009, in Jakarta as B Channel. With its airtime starting at 3:30 am, RTV's current programs focus on entertainment, soft news, and a variety of family shows.
|
|
In the fifth month the membrane degenerates but leaves a remnant called the hymen. Organs in the male and female with a shared common ancestry are said to be homologous. The clitoral glans is homologous to the male glans penis, and the clitoral body and the clitoral crura are homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The labia majora is homologous to the scrotum; the clitoral hood is homologous to the foreskin, and the labia minora is homologous to the spongy urethra.
|
|
Large linguistic data sets merged with the word database allow for proper classification of words. Among others, LearnThatWord offers a Spelling Bee goal module of close to 30,000 words and an SAT module of over 5,000 words. Detailed frequency datasets from the world's largest English language corpora allow LearnThatWord to present words in a logical order: Members can start with easy, everyday words and advance to harder ones in managed progression. Currently LearnThatWord accepts both US and UK spelling variants as correct.
|
|
Resnik, P. (2006), WSD in NLP applications, in Eneko Agirre & Phil Edmonds (eds.), Word Sense Disambiguation: Algorithms and Applications. Dordrecht: Springer, 299–338. Until 1990 or so, discussions of the sense disambiguation task focused mainly on illustrative examples rather than comprehensive evaluation. The early 1990s saw the beginnings of more systematic and rigorous intrinsic evaluations, including more formal experimentation on small sets of ambiguous words.Yarowsky, D. (1992), Word-sense disambiguation using statistical models of Roget’s categories trained on large corpora.
|
|
Text corpora are represented in a vectorial form as a matrix D whose rows denote the documents and whose columns denote the words in the dictionary. Matrix elements Dij denote occurrence of word j in document i. Co-clustering algorithms are then applied to discover blocks in D that correspond to a group of documents (rows) characterized by a group of words(columns). Test clustering can solve the high-dimensional sparse problem, which means clustering text and words at the same time.
|
|
Pehr von Afzelius (14 December 1760, Larv – 2 December 1843 in Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish medical doctor and professor in Uppsala. Afzelius was the brother of botanist Adam Afzelius, chemist Johan Afzelius, and doctoral advisor of Jacob Berzelius.De electricitatis Galvanicae apparatu cel. Volta excitae in corpora organica effectu OCLC World Cat From 1777 to 1781 he studied at Uppsala University, and in February 1784 began a lengthy study trip, in which he visited several European universities, most notably in Paris and Edinburgh.
|
|
37, 1-14 Vitellogenin titers are high at the beginning of adult life and slowly decrease. JH has been known to be involved in the queen-worker caste differentiation during the larval stage.Rachinsky A., Hartfelder K. (1990) Corpora allata activity, a primer regulating element for caste juvenile hormone titer in honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera carnica), Journal of Insect Physiology. 36, 189–194 The unique negative relationship between JH and Vitellogenin may be important to the understanding of queen longevity.
|
|
Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle. The arrow is in the median aperture. 1: Inferior medullary velum 2: Choroid plexus 3: Cisterna magna of subarachnoid space 4: Central canal 5: Corpora quadrigemina 6: Cerebral peduncle 7: Superior medullary velum 8: Ependymal lining of ventricle 9: Pontine cistern of subarachnoid space There is a choroid plexus in each of the four ventricles. In the lateral ventricles it is found in the body, and continued in an enlarged amount in the atrium.
|
|
Chapter 3. PTTH also stimulates the corpora allata, a retrocerebral organ, to produce juvenile hormone, which prevents the development of adult characteristics during ecdysis. In holometabolous insects, molts between larval instars have a high level of juvenile hormone, the moult to the pupal stage has a low level of juvenile hormone, and the final, or imaginal, molt has no juvenile hormone present at all.Gullan, P.J. & Cranston, P.S. 6.3 Process and Control of Moulting in The Insects: An Outline of Entomology.
|
|
The Bulgarian National corpus consists of a monolingual (Bulgarian) part and 47 parallel corpora. The Bulgarian part includes about 1.2 billion words in over 240 000 text samples. The materials in the Corpus reflect the state of the Bulgarian language (mainly in its written form) from the middle of 20th century (1945) until present.Koeva, Svetla, Ivelina Stoyanova, Svetlozara Leseva, Tsvetana Dimitrova, Rositsa Dekova, and Ekaterina Tarpomanova (2012) “The Bulgarian National Corpus: Theory and Practice in Corpus Design” – Journal of Language Modelling, 2012, Vol.
|
|
Lisa Ann (born Lisa Ann Corpora; May 9, 1972) is an American pornographic actress and radio personality. She has also worked as a director and talent agent. She is considered to be the most popular pornographic actress in the world, and has received mainstream notice for parodying former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin in six adult films and a music video. She is a member of the AVN, XRCO, and Urban X Halls of Fame. Ann entered the adult film industry in 1994.
|
|
This discrepancies led to Martin Kay's views on translation and translation engines as a whole. As Kay puts it "More substantial successes in these enterprises will require a sharper image of the world than any that can be made out simply from the statistics of language use" [(page xvii) Parallel Text Processing: Alignment and Use of Translation Corpora]. Thus Kay has brought back to light the question of meaning inside language and the distortion of meaning through processes of translation.
|
|
"Koguryŏan, and especially Paekchean, appear to have borne close relationships to Sillan." "At least from a contemporary Chinese standpoint, the languages of the three kingdoms were similar." Opinion differs as to whether to classify the Goguryeo and Baekje languages as Old Korean variants, or as related but independent languages. Lee Ki-Moon and S. Roberts Ramsey argue in 2011 that evidence for mutual intelligibility is insufficient, and that linguists ought to "treat the fragments of the three languages as representing three separate corpora".
|
|
Although, Google deployed a new system called neural machine translation for better quality translation, there are languages that still use the traditional translation method called statistical machine translation. It is a rule-based translation method that utilizes predictive algorithms to guess ways to translate texts in foreign languages. It aims to translate whole phrases rather than single words then gather overlapping phrases for translation. Moreover, it also analyzes bilingual text corpora to generate statistical model that translates texts from one language to another.
|
|
Along with Egyptian hieroglyphs, it is one of the earliest writing systems. Over the course of its history, cuneiform was adapted to write a number of languages linguistically unrelated to Sumerian. Akkadian texts are attested from the 24th century BC onward and make up the bulk of the cuneiform record. Akkadian cuneiform was itself adapted to write the Hittite language sometime around the 17th century BC. The other languages with significant cuneiform corpora are Eblaite, Elamite, Hurrian, Luwian, and Urartian.
|
|
His research interests include all areas of text processing and in particular the transformation of textual corpora in lexical and grammatical representations (i.e. computationally deployable electronic dictionaries and local grammars). He was also instrumental in the design and realization of a number of search engines, in particular of the first large-scale scientific search engine on the web www.scirus.com. Later work concerned the use of linguistic techniques in page and link analysis on the web, especially for the construction of vertical search engines.
|
|
Law and corpus linguistics (LCL) is a new academic sub-discipline that uses large databases of examples of language usage equipped with tools designed by linguists called corpora to better get at the meaning of words and phrases in legal texts (statutes, constitutions, contracts, etc.). Thus, LCL is the application of corpus linguistic tools, theories, and methodologies to issues of legal interpretation in much the same way law and economics is the application of economic tools, theories, and methodologies to various legal issues.
|
|
In 1947 Vedova founded Fronte Nuovo delle Arti. In 1951, Vedova exhibited his first solo show in the United States at the Catherine Viviano Gallery located in New York. This show was where he began to attract big name collectors, such as Peggy Guggenheim. In 1952 he became a member of the influential and more avant garde Gruppo degli Otto (Afro, Birolli, Corpora, Santomaso, Morlotti, Vedova, Moreni and Turcato), organised by the critic Lionello Venturi, which exhibited at the Venice Biennial.
|
|
LIVAC is an uncommon language corpus dynamically maintained since 1995. Different from other existing corpora, LIVAC has adopted a rigorous and regular as well as "Windows" approach in processing and filtering massive media texts from representative Chinese speech communities such as Hong Kong, Macau, Taipei, Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing, as well as Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.Tsou, Benjamin; Lai, Tom; Chan, Samuel; and Wang, William S.-Y. (Eds). (1998). Quantitative and Computational Studies on the Chinese Language 《漢語計量與計算研究》.
|
|
The phrase is from the Latin habeās, 2nd person singular present subjunctive active of habēre, "to have", "to hold"; and corpus, accusative singular of corpus, "body". In reference to more than one person, the phrase is habeas corpora. Literally, the phrase means "[we command] that you should have the [detainee's] body [brought to court]". The complete phrase habeas corpus [coram nobis] ad subjiciendum means "that you have the person [before us] for the purpose of subjecting (the case to examination)".
|
|
Despite the widespread awareness of corpora among the major movers and shakers in foreign language teaching, DDL is not widely embraced by its practitioners. One of the main reasons for this is the incompatibility of views on language and language learning: traditional language teachers and textbooks have a prescriptive view of language treating it as a system of rules to be memorised, engaging only lower order thinking skills. A descriptive view of language permits the observation of language patterns and outliers that exist in language itself.
|
|
It is normal to correlate the erection of the penis with male sexual arousal. Physical or psychological stimulation, or both, leads to vasodilation and the increased blood flow engorges the three spongy areas that run along the length of the penis (the two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum). The penis grows enlarged and firm, the skin of the scrotum is pulled tighter, and the testes are pulled up against the body. However, the relationship between erection and arousal is not one-to-one.
|
|
One sample set contains spoken conversation and the other three sample sets contain written text: academic writing, fiction and newspapers respectively. The latest (third) edition has been released and comes in XML format. The BNC Sampler is a two-part sub-corpora, a part each for written and spoken data; each part contains one million words. The BNC Sampler was originally used in a project to work out how to improve the tagging process for the BNC, which eventually led to the BNC World edition.
|
|
The English-Arabic Parallel Corpus of United Nations Texts (EAPCOUNT) is one of the biggest available parallel corpora involving the Arabic language. It is intended as a general research tool, available beyond the present project for applied and theoretical linguistic research. It started as a PhD research project at the Department of Linguistics, University of Carthage, in 2006 by Dr. Hammouda Salhi (), in collaboration with some of his students, and completed in 2010. The whole description of the corpus was completed in 2009 and revised in 2010.
|
|
Bursicon is found in different insects and considered to be unspecific. It is produced by median neurosecretory cells in the brain, circulates in blood and stored in corpora cardiaca. The structure of the protein has been investigated well in fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and in some insect species bursicon gene has been sequenced, including the mosquito (Anopheles gambiae), cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus), locust (Locusta migratoria), and mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The hormone is also present in the silkworm (Bombyx mori), blow fly (Calliphora erythrocephala), and cockroach (Periplaneta americana).
|
|
The corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE; pronounced "globe") contains about 1.9 billion words of text from twenty different countries. This makes it about 100 times as large as other corpora like the International Corpus of English, and it allows for many types of searches that would not be possible otherwise. In addition to this online interface, you can also download full-text data from the corpus. it is unique in the way that it allows one to carry out comparisons between different varieties of English.
|
|
Therefore this data would be less useful for verifying accent detection or similar issues. Where possible, the name is a standard name of the corpus, for some of the smaller corpora, however, there was no established name and hence an identifier had to be created. In such cases, a combination of the institution and the collector of the database is used. In the case where the databases contain native and non-native speech, only attributes of the non- native part of the corpus are listed.
|
|
These piercings pass horizontally through the shaft. Since the piercing passes directly through the corpora cavernosa, it is likely that this piercing will bleed. Puncturing an artery cause significant bleeding; the piercing will likely have to be reset. This piercing is sometimes recommended to be done with an erect penis to avoid the chance of the piercing pinching when the penis becomes erect; unfortunately this practice leads to even more bleeding as both erectile chambers of the penis are engorged with blood while it is erect.
|
|
In 1988 Sidney Greenbaum proposed a new project, ICE, the International Corpus of English. ICE was to be an international project, carried out at research centres around the world, to compile corpora of English varieties where English was the first or second official language. ICE texts would contain spoken and written English in a balanced sample of one million words per component so that these samples could be compared in a wide varieties of ways. The ICE project continues around the world to the present day.
|
|
The neuroendocrine system is typical of insects. There is a brain, a subesophageal ganglion, three thoracic ganglia, and six abdominal ganglia. Strong neuron connections connect the neurohemal corpora cardiaca to the brain and frontal ganglion, where the closely related median corpus allatum produces juvenile hormone III in close proximity to the neurohemal dorsal aorta. The digestive system of earwigs is like all other insects, consisting of a fore-, mid-, and hindgut, but earwigs lack gastric caecae which are specialized for digestion in many species of insect.
|
|
Physiological phenomena could thus be explained in terms of physics. Richard Mead subsequently applied Newton's gravitational theories to Pitcairne's hydraulic iatromechanism and astrological medicine. In De imperio solis ac lunae in corpora humana et morbis inde oriundis [A treatise concerning the influence of the sun and moon on human bodies and the diseases thereby produced] (1704), Mead stressed the mechanical effects of solar and lunar emanations, especially the gravitational effects of the tides, on the pressure of vessels and fluids within the human body.
|
|
Augustine was one of the first Christian ancient Latin authors with a very clear vision of theological anthropology. He saw the human being as a perfect unity of soul and body. In his late treatise On Care to Be Had for the Dead, section 5 (420 AD) he exhorted respect for the body on the grounds it belonged to the very nature of the human person.Augustine of Hippo, De cura pro mortuis gerenda CSEL 41, 627 [13–22]; PL 40, 595: Nullo modo ipsa spernenda sunt corpora.
|
|
In chapter 5 he examines the role of corpora in studying and determining the productivity of morphological processes, and in chapter 6 he surveys the development and varying productivity of a number of historical and cross- language morphological phenomena. He also reviews several formulas proposed to calculate productivity and concludes that thus far there is no clear, unequivocal, or reliable method to determine the productivity of a morphological process, but in chapter 7 he offers a few useful observations about the productivity of processes.
|
|
The shorter of these two is called the ganglionic system, and the vessels belonging to it supply the thalami and corpora striata; the longer is the cortical system, and its vessels ramify in the pia mater and supply the cortex and subjacent brain substance. Furthermore, the cortical branches are divisible into two classes: long and short. The long or medullary arteries pass through the grey substance and penetrate the subjacent white substance to the depth of 3–4 cm. The short vessels are confined to the cortex.
|
|
Many applications require a measure of "similarity" between objects. One obvious example is the "find-similar-document" query, on traditional text corpora or the World-Wide Web. More generally, a similarity measure can be used to cluster objects, such as for collaborative filtering in a recommender system, in which “similar” users and items are grouped based on the users’ preferences. Various aspects of objects can be used to determine similarity, usually depending on the domain and the appropriate definition of similarity for that domain.
|
|
Although aristocratic values permeated traditional elite society, a strong tendency towards plutocracy is indicated by the wealth requirements for census rank. Prestige could be obtained through investing one's wealth in ways that advertised it appropriately: grand country estates or townhouses, durable luxury items such as jewels and silverware, public entertainments, funerary monuments for family members or coworkers, and religious dedications such as altars. Guilds (collegia) and corporations (corpora) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking, sharing sound business practices, and a willingness to work.
|
|
Reverso's suite of online linguistic services has over 40 million users, and comprises various types of language web apps and tools for translation and language learning. Its tools support many languages including Arabic, English, French, Hebrew, Spanish, Italian, Russian, and more. Since its founding Reverso has provided machine translation tools for automated translation of texts in various languages, including neural machine translation. Reverso Context is an online and mobile application combining big data from large multilingual corpora to allow users to search for translations in context.
|
|
It was chosen for the rescue operation because it can drill large holes deep into the ground and because it works faster than mining drills. Unlike the Strata 950 and the Schramm T-130, the Rig 421 brings debris back up to the surface.Precision Drilling Corpora. RIG 421 Specifications PDF , Precision Drilling It suffered a setback due to the difficulty of aiming the larger drill at a 2.5m x 2.5m target and the hardness of the rock when the drill diverted from its course.
|
|
In the 1990s, Fillmore taught classes in computational lexicography at the University of Pisa, where he met Sue Atkins, who was conducting frame-semantic analyses from a lexicographic perspective. In their subsequent discussions and collaborations, Fillmore came to acknowledge the importance of considering corpus data. They discussed the "dictionary of the future", in which every word would be linked to example sentences from corpora. After 23 years at the University of California, Berkeley, Fillmore retired in 1994 and joined Berkeley's International Computer Science Institute.
|
|
The neuroendocrine system is typical of insects. There is a brain, a subesophageal ganglion, three thoracic ganglia, and six abdominal ganglia. Strong neuron connections connect the neurohemal corpora cardiaca to the brain and frontal ganglion, where the closely related median corpus allatum produces juvenile hormone III in close proximity to the neurohemal dorsal arota. The digestive system of earwigs is like all other insects, consisting of a fore-, mid-, and hindgut, but earwigs lack gastric caecae which are specialized for digestion in many species of insect.
|
|
In fact, several tombstones from across the empire claim: 'Baths, wine, and sex corrupt our bodies, but baths, wine, and sex make life worth living.' (“balnea vina Venus / corrumpunt corpora / nostra se vitam faciunt / balnea vina Venus,” epitaph of Tiberius Claudius Secundus, CIL VI.15258, Rome, 1st C.) The objections of the philosopher Seneca were instead about the associated noise that interrupted his work when he resided above a bath.Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 56.1, 2, Seneca the Younger. Quoted in Invisible Romans, chapter 1, Robert C. Knapp.
|
|
The corpus spongiosum, a ventral, medial body that is more echoic than the corpora cavernosa, is also covered by the tunica albuginea and contains the urethra. As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, it is more dilated and prominent in its proximal segment, known as the bulb, and in its distal segment, constituting the glans. Buck's fascia is superficial to the tunica albuginea and covers all of the structures described. Venous drainage is performed by the deep and superficial dorsal veins of the penis.
|
|
Mikolov et al. (2013) develop an approach to assessing the quality of a word2vec model which draws on the semantic and syntactic patterns discussed above. They developed a set of 8,869 semantic relations and 10,675 syntactic relations which they use as a benchmark to test the accuracy of a model. When assessing the quality of a vector model, a user may draw on this accuracy test which is implemented in word2vec, or develop their own test set which is meaningful to the corpora which make up the model.
|
|
The façade of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria There was previously a church of San Getulio at Teramo. Getulius' relics are purported to be at Rome, in the principal altar of the church of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria. The relics of his purported wife St. Symphorosa and their seven sons were transferred to the Church of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria at Rome by Pope Stephen II in 752. A sarcophagus was found here in 1610, bearing the inscription: Hic requiescunt corpora SS. Martyrum Simforosae, viri sui Zotici (Getulii) et Filiorum ejus a Stephano Papa translata.
|
|
Treebanks are often created on top of a corpus that has already been annotated with part-of-speech tags. In turn, treebanks are sometimes enhanced with semantic or other linguistic information. Treebanks can be created completely manually, where linguists annotate each sentence with syntactic structure, or semi-automatically, where a parser assigns some syntactic structure which linguists then check and, if necessary, correct. In practice, fully checking and completing the parsing of natural language corpora is a labour-intensive project that can take teams of graduate linguists several years.
|
|
Unobtrusive measures can assist in tackling known biases such as selection bias and experimenter's bias. Webb and his colleagues emphasize the importance of triangulating the results obtained through various methodologies, each with its own unique set of (usually unknown) biases. The proliferation of digital media opened a new era for communication researchers in search of unobtrusively obtained data sources. Online communication creates digital footprints that can allow an analysis of data that are obtained through unobtrusive methods, and are also massively larger than any corpora obtained via elicitation and human transcription.
|
|
He seems to have recognised the communication of the convoluted surface of the brain and that between the lateral cavities beneath the fornix. He described the corpora striata and optic thalami; the four orbicular eminences, with the bridge, which he first named annular protuberance; and the white mammillary eminences, behind the infundibulum. In the cerebellum he remarks the arborescent arrangement of the white and grey matter and gives a good account of the internal carotids and the communications which they make with the branches of the basilar artery. Willis replaced Nemesius's doctrine.
|
|
The decision of what to include in a corpus lies with corpus developers, and it has been done so with pragmatism. The desiderata and criteria used for the British National Corpus serves as a good model for a general-purpose, general-language corpus with the focus of being representative replaced with being balanced. Search engines such as Google serves as a default means of access to the Web and its wide array of linguistics resources. However, for linguists working in the field of corpora, there presents a number of challenges.
|
|
The corpora quadrigemina are four mounds, called colliculi, in two pairs – a superior and an inferior pair, on the surface of the tectum. The superior colliculi process some visual information, aid the decussation of several fibres of the optic nerve (some fibres remain ipsilateral), and are involved with saccadic eye movements. The tectospinal tract connects the superior colliculi to the cervical nerves of the neck, and co-ordinates head and eye movements. Each superior colliculi also sends information to the corresponding lateral geniculate nucleus, with which it is directly connected.
|
|
Potential surgical problems: Foreign body reactions, rarely with infection or erosion of scrotal skin, are minimal but constitute the most significant complication. Penile augmentation surgery is surgery intended to enlarge a small penis. Early attempts in the 1950s and 1960s involved constructing a tube of non-erectile flesh extending a small penis but the penis did not function. In recent years a small number of urologists have been offering an augmentation procedure that involves moving outward some of the buried components of the corpora so that the penis protrudes more.
|
|
Prior to the development of ear plugs as an ageing method, layers in baleen plates were used, but these wear down and are not a reliable measure. In addition, the ovaries of female blue whales form a permanent record of the number of ovulations (or perhaps pregnancies), in the form of corpora albicantia. These fibrous masses are permanent scars that have been used in the past as an indication of age. In pygmy blue whales, one corpus albicans is formed every 2.6 years on average, which matches the two- to three-year interval between calves.
|
|
The BNC served as the source from which the frequently used expressions were extracted. In using this website, users thus relied on reference samples from the BNC to guide them in their learning of the English language. Such creation of materials that facilitate language-learning typically involves the use of very large corpora (comparable to the size of the BNC), as well as advanced software and technology. A large amount of money, time, and expertise in the field of computational linguistics are invested in the development of such language-learning material.
|
|
Translation is based on the data from Youdao search engine and other massive web data generated by data mining and natural language processing. A large number of Chinese parallel corpora and foreign language (including vocabulary and example sentences) were excavated to be process and displayed both on desktop and mobile application over the network in a way that users can easily accomplish queries. By the end of July 2012, NetEase Youdao dictionary (desktop + mobile version) had more than 200 million users globally."Youdao dictionary users exceeded two hundred million Netease Technology".
|
|
De Graaf's position in the history of reproduction is unique, summarising the work of anatomists before his time, but unable to benefit from the advances about to be made by microscopy, although he reported its use by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1673. His personal contributions include the description of testicular tubules, the efferent ducts, and corpora lutea. De Graaf may have been the first to understand the reproductive function of the Fallopian tube, described the hydrosalpinx, linking its development to female infertility. De Graaf also invented a practical syringe, described in his third treatise.
|
|
Extra-textual citations are automatically linked once the cited work is made available in its IntraText edition. IntraText allows to create text collections as a whole hypertext, for example the collected works of an author, corpora, etc. The IntraText collection creates a browsing system which preserves the identity of each collected text (author, title, structure, criteria for concordance reference) but unifies them through the concordances. In an IntraText collection, the Table of contents has two levels: the index of the works and, for each work, its own TOC.
|
|
The related terms dis legomenon, tris legomenon, and tetrakis legomenon respectively (, , ) refer to double, triple, or quadruple occurrences, but are far less commonly used. Hapax legomena are quite common, as predicted by Zipf's law,Paul Baker, Andrew Hardie, and Tony McEnery, A Glossary of Corpus Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, 2006, page 81, . which states that the frequency of any word in a corpus is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. For large corpora, about 40% to 60% of the words are hapax legomena, and another 10% to 15% are dis legomena.
|
|
In Lepidoptera and mosquitoes farnesoic acid or its homologs is epoxidized by a P450 dependent farnesoic acid methyl epoxidase, then it is methylated by a JH acid methyl transferase In most orders, farnesoic acid is methylated by farensoic acid methyl transferase, and then is epoxidized by a P450 dependent methyl transferas. A recent publication by Nouzova et al. (2015) shows that allatostatin C, the peptide which inhibits JH production by the corpora allata, blocks the transport of citrate out of the mitochondrion in Aedes aegypti. This is a very logical control mechanism for JH biosynthesis.
|
|
The primary control of juvenile hormone is by 1) the stimulation of the corpora allata by allatotropinsSchooley, D.A., 1991. Identification of an allatostatin from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88, 9458-9462 short peptides which bind to G-protein coupled receptors, which signal the glands to produce JH, and 2), the inhibition of JH production by allatostatins. These fall into three classes: allatostatin A, allatostatin B, and allatostatin C (for a review of these control mechanisms see: Stay and Woodhead 1993).
|
|
This has been demonstrated in various studies, most prominently that by V. B. Wigglesworth in 1960s. In this study, two adult Rhodnius had their blood systems linked, ensuring that the JH titre in both would be equal. One was a third instar Rhodnius, the other was a fourth instar. When the corpora allata of the third instar insect were removed, the level of JH was equal in both insects to that in the fourth instar animal, and hence both proceeded to the fifth instar at the next moult.
|
|
The Book of Concord was compiled by a group of theologians led by Jakob Andreae and Martin Chemnitz at the behest of their rulers, who desired an end to the religious controversies in their territories that arose among Lutherans after the death of Martin Luther in 1546.Robert Kolb et al., The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000), 481-485. It was intended to replace German territorial collections of doctrinal statements, known as corpora doctrinæ (bodies of doctrine) like the Corpus doctrinæ Philippicum or Misnicum.
|
|
Corpus-assisted discourse studies, or CADS, is related historically and methodologically to the discipline of corpus linguistics. The principal endeavor of corpus-assisted discourse studies is the investigation, and comparison of features of particular discourse types, integrating into the analysis the techniques and tools developed within corpus linguistics. These include the compilation of specialised corpora and analyses of word and word- cluster frequency lists, comparative keyword lists and, above all, concordances. A broader conceptualisation of corpus-assisted discourse studies would include any study that aims to bring together corpus linguistics and discourse analysis.
|
|
From 1983 to 1986, updated versions leading to CLAWS2 were part of a larger attempt to deal with aspects such as recognizing sentence breaks, in order to avoid the need for manual pre-processing of a text before the tags were applied, moving instead to optional manual post-editing to adjust the output of the automatic annotation, if needed.Garside, Roger. 1996. The robust tagging of unrestricted text: the BNC experience. In J. Thomas & M. short (Eds.) Using Corpora for language research: Studies in the honour of Geoffrey Leech. (pp. 167–180). London. Longman.
|
|
The historicity of Jābir ibn Hayyān itself is in question, and most of the numerous Islamic works attributed to him are, themselves, pseudepigraphic. It is common practice of historians of alchemy to refer to the earlier body of Islamic alchemy texts as the Corpus Jabirianum or Jabirian Corpus, and to the later, 13th to 14th century Latin corpus as Pseudo-Geber or Latin Pseudo-Geber, a term introduced by Marcellin Berthelot. The "Pseudo-Geber problem" is the question of a possible relation between the two corpora. This question has long been controversially discussed.
|
|
Large textual corpora can be turned into networks and then analysed with the method of social network analysis. In these networks, the nodes are Social Actors, and the links are Actions. The extraction of these networks can be automated by using parsers. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes.
|
|
Two works of art by Mat Brinkman were used in The Orange Eats Creeps — one on the cover and one as a frontispiece. Two works of art by Michael Salerno of Kiddiepunk were used in Mira Corpora, on the front and back covers, as well as frontispiece and end piece. Ricardo Cavolo's ink- on-paper piece, 1937, is featured on the cover of How to Get Into the Twin Palms. Two Dollar Radio is distributed in the US and Canada by PGW, and in the UK by Turnaround Publisher Services.
|
|
Flagiti principium est nudare inter civis corpora: Ennius, as quoted by Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 4.33.70 Public nudity might be offensive or distasteful even in traditional settings; Cicero derides Mark Antony as undignified for appearing near-naked as a participant in the Lupercalia festival, even though it was ritually required. Negative connotations of nudity included defeat in war, since captives were stripped and sold into slavery. Slaves for sale were often displayed naked to allow buyers to inspect them for defects, and to symbolize that they lacked the right to control their own bodies.
|
|
Rule-based machine translation (RBMT) is generated on the basis of morphological, syntactic, and semantic analysis of both the source and the target languages. Corpus-based machine translation (CBMT) is generated on the analysis of bilingual text corpora. The former belongs to the domain of rationalism and the latter empiricism. Given large-scale and fine-grained linguistic rules, RBMT systems are capable of producing translations with reasonable quality, but constructing the system is very time-consuming and labor-intensive because such linguistic resources need to be hand-crafted, frequently referred to as knowledge acquisition problem.
|
|
Tagmemes combine to form a syntagmeme, a syntactic construction consisting of a sequence of tagmemes. Tagmemics as a linguistic methodology was developed by Pike in his book Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior, 3 vol. (1954–1960). It was primarily designed to assist linguists to efficiently extract coherent descriptions out of corpora of fieldwork data. Tagmemics is particularly associated with the Summer Institute of Linguistics, an association of missionary linguists devoted largely to Bible translations, of which Pike was an early member.
|
|
Bednarek has made contributions to the study of language and evaluation/emotion. Her 2006 book, Evaluation in Media Discourse, introduced a parameter-based framework of evaluation, while her 2008 book, Emotion Talk Across Corpora, developed a corpus linguistic approach to the analysis of emotion talk and explored this across British English registers. The book includes a chapter describing a local grammar of affect, evaluated by Susan Hunston as 'probably the most successful' version. She has also contributed to critiquing and developing research on appraisal, especially in relation to attitude and affect.
|
|
A corpus may contain texts in a single language (monolingual corpus) or text data in multiple languages (multilingual corpus). In order to make the corpora more useful for doing linguistic research, they are often subjected to a process known as annotation. An example of annotating a corpus is part-of- speech tagging, or POS-tagging, in which information about each word's part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, etc.) is added to the corpus in the form of tags. Another example is indicating the lemma (base) form of each word.
|
|
The timely identification and removal of non- pregnant females from the breeding herd is important because it reduces both non-productive sow days and production costs. Techniques used for pregnancy diagnosis in swine include ultrasonography, amplitude depth machines, and Doppler machines. Mycotoxins have been shown to be detrimental to sows and gilts by causing the female to retain a corpora lutea inhibiting cyclicity and causing a pseudopregnancy; as well as a constant exhibition of estrus, and infertility. Pregnant females produce litters that result in a higher number of stillborns, mummified fetuses, and abortions.
|
|
In Aug 1970, Japanese linguist Shigeru Tsuchida was told by one of his consultants that there was a Taivoan language in Lakkuli, such as: > "ancua ikasu akia tavoLaa gwaa no miaa" > (Translation: Why don't you know my name?) > "ikuu ka ku boo pakciu cima vo tavLaa" > (Translation: I haven't seen you for a long time, so I don't know who you > are.) According to the scarce corpora Tsuchida obtained, he doubted the language is apparently a mixture of Kanakanabu, Taiwanese, Mantauran-Rukai, Bunun, Japanese, and some unknown elements.
|
|
The human penis is an external male intromittent organ that additionally serves as the urinal duct. The main parts are the root (radix); the body (corpus); and the epithelium of the penis including the shaft skin and the foreskin (prepuce) covering the glans penis. The body of the penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side and corpus spongiosum between them on the ventral side. The human male urethra passes through the prostate gland, where it is joined by the ejaculatory duct, and then through the penis.
|
|
The town of Sahagún arose around the Benedictine monastery dedicated to the two saints. The name Sahagún putatively derives from an abbreviation and variation on the name San Fagun ("Saint Facundus"). The 12th century work known as The Guide for the Pilgrim to Santiago de Compostela states: Item, visitanda sunt corpora beatorum martirum Facundi scilitet et Primitivi, quorum basilicam Karolus fecit (“Furthermore, the bodies of Facundus and Primitivus must be visited, whose basilica was constructed by Charlemagne.”).Miguel León Portilla, Bernardino de Sahagún, first anthropologist (University of Oklahoma Press, 2002), 31.
|
|
There, he started a project called FrameNet, an on-line structured description of the English lexicon implementing much of what he had earlier proposed more theoretically in his theory of Frame semantics, while implementing the idea of emphasizing example sentences from corpora. In FrameNet, words are described in terms of the frames they evoke. Data is gathered from the British National Corpus, annotated for semantic and syntactic relations, and stored in a database organized by both lexical items and Frames. FrameNet has inspired parallel projects, which investigate other languages, including Spanish, German, and Japanese.
|
|
The MAtrixware REsearch Collection (MAREC) is a standardised patent data corpus available for research purposes. MAREC seeks to represent patent documents of several languages in order to answer specific research questions.Merz C., (2003) A Corpus Query Tool For Syntactically Annotated Corpora Licentiate Thesis, The University of Zurich, Department of Computation linguistic, SwitzerlandBiber D., Conrad S., and Reppen R. (2000) Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition It consists of 19 million patent documents in different languages, normalised to a highly specific XML schema.
|
|
Coordinator of the Reference Corpora of Contemporary Spanish in Argentina and Chile, and of the Oral Corpus of Centro-Peninsular Spanish. Scientific Co- Director of ADMYTE, Digital Archive of Spanish Manuscripts and Texts. Director of the Argentina-Spain cooperation project for the preparation of the Catálogo de la Colección Foulché-Delbosc of the Biblioteca Nacional de la República Argentina and its electronic edition. Member of the Scientific Committee of the Diccionario del Español Medieval (Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften.) Membro del Consiglio Scientifico, Progetto Lingua Italiana Dante Alighieri, Società Dante Alighieri, Italy.
|
|
In a number of cases cupules were demonstrated to mark specific rocks used as lithophones; in some cases they served in board games; but other credible ethnographic interpretations of their former cultural functions have been secured in very few instances. These cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other corpora, which are widely separated temporally as well as spatially. Even the identification of cupules remains tenuous: archaeologists have encountered difficulties in distinguishing cupules from other features, such as potholes, mortars, querns, metates, tacitas, and small solution pans. Typically cupules were created by direct percussion, i.e.
|
|
The nerves supplying the corpora cavernosa consist of two sets, the lesser and greater cavernous nerves, which arise from the forepart of the prostatic plexus, and, after joining with branches from the pudendal nerve, pass forward beneath the pubic arch. Injury to the prostatic plexus (during prostatic resection for example) is highly likely to cause erectile dysfunction. It is because of this relationship that surgeons are careful to maintain the integrity of the prostatic fascial shell so as to not interrupt the post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers that produce penile erection.
|
|
Sakayan has also taken a keen interest in contrastive phraseology in the general sense of the term. Recognizing the importance of ready-made expressions in human communication, she has based her research on self-collected linguistic corpora of phraseological units, such as proverbs and sayings, idiomatic expressions, and routine formulae (gambits). Sakayan has explored the reproduction of routine formulae (gambits) and their role for turn-taking in conversation and for organizing discourseSakayan, Dora; Tessier, Christine (1983). "Deutsche Gesprächsformeln in Mikrodialogen" [German Speech Formulae in Mini-Dialogues]. Zielsprache Deutsch 1983/3: pp. 9-14.
|
|
Some of the earliest efforts at grammatical description were based at least in part on corpora of particular religious or cultural significance. For example, Prātiśākhya literature described the sound patterns of Sanskrit as found in the Vedas, and Pāṇini's grammar of classical Sanskrit was based at least in part on analysis of that same corpus. Similarly, the early Arabic grammarians paid particular attention to the language of the Quran. In the Western European tradition, scholars prepared concordances to allow detailed study of the language of the Bible and other canonical texts.
|
|
In the 1960s, the first large information retrieval research group was formed by Gerard Salton at Cornell. By the 1970s several different retrieval techniques had been shown to perform well on small text corpora such as the Cranfield collection (several thousand documents). Large-scale retrieval systems, such as the Lockheed Dialog system, came into use early in the 1970s. In 1992, the US Department of Defense along with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), cosponsored the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) as part of the TIPSTER text program.
|
|
After Cambridge, Lieven moved to the University of Manchester. She was Editor of the Journal of Child Language for nearly ten years (1996–2005). Her principal areas of research involve: usage- based approaches to language development; the emergence and construction of grammar; the relationship between input characteristics and the process of language development; and variation in children's communicative environments. She has been involved in the design and collection of naturalistic child language corpora initially funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and, more recently, has collected a number of dense databases funded by the Max Planck Institute.
|
|
The deep dorsal vein of the penis lies beneath the deep fascia of the penis; it receives the blood from the glans penis and corpora cavernosa penis and courses backward in the middle line between the dorsal arteries; near the root of the penis it passes between the two parts of the suspensory ligament and then through an aperture between the arcuate pubic ligament and the transverse ligament of the pelvis, and divides into two branches, which enter the vesical and prostatic plexuses. The deep vein also communicates below the pubic symphysis with the internal pudendal vein.
|
|
Relating closer to the Web as a Corpus, Manning and Schütze (1999, pp 120) further streamlines the definition: Hit counts were used for carefully constructed search engine queries to identify rank orders for word sense frequencies, as an input to a word sense disambiguation engine. This method was further explored with the introduction of the concept of a parallel corpora where the existing Web pages that exist in parallel in local and major languages be brought together. It was demonstrated that it is possible to build a language-specific corpus from a single document in that specific language.
|
|
English Profile combines three elements to develop a reliable approach to describing the English Language: • World-leading research – from key specialists at the University of Cambridge (including Cambridge English Language Assessment and Cambridge University Press), the University of Bedfordshire (CRELLA), the University of Nottingham, as well as other researchers in applied linguistics around the world. • Data from actual use – including the multi-billion word Cambridge English Corpus (CEC) and a range of other corpora from various universities and institutions around the world. • Analysis of existing courses – such as popular English Language Teaching (ELT) course books, curricula, exam specifications/wordlists, etc.
|
|
The procedure is performed through a discreet horizontal incision located in the pubic region where the pubic hair will help conceal the incision site. However, scar formation can cause the penis to retract. Therefore, the American Urological Association "considers the division of the suspensory ligament of the penis for increasing penile length in adults to be a procedure which has not been shown to be safe or efficacious." As of November 2009, there is research in progress to synthesize corpora cavernosa (erectile tissue) in the lab on rabbits for eventual use in patients requiring penile construction surgery.
|
|
Parallel text corpora such as Tatoeba are used for a variety of natural language processing tasks such as machine translation. The Tatoeba data has been used as data for treebanking JapaneseFrancis Bond, 栗林 孝行 [Takayuki Kuribayashi], 橋本 力 [Hashimoto Chikara] (2008) HPSGに基づくフリーな日本語ツリー バンクの構築 [A free Japanese Treebank based on HPSG]. In 14th Annual Meeting of The Association for Natural Language Processing, Tokyo. and statistical machine translation,Eric Nichols, Francis Bond, Darren Scott Appling and Yuji Matsumoto (2010) Paraphrasing Training Data for Statistical Machine Translation.
|
|
123 Cardinal Angelo Mai, however, for historical reasons, justly assigns a later date, namely 634, under Pope Honorius I and the Emperor Heraclius (Spicilegium Rom., III, V). The relics were placed in the suburban church of Santa Passera (a linguistic corruption of "Abbas Cyrus") on the Via Portuense. In the time of Bosio the pictures of the two saints were still visible in this church. Upon the door of the hypogeum, which still remains, is the following inscription in marble: :Corpora sancta Cyri renitent hic atque Joannis :Quæ quondam Romæ dedit Alexandria magna Their tomb became a shrine and place of pilgrimage.
|
|
Retrieved 12 March 2012. The BNC was the vision of computational linguists whose goal was a corpus of modern (at the time of building the corpus), naturally occurring language in the form of speech and text or writing that could be analyzed by a computer. Hence, it was compiled as a general corpus to pave the way for automatic search and processing in the field of corpus linguistics. One of the ways the BNC was to be differentiated from existing corpora at that time was to open up the data not just to academic research, but also to commercial and educational uses.
|
|
It is viewed as "an undiscriminating work", with "unpredictable topographic zig-zagging", but it remains indispensable for its access to the great bulk of the archaeological evidence. Although now years old, no updated corpora have been published since Vermaseren's, and CIMRM thus remains the standard reference catalog of inscriptions and monuments of the Mithraic Mysteries. Between 1960 and the time of his death in 1990, Vermaseren had accrued a substantial amount of material for a third volume of CIMRM. After his death, this collection was passed on to some Dutch scholar, and the trail of the material was lost.
|
|
An important attribute of a modern corpus is that it is computer- readable: a corpus tends to reside on a hard disk than a bookshelf. In presenting the corpus in this book form, the authors have taken into account the needs of established corpus linguists, and of those who are not yet familiar with corpora. Anyone who has the corpus on disk can make hard copies of most of the files; but without a special font to print the prosodic symbols, the prosodic texts will be either unprintable or unreadable. For this reason the prosodic version has been chosen for publication.
|
|
Penile plethysmography (PPG) or phallometry is measurement of bloodflow to the penis, typically used as a proxy for measurement of sexual arousal. The most commonly reported methods of conducting penile plethysmography involve the measurement of the circumference of the penis with a mercury-in-rubber or electromechanical strain gauge, or the volume of the penis with an airtight cylinder and inflatable cuff at the base of the penis. Corpora cavernosa nerve penile plethysmographs measure changes in response to inter-operative electric stimulation during surgery. The volumetric procedure was invented by Kurt Freund and is considered to be particularly sensitive at low arousal levels.
|
|
Behind, it is expanded to form the urethral bulb, and lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, from which it receives a fibrous investment. The urethra enters the bulb nearer to the superior than to the inferior surface. On the latter there is a median sulcus (groove), from which a thin fibrous septum (wall) projects into the substance of the bulb and divides it imperfectly into two lateral lobes or hemispheres. The portion of the corpus spongiosum in front of the bulb lies in a groove on the under surface of the conjoined corpora cavernosa penis.
|
|
He and his first wife, the late Bettie L. Hofsteader (born 1926 in Ohio), had two children, Maria Doucet Corpora (1951-2009), who died a year after her father, and David E. Doucet (born 1953). From his second marriage to the former Faye Edwards Crawford, he acquired a stepson, Jack H. Crawford, Jr., who was living in San Diego, California, at the time of Doucet's death. Nearly seventeen years after he was defeated for the state House, Doucet died in 2008 of a brief illness at the age of eighty-three at East Jefferson General Hospital in Metairie.
|
|
The book was the first to attempt a unified report of all existing approaches to lexicalization. She has made significant contributions in the areas of historical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, especially with respect to historical corpora. She has completed a number of diachronic studies of the English language, including examinations of comment clauses and pragmatic markers, the latter of which has been taught as a university course with much discussion on her theories of pragmatics and discourse markers. She was part of the team who set up the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, 1st edition, in an online form.
|
|
The area Corpus Linguistics supervises the expansion, annotation, and analysis of (written language) electronic corpora of German and develops methods and techniques of corpus-linguistic, empirical research. The research activities pursuing predominantly cross-departmental objectives are directly subordinate to the Director and pooled together in the organizational unit Central Research, for instance, the program areas Research Infrastructures and Corpus Linguistics belong to this unit. The area Language in the public sphere investigates issues that affect the status and function of the German language in society. The Public Relations Section manages the areas of public relations and the media, publications, documentation, and the library.
|
|
BulSemCor is manually sense- annotated according to the Bulgarian WordNet. Its size is comparable to that of other contemporary semantically annotated corpora or pool of acceptable linguistic components. The semantic annotation consists in associating each lexical item in the corpus with exactly one synonym set (synset) in the Bulgarian WordNet that best describes its sense in the particular context. The selection of the best match among the suggested candidates is based on a set of procedures, such as the other synset members, the synset gloss (explanatory definition) and the position of a given candidate in the WordNet structure.
|
|
The name derives from the 1913 novel Pollyanna by Eleanor H. Porter describing a girl who plays the "glad game"—trying to find something to be glad about in every situation. The novel has been adapted to film several times, most famously in 1920 and 1960. An early use of the name "Pollyanna" in psychological literature was in 1969 by Boucher and Osgood who described a Pollyanna hypothesis as a universal human tendency to use positive words more frequently and diversely than negative words in communicating. Empirical evidence for this tendency has been provided by computational analyses of large corpora of text.
|
|
Statistical machine translation (SMT) is generated on the basis of statistical models whose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingual text corpora. The initial model of SMT, based on Bayes Theorem, proposed by Brown et al. takes the view that every sentence in one language is a possible translation of any sentence in the other and the most appropriate is the translation that is assigned the highest probability by the system. Example-based machine translation (EBMT) is characterized by its use of bilingual corpus with parallel texts as its main knowledge, in which translation by analogy is the main idea.
|
|
There are twelve volumes of poetry in this work, one for each month during which the project was undertaken. A thirteenth volume is published with the set, containing critical responses to the project from significant commentators including: Allison Parrish, Johanna Drucker, Kyle Booten, Stephanie Strickland, John Cayley, Lai-Tze Fan, Nick Montfort, Mairéad Byrne, and Chris Funkhouser. ReRites crystalized out of Jhave's initial work generating poetry from selected corpora with tools such as TensorFlow, Keras, and PyTorch. This was Jhave's BDP (Big Data Poetry) project, noted and discussed along with the development of what was to be ReRites in Scott Rettberg's Electronic Literature.
|
|
When many countries begin to research and develop speech translation, it will be necessary to standardize interfaces and data formats to ensure that the systems are mutually compatible. International joint research is being fostered by speech translation consortiums (e.g. the C-STAR international consortium for joint research of speech translation and A-STAR for the Asia- Pacific region). They were founded as "international joint-research organization[s] to design formats of bilingual corpora that are essential to advance the research and development of this technology ... and to standardize interfaces and data formats to connect speech translation module internationally".
|
|
Many of the features found in ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells and tunica albuginea There may be hundreds or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary of a fish at any given time. Fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. The ovary of teleosts is often contains a hollow, lymph-filled space which opens into the oviduct, and into which the eggs are shed.
|
|
In phrase-based translation, the aim is to reduce the restrictions of word-based translation by translating whole sequences of words, where the lengths may differ. The sequences of words are called blocks or phrases, but typically are not linguistic phrases, but phrasemes found using statistical methods from corpora. It has been shown that restricting the phrases to linguistic phrases (syntactically motivated groups of words, see syntactic categories) decreases the quality of translation.Philipp Koehn, Franz Josef Och, Daniel Marcu: Statistical Phrase-Based Translation (2003) The chosen phrases are further mapped one-to-one based on a phrase translation table, and may be reordered.
|
|
Taivoan or Taivuan, is a Formosan language spoken until the end of the 19th century by the indigenous Taivoan people of Taiwan. Taivoan used to be regarded as a dialect of Siraya, but now more evidence has shown that they should be classified as separate languages. The corpora previously regarded as Siraya like the Gospel of St. Matthew and the Notes on Formulary of Christianity translated into "Siraya" by the Dutch people in the 17th century should be in Taivoan majorly. Since the January 2019 code release, SIL International has recognized Taivoan as an independent language and assigned the code tvx.
|
|
Korean mythology comprises two distinct corpora of literature. The first is the literary mythology (Korean: , ) recorded in the traditional Korean histories, such as the thirteenth-century work Samguk yusa. The myths contained in these volumes are heavily historicized, to the point that it is often difficult to differentiate between historical fact and mythology. The primary literary myths are the state-foundation myths (, ), which recount the story of how a particular kingdom or dynasty was founded, although the category also includes other supernatural stories found in the historical chronicles as well as the origin myths of non-royal lineages.
|
|
While this contributed significantly to the culture of the project, it also demonstrated graphically Brooks' assertion in The Mythical Man-Month that adding personnel to a project results in it taking longer to complete; the more the number of groups involved, the more time is spent on administration and communication rather than actual research per se. The actual design of the project was unusual as MT projects go. Older systems, such as SYSTRAN, were heavily dictionary-based, with minor support for rearranging word order. More recent systems have often worked on a probabilistic approach, based on parallel corpora.
|
|
The itio in partes ("going into parts") was a procedure of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire between 1648 and 1806. In this procedure, the members of the diet divided into two bodies (corpora), the Corpus Evangelicorum (body of Evangelicals) and the Corpus Catholicorum (body of Catholics), irrespective of the colleges to which they otherwise belonged. That is, the Protestant (Evangelical) members of the College of Electors, the College of Princes and the College of Cities gathered together separately from the Catholic members of the same. The two bodies then negotiated with each other, but debated and voted among themselves.
|
|
The human penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa lie next to each other on the dorsal side and one corpus spongiosum lies between them on the ventral side. The enlarged and bulbous-shaped end of the corpus spongiosum forms the glans penis with two specific types of sinusoids, which supports the foreskin, or prepuce, a loose fold of skin that in adults can retract to expose the glans. The area on the underside of the penis, where the foreskin is attached, is called the frenum, or frenulum. The rounded base of the glans is called the corona.
|
|
Such is the case of Lycaon, who was turned into a wolf by Zeus as punishment for slaughtering one of his own sons and serving his remains to the gods as a dinner. Those who were excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church were also said to become werewolves. The power of transforming others into wild beasts was attributed not only to malignant sorcerers, but to Christian saints as well. Omnes angeli, boni et Mali, ex virtute naturali habent potestatem transmutandi corpora nostra ("All angels, good and bad have the power of transmutating our bodies") was the dictum of St. Thomas Aquinas.
|
|
The corpus is valued as one of the few publicly available mass collections of real emails easily available for study; such collections are typically bound by numerous privacy and legal restrictions which render them prohibitively difficult to access, such as non-disclosure agreements and data sanitization. Shetty and Adibi, based on their MySQL version, published some link analysis of which user accounts emailed which. Linguistic comparison with more recent email corpora shows changes in the email register of English. It is also used as test or training data for research in natural language processing and machine learning.
|
|
A foreign language writing aid is a computer program or any other instrument that assists a non-native language user (also referred to as a foreign language learner) in writing decently in their target language. Assistive operations can be classified into two categories: on-the-fly prompts and post- writing checks. Assisted aspects of writing include: lexical, syntactic (syntactic and semantic roles of a word's frame), lexical semantic (context/collocation-influenced word choice and user-intention-driven synonym choice) and idiomatic expression transfer, etc. Different types of foreign language writing aids include automated proofreading applications, text corpora, dictionaries, translation aids and orthography aids.
|
|
Karin Aijmer (born 15 January 1939) is a Swedish linguist whose research focuses on topics in pragmatics and discourse, including ways of expressing epistemic modality/evidentiality, pragmatic markers, conversational routines and other fixed phrases. She uses corpus-based methods involving both monolingual and multilingual corpora of English and Swedish for data. She received her PhD in English Linguistics from Stockholm University in 1972. She has been an associate professor in the Department of English at Oslo University and at Lund University and is now professor emerita in the Department of Languages and Literatures at the University of Gothenburg.
|
|
Four endocrine centers have been identified: #Neurosecretory cells in the brain can produce one or more hormones that affect growth, reproduction, homeostasis and metamorphosis. #Corpora cardiaca are a pair of neuroglandular bodies that are found behind the brain and on either sides of the aorta. These not only produce their own neurohormones but they store and release other neurohormones including PTTH prothoracicotropic hormone (brain hormone), which stimulates the secretory activity of the prothoracic glands, playing an integral role in moulting. #Prothoracic glands are diffuse, paired glands located at the back of the head or in the thorax.
|
|
Commonsense's reasoning study is divided into knowledge-based approaches and approaches that are based on machine learning over and using a large data corpora with limited interactions between these two types of approaches. There are also crowdsourcing approaches, attempting to construct a knowledge basis by linking the collective knowledge and the input of non-expert people. Knowledge-based approaches can be separated into approaches based on mathematical logic. In knowledge-based approaches, the experts are analyzing the characteristics of the inferences that are required to do reasoning in a specific area or for a certain task.
|
|
Free Law Project is a United States federal 501(c)(3) nonprofit that provides free access to primary legal materials, develops legal research tools, and supports academic research on legal corpora. Free Law Project has several initiatives that collect and share legal information, including the largest collection of American oral argument audio, daily collection of new legal opinions from 200 United States courts and administrative bodies, the RECAP Project, which collects documents from PACER, and user-generated Supreme Court citation visualizations. Free Law Project was founded in 2013 by Michael Lissner and Brian Carver with board members Thomas R. Bruce and Jerry Goldman.
|
|
According to the website Viking Answer Lady, which in turn cites Magnus Magnusson's Vikings! as its reference, > No 9th century text has ever been discovered containing these words, > although numerous medieval litanies and prayers contain general formulas for > deliverance against unnamed enemies. The closest documentable phrase is a > single sentence, taken from an antiphony for churches dedicated to St. Vaast > or St. Medard: Summa pia gratia nostra conservando corpora et custodita, de > gente fera Normannica nos libera, quae nostra vastat, Deus, regna, ”Oh > highest, pious grace, free us, oh God, by preserving our bodies and those in > our keeping from the cruel Norse people who ravage our realms.”.
|
|
Bosio, Roma Sotteranea, 105-9 The Acts and the Hieronymian Martyrology agree in designating this spot as the tomb of Symphorosa and her sons. Further discoveries, that leave no room for doubt that the basilica was built over their tomb, were made by Stevenson. The remains were transferred to the Church of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria at Rome by Pope Stephen II in 752. A sarcophagus was found here in 1610, bearing the inscription: Hic requiescunt corpora SS. Martyrum Simforosae, viri sui Zotici (Getulii) et Filiorum ejus a Stephano Papa translata (Here rest the bodies of the holy martyrs Symphorosa, her husband Zotius (Getulius) and here sons, transferred by Pope Stephen).
|
|
The entire surgical procedure was done in one operation consisting of two successive parts (which remains the prevailing methodology): (1) the creation of a space between the rectum and the prostate, and (2) the lining of this space with penile skin after the latter had been separated from its contents. Burou was acknowledged for his “results that are cosmetically excellent.” According to Burou, the operation began with an incision from the anal area through the scrotal raphe. After dissecting of the bulbus urethrae and both corpora cavernosa, the rectum and the prostate were separated by cutting all the ligaments between the bulb and the rectum.
|
|
Similar in spirit to GOLD, the Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation (OLiA) provide a reference inventory of linguistic categories for syntactic, morphological and semantic phenomena relevant for linguistic annotation and linguistic corpora in the form of an ontology. In addition, they also provide machine-readable annotation schemes for more than 100 languages, linked with the OLiA reference model. The OLiA ontologies represent a major hub of annotation terminology in the (Linguistic) Linked Open Data cloud, with applications for search, retrieval and machine learning over heterogeneously annotated language resources. In addition to annotation schemes, the OLiA Reference Model is also linked with the Eagles Guidelines,Chiarcos, C. (2008).
|
|
The Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) is a corpus established in 1984 by Brian MacWhinney and Catherine Snow to serve as a central repository for data of first language acquisition. Its earliest transcripts date from the 1960s, and it now has contents (transcripts, audio, and video) in 26 languages from 130 different corpora, all of which are publicly available worldwide. Recently, CHILDES has been made into a component of the larger corpus TalkBank, which also includes language data from aphasics, second language acquisition, conversation analysis, and classroom language learning. CHILDES is mainly used for analyzing the language of young children and directed to the child speech of adults.
|
|
235x235px The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body"; plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries and is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estradiol and inhibin A. It is the remains of the ovarian follicle that has released a mature ovum during a previous ovulation. The corpus luteum is colored as a result of concentrating carotenoids (including lutein) from the diet and secretes a moderate amount of estrogen that inhibits further release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and thus secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). A new corpus luteum develops with each menstrual cycle.
|
|
The probabilities of Google search terms, conceived as the frequencies of page counts returned by Google divided by the number of pages indexed by Google (multiplied by the average number of search terms in those pages), approximate the actual relative frequencies of those search terms as actually used in society. Based on this premise, the relations represented by the normalized Google distance approximately capture the assumed true semantic relations governing the search terms. In the NGD the World Wide Web and Google is used. Other text corpora can be Wikipedia, the King James version of the Bible or the Oxford English Dictionary together with appropriate search engines.
|
|
There are a large number of additional steps to generate cholesterol from IPP, the ubiquitous precursor of all isoprenoids. It appears that the biosyntheis of JH III is identical to that of cholesterol, from production of IPP to FPP, although there appear to be no studies on export of citrate or other metabolites from the mitochondrion into the cytosol, or formation of acetyl-CoA. The enzymes of this pathway were first studied in Manduca sexta, which produces both homoisoprenoid and isoprenoid (JHIII) JHs. Very early on propionate was shown to incorporate very highly efficiently into JH II and JH I in cell free extracts of M. sexta] corpora allata.
|
|
The Harii (West Germanic "warriors"Simek (2007:132).) were, according to 1st century CE Roman historian Tacitus, a Germanic people. In his work Germania, Tacitus describes them as using black shields and painting their bodies ("nigra scuta, tincta corpora"), and attacking at night as a shadowy army, much to the terror of their opponents. Theories have been proposed connecting the Harii to the einherjar, ghostly warriors in service to the god Odin, attested much later among the North Germanic peoples by way of Norse mythology, and to the tradition of the Wild Hunt, a procession of the dead through the winter night sky sometimes led by Odin.
|
|
As its name implies, frame-based terminology uses certain aspects of frame semantics to structure specialized domains and create non-language-specific representations. Such configurations are the conceptual meaning underlying specialized texts in different languages, and thus facilitate specialized knowledge acquisition. Frame-based terminology focuses on: # conceptual organization; # the multidimensional nature of terminological units; and # the extraction of semantic and syntactic information through the use of multilingual corpora. In frame-based terminology, conceptual networks are based on an underlying domain event, which generates templates for the actions and processes that take place in the specialized field as well as the entities that participate in them.
|
|
Cancellous bone is formed from groupings of trabeculated bone tissue. In cross sections, trabeculae of a cancellous bone can look like septa, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like. When crossing fluid-filled spaces, trabeculae may have the function of resisting tension (as in the penis, see for example trabeculae of corpora cavernosa and trabeculae of corpus spongiosum) or providing a cell filter (as in the trabecular meshwork of the eye). Multiple perforations in a septum may reduce it to a collection of trabeculae, as happens to the walls of some of the pulmonary alveoli in emphysema.
|
|
There are at least two basic directions for embedding term to term relatedness, other than exact keyword matching, into a retrieval model: # compute semantic correlations between terms # compute frequency co-occurrence statistics from large corpora Recently Tsatsaronis focused on the first approach. They measure semantic relatedness (SR) using a thesaurus (O) like WordNet. It considers the path length, captured by compactness (SCM), and the path depth, captured by semantic path elaboration (SPE). They estimate the t_i \cdot t_j inner product by: t_i \cdot t_j = SR((t_i, t_j), (s_i, s_j), O) where si and sj are senses of terms ti and tj respectively, maximizing SCM \cdot SPE.
|
|
CHREST (Chunk Hierarchy and REtrieval STructures) is a symbolic cognitive architecture based on the concepts of limited attention, limited short-term memories, and chunking. Learning, which is essential in the architecture, is modelled as the development of a network of nodes (chunks) which are connected in various ways. This can be contrasted with Soar and ACT-R, two other cognitive architectures, which use productions for representing knowledge. CHREST has often been used to model learning using large corpora of stimuli representative of the domain, such as chess games for the simulation of chess expertise or child-directed speech for the simulation of children's development of language.
|
|
Comparison of penile implants (inflated cylinder diameter and length)Penile implant pump design comparison The malleable (also known as non-inflatable or semi-rigid) penile prosthesis is a set of a pair of rods implanted into the corpora of the penis. The rods are hard, but 'malleable' in the sense that they can be adjusted manually into the erect position. There are two types of malleable implants: one that is made of silicone and does not have a rod inside, also called soft implants, and another with a silver or steel spiral wire core inside coated with silicone. Some of the models have trimmable tails intended for length adjustment.
|
|
Additionally, the juvenile and the adult species have these features in common with early Homo species and early great apes. The superior transverse torus is more prominent and developed in the adult species whereas the juvenile (PA869) has a less developed superior transverse torus. In the juvenile and the adult species the lateral prominences are separated into two branches which are only similar in a single orangutan species (based off the species discussed in the paper) and not related to humans. In the juvenile there are double mental foramina on the corpora whereas the adult species and every other species mentioned in the paper have single mental foramina.
|
|
Kilgarriff argued against discrete classification of word senses and saw word senses rather as a continuous space of meanings largely defined by the contexts in which a word appears. His paper "I don't believe in word senses" (1997) became soon a state-of-the-art argumentation on the topic. The work on polysemy brought Kilgarriff to text corpora and corpus linguistics to which he devoted the rest of his career. He was one of the founding members and former chair (2006–2008) of the Special Interest Group on Web as Corpus (SIGWAC) of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and also one of the founding organizers of SENSEVAL.
|
|
The peptide is typically produced by large neuroendocrine cells in the pars lateralis of the protocerebrum that have axons into the corpora cardiaca where it is released into the hemolymph. In this respect the neuropeptide resembles its vertebrate homolog, GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) which is released into the pituitary gland to stimulate the release of Luteinizing hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone in vertebrates, like humans. Corazonin and GnRH are clear homologs, as are their receptors. In the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, corazonin is expressed in the salivary glands and fat body of both males and females, and is also expressed sexually dimorphically in the abdominal ganglia of males.
|
|
The Dorsal Artery of the Penis is a branch of the internal pudendal artery which ascends between the crus penis and the pubic symphysis, and, piercing the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, passes between the two layers of the suspensory ligament of the penis, and runs forward on the dorsum of the penis to the glans, where it divides into two branches, which supply the glans and prepuce. The dorsal arteries do give perforators to the corpora cavernosa, however their contribution to erectile function is inconsistent. Through retrograde flow they help supply the distal shaft skin. Additionally, they give branches to the circumflex arteries which supply the corpus spongiosum.
|
|
Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary.
|
|
Chosen for the rescue operation because it can drill large holes deep into the ground and is faster than mining drills,Precision Drilling Corpora. RIG 421 Specifications PDF , Precision Drilling this plan suffered major setbacks due to the difficulty of aiming a large drill at such a small target. Furthermore, the hardness of the rock caused the drill bit to wander from its intended course and it then needed to be removed, resized and repositioned, slowing drilling progress. Many family members of the miners initially had high hopes for this rig, but it was forced to reduce its drill size and so lagged behind the other attempts.
|
|
The organ of Zuckerkandl is a chromaffin body derived from neural crest located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. It can be the source of a paraganglioma. The term para- aortic body is also sometimes used to describe it, as it usually arises near the abdominal aorta, but this term can be the source of confusion, because the term "corpora paraaortica" is also used to describe the aortic body, which arises near the thoracic aorta. This diffuse group of neuroendocrine sympathetic fibres was first described by Emil Zuckerkandl, a professor of anatomy at the University of Vienna, in 1901.
|
|
Indeed, a word acquires a precise meaning only in a context; moreover, by inserting a word in a sentence, one has the advantage of manipulating a sequence that may be judged acceptable or unacceptable. It is at this price that syntaxico-semantic properties could be considered as defined with sufficient precision to make sense to compare them with the whole lexicon. These precautions have evolved in line with needs and the appearance of new technical means. Thus, from the beginning of the 1990s, the contributors of the lexicon-grammar have been able to use more and more easily the use of attested examples in corpora.
|
|
The German Reference Corpus comprises fictional and academic texts, a large number of newspaper texts and several other text types. The texts cover the time range from around 1950 to the present. In contrast to other well-known corpora and corpus archives (such as the British National Corpus), however, the German Reference Corpus is explicitly not designed as a balanced corpus: The distribution of DeReKo texts across time or text types does not match some predefined percentages. This conception complies with the fact that whether or not a given corpus constitutes a balanced or even representative language sample may only be assessed with respect to a specific language domain (i.e.
|
|
Penile erection is managed by two mechanisms: the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft, and the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic or emotional stimuli. The former involves the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the latter involves the limbic system of the brain. In both cases, an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. Stimulation of the penile shaft by the nervous system leads to the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), which causes the relaxation of the smooth muscles of the corpora cavernosa (the main erectile tissue of the penis), and subsequently penile erection.
|
|
Most cases of erectile dysfunction of organic causes are related to changes in blood flow in the corpora cavernosa, represented by occlusive artery disease, most often of atherosclerotic origin, or due to failure of the veno-occlusive mechanism. Preceding the ultrasound examination with Doppler, the penis must be examined in B mode, in order to identify possible tumors, fibrotic plaques, calcifications, or hematomas, as well as to evaluate the appearance of the cavernous arteries, which can be tortuous or atheromatous. Figure 8 Transverse ultrasound image, ventral view of the penis. Image obtained after induction of an erection, 15 min after injection of prostaglandin E1, showing dilated sinusoids (arrows).
|
|
The use of different model parameters and different corpus sizes can greatly affect the quality of a word2vec model. Accuracy can be improved in a number of ways, including the choice of model architecture (CBOW or Skip- Gram), increasing the training data set, increasing the number of vector dimensions, and increasing the window size of words considered by the algorithm. Each of these improvements comes with the cost of increased computational complexity and therefore increased model generation time. In models using large corpora and a high number of dimensions, the skip-gram model yields the highest overall accuracy, and consistently produces the highest accuracy on semantic relationships, as well as yielding the highest syntactic accuracy in most cases.
|
|
Supervised methods are based on the assumption that the context can provide enough evidence on its own to disambiguate words (hence, common sense and reasoning are deemed unnecessary). Probably every machine learning algorithm going has been applied to WSD, including associated techniques such as feature selection, parameter optimization, and ensemble learning. Support Vector Machines and memory-based learning have been shown to be the most successful approaches, to date, probably because they can cope with the high-dimensionality of the feature space. However, these supervised methods are subject to a new knowledge acquisition bottleneck since they rely on substantial amounts of manually sense-tagged corpora for training, which are laborious and expensive to create.
|
|
Mark E. Davies (born 1963) is an American linguist. He specializes in the creation of linguistic corpora that can be used to better study and understand word meaning. He is the main creator of COCA, the Corpus of Contemporary American English. He received a National Endowment for the Humanities grant to build a comparable Spanish language corpus, the Corpus del Español, and another one to create a corpus of Portuguese texts covering material from the 12th century to the present day. Another corpus he compiled is a diachronic corpus of English, containing texts from the years 1810 through 2009, called COHA, the Corpus of Historical American English; this project was also funded by the NEH.
|
|
Chomskyan linguistics encourages the investigation of "corner cases" that stress the limits of its theoretical models (comparable to pathological phenomena in mathematics), typically created using thought experiments, rather than the systematic investigation of typical phenomena that occur in real-world data, as is the case in corpus linguistics. The creation and use of such corpora of real-world data is a fundamental part of machine-learning algorithms for NLP. In addition, theoretical underpinnings of Chomskyan linguistics such as the so-called "poverty of the stimulus" argument entail that general learning algorithms, as are typically used in machine learning, cannot be successful in language processing. As a result, the Chomskyan paradigm discouraged the application of such models to language processing.
|
|
Meedan's translation technology has been developed in collaboration with The Watson Research Group at IBM with which it entered into a research partnership in 2006. Development has focused on Machine and Machine Augmented Translation tools that enable users to improve translations collaboratively, including IBM's Transbrowser – a browser tool for creating a translation layer on the web. Perhaps most significantly, Meedan is open licensing the linguistic data generated from its efforts. Improved translation automation and augmentation has profound implications in global media, education, and business and information services; Meedan hopes to play a small part by leading an effort to steer the global computational linguistics community to embrace open licensing of linguistic corpora.
|
|
For their anterior three-fourths the corpora cavernosa penis lie in intimate apposition with one another, but behind they diverge in the form of two tapering processes, known as the crura, which are firmly connected to the ischial rami. Traced from behind forward, each crus begins by a blunt-pointed process in front of the tuberosity of the ischium, along the perineal surface of the conjoined (ischiopubic) ramus. Just before it meets its fellow it presents a slight enlargement, named by Georg Ludwig Kobelt (1804–1857) the bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis. Beyond this point the crus undergoes a constriction and merges into the corpus cavernosum proper, which retains a uniform diameter to its anterior end.
|
|
Epirote is considered to be under-investigated. Speaking in a broad sense of the history of Epirus, as of 2018, a number of advances have been made in the last few decades, largely powered by ongoing progress in archaeological research in both Greece and Southern Albania. However, there is no up-to-date comprehensive work incorporating all the recent archaeological advances, meaning the least outdated summary is Hammond 1967. Likewise, despite newly available epigraphic corpora from Dodona and Bouthroton (modern Butrint), Greek linguist Filos notes that there remains no holistic linguistic account of Epirus at all that extends beyond a "non-piecemeal description of the epichoric variety", though Filos himself offers a summarized account.
|
|
Classical Chinese poems are typified by certain formal structures. Some of these can be considered closed collections, such as the groups of poems actually composing the Classic of Poetry (Shijing), the Songs of the South (Chuci), or the Nineteen Poems: These corpora were closed categories, one could not add to these classics, although one might write poems in the similar style, as in Old Style Poetry (Gushi). Further, one might follow the new styles that were introduced over succeeding dynasties, or make up one's own style, which may or may not catch on. In terms of literary form, however, Classical Chinese poetry has the three main formal types: shi, fu, and ci.
|
|
He filed writs for the removal of causes into this court; and, returned writs of error and certiorari, for the removal of proceedings therefrom. Minutes of writs, declarations, pleadings, and other proceedings, were made by him, in books kept at his office: and he had the custody of all documents relating to the proceedings of this court.See chapter 6 of Wareing's book. It was his business to nominate special juries; to make out writs of venire facias and habeas corpora for juries, as well for the trial of causes, depending in this court, as of those sent to be tried here, by mittimus; and in the latter he drew up the posteas, and transmitted the same to London.
|
|
Afro aligns with Mattia Moreni, Antonio Corpora, Ennio Morlotti, Renato Birolli, Giuseppe Santomaso, Giulio Turcato, and Emilio Vedova, previous members of the "Fronte nuovo delle Arti", together they form the "Gruppo degli Otto" (Group of Eight) also known as "Otto Pittori Italiani" (The Italian Eight). By the mid-1950s Afro's art was obtaining worldwide reputation, and he received the honor of Best Italian Artist at the 1956 Venice Biennale. In 1957, he was recruited by Leon Kirchner to teach for eight months at Mills College in Oakland, California. While artist-in-residence at the school he made a mural for the UNESCO headquarters in Paris and was included amongst works by Appel, Arp, Calder, Matta, Miró, Picasso and Tamayo.
|
|
In the second half of the 20th century the Catholic split-offs formed an intercity-connection; the and the focus on the religion was lost or abandoned. These societies are now known as student associations in the Netherlands, aimed mostly at social relations and gezelligheid. Most of the corpora now reside in older buildings in the city center, retaining mostly a rather traditional and conservative image. These organizations offer students a wide range of sports, cultural activities ranging from all levels of sports like field hockey, rowing and rugby to extremes like kitesurfing, glider-flying, all for student-friendly prices and development aid organisations and encouragement to start a new club of some sort at all times.
|
|
Adolphs is Principal Investigator on a grant from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) that looked at adolescent language use in discussing health issues in the online forums of the Teenage Health Freak website. She is also Principal Investigator on an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) investigating Second Language Speech Fluency. She is the member of a number of academic journal editorial boards, including those for Corpora, The International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, and the ELR Journal. From 2014-2018 Adolphs was a member of Council, the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), governing body responsible for the overall strategic direction of the AHRC, including its key objectives and targets.
|
|
Area where the 2nd millennium BC Luwian language was spoken The Luwian language is attested in two different scripts, cuneiform and Anatolian hieroglyphs, over more than a millennium. While the earlier scholarship tended to treat these two corpora as separate linguistic entities, the current tendency is to separate genuine dialectal distinctions within Luwian from orthographic differences. Accordingly, one now frequently speaks of Kizzuwatna Luwian (attested in cuneiform transmission), Empire Luwian (cuneiform and hieroglyphic transmission), and Iron Age Luwian / Late Luwian (hieroglyphic transmission), as well as several more Luwian dialects, which are more scarcely attested.; ; ; The cuneiform corpus (Melchert's CLuwian) is recorded in glosses and short passages in Hittite texts, mainly from Boğazkale.
|
|
They studied corpora, "bodies", the medieval descendants of substances. Most agree that Thales' stamp on thought is the unity of substance, hence Bertrand Russell:Wisdom of the West Russell was only reflecting an established tradition; for example: Nietzsche, in his Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, wrote:§ 3 This sort of materialism, however, should not be confused with deterministic materialism. Thales was only trying to explain the unity observed in the free play of the qualities. The arrival of uncertainty in the modern world made possible a return to Thales; for example, John Elof Boodin writes ("God and Creation"): Boodin defines an "emergent" materialism, in which the objects of sense emerge uncertainly from the substrate.
|
|
It is mentioned briefly by many ancient authors, among them, Virgil, Vitruvius, Isidore of Seville, and Pliny the Elder who mentions it in his Historia Naturalis 31.6: Iuxta Romam Albulae aquae volneribus medentur, egelidae hae, sed Cutiliae in Sabinis gelidissimae suctu quodam corpora invadunt, ut prope morsus videri possit, aptissimae stomacho, nervis, universo corpori. The tepid waters of Albula, near Rome, have a healing effect upon wounds. Those of Cutilia, again, in the Sabine territory, are intensely cold, and by a kind of suction penetrate the body to such a degree as to have the effect of a mordent almost. They are remarkably beneficial for affections of the stomach, sinews, and all parts of the body, in fact.
|
|
Wikipedia is a widely used reference work and one of the most visited social networking services by users from Slovenia, but official internet usage statistics don't distinguish between Wikipedia editions, analyzing only the base domain wikipedia.org. In most cases, the Slovene-language edition gets a passing note of its existence in media reports about Wikipedia in general. However, as a relatively large and freely accessible body of structured knowledge, Slovene Wikipedia has been used, as an example, for building text corpora for the purpose of training linguistic software and analyzing Slovene literary authors' web presence. There are several successful collaboration projects with professors at the University of Ljubljana, using content creation by students as a teaching method.
|
|
Adult female Aedes taeniorhynchus Ae. taeniorhynchus eggs can mature both autogenously and anautogenously, with autogenous eggs feeding on sugar and anautogenous eggs requiring a blood meal. These food sources promote maturation by producing hormones from the corpora allata (CA) and medial neurosecretory cell perikarya (MNCA), of which only MNCA hormone release is responsible for anautogenous maturation. Larval dependence on a blood meal can be influenced to make mosquitoes less autogenous, by not allowing females to feed on sugar and imposing other dietary changes. Aedes taeniorhynchus is an ectoparasite of waved albatrosses Adult mosquitoes feed on a combination diet of blood and sugar, with the optimal diet consisting of sugar for males and both blood and sugar for females.
|
|
Currently, linear transducers have a maximum frequency of 12-15 MHz, which increases the definition on ultrasound images. Although penile evaluation is usually performed when the penis is flaccid, in some situations, such as in cases of erectile dysfunction, the examination should be performed during erection, by injection of vasoactive drugs into the corpora cavernosa. The penis should be positioned in the anatomical position (over the abdomen) and evaluated in the transverse and longitudinal directions, from the glans toward the base of the penis. In specific situations, such as in the evaluation of Peyronie's disease, the penis should also be positioned on a towel/sheet or on the testicular sac, with a lateral approach.
|
|
Anatomy of the vulva, showing the clitoral glans, clitoral crura, corpora cavernosa, vestibular bulbs, and vaginal and urethral openings The procedures are generally performed by a traditional circumciser (cutter or exciseuse) in the girls' homes, with or without anaesthesia. The cutter is usually an older woman, but in communities where the male barber has assumed the role of health worker he will also perform FGM.UNICEF 2013, 42–44 and table 5, 181 (for cutters), 46 (for home and anaesthesia). When traditional cutters are involved, non-sterile devices are likely to be used, including knives, razors, scissors, glass, sharpened rocks and fingernails. According to a nurse in Uganda, quoted in 2007 in The Lancet, a cutter would use one knife on up to 30 girls at a time.
|
|
In 1933, Harold Palmer's Second Interim Report on English Collocations highlighted the importance of collocation as a key to producing natural-sounding language, for anyone learning a foreign language.Cowie, A.P., English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners, Oxford University Press 1999:54-56 Thus from the 1940s onwards, information about recurrent word combinations became a standard feature of monolingual learner's dictionaries. As these dictionaries became 'less word-centred and more phrase-centred',Bejoint, H., The Lexicography of English, Oxford University Press 2010: 318 more attention was paid to collocation. This trend was supported, from the beginning of the 21st century, by the availability of large text corpora and intelligent corpus-querying software, making possible to provide a more systematic account of collocation in dictionaries.
|
|
Semantic spacesalso referred to as distributed semantic spaces or distributed semantic memory in the natural language domain aim to create representations of natural language that are capable of capturing meaning. The original motivation for semantic spaces stems from two core challenges of natural language: Vocabulary mismatch (the fact that the same meaning can be expressed in many ways) and ambiguity of natural language (the fact that the same term can have several meanings). The application of semantic spaces in natural language processing (NLP) aims at overcoming limitations of rule-based or model-based approaches operating on the keyword level. The main drawback with these approaches is their brittleness, and the large manual effort required to create either rule-based NLP systems or training corpora for model learning.
|
|
The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, established a reading programme at its foundation which continues to this day. The advent of computerized full-text search databases and techniques means that lexicographers can now make use of corpora of documents to gain a more balanced view of the history of a particular word or phrase, as well as finding new quotation material to fill gaps in the history of some words; some lexicographers have noted, however, that electronic search is not a complete replacement for manual quotation-gathering, among other things because though it can help finding examples of a word already known to exist, full-text search is less good at identifying which words need to be researched in the first place.
|
|
From 1984 until 2000, CLAN was used exclusively for the analysis of child language data. However, beginning with the funding of the TalkBank system by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 2000, the scope of CLAN has broadened. CLAN is now being used to create and analyze a wide variety of corpora in the context of these databanks: CHILDES for child language, AphasiaBank for aphasia, PhonBank for phonology, FluencyBank for fluency disorders, HomeBank for daylong recordings in the home, and SLABank for second language acquisition. The TalkBank website also provides data for seven other spoken language banks dealing with CA (Conversation Analysis), RHD (right hemisphere damage), TBI (traumatic brain injury), LangBank (classical languages), ClassBank (classroom interactions), SamtaleBank (Danish), and BilingBank (bilingualism).
|
|
Modern anatomical texts show that the clitoris displays a hood that is the equivalent of the penis's foreskin, which covers the glans. It also has a shaft that is attached to the glans. The male corpora cavernosa are homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis (the female cavernosa), the bulb of penis is homologous to the vestibular bulbs beneath the labia minora, the scrotum is homologous to the labia majora, and the penile urethra and part of the skin of the penis is homologous to the labia minora. Upon anatomical study, the penis can be described as a clitoris that has been mostly pulled out of the body and grafted on top of a significantly smaller piece of spongiosum containing the urethra.
|
|
Release 2 of ICE-GB has now been released and is available on CD. As well as contrasting varieties of English, many researchers are interested in language development and change over time. A recent project at the Survey undertook the parsing of a large (400,000 word) selection of the spoken part of the LLC in a manner directly comparable with ICE-GB, forming a new, 800,000 word diachronic corpus, called the Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English (DCPSE). DCPSE has now been released and is available on CD from the Survey. These two corpora comprise the largest collection of parsed and corrected, orthographically transcribed spoken English language data in the world, with over one million words of spoken English in this form.
|
|
A 2004 study showed that subsets of Web links (such as those targeting specific file types or those hosted by academic institution) could have dramatically different half-lives. The URLs selected for publication appear to have greater longevity than the average URL. A 2015 study by Weblock analyzed more than 180,000 links from references in the full- text corpora of three major open access publishers and found a half-life of about 14 years, generally confirming a 2005 study that found that half of the URLs cited in D-Lib Magazine articles were active 10 years after publication. Other studies have found higher rates of link rot in academic literature but typically suggest a half-life of four years or greater.
|
|
In 'Style, Inc. Reflections on Seven Thousand Titles (British Novels, 1740–1850)' Franco Moretti uses an early distant reading methodology to analyse certain changes in the titles of novels in the given period and country. In the absence of dedicated corpora of these novels' texts, Moretti argues that "titles are still the best way to go beyond the 1 percent of novels that make up the canon, and catch a glimpse of the literary field as a whole". In the article, Moretti combines the results of quantitative analysis of these titles with contextual knowledge of literary history to address questions about the shortening of eighteenth-century novel titles, about the nature of very short novel titles, and about the relationship of novel titles to genres.
|
|
The ultimate goal of the linguist is to gain a more perfect understanding of the whole through a thorough study of the structure of the constituent parts. To the greatest extent possible, glossematics seeks to construct a non-historical, non-sociological and non-psychological model based on language-specific principles and minimal reliance on factors external to the system. The linguist’s task, analysing texts or corpora of different languages, aims to establish a universal model of the inner workings of language by comparing the underlying meta-structures of a given language to others. Rather than separate fields of study, Hjelmslev regarded phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicology and semantics as part of the same apparatus. By ‘phonetics’ and ‘semantics’ Hjelmslev means unorganised sound and meaning.
|
|
Chemical structure of sildenafil (Viagra), the prototypical PDE5 inhibitor A phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5 inhibitor) is a drug used to block the degradative action of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) on cyclic GMP in the smooth muscle cells lining the blood vessels supplying various tissues. These drugs dilate the corpora cavernosa of the penis, facilitating erection with sexual stimulation, and are used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Sildenafil was the first effective oral treatment available for ED. Because PDE5 is also present in the smooth muscle of the walls of the arterioles within the lungs, sildenafil and tadalafil dilates those vessels, and are FDA-approved for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Increasingly, the wider cardiovascular benefits of PDE5 inhibitors are being appreciated.
|
|
Even more problems occur with the recognition of word forms. Modern linguistic methods are largely based on the exploitation of corpora; however, when the number of possible word forms is large, any corpus will necessarily contain only a small fraction of them. Hajič (2010) claims that computer space and power are so cheap nowadays that all possible word forms may be generated beforehands and stored in a form of a lexicon listing all possible interpretations of any given word form. (The data structure of the lexicon has to be optimized so that the search is quick and efficient.) According to Hajič, it is the disambiguation of these word forms which is difficult (more so for inflective languages where the ambiguity is high than for agglutinative languages).
|
|
"Planet Mellotron Album Reviews: Arthur Brown/Kingdom Come Side two begins with the three-part suite "Superficial Roadblocks" contains a "celestial quasi-choral tone of sections." One reviewer said it "soars in with brass and choir providing the main chordal backdrop. This track has to be one of the most Mellotron-heavy ever, with an unaccompanied choir section on Corpora Supercelestia." Another said it was "gorgeous, ethereal; indeed, its some of the best choral ‘tron this side of Aguirre, joined as it is by rolling timpani." “Conception” crawls into "earshot fantastically, with a deadbeat dole-queue flanged bass," whilst “Spirit of Joy” is "features that rarest of M400 sounds, the Mellotron Hammond (along with some strings), only distinguishable when Peraino attempts some organ 'chops'.
|
|
The Language and Cognition Department, headed by Stephen C. Levinson, investigates the relationship between language, culture and general cognition, making use of the "natural laboratory" of language variation. In this way, the department brings the perspective of language diversity to bear on a range of central problems in the language sciences. It maintains over a dozen field sites around the world, where languages are described (often for the first time), field experiments conducted and extended corpora of natural language usage collected. In addition, the department is characterized by a diversity of methods, ranging from linguistic analysis and ethnography to developmental perspectives, from psycholinguistic experimentation to conversation analysis, from corpus statistics to brain imaging, and from phylogenetics to linguistic data mining.
|
|
The OTA accepts deposits of primary-source academic electronic editions and linguistic corpora, and is one of the key centres in the European research infrastructure (CLARIN, the Common Language Resources and Technology InfrastructureCLARIN, Europe.). The OTA hosts many scholarly documents marked up according to the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative, including copies of all of the Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) and Early English Books Online (EEBO) texts which are now in the public domain, linked data. The OTA also manages the distribution of the British National Corpus (BNC). From 1996 to 2008, the OTA was one of the centres of the Arts and Humanities Data Service, and hosted AHDS Literature, Languages and Linguistics, a national centre for the support of digital research in literary and linguistic subject areas in the UK.
|
|
The lowest perplexity that has been published on the Brown Corpus (1 million words of American English of varying topics and genres) as of 1992 is indeed about 247 per word, corresponding to a cross- entropy of log2247 = 7.95 bits per word or 1.75 bits per letter using a trigram model. It is often possible to achieve lower perplexity on more specialized corpora, as they are more predictable. Again, simply guessing that the next word in the Brown corpus is the word "the" will have an accuracy of 7 percent, not 1/247 = 0.4 percent, as a naive use of perplexity as a measure of predictiveness might lead one to believe. This guess is based on the unigram statistics of the Brown corpus, not on the trigram statistics, which yielded the word perplexity 247.
|
|
The clitoris and penis are generally the same anatomical structure, although the distal portion (or opening) of the urethra is absent in the clitoris of humans and most other animals. The idea that males have clitorises was suggested in 1987 by researcher Josephine Lowndes Sevely, who theorized that the male corpora cavernosa (a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the penis during penile erection) are the true counterpart of the clitoris. She argued that "the male clitoris" is directly beneath the rim of the glans penis, where the frenulum of prepuce of the penis (a fold of the prepuce) is located, and proposed that this area be called the "Lownde's crown." Her theory and proposal, though acknowledged in anatomical literature, did not materialize in anatomy books.
|
|
Political situation in the Greek world during the Hellenistic period While the origins of Epirotic Greek are disputed, it is more certain that during the attested period, with its better studied corpora.}}, there was a degree of bilingualism that was likely not symmetrical in nature, and that Epirotic Greek expanded northward beyond the boundaries of Epirus proper, into former Illyrian territory. Though the distribution of texts would remain skewed in favor of Dodona and the coast, the peak of Epirote texts would occur in the late Hellenistic period, when the impact of the supraregional Northwest Doric koina began to be felt. Although the distribution remains skewed, texts from outside Dodona and Ambracia become markedly more common between the third century BCE and the Roman conquest in 167 BCE.
|
|
The EAPCOUNT texts cover a time-frame of about 14 years. The EAPCOUNT can be taken as a synchronic corpus, even though Meyer (2002:46) maintains that “a time-frame of 5 to 10 years seems reasonable” for a corpus to fit into the category of synchronic corpora. This is because almost all original texts and translations are issued by the same bodies and are governed by strict norms and standards of writing and translation, which may arguably mean that language change happens at a slower pace. In addition, 22.6% of the texts were produced in 2009, 16% in 2007, and 13.4% in 2005, and 93.87% of the texts were produced over a period of 9 years, namely from 2001 to 2009, or within the reasonable time-frame set by Meyer for a synchronic corpus.
|
|
Lechler is known today for administering to the early Hakka Christian church and, together with his mission coworkers, facilitated in the resettling of Hakka Christian communities fleeing from persecution to Southeast Asian countries of which new congregations such as the Basel Christian Church of Malaysia and the Lutheran Church in Malaysia and Singapore were subsequently formed. Lechler appreciated China's cultural heritage and was able to preach in several varieties of Chinese, including Mandarin, Hokkien, and Hakka, the last of which he knew well enough to help prepare a Romanized Hakka edition of the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke.Early Hakka corpora held by the Basel Mission library: an introduction Biographical dictionary of Chinese Christianity, p. 73. Today the Hakka Christian community is estimated to have 150,000 members worldwide.
|
|
Often the proteins fail to fold into their normal configuration; in this misfolded state, the proteins can become toxic in some way (a toxic gain-of-function) or they can lose their normal function. The proteopathies (also known as proteinopathies, protein conformational disorders, or protein misfolding diseases) include such diseases as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and other prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyloidosis, multiple system atrophy, and a wide range of other disorders. The term proteopathy was first proposed in 2000 by Lary Walker and Harry LeVine. The concept of proteopathy can trace its origins to the mid-19th century, when, in 1854, Rudolf Virchow coined the term amyloid ("starch-like") to describe a substance in cerebral corpora amylacea that exhibited a chemical reaction resembling that of cellulose.
|
|
Other hormonal changes in FHA include increased levels of nighttime serum growth hormone (GH), decreased levels of 24 hour prolactin, low serum insulin and IGF-1, and increased insulin sensitivity. GH has been found to be higher systemically in AN and exercise-induced FHA, with women who have the lowest FFM and body mass index BMI displaying the highest levels of circulating GH The result is peripheral resistance to GH, and this underlies the reduction in hepatic IGF-1 synthesis observed in many of these patients. GH may also modulate reproduction at the level of the pituitary and ovaries by altering LH/FSH secretion as well as estradiol and progesterone production. Some studies suggest that GH is needed for the maturation and survival of dominant follicles and corpora lutea.
|
|
In the developing fetus, the genital tubercle develops into the glans of the penis in males and into the clitoral glans in females; they are homologous. The urogenital fold develops into the skin around the shaft of the penis and the urethra in males and into the labia minora in females.Keith L. Moore, T. V. N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia, The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology 10th Ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015 , pp 267-69 The corpora cavernosa are homologous to the body of the clitoris; the corpus spongiosum is homologous to the vestibular bulbs beneath the labia minora; the scrotum, homologous to the labia majora; and the foreskin, homologous to the clitoral hood. The raphe does not exist in females, because there, the two halves are not connected.
|
|
Brian James MacWhinney (born August 22, 1945) is a Professor of Psychology and Modern Languages at Carnegie Mellon University. He specializes in first and second language acquisition, psycholinguistics, and the neurological bases of language, and he has written and edited several books and over 100 peer- reviewed articles and book chapters on these subjects. MacWhinney is best known for his competition model of language acquisition and for creating the CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System) and TalkBank corpora. He has also helped to develop a stream of pioneering software programs for creating and running psychological experiments, including PsyScope, an experimental control system for the Macintosh; E-Prime, an experimental control system for the Microsoft Windows platform; and System for Teaching Experimental Psychology (STEP), a database of scripts for facilitating and improving psychological and linguistic research.
|
|
Gippert is the founder and leader of the TITUS project (Thesaurus of Indo-European Texts and Languages)."The TITUS Project" Retrieved 2 March 2016 Its goal, since its foundation in 1987, has been the full digital accessibility of textually recorded material of various Indo-European and adjacent languages. In 1999, he started the ARMAZI project (Caucasian Languages and Cultures: Electronic Documentation),"The ARMAZI Project" Retrieved 2 March 2016 which aimed at a comprehensive collection of Caucasian languages material. This project yielded the Georgian National Corpus (GNC). Since 2010, Gippert has been the head of the center “Digital Humanities in the State of Hesse: Integrated Processing and Analysis of Text- based Corpora” within the unit of the “Federal Offensive for the Development of Scientific and Economic Excellence” (LOEWE (project)).
|
|
Tree rotations are very common internal operations in binary trees to keep perfect, or near-to-perfect, internal balance in the tree. If we do not plan on modifying a search tree, and we know exactly how often each item will be accessed, we can construct an optimal binary search tree, which is a search tree where the average cost of looking up an item (the expected search cost) is minimized. Even if we only have estimates of the search costs, such a system can considerably speed up lookups on average. For example, if we have a BST of English words used in a spell checker, we might balance the tree based on word frequency in text corpora, placing words like the near the root and words like agerasia near the leaves.
|
|
Penis of a human, with pubic hair removed to show anatomical detail The human penis is an external sex organ of male humans. It is a reproductive, intromittent organ that additionally serves as the urinal duct. The main parts are the root of the penis (radix): It is the attached part, consisting of the bulb of penis in the middle and the crus of penis, one on either side of the bulb; the body of the penis (corpus); and the epithelium of the penis consists of the shaft skin, the foreskin, and the preputial mucosa on the inside of the foreskin and covering the glans penis. The human penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa lie next to each other on the dorsal side and one corpus spongiosum lies between them on the ventral side.
|
|
Although the function is unknown, there are a multitude of these cells found in the ventral ganglia of the nerve cord. Neurosecretory cells, found in clusters in the medial and lateral parts of the brain, control corpora allata activity by producing juvenile hormone during the larval or nymphal instars, the phase between periods of molting in insects. The production of this hormone inhibits the insect during the conversion to maturity and reactivating once the fully-grown adult is prepared for reproduction. The 3rd International Symposium on Neurosecretion at the University of Bristol discussed the intracellular structure of the neurosecretory cells and the migration path to the target organs or vascular fluid areas by neurosecretory granules. More is being discovered on the identification of granules in hormones and the linking of their development with the organism’s physiologic state.
|
|
Metamorphosis or transformation is a unifying theme amongst the episodes of the Metamorphoses. Ovid raises its significance explicitly in the opening lines of the poem: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; ("I intend to speak of forms changed into new entities;"). Accompanying this theme is often violence, inflicted upon a victim whose transformation becomes part of the natural landscape. This theme amalgamates the much-explored opposition between the hunter and the huntedSegal, C. P. Landscape in Ovid’s Metamorphoses (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 and the thematic tension between art and nature.Solodow, J. B. The World of Ovid’s Metamorphoses (Chapel Hill, 1988) 208–13 There is a great variety among the types of transformations that take place: from human to inanimate object (Nileus), constellation (Ariadne's Crown), animal (Perdix); from animal (Ants) and fungus (Mushrooms) to human; of sex (Hyenas); and of colour (Pebbles).
|
|
The Center for the Evaluation of Language and Communication Technologies (CELCT) was an organisation devoted to the evaluation of language technologies, located in Povo, Trento (Italy). CELCT was established in 2003 by FBK (Fondazione Bruno Kessler) and DFKI (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz), and was funded by the Autonomous Province of Trento. The goals of CELCT were "to set up infrastructures and develop skills in order to operate successfully in the field of the evaluation of language and communication technologies, becoming a reference point in the field at the national and European levels." CELCT interpreted its mission by carrying out several activities in the field of HLT evaluation, mainly focusing on the organization of national and international evaluation campaigns and on the creation of speech and text corpora in different languages and at different linguistic annotation levels.
|
|
Idiolect analysis is different for an individual depending on whether the data being analyzed is from a corpus made up entirely from texts or audio files, since written work is more thought out in planning and precise in wording than in (spontaneous) speech, where informal language and conversation fillers (i.e. umm..., you know, etc.) fill corpus samples. Corpora with large amounts of input data allow for the generation of word frequency and synonym lists to be generated, normally through the use of the top ten bigrams created from it (context of word usage is taken into account here, when determining whether a bigram is legitimate in certain circumstances). Determining whether a word or phrase is part of an idiolect, is determined by where the word is in comparison to the window's head word, the edge of the window.
|
|
The figures for accuracy "show a 55.35% precision from a small corpus and 89.93% precision from a larger corpus". With such impressive numbers it is safe to assume the immense impact that methods such as "DKvec" has had in the evolution of machine translation in general, especially Dictionary-Based Machine Translation. Algorithms used for extracting parallel corpora in a bilingual format exploit the following rules in order to achieve a satisfactory accuracy and overall quality: # Words have one sense per corpus # Words have single translation per corpus # No missing translations in the target document # Frequencies of bilingual word occurrences are comparable # Positions of bilingual word occurrences are comparable This methods can be used to generate, or to look for, occurrence patterns which in turn are used to produce binary occurrence vectors which are used by the "DKvec" method.
|
|
Further evidence shows that foundresses that have a larger corpora allata, a region of the female wasp brain responsible for the synthesis and secretion of JH, are naturally more dominant. In an effort to determine if JH is indeed responsible for manifesting dominance, a follow up experiment was done utilizing 20-hydroxyecdysone, an ecdysone known to enhance maturation and size of oocytes. The size of the oocytes plays a significant role in establishing dominance within Polistes dominulus and thus researchers used this hormone to compare which condition (either JH or 20-hydroxyecdysone treated) induced higher levels of dominance intensities within foundresses. The results showed that the 20-hydroxyecdysone treated foundresses showed increased dominance compared to those foundresses treated with JH and suggests that 20-hydroxyecdysone, not JH may play a larger role in establishing dominance (Roseler et al.
|
|
Melanchthon was asked to write a clear statement on the papacy and this he did, a document that was adopted at the meeting as the Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope. In the Smalcald Articles, Luther summarized what he regarded to be the most important teaching in Christianity. The Articles were highly prized by John Frederick who ordered that they be made a part of his last will and testament. And though they were not adopted at the meeting of the Schmalkaldic League in 1537, most of the theologians present at that meeting subscribed to it. Parts of Hesse accepted them as confessional writing in 1544 and in the 1550s, the Smalcald Articles were used authoritatively by many Gnesio-Lutherans as well as being incorporated into “corpora doctrinae” during the following 20 years.
|
|
France Martineau was the director of the project Modéliser le changement : les voies du français, from 2005 to 2010, funded by the Major Collaborative Research Initiatives (MCRI) of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). This project, initiated by Dr Martineau, has been involved with the development of digitized corpora that have supported numerous research activities and conferences worldwide in the field of French historical sociolinguistics. Professor Martineau is one of very few researchers to obtain a second MCRI grant. On March 16, 2011 at the University of Ottawa, in the company of such distinguished guests as Member of Parliament Royal Galipeau and the President of the University, Allan Rock, it was officially announced that Dr Martineau had been awarded $2.5 million in research funding for the international and interdisciplinary project Le français à la mesure d'un continent: un patrimoine en partage.
|
|
Continued improvements in machine learning algorithms likewise have permitted social scientists and entrepreneurs to use novel techniques to identify latent and meaningful patterns of social interaction and evolution in large electronic datasets. Narrative network of US Elections 2012 The automatic parsing of textual corpora has enabled the extraction of actors and their relational networks on a vast scale, turning textual data into network data. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from Network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes. This automates the approach introduced by quantitative narrative analysis, whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor- object.
|
|
During his undergraduate years, under the tutelage of G B Matthews, Berwick became interested in number theory. He submitted an essay entitled An illustration of the theory of relative corpora for the Smith's Prize in 1911; the essay was placed second in the prize competition. He then co-wrote, with Matthews, a paper On the reduction of arithmetical binary cubics which have a negative determinant: it was published after Berwick had left Cambridge to take up an assistant lectureship at the University of Bristol, and was the only paper Berwick co-authored in his career. Berwick taught at Bristol until 1913 when he took up another lectureship at the University College of Bangor. With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Berwick began war work on the Technical Staff of the Anti-Aircraft Experimental Section of the Munitions Inventions Department at Portsmouth.
|
|
Traditional corpus linguistics has, quite naturally, tended to privilege the quantitative approach. In the drive to produce more authentic dictionaries and grammars of a language, it has been characterised by the compilation of some very large corpora of heterogeneric discourse types in the desire to obtain an overview of the greatest quantity and variety of discourse types possible, in other words, of the chimerical but useful fiction called the “general language” (“general English”, “general Italian”, and so on). This has led to the construction of immensely valuable research tools such as the Bank of English and the British National Corpus. Some branches of corpus linguistics have also promoted an approach that is "corpus-driven", in which we need, grammatically speaking, a mental tabula rasa to free ourselves of the baleful prejudice exerted by traditional models and allow the data to speak entirely for itself.
|
|
MultiNet has been used in practical NLP applications such as natural language interfaces to the Internet or question answering systems over large semantically annotated corpora with millions of sentences. MultiNet is also a cornerstone of the commercially available search engine SEMPRIA-Search, where it is used for the description of the computational lexicon and the background knowledge, for the syntactic-semantic analysis, for logical answer finding, as well as for the generation of natural language answers. MultiNet is supported by a set of software tools and has been used to build large semantically based computational lexicons. The tools include a semantic interpreter WOCADI, which translates natural language expressions (phrases, sentences, texts) into formal MultiNet expressions, a workbench MWR+ for the knowledge engineer (comprising modules for automatic knowledge acquisition and reasoning), and a workbench LIA+ for the computer lexicographer supporting the creation of large semantically based computational lexica.
|
|
The earliest examples, and also one of the largest corpora of text commentaries from the ancient world, comes from first- millennium-BCE Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Known from over 860 manuscripts, the majority of which date to the period 700-100 BCE, most of these commentaries explore numerous types of texts, including literary works (such as the Babylonian Epic of Creation), medical treatises, magical texts, ancient dictionaries, and law collections (the Code of Hammurabi). Most of them, however, comment on divination treatises, in particular treatises that predict the future from the appearance and movement of celestial bodies on the one hand (Enūma Anu Enlil), and from the appearance of a sacrificed sheep’s liver on the other (Bārûtu). As with the majority of the thousands of texts from the ancient Near East that have survived to the present day, Mesopotamian text commentaries are written on clay tablets in cuneiform script.
|
|
A hedonometer or hedonimeter is a device used to gauge happiness or pleasure. Conceived of at least as early as 1880,Oxford English Dictionary definition the term was used in 1881 by the economist Francis Ysidro Edgeworth to describe "an ideally perfect instrument, a psychophysical machine, continually registering the height of pleasure experienced by an individual."Edgeworth's Hedonimeter and the Quest to Measure Utility More recently, it has been used to refer to a tool developed by Peter Dodds and Chris Danforth to gauge the valence of various corpora, including historical State of the Union addresses, song lyrics, and online tweets and blogs.Reuters - "Jackson's death was blogosphere's saddest day: study"Measuring the Happiness of Large-Scale Written Expression: Songs, Blogs, and PresidentsThe Atlantic - "The Geography of Happiness According to 10 Million Tweets" It is operated out of the University of Vermont (UVM), and has been in use since 2008.
|
|
From its own in-house lexicographers the software provides proprietary bilingual dictionary modules for French-English, Spanish- English, German-English, Italian-English, Portuguese-English, Norwegian- English, French-Spanish, French-Italian, French-German, Spanish-German, Spanish-Portuguese, Esperanto-English, Latin-English, and English and French monolingual dictionaries and thesauri. As well as its own language data sets, third-party modules include an English-French medical dictionary licensed from Masson, the French division of Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, an English-Klingon dictionary developed in collaboration with the Klingon Language Institute and Simon & Schuster, and bilingual corpora developed in association with HarperCollins. The co-branded Dictionaries from Collins, Masson, and Simon & Schuster are for use exclusively with Ultralingua software. The developer also has agreements with McGraw-Hill and Hachette for publication and distribution of print and CD-ROM versions of its dictionaries.
|
|
Acceptability is:Bauer, "Grammaticality, acceptibility, possible words and large corpora", 2014 #A sentence that is consciously considered acceptable by both the speaker and hearer, # A natural, appropriate, and meaningful sentence within a context, #Related to a speaker's performance, and based on how a language would actually be used in a real situation, #Speaker-oriented, depending on what speakers consider appropriate. On the other hand, grammaticality is: # A linguistic ‘string’ that follows a set of given rules, # A grammatical utterance that is not necessarily meaningful, # Based on a native speaker's competence or knowledge of a language, #Defined by the possible outputs a particular grammar can generate. In an experiment, grammaticality and acceptability are often confused, but speakers may be asked to give their 'grammatical judgments' instead of 'acceptability judgments'. The general assumption is that a native speaker's grammar produces grammatical strings and that the speaker can also judge whether the strings are acceptable in their language.
|
|
Judith L. Klavans (pronounced ) is a linguist and computer scientist. She has been active in academia, industry and government in furthering the development and application of computational approaches to the study of language, with publications in areas including speech synthesis, Judith Klavans, Evelyne Tzoukermann: Machine-Readable Dictionaries in Text-to-Speech Systems. COLING 1994: 971-975 machine translation,Bonnie J. Dorr, Judith L. Klavans: Introduction: Special issue on building lexicons for machine translation. Machine Translation 10(1-2): 1-3 (1995) Bonnie J. Dorr, Judith L. Klavans: Introduction: Special issue on building lexicons for machine translation. Machine Translation 9(3-4): 151-153 (1994) the development of resources and corpus analysis, Judith L. Klavans, Evelyne Tzoukermann: Combining corpus and machine-readable dictionary data for building bilingual lexicons.Machine Translation 10(3): 185-218 (1995) Judith L. Klavans & Patrick Hanks, "The role of large text corpora in building natural language systems", Tutorial presented at the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING-90. 1990.
|
|
The study considered 84 million tweets generated by more than 9.8 million users from the United Kingdom over a period of 31 months, showing how public sentiment in the UK has changed with the announcement of spending cuts. In a 2013 study by S Sudhahar and co-authors, the automatic parsing of textual corpora has enabled the extraction of actors and their relational networks on a vast scale, turning textual data into network data. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from Network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes. In a 2014 study by T Lansdall-Welfare and co-authors, 5 million news articles were collected over 5 years and then analyzed to suggest a significant shift in sentiment relative to coverage of nuclear power, corresponding with the disaster of Fukushima.
|
|
In order to prevent blood loss this piercing is usually accomplished with a specially made piece of jewelry that does the piercing and then shortened and remains in place throughout the healing process, as rare as the piercing is, there are very few that succeed in fully healing, the first manner is by cauterization after the jewelry is in its final position whereby the jewelry is heated to a point that it sears the inner tissues of the corpora cavernosa. The second method which takes far longer to heal and is much more painful is a process of pushing the outer layer of skin into the hole with "retainers" forming a flesh tube through the shaft which takes from 2 to 3 months. Either method is well beyond the skill level of most piercers, and is not recommended. It has been reported that this piercing enhances the males sensitivity more than any other piercing due to the close proximity to nerve tissues and the resulting pressures.
|
|
There is one count that puts the English vocabulary at about 1 million words—but that count presumably includes words such as Latin species names, scientific terminology, botanical terms, prefixed and suffixed words, jargon, foreign words of extremely limited English use, and technical acronyms. Due to its status as an international language, English adopts foreign words quickly, and borrows vocabulary from many other sources. Early studies of English vocabulary by lexicographers, the scholars who formally study vocabulary, compile dictionaries, or both, were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from good-quality linguistic corpora, collections of actual written texts and spoken passages. Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time, the dates of first use of various words in English, and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analysis of linguistic corpus data becomes available.
|
|
In natural language processing and information retrieval, explicit semantic analysis (ESA) is a vectoral representation of text (individual words or entire documents) that uses a document corpus as a knowledge base. Specifically, in ESA, a word is represented as a column vector in the tf–idf matrix of the text corpus and a document (string of words) is represented as the centroid of the vectors representing its words. Typically, the text corpus is English Wikipedia, though other corpora including the Open Directory Project have been used. ESA was designed by Evgeniy Gabrilovich and Shaul Markovitch as a means of improving text categorization and has been used by this pair of researchers to compute what they refer to as "semantic relatedness" by means of cosine similarity between the aforementioned vectors, collectively interpreted as a space of "concepts explicitly defined and described by humans", where Wikipedia articles (or ODP entries, or otherwise titles of documents in the knowledge base corpus) are equated with concepts.
|
|
In summarizing the field, Kennedy's Introduction to Corpus Linguistics notes that "for corpus linguists with an interest in the description of English, the International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English has been the major resource". The influence of ICAME on the field has also be laid out in Facchinetti's history, Corpus Linguistics Twenty-five Years On. One influential resource that ICAME made available was a CD of 20 different corpora, including those covering different regional Englishes (such as the Australian Corpus of English, the Wellington Corpus of Spoken New Zealand English, the Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English, the Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT), the Helsinki Corpus of Older Scots, and the International Corpus of English—East-African component), as well as versions of the Brown Corpus and the Lancaster-Bergen-Oslo (LOB) corpus tagged for part of speech. ICAME also published an annual journal, the ICAME Journal, formerly ICAME News, that contains articles, conference reports, reviews and notices related to corpus linguistics. The current editors of the ICAME Journal are Merja Kytö and Anna-Brita Stenström.
|
|
161 (on-line) Leonine verses in the Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta in Torcello, around 1100 :Formula virtutis - Maris astrum, Porta salutis Prole Maria levat - quos conjuge subdidit Eva Sum deus atq(ue) caro - patris et sum matris imago non piger ad lapsum - set flentis p(ro)ximus adsum Renato Polacco, La cattedrale di Torcello, Venezia 1984, p. 52 Leonine verses in mosaic in the apse of the Cathedral of Cefalù, around 1150 :Factus homo Factor - hominis factique Redemptor Iudico corporeus - corpora corda DeusDemus O., The Mosaics of Norman Siciliy, London,1945, pp. 4-5 Leonine verses in the Portale dell'abbazia di Leno dell'abate Gunterio, in the year 1200 :HAEC NON LENENSIS - TELLUS FERTUR LEONENSIS CUI NON LENONES - NOMEN POSUERE LEONES FORMA LEONINA - SIGNANS BIS MARMORA BINA DICITUR OFFERRE - LOCA VOCE NON AUTEM RE FELIX EST NOMEN - FELIX EST NOMINIS OMEN QUOD NON LENONES - POSUERUNT IMMO LEONESFrancesco Antonio Zaccaria, Dell'antichissima badia di Leno, Venezia 1767, p. 35 Another very famous poem in a tripart Leonine rhyme is the De Contemptu Mundi of Bernard of Cluny, whose first book begins: :Hora novissima, tempora pessima, sunt vigilemus Ecce minaciter, imminet arbiter, ille supremus.
|
|
Different populations, environmental variation, size, and even age can determine the type of variation within a fallow deer mating system, but lekking behaviour is the most commonly found and studied in nature; variation can be explained by three characteristics (1) the optimal strategy under specific environmental or social conditions, (2) the strategy of an individual may be dependent on the strategies of other individual males within the same population and (3) individual males may be less capable at gaining access to females, since they can be outcompeted by other males that are more capable. Lek mating systems are important to understanding, which leads to fewer studies focusing on the reproductive success of males away from the lek or other mating system types. The females are polyestrous, meaning that during their sexual cycle the females will "heat up", which means that they are ready to mate and willing to accept a male, but if this does not occur, the "heat" will come repeatedly throughout the breeding season. The heat is usually referred to as increased serum progesterone levels in the female fallow deer and is associated with the corpora lutea.
|
|
On this basis, they argued that clitoral stimulation is the source of both kinds of orgasms, reasoning that the clitoris is stimulated during penetration by friction against its hood; their notion that this provides the clitoris with sufficient sexual stimulation has been criticized by researchers such as Elisabeth Lloyd. Australian urologist Helen O'Connell's 2005 research additionally indicates a connection between orgasms experienced vaginally and the clitoris, suggesting that clitoral tissue extends into the anterior wall of the vagina and that therefore clitoral and vaginal orgasms are of the same origin. Some studies, using ultrasound, have found physiological evidence of the G-spot in women who report having orgasms during vaginal intercourse, but O'Connell suggests that the clitoris's interconnected relationship with the vagina is the physiological explanation for the conjectured G-spot. Having used MRI technology which enabled her to note a direct relationship between the legs or roots of the clitoris and the erectile tissue of the "clitoral bulbs" and corpora, and the distal urethra and vagina, she stated that the vaginal wall is the clitoris; that lifting the skin off the vagina on the side walls reveals the bulbs of the clitoris—triangular, crescental masses of erectile tissue.
|
|
Numerous stories have been transmitted about these verses, yet all center around the same basic story. Abdullah Yusuf Ali, translator of the Qur'an into English, asserts that the source of this story may be the Jewish Midrash: > Among the Jewish traditions in the Midrash was a story of two angels who > asked Allah's permission to come down to earth but succumbed to temptation, > and were hung up by their feet at Babylon for punishment. Such stories about > sinning angels who were cast down to punishment were believed in by the > early Christians, also (see II Peter 2:4, and Epistle of Jude, verse 6). However, most recent research in the field of Islamic Studies has established that the earliest possible date for the Midrash dealing with the Harut & Marut narrative, dates from the 11th century and thus postdates the advent of Islam by more than 400 years: > Careful comparison of the developed narratives of the "Tale of Harut and > Marut" and the Midrash amid the larger literary corpora within which they > are embedded suggests that the Muslim Harut wa-Marut complex both > chronologically and literarily precedes the articulated versions of the > Jewish Midrash.
|
|
Pages 16-17 The Copiale cipher is an encrypted manuscript consisting of 75,000 handwritten characters filling 105 pages in a bound volume. Undeciphered for more than 260 years, the document was cracked in 2011 with the help of modern computer techniques. An international team consisting of Kevin Knight of the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute and USC Viterbi School of Engineering, along with Beáta Megyesi and Christiane Schaefer of Uppsala University in Sweden, found the cipher to be an encrypted German text. The manuscript is a homophonic cipher that uses a complex substitution code, including symbols and letters, for its text and spaces.New York Times: John Markoff, "How revolutionary tools cracked a 1700s code," October 24, 2011, retrieved October 25, 2011 Previously examined by scientists at the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin in the 1970s, the cipher was thought to date from between 1760 and 1780. Decipherment revealed that the document had been created in the 1730s by a secret society (the complete proceedings) or (the relevant presentation): Knight, Kevin, Megyesi, Beáta and Schaefer, Christiane "The Copiale Cipher," Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on building and using comparable corpora, pages 2-9, 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Comparable Linguistics, 24 June 2011.
|
|
Ottonis Frisingensis chronica, MGH, Scriptores, 20, p. 310, 51; 6. Gelenius, Aegidius, De admiranda sacra et civili magnitudine Coloniae Claudiae Agripinensis Augustae Ubiorum urbis, Köln 1645, page 233, written in 1645: "& ferme integris corporibus, nervis, & cute arida ac impurribili conspicui sunt, ope, ut putatur, Balsami aliorumque Arabiae liquorum, quibus corpora curari olim mos fuit" \- were taken from Milan by Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick Barbarossa and given to the Archbishop of Cologne, Rainald of Dassel, in 1164.Rainald von Dassel announces the Cologners his return and the delivery of the bodies of the Holy Three Kings. The original letter - Vercelli, 12 June 1164 A Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral still exists (a part of these relics were returned to the Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio of Milan in 1904)Hofmann, Hans, Die Rückführung von Teilen der Dreikönigsreliquien von Köln nach Mailand 1903 - 1904, in: Jahrbuch des Kölnischen Geschichtsvereins, no. 46, year 1975, pages 51 - 72 (with many documents); here page 67, list of the fragments, in Latin original: Ex reliquiis desumptae sunt una tibia cum fibula illius sanctorum trium corporum, quod provectioris erat aetatis, una fibula, quae erat corporis aetatis mediae, et una vertebra colli, quae erat corporis aetatis iunioris.
|
|