Sovereign states have dissolved into centenals — aggregations of 100,000 like-minded souls.
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Potential use cases involve simple tasks like bookkeeping, aggregations and generating simple statistics.
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Such aggregations are affecting a number of other issues, particularly the emerging ones.
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But perhaps the animals meet up somewhere to mate, in great squid aggregations.
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Massive aggregations of user data provide the economic engine for Facebook, Google, and beyond.
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Going by the Huffington Post aggregations, Sanders peaked in Massachusetts on February 16, when he overtook Clinton.
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Those ant aggregations display some interesting material properties, which is why they've attracted the attention of mechanical engineers.
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It could make it more difficult to unlock wide-ranging benefits offered by large aggregations of user data.
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If we have large aggregations of deer in an alfalfa field, for example, we want to address that.
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First, the real value in user data only emerges through large aggregations, which allow predictive analytics and behavioral targeting.
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Such an approach could make it more difficult to unlock wide-ranging benefits from large aggregations of user data.
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A more collectivist approach could better protect and preserve the value and innovations that emerge from these data aggregations.
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Soon there will be all kinds of combinations and aggregations, at all levels, across every one of hundreds of LDAs.
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Some of the most memorable Moments have been crazy stories told in sprawling tweetstorms rather than predictable aggregations of news.
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Online, we traffic in algorithms, aggregations and demographic data sets, the pseudoscientific dressing for old habits of generalization and stereotyping.
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In the past, we've noticed aggregations of breeding crabs hanging around the ocean floor, or migrating onto land if they're terrestrial.
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But while Noguchi always aimed for organic unification of forms and materials, Mr. Sachs organizes aggregations of distinct, mostly prefabricated objects.
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That meant publishing more, publishing faster, and publishing the kinds of quick hits and aggregations that help build audience on the cheap.
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Under the Grand Central model, TSOs would continue to manage and dispatch DERs (or aggregations of DERs) for any transactions affecting wholesale markets.
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As DERs and their aggregations grow more numerous and larger, the risk arises that large chunks of the system will receive dueling instructions.
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There also are aggregated Stories from hotspots on the Snap Map, Our Stories about events or holidays and topic-based aggregations from Snapchat Search.
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It would not need to keep track of, manage, and dispatch tens of thousands of DERs, DER aggregations, and microgrids across the LDAs in its region.
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But recent analyses of data taken at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland have revealed the existence of larger aggregations, like the five-quark pentaquark.
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These "virtual" aggregations can gather together multiple small resources (batteries, solar panels, whatever) and treat the result as a single unit that participates in grid-services markets.
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What elevates Elmslie's preposterous aggregations into another realm is their oracular significance: If only one had been born Swiss, the daughter of a well-to-do grocer.
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Those aggregations could be the funniest reaction GIFs, the prettiest aerial drone footage, the most inspiring weight-loss before-and-afters or the best Rick and Morty memes.
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This is why, increasingly, designers seem to explain their shows as being aggregations of "characters," and different kinds of women being given different ways to signal their aspirations.
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THG's future performance will continue to be affected by catastrophe-related losses, but inherent volatility from these events is reduced somewhat from past years given changes in property business aggregations.
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But given that user data's real value is not at the individual level but, rather, at the level of the massive aggregations, a more collectively oriented property right makes sense.
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The study's authors write that such large aggregations haven't been recorded on prior research trips except for one sighting of 20 whales, which was more likely a number of smaller groups.
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And the cycle repeats itself, in aggregations of video clips and breathless reports of how people were "tricked" into participating in Baron Cohen's new series and so on and so forth.
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In nearly every instance, the stories shared were news items about polls that favored Trump (many from the primaries) or negative articles about Hillary Clinton — many of them aggregations of WikiLeaks emails.
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This type of system allows researchers to track the movement of tagged fishes as they travel into and out of the lake, and can reveal spawning aggregations, nursery grounds, and population centers.
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The bay along the city's coastline is home to one of the largest aggregations of great whites in the world; spotters have recorded some 2,200 since the program started 14 years ago.
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There are also physical aggregations of DERs, known as microgrids, local electricity systems that can operate either connected to the main power system or, at least temporarily, as an "island," disconnected from it.
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Occasionally, though, I'll worry that it lets me see people as simply aggregations of their opinions, who exist only as long as I'm reading their words — which, in Exfiltration's case, is literally correct.
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And millions not watching at home will probably see aggregations of the moment floating around on Facebook and Google and hear, even in passing, the idea that "Bernie or Bust" is a joke.
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Though there is a steady stream of new studies on climate change, one of the most robust aggregations of the science remains the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's fifth assessment report from 212020.
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Multiplying together the prices of n goods and then taking the nth root of the product allows price aggregations to take into account a degree of switching proportionate to the change in relative prices.
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A professor at Frankfurt's Städelschule, Mr. Bayrle has spent decades depicting cities and people as aggregations of hundreds of repeated parts, which he can now do easily via Photoshop but long performed by hand.
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Rovi mostly supplies a concrete data library, and it's their clients who are doing the valuable user-level aggregations about listening patterns, tastes, and behavior – Rovi never had access to Rdio's listening logs, for example.
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Moth aggregations also sustain bears, but these concentration points occur in high-elevation talus slopes, or fields of frost-shattered rock in steep mountains, and some bears don't eat the moths for reasons that scientists don't understand.
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New York City Audubon has positioned trained volunteers armed with binoculars on the roof of a parking garage in Battery Park City, at the base of the tribute, to monitor aggregations of birds in the tribute light beams.
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The aggregations are now heavily overfished, and the researchers are already seeing signs of a decline in the corvina population through the smaller size of fish being captured, and a reduction of the area in which the aggregation is normally distributed.
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Now consider a map produced by Chetty and co-authors (scroll down), which depicts a measure of social mobility by "commuting zones" (geographical aggregations of counties that are similar to metro areas, but cover the entire US, including rural areas).
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"City Green, Public Gardens of New York" (The Monacelli Press) by Jane Garmey, with photographs by Mick Hales, is a chromatic, idiosyncratic survey of the stand-alone aggregations of plants and trees either within parks or which stand alone as urban sanctuaries.
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The dark red spots in the image are thought to be aggregations of tholin (soot or tar-like matter created by reactions involving methane and nitrogen), while the bright, light rims of the many craters in view are likely to be created by methane ice.
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There are also several other significant factors that determine what you see in the News Feed, though not as heavily as those above How Many Others Have Posted the Same Thing – Facebook creates highly-ranked aggregations of posts when lots of friends or Pages post the same thing.
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It spans more than seven hours of on-demand video with two companion articles, first establishing a foundational knowledge of Tableau's functionality, then building upon it by teaching you how to spot trends in your data, make accurate forecasts, utilize aggregations, join/blend data from multiple sources, and produce charts, maps, and graphs.
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The briefing further breaks down the numbers of who's arriving at the border: In fiscal year 2018, 313,000 unaccompanied minors and 161,000 family units came to the US. The figures appear to be aggregations of people who are determined to be inadmissible by Customs and Border Protection and apprehensions -- both are an increase from fiscal year 2017.
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RMI researchers took a close look at four proposed gas plants in different parts of the country — "two announced combined-cycle gas turbine power plants, planned for high capacity-factor operation, and two announced combustion-turbine power plants, planned for peak-hour operation" — and compared their costs to regionally appropriate aggregations of solar and other distributed energy resources.
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In his Santos series, Endress mixes and matches species in ways that could never occur in the natural world, turning simplistic aggregations of living, or formerly living, things on their head, offering instead a series of mementos mori — seemingly abundant still lifes that are in fact reminders of their own impossibilities, of pending death and the destruction wrought by such arrangements.
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The number of possible aggregations is determined by every possible combination of dimension granularities. Since it would produce a lot of overhead to build all possible aggregations, it is a good idea to choose a subset of tables on which to make aggregations. The best way to choose this subset and decide which aggregations to build is to monitor queries and design aggregations to match query patterns.
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These fish form large aggregations. In the aggregations, individuals either feed in the midwater or tend their nests.
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Zebra sharks are usually solitary, though aggregations of 20-50 individuals have been recorded. Off southeast Queensland, aggregations of several hundred zebra sharks form every summer in shallow water. These aggregations consist entirely of large adults, with females outnumbering males by almost three to one. The purpose of these aggregations is yet unclear; no definite mating behavior has been observed between the sharks.
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Cluster type aggregations form alongside temporary crowding and excess of food while ball type aggregations may manifest out of temporary crowding but lack of food. At lower constant temperatures of 22 °C and 25 °C, cluster type aggregations may form but higher temperatures of 30° and 32 °C inhibit aggregation formation. Aggregations produced pupa with slightly heavier dry body weights and promoted developmental synchronization in ecdysis and greater likelihood of migration at emergence.
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New nests form mainly along the edge of aggregations. R. plebeiana nest aggregations can persist for up to 15 years. In aggregations of R. plebeiana, each comb is independent nest that is occupied by residential females. There is rarely drift between the different nests, and aliens to the nest were expelled and attacked.
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Between 700 and 900 m depth there are large aggregations of sponges in the Condor seamount. These aggregations are dominated by the presence of glass sponge (Pheronema carpenteri) and are also considered as habitats of conservation importance.
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This may also be attributed to short distance reproductive swarming methods and brief mating periods as well. Since it has been observed that rarely any queen-daughter relationships exist within aggregations, the “budding” hypothesis of colony initiation rarely occurs. Due to their long distance migratory patterns, the bees cause enough gene flow to occur between the colonies of different aggregations. There is distinct genetic differentiation between aggregations.
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Sorensen's leaf-nosed bat is highly colonial, roosting in caves in large aggregations.
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Therefore, it seems that individuals intuitively define aggregations of individuals in this way.
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Such aggregations, where there is no particular association of species or sizes, may be referred to loosely as unstructured aggregations. Commonly they are very temporary and may be loose, with flocks or herds associating casually and separating equally casually within hours. Structured aggregations tend to be longer-term and of a specific life-cycle function and context. Typically, though not necessarily, they will be of a single species.
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Business networks can be divided into two main categories: business associations and company aggregations.
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This fish changes its color depending on what it is doing. They form aggregations.
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This species of damselfish occurs in big to small aggregations above coral heads or rubble.
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It may also explain why these aggregations are often sorted by phenotypic characteristics such as strength.
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The Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of web resources. The OAI-ORE specification implements the ORE Model which introduces the resource map (ReM) that makes it possible to associate an identity with aggregations of resources and make assertions about their structure and semantics. These aggregations (sometimes called compound digital objects or compound information objects) may combine distributed resources together, and with multiple media types including text, images, data, and video. The goal of OAI-ORE is to expose the rich content in aggregations to applications that support authoring, deposit, exchange, visualization, reuse, and preservation.
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Microcystic lymphatic malformations are a cutaneous condition characterized by aggregations of ill-defined, abnormal, microscopic lymphatic channels.
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Females are attracted by chorusing males. Breeding aggregations do not usually last long, only a few days.
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C. littoralis can also be observed resting on surfaces including cliff faces and driftwood in large aggregations.
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Sheep crabs are gonchoric, which is to say that individuals are either male or female. They form aggregations, piles of dozens or hundreds of crabs. The aggregations which have been studied in detail are composed only of adults and included females and at least one male. Sheep crabs are typically solitary, and it has been hypothesized that the purpose of the aggregations is to increase the concentration of a chemical signal, a pheromone, from the females to attract males for mating.
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This species forms spawning aggregations. Adults feed on algae and zooplankton, while juveniles mainly feed on benthic algae.
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In the case of the orange roughy, these aggregations (possibly segregated according to sex) may reach a population density of 2.5/m²;. The aggregations form in and around geologic structures, such as undersea canyons and seamounts, likely where water movement and mixing is high, ensuring dense concentrations of prey items. The aggregations do not necessarily form for the purpose of spawning; it is thought that the fish cycle through metabolic phases (feeding and resting) and seek areas with ideal hydrologic conditions to congregate during their inactive and active phases. Observations of orange roughy aggregations during submersible dives have also shown the fish lose almost all pigmentation while inactive, during which time they are very approachable.
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In July 2017 S. Paul, R. S. John et al. defined clear distinguishing parameters for classifying galaxy aggregations as ‘galaxy groups’ and ‘clusters’ on the basis of scaling laws that they followed. According to this paper, galaxy aggregations less massive than 8 × 1013 solar masses are classified as Galaxy groups.
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An exception to this is the walrus, where females form dense aggregations perhaps due to their patchy food sources.
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Male E. imperialis have been observed to occasionally form aggregations of territories considered to be leks. These aggregations typically occur at sites in which they can collect aromatic materials; however, females almost never approach these aggregations. It is also important to note that although leks are formed, they are only facultative for this species (the more suitable sites, the greater the number of habitable territories). Since these territories are aggregated, females have a large selection of males with whom to potentially mate with in the aggregation.
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These fishes form large midwater aggregations. They are oviparous. Females lay many, small pelagic eggs. They mainly feed on zooplankton.
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Newly eclosed queens mate with unrelated males near the natal nest and then return to it, where they are readopted. Other queens disperse to mating aggregations, mate, and then leave the aggregations to establish new colonies elsewhere. Matings near the nest may occur because L. acervorum queens 'call' males through the use of pheromones.
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Females and males aggregate seasonally for mating. Fertilization is internal. Kellet's whelks reproduce annually, with egg-laying restricted to late spring and summer (in March, April and May). The snails form aggregations, with the average spawning cluster being about 15 to 20 snails. However, a few spawning aggregations contain between 200 and 300 individuals.
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The Giant Australian cuttlefish, Sepia apama, forms mass breeding aggregations in the Upper Spencer Gulf, most notably to the southwest of Point Lowly (outside of Fitzgerald Bay). Smaller aggregations occur within Fitzgerald Bay at the northern end (Backy Point) and the southern end (to the north and south of the Point Lowly North Marina).
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In the Revillagigedo Islands of Mexico spawning aggregations of 30-54 individuals have been recorded in February over a shallow seamount.
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Polling aggregations are now common throughout the world. Some European polls are aggregated at pollofpolls.eu. A major Australian aggregator is BludgerTrack.
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Juveniles school above soft corals while adults are found in small of large aggregations over their favorite parts of the reef.
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At certain times of year, adults move to the down-current end of the reef and form local spawning aggregations (groups). They likely do not travel very far for their spawning aggregations. The pelagic eggs and larvae ultimately settle on or near coral reef habitats. Eggs are 0.65 mm in diameter and spherical, with no pigment.
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The aggregations have been recorded over rocky reefs or around seamounts where there are steep drop-offs and numerous of gorgonians and black coral. Aggregations have also been recorded over sandy substrates next to reefs. They spawn in pairs and a male will pair with a number of females. There are around three to five females for each male.
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Taylor D, Daniels CB, Johnston G. In Press. The Marbled Gecko in Urban Parklands: Do Retreat Sites Limit Population Size During Winter? Herpetologica. C. marmoratus are commonly found in aggregations of up to 10 individuals, and most aggregations contain one male. Given that many geckos have been reported to engage in territorial behaviour,Marcellini D. 1977.
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Some species form dense aggregations, either on the sea floor or in the water column, and a small number are commercially fished.
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The northern tidewater goby may be found in small groups of less than a dozen or occasionally in large aggregations of hundreds.
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C. luhuanus form mating aggregations of copulating individuals were males and females compete for reproduction opportunities.Eyes of C. luhuanus. By Harry Rose.
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A possible explanation for the persistence of white morphs despite their higher predation rates is selection heterogeneity; in other words, due to the wide geographic distribution of the wood tiger moth, different populations experience vastly different selective pressures. One consideration is immune variation. A 2013 study demonstrated that male yellow and white larvae saw different survival rates when reared in aggregations; yellow male survived to pupate better in aggregations than white males did, which may reflect different immune investments. In aggregations, white males saw better ability to encapsulate pathogens, while yellow males had higher hemolymph (equivalent to insect 'blood') lytic activity (virus attacking).
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The more usual prey is other fish, lobsters and slipper lobsters. It is thought that these fish attain sexual maturity at six to seven years when they are around in total length. The adults form spawning aggregations numbering more than 40 in the period from April to June. In the southern Gulf of California these aggregations cover areas larger than .
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Aggregations of carbon-laden macrophages can be visualized under a microscope as granular, black areas. In serious cases, the lung may grossly appear black. These aggregations can cause inflammation and fibrosis, as well as the formation of nodular lesions within the lungs. The centers of dense lesions may become necrotic due to ischemia, leading to large cavities within the lung.
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Bed bugs may choose to aggregate because of predation, resistance to desiccation, and more opportunities to find a mate. Airborne pheromones are responsible for aggregations.
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They have also been recorded following moray eels as they forage, preying on fishes fleeing from the eel. This species forms schools and synchronized spawning aggregations made up of around 30 to 70 fishes. Spawning aggregations have been observed from late November until February over a seamount off Cocos Island. They have also been observed spawning at Manuelita Island close to Cocos Island in late July.
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Mycteroperca bonaci occurs over rocky bottoms and coral reefs at depths of , however in the eastern Gulf of Mexico it is normally encountered at depths of more than . It is usually a solitary species, the adults feeding mainly on fishes, such as grunts, snapper and herrings, and the juveniles feed on crustaceans. Black groupers have been recorded forming seasonal feeding aggregations along the outer continental shelf off Brazil, these coincide with spawning aggregations of some fish species the groupers prey on. They are is a monandric protogynous hermaphrodites and they form spawning aggregations and these have been reported from in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.
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A preserved specimen on display at a museum Orange roughy are generally sluggish and demersal; they form aggregations with a natural population density of up to 2.5 fish per m2, now reduced to about 1.0 per m2. These aggregations form in and around geologic structures, such as undersea canyons and seamounts, where water movement and mixing is high, ensuring dense prey concentrations. The aggregations are not necessarily for spawning or feeding; the fish are thought to cycle through metabolic phases (active or feeding and inactive or resting) and seek areas with ideal hydrologic conditions to congregate during each phase. They lose almost all pigmentation while inactive, when they are very approachable.
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Finless porpoise In Chinese coastal waters and the Yangtze River, finless porpoises are generally found in groups of three to six, although aggregations of up to about fifty have been reported. In Japanese waters, groups appear to be smaller, with pairs being typical, and even rare aggregations being no larger than thirteen individuals. Recent data suggest the basic unit of a finless porpoise pod is a mother/calf pair or two adults, and schools of three or more individuals are aggregations of these units or of solitary individuals. Social structure seems to be underdeveloped in the species, and the mother/calf pair is probably the only stable social unit.
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It also has a modular, template-based compiler, as well as support for advanced features such as negation as failure, In Domain expressions, relationship inheritance and aggregations.
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The distribution and density of these groups was variable and overlapped. The FADs were also used by other fish, and the aggregations dispersed when it was dark.
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It is a colonial species, forming aggregations consisting of a few individuals or as many as one thousand. It utilizes both caves and human structures as roosts.
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Thorington KK, Weigl PD. (2011). Role of kinship in the formation of southern flying squirrel winter aggregations. Journal of Mammalogy. 92(1):179-189. MullMuul, I. (1968).
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The life-cycle is thus complete in 13–20 days (at 30 °C). Certain species of Pseudorhabdosynochus parasitize groupers which show spawning aggregations, i.e. the adult fish gather annually at a precise location and meet other fish of their own species only once per year. It has been suggested that transmission of Pseudorhabdosynochus species occurs preferentially during these spawning aggregations, from older infected fish to younger, uninfected, fish.
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A 1992 summary of forty-one megabat genera noted that twenty-nine are tree-roosting genera. A further eleven genera roost in caves, and the remaining six genera roost in other kinds of sites (human structures, mines, and crevices, for example). Tree-roosting species can be solitary or highly colonial, forming aggregations of up to one million individuals. Cave-roosting species form aggregations ranging from ten individuals up to several thousand.
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This is a predatory species which preys largely on crustaceans, especially portunid crabs, and fishes, occasionally on cephalopods and gastropods. It is thought to be gonochoristic and hermaphroditism is still to be demonstrated for this species. It reaches sexual maturity at around 4 years of age and can live for up to 42 years. They form spawning aggregations and individuals are known to follow regular migratory routes to reach these aggregations.
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The Barton Gulch site is located in Madison County on a tributary of the Ruby River between the Greenhorn Range and Ruby Range.1\. Beauchamp 2007, p. 45 Dr. Les Davis excavated Barton Gulch from 1987 through 1993, and found 37 features that were each arranged into four distinct aggregations. Each of these aggregations contains a central oxidized pit that is 30-centimeters deep and surrounds each basin.
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Its skeletal, muscular and neural anatomy more closely resembles that of forward-walking species, rather than that of more closely related sideways-walking species. L. emarginata will mate in large aggregations. These aggregations may function as a protective mechanism during reproduction. Males of L. emarginata show an unusual "obstetrical behavior", in which gravid females who are about to release their larvae are held behind the male and aggressively protected.
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Spiders exhibit varying levels of sociality. Whereas most spiders are solitary and even aggressive toward other members of their own species, some hundreds of species in several families show a tendency to live in groups, often referred to as colonies. These can form relatively long-lasting aggregations. Some of these aggregations can contain as many as 50,000 individuals as in the case of Anelosimus eximius (in the family Theridiidae).
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It is often found in lagoons and bays where the substrate is sand, shingle or coral rubble. Sometimes many urchins collect together in one locality in dense aggregations.
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This species is prey for other fish such as inconnu, northern pike, and burbot, and gulls feed on spawning aggregations. The eggs and larvae are food for sculpins.
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Outside of these maternity colonies, adult males and non-reproductive females will roost by themselves or in small aggregations. Maternity colonies begin to break apart in late summer.
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Colletes succinctus nest in aggregations which in most of its range are quite small and can be difficult to locate C. succinctus as the females will nest singly or in small groups but in northern England and Scotland they may form large, dense aggregations of nests, with one aggregation recorded in North Yorkshire made up of 60-80,000 nests which were counted along 100m of river bank. In such dense aggregations the nests can be separated by just a few centimetres. They are univoltine and the flight period is July to October. In the early part of the fight period the males swarm around the aggregation and try to mate with emerging females.
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Anurida maritima (seashore springtail) is a cosmopolitan collembolan of the intertidal zone. It is often found in aggregations of up to several hundred on the surface of rock-pools.
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It has no calcareous spicules, but it has integumental concrements. It has no keel on the visceral hump. It has aggregations of precerebral ‘accessory ganglia’. It has no eyes.
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P. waitomoensis form aggregations near the entrances of caves during daytime, often in crevices or among stalactites. The juveniles are quite inactive during daylight, generally remaining still unless disturbed. Adults form pairs which mate repeatedly throughout the day, often breaking up and reforming in different combinations. Females leave the aggregations to lay their eggs, which they do by piercing their ovipositor into soft clay on ledges and in crevices within the cave.
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Nearly all female Calliopsis are solitary nesters, but they dig nests within aggregations near other females. Nests are built in the form of horizontal tunnels connected to waterproofed chambers containing eggs and provisions stored by the mother bee. Each female of this genus digs a solitary underground nest, usually in compacted, dense soil and close to flowering plants that serve as food sources. Calliopsis nesting aggregations can be as dense as 1,650 nests/m^2.
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When roaming for tarantula prey is unprofitable, these wasps form aggregations for both defensive and food-finding benefits. The presence of so many individuals reinforces the signal that each wasp sends to potential predators to stay away. Additionally, being part of a large group reduces each individual's chance of being attacked. Apart from its defensive value, such aggregations are also observed to benefit by aiding the wasps in locating nectar and by increasing mating opportunities.
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Many functions of animal aggregations have been proposed. These proposed functions may be grouped into the four following categories: social and genetic, anti- predator, enhanced foraging, and increased locomotion efficiency.
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In particular, the lagoon is reported as being the site of the largest waterbird aggregations which are found on its southern side including several species of cormorants, ducks, herons and ibises.
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Though female bees build nests in aggregations, each is in charge of building and provisioning her own nests. There is no queen bee overseeing the work or workers to help her.
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Why do geckos group? An analysis of "social" aggregations in two species of Australian Lizards. Herpetologica 57:4, 411–422. C. marmoratus have fat reserves in their tails,Daniels CB. 1984.
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H. ligatus typically nests in level, well-drained, hard-packed soil free of vegetation. As a result, these nests are most frequently encountered in dense aggregations in dirt roads and paths. The tendency for H. ligatus to nest in aggregations is advantageous for the cooperation of bees for the repulsion of parasites. However, this behavior can also be disadvantageous as it minimizes the time spent by predators in search of prey, or parasites in search of hosts.
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Western grey kangaroos Groups of kangaroos are called mobs, courts or troupes, which usually have 10 or more kangaroos in them. Living in mobs can provide protection for some of the weaker members of the group. The size and stability of mobs vary between geographic regions, with eastern Australia having larger and more stable aggregations than in arid areas farther west. Larger aggregations display high amounts of interactions and complex social structures, comparable to that of ungulates.
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Movements toward the center of an aggregation are based upon a variety of movement rules that range in complexity. Identifying these rules has been considered the "dilemma of the selfish herd". The main issue is that movement rules that are easy to follow are often unsuccessful in forming compact aggregations, and those that do form such aggregations are often considered too complex to be biologically relevant. Viscido, Miller, and Wethey identified three factors that govern good movement rules.
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The Eucerini (often called long-horned bees) are the most diverse tribe in the family Apidae, with over 32 genera worldwide that were previously classified as members of the family Anthophoridae. All species are solitary, though many nest in large aggregations, and large "sleeping" aggregations of males are found occasionally. Most genera are distinctive in the unusually long male antennae from which the tribe derives its name (eucer- means true horned). They are most diverse in the Western Hemisphere.
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The natural environment is fore-reef slopes where they form small loose aggregations. Usually they distribute at depths between 50 and about 200 feet (15 – 60 m) where it feeds on zooplankton.
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Overwhelming evidence from aggregations suggests that the Knidian sculpture was meant to evoke male responses of sexuality upon viewing the statue, which were said to have been encouraged by the temple staff.
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The structure of large animal groups has been difficult to study because of the large number of animals involved. The experimental approach is therefore often complemented by mathematical modeling of animal aggregations.
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Amazon DocumentDB enables you to write ad hoc queries to answer questions that you have of your JSON documents. The API enables single document lookups, index scan, regular expression queries, and aggregations.
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California mussels are found clustered together, often in very large aggregations, on rocks in the upper intertidal zone on the open coast, where they are exposed to the strong action of the surf.
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The males and females normally occur sexually separate aggragations in the vicinity of drop-offs where there are strong currents, while the solitary juveniles stay close to shelter. Mixed sex aggregations are known.
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Studies show that densities locally can be as high as 1 individual per in the oceanic species, and 120 individuals per m² (11 per sq ft) in breeding aggregations of the coastal species.
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Roles Report - recursively list the members of the role and the members of groups in order to easily determine which members actually have access via each role Similar Aggregations - allows viewing a report that lists any aggregations which are very similar to each other. Smart Diff - compares versions of a SSAS, SSIS, and SSRS files. BIDS Helper pre-processes XML files so that the diff versus source control is more meaningful. Show Extra Properties - exposes hidden properties on several Analysis Services objects.
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This facultative sociality allows them to survive periods of sub-optimal conditions, when sustaining large aggregations is not feasible. Some of these aggregations can contain as many as 50,000 individuals as in the case of Anelosimus eximius (in the family Theridiidae). The genus Anelosimus has a strong tendency towards sociality: all known American species are social, and species in Madagascar are at least somewhat social. Members of other species in the same family but several different genera have independently developed social behavior.
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Sources of food for benthic communities can derive from the water column above these habitats in the form of aggregations of detritus, inorganic matter, and living organisms. These aggregations are commonly referred to as marine snow, and are important for the deposition of organic matter, and bacterial communities. The amount of material sinking to the ocean floor can average 307,000 aggregates per m2 per day. This amount will vary on the depth of the benthos, and the degree of benthic-pelagic coupling.
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Instead, they form aggregations called patches, banks, bioherms, massifs, thickets or groves. These aggregations are often referred to as "reefs," but differ structurally and functionally. Deep sea reefs are sometimes referred to as "mounds," which more accurately describes the large calcium carbonate skeleton that is left behind as a reef grows and corals below die off, rather than the living habitat and refuge that deep sea corals provide for fish and invertebrates. Mounds may or may not contain living deep sea reefs.
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A large aggregation of jewel spider orb webs enshrouding a fenceline in rural Victoria Jewel spiders are facultatively gregarious. They can often be found living near each other in large overlapping aggregations of orb webs of usually thirty individuals. These can entirely blanket shrubs, tree branches, or man- made structures. A 1997 study observed that aggregations do not seem to increase the amount of prey caught, but it is believed that they still benefit the individual members in other ways.
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There is sufficient evidence to conclude that each aggregation has its own DCA since there is more genetic relatedness within aggregations and because of the short duration and distance traveled during the mating flight.
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At some locations they form large aggregations, though these are not true schools. During group interactions, Galapagos sharks are dominant to blacktip sharks (C. limbatus) but deferent to silvertip sharks (C. albimarginatus) of equal size.
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Pathologically, abnormal aggregations of TDP-43 protein are seen in up to 97% of ALS patients and up to 50% of FTD patients. Other genes known to cause FTD-ALS include CHCHD10, SQSTM1, and TBK1.
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This is a very rare species and its behaviour is little known. It is known that they form spawning aggregations, frequently in association with Mycteroperca rosacea and these have been observed in April and May.
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It is common for female C. macellaria to lay eggs with other females. Since females may lay up to 250 eggs, it is common for aggregations of thousands of eggs to infest entire animal carcasses.
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Macropores may be defined differently in other contexts. Within the context of porous solids (i.e., not porous aggregations such as soil), colloid and surface chemists define macropores as cavities that are larger than 50 nm.
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In addition, researchers believe that the presence of optimal breeding sites or specific resources for females does not dictate where aggregations were formed. Aggregations were observed in areas without resources, and fungi with ample resources were not used more often than those without resources. Males were even more evenly distributed than would be expected through a random distribution. This provides evidence that males intentionally stay away from each other, and this dispersion pattern (as well as the female dispersion) provides evidence for the lek mating system.
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Aphanizomenon flos-aquae bloom on the Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Aphanizomenon flos-aquae can form dense surface aggregations in freshwater (known as "cyanobacterial blooms"). These blooms occur in areas of high nutrient loading, historical or current.
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Acoustic and visual display behaviour of gekkonid lizards. American Zoologist 17:251–260. it is surprising that C. marmoratus aggregate so commonly (Kearney et al. reported that one quarter of individuals they found were in aggregations).
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During the breeding season this species forms spawning aggregations, often mixed with other grouper species such as E. polyphekadion and E. fuscoguttatus. However, the biology of this species is poorly understood. It is found at depths from .
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Aggregations were also observed to attract more males as well as protect the females from predators. However, the egg sacs in communal webs were attacked more often by parasitoids than the egg sacs laid by solitary females.
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Oyster reef at about mid-tide off fishing pier at Hunting Island State Park, South Carolina The term oyster reef refers to dense aggregations of oysters that form large colonial communities. Because oyster larvae need to settle on hard substrates, new oyster reefs may form on stone or other hard marine debris. Eventually the oyster reef will propagate by spat settling on the shells of older or nonliving oysters. The dense aggregations of oysters are often referred to as an oyster reef, oyster bed, oyster bank, oyster bottom, or oyster bar interchangeably.
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In database systems, aggregations (see e.g. OLAP aggregation and Business intelligence systems) result in transforming original data tables (often called information systems) into the tables with different semantics of rows and columns, wherein the rows correspond to the groups (granules) of original tuples and the columns express aggregated information about original values within each of the groups. Such aggregations are usually based on SQL and its extensions. The resulting granules usually correspond to the groups of original tuples with the same values (or ranges) over some pre-selected original columns.
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Sea lion group at haulout Harbor seals at haulout Hauling-out is a behaviour associated with pinnipeds (true seals, sea lions, fur seals and walruses) temporarily leaving the water. Hauling-out typically occurs between periods of foraging activity. Rather than remain in the water, pinnipeds haul-out onto land or sea-ice for reasons such as reproduction and rest. Hauling-out is necessary in seals for mating (with the exception of the Baikal seal) and giving birth (although a distinction is generally made between reproductive aggregations, termed "rookeries", and non-reproductive aggregations, termed "haul-outs").
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This figure shows ten proposed disease mechanisms for ALS and the genes associated with them. It is still not fully understood why neurons die in ALS, but this neurodegeneration is thought to involve many different cellular and molecular processes. The genes known to be involved in ALS can be grouped into three general categories based on their normal function: protein degradation, the cytoskeleton, and RNA processing. Mutant SOD1 protein forms intracellular aggregations that inhibit protein degradation. Cytoplasmic aggregations of wild-type (normal) SOD1 protein are common in sporadic ALS.
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A = Branched morphotype with pseudotentacles (arrows show vesicles) B = Smooth disc morphotype There are a range of different morphotypes of this sea anemone. Some are smooth discs, some are similar to branching corals and others to dead coral rock covered by algae, resembling these models not only in shape, but also in colour. Some individuals are solitary and others form aggregations of similar morphotypes. The aggregations include a range of different-sized individuals and are likely to be clones formed by asexual reproduction, possibly by fragmentation when the sea anemone moves across the substrate.
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Simple CWP is marked by the presence of 1–2 mm nodular aggregations of anthracotic macrophages, supported by a fine collagen network, within the lungs. Those 1–2 mm in diameter are known as coal macules, with larger aggregations known as coal nodules. These structures occur most frequently around the initial site of coal dust accumulation — the upper regions of the lungs around respiratory bronchioles. The coal macule is the basic pathological feature of CWP and has a surrounding area of enlargement of the airspace, known as focal emphysema.
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Satellite tracking data have resulted in conservative estimates of swimming speeds of 66 km/day and 12.7 km/h. While swimming, crabeaters have been known to engage in porpoising (leaping entirely out of the water) and spyhopping (raising the body vertically out of the water for visual inspection) behaviors. The most gregarious of the Antarctic seals, crabeaters have been observed on the ice in aggregations of up to 1,000 hauled out animals and in swimming groups of several hundred individuals, breathing and diving almost synchronously. These aggregations consist primarily of younger animals.
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In a few cases, queens go out on a second nuptial flight, mating with another male. Males are thought to come together from many different colonies to form reproductive aggregations composed of hundreds of males, which would provide a queen with the opportunity to compare multiple mates and find the best candidate. Larger aggregations might also be more successful in quickly attracting a queen due to the increased amount of male pheromone present, making the nuptial flight shorter. Queens tend to return to the nest 2–7 days after leaving to start oviposition.
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However, many have been found in low or damp places in and around logs with very little decay. They are never found in aggregations, but at times as many as a dozen have been recorded nesting under logs.
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Woodworthia cf. brunnea geckos are primarily nocturnal but have been known to sun bake at the entrance to their retreats. They often form large social aggregations, especially in areas without predators where they are abundant in numbers. Woodworthia cf.
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This organizational definition of record stems from the early theorization of archives as organic aggregations of records, that is "the written documents, drawings and printed matter, officially received or produced by an administrative body or one of its officials".
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Only a few cells are used twice and the number of offspring produced per nest average between 14 and 15, which shows that brood cells are not reused often. Augochlorella aurata and Augochlorella persimilis can sometimes occur together in mixed aggregations.
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The species feeds on a variety of shrimp and fish, including carp and catfish. The Ganges subspecies may take birds and turtles. They are usually encountered on their own or in loose aggregations; the dolphins do not form tight interacting groups.
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The most similar species is Cyclopelta obscura. Aggregations of the bug have been noted on Sesbania, Butea, Milletia among others. Where they risk damage to the plants, the recommended practice is to handpick the bugs since they are quite sluggish.
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Often stationary and visible low on the reef during the day time, aggregations of O. cyanosoma add to the captivating underwater pallette enjoyed by recreational Scuba divers, whose presence also contributes significantly to local economies in often poorer tropical countries.
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There are concerns about Zoobotryon verticillatum as an invasive species. It can develop into huge aggregations and cause fouling of fishing gear, block sea-water inlets, out- compete native species and upset food chains by filtering phytoplankton from the water.
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For example, lipophilic nanoparticles have the tendency to self-assemble and form crystals as solvents are evaporated. While these aggregations are based on intermolecular forces, external factors such as temperature and pH also play a role in spontaneous self-assembly.
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Spawning occurred periodically with each female able to spawn at least twice in periods of two or three consecutive days. It is the only known host of the parasite Pseudorhabdosynochus inversus, which inhabits its gills. They form aggregations to spawn.
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Large aggregations of Limacina migrating to the surface of the water attract predators such as Clione (family Clionidae, suborder Gymnosomata), baleen whales, various species of salmonids, herring,Quarterly research reports for Auke Bay Lab, July-Sept 2005 - page 1 and seabirds.
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A resource map (ReM) is a concept of the ORE Model for associating an identity with compound digital objects (aggregations of digital resources) and making assertions about their structure and semantics. Compound objects combine distributed resources, including multiple media types.
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Phyllodesmium colemani uses camouflage and hides amongst the polyps of Tubipora musica on which it feeds. The length of the slug is 18 mm. This species contains zooxanthellae which are stored in aggregations of terminal chambers all over the ceratal wall.
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The Vue language lacks aggregations and instead uses a list data type that offers similar yet limited functionality. The equivalent product from Solaris called DTrace offers an aggregation data type and a powerful set of aggregating functions to represent statistical data. The list data type offers only basic aggregating functions on a single item (as opposed to an associative arrays of aggregations that DTrace offers). The list data type offers a slight simplification over keeping the stats manually but does not allow the list to be reset (say, over an interval) that can easily be done when using manual summaries and basic types.
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Within stars, gravitational compression fused simple atoms into increasingly complex atoms, and stellar explosions seeded interstellar gas with these atoms. Over the cosmological expansion process, with continuing star formation and evolution, the cosmic mixmaster produced smaller scale aggregations, many of which, surrounding stars, we call planets. On some planets, interactions between simple and complex atoms could produce differentiated sets of relational states, including gaseous, liquid, and solid (as, on Earth, atmosphere, oceans, and rock or land). In one and probably more of those planet level aggregations, energy flows and chemical interactions could produce dynamic, self replicating systems which we call life.
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Aggregation Manager - an advanced interface for manually editing aggregations Calculation Helpers - enhances the Calculations tab of the cube editor Column Usage Reports - opens two reports about column usage: Unused Columns Report + Used Columns Report Delete Unused Aggregations - automates the process of detecting which aggregations are unused and deleting them Deploy Aggregation Designs - deploys just the aggregation designs in a cube. It does not change which aggregation design is assigned to each partition Deploy MDX Script - allows for right clicking on a cube in an Analysis Services solution and deploy just the calculation script Dimension Data Type Discrepancy Check - runs checks that DSV data types match the data types on the KeyColumns and NameColumn of dimension attributes. It displays any discrepancies and lets the user fix them with the click of a button. Dimension Health Check - checks various indications of dimension health Dimension Optimization Report - This report lists all dimension attributes and hierarchies on rows.
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J. singaporensis lives in streams running through undisturbed forest, where it hides under rocks at the stream's edge, or inside aggregations of leaves and detritus. It is mostly nocturnal, feeding on detritus and oligochaete worms which live in the muddy stream bed.
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Scenella lived from the Cambrian to the Ordovician. Its remains have been found in Antarctica, Asia, Europe, and North America. Individual fossils are common throughout the Burgess shale, where they often occur in dense aggregations. Where they overlap, specimens deform as by draping.
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Atherion elymus is a species if shallow water and is associated with reefs, large aggregations can be found in tidal pools, along rocky coastlines and along the edges of reefs. It lays large eggs which adhere to the substrate by a sticky filament.
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Demographics of the spawning aggregations of four Catostomid species in the Savannah River, South Carolina and Georgia, USA. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 17(2):318-327. Sedimentation degrades living and breeding habitat within the streams.Matheney, M. P. and C. F. Rabeni. 1995.
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Ribbed mussels live in the intertidal zone, attached to hard surfaces or embedded in sediment with the help of their byssal threads. They are typically found in salt marshes where they form dense aggregations with the marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and each other.
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These layers in turn attract large aggregations of mobile zooplanktonMann KH, Lazier JRN (1991) Dynamics of marine ecosystems. Blackwell, Boston that internal bores subsequently push inshore. Many taxa can be almost absent in warm surface waters, yet plentiful in these internal bores.
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Washington D.C., 27 1957. Retrieved on 2014-03-20. As an accomplished zoologist and ecologist, Allee was best known and recognized for his research on social behavior, aggregations and distributions of animals in aquatic as well as terrestrial environments.The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.
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Typically occurs in small groups of 2–3, but numbers of 1-10 are frequent and large aggregations of ~100 individuals or more are known to form in high density areas. Nursery groups (exclusively females and calves) are not formed in this species.
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31 The 16-spot frequently forms very large aggregations on tree trunks, fence posts, logs and so on during winter. It is a small ladybird of around 2-3mm. It is usually a cream or beige colour, although darker forms do occur.
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Some Nomia nests in large aggregations, with over 700 nests per square yard found at one site (the largest aggregation of bees found in the world). There have been reports of N. melanderi sisters sharing nests as well. Nomia tunnel into the ground.
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It has been reported as recently expanding its distribution northwards into mainland UK and eastward on to the coast of the Mediterranean sea. They are frequently observed to form aggregations, especially as immature forms, with from tens to perhaps a hundred individuals.
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Their life-span is one, or at most two years. A daily food intake which equals 1% of their body mass is sufficient to sustain their slow metabolism. Nonetheless they often starve. In denser aggregations, for instance, they experience shadow competition for ants.
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This species nests in some of the densest aggregations of any warbler, with as many as 12 pairs per ha/5 pairs per acre. The birds migrate to western Mexico in winter.Robbins, C., B. Bruun, H. Zim. 1996. Birds of North America.
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A majority of the Milan roosting owls did not fly toward urban areas instead flying to suburban fields and forest where prey is more easily encountered. The reason for roosting in aggregations seems to be at least in part to mitigate predation risks.
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Aggregations are formed and disbanded based on the associated cost and benefits. Females are more often found separate from the aggregation than males. Females are more likely to expand the population range and find new sites. Active female dispersal can account for treatment failures.
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The Fabaceae have a wide variety of growth forms, including trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and even vines or lianas. The herbaceous plants can be annuals, biennials, or perennials, without basal or terminal leaf aggregations. Many Legumes have tendrils. They are upright plants, epiphytes, or vines.
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Dendropoma corallinaceus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells. It is a colonial species and forms aggregations on the lower shore near low-water mark. It is native to South Africa.
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They tend to forage in cool waters since they are most productive. They also selected foraging areas with large generation of eddies currents. This type of current supports high aggregations of prey species. The predators of the rockhopper penguin includes fur seals and sea lions.
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While copulation occurs in the fall, fertilization does not occur until after its hibernation due to female sperm storage. Females are pregnant in May and June. Pregnant females form large aggregations in roosts, called maternity colonies. Colonies can consist of dozens or hundreds of individuals.
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His research findings led to many publications, with the most notable being Principles of Animal Ecology and Animal Aggregations. Allee was married to author Marjorie Hill Allee and remained active in the field of biology until his death in 1955 at the age of 70.
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It grows to a maximum length of . It swims alone or in pairs and occasionally in small aggregations. Its coloring is divided on the diagonal between black and white. It has gold dorsal and tail fins, and a gold vertical bar across its eyes.
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Mature females are slightly larger than males. Magicicada males typically form large aggregations that sing in chorus to attract receptive females. Different species have different characteristic calling songs. The call of decim periodical cicadas is said to resemble someone calling "weeeee-whoa" or "Pharaoh".
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Australian museum (2009-10-14). Retrieved on 2012-08-14. Some caterpillars are gregarious; large aggregations are believed to help in reducing the levels of parasitization and predation. Clusters amplify the signal of aposematic coloration, and individuals may participate in group regurgitation or displays.
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Hairy-faced hover wasps live in small groups that consist of one to ten females. Since these wasps are located in the Southeast Asian rainforest, they are not subjected to seasonal variations in climate, other than rainfall. Individual nests are commonly found in aggregations.
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Two distinct Mohican dialects have been identified, Moravian and Stockbridge. Pentland, David, 1992, p. 15 These two dialects emerged after 1740 as aggregations arising from the dislocation of Mohican and other groups. The extent of Mohican dialect variation prior to this period is uncertain.
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The Setouchi region is known for its moderate climate, with a stable year-round temperature and relatively low rainfall levels. The sea is also famous for its periodic caused by dense aggregations of certain phytoplankton that result in the deaths of large numbers of fish.
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"Behavioral Traits Expressed During Heliconius Butterflies Roost-Assembly". Trop. Lepid. Res 21.2 (2011): 80-83. occur between butterflies from separate roosts, indicating that the butterflies are aware of other roosts in their home range. Despite this, the zebra longwing chooses to form smaller aggregations.
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The bluefin trevally is a schooling species as a juvenile, transitioning to a more solitary fish with well defined home ranges as an adult. Adults do school to form spawning aggregations or temporarily while hunting, with evidence from laboratory studies indicates bluefin trevally are able to coordinate these aggregations over coral reefs based on the release of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) from the reef. DMSP is a naturally occurring chemical produced by marine algae and to a lesser extent corals and their symbiotic zooxanthellae. The number of fish present in an area is also influenced by tidal factors and possibly the abundance of prey and other environmental factors.
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This is explained through the presence of dense aggregations of foundation species and epizootic animals, living within these aggregations. Community-level comparisons reveal that vent, seep and organic-fall macrofauna are very distinct in terms of composition at the family level, although they share many dominant taxa among highly sulphidic habitats. However, hydrothermal vents and cold seeps differ also in many ways. Compared to the more stable cold seeps, vents are characterized by locally high temperatures, strongly fluctuating temperatures, pH, sulfide and oxygen concentrations, often the absence of sediments, a relatively young age, and often unpredictable conditions, such as waxing and waning of vent fluids or volcanic eruptions.
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The Proxima range entered the market in 2004. It is a universal farming tractor employing four-cylinder engines of the ZETOR brand. They are used for aggregations with farming machines, industrial adaptors and in farming transport. They are mostly used in farming, forestry and community service.
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The forewings are white, dusted with minutely brown-tipped scales. The markings are formed by lines and aggregations of brown- and black-tipped scales. The hindwings are pale silvery grey. Adults have been recorded on wing from February to May, in July and from September to October.
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In aggregations, Indian rhinos are often friendly. They will often greet each other by waving or bobbing their heads, mounting flanks, nuzzling noses, or licking. Rhinos will playfully spar, run around, and play with twigs in their mouths. Adult males are the primary instigators in fights.
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They are flared at the opening and has flaring rings along their lengths. The mouth can be sealed with a spiny covering (the operculum). Australian tubeworms always live colonially, with many tubes growing together to form small clusters or large reefs. The aggregations are very dense.
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Aggregations of bogong moths in aestivation sites has led to the bioaccumulation of the pollutant in both the surrounding local environment and within predators, particularly in the endangered mountain pygmy-possum. However, no conclusive evidence has directly linked agriculture as the source of arsenic in bogong moths.
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After pupation, the new adult beetle disperses from its birthplace and can fly several miles to locate an appropriate host tree in which to breed. Some species overwinter in aggregations inside the galleries, while others seek shelter in the outer bark layers or the leaf litter.
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Aulonocara rostratum is a species of haplochromine cichlid. It is endemic to Lake Malawi where it is found in Malawi and Tanzania. It is found throughout the lake. The males gather in loose aggregations in sandy areas, defending small territories which they defend from other males.
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The species is slow-growing and long-lived (up to 40 years), with delayed reproduction and low replenishment rates. This species is gregarious and usually occurs in small aggregations, but group size can be quite large on seaward and clear outer lagoon reefs, exceeding 75 individuals.
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Queller, David C., and Joan E. Strassmann. "Reproductive success and group nesting in the paper wasp, Polistes annularis." Reproductive Success: Studies of Individual Variation in Contrasting Breeding Systems, 1988, p. 76-96. It clusters its nests together in large aggregations, and consumes nectar and other insects.
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He stole 45 bases in 1886, 85 bases in 1888, and 81 bases in 1889. His 1898 Hamilton team won the league championship "with one of the strongest minor league aggregations ever seen In Hamilton." He also served as an umpire in the Western Association in 1891.
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They are predominantly a shiny black, with variable white, yellow, and orange patterns. Melanistic forms also occur during autumn. They are facultatively gregarious, and can be found in large aggregations of overlapping orb webs. They feed on small flying insects that get entangled in their webs.
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When the female spawns, the egg strand most commonly contains eggs fertilized by three different males. Each strand typically consists of six to nine eggs and is attached to seaweed or seagrass fronds. Sometimes aggregations of hundreds of eggs occur with many females spawning at one site.
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New Jersey adopted a CCA law in 2003, but did not see active formation of aggregations until 2013, when Bergen County, Passaic County, and fifteen other cities and counties started CCA programs, focused on both lowering electric bills and in some cases greening their power supply, or both.
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The main predators of Emerita are fish; in the eastern Pacific Ocean, the barred surfperch (Amphistichus argenteus) is particularly important. Seabirds also eat Emerita, but do not appear to target the aggregations of mole crabs. Carcasses of Emerita provide an important food source for the closely related scavenger Blepharipoda.
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'Allogalathea elegans may be found living alone or in large aggregations together. Many A. elegans have a symbiotic relationship with crinoids, most often feather sea stars. These crinoids help protect them from their biggest predator, fish. A. elegans are often found living close to or on top of crinoids.
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Eel-tailed catfish at Adelaide Zoo The eel-tailed catfish inhabits slow moving streams, lakes and ponds with fringing vegetation. It swims close to the sand or gravel bottoms. This species is more abundant in lakes than in flowing water. Though they are usually solitary, juveniles may form aggregations.
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There are two main types of kineses, both resulting in aggregations. However, the stimulus does not act to attract or repel individuals. Orthokinesis: in which the speed of movement of the individual is dependent upon the stimulus intensity. For example, the locomotion of woodlice in relation to humidity.
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A social spider is a spider species whose individuals form relatively long- lasting aggregations. Whereas most spiders are solitary and even aggressive toward other members of their own species, some hundreds of species in several families show a tendency to live in groups, often referred to as colonies.
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All otariids breed on land during well-defined breeding seasons. Except for the Australian sea lion, which has an atypical 17.5 month breeding cycle, they form strictly annual aggregations on beaches or rocky substrates, often on islands. All species are polygynous; i.e. successful males breed with several females.
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Pseudanthias ignitus is found on the outer slopes of reefs where it prefers clear waters at depths of . It occurs in aggregations. Its diet is dominated by zooplankton feeds several metres above the substrate. When they feel threatened they rapidly retreat to the sanctuary of crevices in the rocks.
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The paradise riflebird mainly feeds on insects and fruit, high in the forest canopy. Occasionally, individuals may form foraging aggregations of 6-7 birds. Normally, however, it is a solitary, dispersed, non-territorial bird. Breeding occurs from August to February, during the spring to summer months in Australia.
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Hydrogen sulfide can be lethal for many marine organisms, and the tubeworms help minimise the sulfide levels and maintain a stable habitat. Living in these aggregations are over 100 different species of animals, including brachiopods, molluscs, sponges, arthropoda, and chordates, many of which are found only at these seeps.
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Individuals of this species form aggregations of about several hundreds of individuals. Sometimes, they get cleaned of parasites by fish species such as gobies in the genus Gobiosoma, Bodianus rufus, Elacatinus figaro, and Thalassoma noronhanum. Sergeant majors also clean green sea turtles with Acanthurus chirurgus and Acanthurus coeruleus.
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The Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard, supported and maintained by the Library of Congress for describing file aggregations, uses simple XLinks in pointing to file locations as well as linkbases which describe relationships among external files (though these restrict `to` and `from` attributes to type IDREF instead of NMTOKEN).
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Blue mussels often form aggregations, where they attach to each other using byssus threads. These are collagenous protein strands used for attachment. The type of aggregation depends on population densities. When densities are low, for example in mussel fields – short-lived mussel populations – clumped distribution patterns are seen.
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There all relished in the water and played. Cooper described the rare event of men of different cultures and races, horses, mules, birds and other animals enjoying the water as one of the greatest "aggregations of the animal kingdom ever witnessed" "outside a circus tent" in one small place.
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The firefly squid can also light up its whole body to attract a mate. Once the squid's eggs have been fertilized and laid, it dies, having reached the end of its one-year lifespan. Spawning, which involves large aggregations of the squid, takes place between February and July.
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Zingel zingel are found in fast flowing waters in the main course of large rivers as adults. They spawn over sandy bottoms during March and April. Each female mates with several males in a dense spawning aggregations. Each female lays about 5,000 adhesive eggs which attach to gravel.
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They are monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, in which the males only develop from mature females, the youngest males found have been 9 years of age and females mature at 2.2 years and at around in fork length. This species is comparatively fast growing and may attain a length of in less than four years and females may be sexually mature in less than three years. They form small spawning aggregations although large aggregations have been recorded from the northern Great Barrier Reef. It is likely that this species spawns in deeper waters on reef fronts compared to P. leopardus and this may be the reason for the lack of spawning observations for P. laevis.
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Select by 'id' operations consume lower number of RUs compared to Delete, Update, and Insert operations for the same document. Large queries (e.g. aggregations like count) and stored procedure executions can consume hundreds to thousands of RUs depending on the complexity of the operations needed. The minimum billing is per hours.
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While there it engages in wing- clapping, the exact function of which is unknown. Some species such as the rubyspot damselfly, Hetairina americana, form night roosting aggregations, with a preponderance of males; this may have an anti-predator function or may be simply the outcome of choosing safe roosting sites.
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Heterosigma akashiwo is a species of microscopic algae of the class Raphidophyceae. It is a swimming marine alga that episodically forms toxic surface aggregations known as harmful algal bloom. The species name akashiwo is from the Japanese for "red tide". Synonyms include Olisthodiscus luteus (Hulburt 1965), and Entomosigma akashiwo (Hada 1967).
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CA-I is known for high aggregations of haddock, with 73% of the US catch being within of the closed area. It is an area also known for winter flounder and yellowtail flounder, suggesting these closed areas are aiding unsustainable populations. The northern edge of CA-I is fished intensely.
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Compared with other groupers this is a species which has a fast growth rate and a high population turnover rate. They have been recorded living as long as 13 years, females mature at 2,8 years old while males are mature at 4 years old. They may for spawning aggregations, otherwise solitary.
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. . Downloaded on 24 October 2014 Juveniles were found, indicating relatively recent reproductive activity, but no large aggregations were seen; this species should be considered Critically Endangered. The entire known range of Incilius holdridgei falls within a protected area: Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo.
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However, boxelder bugs are strong-smelling and will release a pungent and bad-tasting compound upon being disturbed to discourage predation. This allows them to form conspicuous aggregations without being preyed on.Aldrich, J.R., Carroll, S.P., Oliver, J.E., et al. (1990) Exocrine secretions of scentless plant bugs: Jadera, Boisea and Niesthrea species.
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Due to the fact that Liostenogaster flavolineata also live in aggregations where there may be up to 100 different nests located in proximity, some females, called "floaters" may decide to leave their nest and either go off to become helpers in other nests or try to found their own nests.
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In accordance with Wertheim et al., the results showed coexistence can be explained by intraspecific aggregations despite the presence or absence of unequally distributed resources.Wertheim, B. et al. 2000. Species diversity in a mycophagous insect community: the case of spatial aggregation vs resource partitioning. J. Anim. Ecol. 69:335-351.
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Dodelson, 2003, pp. 216–61 Gravitational aggregations clustered into filaments, leaving voids in the gaps. Gradually, organizations of gas and dust merged to form the first primitive galaxies. Over time, these pulled in more matter, and were often organized into groups and clusters of galaxies, then into larger-scale superclusters.
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Early instar caterpillars are gregarious and remain as a family in silken tents. Aggregations of caterpillars are to discourage predation, increase temperature, and forage for food. During late instars caterpillars get larger and require more food resulting in a solitary behaviour. Caterpillars feed independently, and do not use tents for shelter.
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Peh and Navjot S. Sodhi (2002) Characteristics of Nocturnal Roosts of House Crows in Singapore. The Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4):1128-1133 Before flying into roost trees, crows make pre-roosting aggregations perched on TV antennas, roof tops, wayside trees, open fields, and feed or preen during this time.
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R. plebeiana builds has been known for building its nest in aggregrations, which are often formed under bridges and under overhanging rocks. These aggregations are made of separate nests that are built side by side. They were often built over running water.R. plebeiana with nests in Canberra are not aggregated.
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RethinkDB uses the ReQL query language, an internal (embedded) domain-specific language officially available for Ruby, Python, Java and JavaScript (including Node.js). It has support for table joins, groupings, aggregations and functions. There are also unofficial, community-supported drivers for other languages, including C#, Clojure, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Lua, and PHP.
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Excavates burrows in loose sandy soil using specialised tarsal combs often in aggregations of burrows created by females. The burrows are usually stocked with orb-spiders, mainly Meta and Araneus spp. although Lycosidae may also be predated. The prey are temporarily hung on a nearby plant whilst the burrow is dug.
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The thimble jellyfish swims constantly by pulsating its bell, rotating as it moves. It forms swarms in warm seas near the surface of the water. Aggregations have been reported covering a million square metres . The jellyfish feeds on plankton, drawing a water current past its outstretched tentacles by pulsating the bell.
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In 2012 he was an Invited Speaker with talk Coagulation with limited aggregations at the European Congress of Mathematicians in Kraków. He is a corresponding member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences.Academia Mexicana de Ciencas. His research deals with Lévy processes, Brownian motion, branching processes, random fragmentation, and coalescence processes.
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Cimex lectularius aggregates under all life stages and mating conditions. Cimex may choose to aggregate because of predation, resistance to desiccation, and more opportunities to find a mate. Airborne pheromones are responsible for aggregations. Another source of aggregation could be the recognition of other C. lectularius bugs through mechanoreceptors located on their antennae.
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Pempheris affinis is found on rocky reefs down to at least in depth. In the day it is frequently recorded in aggregations in caves and under ledges. This is a nocturnal species. In places this fish can be so abundant it forms dense shoals which an observer may be unable to see through.
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24: 26–33. In Russian with English summary. During winter, snowy owls are usually solitary but some aggregations have been recorded, especially nearer the Arctic when more narrow food selection can lead to up to 20–30 owls gathering in an area of about .Pitelka, F. A., Tomich, P. Q. & Treichel, G.W. (1955).
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The narrow melodic spans that facilitate formation of obstinate aggregations do not serve as tools in search for authentic folk expression, but rather for building a modernist construction of reduced expression whose brisk sounds of fifth and second intervals relate to folk vocal tradition primarily in the context of the composer's neoclassicist tendencies.
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While temporary sites can be used in lower elevations, these sites undergo massive population fluctuations and movements throughout their use. Permanent aestivation sites are generally found in higher altitudes of 1500 metres (4920 ft) or above, with the largest, most stable aggregations found on the summits of mountains such as Mt. Gingera.
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Research in the Archival Multiverse (pp. 122-160). Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash University Publishing. Fonds should not be confused with the term collection, which is used for document aggregations assembled based on some shared characteristic by a collector, but it is not created by the collector and it often does not follow provenance.
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Allee's research on social aggregations and the evolution of cooperation coincided with his social activism, religious beliefs, and opposition to war. Raised as a Quaker, Allee publicly renounced war, which made him a target of harsh criticism and persecution."Warder Clyde Allee" Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Retrieved on 2014-04-20.
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The Mexican hogfish, Bodianus diplotaenia, is a species of wrasse native to the eastern Pacific Ocean. Adults inhabit rocky or coral areas at depths of 5–75 m. Sometimes, they are also found on sandy bottoms and where marine plants abound. They are solitary or form aggregations of only a few individuals.
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Although the selfish herd promotes decreased predation risk to many of its members, a variety of risks have been associated with such aggregations. Groupings may make prey more conspicuous to predators and may increase intraspecific competition. Furthermore, individuals in the desired central positions may have lower feeding rates and may be less vigilant.
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Chilonatalus macer is insectivorous, consuming moths but also spiders. At any time, its stomach can hold up to 28.6% of its body weight. It is a colonial species, and forms aggregations in caves typically consisting of 30-50 individuals. In cool or dry caves, however, some individuals have been documented roosting solitarily.
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Aggregations of such burrows are typically found on stream banks and ravine slopes. The soil it makes its burrows in is wet and spongy, and also sandy and loam-like. Burrows are also found in moss mats, rock crevices and under decaying logs. The species is highly abundant at Coweeta (the type locality).
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However, it can respond with startling swiftness to any shift in its immediate surroundings. This shark is often found around floating objects such as logs or tethered naval buoys. Younger silky sharks are known to form large, loosely organized aggregations, possibly for mutual defense. During migrations, over a thousand individuals may gather.
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Zoramia gilberti is a Cardinalfish from the Western Central Pacific. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 4.2 cm in length. It is found in sheltered bays and lagoons, where it gathers in large aggregations among branching corals, frequently mixed with other cardinalfish species.
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They commonly either prey on or compete with the commercial fisheries and their larvae as well as cause several issues for trawling boats (6) such as loss of revenue due to lost fishing time and bycatch, damage done to gears in the boats and the equipment, and having to relocate due to large aggregations (13).
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Mela is a global entertainment consumer service with one of the largest aggregations of premium South Asian video content. It was launched in October 2011 by Verismo Networks. Mela offers hit Bollywood and regional South Asian movies and live news and entertainment television channels. The service is distributed through a variety of streaming devices.
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This beetle forms aggregations of several individuals, often with beetles of the genus Brachinus. When disturbed it releases a volatile that contains undecane. Its coloration may be aposematic mimicry of the similarly colored Brachinus beetles it lives with, which emit a much more powerful antipredator volatile mix.Bonacci, T., Brandmayr, P., & Brandmayr, T. Z. (2011).
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This allows for complexity in aggregations. In stage three, Organising can be of different kinds but in particular explore the tensions between using prefigured forms – classifications, hierarchies, etc. – and allowing the MMs to self-organise. The flexibility and range of Organise in LVT distinguishes it from the use of set forms as in mindmapping.
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According to O'Day (1973) luminescent silhouetting may aid the fish in mating, spacing themselves out as they hunt, maintaining conspecific aggregations, warning potential predators of their own formidable size, or perhaps allowing them to escape from predators by temporarily blinding them. These functions, however, remain speculative.O'Day, W. T. (1973). Luminescent silhouetting in stomiatoid fishes.
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This is a food fish of seasonal commercial importance in some parts of its range. Its spawning events, known locally as kapata, can involve large aggregations of adult fish. During the spawning migration, many fish gather in the shallows of the floodplains, where they are easy to catch. The eggs are also collected for caviar.
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However, these atoms (paramāṇu) were not seen as eternally immutable or permanent and instead are seen as momentary.Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 198-199. For Vaibhāṣika, an atom is the smallest unit of matter, which cannot be cut, broken up and has no parts. They come together (without touching each other) to form aggregations or "molecules".
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Mixed sex groups of adult males and females occur during breeding, which lasts from December to January. By April and May, the adults separate. The largest aggregations of either sex occur during June and July. Gatherings of males begin to decrease during October and November, and are lowest from the rut from December to March.
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The smooth grouper is a rare species found on the shallow waters of sheltered, turbid coastal rocky or coral reefs. They have been reported to shoal in small in small groups of up to 8 fishes. Analysis of stomach contents show that they are piscivorus. It is not know whether they form aggregations for spawning.
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Beaked whales, fin whales, harbour porpoises, long-finned pilot whales have been sighted on the seamount. Fish species encountered at Hebrides Terrace Seamount include Atlantic codling, false boarfish and roundnose grenadier. Overfishing has decimated orange roughy spawning aggregations that formerly occurred at Hebrides Terrace Seamount. Sharks and other fish have also declined since the 1970s.
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Ropalidia plebeiana is a eusocial temperate paper wasp. It is unique, as it is the only temperate wasp in the typically tropical Ropalidia genus. R. plebeiana is widely distributed in eastern Australia, and recently have been found making huge nest aggregations, with thousands of nests on trunks of trees, in south-eastern New South Wales.
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In this case, the column is Ship Date, the row is Region and the data we would like to see is (sum of) Units. These fields allow several kinds of aggregations, including: sum, average, standard deviation, count, etc. In this case, the total number of units shipped is displayed here using a sum aggregation.
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Polypedates colletti inhabits lowland marshy evergreen rainforest areas, including mildly disturbed, selectively logged forest, at elevations up to above sea level. During the breeding, it forms aggregations around temporary rain pools; adults perch at height in the vegetation. It is potentially threatened by habitat loss. It is found in a number of protected areas.
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The black- bearded tomb bat is highly colonial, forming large aggregations of up to 15,000 individuals while roosting. These roosts are located in temples, ruins, or caves. It is a seasonal breeder; young are born after a gestation length of 120-125 days. The typical litter size is one individual, though twins have been documented.
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Doma, Meenakshi K.; Parker, Roy (23 March 2006). “Endonucleolytic Cleavage of Eukaryotic mRNAs with Stalls in Translation Elongation”. Nature. 440 (7083): 561-564. doi:10.1038/nature04530 “P Bodies and the Control of mRNA Translation and Degradation”(2007) This publication focuses on eukaryotes and the formation of P bodies due to aggregations of mRNAs that failed to undergo translation.
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Farther out, 50 to 150 m, was a less dense group of larger yellowfin and albacore tuna. Yet farther out, to 500 m, was a dispersed group of various large adult tuna. The distribution and density of these groups was variable and overlapped. The FADs also were used by other fish, and the aggregations dispersed when it was dark.
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Flying foxes may circle a fruit tree before landing, and usually land on the tips of branches in an upright position, then fall into a head-down position from which they feed. Feeding aggregations tend to be very noisy. Flowering trees form the basis of territories in this species. Territorial behavior includes growling and the spreading of wings.
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Cassiopea xamachana is found in warm parts of the western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It is normally found in large aggregations on the muddy seabed of inshore bays and shallow lagoons. If disturbed the jellyfish may pulsate their bells and rise in the water, soon flopping back onto the seabed.
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The millet butterflyfish is a schooling species found in mid-water that feeds on zooplankton. It also feeds opportunistically on polychaete worms and other small invertebrates on the seabed. Food is drawn into the mouth by rapid suction. It does not seem to be territorial but forms aggregations to feed at particular sites on the reef.
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Caspian kutum is endemic to the Caspian Sea. It is distributed from the mouth of the Volga River up to the Miankaleh Peninsula. Main aggregations are confined to the southwestern part of the sea adjacent to the Anzali and Qizilchay Bays. On the eastern coast, it occurs in the Atrek estuarine areas and in the Iranian waters.
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Samuel et al. 2005. Avian Cholera in Waterfowl: The role of Lesser Snow Geese and Ross's Geese Carriers in the Playa Lakes Region. Journal of Wildlife Diseases Due to association and dense aggregations, waterfowl are most commonly affected by P. multocida, however scavengers and other water birds are often affected in large multi-species outbreaks.Blanchong et al. 2006.
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Galeolaria caespitosa is a worm of the family Serpulidae, casually referred to as Sydney coral when found in dense aggregations. It is an Australian inter- tidal tube worm which lives within a hard tube like shell, which prevents desiccation at high tide. Black feathery gills emerge when it is underwater for it to filter feed on plankton.
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It is capable of surviving the freezing of its internal body fluids to temperatures as low as -8 °C.Adaptations of Frogs to Survive Freezing This species frequently occurs in breeding aggregations of several hundred individuals, and commonly breeds in many small wetlands, including swamps and temporary pools and disturbed habitats, such as farm ponds and borrow pits.
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The thallus body may be discontinuous, starting off as isolated granules that divide to form aggregations that then merge to form a 0.1– 0.7 mm crust without a cortex (ecorticate). It gradually forms an organized pseudocortex. The photobiont consists of green globose coccoid cells. It produces a thick thallus and (usually) lacks rhizohyphae and ascending thallus margins.
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Ecological relations of jeagers and owls as Lemming predators near Barrow, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 25: 85–117. Congregations were also recorded in the winter in Montana, where 31–35 owls wintered in a area, owls mostly grouped in loose aggregations of 5–10 owls each or occasionally side-by-side or about apart.Holt, D. W. & Zetterberg, S. A. (2008).
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Westerhoff, 2018, p. 70. The term was also identified as a unique mark or own characteristic (svalaksana) that differentiated a dharma and remained unchangeable throughout its existence. According to Vaibhāṣikas, svabhavas are those things that exist substantially (dravyasat) as opposed to those things which are made up of aggregations of dharmas and thus only have a nominal existence (prajñaptisat).
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The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. Similar to dental follicle, the dental papilla has a very rich blood supply and provides nutrition to the enamel organ.
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Pseuadanthias rubrizonatus is found at depths of , in aggregations around isolated coral heads and patches of rubble. The juvelines may be found in harbours and over silted coral reefs. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite and when the male dies or disappears the most dominant female changes into a male. They normally feed on zooplankton but are opportunistically piscivorous.
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The juveniles are more diurnal, feeding on a diverse range of benthic fishes and crustaceans. It is thought to be a protogynous hermaphrodite with sexually mature females changing sex to become males later in life. They pair to spawn and spawning aggregations are found from April until June. They attain a maximum age of 17 years.
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Marbled murrelets often forage in pairs but do not feed in large flocks as do other alcids. Loose aggregations of 500 or more birds occasionally occur in winter. Subadults feed singly; but in early July, when pairs of adults are still feeding young, mixed flocks begin to form. Marbled murrelets feed during the day and at night.
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Unusually for reptiles, U. milii forms aggregations in its retreat sites during the day. The reasons for this are unknown. However, it has been shown that this behavior results in a higher aggregate thermal inertia (they stay warmer) than would be found in solitary geckos of this and related kinds in similar circumstances.Lancaster J, Wilson P, Espinoza RE (2006).
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Population surges of Udonga montana have been reported from parts of the Karnataka Western Ghats during which time large aggregations occur on trees. In Mizoram, several local foods are made from thangnang, some by frying the insects in oil. An oily fluid is extracted the insects which has a high market value for use in traditional medicine.
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The outer tail feathers are tipped in white both in the male and female. They are seen in pairs or small groups and aggregations may be found in gardens with suitable flowers. They feed mainly on nectar but also take fruits and insects. Groups of as many as 40 to 50 individuals have sometimes been noted.
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Supersonic acceleration of droplets through a Laval nozzle was used to deposit small droplets of reduced graphene-oxide in suspension on a substrate. The droplets disperse evenly, evaporate rapidly and display reduced flake aggregations. In addition, the topological defects (Stone-Wales defect and vacancies) originally in the flakes disappeared. The result was a higher quality graphene layer.
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They are generally found in aggregations of 4 or 8 cell zooids. Chain length is known to be affected by the presence of grazers and the inclusion of vitamins B1,B7 and B12. This species is also capable of mixotrophy, which makes them extremely persistent during a large algal bloom. C. polykrikoides exhibits diel vertical migration.
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Various levels of sociality are seen in horseshoe bats. Some species are solitary, with individuals roosting alone, while others are highly colonial, forming aggregations of thousands of individuals. The majority of species are moderately social. In some species, the sexes segregate annually when females form maternity colonies, though the sexes remain together all year in others.
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These fungi gradually began decomposing more nutritious material like fresh plants. Shortly after attine ants began keeping their fungus gardens in dense aggregations, their farms likely began suffering from a specialized genus of Escovopsis mycopathogens. The ants evolved cuticular cultures of Actinobacteria that suppress Escovopsis and possibly other bacteria. These cuticular cultures are both antibiotics and antifungals.
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In the order Moniliales, all of them are single hyphae with the exception of the aggregations, termed as coremia or synnema. These produce structures rather like corn-stokes, with many conidia being produced in a mass from the aggregated conidiophores. The diverse conidia and conidiophores sometimes develop in asexual sporocarps with different characteristics (e.g. acervulus, pycnidium, sporodochium).
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Both species are loosely polygynous. Data suggest both males and females remain in their mother's pod for life; despite this, inbreeding within a pod does not seem to occur. During aggregations, males will temporarily leave their pods to mate with females from other pods. Male reproductive dominance or competition for mates does not seem to exist.
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The camouflage grouper was common in the fish markets of Zanzibar in the past. It is of high value to the trade in international live reef fish in southeast Asia, the western Pacific and in areas of the Indian Ocean. Almost all fish caught are fished for at spawning aggregations. The major exporting nations are the Philippines and Indonesia.
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Leopard coral groupers generally form into a dense aggregation to spawn. These aggregations are formed around reef slopes around deep and peak at the new moon. Spawning occurs when the tidal flow is strong, particularly during ebb tides. This is thought to allow the newly released eggs to be transported well away from the reef and its associated predators.
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C. validus is a univoltine bee that flies in early spring, coinciding with the flowering of Vaccinium and other ericaceous plants. Near the southern extent of its range, adults fly in late-March, whereas further north flight occurs three to four weeks later. Males emerge precociously, i.e. a few days before females, and patrol nesting aggregations for mates.
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This species attains a length of . Zebra sharks are nocturnal and spend most of the day resting motionless on the sea floor. At night, they actively hunt for molluscs, crustaceans, small bony fishes, and possibly sea snakes inside holes and crevices in the reef. Though solitary for most of the year, they form large seasonal aggregations.
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Larvae can be found until September. The new generation is complete from late summer onwards. Adults often forms conspicuous aggregations on nettles. The main hosts plants in Europe are the stinging nettles (Urtica dioica), but the bugs have been also reported on other species of Urtica and on roots of the marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) (Poaceae).
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Groups of kangaroo rats that exist are aggregations and colonies. There appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females. Male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them. Females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non-aggressive interactions.
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Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by two hallmarks: senile plaques and the neurofibrillary tangle. Senile plaques are extracellular aggregations of amyloid-b (Aβ) protein. Neurofibrillary tangles are collections of hyperphosphorylated tau protein associated with microtubules found within neurons. Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are widespread throughout brain tissue and mirror other pathological changes associated with AD.
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The main plateau between 50 and 70 meters above sea level is divided into a western and an eastern part by a second high plateau (>100 m). The vegetation of the plateaus differs considerably. While the main plateau is dominated by shrub and cacti the high plateau has a barren appearance with only few small cactus aggregations.
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Apistogramma are omnivores, but tending towards micropredatory. Their main food items consist of aquatic insect larvae and other small invertebrates, fish fry, algae and plant debris. Brood care is highly developed, as in most cichlids. Nearly all Apistogramma species spawn in crevices (small caves), typically in holes in sunken logs or branches, or in leaf litter aggregations.
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Egg cases hatch after about 4–5 months and pups are about 11–13 cm. Mating season is from February to September, peaking in June. Adults observed to form same-sex aggregations during the mating season with females moving to shallower inshore waters approximately a month before the males. Mating does not occur in the Baltic Sea.
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Dall's porpoises live in small, fluid groups of 2 – 10 individuals, but aggregations of hundreds have been reported. They have a polygynous mating system in which males compete for females. During the mating season, a male will select a fertile female and guard her to ensure paternity. While guarding, males may sacrifice opportunities to forage on deep dives.
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While most exopolymeric substances range from loose slimes to tight shells surrounding cells, TEPs exist as individual particles, allowing them to aggregate and be collected by filtration. They are highly sticky, forming aggregations of solid particles known as marine snow, and are actually associated with all marine aggregations investigated thus far. TEPs have a high C:N ratio compared to the Redfield Ratio, suggesting the significance of TEPs in the promotion of carbon sequestration and particle sedimentation to the benthos, but this is complicated due to bacterial decomposition, as well as heterotrophic grazing by zooplankton such as euphausiids and protists. This also suggests that TEPs may represent a link between the oceanic microbial loop and other food webs, as well as creating short circuit food webs within the pelagic.
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Breeds solitarily or in loose aggregations of pairs in late May through to late July. The nest is made of grasses and thin twigs bound with earth and lined with fine grasses, moss or lichens. The nest is usually placed within 1.5 to 2m of the ground, sometimes on the ground. Otherwise the behaviour is similar to that of the fieldfare T. pilaris.
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250px A fractionated spacecraft is a satellite architecture where the functional capabilities of a conventional monolithic spacecraft are distributed across multiple modules which interact through wireless links. Unlike other aggregations of spacecraft, such as constellations and clusters, the modules of a fractionated spacecraft are largely heterogeneous and perform distinct functions corresponding, for instance, to the various subsystem elements of a traditional satellite.
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FAO Species Identification Sheet: Family : Caesionidae Retrieved 8 July 2009 Their back (dorsal area) is light blue to brown and their belly (ventral area) is white to pink. They have high resilience, with a minimum population doubling time under 15 months. They are filter feeders, feeding midwater on aggregations of zooplankton. In turn, they are preyed on by coral trout.
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142 Relatively little is known of the biology of M. escalerai. Females begin to form reproductive colonies in April and May, either small ones or larger aggregations that may also contain males. However, most males remain solitary in this period, although some also form colonies. The single young is born in June or July and becomes independent after some six weeks.
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Off California, pelagic stingrays hunt large mating aggregations of squid that form from November to April. Off Brazil, this species follows groups of Atlantic cutlassfish (Trichiurus lepturus) towards the coast in January and February, with both predators seeking small schooling fishes. Juvenile rays consume 6-7% of their body weight in food per day, which declines to just above 1% in adults.
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Walrus herd on ice floe The mating system of pinnipeds varies from extreme polygyny to serial monogamy.Riedman, p. 176. Of the 33 species, 20 breed on land, and the remaining 13 breed on ice. Species that breed on land are usually polygynous, as females gather in large aggregations and males are able to mate with them as well as defend them from rivals.
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Other aggregations are also observed and form part of the polymorphism of amphiphile (lipid) behavior. Phase behavior is an area of study within biophysics and is the subject of current academic research. Micelles and bilayers form in the polar medium by a process known as the hydrophobic effect. When dissolving a lipophilic or amphiphilic substance in a polar environment, the polar molecules (i.e.
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The marine park provides important seasonal calving habitat for southern right whales as well as supporting migrating humpback whales. It is a foraging area for Australian sea lions, Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses, flesh-footed shearwaters, soft- plumaged petrels and great white sharks. It also encompasses Bremer Canyon, a submarine canyon known as a biodiversity hotspot supporting seasonal aggregations of sperm and killer whales.
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Pelamis platura, the pelagic sea snake, is the only one of the 65 species of marine snakes to spend its entire life in the pelagic zone. It bears live young at sea and is helpless on land. The species sometimes forms aggregations of thousands along slicks in surface waters. The pelagic sea snake is the world's most widely distributed snake species.
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The smalltail shark (Carcharhinus porosus) is a species of requiem shark, and part of the family Carcharhinidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean, from the northern Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil. It inhabits shallow waters close to shore, particularly over muddy bottoms around estuaries. It tends to swim low in the water column and forms large aggregations segregated by sex.
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Within reproductive aggregations of P. barbatus ants, strong male competition exists. Males engage in communal mating displays to attract females. Male ants attempt to mate with any female they encounter, but females resist copulation from the males. Consequently, the communal mating displays heavily favor reproduction with larger or more persistent males which are able to overpower the females and successfully copulate.
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Boa constrictor occidentalis reproduction is strongly seasonal within both sexes. Females are reproductive between April to August during the dry season. During this dry season 50% of adult females and 64% of adult male are reproductive. Boa constrictor occidentalis undergo mating aggregations during the dry seasons for reproduction usually consisting of one adult female and one to three adult males.
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Pseudanthias huchtii is found in aggregations at drop offs around the outer crests of coral reefs. Like all species of Pseudanthias they are nonandric protogynous hermaphrodites in which all the fish are born female and the largest and most dominant females will change sex to become males. The males are territorial and guard a harem of females. They will interact with Pseudanthias squamipinnis.
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Kiangs defend themselves by forming a circle, and with heads down, kick out violently. As a result, wolves usually attack single animals that have strayed from the group. Kiangs sometimes gather together in large herds, which may number several hundred individuals. However, these herds are not permanent groupings, but temporary aggregations, consisting either of young males only, or of mothers and their foals.
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Allee's dedication to research resulted in more than 200 papers and over a dozen books, including Animal Aggregations: A Study in General Sociology (1931), Animal Life and Social Growth (1932), The Social Life of Animals (1938), Principles of Animal Ecology, co-authored by Alfred E. Emerson, Orlando Park, Thomas Park, and Karl P. Schmidt (1949), and Cooperation among Animals, with Human Implications (1951).
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The males "sing" a species-specific mating song; like other cicadas, they produce loud sounds using their tymbals. Singing males of a single Magicicada species form aggregations (choruses) that are sexually attractive to females. Males in these choruses alternate bouts of singing with short flights from tree to tree in search of receptive females. Most matings occur in "chorus" trees.
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A queen is capable of mating starting 48 hours after emerging from the pupal stage. To find a male, queens fly to trees and bushes where males form aggregations. Males frequently groom their legs, antennae, and gasters throughout courtship, mating, and after contact with a queen. The queens have also been seen to groom the face and antennae, but only briefly.
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The angelshark is well-camouflaged against the sea floor. During daytime, the angelshark usually lies motionless on the sea floor, buried under a layer of sediment with only its eyes showing. At night, it becomes more active, and may sometimes be seen swimming above the bottom. Aggregations numbering up to a hundred have been observed off Gran Canaria in the summer.
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Social life has been considered a driving force for the evolution of intelligence in various types of animals. Many birds have social organizations, and loose aggregations are common. Many corvid species separate into small family groups or "clans" for activities such as nesting and territorial defense. The birds then congregate in massive flocks made up of several different species for migratory purposes.
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Aggregations appear very localized, with nearby, suitable habitat uninhabited. It is potentially threatened by chytridiomycosis (although as of 2014, the disease has not been detected in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta) and by habitat loss caused by agriculture and logging. The species occurs within the Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta as well as the adjacent El Dorado Nature Reserve.
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While no detailed studies have been done on colony composition of T. iridipennis nests, in keeping with other stingless bee species, it is expected that the total number of males produced per colony is lower than that of workers. In some tropical species, male stingless bees stay for an extended time in nests. They then leave the nests and form aggregations.
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Wandering albatross The New South Wales Albatross Study Group (NSWASG) was an amateur ornithological fieldwork group that banded albatrosses and other seabirds off the coast of eastern New South Wales, Australia. Primarily targeting winter feeding aggregations of wandering albatrosses near Sydney, it developed its own catching methods and initiated what has become the longest- running continuous albatross research study in the world.
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L. leucozonium is found in open habitats, normally on sandy or chalky soil, though it is also more rarely found on heavy clay. As a holarctic bee, it can be found from Wisconsin to New Jersey up to Cape Breton Island in North America, as well as throughout Europe. Its nests can sometimes be found in aggregations, although it is a solitary bee.
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The Japanese butterflyfish is a benthic fish with an omnivorous diet, which includes polychaete worms, crabs and other small invertebrates. It often moves around in large or small groups. Although many butterfly fish form aggregations when spawning, the Japanese butterflyfish has been observed spawning in pairs. This is one of the few species of butterfly fish whose larval development has been studied.
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300x300px C. validus is a gregarious nester, meaning that nests often occur in aggregations (≈5 nests/m2 ). Nesting sites are located in open sandy soils with sparse vegetation, often located close to their ericaceous hosts. Nests can be found on flat ground or south-facing slopes, but rarely under a closed canopy since C. validus prefers warm soils. Dense grass deters nesting.
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It regularly consumes small fruit, at least when not breeding, but takes small insects as well. It also eats a large variety of foods such as grass, berries, seeds, and nuts. The white-crested elaenia typically is solitary, but, at least when not breeding, may congregate with other frugivores at fruiting trees. Aggregations of up to 100 individuals have been reported during migration.
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It feeds on molluscs and small fishes. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite, the transition from female to male happens when they are nine years oold and have attained a total length of . The females reach sexual maturity at a total length of about around four and five years of age. Spawning aggregations have been recorded off Israel, Senegal, Turkey and Corsica.
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They are normally solitary, will form aggregations in pelagic waters or spawning and to hunt as a group on bait fish. The main prey of juveniles are plankton and small benthic invertrebrates, juveniles feed on small crustaceans, brittle stars and small fishes while the adults feed on larger fishes, cephalopods and larger crustaceans. All ages will feed on zooplankton if it is abundant.
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MAbs [monoclonal antibodies] in even smaller volumes of eluent. Process duration at manufacturing scale has also been cut considerably (under 7 hours in some cases). EBA may be considered to combine both the "Removal of Insolubles" and the "Isolation" steps of the 4-step downstream processing heuristic. The major limitations associated with EBA technology is biomass interactions and aggregations onto adsorbent during processing.
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Species that feed predominately on vegetable matter in the non- breeding season feed in flocks to do so, whereas those that feed on animals usually feed in family groups, joining flocks only during resting periods, or in preparation for travel during migration. Large aggregations of cranes are important for safety when resting and also as places for young unmated birds to meet others.
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The yellow-edged lyretail is normally observed in clear-water areas at depths greater than but less than , showing a preference for islands and offshore reefs over continental shores. It feeds mostly on fishes, as well as on crabs, shrimps and stomatopods. The females attain sexual maturity at a standard length of . They have been recorded forming spawning aggregations off Aceh in Sumatra.
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The Great Lakes Entomologist 50 (1): 17–24. A few faunal studies have looked at North American species as well. A. sumptuosa has been studied in New Jersey and Kansas and has been found to be either communal or semisocial. Some species have been observed to nest in aggregations, where the openings of several nests are located within just centimeters of each other.
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According to 2014 Pew data, around 1/3 of adults raised LDS no longer adhere to the faith (up from around 10% in the '70s and '80s) and in 2008 only 25% of LDS young adults are actively involved. Many ex-Mormons experience troubles with family members who still follow Mormon teachings. Aggregations of ex-Mormons may comprise a social movement.
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When spawning sailfin flying fish aggregate in large numbers, with groups estimated to contain up to one million members in some cases. The individuals in such aggregations display high-energy jumping, gliding and swimming. Groups contain an unequal sex ratio, with males being approximately three times more abundant than females. Small groups usually containing 3-4 fish have been observed during spawning events.
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A breeding pair of Cooper's hawks, consisting of an adult male and an immature female. The Cooper's hawk is a solitary bird apart from breeding and rare aggregations during migration. This species usually is considered monogamous. However, pairings of two males (1 young, 1 adult) with a single female have been recorded at least three times.Boal, C. W., & Spaulding, R. L. (2000).
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Jewel spiders are considered harmless, though their web aggregations can be a nuisance to bushwalkers. They are not aggressive and will invariably flee from potential threats. When disturbed, they will try to escape by clambering upside down along their support threads to nearby surfaces (albeit slowly due to their short stubby legs). Failing that, they will drop to the ground.
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The South African squid is an important predator of small fishes. It forms dense breeding aggregations in bays between Cape Point and Port Elizabeth in summer, laying sausage-shaped bunches of egg bundles on the sea floor. The young are transported west by the Agulhas Current and mature on the Agulhas Bank. They then migrate eastwards as adults back to their spawning grounds.
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Examples of Insect Predation (Not C. Annularius) Swarming behavior or "aerial aggregations" is a common social behavior for the fly species. There are costs and benefits to grouping with other members of your species. Individuals experience decreased rates of predation. This is due to an overall decline by predators on a swarm as well as the dilution of predator attacks per individual.
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Its tube feet and spines also play a role in feeding, catching and holding bits of debris that float past. It is sometimes found in aggregations of closely packed individuals. This may be linked to breeding activities but at other times it has no known cause. Breeding takes place at various times of the year in different parts of its range.
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These chemicals are also utilized by the giant mesquite bug to signal to others of the same life stage. As pheromones, they stimulate aggregations of giant mesquite bugs of the same life stage to disperse. However, nymphs do not respond to adult secretions and vice versa. 4-oxo-(E)-2- hexenal functions as both an alarm signal and a defense mechanism.
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The dory snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma, also known as blackspot snapper, is a species of snapper native to the Indian Ocean and into the Pacific Ocean as far east as Samoa. They inhabit waters over rocky substrates at depths from . The maximum length is . The fish can be seen moving in large aggregations with other Lutjanus species such as Lutjanus kasmira, and Lutjanus lutjanus.
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The Blubberlip snapper, Lutjanus rivulatus, also known as Maori Snapper, is a species of snapper native to the Indian Ocean and into the Pacific Ocean as far east as Samoa. They inhabit waters over rocky substrates at depths from . The maximum length is , and weight reaches . The fish can be seen moving in single or small aggregations of about 10-20 individuals.
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Numerous swamps surround the bay with remnants of a monsoon vine forest. Patches of rainforest are also found around the margins of the tidal area. The tidal flats are a known feeding and roosting area for migratory shorebirds in their non-breeding season. Aggregations of up to 5,000 waterbirds can be found in freshwater areas when the larger areas further south are dry.
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Soil structure is the arrangement of particles and associated pores in soils across the size range from nanometres to centimeters. Biological influences can be demonstrated in the formation and stabilization of the soil aggregates, but it is necessary to distinguish clearly between those forces or agencies that create aggregations of particles and those that stabilize or degrade such aggregations. What qualifies as good soil contains the following attributes: optimal soil strength and aggregate stability, which offer resistance to structural degradation (capping/crusting, slaking and erosion, for example); optimal bulk density, which aids root development and contributes to other soil physical parameters such as water and air movement within the soil; optimal water holding capacity and rate of water infiltration. Well-developed, healthy soils are complex systems in which physical soil structure is as important as chemical content.
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This area, the Llanos, is characterized by open savanna with rocky, granite outcrops. Of the forty-five specimens that have been examined by researchers, however, all have been male, which could indicate that the females use different habitats than males. The habitat where the bats have been found is being lost rapidly to cattle ranching. They are colonial, forming large aggregations in caves and tunnels.
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Rosemary Bank is a seamount approximately 120 kilometres west of Scotland, located in the Rockall Trough, in the northeast Atlantic. It was discovered in 1930 by the survey vessel HMS Rosemary, from which it takes its name. It is one of only three seamounts known in Scottish waters. Rosemary Bank hosts a range of important habitats including deep sea sponge aggregations and cold water coral.
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Many species of fish, including orange roughy, blue ling, leafscale gulper shark and Portuguese dogfish are also found here. In 2014 the bank was declared a Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area (NCMPA). The designation covers , and is in place to protect the sponge aggregations, and the cenozoic marine geomorphology of the seabed. The feature originated about 70 million years ago, as a result of volcanic activity.
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Though large aggregations of males are generally more successful, there may be costs of joining that would prevent males from joining. As group size increases, there may be increasingly antagonistic interactions between males. Those males that are not dominant within the group may suffer more from these conflicts, outweighing the benefits of joining the lek. These males may be forced off of display sites.
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Gorilla night nest constructed in a tree Gorillas construct nests for daytime and night use. Nests tend to be simple aggregations of branches and leaves about in diameter and are constructed by individuals. Gorillas, unlike chimpanzees or orangutans, tend to sleep in nests on the ground. The young nest with their mothers, but construct nests after three years of age, initially close to those of their mothers.
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In the 1800s, adjutant storks were extremely common within the city of Calcutta during the summer and rainy season. These aggregations along the Ghats of Calcutta, however, declined and vanished altogether by the early 1900s. Improved sanitation has been suggested as a cause of their decline. Birds were recorded in Bangladesh in the 1850s, breeding somewhere in the Sundarbans, but have not been recorded subsequently.
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The patas monkey lives in multi- female groups of up to 60 individuals (although much larger aggregations have been reported). The group contains just one adult male for most of the year. During the breeding season, there are multi-male influxes into the group. Once juvenile males reach sexual maturity (around the age of four years) they leave the group, usually joining all-male groups.
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This shark has been observed deviating from its nocturnal habits to feed on chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) during their mass spawnings. The broadnose sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus) is known to prey on this species. During the summer, the sharptooth houndshark forms groups in shallow water. These aggregations are particularly well-documented in False Bay and may be related to reproduction, given the presence of many pregnant females.
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Edith's checkerspot males sometimes form aggregations on patches of bare ground like ridges or peaks, and from these perches they dart after passing males and females of both their conspecifics, own species and heterospecifics, other species. This strategy is called perching. Another strategy is termed "patrolling" and consists of males wandering in search of mates. In years of low population density, the hilltopping behavior may become adaptive.
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As shown in the image, a Professor 'has a' class to teach. As a type of association, an aggregation can be named and have the same adornments that an association can. However, an aggregation may not involve more than two classes; it must be a binary association. Furthermore, there is hardly a difference between aggregations and associations during implementation, and the diagram may skip aggregation relations altogether.
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In Puget Sound, Washington, aggregations of up to 3,500 tubes of Neosabellaria cementarium per square metre at depths of between were found to provide a habitat to a diverse range of other organisms not found in adjacent areas. Neosabellaria cementarium is one of a number of fouling organisms that live as epibionts on the shells of scallops such as Chlamys hastata and Chlamys rubida.
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Pyura chilensis is a tunicate that somewhat resembles a mass of organs inside a rock. It is often found in dense aggregations in the intertidal and subtidal coast of Chile and Peru. It is a filter feeder that eats by sucking in seawater and filtering out microorganisms. P. chilensis has some basic characteristics common to chordates, such as the notochord and a perforated pharynx.
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However, they do sometimes form aggregations under bridges or other structures along streams. Since the adults live only about a week, they are not known to eat anything, although they have been reported to drink sweet solution in captivity. The dobsonfly may be attracted by mercaptan, an indicator additive in natural gas and propane, and may behave as an animal sentinel in the presence of these gases.
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They may be composed of abnormal aggregations of arterioles, capillaries or venules. Because telangiectasias are vascular lesions, they blanch when tested with diascopy. Telangiectasias, aside from presenting in many other conditions, are one of the features of the acronymically named CREST syndrome, a form of systemic scleroderma. The syndrome recognises the significantly co-presenting symptoms of calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia.
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Instead, their spawning area (located north of the MPA) is subjected to a three-month closure during winter spawning aggregations. Many conservation methods have been put in place to help the grouper, including closed seasons, when fishing is not allowed. These seasons take place during the spawning season. Regulations allow only fish over 3 lb to be harvested to give the younger fish a chance to spawn.
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Aggregations of these abnormal isoforms form highly structured amyloid fibers, which accumulate to form plaques. The end of each fiber acts as a template onto which free protein molecules may attach, allowing the fiber to grow. Under most circumstances, only PrP molecules with an identical amino acid sequence to the infectious PrPSc are incorporated into the growing fiber. However, rare cross-species transmission is also possible.
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Xylobolus frustulatus, commonly known as the ceramic fungus or ceramic parchment, is an inedible species of crust fungus in the Stereaceae family. The fruit body forms small, hard, flat crust-like aggregations that resemble broken pieces of ceramic tile. These pieces are initially whitish before turning yellow-brown to gray-brown in age. The spore-bearing cells cover the upper surfaces of the fruit body.
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Like males in other stingless bee species, there is tremendous competition between T. iridipennis males to copulate with virgin queens. Males have been observed to form large aggregations and to engage in mass flights near nests waiting for the emergence of virgin females. Once a virgin queen emerges, it pairs with one of the males and a mating flight ensues, resulting in the fertilization of the queen.
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Long-finned pilot whales are very social in nature. They are usually seen in groups, which range in size from a couple of individuals to aggregations of over a thousand.Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Mouritsen, R., Skaaning, S. and Stefansson, E. (1993). An introduction to studies of the ecology and status of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) off the Faroe Islands, 1986-1988.
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They occur in Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. In South Africa they are present in northern Limpopo, and the Northern Cape as far south as the Tankwa Karoo. Their distribution is patchy, but when forming conspecific aggregations, their webs may even touch one another. Such clusters may contain thousands of females, with a density of 50 m−2, or locally, 100 to 200 m−2.
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Charnell, M. (2008)"Individual-based modelling of ecological systems and social aggregations". Download His model reduces the three basic rules to the following two rules: # Remain close to your neighbours # Avoid collisions with your neighbours In a paper published in 2009, researchers from Iceland recount their application of an interacting particle model to the capelin stock around Iceland, successfully predicting the spawning migration route for 2008.
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The National Park's invertebrate species are extremely diverse. Several species of insect have their entire distribution within the Park's boundaries, and are joined in this category by at least four species of land snail. Butterflies are a feature of Carnarvon Gorge's fauna. Large aggregations of common crow (Euploea core) butterflies can occur in Carnarvon's cool, moist side gorges when the animals gather to overwinter.
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The skewed sex ratio and lack of small males suggests that this species is a monandric protogynous hermaphrodite but this has not been confirmed histologically. Spawning has been observed from October until April, peaking in October and December, and aggregations have been recorded. Outside the spawning season the malesa and females appear to be ecologically separated with the males further offshore than the females.
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Juveniles eat many types of small invertebrates and small fish. The species forms spawning aggregations in the warmer months and is a pelagic spawner, releasing eggs freely into the water. Like other species of genus Paralabrax, the barred sand bass can change sex, with individuals turning from female to male as they age and grow larger, but most do not.Baca-Hovey, C. and L. D. Cooper.
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Afrixalus delicatus is common in the northern part of its range, where very large breeding aggregations are found. It is uncommon in extreme south where it has declined, although it may have been overlooked. In the southern part of its range it is threatened by drying up breeding sites, caused by sugar cane farming, urbanization, and the spread of eucalyptus. Chemical mosquito control may threaten some populations.
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Conversely to other species of fly in their areas of inhabitance, L. pulchrissimus males do not typically express territoriality over a single brush bush. L. pulchrissimus males, instead, spend approximately 1.5 hours each day aggregating about 20 meters in the air above areas of brush. However, during these aggregations, the males vigorously defend their territory and engage in aggressive behavior while in their aggregation clouds.
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At some point these shoals move on shore to spawn where aggregations can reach million of individuals. Originally it was thought that the adults died after spawning, as the egg beds were often littered with dead squid. Now there is debate as to how long adults live after their first egg deposition and whether they can spawn repeatedly over the last weeks or months of their lives.
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Priacanthus hamrur feeds primarily at night on small fishes and small crustaceans and various invertebrates (small cephalopods, shrimp, crabs, polychaete worms, etc.). These fishes can be found throughout the year, with a peak in the month of August.iNaturalist Eggs, larvae and very young juveniles are pelagic. These fishes usually live solitary, but the may also form small aggregations and sometimes large schools in the open waters.
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Because social nests produce more offspring than solitary nests, social nests will burrow further into the ground, as the second brood of the social population will extend the burrows downward. Females typically nest in dense aggregations, likely because the nesting females are relatives and demonstrate philopatric behavior.Yanega, D. (1990) Philopatry and nest founding in a primitively social bee, Halictus rubicundus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 27: 37-42.
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Halictus rubicundus nests are attacked by kleptoparasitic bees (e.g., Sphecodes), as well as flies (Bombyliidae, Anthomyiidae). Although it would seem as though nesting in dense groups would draw attention to aggregations and increase mortality by parasitism, such is not observed to be the case; because the sweat bees nest densely, it is assumed that there is a large dilution effect that proportionally decreases mortality rates by parasites.
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Pick's disease (FTD, frontotemporal dementia) is a specific pathology that is one of the causes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. It is also known as Pick disease and PiD. A defining characteristic of the disease is build-up of tau proteins in neurons, accumulating into silver-staining, spherical aggregations known as "Pick bodies". Common symptoms noticed early are personality and emotional changes and deterioration of language.
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In the reverse of this process, transitions from a more-ordered state to a less ordered state, as from ice to liquid water, are accompanied by the disruption of correlations. Correlational processes have been observed at several levels. For example, atoms are fused in suns, building up aggregations of nucleons, which we recognize as complex and heavy atoms. Atoms, both simple and complex, aggregate into molecules.
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Other females may remain as subordinate workers. The first brood females were larger than non laying foundresses in the nest. Occupying an old nest has advantages, because females do not feed to forage for nesting materials, and they can spend nights and cold days in the places between the nests in aggregations. The competition for these old nests is fierce, and early females have the advantage.
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The mycelial cords found under a rotting log Armillaria cords Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae. The mature cords are composed of wide, empty vessel hyphae surrounded by narrower sheathing hyphae. Cords may look similar to plant roots, and also frequently have similar functions; hence they are also called rhizomorphs (literally, "root-forms"). Mycelial cords are capable of conducting nutrients over long distances.
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Water eddies tend to disrupt this flow. A bottom trawling experiment conducted during research brought up large orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) aggregations, as well as bycatch of benthic fauna including sponges, gorgonians, and scleractinian corals. European Commission has enacted rules that protect Sedlo from bottom trawling, gillnets, and trammel nets. In 2007, Portugal proposed for Sedlo's inclusion in the OSPAR series of Marine Protected Areas.
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Some already reach maturity at in bell diameter and at all are mature. In the Mediterranean Sea, P. noctiluca appear to mostly spawn between the late summer and early winter, but also at lower levels in the spring to early summer. Large swarms of adults at the ocean surface in certain times of the year possibly are spawning aggregations. This jellyfish typically lives for about 9 months.
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The anemone may also be found in regions of variable salinity such as estuaries. Beadlet anemones can live in solitary or in aggregations. Solitary beadlet anemones are found to be larger- sized than those that form clustered aggregation. Furthermore, larger sea anemones were found submerged in low tide, where they have greater access to food resources and are less subjected to harsh environmental exposures.
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Female bees construct aggregated nests of varying sizes out of mud, bark, and resin. Nests are typically located in sheltered locations such as small crevices found in cliffsides and cracks in trees. They have also adapted to humans by creating their nests below buildings, within walls and under bridges. Though females nest in aggregations, this is due more to lack of suitable locations than any social interactions.
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Belize is one of the few Caribbean countries that still allow for these species to be fished. Representative of the trend in grouper populations throughout the Caribbean is the endemic and now-endangered Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), once one of the most commonly caught fishes in Belize. About one-third of the spawning aggregations sites for this species have disappeared due to over-fishing.
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An amoeboid trophic phase alternating with an aggregating fruiting phase describes the life cycle of F. alba. Fruiting bodies are volcano-like structures that are unique to its genus. Commencing of the fruiting stage occurs when trophic amoeba halt their feeding, and dense aggregations begin to form (Deasey, 1982). Over time, an envelope of a mucus-like substance begins to surround the aggregated amoebae.
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The rest of the year (late summer and fall), walruses tend to form massive aggregations of tens of thousands of individuals on rocky beaches or outcrops. The migration between the ice and the beach can be long-distance and dramatic. In late spring and summer, for example, several hundred thousand Pacific walruses migrate from the Bering Sea into the Chukchi Sea through the relatively narrow Bering Strait.
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Sphecius grandis, also called the western cicada killer, is a species of cicada killer wasp (Sphecius). The western species shares the same nesting biology as its fellow species, the eastern cicada killer (S. speciosus). S. grandis, like all other species of the genus Sphecius, mainly provides cicadas for its offspring. It forms nest aggregations and mates and broods once in a year, in July and early August.
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The pink whipray feeds primarily on decapod crustaceans, but also takes cephalopods, and teleost fishes. In Shark Bay, penaeid prawns are by far the dominant prey type for rays of all sizes. At Rangiroa Atoll in French Polynesia, sizable feeding aggregations are known to form at night in shallow water. However, at Moorea it tends to be a solitary forager with a large home range.
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During the summer, populations of C. pilipes decrease in number. They are most abundant in the fall and winter, when seaweed is most likely to be washed on the beach. All larval instars remain in the seaweed, and larval aggregations tend to not be mixed in species. If seaweed is washed back to sea, the larval population can decrease significantly with the loss of the seaweed habitat.
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Acrocnida follows the body plan of other Amphiuridae, as they possess central disks surrounded by five long, thin arms. They only possess one outer mouth papilla, which is removed from the infradental papillae. Members of Acrocnida possess mucous glands described as "multecellular aggregations of pyriform cells with elongate necks" Like other members of Ophiurida, Acrocnida can part with limbs and regenerate a new limb.
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Flink's DataStream API enables transformations (e.g. filters, aggregations, window functions) on bounded or unbounded streams of data. The DataStream API includes more than 20 different types of transformations and is available in Java and Scala. A simple example of a stateful stream processing program is an application that emits a word count from a continuous input stream and groups the data in 5-second windows: import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.scala.
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The forewings are whitish ochreous, suffused along the costa, as far as two-thirds from the base, with bright rosy red. Between these two colours is a band of olive-grey, running as far as the end of the cell, with two rectangular projections thrown downwards into the paler space beneath it, these being darker, more inclining to fuscous, than the upper portion of the streak with which they blend. At the end of this streak is an oblique blackish spot, preceding a space of the whitish ochreous ground-colour, narrowly margined at its lower edge with brownish fuscous. On the flexus is a narrow short black streak, on the pale costal third are two small aggregations of brownish fuscous scales within the basal third, and three larger aggregations on the costa and costal cilia in the outer third, two similar groups of scales occurring in the cilia below the apex.
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Alcoa (2d Cir. 1945), for example, which inveighed that antitrust serve "the helplessness of individual before" "great aggregations of capital" by restricting industry to "small units"; see also United States v. Columbia Steel Co., 334 U.S. 495, 535-36 (1948) (Douglas, J., dissenting). the court tacked back to an understanding of antitrust based on economics and allocative efficiency, primarily under the influence of Robert Bork's book The Antitrust Paradox.
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Hippodamia is a genus of ladybirds in the family Coccinellidae. It includes the most common native North American "ladybug", H. convergens, which can form overwintering aggregations numbering in the millions. Another notable member is Hippodamia variegata, which occurs widely over both the North and South Hemispheres. Members of the genus tend to share an elongated body form with red or orange elytra, and a black and white pronotum.
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Antimicrobial tests determined that the protein has an antibacterial effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This potent antibacterial activity extended to known multi-resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria, such as those of Klebsiella oxytoca. Functionally, the protein causes bacterial cells to clump together and aggregate, changing the morphology of the bacterial aggregations it creates. This results in a disruption of the structure of the bacterial membrane.
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Trachichthys australis is of the same habitus, but is rather deep-bodied and resembles a soldierfish. Both young and adult slimeheads feed primarily upon zooplankton such as mysid shrimp, amphipods, euphausiids, prawns, and other crustaceans, as well as larval fish. Slimeheads store energy as extracellular wax esters, which aid the fish in maintaining neutral buoyancy. Slimehead behaviour is not well studied, but some species sporadically form dense aggregations.
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When ivy flowering is delayed, females may also collect pollen at various members of the Daisy family (Asteraceae). These are solitary bees and do not live in colonies and do not overwinter as adults. They nest in clay-sandy soils, especially in loess hills and soft-rock cliffs. Like many other solitary bees, they can often be found nesting in dense aggregations, sometimes numbering many tens of thousands of nests.
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Green algae have been shown to play a significant role in ecosystems. A species of Coccomyxa, Coccomyxa parasitica, has been noted as parasitizing the wild mussels from the Vigo estuary in Galicia, Spain. The aggregations of the green algae occur in the mantle, gill filaments, adductor muscle, visceral mass, and haemolymph of the species M. galloprovincialis. It also has a symbiotic relationship with fungi, specifically ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
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212 Females of these species tend to aggregate less. In addition, since ice is less stable than solid land, breeding sites change location each year, and males are unable to predict where females will stay during the breeding season. Hence polygyny tends to be weaker in ice-breeding species. An exception to this is the walrus, where females form dense aggregations perhaps due to their patchy food sources.
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Scopimera inflata is an Australian endemic species of sand bubbler crab common to wave exposed and estuarine sandy tropical and subtropical beaches of eastern Australia. Scopimera inflata are sand coloured and small sized with adults growing to 12mm across. The species occur in aggregations just below the high tide mark with females and smaller individuals mainly on the seaward side and males on the terrestrial side of the aggregation.
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The islands have a lush tropical climate and include huge dunes, forest and savannah, inland lakes and wetlands. They host several endemic terrestrial gastropods and lizards, as well as important aggregations of Palaearctic migrant water birds. The archipelago is attractive to tourists who are interested in diving or snorkeling. The rich variety of marine life includes humpback whales, marine turtles, spinner, humpback and bottlenose dolphins, marlins and barracudas.
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Bony fishes, including Opisthonema oglinum, constitute the main food source of the smalltail shark. The smalltail shark forms large aggregations segregated by sex, with the males generally found deeper than the females. It feeds mainly on bony fishes, including sea catfish, croakers, jacks, and grunts. Shrimp, crabs, and squid are secondary food sources, while adults are also capable of taking young sharpnose sharks (Rhizoprionodon), hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna), and stingrays (Dasyatis).
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Apis dorsata is better than many of its relatives at avoiding drifting, an event when bees return to the wrong colonies after foraging. Apis dorsata tends to form dense aggregations, contributing to the high nest fidelity and recognition amongst these bees. These bees usually return to their natal nests because this behavior results in higher fitness. If drifting were common, robbing bees and parasites could spread quickly through colonies.
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The pink volva is what remains of the tough outer covering of the immature egg. The immature fruiting bodies of P. hadriani in the egg stage have dimensions of by , and are colored rosy-pink to violet. They typically have rhizomorphs (aggregations of mycelium that resemble plant roots) at the base. The eggs are enclosed in a tough covering and a gelatinous layer that breaks down as the stinkhorn emerges.
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Cyclopelta siccifolia is a bug in the family Dinidoridae found in South Asia. It is known for its large aggregations on certain species of plants. They have been known to aggregate and damage Erythrina, Sesbania, Pongamia, and Cajanus cajan. The species has underside paler than upper parts, the scutellum has a small yellow spot and the membrane of the wing is much lighter than the rest of the wing.
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After the first and second instars, nymphs form aggregations known as bands; these tend to disperse by the fifth instar. Late- instar bands travel up to 500 m per day. Drier country has large bands congregating that are visible from the air, while in the agricultural regions, bands tend to be smaller. After its final moult—6 to 8 weeks after egglaying—the adult locust is called a fledgling.
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However, there is general agreement that some behaviors which are common in crocodiles and birds, dinosaurs' closest living relatives, were also common among dinosaurs. Gregarious behavior was common in many dinosaur species. Dinosaurs may have congregated in herds for defense, for migratory purposes, or to provide protection for their young. There is evidence that many types of dinosaurs, including various theropods, sauropods, ankylosaurians, ornithopods, and ceratopsians, formed aggregations of immature individuals.
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Non-Default Properties Report - generates a report which shows all properties which have been changed from their defaults. Parent-Child Dimension Naturalizer - aids in converting parent-child dimensions into natural hierarchies. Printer Friendly Aggregations - allows for printing or exporting to PDF a report that lists every aggregation in a cube. Printer Friendly Dimension Usage - allows viewing and printing of a report encompassing all the information from the Dimension Usage tab.
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Serranus tortugarum is found over substrates of rock, silt or sand at depths of , although it is normally found at depths of less than .This is a social species that is normally recorded loose aggregations which have a clear hierarchy. It is a synchronously hermaphrodite, this means that each fish has both male and female reproductive organs at the same time. However, self fertlisation has not been recorded.
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At the mercy of winds and currents, chondrophores are pelagic and drift in the open ocean. They are often seen in large aggregations; mass beachings are not unusual. Chondrophores multiply by releasing tiny (0.3-2.5 millimetres or 0.01-0.09 inches) medusae which go on to develop new colonies. Velella differs from Porpita by their transparent, membranous sail-shaped floats; filled with gas, the membranes have a texture reminiscent of cellophane.
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A lemon shark with many remoras clinging to its body. Many species of sharks, including the lemon shark, are known to actively prefer to be social and live in groups or loose aggregations. A few benefits of group living are enhanced communication, courtship, predatory behavior, and protection. Group living and a preference for social interaction is thought to be important for the survival and success of juvenile lemon sharks.
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Adults form aggregations during the mating period in July, and again in October. They aggregate at their food sources, such as Acacia trees or on sorghum seeds, to feed and mate. During the mating season, males are only attracted to unmated females, which suggests the presence of a female-emitted sex pheromone. Their aggregation behavior consequently appears to be guided by a combination of pheromone and host volatiles.
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A family of yellow-eyed penguin at the Penguin Place Lodge at Otago Peninsula, Dunedin, New Zealand Whether yellow-eyed penguins are colonial nesters has been an ongoing issue with zoologists in New Zealand. Most Antarctic penguin species nest in large high density aggregations of birds. For an example see the photo of nesting emperor penguin. In contrast yellow-eyed penguins do not nest within visual sight of each other.
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Halictus sexcinctus are commonly found across Europe, and can be found as far north as southern Sweden and as far east as Turkey and Iraq. They are solitary in the northern part of the range and social in their southern range. They live in very large aggregations in central Europe, despite being solitary in this part of their range. H. sexcinctus prefers to nest in sandy or loamy soil.
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There are two to five generations per year. This species is most abundant in September when they congregate before mating and winter hibernation. They overwinter in large aggregations in leaf litter, under stones and in other protected sites at the edge of fields and hedgerows. They emerge in spring and look for suitable prey and egg laying sites in nearby crops, often dispersing by walking along the ground.
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Gilt-head bream The gilt-head bream is found in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern coastal regions of the North Atlantic Ocean. It grows to about 60 cm long. Found in seagrass beds and sandy bottoms as well as in the surf zone commonly to depths of about 30 m, but adults may occur to 150 m depth. A sedentary fish, either solitary or in small aggregations.
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Males of V. maculifrons tend to form loose aggregations, resembling leks, during mating. In one area, hundreds to thousands of males patrol prominent trees and bushes by constantly flying around them. Males typically patrol large areas randomly, rather than limiting to a few trees. If a male sees a female while patrolling, he flies closer to the female in a zigzag fashion and stops on a nearby leaf.
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Eagles sometimes hunt by standing in or near shallow water on a sandbank, spit, or ice-flow, grabbing passing fish. It is reported that, compared with its white-tailed and bald eagle relatives, Steller's sea eagle is a more "aggressive, powerful, and active" raptor. Where feeding occurs in groups, kleptoparasitism is common. Kleptoparasitism is most beneficial in procuring food during periods of food abundance and in large feeding aggregations.
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London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. Some examples of this happens during mating, parental care of their offspring, or even aggregations of conspecifics to an area to exploit resources of food or shelter. Therefore, multiple definitions of group living have been proposed. Differences in group living definitions vary dependent on the frequency and type of social interactions that members of a group display and the level of coordination and cohesion of group members.
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Heterorrhina elegans is a species of Scarab beetle found in India and Sri Lanka that belongs to the flower chafer subfamily. The adults are about 2 to 3 cm long and are usually bright glassy green appearing reddish at some angles. The clypeus is narrow and there is a ridge along the middle. They are seen in aggregations made up of large numbers in southern India during June to October.
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Delphinus capensis with whale watching vessels off Kochi, Japan Long-beaked common dolphins can live in aggregations of hundreds or even thousands. Within these large groups, smaller subgroups of 10 to 30, related in either sex or age, typically are found. They sometimes associate with other dolphin species, such as pilot whales. They have also been observed bow riding on baleen whales, and they also bow ride on boats.
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Because L. malachurum generally nests in aggregations of thousands of colonies within a small region, the ability of bees to recognize their own nests is crucial. Outside the entrances to the nest, guards are posted. These guards mark the nest entrances with Dufour's gland secretions to create olfactory cues to guide colony specific bees back to the nest. These secretions are largely made up of alkanes and alkenes.
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The Estero de San Antonio has a variety of habitat types, including freshwater ponds, mudflats, eelgrass and saltgrass areas, and wooded ravines, including 923 acres of associated wetlands. Tidewater goby, Ghost shrimp and Mud shrimp, as well as significant seabird aggregations and other species depend upon this habitat. In the summer or early fall, a sandbar often forms at the mouth of the Estero, damming it until the winter rains arrive.
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Paromola cuvieri is a species of crab in the family Homolidae, the carrier crabs. It occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, from Angola to Norway, the Northern Isles and Iceland. It is demersal, occurring at depths of , but it is primarily found deeper than . It prefers areas with mud and emerging rocks, and has been observed in deep-water coral gardens and sponge aggregations.
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Pangio species forage in the substrate and sift mouthfuls of sand through the gills to feed on insect larvae, small crustaceans, and other small animals. Pangio are social fish, living in large aggregations in the wild, and in home aquaria are often observed staying together, often packing themselves into the same cave or crevice. Pangio are peaceful fish, and are not known to attack conspecifics or fish of other species.
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Singing of Cicada orni Adult cicadas can be encountered in summer feeding on sap from trees or shrubs, with their mouthparts well adapted for piercing and sucking. Only males produce their well-known calling song, a clicking sound caused by the contraction and relaxation of abdominal membranes (tymbal). This song has the function of sexual attraction for females. Usually males sing in aggregations of many individuals on sunny tree branches.
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It is known to grow to 120 cm in length and 15 kg in weight. The golden trevally schools as a juvenile, often closely following larger objects including sharks and jellyfish. The species uses its protractile jaws to suck out prey from the sand or reef, and consumes a variety of fish, crustaceans and molluscs. Spawning aggregations gather at night at different times of the year throughout its range.
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The large colony size of eusocial insects elicits both costs and benefits. Increased group size is often correlated with increased predator attraction. However, in appropriate situations, aggregations of individuals can provide more effective predator defense. Under situations of low parasite and predator threat as well as plentiful territory and resource availability, the risk of attracting a predator from aggregating is greater than the possible benefits of collaborative nesting and reproductive rearing.
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High concentrations of etioplasts will cause leaves to appear yellow rather than green. These plant organelles contain prolamellar bodies, which are membrane aggregations of semi-crystalline lattices of branched tubules that carry the precursor pigment for chlorophyll. The prolamellar bodies are often (and presumed always) arranged in geometric patterns. They are converted to chloroplasts via the stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis by the plant hormone cytokinin soon after exposure to light.
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In R. plebeiana, specifically in aggregations of nests, females were observed to have specific behaviors when in their individual nests. Females repeatedly stick their head into larval cells and vibrate their heads in the cell. This behavior was observed as a way for the females to check on the larvae. Females were also observed to “kiss” for the sake of transferring food or liquid between different members of the nest.
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P. papuensis is found in turbid rivers and swampy lagoons and backwaters. Plotosus lineatus schooling in a ball. Juveniles of Plotosus species often form dense aggregations; in P. lineatus juveniles form dense ball-shaped schools of about 100 fish, while adults are solitary or occur in smaller groups of around 20 and are known to hide under ledges during the day. Most species feed on crustaceans, mollusks, and fishes.
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The thornback guitarfish can often be found lying on sand. During the day, the thornback guitarfish spends much time partially buried in sediment. It may be encountered singly, in small groups, or in large aggregations that form seasonally in particular bays and sloughs. The diet of this ray consists of polychaete worms, crustaceans (including crabs, shrimps, and isopods), squids, and small bony fishes (including anchovies, sardines, gobies, sculpins, and surfperches).
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It is a predatory fish, taking fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, and shows diet partitioning with other trevallies in studies conducted in Australian waters. Reproduction is poorly studied, although observational evidence suggests spawning occurs in aggregations, probably during summer in South Africa. It is generally of minor importance to commercial fisheries throughout its range, but is considered an excellent sportfish by anglers and spearfishermen, and a good table fish.
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They hide from their prey using the coral as cover and lunge when the prey is in range, swallowing the prey item whole. They are aggressive and defend their territory but they have a relatively small home range. They reach sexual maturity at and a weight of , at approximately 12 years of age. Aggregations of smaller fishes have been observed but it is not known of this species aggregates to spawn.
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Canthidermis maculata are known to gather in large groups, hundreds and sometimes thousands (Taquet et al., 2007) and are frequently associated with FADs. These aggregations may also include other species such as the sleek unicorn surgeonfish, Naso hexacanthus. Oceanic triggerfish are currently thought to move as a group, migrating together from the open ocean to shallower waters for nesting purposes, and returning together to the open ocean once nesting is complete.
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Neurofibrillary tangles are formed by hyperphosphorylation of a microtubule-associated protein known as tau, causing it to aggregate, or group, in an insoluble form. (These aggregations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are also referred to as PHF, or "paired helical filaments"). The precise mechanism of tangle formation is not completely understood, and it is still controversial whether tangles are a primary causative factor in disease or play a more peripheral role.
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Seasonal aggregations of 17 individuals including calves and young adults have been observed in Sri Lanka's Uda Walawe National Park. Until recently, Asian elephants, like African elephants, were thought to be under the leadership of older adult females, or matriarchs. It is now recognized that females form extensive and very fluid social networks, with varying degrees of associations between individuals. Social ties generally tend to be weaker than in African elephants.
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Close-up It is a long-lived and slow-growing species which reaches maturity at 8–9 years, and the oldest recorded individual is 56. These fishes are carnivorous, mostly feeding on other fishes, crustaceans and molluscs. Adult snappers often form large schools on the outer reefs or above sandy areas, mainly to form spawning aggregations. Small brownish juveniles mimic damselfishes of the genus Chromis in order to approach their preys.
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This plant does not grow on vertical surfaces, but instead on fields. Therefore, the only way A. agilissima can forage on this plant is when it close to an area that it can use as a nesting site. Due to the changing agricultural landscape of many places, there have been fewer A. agilissima. It is now rare to find large nest aggregations, which also impacts its cuckoo bee Nomada metalthoracica.
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This species has an overall sex ratio of 2:1 for males to females, so males outnumber females. Males of the species complex are attracted to vertebrate host odors called kairomones and collectively form nocturnal aggregations called leks near the hosts. Females, unlike males, are haematophagous and are attracted to the lek both by the kairomones secreted from the host, as well as the sex pheromones secreted by the males.
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Rather than the iron aggregations proposed by Elsasser, this model proposes that the iron shell melted at the boundary with the primordial core, and permeated through the latter in liquid state instead of aggregating into iron bulbs as proposed in the Safronov's model. The primordial core would ascend in grain-size bodies until incorporating into the mantle. The time-scale for the core formation is of the order of billion years.
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If more than one target is located in the acoustic beam at the same depth, it is not usually possible to resolve them separately. This is often the case with schooling fish or aggregations of zooplankton. In these cases, echo integration is used to estimate biomass. Echo integration assumes that the total acoustic energy scattered by a group of targets is the sum of the energy scattered by each individual target.
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Each bee excavates their own nest and they nests in aggregations. The adults fly from June to late August and have been recorded nectaring on bramble, harebell, ling, wild angelica and yarrow but tormentils are required for the provisioning the nest cells. The tormetil nomad bee (Nomada roberjeotiana) and Nomada obtusifrons are cleptoparasites of the tormentil mining bee and they have also been recorded as being host to Strepsipteran endoparasites.
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Important issues included how the championship was to be decided and regulating players jumping from one team to another. As a result, after three years of this experiment, most of the leading professional clubs broke away in 1871 to found the separate National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP). The earlier NABBP continued for approximately two more years with a more diminished status before disbanding into state and regional aggregations.
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All species of Agapostemon nest in the ground, sometimes in dense aggregations. Some species are communal such as A. virescens. In this and other communal species, multiple females share the same nest entrance, but beneath the common entrance burrow, construct their own portion of the nest. Thus each female digs her own brood cells and collects pollen and nectar to fashion the pollen ball upon which she will lay an egg.
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Stress granule dynamics Stress granules are dense aggregations in the cytosol composed of proteins & RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress. The RNA molecules stored are stalled translation pre-initiation complexes: failed attempts to make protein from mRNA. Stress granules are 100–200 nm in size (when biochemically purified), not surrounded by membrane, and associated with the endoplasmatic reticulum. Note that there are also nuclear stress granules.
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Sea scallops often occur in aggregations called beds. Beds may be sporadic (perhaps lasting for a few years) or essentially permanent (e.g., commercial beds supporting the Georges Bank fishery). The highest concentration of many permanent beds appears to correspond to areas of suitable temperatures, food availability, substrate, and where physical oceanographic features such as fronts and gyres may keep larval stages in the vicinity of the spawning population.
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Not a lot is known about the ecology of the eastern hooded scaly-foot, however research has shown that is primarily nocturnal, although populations in southern Victoria have been observed to be active during the day. They are also thought to be inactive during winter. Although usually encountered singly, occasional aggregations have been reported, possibly related to breeding Patchell, F., & Shine, R. (1986). Food habits and reproductive biology of the Australian legless lizards (pygopodidae).
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It is believed to sleep in trees to reduce the risk of predation and chooses this site according to its last feeding position in the area.Wahungu.G.M. (2001) Common use of sleeping sites by two primate species in Tana River, Kenya. East African Wild Life Society, African Journal of Ecology, Vol. 39, pp. 18–23. Group size ranges from 13–36 individuals, and sometimes combining to form aggregations of 50 to 60 individuals.
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It lives on rocky shores, in the mid intertidal zone. Many sea-stars broadcast spawn their embryos, where fertilization occurs in the water column, however Leptasterias species brood their embryos locally. The stars form mating aggregations and the female sits on her brood for a period of 6–8 weeks while the embryos develop underneath. Eventually the embryos fully metamorphose into juvenile sea-stars and walk away, and thus can only locally disperse.
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The largest of their aggregations in what later became Balonne Shire was Fisher & Hill's Bullamon. When consolidated in July 1888 under the provisions of the 1884 Crown Lands Act, Bullamon comprised 42 runs in the Moonie River area and totalled approximately . Bullamon Homestead was the head station for this group, with buildings valued at in September 1887. There were two outstations: Nindi-gully on Ana Ninghan East run and Bandy Andy on Minimi.
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In the event that other males attempt to copulate with the female, the original male will interrupt courtship to chase the other male away. These chases are usually brief and successful, with the original male being able to retain control of the female. In leks, females tend to associate with larger male aggregations. The general likelihood that a fungus will be occupied increases with its surface area; larger bracket fungi have more flies.
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Leks have previously been used to explain how species avoid predation risks associated with displaying at these aggregation sites. However, the idea that lek mating is present in H. mycetophaga has been contested. One study suggests instead that the flies simply use the bracket fungi as a breeding and food source. The authors of this paper confirm that collections of flies are present in male aggregations on the white areas of bracket fungi.
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Sexual maturity is reached at 42 cm, with spawning occurring in large aggregations occurring at different periods throughout its range, generally between July and March. The bigeye trevally is of moderate importance to fisheries throughout its range, and being of high importance to some artisanal fisheries. It is taken by gill net, purse seine, hook and line and other artisanal fishing methods. It is rated as a fair to good table fish.
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On discarded antlers, the males form complex, highly structured aggregations in which a great deal of territorial competition occurs. Some individuals defend stable territories, while others simply wander in search of females that arrive on antlers to feed, mate, and oviposit. In prime areas of the antler, near oviposition sites (cracks in the antler surface), males spend much of their time battling rival males. They even attack insects much larger than themselves.
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This species mycelium is a chocolate brown colour, and forms aggregations around the insects' joints, especially on legs and antennae. Its stromatal morphology is similar to O. camponoti-rufipedis, but its fertile region is dark brown when mature. Its ascomata are semi-erumpent and flask- shaped, measuring up to , and possessing a pronounced neck. Its asci are 8-spored, hyaline and cylindrical, while its ascospores are multiserriate, thin-walled and rounded at their base.
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Quaternary fossil records from the Pleistocene present a developed history of no-analogs. Records of plants, mammals, coleopterans, mollusks and foraminifera with no modern analogs are abundant in the fossil record. In the last glacial maximum, species aggregations were different from previous time periods due to a unique set of climate conditions. The development of no- analog plant and mammal communities is often interconnected, and also tied to occurrence of no-analog climates.
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It lives in permanent packs consisting of two to 27 adults and yearling pups. The typical pack size in Kruger National Park and the Maasai Mara is four or five adults, while packs in Moremi and Selous contain eight or nine. However, larger packs have been observed and temporary aggregations of hundreds of individuals may have gathered in response to the seasonal migration of vast springbok herds in Southern Africa.Nowak, Ronald M. (2005).
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All families of adephagan have paired pygidial glands located posterodorsally in the abdomen, which are used for secreting chemicals. The glands consist of complex invaginations of the cuticle lined with epidermal cells contiguous with the integument. The glands have no connection with the rectum and open on the eighth abdominal tergum. Secretions pass from the secretory lobes, which are aggregations of secretory cells, through a tube to a reservoir lined with muscles.
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Atelines, along with the related howler monkeys, are the largest of the New World monkeys. They live in groups, show amicable intergroup relations, and can coalesce into large aggregations for extended periods of time. Atelines are frugivore-folivores, their diet consisting primarily of fruits, seeds and leaves, with Ateles being the most frugivorous, fruits comprising over 80% of their diet. Those species relying most heavily on patchily distributed fruit trees have the largest ranges.
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The hardyhead silverside occurs commonly in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins. It is reported to be a largely nocturnal fish which forms schools numbering from several hundred individuals to aggregations which may be over 100m long and 20m wide. Feeds on a wide variety of plankton and small benthic invertebrates with foraging taking place mostly during the night following the dispersal of the schools. It can also be found in estuarine waters.
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Aggregates are sometimes referred to as pre-calculated summary data, since aggregations are usually precomputed, partially summarized data, that are stored in new aggregated tables. When facts are aggregated, it is either done by eliminating dimensionality or by associating the facts with a rolled up dimension. Rolled up dimensions should be shrunken versions of the dimensions associated with the granular base facts. This way, the aggregated dimension tables should conform to the base dimension tables.
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The adult worms show territorial behaviour, fighting with other worms of the same species. However the worms are gonochoristic and there must be some mechanism by which a male and female come into close proximity during the period in which they are reproductively active. Some possibilities for this to happen include the hosts being close together, temporary aggregations of individual worms during the breeding season, or by the release of gametes into the sea water.
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Except where prohibited in state marine reserves, state marine parks and state marine conservation areas the bag limit is 35 animals, with no closed season. Ninety-nine percent of Kellet's whelks are used for human consumption., and are mainly sold in live fish markets. The fact that this species is slow-growing, slow to mature, and makes seasonal aggregations for mating, all mean that this recently targeted fishery species is vulnerable to overexploitation.
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Others have deimatic behaviours, such as rearing up and waving their front ends which are marked with eyespots as if they were snakes. Some papilionid caterpillars such as the giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) resemble bird droppings so as to be passed over by predators. Some caterpillars have hairs and bristly structures that provide protection while others are gregarious and form dense aggregations. Some species are myrmecophiles, forming mutualistic associations with ants and gaining their protection.
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Other scientists are skeptical, observing that the animals may have been driven together by drought, flood or for other reasons.(published abstract only) There is plentiful evidence for gregarious behaviour among herbivorous dinosaurs, including ceratopsians and hadrosaurs. However, only rarely are so many dinosaurian predators found at the same site. Small theropods like Deinonychus, Coelophysis and Megapnosaurus (Syntarsus rhodesiensis) have been found in aggregations, as have larger predators like Allosaurus and Mapusaurus.
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Due to the threat of predators and adverse environmental conditions, pupae can exhibit pupal diapause, or the ability to delay maturation until favorable environmental conditions occur. Some species will build their nests in dense aggregations in the same area. Males wait for females at flowers where they attempt to mate. Multiple studies have suggested that male aggression and mating behavior at flowers may contribute more to pollination of their host flowers than female visitation.
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This explains why Asterina can be found living with less than five arms. Asterian sea stars also reproduce through dispersal of eggs. At the beginning of reproduction, many starfish belonging to the asteroid species form aggregations, nothing has been researched for A. stellifera but it can be assumed they would also mate like this. It is known that other Asterina species deposit up to 1000 eggs in a specific location in the process of reproduction.
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The tenspine grouper is a demersal species which can be found on rocky reefs to depths of at least . It has been taken as bycatch by shrimp fisheries which suggests it lives over sandy or muddy bottoms, although this requires confirmation. It forms aggregations over complex reefs with high-relief but whether this is related to spawning is not yet known. It is a rare species and its biology is little studied.
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The marbled grouper normally occurs on deep ledges, at depths between as well as on reefs, where it is usually found in caves or deep crevices. It is a solitary species which is secretie, nervously darting off when it is approached or threatened. Its biology is little known but it is assumed that it forms aggregations for spawning like other groupers. The juveniles have been observed hiding among the spines of sea urchins.
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The marbled grouper has been described as being of little interest to fisheries but its flesh is esteemed in Brazil and it is sometimes taken by both anglers and commercial fisheries. Exploitation of spawning aggregations may me a threat to some populations. The IUCN classify it as Data Deficient due to a lack of information on its population. The population of this naturally rare and sparsely distributed species is, however, suspected to be decreasing.
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The population around Bermuda has a size distribution and sex ratio which suggest that tiger groupers are protogynous hermaphrodites, all of the fish with a total length less than were female and all of the fish with a total length greater than were male. They are found at depths of . It is known to form spawning aggregations in the northern part of its range but these have not been recorded off Brazil.
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Other scientists are skeptical, observing that the animals may have been driven together by drought, flood or for other reasons.(published abstract only) Model in RTM There is plentiful evidence for gregarious behaviour among herbivorous dinosaurs, including ceratopsians and hadrosaurs. However, only rarely are so many dinosaurian predators found at the same site. Small theropods like Deinonychus and Coelophysis have been found in aggregations, as have larger predators like Allosaurus and Mapusaurus.
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This, along with the complete lack of predators intermediate in size between huge adult tyrannosaurids and other small theropods, suggests these niches may have been filled by juvenile tyrannosaurids. This is seen in modern Komodo dragons, where hatchlings start off as tree-dwelling insectivores and slowly mature into massive apex predators capable of taking down large vertebrates. For example, Albertosaurus have been found in aggregations that some have suggested to represent mixed-age packs.
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Liostenogaster flavolineata (tropical hover wasp) is an insect that belongs to the wasp family Vespidae. This hairy-faced hover wasp species is predominantly found in South Asian rain forests, especially in Malaysia. Individual colonies of this species are very small, but aggregations of nests allow for interactions between many smaller colonies. Some worker wasps, known as "helpers", will move between multiple nests in an attempt to improve their position in the dominance hierarchy.
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Colletes cuniculariusin nest entrance Colletes phaceliae Colletes compactus Colletes speculiferus Colletes thysanellae The genus Colletes (plasterer bees) is a large group of ground-nesting bees of the family Colletidae. They occur primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. They tend to be solitary, but sometimes nest close together in aggregations. Species in the genus build cells in underground nests that are lined with a cellophane-like plastic secretion, a true polyester,Hefetz, A., et al. (1979).
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Grasslands can be found in many different regions of the world, which is why many different animals can live there. They support the greatest aggregations of large animals on earth. For example, Jaguars, African wild dogs, pronghorn, black-footed ferret, plains bison, mountain plover, African elephant, Sunda tiger, black rhino, white rhino, savanna elephant, greater one-horned rhino, Indian elephant and swift fox. In grasslands, you can find a large number of grazing animals.
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Studies done primarily by the University of Miami (UM) in the 1970s surveyed the Miami Terrace geological formation. Biologists also retrieved samples of reef fauna. John Reed, with Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, observed dense aggregations of 50 to 100 wreckfish there in May 2004 during a submersible dive. A UM team with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Ocean Exploration program discovered new reef sites there in December 2005 using an autonomous underwater vehicle.
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The brownspotted grouper occurs over a wide range of habitats such as seagrass beds and outer reef slopes, as well as over mud bottoms. It is a solitary species which is a predator on small fishes and crustaceans, mainly stomatopods and crabs. This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite and the change in sex from female to male takes place between , although not all of the females undergo this change. The adults form spawning aggregations.
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One of the major challenges faced by biological production processes is that many chemicals are toxic to microorganisms (at high concentration), killing microorganisms and therefore stopping the production processes. This often makes biological manufacturing processes unfeasible economically. Many microorganisms can naturally grow together on surfaces to form complex aggregations called biofilms. One distinctive characteristic of biofilm formation is that microorganisms within biofilms are often much tougher and more recalcitrant compared to individuals.
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Long-nosed Potoroo Generally, the long-nosed potoroo is solitary and has only been observed in brief encounters for mating and when with young. There have also been reports of several males and females feeding in loose aggregations. These mammals are non-territorial and frequently have overlapping home ranges. The male's home range can overlap many females', but the female's home range is usually exclusive, allowing the female access to the male year round.
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P. annularis is found throughout the eastern United States from New York to Florida, west to a line from South Dakota to Texas. This range is similar to that of P. metricus, with which P. annularis is a Müllerian mimic. P. annularis forms its nests on the branches of trees and shrubs, as well as in sheltered parts of some buildings. However, it is also known to group its nests in large colonies called aggregations.
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The brown meagre is a commercial species throughout the Mediterranean basin and has been over exploited by fishing practices. It is fished mainly by spear fishing, trammel nets, and gill nets and is heavily exposed to fisheries during spawning aggregations at the mouths of estuaries. Sold fresh or frozen across fish markets in Turkey. The otoliths of the brown meagre are ground and used for urinary infections by local people in Turkey.
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Even other migratory owls in the temperate zone do not tolerate each other as closely as do long-eared owls, with short- eared owls seemingly only forming aggregations when food supplies are exceptionally high, while social roosting in long-eared owls seems to occur regardless of local prey numbers.Schneider, K. J. (2003). The status and ecology of the short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) in New York State. The Kingbird, 53, 313-330.
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Attempts in the past to close the sites to fishing failed because some denied that the species was in decline, arguing that it simply relocates its aggregations from year to year. Following the Green Reef surveys, however, the closure and monitoring of remaining known aggregation sites was seen as essential to ensure their long-term viability, and subsequently the survival of both the species and the fishing industry that depends on it.
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As a result of tidal mixing, Chatham Sound is an area of particularly high primary productivity and highly concentrated phytoplankton biomass. The sound has the largest diversity of shrimp species in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area, with numbers dominated by humpback shrimp. There are also major aggregations of Dungeness crab in the area. Once thought to be extinct, sponge reefs are now known to be a significant component of the sound floor.
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One study by a behavioral ecologist, John Alcock, showed that a large majority of the marked wasps returned to the same perch day after day, and two males swapped between two different sites. The species rarely perches on the ground. It shares the same nesting biology as S. speciosus. All cicada killers are ground-nesting insects and nest aggregations can contain up to hundreds of nests, each with a single provisioning female.
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It has only a few small thorns on its back and is uniform brownish to grayish pink in color, becoming much darker past the tail sting. This large ray can reach across and over long. Gregarious in nature, the pink whipray has been known to form large active and resting aggregations, and associate with other large ray species. It preys mainly on prawns, but also consumes other benthic invertebrates and bony fishes.
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L. pictus is found in the tropical and subtropical eastern Pacific Ocean at depths down to about . Its range extends from central California southwards to Ecuador. In California it tends to inhabit the middle and lower intertidal zone but in the northern part of the Gulf of California it mainly inhabits the subtidal zone. These sea urchins tend to form dense aggregations at the edge of, or inside, the kelp beds that line this coast.
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Illustration of kidney stones Urolithiasis refers to stones originating anywhere in the urinary system, including the kidneys and bladder. Nephrolithiasis refers to the presence of such stones in the kidneys. Calyceal calculi are aggregations in either the minor or major calyx, parts of the kidney that pass urine into the ureter (the tube connecting the kidneys to the urinary bladder). The condition is called ureterolithiasis when a calculus is located in the ureter.
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In southern parts of eastern Australia the species is migratory, moving north to overwinter and returning south in the spring. Large aggregations of noisy friarbirds are possible, often in association with little friarbirds. At such times, the constant cackling and chattering of the noisy friarbird can fill the forest with sound. The calls are used to identify an individual's feeding territory, and also announce the presence of food sources worth defending to other birds—not necessarily friarbirds alone.
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Harriet Ware Krumbhaar saw the importance of women's clubs in supporting the arts, saying "Musicians do well to pin their faith to these aggregations of 'the people' rather than to the wealth or social influence of a few.""American Slight American Songs, Says Harriet Ware" Musical America (April 28, 1917): 29. She was a founder and leader of the Musical Art Society of Long Island."Club Which She Founded Entertains for Harriet Ware" Musical America (January 1, 1921): 44.
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Small groups or aggregations are known to occur in Africa as well near concentrated foods and even communal roost have been reported in trees, power pylons or on the ground. Like many large raptors, the tawny eagle probably spends the majority of its day perched but take wing a few times a day. Unlike most large eagles, in India at least, tawny eagles are often fairly accustomed to humans and may allow fairly close approach by observers.Dharmakumarsinhji, R.S. (1949).
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Steppe or grassland species tend to live in groups, though with little obvious group interaction apart from an occasional contact call. Group size may vary by season; in winter, aggregations of elegant crested tinamous may approach 100 birds. Both steppe and forest species are territorial, though territoriality varies between species from being characteristic only during the breeding season, to being territorial throughout the year. When defending their territories from conspecifics, tinamous are highly vocal, creating a cacophony of sound.
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The hotspot model is one of many that have been proposed to explain lek mating. This male-initiated model suggests that male aggregations are concentrated based on areas of high female presence. However, this model may not fully account for the behavior seen in H. mycetophaga. Previous observations have shown that the presence of exudates (fluid emerging from the inside of an organism through some sort of opening), which would attract females, does not influence where displays occur.
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The definition of an operational analytics processing engine (OPAP) can be expressed in the form of the following six propositions: # Complex queries: Support for queries like joins, aggregations, sorting, relevance, etc. # Low data latency: An update to any data record is visible in query results in under than a few seconds. # Low query latency: A simple search query returns in under a few milliseconds. # High query volume: Able to serve at least a few hundred concurrent queries per second.
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Love dart of H. cinctella Where they occur, numerous Hygromia cinctella can often be found together in large aggregations. They can be active at night in humid conditions, on paths and flagstones. They can rest high on walls or in the leaf litter and underside of logs. The species can be active in cold weather and survives very cold winters in Central Europe, therefore its recent expansion might have more to do with increased transportation than with climate change.
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This species primarily mates via the lek system, in which there are aggregations of males on small mating territories. When the female reaches the lek, she changes her behavior so that she helps the males to detect her by performing a long and obvious circular flight. The species operates on a polygynous system in which one male has the ability to mate with several females in one breeding season.Boggs, Carol L., Ward B. Watt, and Paul R. Ehrlich.
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Cyanea nozaki is found around the coasts of China and Japan. Since the beginning of this century, Cyanea nozakii has become more common, with mass aggregations occurring. In 2004 this happened in Liaodong Bay in Northeast China and it was noticed that commercial catches of the edible jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum were adversely affected. In 2011, a bloom of large jellyfish appeared off the coast of Qingdao, in what a Japanese scientist had said would be a "non- jellyfish year".
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OAI standards allow a common way to provide content, and part of those standards is that the content has metadata that describes the items in Dublin Core format. Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of web resources. Funding for the initiative comes from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Coalition for Networked Information (CNI), Digital Library Federation (DLF), National Science Foundation (NSF), the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and other organizations.
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128x128px Typically, the leks that C. frigida form stay within their optimal environment of seaweed patches. However, due to increasing temperatures and more frequent storms resulting from climate change, more algae is washed ashore and accompanying it is an increase in the population density of C. frigida. "Blooms" of the flies can occur, possibly when temperatures and amounts of kelp increase. These aggregations are known to pester and annoy beachgoers, but may also be blown inland to city dwellers.
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The bigeye trevally is a fast-swimming predatory species that has had several studies determine its diet in various places throughout its distribution. As mentioned above, the species is mostly inactive during the day, and feeds at dusk and through the night. The large stationary aggregations break off as the fish move off to hunt in small groups or individually. The species predominantly takes small fish as prey, however supplements its diet with a varied array of invertebrates.
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In such instances, males concentrate in mating aggregations at the highest point of a slope and females must travel up the slope after eclosion to mate. After mating, females return down the slope in order to minimize sexual harassment, and deposit eggs. Hilltopping occurs in small populations where there is a smaller chance for virgin females to encounter males before reaching the hilltop. Where populations are relatively dense; however, upslope movement may place these butterflies at a reproductive disadvantage.
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However, there are records of prey which are either females without any pollen or males. Depending on the size of the prey each cell is provisioned with between five and eight prey items. Females C. rybyensis often nest in quite dense aggregations, usually located on exposed compacted soil in level ground. Nests have been recorded on an unsurfaced road, in abandoned sand quarries and even in soil between the paving stones of a patio in a suburban garden.
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These cliffs are south facing and feature sheltered coves, offering ideal conditions for thermophilic (warmth-loving) invertebrates. The friable cliff material and high temperatures attract large nesting aggregations of solitary bees and wasps which burrow into the cliff. Prawle cliffs are the only site in the UK for the rare cuckoo bee Nomada sexfasciata, this is a cleptoparasite of the Long-horned mining bee Eucera longicornis. Another rare species of particular note is the mason wasp Euodynerus quadrifasciatus.
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Malmideaceae is similar to Pilocarpaceae, but can be distinguished from that family by thallus organization and ascus structure. Malmidea species have a thallus made of goniocysts–spherical aggregations of photobiont cells surrounded by short- celled hyphae. This characteristic is quite rare in the Pilocarpaceae, only found in the monotypic genera Calopadiopsis and Pseudocalopadia. Despite the general overall similarity of the ascus structure between the two families, unlike the Pilocarpaceae, Malmideaceae species lack a tubular structure in their asci.
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Corynebacterium renale is a pathogenic bacterium that causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle. C. renale is a facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive organism, characterized by nonencapsulated, nonsporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of 0.3 to 0.8 µm, which forms ramified aggregations in culture (looking like "Chinese characters"). The bacterium is sensitive to the majority of antibiotics, such as the penicillins, ampicillin, cephalosporins, quinolones, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, cefuroxime, and trimethoprim.
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When Postelsia release their spores, they tend to fall within a few meters of the parent sporophyte for two reasons. The first is that though spores are flagellated and can swim, they are often released at low tide and are deposited directly to the substrate below. Secondly, Postelsia gametophytes need to be close to each other in order for fertilization to occur. As such, sea palms tend to live very close to each other in large aggregations.
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Fossil deposits dominated large numbers of ceratopsids from individual species suggest that these animals were at least somewhat social. However, the exact nature of ceratopsid social behavior has historically been controversial. In 1997, Lehman argued that the aggregations of many individuals preserved in bonebeds originated as local "infestations" and compared them to similar modern occurrences in crocodiles and tortoises. Other authors, such as Scott D. Sampson, interpret these deposits as the remains of large "socially complex" herds.
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Alzheimer's disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disease which most often affects the elderly and accounts for more than half of all cases of dementia. Its exact cause remains unknown, but the disease is identified as a protein misfolding disease. Alzheimer's is associated with toxic aggregations of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, caused by Aβ misfolding and clumping together with other Aβ peptides. These Aβ aggregates then grow into significantly larger senile plaques, a pathological marker of Alzheimer's disease.
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The generative tissue is pigmented black-brown, with the color being most intense below the paraphyses, becoming less so towards the stalk region. Pilophorus acicularis is a tripartite lichen—containing a fungus, a green alga, and a cyanobacterium. Cephalodia (lichenized aggregations of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria) are present on the primary thallus; smaller cephalodia are also on the pseudopodetia. Hemispherical to irregularly shaped, and light to dark brown in color, they contain species from the genus Nostoc.
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Individuals of the genus Heliconius form large communal roosts which they return to each night after foraging. The reason for this behavior was not well characterized until recently when it was determined that the large aggregations of butterflies provided protection from predators. Butterflies fare better in these groups for two reasons. First, the prey dilution effect lowers the likelihood that one particular individual will be eaten because of the large number of other individuals that are in the area.
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Eucera kullenbergi is known to fall victim to sexual deception by Ophrys leochroma flowers that mimic the sex pheromones of female bees. Eucera palaestinae live in dense nest aggregations with males emerging from their nests in the ground about a week before the females to take a look around the nesting site. Once the females emerge, males of the species will engage in aggressive competition to mate with them. Shortly after mating, the female becomes unreceptive.
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The seaweed Codium isthmocladum reacts to deep water nutrient sources because their tissues have different concentrations of nutrients dependent upon depth. Aggregations of eggs, larval organisms and plankton on reefs respond to deep water intrusions. Similarly, as internal waves and bores move vertically, surface-dwelling larval organisms are carried toward the shore. This has significant biological importance to cascading effects of food chains in coral reef ecosystems and may provide yet another key to unlocking the paradox.
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The chital can leap and clear fences as high as , but prefers to dive under them. It stays within of cover. A gregarious animal, the chital forms matriarchal herds comprising an adult female and her offspring of the previous and the present year, which may be associated with individuals of any age and either sex, male herds, and herds of juveniles and mothers. Small herds are common, though aggregations of as many as 100 individuals have been observed.
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Aggregations of blob sculpins have been observed by using a remotely operated underwater vehicle. The fish were at depths between on the Gorda Escarpment off the coast of California. They were brooding large pinkish eggs in nests, actually lying on the eggs or in contact with them in many instances. The eggs were free of sediment which makes it likely the adults were actively fanning them, the first known example of parental care in egg- laying deep sea fishes.
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Pages 303-304. . The Virgin Islands are also home to several non-venomous snake species, including the ground snake, Mona boa Virgin Islands tree boa and blind snake (Typhlops richardii). While the green- and hawksbill turtles are found throughout the U.S.V.I., the leatherback turtle is mostly observed on Saint Croix, and in large aggregations around Sandy Point. The largest populations of hawksbill turtles however are found on Buck Island and the east end of Saint Croix.
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A second potential anti-predator effect of animal aggregations is the "many eyes" hypothesis. This theory states that as the size of the group increases, the task of scanning the environment for predators can be spread out over many individuals. Not only does this mass collaboration presumably provide a higher level of vigilance, it could also allow more time for individual feeding. A third hypothesis for an anti- predatory effect of animal aggregation is the "encounter dilution" effect.
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The legs are black with spinose tibiae and piceous tarsi.Edward Saunders, 1892 The Hemiptera Heteroptera of the British Islands : a descriptive account of the families, genera, and species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland : with notes as to localities, habitats The nymphs and adults feed primarily on violets (Viola), but they are found on the ground under different plant species. Initially, the nymphs live in aggregations. Overwintering is under dry leaf and needle litter, under stones or in moss.
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The Cuban pine toad (Peltophryne cataulaciceps), or Schwartz's Caribbean toad , is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Cuba and found in western Cuba and on the Isla de la Juventud, below asl. Its natural habitats are savannas with pinewood and palms, with sandy soils. Breeding takes place in temporary pools, flooded pastures, and other shallow bodies of standing water; it can be abundant at breeding aggregations, but is otherwise hard to see.
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In June some winged females are produced and these migrate to other branches and trees, and large aggregations build up by late summer. There may be ten to fifteen generations of aphid during the season and winds may disperse the winged forms over many kilometres. Sexual forms are produced in the autumn, winged egg-laying females and wingless males. Mating takes place and eggs are laid near the tips of the shoots, sometimes in large batches.
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The DSV Alvin observed the remains using scanning sonar at in the Catalina Basin and collected the first photographic images and samples of animals and microbes from this remarkable community. Many other whale falls have since been found by more researchers and deep-sea explorers as well as naval submarines. The increase in detection is largely due to the use of cutting-edge side-scan sonar which can minutely examine the ocean floor for large aggregations of matter.
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The sweat bee has a simple nesting architecture consisting of a vertical tunnel into the ground ending in a compartment reserved for brood-rearing. They nest underground, like Lasioglossum zephyrus, but they do not form the same complex structures. Nest entrances are frequently concealed using scattered foliage. For L. malachurum, thousands of nests can be found located within a small region in nesting aggregations, which suggests that the bees likely have some sort of identification mechanism for conspecific nests.
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Donovan, G. P., Lockyer, C. H., Martin, A. R., (1993) "Biology of Northern Hemisphere Pilot Whales", International Whaling Commission Special Issue 14. After mating, a male pilot whale usually spends only a few months with a female, and an individual may sire several offspring in the same pod. Males return to their own pods when the aggregations disband, and their presence may contribute to the survival of the other pod members. No evidence of "bachelor" groups has been found.
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In this area hermaphrodites had a length of measured around while males were . Spawning aggregations have not been confirmed in this species although there are anecdotal reports from Hong Kong of divers encountering groups of up to 50 fishes in close proximity on reefs in the summer, coinciding with the known spawning season. As other fish, the Hong Kong grouper harbours parasites, including, among others, the diplectanid monogenean Pseudorhabdosynochus satyui and Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli, parasitic on the gills.
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The northern colletes (Colletes floralis) is a species of bee within the genus Colletes. Northern colletes are solitary bees, though females may nest in what are termed aggregations – sites where the bees nest close together, but do not form colonies as social bees do. They nest underground in soft (often sandy) soil, digging burrows up to 20 times their body length. It is often to be found nesting in coastal sand dunes and, on Hebridean islands, machair (coastal grassland).
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Although the selfish herd theory is widely accepted, it has been deemed implausible in certain situations. It may not fully account for aggregations in 3-dimensional space, in which predatory attacks may come from above or below. This means that the grouping behavior of flying birds and some aquatic animals is unlikely to be explained by the selfish herd theory. The theory may require complex movement rules that are too difficult for an animal to follow.
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It is because > human beings, so charming as individuals or in small aggregations, have been > welded into overconcentrated social units. Later in his academic and writing career he protested the "cult of bigness" and economic growth and promoted the concept of human scale and small community life. He argued that massive external aid to poorer nations stifled local initiatives and participation. His vision called for a dissolution of centralized political and economic structures in favor of local control.
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In the aquarium trade it can be seen under a variety of common names, including yellow-eyed kole tang, striped bristletooth, and bristletooth tang. This species is an herbivore, grazing algae on the shallow reef. It has also been commonly observed to clean algal growths from the shells of sea turtles. In the Ahihi-Kinau nature preserve area on Maui, Hawaii, aggregations of this fish have established "cleaning stations" where green sea turtles come to be groomed.
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Congregating into herds may have evolved for defense, for migratory purposes, or to provide protection for young. There is evidence that many types of slow-growing dinosaurs, including various theropods, sauropods, ankylosaurians, ornithopods, and ceratopsians, formed aggregations of immature individuals. One example is a site in Inner Mongolia that has yielded the remains of over 20 Sinornithomimus, from one to seven years old. This assemblage is interpreted as a social group that was trapped in mud.
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The female Stenoria analis lays her eggs on plants near to aggregations of ivy bees soon after mating, which has been recorded as occurring in low vegetation. The females lay clutches which consist of at least 117 eggs. As the eggs develop the changes within the egg can be easily observed, the changes becoming more obvious as the hatching of the larvae approaches. In Germany hatching occurs at the end of summer and takes between 15 and 24 days.
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Tracheoles are about 1 µm in diameter, and they convey oxygen to cells while providing a means for carbon dioxide to escape. Tracheoles branch from the larger tracheae (which can be several mm in diameter) much like capillaries branch from arteries, or twigs from branches of a tree. This increases the surface area for gas exchange in the insect. Areas of intense metabolic activity, such as the digestive tract and flight muscles have very dense aggregations of tracheoles.
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By combining compositions rather than melodies, one obtains a modular project. The term “project” is more appropriate than “composition” because the shape of the work is not fixed and it will change when a new composition (module) is added or removed. The concept of a musical work seen as something closed, limited and immobile evolves into a process of numerous aggregations that allow a composition to become infinite in principle. A modular project is a work in progress.
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C. citrinellus is common in shallow exposed reef flats, lagoons, and seaward reefs, generally in relatively open areas with scattered corals. They may occasionally be found at greater depth, as deep as . They feed on small worms, small benthic invertebrates, coral polyps and filamentous algae. Adults usually swim in pairs (pairs form during breeding), while juveniles are more often seen in small aggregations and commonly mix with other similar sized juveniles, especially of the Sunburst Butterflyfish (C. kleinii).
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A structural basin is a large-scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping of previously flat-lying strata. Structural basins are geological depressions, and are the inverse of domes. Some elongated structural basins are also known as synclines. Structural basins may also be sedimentary basins, which are aggregations of sediment that filled up a depression or accumulated in an area; however, many structural basins were formed by tectonic events long after the sedimentary layers were deposited.
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This shark sometimes forms mixed- species aggregations with grey reef sharks. Rainbow runners (Elagatis bipinnulata) have been observed rubbing against silvertip sharks, using the sharks' rough skin to scrape off parasites. They sometimes follow marine mammals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in open water, and are themselves followed by pilot fish (Naucrates ductor). Like the grey reef shark, the silvertip shark sometimes perform a stereotypical threat display if pursued by divers, warning that it is prepared to attack.
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While the queen is at the top of the dominance hierarchy, the other wasps may lay eggs and forage for themselves as they see fit. In cases where queens or foundresses evict other females, the aggregations begin to dissolve. At nighttime and in the early morning, the entire female population of a P. annularis colony is located on the nest. After the first brood pupate by spinning a cocoons that encloses the larval cell, they emerge as adults.
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The toothless catfish, Anodontiglanis dahli, is a species of catfish (order Siluriformes) of the family Plotosidae. This fish originates from northern Australia, including Fitzroy, Daly, East Alligator, Roper, Mitchell, and Archer Rivers, in lentic and lotic freshwater habitats. It grows up to about 40.0 centimetres (15.7 in) TL. The toothless catfish lives in clear, flowing waters. It has been reported to be solitary, but it also often forms aggregations around log snags or in deeper rock pools.
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July 22–23, 2002. Demaguette, Philippines. 39pp. Off Madagascar, average group size was only 1.1 individuals (272 individuals in 247 groups), but loose aggregations of as many as a dozen whales could be seen. A total of thirteen cow-calf pairs were observed between 2011 and 2016, including a female first seen in an aggregation in 2012, then with a calf in 2013, and alone again in 2015 and 2017, showing that individuals can exhibit strong site fidelity.
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Mating occurs during flight in the fall (and occasionally winter), and although females may have three or four embryos in the spring, typically only twins are born in late May or early June. If their maternity roost is disturbed, mother yellow bats will pick up their pups and carry them to a safer roost. Baby bats become volant (able to fly) between June and August, and will form evening feeding aggregations with adult females while adult males remain solitary.
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The larval plants are various species of parasitic mistletoes such as Loranthus, small shrubs that grow on the branches of trees. This butterfly's ability to form dense aggregations as caterpillars and to feed on Loranthus has led to suggestions that they could be used for control of these mistletoes. The larva has been recorded on Butea monosperma, Dendrophthoe falcata, Dendrophthoe glabrescens, Loranthus, Loranthus cordifolius, Helicanthes elasticus, Loranthus longiflorus, Scurrula parasitica, Taxillus vestitus, Abelmoschus moschatus, Pterospermum acerifolium and Viscum album.
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In October 1999, BE learned that other auction aggregations sites were including information about eBay auctions. On November 2, 1999, BE issued a press release indicating that it had resumed including eBay auction listings on its site. On November 9, 1999, eBay sent BE a letter reasserting that BE's activities were unauthorized, insisting that BE cease accessing the eBay site, alleging that BE's activities constituted a trespass of eBay's chattels and offering to license BE's activities.
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The giant red shrimp is a deep-water. benthopelagic species and has a reported depth distribution of 120–1300 m, generally on muddy bottoms, in the Mediterranean it shows a preference for quite deep waters, mainly 500-800m, but it is more likely than related species to be found in shallower waters. It is known to gather in large aggregations in submarine canyons and trenches along the continental slope. Only a few individuals reproduce in their first year.
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Micrograph of a thin section of a cell infected with MPyV illustrating the structure of the virus factories in which new virions are produced. Red indicators point to tubular structures (arrow: empty tubule; arrowhead: filled tubule) and blue indicators point to virions (arrow: empty virion; arrowhead: filled virion). The dense center of the filled structures likely indicates the presence of virus genomic DNA. New MPyV virions are assembled in the nucleus in dense local aggregations known as virus factories.
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Some species, such as the European mason bee Hoplitis anthocopoides, and the Dawson's Burrowing bee, Amegilla dawsoni, are gregarious, preferring to make nests near others of the same species, and giving the appearance of being social. Large groups of solitary bee nests are called aggregations, to distinguish them from colonies. In some species, multiple females share a common nest, but each makes and provisions her own cells independently. This type of group is called "communal" and is not uncommon.
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In Loligo, further coatings are added by the nidimental glands in the walls of the cavity and the eggs leave through a funnel formed by the arms. The female attaches them to the substrate in strings or groups, the coating layers swelling and hardening after contact with sea water. Loligo sometimes forms breeding aggregations which may create a "community pile" of egg strings. Some pelagic and deep sea squid do not attach their egg masses, which float freely.
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Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE, which triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen. Type II hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient's own cells, marking them for destruction. This is also called antibody-dependent (or cytotoxic) hypersensitivity, and is mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies. Immune complexes (aggregations of antigens, complement proteins, and IgG and IgM antibodies) deposited in various tissues trigger Type III hypersensitivity reactions.
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Aphonopelma seemanni, the Costa Rican zebra tarantula, also known as the striped-knee tarantula, is a species of tarantula inhabiting most of western Costa Rica and other parts of Central America, such as Honduras and Nicaragua, and possibly Guatemala. It is usually black with white stripes near the leg joints, but a brown color form also exists for the spider. Zebra tarantulas are deep-burrowing spiders. They live in open, semiarid scrublands, and are often found in large aggregations.
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Shoaling Atlantic cod on a wreck in the North Sea Atlantic cod are a shoaling species and move in large, size-structured aggregations. Larger fish act as scouts and lead the shoal's direction, particularly during post spawning migrations inshore for feeding. Cod actively feed during migration and changes in shoal structure occur when food is encountered. Shoals are generally thought to be relatively leaderless, with all fish having equal status and an equal distribution of resources and benefits.
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Female-initiated models of lekking suggest that male aggregations are primarily shaped by female mate choice. On the other hand, male-initiated models suggest that female choice does not actively influence male dispersion or settlement patterns. If the female-dominant model is supported, number of females (along with average male mating success) should increase with the size of the male aggregation. Meanwhile, if the male-initiated model is supported, then the distribution of males should be proportional to the number of females present.
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Tauopathy belongs to a class of neurodegenerative diseases involving the aggregation of tau protein into neurofibrillary or gliofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the human brain. Tangles are formed by hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule protein known as tau, causing the protein to dissociate from microtubules and form insoluble aggregates. (These aggregations are also called paired helical filaments.) The mechanism of tangle formation is not well understood, and whether tangles are a primary cause of Alzheimer's disease or play a peripheral role is unknown.
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Pxr sRNA is a regulatory RNA which downregulates genes responsible for the formation of fruiting bodies in Myxococcus xanthus. Fruiting bodies are aggregations of myxobacteria formed when nutrients are scarce, the fruiting bodies permit a small number of the aggregated colony to transform into stress-resistant spores. Pxr exists in two forms: Pxr-L (a long form) and Pxr-S which is shorter. The short form was found to be expressed in cells during growth but is rapidly repressed during starvation.
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Both recreational and commercial fisheries use FADs. Before FADs, commercial tuna fishing used purse seining to target surface-visible aggregations of birds and dolphins, which were a reliable signal of the presence of tuna schools below. The demand for dolphin- safe tuna was a driving force for FADs.Armstrong WA and Oliver CW (1996) Recent use of fish aggregation devices in the eastern tropical Pacific tuna purse-seine fishery: 1990-1994 Administrative report LJ-96-02, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA.
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Their food source is leaves, fruits and flowers of woody plants, primarily acacia species, which they browse at heights most other herbivores cannot reach. Giraffes may be preyed on by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas and African wild dogs. Giraffes live in herds of related females and their offspring, or bachelor herds of unrelated adult males, but are gregarious and may gather in large aggregations. Males establish social hierarchies through "necking", which are combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon.
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Size comparison of eight ceratopsids Fossil deposits dominated by large numbers of ceratopsids from individual species suggest that these animals were at least somewhat social. However, the exact nature of ceratopsid social behavior has historically been controversial. In 1997, Lehman argued that the aggregations of many individuals preserved in bonebeds originated as local "infestations" and compared them to similar modern occurrences in crocodiles and tortoises. Other authors, such as Scott D. Sampson, interpret these deposits as the remains of large "socially complex" herds.
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They became active at dusk, swimming towards the coast to the head of the canyon and rising into the water column; this upward movement is likely related to feeding on schooling fishes. Individual sharks seldom strayed from the local area and had very small home ranges, no more than . The prickly sharks in Monterey Canyon regularly form aggregations that may number over thirty. The size and structure of the prickly shark's mouth and pharynx suggests that it uses suction to capture prey.
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White noted that the nation had a history of recognizing the need to limit the influence of corporations in the political process, citing United States v. Auto Workers, in which the Court held that the primary purpose of a federal act was "to avoid the deleterious influences on federal elections resulting from the use of money by those who exercise control over large aggregations of capital.". Justice Rehnquist, in a separate dissent, sharply criticized the Court's decision.13 J. Contemp.
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Growing evidence supports the concept that deficits in axonal transport contributes to pathogenesis in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. It is proposed that protein aggregations due to faulty transport is a leading cause of the development of ALS, Alzheimer’s and dementia. On the other hand, targeting the intracellular transport processes of these motor proteins constitutes the possibility for pharmacological targeting of drugs. By understanding the method in which substances move along neurons or microtubules it is possible to target specific pathways for disease.
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At larger sizes, the fish become more solitary and move to the deeper offshore reefs. Evidence from laboratory studies indicates crevalle jack are able to coordinate their feeding and spawning aggregations over coral reefs based on the release of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) from the reef. DMSP is a naturally occurring chemical produced by marine algae and, to a lesser extent, corals and their symbiotic zooxanthellae. Field studies have also shown the species increases in abundance with increased levels of DMSP over coral reefs.
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Fast and active, the copper shark may be encountered alone, in pairs, or in loosely organized schools containing up to hundreds of individuals. Some aggregations seem to form for reproductive purposes, while others form in response to concentrations of food. This species may fall prey to larger sharks and killer whales. Known parasites of the copper shark include the tapeworms Cathetocephalus australis, Dasyrhynchus pacificus and D. talismani, Floriceps minacanthus, Phoreiobothrium robertsoni, and Pseudogrillotia spratti, the leech Stibarobdella macrothela, and the fluke Otodistomum veliporum.
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Leptobrachium mangyanorum occurs in a wide variety of habitats, from pristine higher elevation forests to highly disturbed, near coastal regions; its elevational range is above sea level. Males seem to tolerate exposure and call from perches such as stumps and rocks, or on open forest floor or leaf litter. Male choruses are loose aggregations that stretch over some distance on the forest floor. The species is common along clear mountain streams and rivers, and seems to tolerate a degree of habitat disturbance.
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Male Teleopsis dalmanni Stalk-eyed flies roost at night on root hairs hanging by streams. Mating usually takes place in the early morning in the vicinity of their roosts. Females show a strong preference for roosting and mating with males with longer eyestalks, and males compete with each other to control lekking aggregations through ritualized contest. This contest involves males facing one another and comparing their relative eye spans, often with the front legs spread apart, possibly to emphasize their eye-stalk lengths.
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Smalltooth sand tiger at the Northampton Seamount: In the open ocean, this species is strongly associated with submarine ridges and seamounts. The smalltooth sand tiger is a strong-swimming shark that may be encountered singly or in aggregations of up to five individuals. Catch records suggest this species may cover long distances in oceanic waters along underwater ridges or "hopping" between seamounts. It has a very large, oily liver, which allows it to maintain neutral buoyancy in the water column with minimal effort.
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Raikoke is one of five major Steller sea lion rookeries on the Kuril Islands and in the spring and summer it is home to one of the largest northern fulmar aggregations on the Kurils; crested and parakeet auklet, pigeon guillemot, and black-legged kittiwake also nest on the island.Kondratyev, A. Y., Litvinenko, N. M., Shibaev, Y. V., Vyatkin, P. S., & Kondratyeva, L. F. (2000). The breeding seabirds of the Russian Far East. Seabirds of the Russian Far East, 37-81.
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As well as these pelagic swarms, many species form dense aggregations on the sea floor. This is particularly prominent around hydrothermal vents, where species such as Shinkaia crosnieri are particularly abundant. Squat lobsters feed on a variety of foods, with some species filter feeding, while others are detritus-feeders, algal grazers, scavengers or predators. Some are highly specialised; Munidopsis andamanica is a deep-sea species that feeds only on sunken wood, including trees washed out to sea and timber from ship wrecks.
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The squaretail mullet can be found in lagoons, estuaries, sheltered sandy shorelines and coastal creeks and can enter freshwater, having been found up to up rivers, although they normally do not move further inland than the influence of the tides. They can form large aggregations among mangroves and the juveniles are frequently recorded in rice paddies and mangroves. They feed on phytoplankton, algae and detritus. Spawning is at sea, and the eggs are pelagic and do not adhere to aobjects.
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The thinlip splitfin is a bathypelagic fish which occurs near muddy bottoms at depths of . It is a predator of crustaceans such as euphasiids, mysids and decapods as well as fish and cephalopods. The species from the family Acropomatidae form loose aggregations normally near the bottom and some of them undertake a nocturnal migration towards the surface of the sea. The highest biomass density was recorded during a survey using a bottom trawl over the upper continental slope off of Angola.
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The pyramidal tracts include both the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract. These are aggregations of efferent nerve fibers from the upper motor neurons that travel from the cerebral cortex and terminate either in the brainstem (corticobulbar) or spinal cord (corticospinal) and are involved in the control of motor functions of the body. The corticobulbar tract conducts impulses from the brain to the cranial nerves.Chapter 9 of "Principles of Physiology" (3rd edition) by Robert M. Berne and Mathew N. Levy.
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Relatively large numbers of these normally solitary birds can be seen congregating on particularly productive spawning rivers in August through September due to an abundant food supply. On Kamchatka, aggregations of as many as 700 eagles have been reported, though much smaller groups are the norm. In summer, live fish, typically in the range of in length, are fed to the young at the nest. Normally, the parents catch about two or three fish for the young to eat each day.
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However, analysis of declines in both populations as well as the size spawning aggregations has led to the species being uplisted to critically endangered by the IUCN Red List in 2018. Nassau grouper Nassau grouper in Saba The Nassau grouper has been depicted on postage stamps of Cuba (1965, 1975), the Bahamas (1971 5-cent), and Antigua and Barbuda (1987 40-c). The threats to the grouper include overfishing, fishing during the breeding period, habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and catching undersized grouper.
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The flower heads are grouped in cylindric aggregations in the axils of the higher leaves of the stems. The bracts that subtend each flower head are either small and woody, or enlarged, bright in colour, papery or fleshy. The individual flower heads contain three to thirty-five flowers, relatively few compared to many other Proteaceae genera. This, and the sometimes bright coloration of the leaves and bracts in the inflorescence, result in the flower head functioning more or less as a single flower.
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The institution successfully met the challenges arising from the restructuring of American medical education following the Flexner Report, a time period in which more than half of all American medical schools merged or closed. In 1930, the School, by then known as Chicago Medical School, moved to what would become one of the world's largest aggregations of medical facilities. Located in downtown Chicago, this complex contained two undergraduate universities, three medical schools, seven hospitals, and colleges of dentistry, pharmacy, and nursing.
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The thirteen-lined ground squirrel is strictly diurnal and is especially active on warm days. A solitary or only somewhat colonial hibernator, it often occurs in aggregations in suitable habitats. In late summer, it puts on a heavy layer of fat and stores some food in its burrow. It enters its nest in October (some adults retire much earlier), rolls into a stiff ball, and decreases its respiration from between 100 and 200 breaths per minute to one breath about every five minutes.
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To produce separate signals, individual prey must be about five body widths apart. If objects are too close together to be distinguished, they will form a blurred image. Based on this it was suggested that schooling may confuse the ESS of predators A third potential anti-predator effect of animal aggregations is the "many eyes" hypothesis. This theory states that as the size of the group increases, the task of scanning the environment for predators can be spread out over many individuals.
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Much of the Estero Americano is designated as an “impaired” streamway, as defined in section 303(d) of the Federal Water Resource Statutes, due to runoff from pasture land and feedlots. Tidewater goby, ghost shrimp and mud shrimp, as well as significant seabird aggregations and other species depend upon this habitat. In some years, a sand bar forms at the mouth of the Estero, restricting tidal exchange, while at other times, tidal influences extend up to four miles from the mouth.
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Tarantula hawks exemplify evolutionary success in insect defense. Justin Schmidt, from personal communication with John Alcock, the world's leading H. ustulata expert: “They are aposematic, brightly colored and odored, and have hard, closely fitting, smooth and slippery integumentary sclerites, live long, form defensive warning aggregations, and even have sharp and effective defensive leg spines.” Unquestionably, they are some of the best-defended insects on earth. The well-documented descriptions of battles between tarantula hawk and tarantula evidence their defensive strength.
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The selfish herd theory states that individuals within a population attempt to reduce their predation risk by putting other conspecifics between themselves and predators. A key element in the theory is the domain of danger, the area of ground in which every point is nearer to a particular individual than to any other individual. Such antipredator behavior inevitably results in aggregations. The theory was proposed by W. D. Hamilton in 1971 to explain the gregarious behavior of a variety of animals.
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The wildebeest usually rest close to others of their kind and move about in loose aggregations. Males form bachelor herds, and these can be distinguished from juvenile groups by the lower amount of activity and the spacing between the animals. Around 90% of the male calves join the bachelor herds before the next mating season. Bulls become territorial at the age of four or five years, and become very noisy (most notably in the western white-bearded wildebeest) and active.
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Pupation occurs after caterpillars reach a size threshold that is attained more quickly when caterpillars forage in groups. This is particularly important since delayed development to threshold increases the risks of predation and food depletion. However, as larvae proceed into the later instars, they become increasingly independent and by the fifth instar rarely form aggregations. This ontogenetic change in gregariousness results from an increase in the costs of maintaining grouping due to changes related to predation, thermoregulation, silk production, and foraging.
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Due to the ability of Ang to protect motoneurons (MNs), causal links between Ang mutations and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are likely. The angiogenic factors associated with Ang may protect the central nervous system and MNs directly. Experiments with wild type Ang found that it slows MN degeneration in mice that had developed ALS, providing evidence for further development of Ang protein therapy in ALS treatment. Angiogenin expression in Parkinson's disease is dramatically decreased in the presence of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregations.
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Because of limited prey, intra and interspecific competition inevitably occurs in such aggregations; often leading to kleptoparasitism. Maguari storks are mostly found to steal food amongst themselves, but jabirus also occasionally steal from them large prey items such as eels. The maguari stork has also been observed to uplift cowhides in dry fields in search of potential invertebrate prey underneath. This occurs especially in the non-breeding season when large migratory flocks search for arthropods in the bushes and dry short grass.
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The capped heron is normally solitary, although there are cases where they have been found in couples or groups. Birds may be seen with other species such as snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber), however other studies have found that they avoid large mixed-species flocks, appearing in fewer than 1% of 145 observed feeding aggregations. Capped herons appear to be submissive to great egrets (Ardea alba), but dominant to snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and striated herons (Butorides striatus).
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They were also one of the first gospel singing aggregations to use a custom designed motor coach in their travels and also used semi-trucks to haul tent equipment that would expand to a seating capacity of 3,000. Television was a vital part in the growing popularity of the Klaudt Indian Family. They were fixtures on the syndicated program, Bob Poole's Gospel Favorites. The Klaudt Indian Family traveled as a group for more than five decades before retiring in the early 1980s.
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The peridium (outer wall), which may be smooth or warted, is very thick and tough. At maturity it splits irregularly over the upper part of the basidiocarp to reveal the dark gleba underneath. Spores are produced in small brownish-purple, pea-like bodies called peridioles that initially are outlined by wall-like aggregations of white hyphae. These peridioles disintegrate as the fruit body matures, and by the time the peridium splits open, only a powdery mass of dark spores is visible.
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Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is a form of angiopathy in which amyloid beta peptide deposits in the walls of small to medium blood vessels of the central nervous system and meninges. The term congophilic is sometimes used because the presence of the abnormal aggregations of amyloid can be demonstrated by microscopic examination of brain tissue after staining with Congo red. The amyloid material is only found in the brain and as such the disease is not related to other forms of amyloidosis.
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In addition, groupers typically take a long time to reach maturity. Because of this, over the past few years females have continued to decrease in average size, indicating that more mature females are being removed, leaving behind young females with fewer eggs. A study in September 2002 determined that many of the spawning sites of the Nassau grouper were in fact "multi-species" aggregations with an average of between 6 and 7 species recorded at 16 sites during the January 2002 spawning season.
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Mixtures of the above are also possible: a theory of mixed dark matter was popular in the mid-1990s, but was rejected following the discovery of dark energy. Cold dark matter leads to a bottom-up formation of structure with galaxies forming first and galaxy clusters at a latter stage, while hot dark matter would result in a top-down formation scenario with large matter aggregations forming early, later fragmenting into separate galaxies; the latter is excluded by high-redshift galaxy observations.
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Due to its great size and tusks, the walrus has only two natural predators: the killer whale (orca) and the polar bear. The walrus does not, however, comprise a significant component of either of these predators' diets. Both the killer whale and the polar bear are also most likely to prey on walrus calves. The polar bear often hunts the walrus by rushing at beached aggregations and consuming the individuals crushed or wounded in the sudden exodus, typically younger or infirm animals.
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A barn in Massachusetts that is the site of a little brown bat maternity colony The little brown bat lives throughout much of North America. In the north, its range extends as far west as Alaska and across much of Canada to Labrador. In the south, its range extends to Southern California and across the northern parts of Arizona and New Mexico. Historically, the largest known aggregations of this species occurred in the karstic regions of the Eastern United States.
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The calves weigh about at birth and scramble to their feet within minutes, being able to move with the herd soon afterwards, a fact on which their survival relies. The main predator of the calves is the spotted hyena. The calving peak period lasts for 2–3 weeks, and in small subpopulations and isolated groups, mortality of calves may be as high as 50%. However, in larger aggregations, or small groups living near large herds, survival rates may be over 80%.
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The mona monkey is usually found in groups of about twelve individuals, with a single mature male, but larger aggregations also occur. The troop moves through the canopy foraging mainly for fruit, but also eating flowers, seeds and insects and other invertebrates. It is a vocal species with a harsh grating call, and the male issues a "ooer" alarm call. It often associates with other species of monkeys including Lowe's mona monkey (Cercopithecus lowei) and the crested mona monkey (Cercopithecus pogonias).
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Stains used: mouse monoclonal alpha-synuclein antibody; counterstained with Mayer's haematoxylin Lewy bodies Lewy bodies are abnormal aggregations of protein that develop inside nerve cells, contributing to Parkinson's disease (PD), the Lewy body dementias (Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies), and some other disorders. They are also seen in cases of multiple system atrophy, particularly the parkinsonian variant (MSA-P). They are identified under the microscope when histology is performed on the brain. Lewy bodies appear as spherical masses that displace other cell components.
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Milky storks also often feed in aggregations alongside other wading bird species such as lesser adjutant and egrets. This stork occasionally detects aquatic prey by direct visual searching. During and after the local rainy season, which lasts from November to March, individuals apparently forage in great numbers in the inundated rice fields; and lower numbers of individuals observed at the coast may reflect the more favourable feeding conditions further inland. Sightings have been regularly reported along the Batang Hari River 50 km from the coast.
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Volcano barnacle, Channel Islands National Park Thatched barnacles are usually found growing as solitary individuals rather than in aggregations, like acorn barnacles (Engle and Davis 1996). Thatched barnacles are brooders, and do not become reproductive until they are about 2 years old (18mm in diameter). In California, as many as 3 broods of 1,000-50,000 nauplius larvae (depending on parent size) can be released by an individual in one summer (Morris et al. 1980). Tetraclita rubescens may live as long as 15 years (Hines 1978).
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Microcystis floating colonies in an Erlenmeyer flask. As the etymological derivation implies, Microcystis is characterized by small cells (a few micrometers in diameter), possessing gas filled vesicles (also lacking individual sheaths). The cells are usually organized into colonies (macroscopic aggregations of which are visible with the naked eye) that begin in a spherical shape, losing coherence to become perforated or irregularly shaped over time. These colonies are bound by a thick mucilage composed of complex polysaccharide compounds, including xylose, mannose, glucose, fucose, galactose, rhamnose, among other compounds.
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Nursery herds are relatively stable but bachelor herds are very unstable with a fission fusion dynamic. In the 1970s hirola were observed forming aggregations of up to 300 individuals to take advantage of scarce, but spatially clumped, resources during the dry season (Bunderson, 1985). Information is lacking on male territoriality and how it relates to mating success, how and when hirola join a herd and how new herds are established (Butynski, 2000). Hirola are seasonal breeders with young being born from September to November.
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Both males and females need to feed on pollen to power their flight, and it is important that the nesting aggregations are located close to sources of food. C. halophilus is parasitized by the cuckoo bee Epeolus variegatus which takes over the nests of the mining bee, including the food provisions, and times its emergence to coincide with C halophilus. Another parasite is the sarcophagid fly Miltogramma punctata which has been reared from puparia taken from nests of C. halophilus and observed flying around nest entrances.
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With disk-based technology, data is loaded on to the computer's hard disk in the form of multiple tables and multi-dimensional structures against which queries are run. Disk-based technologies are relational database management systems (RDMS), often based on the structured query language (SQL), such as SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle and many others. RDMS are designed for the requirements of transactional processing. Using a database that supports insertions and updates as well as performing aggregations, joins (typical in BI solutions) are typically very slow.
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They nest in aggregations which may have as many as 15,000 burrows. The females hunt honeybees Apis mellifera, which are paralysed with the sting, the female stinging the prey through the articular membranes which are situated behind the front legs, the female then carries the immobilised bee to the nest in flight between the wasp's legs. On reaching the nest she often hovers over the entrance before slowly descending into the burrow. Each brood cell is provisioned with between one and five honeybees for the larva.
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It is known to form long rhizomorphs (aggregations of hyphae that resemble roots), and has been noted to be more abundant in sites with buried wood than without. In British Columbia, it occurs from summer to early winter, although it also appears infrequently in early spring. In California, the mushroom often fruits after the rainy period in autumn through to March or April. The dark coloring of the cap make this species difficult to notice, "unless a glimpse of the yellow hymenium is obtained".
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A mixed-species feeding flock, also termed a mixed-species foraging flock, mixed hunting party or informally bird wave, is a flock of usually insectivorous birds of different species that join each other and move together while foraging. These are different from feeding aggregations, which are congregations of several species of bird at areas of high food availability. A mixed-species foraging flock typically has "nuclear" species that appear to be central to its formation and movement. Species that trail them are termed "attendants".
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Juveniles are also present in lagoons year round in this location, indicating year round spawning and recruitment. The place of spawning also appears to be variable, with the act occurring offshore south of Florida, while in Colombia and Belize, they have been observed spawning over inshore reefs and bays. Large aggregations of crevalle jack form prior to spawning, with these schools containing upward of 1000 individuals. Pairs break off from the school to spawn, with one individual turning a much darker color during this exchange.
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The gravid females have been collected from a variety of habitat including debris filled ditches with soft bottoms as well as gravel bottomed streams and heavily vegetated sand and gravel pits. They will spawn in a variety of water conditions ranging from free-flowing clear or turbid water through stagnant water in ditches and pools. Fliers creat nests in rocks or gravel and surround their eggs with a round adhesive egg envelope. They are colonial nesters, nesting in aggregations with the nests quite closely spaced.
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Corynebacterium bovis is a pathogenic bacterium that causes mastitis and pyelonephritis in cattle. C. bovis is a facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive organism, characterized by nonencapsulated, nonsporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of 0.3 to 0.8 µm, which forms ramified aggregations in culture (looking like "Chinese characters"). In mastitic infections, C. bovis is spread from cow to cow most commonly through improper milking technique. However, it is usually a mild infection resulting in an elevated somatic cell count.
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The thallus of Malmidea lichens grow on bark (corticolous) or on leaves (foliicolous). The form of the thallus is like a crust, ranging in surface texture from smooth to verrucose (studded with wartlike protuberances), granulose (covered with small grains) or pustulate (covered with pustules). These variously shaped surface bumps are often formed by goniocysts (spherical aggregations of photobiont cells surrounded by short- celled hyphae) that develop on a whitish fibrous underlying prothallus. The photobiont partner of Malmidea is a member of Chlorococcaceae, a family of green algae.
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If an arm is damaged or lost by predation, it can be regenerated. The reproduction of this species has been little studied, but it is thought that breeding takes place by releasing gametes into the sea in response to variations in environmental cues such as changes in temperature. This brittle star forms large aggregations before spawning takes place. After settling, juveniles of this species are able to become planktonic again, enabling them to disperse more widely and finally settle in a more suitable location.
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His work and research has evolved over the years. Musco's investigation into the power of aggregations found in nature such as sperm during egg fertilization, an ant colony, beehive or a school of fish has fueled his most recent works. His visionary translation of such aggregation on a massive scale is not only visible in his work but is also palpable during his photo shoots. Musco conducted his first large nude photo shoot outside of the United States in October 2013 in London, England.
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High concentrations of TEPs in the surface ocean slow the sinking of solid particle aggregations, prolonging pelagic residence time. TEPs may provide an upward flux of materials such as bacteria, phytoplankton, carbon, and trace nutrients. High TEP concentrations were found under arctic sea ice, probably released by sympagic algae. TEP is efficiently recycled in the ocean, as heterotrophic grazers such as zooplankton and protists consume TEP and produce new TEP precursors to be reused, further emphasizing the importance of TEPs in marine carbon cycling.
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Pseudanthias parvirostris is found on outer reef slopes at depths between , most commonly at depths of more than . They are usually found in small aggregations close to the bottom, where there are patch reefs on slopes dominated by sand or rubble. The social grouping is that there is a dominant male which guards a harem made up of a small group of females. They are nonadric protogynous hermaphrodites and when the dominant male is lost themost dominant female changes sex and colour to that of the male.
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Ostorhinchus sealei, Seale's cardinalfish or the cheek-barred cardinalfish, is a species of ray-finned fish, a cardinalfish, from the family Apogonidae. It is an Indo-Pacific species which ranges from Malaysia east to the Solomon Islands, north to southern Japan and south to northwestern Australia, as well as Palau in Micronesia. It is an uncommon species which occurs among branching corals in the sheltered lagoons protected by reefs. It can be found in small to large aggregations low in the water over the reef.
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NISP tends to overestimate the number of individuals under moderate fragmentation, but the overestimate lessens as fragmentation increases due to the inability to classify the bones. MNI tends to underestimate the actual number under medium fragmentation, and even more severely when bones are highly fragmented. Under hypothetically perfect preservation and no fragmentation, these estimates should be the same. MNI also suffers from the aggregation problem, in which different aggregations will generate at least two values, a MNI minimum and maximum, which are generally empirically indistinguishable.
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In El Salvador, for instance, the commercial catch is generally referred to as "P. planipes", but is in fact P. monodon. Commercial fishing for squat lobsters in El Salvador began in the early 1980s; production increased markedly in the 2001 season, and has continued to grow, now making up 98% of the demersal resources landed in El Salvador, with annual catches peaking at 13,708 t in 2005. In Costa Rica, aggregations of squat lobsters are avoided, as the fishermen fear the squat lobsters will clog their nets.
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The base between is flat and rounded, marked by evanescent (partly brown) grooves and transversely by delicate flexuous slightly raised aggregations of the lines of growth at somewhat regular intervals. These slightly crenate the umbilical rib on its inner edge and perhaps form the pronounced, slightly backwardly flexed, striae and ridges which mark the umbilical walls. There is hardly any callus on the body wall at the aperture, which is broken in the specimens at hand. Its form has been made out from the lines of growth.
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Support for the social and genetic function of aggregations, especially those formed by fish, can be seen in several aspects of their behavior. For instance, experiments have shown that individual fish removed from a school will have a higher respiratory rate than those found in the school. This effect has been partly attributed to stress, although hydrodynamic factors were considered more important in this particular study. The calming effect of being with conspecifics may thus provide a social motivation for remaining in an aggregation.
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School of goldband fusiliers Several anti-predator functions of animal aggregations have been proposed. One potential method by which fish schools or bird flocks may thwart predators is the ‘predator confusion effect’ proposed and demonstrated by Milinski and Heller (1978). This theory is based on the idea that it becomes difficult for predators to pick out individual prey from groups because the many moving targets create a sensory overload of the predator's visual channel. Milinski and Heller's findings have been corroborated both in experiment and computer simulations.
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Experiments investigating the structure of animal aggregations seek to determine the 3D position of each animal within a volume at each point in time. It is important to know the internal structure of the group because that structure can be related to the proposed motivations for animal grouping. This capability requires the use of multiple cameras trained on the same volume in space, a technique known as stereophotogrammetry. When hundreds or thousands of animals occupy the study volume, it becomes difficult to identify each one.
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Reiserer, R. S. and G. W. Schuett (2008) Aggressive mimicry in neonates of the sidewinder rattlesnake, Crotalus cerastes (Serpentes: Viperidae): stimulus control and visual perception of prey luring. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 95:81-91(11). Neonatal sidewinders engage in a remarkable behavioral homeothermy that has not been observed in any other type of snake.Reiserer, R. S., G. W. Schuett, and R. L. Early (2008) Dynamic aggregations of newborn sibling rattlesnakes exhibit stable thermoregulatory properties. Journal of Zoology 274:277-283(7).
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During the characteristic lull of the rainy season, male and female L. figueresi leave their nest in order to mate. Males patrol the aggregations in an area, and when they notice a female that lands, they fly in a snake-like path towards her, pouncing on her head and causing them to fall together to the ground. There is no courtship, only copulatory vibrations that occur for various lengths of time. Additionally, males sometimes jump on other males' heads or other wasps or insects.
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Jordan's damsel (Teixeirichthys jordani) is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Pomacentridae, the damselfishes and clownfishes, it is the only species in the monotypic genus Teixeirichthys. It has a disjunct distribution in the Indian and western pacific Oceans having been recorded from the Red Sea, Mozambique Channel, Seychelles, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China and Japan. It is found in beds of sea grass and over sandy substrates. Jordan's damsel is frequently observed to form mid-water aggregations of as many as several hundreds of individuals.
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Pempheris adusta shoal in a shipwreck in the Red Sea off EgyptPempheris adusta has a depth range of and it is a common species of coral reefs where it forms aggregations during the day in caves or crevices or below overhangs. A few can sometimes be seen out in the open in the day, near the shelter provided by reefs. It has been recorded in small groups with Myripristis murdjan less than below the surface. It emerges from its shelters at night to feed on zooplankton.
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Spawning takes place in all months of the year, peaking in April and May. For most of the year they spawn in small groups but during the April and May peak season they form large spawning aggregations. The eggs and young are pelagic and there is no parental care. Females can become sexually mature at 2 years old but 4 years old is more normal, They are protogynous hermaphrodites and between the ages of 5 and 14 years old the females change sex into males.
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It contrasted the popular hypothesis that evolution of such social behavior was based on mutual benefits to the population. The basic principle governing selfish herd theory is that in aggregations, predation risk is greatest on the periphery and decreases toward the center. More dominant animals within the population are proposed to obtain low-risk central positions, whereas subordinate animals are forced into higher risk positions. The hypothesis has been used to explain why populations at higher predation risk often form larger, more compact groups.
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In late summer, the last brood fed on other species of flower as the clovers faded, including Lespedeza lineata and Symphyotrichum ericoides. These late bees were reproductive females and males, the females of which would overwinter after mating. Halictus confusus nests in aggregations and exhibits a primitive form of eusociality, with castes that are behaviorally distinct but not morphologically different. A queen will found a new nest each Spring which has a horizontal entrance tunnel beneath a mound, this entrance is guarded by the bees.
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Male goa Unlike some other ungulates, goas do not form large herds, and are typically found in small family groups. Although they occasionally gather into larger aggregations, most goa groups contain no more than 10 individuals, and many are solitary. They have been noted to give short cries and calls to alert the herd on approach of a predator or other perceived threat. Goas feed on a range of local vegetation, primarily forbs and legumes, supplemented by relatively small amounts of grasses and sedges.
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Likewise, during stressful conditions, the bacteria undergo a process in which about 100,000 individual cells aggregate to form a structure called the fruiting body over the course of several hours. On the interior of the fruiting body, the rod-shaped cells differentiate into spherical, thick-walled spores. They undergo changes in the synthesis of new proteins, as well as alterations in the cell wall, which parallel the morphological changes. During these aggregations, dense ridges of cells move in ripples, which wax and wane over 5 hours.
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Numbers increase continuously over the growing season of the host plant, and because of the gregarious nature of these insects large aggregations are common. Ten species of Ichneumonoidea, nine of Chalcidoidea, various Coccinellidae, and Trioxys curvicaudus are recorded as parasitoids on Eucallipterus. The distribution of young and mature aphids on the leaf surfaces is dictated by their stylet length - the short stylets of young aphids cannot penetrate the lignin of the sclerenchyma of large veins and are thus restricted to feeding on smaller veins.
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The Rhodogorgonales are an order of red algae, a sister group to the corallines. They are always thalloid and calcified; their calcification is very different from the corallines, as individual calcite crystals are deposited in the cell wall of specialised cells; this suggests that the evolution of calcification may have been independent from the corallines. They have no fossil record. Unlike the corallinales and sporolithales, their closest relatives, these thalli are loose aggregations of hair-like cells, with the middle portion formed of rhizoid-like filaments.
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Schooling black jack The black jack lives both in solitude and in schools of up to 30 individuals. Like several other jacks, black jack are able to coordinate these aggregations over coral reefs based on the release of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) from the reef. DMSP is a naturally occurring chemical produced by marine algae and to a lesser extent corals and their symbiotic zooxanthellae. In the Atlantic the species has also been video- recorded schooling with the almaco jack, Seriola rivoliana, and the greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili.
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This strongly suggests the Virgo cluster is a dynamically young cluster that is still forming. Other two nearby aggregations known as M Cloud, W Cloud, and W' Cloud seem to be background systems independent of the main cluster. The large mass of the cluster is indicated by the high peculiar velocities of many of its galaxies, sometimes as high as 1,600 km/s with respect to the cluster's center. The Virgo cluster lies within the Virgo Supercluster, and its gravitational effect slows down the nearby galaxies.
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Lined Butterflyfish in the Red Sea, Egypt The species occurs along the east coast of Africa including the Red Sea and Mozambique Channel, throughout Northern Australia including the Coral Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, and Timor Sea, and throughout West Indo-Pacific including the Java Sea, South China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Celebes Sea. This uncommon fish is found in pairs or swimming alone, or occasionally in spawning aggregations. It occurs between 2 and 50 m depth, in coral-rich areas of reefs and lagoons.
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This feature is often used for maintained aggregations. ESE also extends transaction semantics from data manipulation operations to data definition operations. It is possible to add an index to a table and have concurrently running transactions update the same table without any transaction lock contention whatsoever. Later, when these transactions are complete, the newly created index is available to all transactions and has entries for record updates made by other transactions that could not perceive the presence of the index when the updates took place.
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207-210 The Moravian dialect arose from population aggregations centred at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Some Mohican groups that had been affiliated from about 1740 with the Moravian Church, in New York and Connecticut, moved in 1746 to Bethlehem. Another group affiliated with the Moravians moved to Wyoming, Pennsylvania. Subsequent to several members being massacred by white settlers, some members of these groups fled to Canada with Munsee Moravian converts, ultimately settling at what is now Moraviantown, where they have completely merged with the dominant Lenape population.
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Temperature models predict melting of the disseminated iron alloy while silicate rocks soften at the upper level. The heat source is radioactive decay. Liquid iron migrated downward to levels where cooler temperatures kept silicates solidified, forming an iron layer on top of an undifferentiated material core, and below the primordial mantle in which impact-induced convection flow develops. From this stage on, iron aggregations triggered by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities migrated through the primordial core in a long-term process (hundreds of million of years).
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S. spinulosa usually lives singly in a tube attached to the substrate over its entire length. In much of its range it does not forms reefs in the same way as the closely related honeycomb worm, Sabellaria alveolata. When the worms are crowded together the tubes may stand up vertically and form crusts or mounds several metres across. Unaggregated individuals may reach densities of 300 per square metre (10sq ft), and densities of 4000 individuals per square metre have been recorded in loose aggregations.
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The serpae tetra (Hyphessobrycon eques), also known as jewel tetra or callistus tetra, is a species of tropical freshwater fish of the characin family (family Characidae) of order Characiformes. It is native to the Amazon River drainage in Brazil, Peru, Paraguay, Bolivia and northern Argentina. The fish can be found in slow moving or still backwater including, ponds, small lakes, and streams. In the wild, it forms aggregations around vegetation and tree roots, and thrives when the water temperature is 22-27 °C (72-82 °F).
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Similarly, for "Customer", natural aggregations may arrange customers according to geographic location or industry. The number of aggregate values implied by a set of input data can become surprisingly large. If the Customer and Product dimensions are each in fact six "generations" deep, then 36 (6 × 6) aggregate values are affected by a single data point. It follows that if all these aggregate values are to be stored, the amount of space required is proportional to the product of the depth of all aggregating dimensions.
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The African scops owl is not as territorial as the Eurasian scops owl and will nest in loose aggregations, with the nest sites relatively close to each other. The male and female may duet, calling all night both before and after leaving the roost site. The African scops owl lays four to six eggs directly onto the floor of a tree hollow, with laying occurring throughout April and June. Incubation lasts about 27 days, during which the female incubates the eggs and is fed by the male.
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Ciona intestinalis is a hermaphroditic broadcast spawner but cannot self-fertilize. Eggs and sperm, when released, can stay in the water column for 1 to 2 days while the larvae are free- swimming for 2 to 10 days. Ciona intestinalis is considered to be an invasive species and grows in dense aggregations on any floating or submerged substrate, particularly artificial structures like pilings, aquaculture gear, floats and boat hulls, in the lower intertidal to sub-tidal zones. It often grows with or on other fouling organisms.
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Some mating aggregations recorded up to thirteen individual males attempting to court the female at once. These interactions sometimes lasted for periods of up to a month, showing that the males put a large amount of their energy into mating attempts. Observation after copulation recorded no evidence of a male anaconda mating with multiple females or even searching for another female after mating. High-energy cost of courting is also apparent in the red-sided garter snake, where the most vigorous males would succeed in copulation.
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Red Hind are protogynous hermaphrodites, changing from females to males during a stage in their life cycle. What triggers the change is unknown. In Puerto Rico, the fish gather in or near familiar spawning grounds along sections of the insular shelf during a one to two week period in association with the lunar cycles of January and February. In 1992, a tagged Red Hind traveled more than ten miles, crossing over water 600 feet deep, bypassing other aggregations, to spawn at a particular site.
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They are more commonly found in seagrass patches in water less than 1.5 m (5 ft) deep rather than deeper water of 3.5–6 m (11–20 ft). A South Australian field study on wrack and associated fauna found that the smooth toadfish was associated with larger volumes and aggregations containing green algae. Although its movements are poorly known, tagging patterns indicate that the smooth toadfish spends most of its life cycle and reproduces in estuaries. It can venture well into freshwater past brackish areas.
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Bobtail squids represent a minor secondary food source, particularly for smaller sharks. In addition, other cephalopods, mud lobsters, crabs, and echinoderms are rarely consumed. This species probably hunts mostly at dawn and dusk; it typically seeks bottom- dwelling prey but will also rise into the water column if opportunity presents, such as during seasonal aggregations of broad squid (Uroteuthis etheridgei). Known parasites of the Australian weasel shark include the tapeworms Nybelinia mehlhorni, Paraorygmatobothrium kirstenae, and P. taylori, and the copepods Perissopus dentatus and Pseudopandarus australis.
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Diadumene cincta is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean where its range includes the southern North Sea, the coasts of Britain and the western coast of France. This species attaches itself to any available hard substrate, such as rock, mussels or other bivalves. It occurs in the lower littoral zone and the shallow sublittoral zone down to ; it is frequently found in pools and caves, but not in positions where it would be exposed to the air at low tide. It tends to grow in close proximity to its neighbours in crowded aggregations.
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It is suspected that within solid titanium(IV) hydride, the molecules form aggregations (polymers), being connected by covalent bonds. Calculations suggest that TiH4 is prone to dimerisation. This largely attributed to the electron deficiency of the monomer and the small size of the hydride ligands; which allows dimerisation to take place with a very low energy barrier as there is a negligible increase in inter-ligand repulsion. The dimer is a calculated to be a fluxional molecule rapidly inter-converting between a number of forms, all of which display bridging hydrogens.
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Tanner, S. M., Li, Z., Bisson, R., Acar, C., Oner, C., Oner, R., Cetin, M., Abdelaal, M. A., . . . De La Chapella, A. (2004). Genetically Heterogeneous Selective Intestinal Malabsorption of Vitamin B12: Founder Effects, Consanguinity, and High Clinical Awareness Explain Aggregations in Scandinavia and the Middle Ease. Human Mutation, 23, 327-333. It has been further suggested that mutations on CUBN were restricted to exon 1-28 which encoded amnionless binding domains (EGF) and IF-Cbl binding region of cubilin, while AMN mutations primarily clustered in intron 8-11 and transmembrane domain in exon 10.
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The Vaibhāṣika school held that dharmas have a constant essence or inherent nature (svabhāva) which persists through past, present and future.Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE, 2018, p. 70. The term was also identified as a unique mark or own characteristic (svalaksana) that differentiated a dharma and remained unchangeable throughout its existence. According to Vaibhāṣikas, svabhavas are those things that exist substantially (dravyasat) as opposed to those things which are made up of aggregations of dharmas and thus only have a nominal existence (prajñaptisat).
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Southern right whale dolphins porpoising. One melanistic individual can be observed in this group (on the foreground in the middle) Southern right whale dolphins are generally gregarious and have been documented in aggregations of more than 1000 individuals although small groups of one to 10 have also been reported. Mean group size estimates differ and range between 52 and 368 off northern Chile, however, they typically live in groups of 100-200 individuals. Pods of just a few animals have also been observed, often associated with other cetacean species.
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The scamp grouper is found at depths of , the adults are found over rock ledges and rocky bottoms with high relief usually deeper than . Juveniles are found in reefs in shallower water and will enter estuaries amd mangroves. The adults will migrate from deep water to shallower water when the temperature drops below at the bottom of the water column. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite forming small, short-lived spawning aggregations, which may be ten to a few hundred strong over offshore reefs with high relief along the edge of the continental shelf.
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The ideal free distribution has been tested with leks, and rejected as each male does not have an equal opportunity to mate. Females prefer males in aggregations, as opposed to solitary males, and also do not choose equally within an aggregation. Females are more likely to mate if the lek contains over five individuals; therefore, the optimal size for a lek is in between five and 20 males. Leks may have evolved away from the source of food because sexual displays would not be easily visible in the poorly-lit forest.
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Aggregations of these comments, like the Jezebel piece, expose people for what they are. Sure, many hide under the cloak of anonymity, but many others cannot or choose not to. And as the internet becomes more civilized and its denizens more accountable, this sort of thing carries more and more weight." Amandla Stenberg responded to the controversy with the following statement: "As a fan of the books, I feel fortunate to be part of The Hunger Games family... It was an amazing experience; I am proud of the film and my performance.
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C. halophilus is strongly associated with saltmarshes. The nesting aggregations are situated at the inland edges of the saltmarshes out of the reach of all but the highest tides and close to sources of food. The sites chosen for nests are usually bare sandy soils, which are warmer than the surrounding vegetated areas due to exposure to the sun, often placed on south-facing slopes. As well as natural habitats, C. halophilus uses manmade habitats such as former industrial or brownfield sites, sea walls, and piles of sand.
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Colletes halophilus Colletes halophilus are "solitary bees", but they nest in aggregations, which can sometimes number in the thousands. They nest in bare soil—for example, where vegetation has been removed by land slips—in soil heaps, and even in and around the burrows of European rabbits. The nesting sites are located at the edge of saltmarshes and may occasionally be flooded by the highest spring tides; bees have been observed emerging from recently submerged mud. Each female digs her own burrow, creates the cells, and provisions them on her own.
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The orange roughy's metabolic phases are thought to be related to seasonal variations in the fish's prey concentrations, with the inactive phase being a means to conserve energy during lean periods. Slimeheads are pelagic spawners; that is, spawning aggregations are formed and the fish release eggs and sperm en masse directly into the water. Evidence of oceanodromy (seasonal migration) is seen in some species. The fertilized eggs (and later the larvae) are planktonic, floating with the currents until the larvae develop the strength to determine their own way.
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Abudefduf troschelii are found widely throughout the Eastern Pacific and are endemic to this area. They are commonly found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and the United States to name a few. In these places, this species is abundant in coralline and sandy bottoms, but they can also be found at rocky bottoms and tide pools where they are usually found in large aggregations. Furthermore, this species can be found in the pelagic area of the neritic feeding on plankton.
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It is likelyto be a protogynous hermaphrodite, with half of the fish changing sex at a total length of and 7 years of age. They have been reported to form spawning aggregations and, off Olinanwa, these were formed over a sand and rubble seabed in the vicinity of a pass between areas of reed and fish moved to spawn here form an average distance of . Groupers, as other fish, have usually a number of parasites. Not much is known about the parasitological fauna of the white-streaked grouper.
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Setyawan's work investigates the transitory nature of existence. Setyawan works mainly with ceramics, as well as video, installation, drawing and performance. In his ceramic work, he produces hundreds or thousands of organic or geometric forms by hand that are installed on walls or floors—”exalted aggregations” that resemble labyrinths or mandalas. Setyawan's use of repetition through aesthetic forms as well as the repetitive labor of the handmade slip-casting process emphasize a meditative aspect in his work, which he relates back to factory-produced ceramics where slip-casting is used.
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The brood itself begins to decline towards late August, thus leading to the conclusion that brood declination occurs when reproduction no longer occurs. After reaching the post-enlargement behavior, brood destruction occurs in which wasps begin exhibiting abortive behavior by either throwing larva out or feeding them to existing nest mates; if not aborted, these larvae eventually emerge as abnormal adults. After this destruction, the adult wasps abandon the nests. Prior to hibernation, the wasps cluster together in aggregations to mate and then begin hibernation until the next season.
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A large school of bigeye trevally in MalaysiaThe bigeye trevally is a schooling species, known to form aggregations consisting of more than 1500 fish. The species is often seen in these large schools either stationary or slowly moving around the reef complexes they inhabit during the day. At night, these schools dissolve, and the species become active, taking most of its prey during the nocturnal period. This contrasts to most jacks, which are generally diurnal hunters, although the species has been documented hunting in shallower waters during the day, especially as juveniles.
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When a second trumpet appears in Samuel's recordings it is generally Hymie Farberman. On trombone was Ephraim Hannaford, who had earlier been a member of the religious community called "House of David" and had worked in the various well-known musical aggregations within that group. On piano Samuels had Larry Briers, of whom extremely little is known. He is however credited as co- composer on at least one of the tunes recorded by Samuels and also published other songs both during and after the recording career of the Samuels bands ended.
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The area supports cold water coral colonies and carbonate mound fields such as the Logachev Mounds; the trough supports a rich deep sea fish population. There are also unusual aggregations of deep-sea sponges, in particular the encrusting sponge and bird’s nest sponge. A range of other species are found amongst the sponges beds, which are considered biodiversity hotspots. For the bird’s nest sponge associated species include ascidians, Foraminifera, polychaetes and burrowing anemones, whilst for the encrusting sponge beds species such as anemones, ascidians, crinoids and ophiuroids are found.
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TEP abundance tends to be higher in coastal, shallow waters compared to deeper, oceanic waters. Diatom-dominated phytoplankton colonies produce larger, and stickier, TEPs, which may indicate that TEP size distribution and composition may be a useful tool in determining aggregate planktonic community structure. TEPs are formed from cell surface mucus sloughing, the disintegration of bacterial colonies, and precursors released by growing or senescent phytoplankton. TEP precursors can be fibrillar, forming larger colloids, or aggregations, and within hours to days after release from the cell are fully formed transparent exopolymer particles.
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Gasteranthus was previously included in the closely related genus Besleria. The two genera have been separated on the basis of differences in their stomata (aggregated in Gasteranthus, scattered in Besleria) and fruits (fleshy capsule in Gasteranthus, berry in Besleria). Characteristic are the whitish dots on the leaf undersides caused by aggregations of stomata in Gasteranthus.Wiehler (1975), Skog & Kvist (2000), Weber & Skog (2007) Two main groups can be distinguished in this genus: one group of species, with white to yellow, bell- or tube-shaped flowers, is probably pollinated mainly by euglossine bees.
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For example, in Euglossa imperialis, a non-social bee species, males have been observed to occasionally form aggregations of fragrance-rich territories, considered to be leks. These leks serve only a facultative purpose for this species, in which the more fragrance-rich sites there are, the greater the number of habitable territories. Since these territories are aggregated, females have a large selection of males with whom to potentially mate within the aggregation, giving females the power of mate choice. Similar behaviour is also observed in the Eulaema meriana orchid bee.
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The cobia is normally solitary except for annual spawning aggregations, and it sometimes congregates at reefs, wrecks, harbours, buoys, and other structural oases. It is pelagic, but it may enter estuaries and mangroves in search of prey. It is found in warm-temperate to tropical waters of the West and East Atlantic Ocean, throughout the Caribbean, and in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India, Australia, and off the Pacific coast of Japan. It is eurythermal, tolerating a wide range of temperatures, from 1.6 to 32.2°C.
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They reside in these deeper depths until about May, when they return to their shallower summer distribution (Love et al. 2002). This seasonal pattern is probably related to summer feeding and winter spawning. Although small numbers of Pacific ocean perch are dispersed throughout their preferred depth range on the continental shelf and slope, most of the population occurs in patchy, localized aggregations (Hanselman et al. 2001). Pacific ocean perch are generally considered to be semi-demersal but there can at times be a significant pelagic component to their distribution.
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Wilkinson and Reillo then tested female choice in the presence and absence of male competition and in the presence of males with abnormally long and abnormally short eye spans. Males dispersed themselves, while females clustered in certain areas of the cage. As observed prior to the study, researchers found that the average number of females per male increased with male eye span in field collected aggregations of stalk- eyed flies. Under laboratory conditions, researchers found that female preferences for male characteristics changed as the males sexual characteristics changed.
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The most quoted explanation is that belemnites were semelparous and died shortly after spawning, much like modern coleoids which migrate from the ocean to the shelf area. In battlefields comprising both adults and juveniles—as the former model would consist entirely of adults—large groups of belemnites may have been killed by volcanism, changes in salinity or temperature, harmful algal blooms (and, thereby, anoxia), or mass stranding. Another popular theory is that the guards were simply moved or redeposited by ocean currents into large aggregations. Some battlefields may be regurgitated indigestible matter from a predator.
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The blacktip shark is an extremely fast, energetic predator that is usually found in groups of varying size. Segregation by sex and age does not occur; adult males and nonpregnant females are found apart from pregnant females, and both are separated from juveniles. In Terra Ceia Bay, Florida, a nursery area for this species, juvenile blacktips form aggregations during the day and disperse at night. They aggregate most strongly in the early summer when the sharks are youngest, suggesting that they are seeking refuge from predators (mostly larger sharks) in numbers.
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Squat lobsters can form dense aggregations. The majority of squat lobsters are benthic, spending their lives on the sea-floor. A few, however, spend part of their lives living in the water column, often forming dense pelagic swarms of juveniles, especially in areas with high densities of plankton; this behaviour is seen in the species Pleuroncodes planipes (off Baja California, Mexico), P. monodon (Peru and Chile) and Munida gregaria (Otago, New Zealand and southernmost South America). Although Munida quadrispina also has pelagic juveniles, they have not been observed to form swarms.
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Fast-swimming and active, the blacktip reef shark may be encountered alone or in small groups; large "social" aggregations have also been observed. For the most part, juvenile and adult sharks are not segregated by sex, save for the movements of pregnant females to give birth. Individuals exhibit strong fidelity to particular areas, where they may remain for several years. A tracking study off Palmyra Atoll in the central Pacific has found the blacktip reef shark has a home range of around , among the smallest of any shark species.
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Udonga montana is a species of Pentatomid bug found in parts of Asia. Large populations and aggregations are found during some years and in parts of northeastern India, their outbreaks are associated with the mass flowering of bamboo. They are traditionally collected and eaten in some parts of their range and in Mizoram they are known locally as thangnang and are of some economic value as food and for purported value in traditional cures. The bug is about 13 mm long variable in colour with brown to yellow.
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Larbert, Stenhousemuir and Torwood comprise one of Falkirk's community councils, which have a role in communicating local opinion to local and central government. Larbert combined with Stenhousemuir also forms one of the six Falkirk Council Area Forums, which represent aggregations of both council wards and community council areas. Forums are normally held every eight weeks, and their membership consists of all councillors representing the area, a representative from the community council, the local unit commander from Central Scotland Police and nominees from other local community groups. Larbert is in the Falkirk West Scottish Parliament constituency.
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Parthenos sylvia mud-puddling at the edge of a forest stream Mud-puddling, or simply puddling, is a behaviour most conspicuous in butterflies, but occurs in other animals as well, mainly insects; they seek out nutrients in certain moist substances such as rotting plant matter, mud and carrion and they suck up the fluid. Where the conditions are suitable, conspicuous insects such as butterflies commonly form aggregations on wet soil, dung or carrion. (1996): Mating systems and sexual division of foraging effort affect puddling behaviour by butterflies. Ecological Entomology 21(2): 193-197.
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The PCSL also appears to have motivated the Victoria and District Football Association to begin paying referees. Payment for players and officials was controversial at this time as the amateur and professional question/schism was being debated in most athletic clubs. The British Colonist calls some of these aggregations of local sides competing in the PCSL: Victoria United, Nanaimo United, and Vancouver United while smaller community teams are referred to by the community name. Locals would also recognize some names of grounds for various sports currently in use today such as Royal Athletic Park.
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Helichrysum splendidum is a species of flowering plant in the sunflower family Asteraceae, found in Africa and Yemen A hardy evergreen perennial, it occurs from the Southern Cape to Ethiopia along the eastern escarpment mountains, favouring rocky places in fynbos, grassland and savanna biomes. It forms mound-shaped aggregations 1–2 meters high, sometimes covering entire hillsides. The species is found in South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Tanzania, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Yemen. The distribution of this species is clearly anthropogenic, that is, closely linked to the movements of man through the ages.
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The red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus) is an Asian lapwing or large plover, a wader in the family Charadriidae. Like other lapwings they are ground birds that are incapable of perching. Their characteristic loud alarm calls are indicators of human or animal movements and the sounds have been variously rendered as did he do it or pity to do it leading to the colloquial name of did-he-do-it bird. Usually seen in pairs or small groups and usually not far from water they sometimes form large aggregations in the non-breeding season (winter).
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According to Vaibhāṣikas, the svabhāvas of dharmas are those things that exist substantially (dravyasat) as opposed to those things which are made up of aggregations of dharmas and thus only have a nominal existence (prajñaptisat). This distinction is also termed the doctrine of the two truths, which holds that there is a conventional truth (saṁvṛti) that refers to things which can be further analyzed, divided or broken up into smaller constituents and an ultimate truth (paramārtha) referring to that which resists any further analysis.Siderits, Mark (2007). Buddhism as philosophy, p. 112.
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Female lions make foraging decisions and more specifically decisions about hunting group size with protection of their cubs and territory defense in mind. As already mentioned, group foraging brings both costs and benefits to the members of that group. Some of the benefits of group foraging include being able to capture larger prey, being able to create aggregations of prey, being able to capture prey that are difficult or dangerous and most importantly reduction of predation threat. With regard to costs, however, group foraging results in competition for available resources by other group members.
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The Nassau grouper was placed on the World Conservation Union's redlist of threatened species in 1996, and it was determined to be endangered because its population has declined by 60% in the past 30 years. Over a third of spawning aggregations have been estimated to have disappeared, and the grouper is considered to be commercially extinct in some areas. The current population is estimated to be more than 10,000 mature individuals, but is thought to be decreasing. Their suitable habitat is declining; they need quality coral reef habitats to survive.
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Neuroanatomy of the subgenual organ, a sensory organ in Troglophilus neglectus. SGO is the Subgenual organ, pIO is the proximal intermediary organ and dIO is the distal intermediary organ The subgenual organ is an organ in insects that is involved in the perception of sound. The name (Latin sub: "below" and genus: "knee") refers to the location of the organ just below the knee in the tibia of all legs in most insects. The function of the organ is performed by aggregations of scolopidia, the unit mechanoreceptor in invertebrates.
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In Australia, aggregations of males have been observed on the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Gossypium hirsutum; these were found to attract females so it seems likely that the males were producing a pheromone. Besides feeding on plant tissues, the common blossom thrips feeds on pollen grains and on the eggs of mites. The second instar larva consumes more mite eggs than any other stage, and when it supplements its diet in this way, both larval development time and mortality is reduced. Adult female thrips that consume mite eggs increase their fecundity and longevity.
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On September 30, 1903, the Cincinnati Reds came to Sidney for a rematch. Long Bob was on the mound for Reds, which had just pummeled Lima 9-1 the day before. After the game, the "Journal's" editor, William Binkley, wryly observed that the Reds came to town to show "...what a difference there is between a professional team and pumpkin puller aggregations in smaller towns...and to prick what bubbles of vanity they entertain." After Long Bob took his seat at the end of the first inning, Sidney led 5-1.
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The subfamily Biturritiinae is Neotropical while the subfamily Aetalioninae has a Neotropical genus Aetalion and the sole Old World representative genus Darthula with a single species Darthula hardwickii (which is eaten in parts of China and India). They form aggregations on the branches of trees where they produce honeydew and are associated with ants and stingless bees. Aetalionid treehoppers are also known for their maternal care with females standing guard over their eggs. Darthula hardwickii with tail raised When disturbed, species like Darthula hardwickii are known to raise their tails in a threatening posture.
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The simplest mathematical models of animal aggregations generally instruct the individual animals to follow three rules: #Move in the same direction as your neighbor #Remain close to your neighbors #Avoid collisions with your neighbors A diagram illustrating the difference between 'metric distance' and 'topological distance' in reference to fish schools An example of such a simulation is the Boids program created by Craig Reynolds in 1986. Another is the Self Propelled Particle model. Many current models use variations on these rules. For instance, many models implement these three rules through layered zones around each animal.
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Laboratory experiments have shown that although some of the waste products diffuse into the water column, about 85% of the sulfate produced and about 67% of the hydrogen ions are eliminated across the roots. The most well-known seeps where L. luymesi lives are in the northern Gulf of Mexico from 500 to 800 m depth. This tube worm can reach lengths over 3 m (10 ft), and grows very slowly, and its longevity is over 250 years. It forms biogenic habitat by creating large aggregations of hundreds to thousands of individuals.
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The reason they aggregate is that the parts of the protein that do not dissolve in proteolysis are hydrophobic β-pleated sheets. They are usually sequestered in the middle of the protein, while parts of the protein that are more soluble are found near the outside. When they are exposed to water, these hydrophobic pieces tend to aggregate with other hydrophobic pieces. This ball of fragments gets stabilized by GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) and SAP (serum amyloid P), a component found in amyloid aggregations that is thought to stabilize them and prevent proteolytic cleavage.
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A "chimney" up to 30 mm long which curves over and downwards is made from the spoil created by the excavation. It is not known what the function of the chimney is but one theory is that it may shelter the burrow from rain in the exposed situations the wasp chooses for nesting or the chimney may deter potential kleptoparasites and parasitoids. As suitable nesting sites are scarce several females may be found nesting close together in small aggregations. The female wasp hunts for weevil larvae which are immobilised by stinging and by chewing.
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During July and August it is observed that moon jellyfish aggregations of 250 individuals consumed an estimated 100% of the mesozooplankton biomass in the Seto Inland Sea. Other major fish predators that are also present in these coastal waters do not seem to show the same high tolerance to low DO concentrations that the moon jellyfish exhibit. The feeding and predatory performance of these fish significantly decreases when DO concentrations are so low. This allows for less competition between the moon jellyfish and other fish predators for zooplankton.
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Some species form aggregations, others show an inclination to aggregate, and some exhibit parental care of their offspring. Cockroaches and termites have striking similarities in behaviour which they likely inherited from their common ancestor. These include an attraction to warm and humid places, thigmotaxis, burrowing, substrate manipulation, hygienic behaviour, food sharing, cannibalism, excretion behaviour, vibrational communication, kin recognition, trail following, allogrooming, care of the brood, cropping of antennae and certain mating behaviours. In some of these behaviours, there are marked similarities between termites and juvenile, but not adult, cockroaches.
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Males are polygynous, meaning they will mate with multiple females at one time and throughout their lives. Pods are often found with around one mature male per every eight mature females. During mating aggregations, males will temporarily leave their pods to mate with females from other pods, but will return to their own pods once mating is over, which helps to prevent inbreeding. Female pilot whales mature at about 7–12 years of age, and will start having calves every five to eight years, averaging about 4 to 5 calves in a lifetime.
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His juvenile dream was coming true. In 1919 he traveled to New York, joined orchestras that played at cinema theaters, and put together aggregations that included up to 80 members, and soon he had another satisfaction, he was chosen in a contest to join the Philharmonic Orchestra of New York. For two years he only devoted to playing classical music. He returned to his country to conduct the orchestra of the Palads Cinema theater and to compose and arrange music to be played during the projection of movies. By that time he composed “Jalousie”.
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They are diandric protogynous hermaphrodites, some males develop from juveniles to males while others develop from functional females to males when they reach lengths of around and an age of 7.5 years. Off Papua New Guinea they have been reported to gather to spawn in aggregations of around 1,500 individuals and this takes place for 3-4 days each month over a muddy and sandy substrate. In the Persian Gulf there is a spawining season which occurs from March to June. The eggs and larvae are thought to be pelagic.
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Support for the social and genetic function of aggregations, especially those formed by fish, can be seen in several aspects of their behaviour. For instance, experiments have shown that individual fish removed from a school will have a higher respiratory rate than those found in the school. This effect has been attributed to stress, and the effect of being with conspecifics therefore appears to be a calming one and a powerful social motivation for remaining in an aggregation. Herring, for instance, will become very agitated if they are isolated from conspecifics.
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Life cycle of M. franciscanus The larvae of this beetle successfully make use of sexual deception by mimicking the mating signals of another insect species. Adult female beetles lay eggs in a compact mass underground, with the egg aggregations on average containing 761 eggs. The beetle larvae emerge from the ground in a group, ascend vegetation one after the other and form themselves into a compact ball in an elevated location. They then release a volatile substance similar to the pheromones emitted by a female bee, which attracts a male digger bee.
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The potential of C. validus as a commercial blueberry pollinator has been acknowledged, but never fully explored. C. validus has many of the characteristics of a bee that could be commercially managed for pollination including a preference for blueberry flowers, a phenology that almost exclusively overlaps with the bloom time of blueberry, and an ability to extract pollen from the deep, goblet flowers. Understanding how to attract wild C. validus to nesting aggregations and initiate nesting would be a useful first step towards securing reliable pollination on farms.
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A new colony is formed by a single fertilized female who builds a small nest, in which she will lay a small number of eggs (typically only 9 to 10). As the nest continues to grow, the number of females in the colony will remain fairly constant. Individual nests do not have more than about ten individuals but these wasps sometimes build nests very close to each other (called nest aggregations). While there may be only a few individuals in each nest, there can potentially be hundreds of individuals in an aggregation.
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Psilolechiaceae is a monogeneric family of crustose lichens with effuse, ecorticate (lacking a cortex), leprose thalli formed by goniocysts (aggregations of photobiont cells surrounded by short- celled hyphae) containing Trebouxia or stichococcoid algae. The apothecia lack a distinct margin, and the asci are 8-spored and have a cylindrical to clavate shape. They feature a central, elongated tube-like structure, and a non- amyloid ascus wall surrounded by a thin outer layer. Both the tube-like structure and the thin outer layer stain dark blue in K/I.
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Females who nest later and establish colonies separately or on the edge of large aggregations are not attacked by entomophages as often and are usually invaded at later dates. Specialists on the other hand, are females that prefer to nest proximate to already founded nests. If specialists join the colonies of foundresses from the first group, the specialists take on subordinate positions. Research on Female identification In their research article on phenotypic variability of foundresses, Rusina and Orlova suggest the two groups of Polistes nimpha females are phenotypically distinguishable.
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Sexual dimorphism in the species, where females are usually significantly larger than the males, may have evolved due to the fitness advantage accrued to males that can remain attached to the female, thereby blocking competitors, without severely impeding her movement. Certain Phasmatodea, such as Anisomorpha buprestoides, sometimes form aggregations. These insects have been observed to congregate during the day in a concealed location, going their separate ways at nightfall to forage, and returning to their refuge before dawn. Such behavior has been little studied, and how the insects find their way back is unknown.
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Dictyostelium aggregations on a culture plate Dictyostelium colony in process of aggregation Pseudoplasmodium or "slug" of a Dictyostelium Single amoeboid cell of Dictyostelium, showing the contractile vacuole Dictyostelium is a genus of single- and multi-celled eukaryotic, phagotrophic bacterivores. Though they are Protista and in no way fungal, they traditionally are known as "slime molds". They are present in most terrestrial ecosystems as a normal and often abundant component of the soil microflora, and play an important role in the maintenance of balanced bacterial populations in soils.Landolt. C. (2006) Dictyostelid Cellular Slime Molds from Caves.
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In these situations, blue runner always form small aggregations at the water surface, while other larger species tend to congregate slightly deeper. A number of investigations around oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico have found blue runner congregate in large numbers around these in the warmer months, where they modify their feeding behavior to take advantage of the structure. Purpose built artificial reefs and marine aquaculture cage structures are also known to attract the species, with the former having the added benefit of dispersing wayward food scraps.
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The blue runner normally moves either in small schools or as solitary individuals, although large aggregations of up to 10,000 individuals are known in unusual circumstances. Throughout some parts of its range, it is one of the most abundant species; for example statistics from Santa Catarina Island indicate it is the third most abundant species. The biology, particularly reproductive and growth biology has been quite extensively studied in the blue runner due to this high abundance in the Atlantic, and its importance to fisheries and the ecology of its environment.
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According to such factors, a plausible movement rule should be statistically likely to benefit its followers, should be likely to fit the capabilities of an animal, and should result in a compact aggregation with desired central movement. Identified movement rules include: ;Nearest Neighbor Rule :This rule states that individuals within a population move towards their nearest neighbor. It is the mechanism originally proposed by Hamilton. This rule, however, may not be beneficial in small aggregations, where moving toward nearest neighbor does not necessarily correlate to movement from the periphery.
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Mimoblennius atrocinctus, the banded blenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western Pacific and eastern Indian oceans. This species grows to a length of TL. This is a rare species in which the adults live along rocky coastline to a depth of where they inhabit the abandoned tubes created by worms either alone or in loose aggregations. Their eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate by an adhesive pad or pedestal which is filamentous. The larvae are planktonic and are frequently recorded from shallow waters near the coast.
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California State University, Long Beach, CA. From birth, leopard sharks form large schools generally segregated by age and sex, which may intermingle with grey or brown smoothhounds (Mustelus californicus and M. henlei) or spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). These schools are apparently nomadic, often appearing suddenly in an area for a few hours and then vanishing just as quickly. In captivity, larger sharks have been observed establishing their dominance over smaller individuals via light nips to the pectoral fins. During summer days, large aggregations of mature females assemble in shallow bays and estuaries, dispersing at night.
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Beds generally form from fields that persist long enough to establish a dense population. In high density aggregations, growth of blue mussels at the centre of the aggregation is reduced, likely due to a reduction in food availability. When possible, mussels will thus migrate to lower densities on larger scales (>7.5 cm), but aggregate on small scales (<2.0 cm). In areas where blue mussels are threatened, such as the Wadden Sea, it is of great importance to enhance the survival of mussel fields, of which mussel aggregates are the primary component.
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'downstream'), suggesting some mechanical advantage is gained when hunting in this mode. Another method of attack is ambush; in this mode the trevally change their colour to a dark pigmentation state and hide behind large coral lumps close to where the aggregations (often spawning reef fish) occur. Once the prey is close enough to the hiding spot, the fish ram the base of the school, before chasing down individual fish. These dark fish in ambush mode vigorously drive away any other bluefin trevally that stray too close to the aggregation.
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It forms herds which move about in loose aggregations, the animals being fast runners and extremely wary. The mating season begins at the end of the rainy season and a single calf is usually born after a gestational period of about 8.5 months. The calf remains with its mother for 8 months, after which it joins a juvenile herd. Blue wildebeest are found in short-grass plains bordering bush-covered acacia savannas in southern and eastern Africa, thriving in areas that are neither too wet nor too arid.
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White stork picking a dead young rabbit Birds returning to Latvia during spring have been shown to locate their prey, moor frogs (Rana arvalis), by homing in on the mating calls produced by aggregations of male frogs. The diet of non-breeding birds is similar to that of breeding birds, but food items are more often taken from dry areas. White storks wintering in western India have been observed to follow blackbuck to capture insects disturbed by them. Wintering white storks in India sometimes forage along with the woolly-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus).
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Narwhals normally congregate in groups of about five to ten, and sometimes up to 20 individuals outside the summer. Groups may be "nurseries" with only females and young, or can contain only post-dispersal juveniles or adult males ("bulls"), but mixed groups can occur at any time of year. In the summer, several groups come together, forming larger aggregations which can contain from 500 to over 1000 individuals. At times, a bull narwhal may rub its tusk with another bull, a display known as "tusking" and thought to maintain social dominance hierarchies.
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P. sulfincola colonizes smoker chimneys found near deep sea ridges in aggregations or singly upon vents. They grow up to a length of about 20-70 mm and secrete mucous in the form of a tube with two openings. This tube serves as a home, not only for the worm but also for a whole host of microbial organisms on which the worm feeds. The worm has a crown of branchial filaments on the anterior side of its body that it uses for gas exchange. Among polychaetes, P. sulfincola’s crown has the largest surface area.
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Especially during the breeding season, the maguari stork forages solitarily or in pairs. However, it feeds in larger aggregations outside the breeding season and often also in association with other wading bird species. The shallowness of these pools concentrates prey items, so that tactile foraging probably operates in this situation. Although the maguari stork largely depends on shallow freshwaters as a source of prey, it has also been observed to forage solitarily on dry plains outside the breeding season where mice and toads (candidate prey) sometimes occur in large numbers.
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Possible reasons for aggregation are based on cooperation or the selfish herd effect. Also, the whole colony together may act as a communal defense against predators. There are risks however, because if a new nest joins the aggregation and does not play a role in this defense, they could increase their fitness at the expense of everyone else. The factors regulating the aggregations in these areas as forest fires, which could destroy a whole aggregation, the collapse of the cliffs they are built on, and possible attacks by predators.
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A tracheal gland of E. distanti associated with the second abdominal spiracle secretes an alarm pheromone that triggers a disruption and escape behavior, and mandibular glands secrete an aggressive pheromone and an aggregation pheromone. A defense response against predators of younger nymphs is to burrow in guano, while older nymphs and adults crawl into crevices. Aggregations of E. distanti were observed to be relatively stable within E. distanti, with 90% remaining in the same group over a 30-day period, although it wasn't clear if the loyalty was toward the group or its location.
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He explained that the record is about "the ways in which vague notions of China as a cultural monolith and an economic superpower are disseminated through media and how the country acts as the subject of projected of hopes, fears, and dreams in Western culture." Comparing the concept of the album to Edward Said's theories of orientalism, Sandhu stated that Asiatisch is about "nations as mythologies, as fantasies, as erratic aggregations of commerce, junk-media, fabricated fictions." Writer Steph Kretowicz stated the message on Asiatisch is nonsensical in a similar manner to most propaganda.
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Unlike suggested by selfish herd, no advantage is seen for a colony to be in the center of the aggregation, further from predators. For comparison, the temperate species Ropalidia plebeiana from Australia that also forms nest aggregations tends to gain joint protection from predators for the entire aggregation. Instead, the cost of reproductive competition for colonies in the center of the aggregation is increased relative to colonies closer to the edge. Also, no advantage exists for a new colony to be established in close proximity to its preceding natal colony.
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In addition to their singing, the Klaudt Indian Family also had their own recording label. They recorded several other gospel groups on their Family Tone label, and published sheet music and song folios to distribute to the gospel music community. The Klaudt Indian Family demonstrated their versatility in their musical arrangements as they would perform in various aggregations including a male quartet, mixed trio, male trio, duets, solos, and instrumentals in their programs and on their recordings. Solos by Mom Klaudt backed by her boys highlighted each Klaudt Indian Family performance.
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Austrian economics explicitly rejects the objectivity of the values of goods as logically and conceptually unsound. On this view, we cannot validly say that products took a certain amount of labour, energy and materials to make, and compare them on that basis. It follows that the Austrian School thinks most contemporary economic theory is invalid, as it relies in one way or another on the aggregation and comparison of actual and ideal prices. This is forcefully argued by Friedrich von Hayek who therefore was skeptical about the objectivity of macroeconomic aggregations as such.
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Paul Sexton of Record Mirror proclaimed "Musical historians and EW&F; fans alike will welcome" Last Days and Time. Ovid Goode Jr. of The Los Angeles Daily News also declared that the LP is full of "moving tunes" that "sprouts forth with a fresh sound which sets it apart from many of the ho-hum aggregations around today". A single called "Mom" got to No. 39 on the Cashbox Top R&B; Singles chart. Soon thereafter, Roland Bautista and Ronnie Laws left the band to pursue new musical opportunities.
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Throughout their range, these cephalopods breed in pairs or small groups, laying eggs in suitable caves or rock crevices. Loose spawning aggregations can form, but rarely exceed 10 animals in any one location, with one known exception: hundreds of thousands aggregate along rockey reefs between Whyalla and Point Lowly in the Upper Spencer Gulf. While surveys suggest that juveniles leave these spawning grounds after hatching, nothing is known of their subsequent movement or lifestyle strategies as a juvenile. Adults return to the aggregation site the following winter, or delay their return by an additional year.
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OLAP systems generally provide for multiple levels of detail within each dimension by arranging the members of each dimension into one or more hierarchies. A time dimension, for example, may be represented as a hierarchy starting with "Total Time", and breaking down into multiple years, then quarters, then months. An Accounts dimension may start with "Profit", which breaks down into "Revenue" and "Expenses", and so on. In the example above, if "Product" represents individual product SKUs, analysts may also want to report using aggregations such as "Product Group", "Product Family", "Product Line", etc.
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Locally heavy consumption of ants has been reported in North America as well, as in west-central Alberta, 49% of scat contained ants. Brown bears mainly feed on ants with a passive response to the colony being dug out and low levels of formic acid, therefore carpenter ants (Camponotus ssp.), which are accessed through rotten logs rather than underground colonies, are preferred where available. Other important insect aggregations that brown bears feed heavily on in some regions include ladybird beetles and caddisfly. Brown bears living near coastal regions will regularly eat crabs and clams.
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Snake mating systems are generally believed to be polygynous, where males copulate with multiple females. Many researchers have assumed that multiple male courtships are successful without providing paternity evidence, and mating systems may be more polyandrous, supported by studies of the green anaconda (Eunectes murinus). A population containing hundreds of marked anacondas was observed over a period of several years with forty-five mating aggregations studied. When a female anaconda is ready to find a mate, she lies in an area of shallow water or mud until a male approached her.
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Reproductive mimicry occurs when the actions of the dupe directly aid in the mimic's reproduction. This is common in plants with deceptive flowers that do not provide the reward they seem to offer and it may occur in Papua New Guinea fireflies, in which the signal of Pteroptyx effulgens is used by P. tarsalis to form aggregations to attract females. Other forms of mimicry have a reproductive component, such as Vavilovian mimicry involving seeds, vocal mimicry in birds, and aggressive and Batesian mimicry in brood parasite-host systems.
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The pelagic Sakura shrimp live in coastal areas, primarily in Suruga Bay in Shizuoka Prefecture, where they form in dense aggregations. Suruga measures about 60km long and 54km at its greatest width; at a depth of 2400m, and with almost no continental shelf, it is the deepest and steepest of Japan's bays. Sakura shrimp remain in depths from 210 to 360m during the daytime. Sakura shrimp are also found in nearby Sagami and Tokyo Bays, but are not caught there as the populations are too sparse, perhaps because of insufficient depths of the bays.
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They both stand for the idea that the whole is the sum of its parts. Individualism depends upon the principle of analysis, because it implies that one is able to decompose every aspect of group life into a feature of the lives of individuals. Analysis depends upon individualism, because individualism implies that all phenomena must be treated as aggregations of distinct individuals interacting with each other. But Unger, using the examples of artistic style and consciousness, concludes that analysis and individualism both fail to explain certain phenomena that resist reduction to individual belief and conduct.
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A Pacific crevalle jack taken by an angler off Baja California The Pacific crevalle jack is a schooling fish for much of its life, forming moderate to large aggregations that can move quite rapidly. Older fish tend to be more solitary, moving offshore to greater depths. It is one of the most abundant pelagic species throughout its range, making it both ecologically and economically important. The species is a strong, fast swimming predator that takes predominantly small fish, as well as crustaceans such as prawns and various other benthic invertebrates, although no detailed data on diet has been collected.
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Within the Catholic Church there are also aggregations of local particular churches that share a specific liturgical, theological, spiritual, and canonical heritage, distinguished from other heritages on the basis of cultural and historical circumstances. These are known as autonomous ("sui iuris") churches. The 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches defines such a church as follows: "A group of Christ's faithful hierarchically linked in accordance with law and given express or tacit recognition by the supreme authority of the Church is in this Code called an autonomous Church." There are 24 such autonomous Catholic churches: One Latin Church (i.e.
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Polybius henslowii is a capable swimmer, and can be found swimming near the ocean surface, where it feeds on a mixture of squid, fish, and other crustaceans, including specimens of the same species . Indeed, P. henslowii has been observed to form pelagic swarms. These swarms are mostly composed of females, excluding that aggregations are for mating, while they might be related to feeding . When they swim inshore, along the coastal upwelling areas of Galicia (NW Spain), they rely more on benthic prey, such as polychaetes and detritus and are influenced by terrestrial organic matter coming from the rivers .
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After six to seven weeks, pups are weaned and begin to hunt independently. Weddell seal pup with its grey natal coat, Deception Island Baby Weddell seal Weddell seals show moderate polygyny and genetic analyses of mating success have suggested how factors such as size, diving ability, site-specific experience enhances success in male Weddell seals. Additionally, fast ice breeding grounds causes females to cluster in large aggregations, making it easier for males to take control over his own harem. The mating season occurs during austral spring between late November and December after pups are weaned and females begin ovulating.
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The even distribution is perhaps difficult to reconcile with an infaunal lifestyle, mainly buried in a microbial mat, and adds weight to Miller's suggestion that the animal lived on seaweeds or in a reef environment. If modern-day molluscs are a suitable analogy, the size distribution of the borings suggests that the predator was similar in size to Cloudina. Fossil findings in the Nama Group, Namibia, suggest that Cloudina was one of the first reef-building animals, but machine-learning facilitated 3D tomography indicates that the 'reef-forming' fossils are in fact simply aggregations of solitary individuals.
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An estimated 17 to 40% of the seals in the area were killed, but not eaten. For threats related to migration, high density seal aggregations were recorded in November 2009 and 2010 CISS helicopter surveys in Kenderli Bay, but the integrity of seal habitat in Kenderli Bay is currently threatened by an imminent large-scale coastal resort development. This resort development can be a serious disturbance for seals. The local authorities have been advised about the need to preserve the seal habitats in the bay, but it is not yet clear what steps are planned to achieve this.
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Fish schooling in vast numbers may attract correspondingly huge numbers of predators, including seabirds, sharks, tuna, billfish, pods of dolphins, and killer and humpback whales. Aggregations of predators on such a scale means the schools can be attacked on all sides and panicked into forming bait balls.Seifert DD (2010) Water Column: Finishing School November 2010, Dive Magazine UK. A bait ball is a last-ditch defensive measure adopted by fish schools when they are overwhelmed and more effective defensive strategies have broken down. Schooling fish are easier to attack once they abandon their free streaming behaviour and form into a tight bait ball.
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Acanthurus nigricauda is a schooling fish and forms shoals, sometimes in association with the orange-band surgeonfish (Acanthurus olivaceus). It feeds by grazing on the algal film that grows over sandy areas in the vicinity of coral or rock substrates, but the proportion of algae in its stomach is low, and it mostly subsists on the organic detritus that gets trapped in the film. The sexes are separate in this species, and both sexes become mature at a length of about . Large aggregations of fish occur at breeding time, with both sexes liberating their gametes into the water column.
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The concept of a musical work of art being something closed, limited and immobile disappears in favor of a process of numerous aggregations that allow a composition to become infinite in principle. Several such compositions were performed in Europe, South America, Asia and in North America and discussed through conferences in Europe. The approach is being academically discussed at the University of West Georgia and the Carrollton Cultural Arts Centre in the USA. Writer, painter, and art theorist Gian Ruggero Manzoni described the modularity of Vagnini's compositions as "circular like the existence, his works are not finished, but merely stimulus for new voices".
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Ammoniacum, or gum ammoniac, is a gum-resin exuded from the stem of the perennial herb Dorema ammoniacum of the umbel family (Apiaceae). The plant grows to the height of 2½ or 3 meters (8 or 9 ft.) and its whole stem is pervaded with a milky juice, which oozes out on an incision being made at any part. This juice quickly hardens into round tears, forming the "tear ammoniacum" of commerce. "Lump ammoniacum", the other form of the substance, consists of aggregations of tears, frequently incorporating fragments of the plant itself, as well as other foreign bodies.
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This issue is compounded by the complexity of fur seal behavior and how serious a bite can be and the risk of transfer of diseases. The implication for Antarctic Fur Seals but this species is considered to be one of several pinnipeds at high risk of future disease outbreaks because of their tendency to congregate in large dense aggregations and the effect of environmental changes associated with global warming on the spread of diseases. Finally, the 19th century population bottleneck led to reduced genetic diversity, leaving it again more vulnerable to disease and stresses of climate change.
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A. vaga is univoltine, the adults are on the wing in early Spring, during March and April, sometimes as early as late February in more southerly warmer regions. They are oligolectic and feed on and collect the pollen from willow trees of the genus Salix. Where it is common A. vaga often forms large nest aggregations which may have as many as 10,000 nests. The nests are excavated in rather hard ground, often where there is sparse vegetation and where the substrate has either and even or sloping surface; the female excavated a vertical nest burrow.
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It is because > human beings, so charming as individuals or in small aggregations, have been > welded into overconcentrated social units. Kohr was an important inspiration to the Green, bioregional, Fourth World, decentralist, and anarchist movements, Kohr contributed often to John Papworth's `Journal for the Fourth World', Resurgence. One of Kohr's students was economist E. F. Schumacher, another prominent influence on these movements, whose best selling book Small Is Beautiful took its title from one of Kohr's core principles. Similarly, his ideas inspired Kirkpatrick Sale's books Human Scale (1980) and Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision (1985).
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Underwater video loop of a school of herrings migrating at high speed to their spawning grounds in the Baltic Sea An aggregation of fish is the general term for any collection of fish that have gathered together in some locality. Fish aggregations can be structured or unstructured. An unstructured aggregation might be a group of mixed species and sizes that have gathered randomly near some local resource, such as food or nesting sites. If, in addition, the aggregation comes together in an interactive, social way, they may be said to be shoaling.Pitcher and Parish 1993, page 365.
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Usually one or a few individuals are found on a single sea fan, but very occasionally, as happened in an outbreak in 1992, a large number of juveniles occur. On this occasion, 1,700 were found in a dense aggregation on one side of an area of sea fan measuring . Because these juveniles were all the same size, researchers hypothesized that they may not have become planktonic but may have remained on the host after hatching and fed on plankton, like their host, before undergoing metamorphosis. It was found on gorgonian sea fans in dense aggregations also in Panama.
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A Fellow of the Econometric Society and recipient of the Mahalanobis Memorial Medal, Basu has published scientific papers in development economics, game theory, industrial organisation, political economy, the economics of child labour, and crafted the traveller's dilemma. He has worked on aggregating infinite streams of returns, and the axiomatic structures, pertaining to inter-generational anonymity and different forms of the Pareto principle, that such aggregations can satisfy. In 1992 he founded the Centre for Development Economics at the Delhi School of Economics, and served as its first Executive Director until 1996. His entry into government in 2009 was a new experience.
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The producers of the program created an artificial Velociraptor leg with a sickle claw and used a pork belly to simulate the dinosaur's prey. Though the sickle claw did penetrate the abdominal wall, it was unable to tear it open, indicating that the claw was not used to disembowel prey. V. mongoliensis restraining an oviraptorosaur with its sickle claws Remains of Deinonychus, a closely related dromaeosaurid, have commonly been found in aggregations of several individuals. Deinonychus has also been found in association with the large ornithopod Tenontosaurus, which has been cited as evidence of cooperative (pack) hunting.
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Group nesting through associations is especially prevalent and varied in P. annularis, with an arithmetic mean of between 3.82 to 4.93 and a full range from one to 28. Variation from year to year explains only 2% of the variance in the size of associations. Only 5% of queens run a nest without any co-foundresses, while about three-quarters of foundresses become subordinate to a queen on a cooperative nest. The largest aggregations of foundresses are seen when females reuse the nest in which they were born, typically by constructing a new nest on the old one.
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P. annularis tends to form nests in crowded clumps due to the constraint of suitable nesting sites with overhangs that minimize sunlight exposure, have minimal flooding, and are near a body of water. Consequently, nests often are formed in crowded aggregations on the same overhang. One cost of this crowding is the direct reproductive competition between colonies in the form of usurpation of a colony queen by a female from another colony. As a result, the original queen may be fought to the death, until being banished by the colony, or until becoming a reproductive subordinate.
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Northern flying squirrel squirrel box off the Blue Ridge Parkway Northern flying squirrels generally nest in holes in trees, preferring large-diameter trunks and dead trees, and will also build outside leaf nests called dreys and will also nest underground. Tree cavities created by woodpeckers as suitable nest sites tend to be more abundant in old-growth forests, and so do the squirrels, though harvested forests can be managed in ways that are likely to increase squirrel numbers. Except when rearing young, the squirrels shift from nest to nest frequently. They often share nests during winter months, forming aggregations.
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Most cases of SCA6 are a result of CAG repeat expansion beyond the normal range, i.e., more than 19 repeats, in the Cav2.1 calcium channel encoding gene CACNA1A. This gene has two splice forms, "Q-type" and "P-type", and the polyglutamine coding CAG expansion occurs in the P-type splice form. This form is expressed heavily in the cerebellum where it is localized in Purkinje cells. In Purkinje cells from SCA6 patients, mutant Cav2.1 proteins form ovular intracellular inclusions, or aggregations, similar in many ways to those seen in other polyglutamine expansion disorders such as Huntington's disease.
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The software uses OLAP technology to enable business intelligence on the cloud and big data platforms. In a report published by Forrester Research in 2016, where they evaluated several native Hadoop business intelligence (BI) platforms on 22 parameters, Kyvos was referred to as a platform that gave new life to OLAP by bringing it to Hadoop. As per the report, Kyvos enables analysis on Hadoop based on OLAP schemas, aggregations, and predefined drill-down paths. It pre-calculates aggregates at multiple levels of dimensional hierarchies to improve query response times as compared to SQL-on-Hadoop platforms.
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Creolization as a relational process can enable new forms of identity formation and processes of communal enrichment through pacific intermixtures and aggregations, but its uneven dynamics remain a factor to consider whether in the context of colonization or globalization. The meeting points of multiple diasporas and the crossing and intersection of diasporas are sites of new creolizations. New sites of creolizations continue the ongoing ethics of the sharing of the world that has now become a global discourse which is rooted in English and French Caribbean. The cultural fusion and hybridization of new diasporas surfaces and creates new forms of creolization.
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Certain behaviors are known from members of the Apinae that are rarely seen in other bees, including the habit of males forming "sleeping aggregations" on vegetation - several males gathering on a single plant in the evening, grasping a plant with their jaws and resting there through the night (sometimes held in place only by the jaws, with the legs dangling free in space). Also known from Apinae is the habit of gathering floral oils instead of pollen for use as a larval food; this behavior is otherwise known only from a few lineages in the family Melittidae.
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It is monoclinic m with space group Cc, but crystals are pseudotetragonal. Scolecite, like natrolite and mesolite, usually occurs as acicular (needle-like) and fibrous aggregations. It has nearly the same angles between the crystal faces as does natrolite, but natrolite is orthorhombic and scolecite is monoclinic. The etched figures (figures that arise from the action of a solvent on a crystal face, and indicate its true symmetry) and the pyroelectric character of scolecite show that it crystallizes with a plane of symmetry, but no axis of symmetry, that is to say it belongs to the hemihedral class of the monoclinic system.
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" Ovid Goode Jr. of The Los Angeles Daily News declared "There are many groups around today capitalizing on the rock-jazz sound which has become so popular. The only problem is that many of the groups are beginning to sound alike, both in their styles and in their material. However, take the same two ingredients, rock and jazz, add a pound of soul and a whole new sound is born, reflected in the music of Earth, Wind and Fire. The group's first album on Columbia, "Last Days and Time," sprouts forth with a fresh sound that sets it apart from many of the ho-hum aggregations around today.
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Opuntioideae have a hypodermis of at least one layer, very thick walls, and druses (aggregations of calcium oxalate crystals), and their cortical cells have enlarged nuclei; the reason for this is unknown. They also possess mucilage cells. Notably, their lack of collapsible cortical cells, ribs, and tubercles mean that they cannot absorb water or transfer it intercellularly as easily as the other cacti, so this may place evolutionary constraints on the aridity of habitats and maximum adult size. One adaptation around this problem is the evolution of flattened cladodes that allow opuntioids to swell up with water, increasing in volume without an increase in surface area risking water loss.
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It is customary in scientific measurements to record all the definitely known digits from the measurements, and to estimate at least one additional digit if there is any information at all available to enable the observer to make an estimate. The resulting number contains more information than it would without that extra digit(s), and it (or they) may be considered a significant digit because it conveys some information leading to greater precision in measurements and in aggregations of measurements (adding them or multiplying them together). Additional information about precision can be conveyed through additional notations. It is often useful to know how exact the final digit(s) are.
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Komodo, Indonesia A school of bluestripe snappers in the Maldives The bluestripe snapper is one of the most widespread species of the Lutjanidae, ranging from the coast of Egypt bordering the Red Sea, south to Madagascar and east to India, China, Southeast Asia, Australia, and a number of Pacific islands. Like many snappers, it inhabits coral reefs, occurring in both shallow lagoons and on outer reef slopes to depths of at least , at depths reaching at the Marquesas Islands and in the Red Sea. In Hawaii, they spend some time over seagrasses and sandy substrates. They frequently gather in large aggregations around coral formations, caves, or wrecks during daylight hours.
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Sample of an oecobiid In Kenya's Kimumu region, a savanna area which is dry and hot throughout the year, P. africana forms large numbers in the webs of other spiders, in the nest complexes of other jumping spiders, around solitary nests of other jumping spiders, and around the nests of oecobiid spiders. While most aggregations of P. africana there include adult and also juvenile of all stages, most groups consist only of small juveniles. A group of small juveniles can prevent jumping spiders and oecobiids from entering or leaving its nest. One of the juveniles will lunge and bite the victim, and sometimes others of the group join in feeding.
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The saddletail grouper (Epinephelus daemelii), also known as black cod or black rock-cod in Australia, and as saddle-tailed grouper or spotted black grouper in New Zealand, is a large marine fish of the family Serranidae. It is found off the coastline of southeastern Australia and northern New Zealand, generally inhabiting near-shore rock and coral reefs at depths down to 50 metres. Its main range comprises the southeast coastline of Australia, in the state of New South Wales; New Zealand populations are suspected to be nonbreeding, so are a result of drifting larvae. However, spawning aggregations have been recorded off northern New Zealand.
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Transnationality is the principal of acting at a geographical scale larger than that of states, so as to take into account the interests of a supranational entity. Transnational policies or programmes are not simply aggregations of national policies or programmes, but seek to submerge these within a greater whole. According to Aihwa Ong, the term differs from that of transnationalism, as transnationalism refers "to the cultural specificities of global processes, tracing the multiplicity of the uses and conceptions of "culture"" whereas transnationality is "the condition of cultural interconnectedness and mobility across space". Transnationality is practised by organisations such as the United Nations and the European Union.
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Allee was strongly influenced by Frank R. Lillie, head of the Department of Zoology at the University of Chicago and one of the founders of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. Allee gained interest in the interactions and patterns of the distribution of marine mammals during his time as an instructor at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole in Massachusetts from 1914 to 1921. Allee was also influenced by Peter Kropotkin's theory of mutual aid. In 1923, Allee began to write a series of papers entitled, Animal Aggregations. Eight years later, he published his findings in a book under the same name.
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OAIster is an online combined bibliographic catalogue of open access material aggregated using OAI-PMH.The OAIster® database It began at the University of Michigan in 2002 funded by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and with the purpose of establishing a retrieval service for publicly available digital library resources provided by the research library community. During its tenure at the University of Michigan, OAIster grew to become one of the largest aggregations of records pointing to open access collections in the world. In 2009, OCLC formed a partnership with the University of Michigan to provide continued access to open access collections aggregated in OAIster.
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Priestley made extensive photographic documentation of the environment which was later used for reference material and as a source for background images for North of Blue. An expedition up the Dempster Highway with her host, filmmaker and KIAC Film Program Director Dan Sokolowski, into a vast wilderness surrounded by jagged white peaks and tiny lakes embedded with turquoise ice, became a major influence on the film and its palette. After the month long Yukon residency, Priestley deconstructed the realistic animation, extracting elements and recombining them in non-objective compositions. Scenes were pared down to abstract lines and shapes, featuring geometric shapes and abstract totemic aggregations.
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Charles Saint Lambert (identified in Spanish-language sources as Carlos Santiago Lambert: 31 December 1793 - 4 August 1876) was a Franco-Chilean mining engineer and businessman. He explored the mineral deposits in northern Chile and introduced the reverberatory furnace which transformed the Chilean copper mining industry by making it practical to exploit previously discarded aggregations of relatively low-grade copper slag. Copper production increased six-fold in just thirty years. Lambert was also the man who talent spotted and recruited the remarkable Polish-born scholar-mineraligist Ignacy Domeyko to take a post as Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy at the Liceo Gregorio Cordovez (college) at La Serena (Coquimbo).
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The "Chilean Mining Association" company soon collapsed, and Lambert continued to run the rapidly expanding copper mining operation, but now as its owner. He now introduced several important new technologies, notably the reverberatory furnace which transformed the Chilean copper mining industry by making it practical to exploit previously discarded aggregations of relatively low-grade copper slag. He installed a new copper foundry at "La Compañía", a large production site in La Serena, where he set up the first factory for manufacturing sulphuric acid and the first facility for laminating copper. It was also on this site that he constructed "Constitución", the first navy ship to be manufactured entirely in Chile.
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In the 1600s, Johannes Kepler speculated on the symmetry of snowflakes and also on the close packing of spherical objects such as fruit (this problem remained unsolved until very recently). The symmetrical arrangement of closely packed spheres informed theories of molecular structure in the late 1800s, and many theories of crystallography and solid state inorganic structure used collections of equal and unequal spheres to simulate packing and predict structure. Fig. 1. Hofmann's model for methane. John Dalton represented compounds as aggregations of circular atoms, and although Johann Josef Loschmidt did not create physical models, his diagrams based on circles are two-dimensional analogues of later models.
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Gonatopsis borealis is an oceanic speciesand it is one of the most widely distributed and abundant species of the family Gonatidae. It can be found in cold temperate waters, where it can occur from the surface to the mesopelagic zone, even reaching into the bathypelagic zone. It undertakes a diel vertical migration, moving up the water column at night, and for forming very large aggregations between the Spring and the early autumn, especially in both the eastern and western parts of its range. The abundance of G. borealis is indicated by it accounting for up to 68% of squid catches in the Okhotsk Sea during the summer months.
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The threadfin cardinalfish or bluestreak cardinalfish, Zoramia leptacantha,Lieske, E. and Myers, R.F. (2004) Coral reef guide; Red Sea London, HarperCollins it is one of the cardinalfishes found in the Red Sea and off Mozambique Island to Samoa and Tonga, north to Ryukyu Islands, and south to New Caledonia and Micronesia. A translucent fish with vertical iridescent blue lines on the head and front of body, it grows up to 6 cm in length. In juveniles, the blue lines are missing. Adults occur in small aggregations from 1 to at least 12 m deep, usually close to branching coral, in sheltered bays and lagoons.
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Observations of male L. pulchrissimus demonstrate the different activity budgeting, who allocate more of their time to energetically costly activities than almost any other species of fly; they spend a majority of their time doing energy-costly activities like engaging in continuous hover flight and lengthy aerial aggregations. While males typically forage somewhat less than females, they use their extra time for more aggregation rather than more rest. Although this behavior could be described as lekking, not enough is known about it to determine the underlying causes. The most notable behavior pattern that male L. pulchrissimus exhibit is their daily aggregation into aerial swarms on stabilized dunes.
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While poorly documented, chemical communication is believed to be important to the group. Anal secretions are produced in the hindgut, and released along the posterior setae as predator deterrents In Australia, aggregations of male common blossom thrips have been observed on the petals of Hibiscus rosa- sinensis and Gossypium hirsutum; females were attracted to these groups so it seems likely that the males were producing pheromones. In the phlaeothripids that feed on fungi, males compete to protect and mate with females, and then defend the egg-mass. Males fight by flicking their rivals away with their abdomen, and may kill with their foretarsal teeth.
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Paralabrax clathratus is found at depths between . They show a strong association with kelp and are almost always found inhabiting kelp forests. The fish use a variety of micro- habitats within this habitat for feeding, shelter and breeding, for example the juveniles will hide among the blades of kelp and among other seaweed species in the intertidal zone while the adults prefer deeper water, into rocky habitats where their larger size gives them some protection against predation. The kelp bass spawns in the late spring to the early autumn When spawning the adults for aggregations of up to 200 fish, but more commonly numbering around 50 individuals.
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Nonetheless, the jaw adaptations for processing mechanically challenging food indicates technological advancement did not greatly affect their diet. Large concentrations of stone tools are known from Koobi Fora. Because these aggregations are coincident with the emergence of H. ergaster, it is probable H. ergaster manufactured them, though it is not possible to definitively attribute the tools to a species because H. rudolfensis, H. habilis, and P. boisei are also well-known from the area. The oldest specimen of Homo, LD 350-1, is associated with the Oldowan stone tool industry, meaning this tradition had been in use by the genus since near its emergence.
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B61 (Aelian, On Animals, xvi 29) But most of these products of natural forces disappeared as suddenly as they arose; only in those rare cases where the parts were found to be adapted to each other did the complex structures last. Thus the organic universe sprang from spontaneous aggregations that suited each other as if this had been intended. Soon various influences reduced creatures of double sex to a male and a female, and the world was replenished with organic life. It is possible to see this theory as an anticipation of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, although Empedocles was not trying to explain evolution.
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Gorgosaurus spent as much as half its life in the juvenile phase before ballooning up to near-maximum size in only a few years. This, along with the complete lack of predators intermediate in size between huge adult tyrannosaurids and other small theropods, suggests that these niches may have been filled by juvenile tyrannosaurids. This pattern is seen in modern Komodo dragons, whose hatchlings start off as tree-dwelling insectivores and slowly mature into massive apex predators capable of taking down large vertebrates. Other tyrannosaurids, including Albertosaurus, have been found in aggregations that some have suggested to represent mixed-age packs, but there is no evidence of gregarious behavior in Gorgosaurus.
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A female wasp of this species may take anywhere from 30 to 60 flies as food to provision each one of her nests; she makes a new nest for every egg she lays. Nests are simple burrows some 15 cm deep, with a single enlarged chamber at the bottom. An egg is laid in the empty chamber, and the female wasp brings back paralyzed flies and sometimes silver-spotted skipper larvae until the chamber is full (mass provisioning), at which point she closes the nest and begins another. Numerous females often excavate nests within a small area where the soil is suitable, creating large and sometimes very dense nesting aggregations.
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As these females follow the warmest patches of water, allowing them to raise their internal body temperatures by up to 3 °C (5.4 °F), they are speculated to be taking advantage of the heat to speed their growth and that of their gestating young. The membership of these aggregations is inconstant, with individual females periodically switching between different sites scattered over several kilometers. Compared to the related grey and brown smoothhounds that share its range, the leopard shark has smaller and more numerous red blood cells, allowing it to process oxygen more efficiently. This may be an adaptation for foraging in deoxygenated estuary environments.
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U.S. inflation and unemployment 1/2000 to 8/2014 Most economists no longer use the Phillips curve in its original form because it was shown to be too simplistic.Oliver Hossfeld (2010) "US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and Inflation Prediction" International Network for Economic Research working paper no. 2010.4 This can be seen in a cursory analysis of US inflation and unemployment data from 1953–92. There is no single curve that will fit the data, but there are three rough aggregations—1955–71, 1974–84, and 1985–92—each of which shows a general, downwards slope, but at three very different levels with the shifts occurring abruptly.
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The larvae that hatch from the eggs are small and have three claws and are so referred to as triungulins. Patrolling ivy bees are attracted to aggregations of the triungulins and hover in front of them in a manner similar to that which they use to approach emergant female ivy bees. The males attempt copulation, a behaviour known as pseudocopulation, with the clusters of triungilins which allow small groups of the larvae to move onto the male bee's thorax. Larger groups of triungulins were exclusively found on the thorax of male bees and it has been proposed that the triungulins of S. analis mimic the female pheromones of its host species.
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Ghosh is reported to have done extensive researches on Anion recognition, molecular capsules, chemical sensing of Ions, inorganic salt extraction, supramolecular aggregations and interlocking molecules. He has developed several ligands with varying anion recognition elements as well as methodologies for selective sensing of phosphates, separation of hydrated metal sulphates/potassium bromide and bromide removal using halogen bonding. The development of Gypsum chalk replacing the calcium carbonate-made chalk which was in use traditionally was one of his notable contributions. His researches have been documented by way of a number of peer-reviewed articles; ResearchGate, an online article repository of scientific articles, has listed 112 of them respectively.
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Unlike the similar species Lasioglossum zephyrus that build nests in very close proximity to each other, this species prefers less dense aggregations. Foundresses will choose to build their nests in patches of softer ground until they reach the critical nearest-neighbor distance of about 50 mm, at which point the close spacing poses a high risk of the nests collapsing. At this point, further foundresses would be forced to build their nests in harder soils where the nests could be built closer together without compromising nest architecture. Foundresses may test the hardness of the soil by biting into the surface or performing a short test dig.
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It nests colonially in mixed colonies, typically in small groups of 6-30 pairs, although at Lake Bangwelu in Zambia, groups of 60-80 pairs have been recorded. Rufous-bellied herons feed during the day but will sometimes forage at night, normally they hunt alone or in small flocks of no more than five individuals, although aggregations of over 120 have been recorded. It prefers to roost in trees.Brown, L.H., Urban, E.K, Newman K. (eds) (1982) The Birds of Africa Volume I,Academic Press, The nest is a small platform of vegetation positioned low in reeds, trees or shrubs that are normally positioned over standing water.
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The Colletidae are a family of bees, and are often referred to collectively as plasterer bees or polyester bees, due to the method of smoothing the walls of their nest cells with secretions applied with their mouthparts; these secretions dry into a cellophane-like lining. The five subfamilies, 54 genera, and over 2000 species are all evidently solitary, though many nest in aggregations. Two of the subfamilies, Euryglossinae and Hylaeinae, lack the external pollen-carrying apparatus (the scopa) that otherwise characterizes most bees, and instead carry the pollen in their crops. These groups, and most genera in this family, have liquid or semiliquid pollen masses on which the larvae develop.
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The column of this species is smooth and roughly cylindrical, being slightly wider at the base and oral disc than in the centre. The base can grow to a diameter of about and is often ragged in outline; this is because the animal divides by longitudinal fission, and sometimes the two new individuals remain partially united. The individuals are usually found in dense aggregations, but each animal is only lightly attached to the substrate and can drift away. The tentacles are short to medium length, with tapering shafts and knobbed tips, and are in two whorls; the outer tentacles are the longer and the inner ones more numerous.
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Sailfin mollies are most commonly observed at the shallow surface waters along the edges of marshes, lowland streams, ponds, swamps, estuaries and even ephemeral water bodies such as roadside ditches. Small to large aggregations of the species are most commonly found under floating vegetation or near structures in the water, minimizing their chances of being observed by potential predators. The sailfin molly is a tolerant species, as it can exploit the thin film of oxygen-rich surface water with its upturned mouth, so is able to survive oxygen-depleted habitats. A euryhaline species, the sailfin molly may be found in a variety of saline environments, tolerating salinities as high as 87 ppt and breeding in brackish waters.
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C. halophilus will readily use manmade sites, and this means that conservation efforts can also involve creating suitable nesting sites. One of the largest nesting aggregations in England is in a former aggregates yard where the bees nest in a large artificial mound of sand. Even on a small scale, land managers can create bare patches close to food sources for the bees to nest in by cutting the vegetation very short to expose bare soil. In one instance, bare areas of soil were scraped out between rows of asters and were colonised by the bees, while on a larger scale, bulldozers have been used to scrape the soil free of the vegetation.
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For example, when a cell is not energized, a cell will not take up QR. When a cell is energized, aggregations of red substrate can be found within a cell, and this can be detected with Raman spectroscopy In addition to being used as a fluorescent probe, QR can also be used as an agent in bleaching. When exposed to intensive rays such as X-rays, gamma rays, and electron beams, the dye is able to photobleach a substance. In the case of dental bleaching, a laser is the source of intensive rays. QR is dissolved in a mixture of water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, and other solvents and is placed on the teeth.
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For Altocolony, alto refers to the singing range, as many of the songs are sung in this range. Noda chose alto to be a part of the album's title to express his happiness at being about to create music with different singing registers. Colony refers to biological aggregations, as Noda felt like the album had an aggregated atmosphere. "Märchen to Gretel" is a response to the lyrics of the band's 2006 single, "Futarigoto," in which Noda writes how someday he'll write a song about if he and his lover "write the character for 'you' but pronounce it 'love,'" and "write the character 'me' but pronounce it 'love'" that they will never break apart.
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When feeding on larger prey, schools tend to break down into shoals and individuals find food on their own. When consuming plankton, however, Atlantic mackerel form tight aggregations, open their mouths as wide as possible, and extend their operculums, swimming in a tightly-packed school that acts like a series of miniature tow nets. Spaced only about the diameter of a single fish's mouth apart, this formation greatly reduces the ability of plankton to evade capture, as a plankton darting out of the way of one fish is likely to end up in the jaws of another. Copepods make up the majority of the Atlantic mackerel's diet, Calanus finmarchicus being the most abundant.
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The planitia has numerous blocky hills (one to several km across) that form aggregations at cell margins up to 20 km across; these may represent floating chunks of detached water ice crust that were carried onto the planitia by glacial flow and were then collected into troughs by the convection. In some cases the hills seem to form chains along the entry paths of glaciers. The hills may also congregate in nonconvecting regions when they get stuck at locations where the nitrogen ice becomes too shallow. The planitia has numerous pits that are thought to result from fracturing and sublimation of nitrogen ice; these pits also collect in the margins of convection cells.
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A marine protected area is defined by the IUCN as "A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values". The Agulhas banks have supported economically important fisheries for more than a century. This MPA is intended to protect spawning aggregations of several economically important fish, including the endangered Red steenbras, the largest seabream, a long lived species that can reach lengths of over 1 m. Before this area was declared an Exclusive Economic Zone in 1972, foreign trawlers targeted redfish in the area, and considerable damage was done to the reefs.
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There is some evidence of gregarious behaviour in other tyrannosaurids as well. Fragmentary remains of smaller individuals were found alongside "Sue," the Tyrannosaurus mounted in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, and a bonebed in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana contains at least three specimens of Daspletosaurus, preserved alongside several hadrosaurs. These findings may corroborate the evidence for social behaviour in Albertosaurus, although some or all of the above localities may represent temporary or unnatural aggregations. Others have speculated that instead of social groups, at least some of these finds represent Komodo dragon-like mobbing of carcasses, where aggressive competition leads to some of the predators being killed and cannibalized.
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The species in the genus Paranthias are unique among the groupers in that they have a relatively small mouth, the upper jaw being more protrusible than that of other groupers,s], with small teeth and many elongated gill rakers, and a fusiform body which ends in a deeply forked caudal fin. These departures from the more normal morphology of groupers are adaptations for feeding on zooplankton in open water. They are visual hunters which pick off zooplankton from the middle of the water column and they have a relatively short snout which allows them to employ binocular vision. They are social fish which are normally seen in diurnal feeding aggregations, diving to shelter in the reef when threatened.
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The defining feature of ALS is the death of both upper motor neurons (located in the motor cortex of the brain) and lower motor neurons (located in the brainstem and spinal cord). In ALS with frontotemporal dementia, neurons throughout the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain die as well. The pathological hallmark of ALS is the presence of inclusion bodies (abnormal aggregations of protein) in the cytoplasm of motor neurons. In about 97% of people with ALS, the main component of the inclusion bodies is TDP-43 protein; however, in those with SOD1 or FUS mutations, the main component of the inclusion bodies known as Bunina bodies, is SOD1 protein or FUS protein, respectively.
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Unlike the tube worms Riftia pachyptila that live at hydrothermal vents, L. luymesi uses a posterior extension of its body called the root to take up hydrogen sulfide from the seep sediments. L. luymesi may also help fuel the generation of sulfide by excreting sulfate through their roots into the sediments below the aggregations. To support the carbon fixation they need for maintenance and growth, L. luymesi needs to extract sulfide, oxygen, and inorganic carbon from its environment and supply them to its symbionts in the trophosome via the vascular system. It also needs to ensure that no build up of the sulfate and hydrogen ion waste products occurs, which would inhibit the bacterial activity.
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The original Hampton Court Palace Flower Show was the brainchild of the management consultant Adrian Boyd, who saw an opportunity to connect two organisations facing times of uncertainty in a joint venture. The Department of the Environment had been dismembered in the 1980s, and one of the cuttings was Historic Royal Palaces, which found itself looking for ways of increasing revenue and attracting a larger audience. Similarly, Network SouthEast, one of the temporary aggregations thrown up by the pre-privatisation of British Rail, was looking for ways of making its rail services more profitable. Boyd's idea was that Network SouthEast should sponsor a flower show at Hampton Court, and provide the public transport to Hampton Court railway station.
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These multicellular structures are often only seen in certain conditions. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate towards each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial cells. In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; for example, about one in ten cells migrate to the top of a fruiting body and differentiate into a specialised dormant state called a myxospore, which is more resistant to drying and other adverse environmental conditions. Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms, and larger formations known as microbial mats.
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There is some evidence of gregarious behaviour in other tyrannosaurids as well. Fragmentary remains of smaller individuals were found alongside "Sue", the Tyrannosaurus mounted in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, and a bonebed in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana contains at least three specimens of Daspletosaurus, preserved alongside several hadrosaurs. These findings may corroborate the evidence for social behaviour in Albertosaurus, although some or all of the above localities may represent temporary or unnatural aggregations. Others have speculated that instead of social groups, at least some of these finds represent Komodo dragon-like mobbing of carcasses, where aggressive competition leads to some of the predators being killed and cannibalized.
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An outside view of a snake burrow (species unknown) Unlike more solitary snapping turtles, snakes may either hibernate alone or in large aggregations of up to several thousand individuals of the same or different species. They use a wide variety of hibernacula, including: rock piles, debris-filled wells, caves, crevices, unused burrows made by other animals, and ant mounds. The common European viper has actually been observed using all of the hibernacula listed above. Most species seem to prefer finding an already-present suitable site rather than constructing one of their own, but they do expand upon present structures and may make their own burrows if there aren't any quality sites available.
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Nutrient extraction from the coastal environment takes place through two different pathways: (i) harvest/removal of the bivalves – thereby returning nutrients back to land; or (ii) through increased denitrification in proximity to dense bivalve aggregations, leading to loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere. Active use of marine bivalves for nutrient extraction may include a number of secondary effects on the ecosystem, such as filtration of particulate material. This leads to partial transformation of particulate- bound nutrients into dissolved nutrients via bivalve excretion or enhanced mineralization of faecal material. When they live in polluted waters, bivalve molluscs have a tendency to accumulate substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in their tissues.
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A whale being processed at Cheynes Beach Whaling Station in the early 1950s Whaling was one of the first viable industries established in the Swan River Colony following the 1829 arrival of British settlers to Western Australia. The industry had numerous ups and downs until the last whaling station closed in Albany in 1978. There are two main species of whales (order Cetacea) which form aggregations along the Western Australian coastline: the southern right whale (Eubalaena australis), and the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). The southern rights are slow swimmers and their carcases tend to float due to the high concentration of oil in the blubber - hence the name "right" as it made the task of the whale chasers easier.
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The distinction between demersal species of fish and pelagic species is not always clear cut. The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is a typical demersal fish, but can also be found in the open water column, and the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) is predominantly a pelagic species but forms large aggregations near the seabed when it spawns on banks of gravel. Two types of fish inhabit the demersal zone: those that are heavier than water and rest on the seabed, and those that have neutral buoyancy and remain just above the substrate. In many species of fish, neutral buoyancy is maintained by a gas-filled swim bladder which can be expanded or contracted as the circumstances require.
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These rings in their turn cooled, and finally condensed into the planets, while the Sun represented the central core which was still left. On this view, Laplace predicted that the more distant planets would be older than those nearer the Sun.Owen, T. C. (2001) "Solar system: origin of the solar system", Encyclopædia Britannica, Deluxe CDROM edition As mentioned, the idea of the nebular hypothesis had been outlined by Immanuel Kant in 1755, and he had also suggested "meteoric aggregations" and tidal friction as causes affecting the formation of the Solar System. Laplace was probably aware of this, but, like many writers of his time, he generally did not reference the work of others.
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In a large, linear barrier reef in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, very large aggregations of group-matings form daily in a single area near the foreside of the reef. Tagging studies have shown that fish are generally faithful to particular feeding schools that are assorted throughout the forereef, and that they tend to migrate to spawning grounds over 1.5 kilometers away. There is no mating that appears to happen in other upcurrent areas of the forereef. Despite large differences in the times that are spent on the migration, there are no significant differences in the fecundity or frequency of spawning among females that live at different distances from the mating aggregation.
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Belize's maritime territory is home to 13 species of grouper. Surveys conducted by the Green Reef Environmental Institute in 2001 and 2002 concluded that local populations of grouper were in rapid decline, and all species of grouper native to Belize are now considered "conservation dependent". Highly prized by fishermen, groupers once constituted one of the most commercially valuable exports of Belize. Annual spawning aggregations at specific times and locations have made the species highly vulnerable to over-fishing. Fertile females contain sacks of roe that sell for up to 4 times more per pound than the actual fish itself, meaning that in many cases individuals will be removed before they have had the chance to reproduce.
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Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, opined, "one of the most unusual aggregations ever assembled in Australia, [they] played jug-band blues enlivened with sideshow entertainment and vaudeville lunacy." During 1971 they appeared as themselves in Tim Burstall's comedy feature film, Stork. They signed with Image Records and issued their debut single, "My Canary Has Circles Under His Eyes" (written by Jack Golden,This is not composer and producer John Lionel Golden but John Irving Golden, known as Jack Golden. See Jack Golden's repertoire at ASCAP, retrieved 12 March 2019 [user may need to re-enter search term] Ted Koehler and Edward Pola), which is a cover version of Irish-born English band leader, Debroy Somers' 1931 original.
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Females and young form groups of about 10 individuals or join together in larger aggregations, and nonterritorial males form bachelor groups. In the Serengeti and Tarangire ecosystems, populations are mostly migratory, with herds consisting of both sexes frequently moving, but resident subpopulations also exist. During the rutting season, the males may form temporary territories for a few hours or a day or so, and attempt to gather together a few females with which to mate, but soon they have to move on, often moving ahead to set up another temporary territory. In the Maasai Mara game reserve, a non-migratory population of blue wildebeest had dwindled from about 119,000 animals in 1977 to about 22,000 in 1997.
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These damselfish feed on filamentous algae which make up about 90% of their diet, although they may consume detritus and some invertebrate material, possibly ingesting it accidentally with the algae. They are territorial and cultivate the algae, guarding their garden from other fish. Most species of Stegastes live a solitary existence, though some live in association with a member of the opposite sex and a few form loose aggregations of a small number of individuals. They tend not to face too much competition from other fish because of the very shallow water in which they live and because their habitat is not actually on reefs, but is near them, among boulders, dead branching corals, man-made structures, and junk.
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However, many live along the coast in temperate climates (10) and around coastal environments where it is safer for the polyps to develop (1). As the temperature of the water increases, whether with global warming or seasonal, the number of medusae increases as well as the ratio of polyps to medusae (8). Without the influence of wind and water currents, Aurelia live alone, however, they are thought to be brought together into aggregations as a result of wind and water currents (10). With all of the variability from their environments, the medusae of Aurelia are able to “de- grow” which allows them to cheat death in a way until proper conditions are met in order to survive by becoming a smaller medusa (5).
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Am. Fish. Soc. 138, 189–199 (2009) Philipps is also involved with research programs in The Bahamas examining spatial ecology and the effects of fisheries interactions on bonefish.Danylchuk, A. J., Cooke, S. J., Goldberg, T. L., Suski, C. D., Murchie, K. J., Danylchuk, S. E., Shultz, A. D., Haak, C. R., Brooks, E. J., Oronti, A., Koppelman, J.B., Philipp, D. P. Aggregations and offshore movements as indicators of spawning activity of bonefish (Albula vulpes) in The Bahamas. Mar. Biol. 158, 1981–1999 (2011)Danylchuk, S. E., Danylchuk, A. J., Cooke, S. J., Goldberg, T. L., Koppelman, J., Philipp, D. P. Effects of recreational angling on the post-release behavior and predation of bonefish (Albula vulpes): the role of equilibrium status at the time of release.
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Two years later, after innumberable flare-ups Tommy walked off the bandstand at the Glen Island Casino to form his own band. I’m Getting’ Sentimental Over You, previously recorded with his brother, and the opening track of this album, became (with its accompanied opening trombone notes) his nostalgic identification. Within a year, the Tommy Dorsey Band was at the top of the jazz trade paper polls. Into the 1940s, it remained one of the key aggregations of the Swing Era, despite the shifting personnel problems generated by World War II. Yearend of 1946 when Les Brown, Benny Carter, Benny Goodman, Woody Herman, Ina Ray Hutton, Harry James, and Jack Teagarden dissolved their bands, the Dorsey organization also became a postwar casualty.
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The third strategy is that the female wasp secretes a whitish substance from specialised glands in its antennae in to the brood cell, this secretion contains symbiotic bacteria of the genus Streptomyces, which are ingested by the larva and before the larva pupates the bacteria are applied to the cocoon to protect the larva from fungal infection. The males set up territories in vegetation near to the females' nesting aggregations, these territories do not hold any resources to interest the females. The territories are around a quarter of a square metre in extent and are marked with a pheromone from the male's cephalic glands. The males defend these territories from intruding males but the defence does not involve physical contact between the antagonists.
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At the development level, anthropologist and researcher Jason Hickel has challenged the narrative that the rich countries of the OECD help the poor countries develop their economies and eradicate poverty. Hickel states that the rich countries "aren’t developing poor countries; poor countries are developing rich ones." In 2015, the World Bank declared that the "developing / developed world categorization" is becoming less relevant, due to worldwide improvements in indices such as child mortality rates, fertility rates and extreme poverty rates. Accordingly, World Bank is phasing out use of that descriptor. Instead, the reports by Worldbank (such as the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the Global Monitoring Report) now include data aggregations for the whole world, for regions, and for income groups - but not for the “developing world”.
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The National Broadcasting Company of New York City launched the Thesaurus program service on July 15, 1935. It was the third such service in the United States after World Broadcasting System (the first) and Standard Radio Advertising Co., Inc. An advertisement in the June 15, 1935, issue of the trade publication Broadcasting described the service as "A Treasure House of Recorded Programs" and noted that Thesaurus would be demonstrated at the upcoming convention of the National Association of Broadcasters. An article in that same issue of Broadcasting reported: > [T]he initial plan is to offer to stations a library of approximately 400 > units at the outset, including leading musical aggregations and soloists, > along with dramatic skits, comedy teams and other diversified program > arrangements.
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It is tolerant of low and changing salinities, and has been reported from estuaries and the lower reaches of large rivers. Juveniles inhabit inshore waters less than deep throughout the year, while adults tend to be found further offshore and regularly approach the coast only in spring and summer, when large aggregations can be readily observed in shallow water. Populations of copper sharks in both hemispheres perform seasonal migrations, in response to temperature changes, reproductive events, and/or prey availability; the movement patterns differ with sex and age. Adult females and juveniles spend winter in the subtropics and generally shift to higher latitudes as spring nears, with pregnant females also moving towards the coast to give birth in inshore nursery areas.
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Cumulativism is Peña's philosophical orientation as developed from 1996 onwards. Cumulativism is contradictorial gradualism with an added emphasis on six hitherto partly implicit components of his approach: (1) All transitions are either continuous or at least supervene on underlying continuous mutations, going through successive steps; hence change is always slow and implies a succession of stages, each of which keeps many qualities of the previous stage. (2) All transitions are either aggregations or disaggregations (processes of sedimentation or erosion) since cumulation, gathering, is reality's most prominent feature (ontophantics had already conceived of all entities as sets, but now the principle of togetherness is made the mainstay of the philosophical system). (3) Metaphysical isolationism is avoided by espousing collectivism both in metaphysics and political philosophy.
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Cross Section view of the structures that can be formed by phospholipids in aqueous solutions Polymorphism in biophysics is the ability of lipids to aggregate in a variety of ways, giving rise to structures of different shapes, known as "phases". This can be in the form of sphere of lipid molecules (micelles), pairs of layers that face one another (lamellar phase, observed in biological systems as a lipid bilayer), a tubular arrangement (hexagonal), or various cubic phases (Fdm, Imm, Iam, Pnm, and Pmm being those discovered so far). More complicated aggregations have also been observed, such as rhombohedral, tetragonal and orthorhombic phases. It forms an important part of current academic research in the fields of membrane biophysics (polymorphism), biochemistry (biological impact) and organic chemistry (synthesis).
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The fish start to transform into males at a length of 65 cm, although most change sex when they are between 80 and 90 cm in total length. In some populations the presence of large female fish suggests that not all females change sex. During the breeding season small clusters of a few tens of individuals form at specific spawning sites, an exception to their normally solitary existence. Known sites where E. marginatus traditionally gather to spawn include the Medes Islands Marine Reserve in Spain, off Lampedusa in Italy and Port-Cros National Park in France, all in the Mediterranean; fishermen in Brazil suspect there are aggregations off the coast of Santa Catarina but so far none has been definitely found.
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They claim that unlike traditional business intelligence products that are designed to work with relational databases and are SQL-centric, Zoomdata "Smart Data Connectors" connect to a wide variety of modern data sources and can retrieve data using SQL, native APIs, or a combination of both SQL and native APIs. This allows users to work with data in such disparate systems as search-engine databases like Elasticsearch, big data Hadoop databases like Apache Impala, cloud data warehouses like Snowflake, and more. The company offers several methods of working with multiple databases at the same time, including a data blending feature they call Data Fusion. Another distinction is that Zoomdata pushes down ad-hoc queries, filters, groupings (aggregations), and even calculations to existing high-performing databases.
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Other possible stimuli were tried but mostly had negative responses; heat was ineffective; CO2 had little effect but reduced clumping in light treated cells; potassium hydroxide had little effect; charcoal increased the number of clumps in light treated cells and caused a slight increase in number of dark cells that agglutinated; mineral oil has similar effects to charcoal in light treated cells but a more marked effect in the dark cells where the resulting aggregations nearly reached that found in light treated cultures. The conclusions drawn from these experiments were that some form of suppressor may accumulate in the vicinity of the myxamoebae preventing them from agglutinating. Light exposure encouraged agglutination before much suppressor was present. Charcoal and mineral oil increased agglutination by absorbing the suppressor.
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Annual spawning occurs in specific locations on the outer reef shelf during the days around the full moon of December and January. Aggregations can range anywhere from a dozen to up to several thousand adult individuals and are usually in the same site each year, making an easy target for fishermen. This intensive harvesting of reproductively active individuals, often before they have had the chance to spawn, has resulted in a marked decline in both abundance and size. One site for example, Caye Glory, historically provided a catch of up to 1,200–1,800 Nassau groupers per boat per spawning season during the 1960s. In 2001, at the same site, fishers caught just 9 individuals out of an aggregation of 21 groupers.
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When a synchronous system communicates with an asynchronous system, it is referred to as "sync over async" or "sync/async". This is common in enterprise application integration (EAI) implementations where slow aggregations, time-intensive functions, or human workflow must be performed before a response can be constructed and delivered. In contrast, one-way computer communication, which is like the push-to-talk or "barge in" feature found on some phones and two-way radios, sends a message without waiting for a response. Sending an email is an example of one-way communication, and another example are fieldbus sensors, such as most CAN bus sensors, which periodically and autonomously send out their data, whether or not any other devices on the bus are listening for it.
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Dioithona oculata is native to the Indo- Pacific region but has expanded its range into the Atlantic. Its range includes Madagascar, the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, lagoons in the Laccadives, Rodrigues, the Nicobar Islands, Christmas Island, the Strait of Malacca, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, the Caroline Islands, the Palau Islands, the Great Barrier Reef, New Caledonia, the Samoa Islands, northern Chile and California. The Atlantic range includes the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, Belize, the Caribbean, Jamaica and the Gulf of Mexico. It can form swarms, dense aggregations of individuals, and these have been observed in shallow water over sandy bottoms, above patches of algae in reef areas and over algae on rocky shores.
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Relational completeness clearly does not imply that any interesting database query can be expressed in relationally complete languages. Well-known examples of inexpressible queries include simple aggregations (counting tuples, or summing up values occurring in tuples, which are operations expressible in SQL but not in relational algebra) and computing the transitive closure of a graph given by its binary edge relation (see also expressive power). Codd's theorem also doesn't consider SQL nulls and the three-valued logic they entail; the logical treatment of nulls remains mired in controversy.For recent work extending Codd's theorem in this direction see Additionally, SQL allows duplicate rows (has multiset semantics.) Nevertheless, relational completeness constitutes an important yardstick by which the expressive power of query languages can be compared.
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In 2007, neuropathologists from the Sports Legacy Institute (an organization co-founded by Christopher Nowinski, himself a former professional wrestler) examined the brain of Chris Benoit, a professional wrestler with WWE, who killed his wife and son before committing suicide. The suicide and double murder were originally attributed to anabolic steroid abuse, but a brain biopsy confirmed pathognomonic CTE tissue changes: large aggregations of tau protein as manifested by neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads, which cause neurodegeneration. In 2009, Bennet Omalu discovered CTE in recently retired wrestler Andrew "Test" Martin, who died at age 33 from an accidental drug overdose. On February 9, 2016, Daniel Bryan was forced to retire early due to signs of CTE and post-concussion seizures.
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The term aquapelago was introduced to the field of Island Studies in 2012 by contributors to Shima, an online, open-access journal of research into island and maritime cultures.Publication Details - Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures [ISSN: 1834-6057] In its initial coinage, by Philip Hayward, Etymologically, the term replaces the initial two syllables of the well-known term “archipelago” with “aqua” in order to reassert the role of marine elements in aggregations of islands that has been largely lost from contemporary usage of the term archipelago.There is a degree of irony here in that the term “archipelago” was derived from the Greek arkhi (chief) and pelagos (sea), referring to the Aegean. Elaborating the concept, SuwaSuwa, Jun’ichiro (2012) “Shima and Aquapelagic Assemblages” Shima 6 (1), 12-16.
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The Epeolus larva then consumes the egg of the host bee and then feeds on the pollen the Colletes bee provisioned the cell with for her offspring. Epeolus bees may be rather obvious and easily observed in the vicinity of the nesting aggregations of their hosts and often use the same flowers to feed on. Colletes bees line their nesting cells with a cellophane like covering which they exude from the Dufour's gland to protect the cell from moisture and fungal infection, female Epeolus bees have spines on the end of their abdomens which they use to pierce u-shaped holes in this covering so that she can oviposit between its layers, she also secretes a small amount of glue so that the egg adheres to the cell.
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In a review for Resident Advisor, Andrew Ryce called Instrumentals "a collection of aching, blown-out paeans to wonder, sadness and profound joy—music that any of the above could fall in love with." Pitchfork critic Brandon Soderberg said Casino's "attention to hip-hop structure ... makes these beats so emotionally devastating." Rory Gibb from The Quietus felt that, without the rappers they were originally produced for, the instrumentals are "revealed as intricate enough to stand alone in their own right", while sounding "ephemeral and peculiarly of this moment, phantom aggregations of mood and sound that coalesce for brief periods of time before potentially disengaging at some undisclosed point in the future." Sputnikmusic's Conrad Tao felt that, although Instrumentals sounds occasionally conventional, Casino's approach to sampling is "refreshingly abstract".
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They were observed to have dilated heart chambers, as well as higher heart-to-body ratios with enlarged hearts, and the cardiac myocytes were larger in size. No difference was observed in arterial blood pressure between wild-type and mutant mice, thus cardiomegaly was not attributed to hypertension. Upon analysis, it was found that KDEL mutant mice had proliferation in their sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and a narrowing in the transverse tubule compared to the wild-type and controls. Moreover, aggregations of degenerative membrane proteins were observed in the expanded SR. This suggests that the mutant KDEL receptor leads to impaired recycling and quality control of the ER, which leads to aggregation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Furthermore, KDEL D193N transgenic mice had defects in the L-type Ca++ channel current in ventricular myocytes.
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Gregarious aggregation of bogong moths during aestivation During the spring migration, bogong moths gregariously aggregate with densities reaching 17,000 moths per square metre (10.8 square feet) within caves, crevices, and other areas hidden from the sunlight. The lack of light and relatively constant temperature and humidity makes these spots favourable during aestivation. The first moths that arrive occupy the deepest and darkest locations, using their fore tarsi to grip onto the rock faces, and aggregations form around these initial areas, with moths arriving later settling for less ideal areas with more sunlight, higher temperatures, and decreased humidity. To diminish the amount of light that reaches their light- sensitive eyes, later moths push themselves underneath the wings and abdomens of moths that arrived earlier and place their hind legs on top of the moths beneath them.
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It lives in clear water areas of lagoons and shallow reefs, inhabiting waters from 1 to 50 meters (usually above 15m), and makes its home under ledges, in holes, and in between the spines of sea urchins. Coral reef fish settlement tends to be dominated by larval recruitment, but in at least part of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, around one third of recruitment of O. cyanosoma at any given coral reef patch tends to be by adult and juvenile migration across intervening sand and coral debris. Within the large aggregations in which O. cyanosoma prefers, stable male-female pairs are often found. Individuals in pairs are more likely to live in one site, and to be able to return to that site if removed (with or without their partner), than are unpaired individuals.
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The amount of carbon tied up in a typical single whale carcass (about two metric tons of carbon for a typical forty-ton carcass) is roughly equivalent to the amount of carbon exported to a hectare of abyssal ocean floor in 100–200 years. This amount of organic material reaching the seafloor at one time creates a pulse equivalent to about 2000 years of background carbon flux in the 50 square meters of sediment immediately beneath the whale fall. This helps to sustain the community structure that develops around a whale fall, but it also has potential implications for the biological pump, or the flux of organic material from the surface ocean to depth. Whales and some other large marine animals feed on and follow large aggregations of zooplankton for sustenance.
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However, because water levels are stable in Lake Kununurra and its associated wetlands, they have developed densely vegetated margins, with aquatic plants fringed by bulrushes, grassland and savanna woodland. Tree species found on the wetland margins include broad-leaved paperbark, Eucalyptus microtheca, river red gum, Nauclea orientalis, Sesbania formosa and Lophostemon grandiflorus. The lakes form an important dry season refuge for waterbirds, with regular numbers of over 20,000 and sometimes of up to 200,000 individuals. Lake Argyle contains some of the largest aggregations of waterbirds in northern Australia. Abundant species include glossy ibis (with up to 6,000 counted), magpie goose (10,500), wandering whistling duck (11,000), plumed whistling duck (4,300), radjah shelduck (900), Pacific black duck (16,000), grey teal (17,200), pink-eared duck (1,800), hardhead (51,400), green pygmy goose (1,500) and Eurasian coot (50,000).
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Following the path of his dual interests, he was a member of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra (1941), the Claude Thornhill Orchestra (1942), the Army Air Corps band during World War II (1942-1945), the Cleveland Orchestra (1945-1946), the Tex Beneke Orchestra (1946-1949), and the Stan Kenton Orchestra (1950-1953). The 1950s were a period of intense activity by Graas, as performer, composer, and arranger. Besides groups under his own name, he appeared in the musical aggregations of Shorty Rogers, Stan Kenton, Maynard Ferguson, Billy May, Pete Rugolo, Mel Lewis, and others. The 1960s began with equal intensity, including recordings with Henry Mancini, Bobby Darin, Heinie Beau, and others, until his career was cut short by his death of a heart attack, at age 45, in the Van Nuys section of Los Angeles.
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Natural spawning behaviour in the species has never been observed, although large aggregations of bluefin trevally observed in Palau consisting of over 1000 fish are believed to be for the purpose of spawning. Extensive studies on the species in captivity has revealed the species to be a multiple spawner, capable of spawning at least 8 times a year, and up to twice in 5 days. Spawning events are often clustered in a few consecutive or alternate days, usually in the third or fourth lunar phases. Spawning apparently occurs at night to minimise predation on eggs. Fecundity in the natural environment has been reported to range from around 50 000 to 4 270 000, with larger individuals releasing more eggs. Studies in captive fish show females may produce over 6 000 000 eggs per year.
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Often they will be of a single age and possibly of a single sex, such as shoals of fish fry that have specific ecological requirements that are not compatible with those of the mature species. One class of such aggregations comprises groups of adult, but immature "bachelor" males of elephants, seals, lions and other animals in which the mature herd will not tolerate males that would begin to compete with the dominant males. Another is when aposematic larvae of certain insects such as some Lepidoptera and Hemiptera form a flock that feed together and may migrate in "processions" until they are mature after which some kinds disperse. Most species of migrating birds and mammals flock on a large scale, partly for protection and partly for greater reliability of navigation.
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The yellowspotted trevally lives either alone or in large schools, with smaller groups often patrolling the edges of reefs in search of food and large solitary fish are known to patrol seagrass beds in search of prey. The species' diet consists of small fish such as anchovies, a wide range of crustaceans, including swimming crabs, mantis shrimp, and prawns, and cephalopods such as squid. Preliminary dietary information collected from the North West Shelf of Australia shows C. fulvoguttatus and C. gymnostethus inhabit very similar habitats, and are able to do so by partitioning their diets, with C. fulvoguttatus taking more fish and cephalopods, while C. gymnostethus predominantly takes crustaceans. The only data on reproduction in the species come from Palau, where large spawning aggregations form in the third quarter of the lunar month.
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When the female is choosing spiders, she selects the larger specimens, usually females, to lay fertilised eggs on and these produce female wasps, unfertilised eggs are laid on captured male spiders and these hatch into male wasps. In Big Bend Ranch State Park, Texas, four species of plants accounted for 73.6% of all plants which were used by adults for feeding; these were the milkweeds: Asclepias texana and Asclepias sperryi; Mexican buckeye Ungnadia speciosa, and honey mesquite Prosopis glandulosa. Wasps of the genus Pepsis do seem to be important pollinators of milkweeds which are regarded as noxious weeds, as they are poisonous to grazing livestock. P. grossa forms mixed-species, mixed-sex aggregations that appear to be defensive in nature and probably assist in the location of resources and mating opportunities.
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The first in situ observations of extensive living chemosynthetic communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea prompted cooperation between biologists, geochemists, and geologists. During submersible dives, communities comprising large fields of small bivalves (dead and alive), large siboglinid tube worms, isolated or forming dense aggregations, large sponges, and associated endemic fauna were observed in various cold seep habitats associated with carbonate crusts at 1,700–2,000 m depth. Two mud volcano fields were first explored, one along the Mediterranean Ridge, where most of them were partially (Napoli, Milano mud volcanoes) or totally (Urania, Maidstone mud volcanoes) affected by brines, and the other on the Anaximander mounds south of Turkey. The latter area includes the large Amsterdam mud volcano, which is affected by recent mudflows, and the smaller Kazan or Kula mud volcanoes.
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As an adult, D. fascicularis lives attached to a float made either of natural flotsam or of a cement it secretes itself, which has a texture like that of expanded polystyrene foam. It is the only barnacle to produce its own gas-filled float. The cyprid larvae are planktonic, and must attach to a float for metamorphosis into the adult form, but the adults are eventually capable of using their own float, sometimes forming aggregations of many individuals attached to a single float. Among the floats used by adult buoy barnacles are pellets of tar, seaweeds, plastic debris, driftwood, feathers, cranberries, cuttlefish bone, the "by-the-wind-sailor" Velella velella, seagrass leaves, Styrofoam, seeds, and even apples; they have even been known to colonise the backs of turtles and the sea snake Pelamis platurus.
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Shared information referenced from object graphs that reside in other databases and resolution of that information is transparent at runtime. For example, several physical databases may hold user information models that are partitioned by account number holding aggregations on account activities such as trades and then have some more databases holding actual trade models and these users and trades can be related. A query across all of the user databases and return a user (or set of users), then as messages are sent to user objects involving trades, the trade models will automatically be resolved across the distribution. After updates of any of those objects, at commit time Versant will ensure that all changes commit back to their respective physical nodes in a completely ACID 2phase commit process. Object id’s are guaranteed to be unique across all physical nodes.
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In addition they were instructed "in all those cases where there are populous localities of an urban character to include them in one and the same division, unless this cannot be done without grave inconvenience, and involving boundaries of a very irregular and objectionable character". Subject to these rules, the divisions were to be as compact as possible and should be based on "well known local areas" such as petty sessional divisions or other aggregations of parishes. If necessary, an individual parish or parishes could be added to existing areas in order to equalise population, but under no circumstances was a parish to be divided. The county divisions were to be named after an "important town or place" within it, "preference being given to any merged borough or boroughs, or when it consists mainly of a well-known area, from that area".
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Steam also aggregates these reviews and enables users to sort products based on this feedback while browsing the store. In May 2016, Steam further broke out these aggregations between all reviews overall and those made more recently in the last 30 days, a change Valve acknowledges to how game updates, particularly those in Early Access, can alter the impression of a game to users. To prevent observed abuse of the review system by developers or other third-party agents, Valve modified the review system in September 2016 to discount review scores for a game from users that activated the product through a product key rather than directly purchased by the Steam Store, though their reviews remain visible. Alongside this, Valve announced that it would end business relations with any developer or publisher that they have found to be abusing the review system.
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Little is known about the feeding habits of the pale batis, other than that it forages by gleaning insects from leaves and branches, it occasionally gleans while hovering and it often joins mixed foraging parties. Its social behaviour is probably similar to other batises in that it is not normally seen in groups larger than pairs or family groups, although the males may gather in single sex aggregations known as "parliaments" immediately prior to the breeding season, when they fly about excitedly, snapping their bills, fripping their wings and making "wik" calls. The male has a zigzag courtship display flight which he performs along with wing fripping, tail fanning and fluffing up the long, white spotted rump feathers while giving strident "week-week-week" calls. The females joins in the calls with her own excited "wik-wik" call.
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Chapman also tested new designs in fishing gear and the sensors and equipment used to measure and monitor fishing gear performance, and used towed - and later remotely operated - submersibles to observe the performance of fishing gear she was testing. Scientists embarked on Chapman pioneered and developed the capability to measure fish populations using fishery acoustic systems. During her later years, Chapman used fishery acoustic systems to locate spawning aggregations of grouper and to characterize reef fish habitats during annual surveys under the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP). As an alternative to the often environmentally damaging methods of trawling and dredging, scientists aboard Chapman pioneered the use of fixed video cameras deployed on sensitive reef habitats to collect information on the kinds and abundance of reef fishes in a non-destructive manner, a novel approach in fishery data collection.
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Nests are typically short, simple burrows, with a single enlarged chamber at the bottom which is stocked with freshly killed prey items for the developing wasp larva; the egg may sometimes be laid before the chamber is completely stocked. It is common for numerous females to excavate nests within a small area where the soil is suitable, creating large and sometimes very dense nesting aggregations, which tend to attract various species of parasitic flies and wasps, many of which are cleptoparasites; in some cases, the sand wasps prey on their own parasites, a surprisingly rare phenomenon in the animal kingdom.Howard E. Evans, "A Review of Prey Choice in Bembicine Sand Wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)" Neotropical Entomology 31(1): 001-011 (2002) (PDF at ) Although sand wasps are normally yellow and black, some are black and white with bright green eyes.
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This is the highest figure thus far measured from any shark, though it also reflects the concentration of force at the tooth tip. Dense aggregations of young sharks, forming in response to feeding opportunities, have been documented in the Indian Ocean. The known diet of the dusky shark encompasses pelagic fishes, including herring and anchovies, tuna and mackerel, billfish, jacks, needlefish and flyingfish, threadfins, hairtails, lancetfish, and lanternfish; demersal fishes, including mullets, porgies, grunts, and flatheads, eels, lizardfish, cusk eels, gurnards, and flatfish; reef fishes, including barracudas, goatfish, spadefish, groupers, scorpionfish, and porcupinefish; cartilaginous fishes, including dogfish, sawsharks, angel sharks, catsharks, thresher sharks, smoothhounds, smaller requiem sharks, sawfish, guitarfish, skates, stingrays, and butterfly rays; and invertebrates, including cephalopods, decapod crustaceans, barnacles, and sea stars. Very rarely, the largest dusky sharks may also consume sea turtles, marine mammals (mainly as carrion), and human refuse.
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Orange roughy are oceanodromous (wholly marine), pelagic spawners: that is, they migrate several hundred kilometers between localized spawning and feeding areas each year and form large spawning aggregations (possibly segregated according to gender) wherein the fish release large, spherical eggs in diameter, made buoyant by an orange-red oil globule) and sperm en masse directly into the water. The fertilized eggs, which are said to be , (and later larvae) are planktonic, rising to around to develop, with the young fish eventually descending to deeper waters as they mature. Orange roughy are also synchronous, shedding sperm and eggs at the same time. The time between fertilization and hatching is thought to be 10 to 20 days; fecundity is low, with each female producing only 22,000 eggs per kg of body weight, less than 10% of the average for other species of fish.
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In 1994, the Australian Geological Survey Organization mapped the south Tasmanian seafloor, including the Tasmanian Seamounts; shortly thereafter, Environment Australia (now the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities) released a report stating that the Tasmanian Seamount fauna was highly diverse, inadequately studied, and vulnerable to overfishing, and recommended that an oceanic reserve be created on the site. An interim three–year ban on trawling was declared to allow a study of the seamounts to be carried out in 1997 which found 242 distinct species of invertebrates. 26% to 44% of them could not be identified and are thus believed to be new, and about a third are seemingly present only in the seamount environment. Damage from trawling was also examined, and on the most heavily affected seamounts it had destroyed coral aggregations, removed 46% of species, and reduced net biomass by over half.
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Australian giant cuttlefish The Bellambi site attracted large numbers of albatrosses because of the seasonal abundance of breeding aggregations of a favoured prey species, the Australian giant cuttlefish, with the albatrosses feasting both on live cuttlefish and the debris from predation by dolphins. At Malabar the attraction was the presence of a major submarine sewage outfall which, during the 1950s, discharged large quantities of meaty and fatty wastes from abattoirs and tanneries and acted as a feeding station for albatrosses and other seabirds. According to local ornithologist Keith Hindwood, "Towards the end of April or early in May there is a large influx [of wandering albatrosses], and for the next six months it is not unusual to record from 100 to upwards of 400 birds close to the sewer outlets or resting on the water near the drift-line extending for half a mile or more from the cliffs".
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A leading characteristic of this chapter is also that a copious account of the Hindu Renaissance and with it of the Muslim Renaissance and its limitations have been presented. Dinkar : India's antecedent composite cultural catalytic formation is suggestively sketched out by Dinkar as a product of four cultural revolutions and acculturative tendencies: (a) Aryan-Dravidian (Mongoloid) racial aggregations and admixures and Indo-European/Dravidian/(Tibeto-Burman) linguistic agglomerations and transitions; (b) Vedic or Brahmanical foundational worldview and Jain, Buddhist, Bhakti, Sikh, Sufi, and a variety of neo-Hindu reform movements; (c) Hindu-Muslim encounter, coexistence, and osmosis; and (d) Indo-European contact and British colonial conquest of India. The vast panoramic overview of Dinkar's historiography of India's composite culture verges on a kind of Darwinist evolutionism. The idea of India of Dinkar's imagination is reminiscent of the American 'melting pot' model of assimilative nationalism.
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In this way, chaperones do not actually increase the rate of individual steps involved in the folding pathway toward the native structure; instead, they work by reducing possible unwanted aggregations of the polypeptide chain that might otherwise slow down the search for the proper intermediate and they provide a more efficient pathway for the polypeptide chain to assume the correct conformations. Chaperones are not to be confused with folding catalysts, which actually do catalyze the otherwise slow steps in the folding pathway. Examples of folding catalysts are protein disulfide isomerases and peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that may be involved in formation of disulfide bonds or interconversion between cis and trans stereoisomers, respectively. Chaperones are shown to be critical in the process of protein folding in vivo because they provide the protein with the aid needed to assume its proper alignments and conformations efficiently enough to become "biologically relevant".
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The 2004 book Weird N.J. (a tie-in to the History Channel TV series Weird U.S.) chronicled, failed to prove, yet further popularized one of the lesser-known local urban legends of the US, "albino colonies". The book uses alleged firsthand accounts mailed to the authors to paint a picture of various locations in the U.S. (most notably Clifton, New Jersey) where aggregations of albinistic families were said to live in seclusion. The accounts tell tales of honking horns to try to bring the residents out of their houses, of gawkers being shot at by residents, and even of gangs of local albinistic vigilantes. In some versions of the sewer alligator urban legends, the alligators supposedly became albinistic due to mutation (which is implausible due to the short time scale) and/or lack of exposure to sunlight (which erroneously conflates pallor due to lack of exposure to sunlight with albinism).
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Usual when approached, the owl will freezes with its body stiffly upright, eyes closed to narrow slits and ear tufts erect. This is called the “tall-thin position” and is common to at least a couple dozen species of typical owl. If approached closed, the owls will alternately open and close their eyes (apparently having stirred but trying to fool potential predators into thinking the owl is still at rest), finally lowering ear tufts, fluffing body plumage and flying to another roost. Unlike most owls, which show a tendency towards territorial behavior on a fixed range year-around when possible, long-eared owls in the non-breeding season are often prone to occur in aggregations of owls while roosting. Such grouping may not uncommonly include up to 6 to 50 owls at times, with a European record of about 150 owls at a single roost.
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Redis popularized the idea of a system that can be considered at the same time a store and a cache, using a design where data is always modified and read from the main computer memory, but also stored on disk in a format that is unsuitable for random access of data, but only to reconstruct the data back in memory once the system restarts. At the same time, Redis provides a data model that is very unusual compared to a relational database management system (RDBMS). User commands do not describe a query to be executed by the database engine but rather specific operations that are performed on given abstract data types. Hence, data must be stored in a way which is suitable later for fast retrieval, without help from the database system in form of secondary indexes, aggregations or other common features of traditional RDBMS.
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The authors say that their results rule out the existence of nanobacteria as living entities and that they are instead a unique self-propagating entity, namely self-propagating mineral-fetuin complexes. An April 2008 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) article also reported that blood nanobacteria are not living organisms and stated that "CaCO3 precipitates prepared in vitro are remarkably similar to purported nanobacteria in terms of their uniformly sized, membrane- delineated vesicular shapes, with cellular division-like formations and aggregations in the form of colonies." The growth of such "biomorphic" inorganic precipitates was studied in detail in a 2009 Science paper, which showed that unusual crystal growth mechanisms can produce witherite precipitates from barium chloride and silica solutions that closely resemble primitive organisms. The authors commented on the close resemblance of these crystals to putative nanobacteria, stating that their results showed that evidence for life cannot rest on morphology alone.
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Changing Seas is a public television series produced by South Florida PBS (WPBT2-WXEL) in Miami, Florida, and is narrated by announcers Craig Sechler and Peter Thomas. Changing Seas explores marine science topics along with marine experts from around the globe. The series features 36 episodes to date, offering topics related to marine life and scientific research missions. Episode topics include: marine life at the Blue Heron Bridge, manatee conservation in Crystal River, the secret sex lives of fish, stingrays at Stingray city, Grand Cayman, Atlantic goliath grouper, Aquarius Underwater Laboratory, whale shark congregations in Mexico, climate change in the Galápagos Islands, deep-water corals, aquaculture, research in Dry Tortugas National Park, the impact of legacy contaminants on bottlenose dolphins, seagrasses and mangroves, artificial reefs, the lionfish invasion, coral reef restoration, testing of sea sponges for medical use, the impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, tracking tiger sharks, studying microorganisms living on corals, Nassau grouper spawning aggregations, and the coastal carnivores living in Everglades National Park.
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Most of these drugs were identified as potentially effective based on a single study in a rodent SOD1 model and then failed in clinical trials in patients who primarily had sporadic ALS. It is thought that these clinical trials failed because SOD1 mutations account for only 2% of all ALS cases and because the pathology of SOD1 ALS is thought to be distinct from all other types of ALS; it lacks the abnormal aggregations of TDP-43 protein or FUS protein seen in nearly all other cases of ALS. As of 2018, there are about 20 TARDBP mouse models, a dozen FUS mouse models, and a number of C9orf72, PFN1, and UBQLN2 mouse models. There are also new methods of developing animal models, including viral transgenesis, in which viruses are used to deliver mutant genes to an animal model, and CRISPR/Cas9, which can be used to give an animal model multiple mutated genes.
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Even using the fastest ships available as couriers, this communications "lag" between worlds has many consequences, greatly increasing the responsibility placed upon starship captains and senior military commanders far from home, complicating the coordination of military campaigns, and allowing a single accident or attack to render a planet incommunicado. The stories include numerous dependent and independent polities and several major star nations including two giant aggregations of many planets, Haven and the Solarian League. Protagonist Honor Harrington is a citizen of the Star Kingdom of Manticore which is, during the first 20 or so works of the series, the key rival and the main stellar protagonist against the star-conquering (People's) Republic of Haven; these two nations are consciously based on Imperial Britain and Napoleonic France, although Haven also seems to be influenced by the former Soviet Union. The first books deal with a universe of escalating tensions and military incidents until war breaks out in the third novel and lasts until the formal peace in A Rising Thunder, the thirteenth mainline novel.
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In some species of Hemiptera the adults remain with their aggregated immature offspring, sometimes in protective roles. The range of functions is very wide in detail, but among the more important classes of function are security against predators, success in food location, wide range of mate choice, with concomitant increase of outbreeding opportunities, location with other members of the same species (sometimes adherence to separate communities can almost amount to parapatric residence when say, different communities of rats or chimpanzees have violent mutual antipathy). There also are various forms of educational function, such as in some species where the young must learn the correct mate recognition skills, and in highly intelligent species such as crows and elephants, must learn the necessary social skills and the necessary traditional foraging techniques in their region. Aggregation activities are not restricted to the animal kingdom; for one example, a fundamental class of aggregations occurs in the various groups of slime molds, in which separate cells actually aggregate in the process of constructing their reproductive structure.
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Philip Hughes, A History of the Church (Sheed and Ward 1935), vol. 2, pp. 206-207 continued with the foundation in 1084 of the Carthusian monasteries, which combined the hermit life with that of the cloister, each monk having his own hermitage, coming together only for the liturgy and an occasional meal, and having no contact with the outside world, and the foundation a few years later of the Cistercians, a foundation that seemed destined to fail until in 1113 a band of 30 young men of the noblest families of Burgundy arrived, led by Bernard of Clairvaux, then 23 years old, who was to prove a dominating figure in the life of Western Europe for forty years. This was followed by the foundation in 1120 of the Canons Regular of Prémontré, not monks but clergy devoted to ascetism, study and pastoral care.Philip Hughes, A History of the Church (Sheed and Ward 1935), vol. 2, pp. 258-266 These aggregations of monasteries marked a departure from the previously existing arrangement whereby each monastery was totally independent and could decide what rule to follow. It also prepared the way for the quite different religious orders of the 13th century.
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