Just as American elites don't understand sectarianism at home, she argues, they don't understand sectarianism abroad.
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It climaxes with the with the line "there were no more Catholics left," which addresses the heart of sectarianism, a sectarianism that has been outlawed now in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
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The protests and the violent response have shredded the myth of sectarianism as the organizing principle for political power: State-sponsored sectarianism has failed to offer protection and progress to the citizens.
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Meanwhile, sectarianism is creating ever greater friction between fellow Muslims.
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Sectarianism is very important but other things come into it.
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An American focus on building a "Sunni bloc" fuels sectarianism.
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Acting just at home, MbS could deal sectarianism a blow.
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Amid these disputes, Libya's political sectarianism became ever more entrenched.
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Sectarianism was muted, and voters focused on issues like unemployment.
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They railed against sectarianism, which enriched warlords but impoverished populations.
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Elsewhere, the touchstone might be sectarianism, ethnic chauvinism, or tribal rivalries.
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Sectarianism under Saudi rule dates back to the early 20th century.
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Such proselytising stoked the sectarianism that now poisons the Middle East.
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And both use sectarianism as a tool to buttress their goals.
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Sectarianism is real and dangerous, but the region is more complicated.
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In recent years, Sadr has pledged a commitment to relinquish sectarianism.
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I mean, this is the problem I have with religious sectarianism.
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In his shame, Irfan seems to have absorbed the imam's sectarianism.
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But on issues of corruption and sectarianism, there is trouble ahead.
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Sectarianism limits the opportunities for Islamic cinema even within the Muslim world.
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"Of course sectarianism is going to be difficult to overcome," she said.
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"Sectarianism has to wane," says Adel al-Jubeir, the Saudi foreign minister.
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Iran is a notorious violator of human rights and promoter of sectarianism.
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Saudi officials denied that sectarianism had played any role in the executions.
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States has become consumed with its own animosities and political sectarianism. Fewer
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The sectarianism on the left is also (and seemingly always) a problem.
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They sought to escape superstition, and sectarianism, and tribalism, and know-nothingness.
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There is a clear rejection of sectarianism, as 'Iraqi' identity is emphasized.
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Those problems include deep sectarianism, fragile or failed governments, and weak economies.
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"The ordinary citizen makes no distinction between terrorism, Islamism and sectarianism," he said.
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Ms Hassan is not immune to the grubbiness and sectarianism of Lebanese politics.
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Borders in the Middle East are being erased amid a rise in sectarianism.
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Many of his more moderate supporters hoped he might set the sectarianism aside.
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Sectarianism is rife; tens of thousands of Sunnis flee their homes in fear.
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It also meant deliberately amping up Sunni-Shia sectarianism to serve their interests.
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But the saint has been caught up in the sectarianism that poisons Lebanese politics.
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He says he wants someone who rejects sectarianism, foreign interference and corruption in Iraq.
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On the other hand, curtailing free speech is the wrong way to combat sectarianism.
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Growing political sectarianism in Iraq helped the group rebuild its core Iraqi fighting force.
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But eventually, stoking sectarianism will only empower extremists and further destabilize an already explosive region.
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The real problem is not just that Saudis are willing to live with violent sectarianism.
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The warm feelings were short-lived, though, because of both sectarianism and Iran's growing authoritarianism.
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And sectarianism doesn't just stop at Ahmadi, it also affects Shia and other Muslims sects.
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There is no guarantee that sectarianism can be reined in once it has been unleashed.
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On June 20th the Sunni-led government said he had been promoting extremism and sectarianism.
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Third, and perhaps worst of all, General Suleimani's death portends yet more sectarianism in Iraq.
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Today, many Shiites, Sunnis and Kurds are rejecting parliamentary democracy for authoritarianism, sectarianism and communal violence.
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"The EU also regards the tuning down of sectarianism as crucial to stability in the region."
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"There's absolutely no evidence to suggest it has reduced sectarianism, which is hardly surprising," adds Massie.
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That the kingdom's leaders have embraced sectarianism so recklessly suggests that they have little other choice.
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In Iraq, there is an Iraqi army, it was just demoralized and broken, riven with sectarianism.
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It does not fund single-ethnic or single-religious activities of any sort, to discourage sectarianism.
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"I spent 10 years in Arab countries and specialized in sectarianism within Islam," Mr. Jashari said.
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Civil wars rage and sectarianism is rampant, fed by the contest between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
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Its songs have stirred controversy in the region with lyrics tackling oppression, classism, sectarianism and homophobia.
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Sectarianism has also been incited by the matches, with Indian Muslims accused of covertly supporting Pakistan.
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An Off Off Broadway show was not going to fix the sectarianism running amok in Iraq.
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Houthi militancy, which began in the 1990s, was principally motivated by regionalism rather than sectarianism per se.
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Saadi explained, "We have zero tolerance for sectarianism," which has been the bane of Iraqi security services.
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"Ferryman" has a lot to say about civil sectarianism and violence, and how storytelling can feed them.
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Some worried that its sectarianism would threaten their status as loyal citizens and elevated peoplehood over religion.
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Wajahat: Trump just poured gallons of Saudi oil on the burning fires of sectarianism with this speech.
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It was not the sectarianism that is often held up as a key to the Syrian war.
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The protests are largely a rebuke of rampant corruption, government mismanagement, and a system dominated by sectarianism.
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Trump highlighted Modi's efforts on poverty, rather than his record of failing to curb sectarianism in India.
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Sectarianism did not cause the war in Syria, but it is making that war a lot worse.
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However, he also raised the issue of sectarianism, for which he has chided Gulf states in the past on grounds it fuels Islamist militancy, saying "the prosperity and stability of the region depends on countries treating all their citizens fairly and ... sectarianism is an enemy of peace and prosperity".
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The Scottish government have tried, introducing the Offensive Behaviour at Football Act (OFBA) in 2012 to combat sectarianism.
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Details abound: Lenin's sectarianism, for example, meant that he would not share the anti-war cause with others.
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The fruit of the Arab Spring has been chaos, war, displacement of millions, bloodshed, sectarianism and renewed oppression.
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"We have heard a lot about sectarianism in Iraq, but we don't hear about the economy," he says.
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For all the talk of sectarianism, state competition drives Middle East dynamics far more than Sunni-Shia division.
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" She went on to note that "a big problem with our opposition is its ideological and political sectarianism.
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Celtic: The Old Firm is the world's oldest continuous rivalry representing Glasgow's religious sectarianism between Catholics and Protestants.
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No one who seriously studies the Middle East considers Sunni-Shia sectarianism to be a primarily religious issue.
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Indeed, polls show that sectarianism in Iraq has declined in recent years, replaced by a revival of nationalism.
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In Yemen, for example, the Carnegie Endowment scholar Farea al-Muslimi warns that sectarianism is "poisoning" the country.
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Even though this week's crisis began with Saudi Arabia executing Nimr, probably to deliberately promote sectarianism, it's a crisis that puts Saudi Arabia itself at risk Anti-Shia sectarianism might help drive Saudi-backed Islamist militias, but it also feeds into ISIS, which poses a real threat to Saudi Arabia.
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However, I would argue that Saudi policies can be better thought of as promoting sectarianism as a security issue.
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The media coverage of most what was happening, certainly in Syria, downplayed the extreme sectarianism of the effective opposition.
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Sectarianism will matter less if political relations thaw, returning the rivalry to normal competition rather than active military conflict.
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Iran finds sectarianism useful for galvanizing militia forces to prop up Assad in Syria and fight ISIS in Iraq.
|
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The protests, described as the country's largest in 14 years, have been unprecedented in their cross-sectarianism and scope.
|
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At no other time has sectarianism in Iraq been so hardened, with communities even of the same sect fragmented.
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Maliki has been blamed for sectarianism that fostered ISIS's growth and is seen as more pro-Iran than Abadi.
|
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Like him, many defendants claim they are innocent victims of an unjust system fraught with sectarianism, violence, and corruption.
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What's needed is for Trump's critics to continue to resist the siren song of sectarianism and keep at it.
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In 2011, a wave of protests against the corruption and sectarianism of the Iraqi regime swept through the country.
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Without them, corruption and sectarianism will continue to poison our nascent democracy and empower the worst of our elites.
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In the end, it was Iran's role in Syria and Iraq that helped breed and expand sectarianism and ISIS.
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|
Al Jazeera's Mehdi Hasan put together a very nice video debunking the myth that Sunni-Shia sectarianism is all about ancient religious hatreds and explaining how modern-day power politics, beginning in 1979, is actually driving much of the sectarianism we're seeing right now: #RealityCheck: The myth of a Sunni-Shia war.
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Official statistics from the government are not available as it tries to brush aside accusations of discrimination and rooted sectarianism.
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Sectarianism had been widely seen as a "non-issue", but "raised its head" again after the vote, says Mr Morrow.
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Sectarianism is indeed something that should be challenged, but a sledgehammer approach to a complex issue has not produced results.
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Gabbard said that, as a U.S. soldier serving in the Middle East, she witnessed "endless" conflicts driven by religious sectarianism.
|
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Sadeq Jalal Al Azm was arrested in 1970, accused of inciting sectarianism with his book "The Critique of Religious Thought".
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He eschewed sectarianism, telling Ahmed that a Muslim was a Muslim, regardless of the school of thought they subscribed to.
|
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These Americans reflect the mania for certainty in Irish sectarianism, but Laird also connects their extremism directly back to Trumpism.
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They are dedicated to countering terrorism and finding solutions for extremism and sectarianism in the region wherever it comes from.
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They are bound together by the single evil ideology of Islamist extremism that preaches hatred, sows division, and promotes sectarianism.
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They are bound together by the single, evil ideology of Islamist extremism that preaches hatred, sows division, and promotes sectarianism.
|
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But the Obama administration's hasty withdrawal of troops in 2011 reversed this progress, resulting in another downward spiral of sectarianism.
|
|
Iran might also realize that lasting success against the jihadist group requires addressing Iraqi Sunnis' concerns rather than encouraging sectarianism.
|
|
Iran's meddling in the region and provoking sectarianism have rendered increasing fundamentalism and the rise of Daesh and al-Qaeda.
|
|
For Mr. Modi, cultivating the association helps him attract Indian voters who have traditionally been wary of his party's sectarianism.
|
|
Rather, it's that Saudi Arabia's foreign policy priorities happen to line up with sectarianism, and today that priority is Yemen.
|
|
Many in the West cannot see beyond sectarianism or fundamentalist groups, failing to notice those who resist such ideas and movements.
|
|
Allawi's party has sought to bridge the sectarianism that has dominated Iraqi politics by including Shi'ites and Sunnis in one list.
|
|
Many Iraqis perceive sectarianism as a creation of the ruling political parties and instead prioritize issues such as labor and corruption.
|
|
Driven by Shiite- Sunni sectarianism, Tehran's conflict with Riyadh has become one of the most dangerous elements shaping current regional politics.
|
|
The Arab Spring quickly became a contest between liberalizing forces and Islamist groups, with sectarianism and authoritarianism hanging in the background.
|
|
Their bold lyrics about queer romance, political corruption and religious sectarianism sung to the Balkan-influenced tunes and Sinno's soaring vocals.
|
|
Aslam's characters must struggle to survive in a society ruled by mob violence, sectarianism and intolerance, presided over by fanatical despots.
|
|
Unlike votes in previous years, this election was notable for a lack of sectarianism, especially among the leading Shiite-led coalitions.
|
|
But the vote over the weekend offered evidence that populism may be replacing sectarianism as the defining force in Iraqi politics.
|
|
Their unconditional support for every Sunni demand feeds the sectarianism that further empowers Iran with Baghdad and risks tearing Iraq apart.
|
|
Sectarianism is a ready tool of recruitment; a significant number of the violent acts perpetrated globally take place inside the Muslim world.
|
|
At the convention, Rodrigo Londoño (pictured, left), the FARC's president, said it would campaign "without dogmatism or sectarianism, far from ideological ostentation".
|
|
Hopes suddenly seemed to fade that Iraq could at long last overcome sectarianism as the defining feature of its bitter internal contests.
|
|
The Lebanese group has an openly gay vocalist and its songs have stirred controversy with lyrics tackling oppression, classism, sectarianism and homophobia.
|
|
"They are bound together by the single evil ideology of Islamist extremism that preaches hatred, sows division, and promotes sectarianism," she said.
|
|
In a country where sectarianism is rife, imagine the benefits to multiculturalism if young people got to experience new worlds through travel.
|
|
Instead, the barge&aposs arrival opened a Pandora&aposs box of partisan mudslinging in a country hobbled by political sectarianism and dysfunction.
|
|
I was pessimistic about various things in the beginning because I was conscious about how real sectarianism was in places like Iraq.
|
|
Yet, an even more powerful reason has to do with sectarianism, the devilishly entrenched narrative that has written itself onto regional strife.
|
|
The band, which has an openly gay vocalist, has performed around the world with its lyrics tackling sectarianism, gender equality and homophobia.
|
|
For both countries, sectarianism is a tool by which they can cultivate proxy forces and stir up fear of the other side.
|
|
Turkey should be a vocal voice against sectarianism, which has become a structural element in the broader region, including Pakistan and Afghanistan.
|
|
"The situation is too serious for sectarianism and to be partisan," he said, later adding that Macron's victory was positive for France.
|
|
And growing frustration with sectarianism in the Middle East may be creating an opening to promote greater tolerance and understanding even there.
|
|
Its many religious and ethnic groups participate in the political process, although sectarianism, corruption, and private militias continue to impede good governance.
|
|
Presidents owing their victories to religious conservatives may feel too indebted to these groups, and this is a recipe for more sectarianism.
|
|
Geopolitical tensions typically happen under the guise of religious sectarianism -- Riyadh carries the mantle of Sunni Islam and Tehran of Shia Islam.
|
|
All of this is in obvious contrast and a strong rebuke to the sectarianism and cronyism that has defined post-28 Iraq.
|
|
But the hopes that were raised by the revolution dissolved into sectarianism and chaos, and Maher's aspirations were extinguished within two years.
|
|
He has since been arrested in March 2017 on dubious charges for inciting sectarianism and harming the state's reputation on social media.
|
|
In other words, the decision to execute Nimr was not only — or even primarily — about sectarianism or the power struggle with Iran.
|
|
Sectarianism also did not cause ISIS, but it was a factor, and one in which shortsighted Saudi policies did not exactly hurt.
|
|
Sectarianism, corruption and more recently the fall in the price of oil have all hobbled efforts to put Iraq back on its feet.
|
|
But candidates who rage against sectarianism have failed to convince many voters that they could provide the same benefits as vote-buying incumbents.
|
|
Also, they suggest a broad military alliance probably wouldn't work in practice and could cause more harm by inflaming sectarianism in the region.
|
|
This is especially true when the government those protesters oppose foments sectarianism and terrorism and avows "Death to America" as its revolutionary slogan.
|
|
Protests and the violent response of the government have shredded the myth of state-sponsored sectarianism as the organizing principle for political power.
|
|
Speaking to Business Insider, Weir expressed a fear that is now widespread across Northern Ireland that violent sectarianism is on the rise again.
|
|
The problem is that — even aside from the country's well-known ISIS and sectarianism problems — its actual government is kind of a mess.
|
|
But the songs are also about stuff that you don't readily think of when you think of Beirut bars: class, misogyny, sectarianism, corruption.
|
|
But by buying into Saudi Arabia's sectarian narrative and by backing its war in Yemen, the Trump administration is helping to perpetuate sectarianism.
|
|
There is unemployment, corruption, inept government, demographic strain, sectarianism, racial tension, regional rivalry, rampant crime, religious radicalization, resource depletion, the list goes on.
|
|
But until recently, the kingdom's leaders have balanced strong-armed tactics with efforts to accommodate community leaders, seeking to minimize the dangers of sectarianism.
|
|
Meanwhile Maryam al-Khawaja, a courageous human-rights campaigner from Bahrain, implored people not to fall into the trap of tit-for-tat sectarianism.
|
|
Critics consider the deputy crown prince a hothead, whose dangerous obsession with Iran, Saudi Arabia's rival, is feeding sectarianism and fraying relations with America.
|
|
"They would be alarmed by an increasing turn away from universal values and toward old ties of blood, and race, and sectarianism," McCain said.
|
|
Iraq's military itself is riven with sectarianism: Tanks and armored vehicles fly Shia religious flags as they roll into Sunni Arab towns and villages.
|
|
A national debate over the economy, sectarianism and security — and Prime Minister Narendra Modi's role in it all — played out over weeks of voting.
|
|
The parents considered their sectarianism the realization of humanism — until their interrogators forced them to choose, and to die, one way or the other.
|
|
Some sermons are tinged with sectarianism — he once said that Christians in Egypt have sided with the military and the West against the Brotherhood.
|
|
This hasn't happened: Iran still hates Israel, props up Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad, and supports Shia sectarianism in places like Iraq and Yemen.
|
|
His policies are such a driver of sectarianism that he makes the country ungovernable, and peace is simply impossible while he remains in office.
|
|
Some Gulf Arab cities led by Dubai have defied the regional swing into sectarianism and suspicion by publicly displaying art from across the Middle East.
|
|
Still, analysts expect women to do better than in 2014 because many voters are fed up with incumbents, who are associated with corruption and sectarianism.
|
|
The issue is a sensitive one, particularly for the British side, due to the historical significance of the sectarianism that had once heavily clouded Ireland.
|
|
Iraq was a byword for civil war, sectarianism and the implosion of the Arab state order established at the end of the first world war.
|
|
"We have to work together to overcome the problems of terrorism and sectarianism and the related humanitarian crises that are shaking our region," Erdogan said.
|
|
Assad, a member of the Alawite sect, an offshoot of Shiism, was encouraged by Iran to turn his country into the cauldron of Muslim sectarianism.
|
|
Cavusoglu also said Turkey was against any sectarianism in the Middle East and had called on Iran to stop threatening the region's stability and security.
|
|
"'I could write about Saudi sectarianism, but then I might lose some money,'" the expert said, explaining the thoughts a Gulf-funded scholar might have.
|
|
"It's polarising the whole area between sectarianism and other regional conflict, which really doesn't help now when we're fighting this enemy, Daesh," Al-Abadi said.
|
|
And we urgently need intelligent leadership to calibrate our moral compass and overcome old hostilities, new sectarianism and ill-guided hot-bloodedness and cold-heartedness.
|
|
He had fiercely criticized the Act of Settlement, a 1701 British law preventing Catholics from ascending to the British throne; he said it encouraged sectarianism.
|
|
"He was a liberal, progressive politician who was very vocal against religious extremism, sectarianism and intolerance," said Owais Tohid, a veteran journalist and political analyst.
|
|
Others say they had an ideological reckoning, a realization that years of sectarianism and interference from Iraq's neighbors had made their nation vulnerable to invasion.
|
|
The regime relies on extensive surveillance, the criminalization of dissent, appeals to sectarianism and ethnicity, and public spending supported by oil revenues to maintain power.
|
|
If Iran continues to support "terrorism, sectarianism and violence", it would face opposition from all Arab countries, Jubeir told a news conference following the meeting.
|
|
But he is also frank about the damage that extremists and sectarianism have done to the course of jihad — including those who perpetrated the Sept.
|
|
But that sectarianism has become a reality as Middle Eastern militias and political parties line up along sectarian lines and commit violence along those lines.
|
|
Once united by a common culture, its inhabitants had become increasingly fractured by sectarianism, encouraged by the predations of both Shia government forces and Sunni insurgents.
|
|
Nobody denies that sectarianism is an important issue that Scottish society must address, with the greatest manifestation of the problem found in the country's football grounds.
|
|
In a country where Shia Arabs make up the majority of the population, Iran has sought influence by stoking sectarianism and gaining the allegiance of Shias.
|
|
The gunpowder, the terrorism, the virulent sectarianism and nationalism, are wafting up from the flames consuming Syria, spreading out over national borders and across the sea.
|
|
"My guess is Ruth Davidson doesn't know what sectarianism looks like and Scotland won't thank whoever brings this back," he said in a call to CNBC.
|
|
But whereas IS doubled down on its anti-Shia sectarianism and the "management of savagery", Jabhat al-Nusra sought to learn from the excesses of Iraq.
|
|
These complex regional dynamics are fueled by the desperate survival strategies of autocratic regimes, compounded by a mix of regional rivalries, sectarianism and trans-regional intrusions.
|
|
The history of their rivalry tracks — and helps to explain — the Middle East's disintegration, particularly the Sunni-Shiite sectarianism both powers have found useful to cultivate.
|
|
The focus would be not just on ISIS, but also on the many other nasty actors and dangerous passions like sectarianism and apocalypticism emanating from Syria.
|
|
The ensuing violence led to an overwhelming shift in the public mood: a feeling that sectarianism was at the root of much of the country's suffering.
|
|
Hundreds of thousands of protesters have massed in recent weeks, demanding an end to corruption and mismanagement, as well as the crony sectarianism that enables it.
|
|
Finally, today's reformers have also inherited the problem of political sectarianism — the tendency of ruling parties to provide special favors mostly to loyalists and ignore opponents.
|
|
It has laid waste to swathes of Syria, helped the rise of Islamic State, fed sectarianism, and seen the deadliest use of chemical weapons since the 1980s.
|
|
Importantly, being tolerant does not mean acquiescing to those who view tolerance with hatred and scorn, and seek to destabilize the region by fomenting sectarianism and fanaticism.
|
|
Analysts say that one of the biggest issues with Brexit negotiations is the British government's failure to understand the complexities of identity and sectarianism in Northern Ireland.
|
|
"We strongly believe this was not sectarianism, because he was a lone wolf," he said, adding that many Muslims in the Medan area had condemned the attack.
|
|
Matthiesen, the scholar who has written a book about sectarianism in the Gulf, said even if residents are unsatisfied they are unlikely to resist amid growing repression.
|
|
And without Assad's ouster, Syrian leaders will not broker the compromises necessary to end the civil war and address the circumstances that sustain extremism, terrorism and sectarianism.
|
|
But everywhere in the Middle East, tensions are rising, sectarianism is gaining ground and, with a couple of miscalculations or accidents, things could spiral out of control.
|
|
Sunni-Shia sectarianism is indeed tearing apart the Middle East, but is largely driven by the very modern and very political rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
|
|
Instead, he and his campaign team spent considerable energy counterattacking radical preachers — in effect, taking the bait and unwittingly making sectarianism the central issue of the race.
|
|
"We risk committing some of the mistakes of the traditional left in Spain," he told El Diario, an online newspaper, referring to its sectarianism and top-down leadership.
|
|
So while many prefer Abadi to other Shi'ite politicians because he has signaled a move away from sectarianism, that may not necessarily translate into votes for his candidates.
|
|
Political disunity and sectarianism in Lebanon has meant that the country has had no president for two years – and no parliamentary elections can take place without a president.
|
|
Unless such sectarianism is rooted out, violence in Yemen may persist even if a peace treaty is reached, and could be "even worse than in Iraq," he added.
|
|
Each of the 30 episodes brings a different issue into the open like never before, tackling subjects that include the refugee crisis, Islamic extremism, gender inequality and sectarianism.
|
|
Yet al-Qaeda's leadership is still committed to the war against the "far enemy", ie, America and the West, and finds IS's overt sectarianism too much to stomach.
|
|
Reflecting these concerns of sectarianism, and the deep sense of foreboding surrounding a battle for the city, a chorus of voices in Iraq and abroad has urged restraint.
|
|
If the numbers prove not to add up for the Andalucian-style right-of-centre coalition Mr Rivera hankers after, his sectarianism risks prolonged political paralysis in Spain.
|
|
The event was named this year after the late novelist Alaa Mashzoub; known for speaking out against sectarianism, he was shot dead outside his house in early February.
|
|
He re-emphasised the need to protect democracy, stating that the fight against extremism, intolerance and sectarianism is of a piece with the fight against authoritarianism and nationalist aggression.
|
|
He described the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia as fuelling "chaos, sectarianism and instability in the region, all of which help ISIL (Islamic State) and other terrorist groups".
|
|
While sectarianism and attacks by al Qaeda engulfed most of Iraq after 19983, triggering a civil war between Shi'ites and Sunnis, the Kurdish north remained relatively stable and safe.
|
|
If the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, which helped end the decades-long Troubles, failed to lessen the sectarianism that had fuelled the violence, it diluted touchy questions of identity.
|
|
They have been providing supplies for terrorists; they have been recruiting people; they have been assassinating people; they have been sowing sectarianism in the region, splitting the Islamic world.
|
|
They have been providing supplies for terrorists, they have been recruiting people, they have been assassinating people, they have been sowing sectarianism in the region, splitting the Islamic world.
|
|
Meanwhile, a "hard border" is politically toxic on an island where enormous efforts have been made over the years to overcome sectarianism between Irish nationalists and Northern Irish unionists.
|
|
Such sectarianism can only perpetuate conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Yemen; this, in turn, draws valuable oxygen away from the struggle against the Islamic State and the Qaeda franchises.
|
|
Riyadh and some other members of the GCC accuse Tehran of using sectarianism to interfere in Arab countries and build its own sphere of influence in the Middle East.
|
|
To prevent a replay of 2010-'14, when ISIS rose from the ashes of AQI, it will need to deal with the root cause of ISIS's rise: Iraqi sectarianism.
|
|
Abadi's good intentions aren't enough: He needs to overcome extraordinary political and structural barriers in Iraq in order to solve the sectarianism that could allow ISIS to rise again.
|
|
If the U.S. and Iran continue to use Iraq as a battleground, there will be a backslide to sectarianism with another generation of Iraqi civilians caught in the middle.
|
|
Many fear that with poor governance and sectarianism still the rule in Syria and Iraq, some reconstituted form of the Islamic State's extreme Sunni Islamism could yet find support.
|
|
The real sources of ISIS's recent growth were the Syrian civil war and political sectarianism in Iraq, neither of which was within the power of United States to prevent.
|
|
So for Saudi Arabia, it might seem like a winning strategy to promote sectarianism, and to align itself with Sunnis and thus force Shia to align themselves with Iran.
|
|
The Islamic State has typically taken hold in dysfunctional societies, where war, sectarianism and the absence of state structures have created fertile ground for its message among some Sunni Muslims.
|
|
The danger for indifferent Iraqis is to continue to vote along identity lines, even as the sectarianism that enveloped the country for so many years now appears to be ebbing.
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That legitimacy has been weakened by years of killing civilians, and by the government's strategy of fostering sectarianism, which leaves it with little support among the country's majority Sunni population.
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If there is one lesson Washington policymakers should have learned, it is that war will not eliminate the sort of bitter sectarianism which has cost the Middle East so much.
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Political analysts attributed this to a changed public mood; sectarianism is now seen as the major cause of the bloodshed and devastation suffered since the American military invasion in 2003.
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The popularity of the local government has waned in part because of its alliance with Mr. Modi's governing Bharatiya Janata Party, which has been increasingly seen as representing Hindu sectarianism.
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During the campaign Mr. Kejriwal lashed out at the B.J.P., and said the party's officials were resorting to sectarianism because they had no achievements of their own to point to.
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Mouiad, a Muslim refugee from Daraa living in Irbid, Jordan, spoke of the easy relationships he'd shared with his Christian friends before the sectarianism of the war had taken over.
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Jihadist ideology has long proven itself able to mutate as circumstances change, and there is no shortage of warfare, injustice, oppression, poverty, sectarianism and naked religious hatred for it to exploit.
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Officially, the bureau is entrusted with banning any work deemed to disrespect religion, disturb the public order, incite sectarianism, offend public sensitivities or insult the dignity of the head of state.
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ANKARA (Reuters) - Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan said on Saturday his country and neighboring Iran must work together to narrow their differences in order to tackle terrorism and sectarianism in the region.
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Its hot-headed Hindu-nationalist supporters, meanwhile, keep handing ammunition to the opposition, allowing it to change the subject from everyday economic issues to emotive questions of sectarianism or human rights.
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Maliki's sectarianism and the outbreak of the Arab Spring in Syria opened a window of opportunity for the Islamic State of Iraq, which evolved into ISIS, to establish its own fiefdom.
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" She said in a statement Sunday that the recent attacks in England are bound together "by the single, evil ideology of Islamist extremism that preaches hatred, sows division and promotes sectarianism.
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The end of the First Liberian Civil War in 1996 and the election of Charles Taylor as president the following year did little to appease the country's long history of sectarianism.
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"I am deeply sorry to announce the end of Lebanese basketball, which has been slayed by politics and sectarianism," the minister for youth and sports, Faisal Karami, said at the time.
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Instead it is safe to predict that there will be more crime, more exotic forms of religious and political sectarianism and ultimately we will no longer become one nation but two.
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And I fear that we're becoming Sunnis and Shiites — we call them 'Democrats' and 'Republicans,' but the sectarianism that has destroyed nation-states in the Middle East is now infecting us.
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This is all to say that Saudi Arabia's execution of Nimr al-Nimr shows an escalation of its already-disastrous strategy of exploiting sectarianism for political ends at home and abroad.
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The Saudi government appears to view Nimr as someone who committed two major crimes: stirring up Shia sectarianism and encouraging Saudi Shias to side against their own country and with Iran.
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Opinion Columnist BEIRUT — Eight years after the Arab Spring, massive street protests over corruption, sectarianism and official contempt for the citizenry have brought down the Lebanese government of Prime Minister Saad Hariri.
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ON-THE-JOB TRAINING Hoping to overcome years of corruption and sectarianism that promoted unqualified officers and wore down the army's ranks, the coalition has trained thousands of Iraqi soldiers and police.
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Yet it is now clear that the sectarianism of Pakistan has pursued them to Britain, particularly in the form of the Khatme Nubuwwat movement, with which the Stockwell Green mosque is associated.
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Feeling home games lacked passion (partly a result of campaigns to stamp out Catholic-Protestant sectarianism, a noxious feature of Celtic-Rangers matches), they mimicked Italian "Ultra" fans and adopted political causes.
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"We had intelligence over recent days and it was shared with the demonstration organizers, we shared our concerns because we knew that terrorists wanted to bring sectarianism to our community," he said.
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Earlier this year, senior government officials warned of a "black campaign" to stoke sectarianism in Indonesia's most populous province, West Java, amid a spate of mysterious attacks on clerics, mosques and schools.
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The comments by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman ratcheted up the rhetoric in the increasingly volatile rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran, which has fueled sectarianism and war across the Middle East.
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He now will make mischief for generations in the minds of millions of people, not just in Iran but among Shia in different countries inclined to resist America, Israel and Sunni sectarianism.
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To deal with income inequality, they expanded the reach of the state and reinforced their economies' dependency on the export of natural resources, leading to rampant corruption, low savings and political sectarianism.
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When it was pointed out that this sounded like old-fashioned sectarianism, the ministry issued a second notice saying it was starting an inquiry into why the first one had been issued.
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Jihadist ideology has long proven itself able to mutate as circumstances change, and there is no shortage of warfare, injustice, oppression, poverty, sectarianism and naked religious hatred for Islamist militants to exploit.
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The six Arab members of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), especially Saudi Arabia, accuse Iran of using sectarianism to interfere in Arab countries and build its own sphere of influence in the Middle East.
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Ahead of the election, Abadi sought to broaden his coalition to bring in significant Sunni figures and avoid overt sectarianism -- and his was the only coalition running in all 18 of Iraq's provinces.
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Rwanda's "genocide ideology" and "sectarianism" laws were introduced to restrict hate speech following the 1994 genocide, however critics say they have also been used to gag dissenting voices, especially those from the opposition.
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Ahead of the election, Sadr pledged a commitment to abandon sectarianism by forming a coalition with secular Sunnis and Iraq's Communist Party, who have as a result seen their best election performance ever.
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"As the country's civil war has escalated and become regionalized ... AQAP is thriving in an environment of state collapse, growing sectarianism, shifting alliances, security vacuums and a burgeoning war economy," the ICG wrote.
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"I wanted to make a point of voting away from religion and sectarianism" and "instill a sense of nationhood and patriotism in the hearts of our children," said one voter, Khalid al-Dabbagh.
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Trump has destroyed, then, an already hollowed-out notion of objective knowledge; the outbreak of sectarianism has uncovered the true diversity of experiences and viewpoints concealed by the deceptively bland posture of evenhandedness.
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Unlike the territory's main unionist and nationalist political parties, whose policies are mainly defined by sectarianism, the Alliance Party is neutral and has come to represent progressive and moderate politics across all communities.
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Anwar Gargash, the UAE minister of state for foreign affairs, sent a formal complaint to the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights on Wednesday alleging that Al Jazeera supported terrorism, sectarianism and anti-Semitism.
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The UAE said on March 21 it had arrested political activist Ahmed Mansoor, an electrical engineer and poet, on charges of spreading sectarianism and hatred on social media, a move criticised by Amnesty International.
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The UAE said on March 21 it had arrested political activist Ahmed Mansoor, an electrical engineer and poet, on charges of spreading sectarianism and hatred on social media, a move criticized by Amnesty International.
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Twice since the end of April mobs loyal to Muqtada al-Sadr, a turbulent cleric and militia boss, have breached the heavily fortified "green zone" and ransacked parliament in protest against corruption and sectarianism.
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But as the kingdom's Shi'ites have come under attack by Islamic State jihadists since 2013, authorities have also made efforts to curb open incitement and sectarianism, including arrests for anti-Shi'ite social media posts.
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After all, one is not always in raptures over this country and its prowess at nurturing, in its own distinctive manner, unsurpassable callousness, matchless greed, small-minded sectarianism, and a gruesome infatuation with firearms.
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More recently, he's led campaigns and protests against corruption within the Shia-led government as well as against Iranian influence, and pledged to overcome sectarianism by leading a secular coalition that includes Iraq's communists.
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Because Iraq is mostly Shia (Saddam had been Sunni), Iran tried to exploit sectarianism to its advantage, backing hard-line Shia groups that would promote Iranian interests and oppose Sunni powers like Saudi Arabia.
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Because Iraq was mostly Shia (Saddam had been Sunni), Iran tried to exploit sectarianism to its advantage, backing hard-line Shia groups that would promote Iranian interests and oppose Sunni powers like Saudi Arabia.
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"Kuwait regards the tuning down of sectarianism in Iraq and the region as highly beneficial for its own stability and is, to that end, willing to at least have a conversation with Iran," Bianco said.
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"The prosperity and stability of the region depends on countries treating all their citizens fairly and that sectarianism is an enemy of peace and prosperity," Obama told reporters following the U.S.-Gulf Cooperation Council Summit.
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This points to the deep hostility towards the Ahmadis among many other Muslims, and provokes the worry that such sectarianism, which has flourished in countries like Indonesia and Pakistan, may now have arrived in Britain.
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Sheikh Salman's al-Wefaq Islamic Society denounced the decision as "provocative" and said it undermined any chance of resolving a political crisis in the Sunni-ruled kingdom tinged with sectarianism and rivalries among regional powers.
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Iraq in 2628 executed some perpetrators of the massacre — a gruesome event that marked a turning point following the Arab Spring, from dreams of a "new Middle East" to nightmares of sectarianism, war and slaughter.
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The people of Iraq have had much to protest: Their post-Saddam government has been shot through with corruption and sectarianism while proving utterly inept at security operations and the provision of basic public services.
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The town has a long history of Nonconformism, a form of Protestantism that dissents from the established Church of England, but modern-day Lewes seems more attached to the trappings of sectarianism than its reality.
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"There is need for the government in Pakistan to take formidable steps to remove religious discrimination from the country and thus put an end to sectarianism and biased attitudes of the population," community spokesman Saleemuddin said.
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With the Middle East ravaged by religious radicalism and sectarianism, the European Union and the United States can't afford the Turkish government's brutal military efforts against the Kurds or its undemocratic war on academics and journalists.
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It is the dark forces of nationalism and religious sectarianism that now drive global politics, fueling the rise of a crude, xenophobic populism in the advanced capitalist world that we have not seen since the 1930s.
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"There are plans to secure peace and reject sectarianism in the region," Sadr told the Saudi-owned Asharq al-Awsat newspaper last week, saying that it was "necessary to bring Iraq back into the Arab fold".
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"I see parallels with 25 years ago and sectarianism when we thought Catholics and Protestants were a different species," said Reverend Charles Kenny, a Church of Ireland rector from Belfast, who took part in the march.
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Riyadh and some other members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), of which Oman is a member, believe Tehran is using sectarianism to interfere in Arab countries and build its own sphere of Middle East influence.
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"Prime Minister Abadi stands for and has been a partner in all of the things that are important to Iraq's future, namely a country that holds together and doesn't just spiral off into sectarianism," Carter said.
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Like other Iraqis, he worries that destructive forces like sectarianism, which already provoked one civil war since the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, will destabilize Iraq even if Islamic State is completely removed from Mosul.
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Other than sectarianism bleeding into the stands for its games, Northern Ireland was mostly known for producing George Best, a singular attacking talent who thrived at Manchester United for a while before drinking his career away.
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In weak states, Iran and Saudi Arabia have tried to position themselves as the patrons of their respective religious clans to assert influence, and they have ginned up sectarianism to promote fear of the other side.
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I.R.A. Violence Flares in Northern Ireland Two breakaway factions of the Irish Republican Army killed two British soldiers and one police officer over three days in 2009, raising the specter of sectarianism and paramilitary score-settling.
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While opinion polls show support for overturning Northern Ireland's draconian abortion laws, which date to the 19th century and only permit termination if the life of a woman is endangered, the issue is entangled in sectarianism.
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And US engagement will be needed in Iraq to try to prevent a repeat of the conditions that led to the incubation of ISIS, guiding Iraq away from the sectarianism that has plagued the post-Saddam years.
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The Islamic Republic of Pakistan has long been a hotbed for various militant groups and those motivated by sectarianism, anti-India sentiments, the Taliban, Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, or ISIS, are among the most prolific.
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It's a tradition that runs deeps: this is where Baruch Spinoza (20043-1677) laid the philosophical ground for the Enlightenment, and indeed where a cleric called Erasmus (1466-1532) tried to transcend Christian sectarianism and embrace humanism.
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" Bush said, "When he did not renew the agreement with the Iraqi government to allow for troops to stay there, that void was filled by sectarianism that once again kind of unraveled Iraq and it created ISIS.
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BAGHDAD (Reuters) - An Iraqi journalist who threw his shoes at U.S. President George W. Bush during a news conference a decade ago is standing for parliament, campaigning against corruption and the sectarianism that has plagued his country.
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In a separate statement, Public Prosecutor Sheikh Saud bin Abdullah al-Muajab said he respected freedom of opinion but asserted his office's power to pursue cases against those who promote hatred or sectarianism, or mislead public opinion.
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Yet when the U.V.F. flags suddenly appeared in June, no action was taken either to find the perpetrators or to remove them, creating the impression that sectarianism would be tolerated even at such a symbolic housing development.
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The courtroom, packed with diplomats and supporters, erupted in applause as the verdict was announced, and Ms. Rwigara and her mother, Adeline Rwigara, 59, who was acquitted of inciting insurrection and promoting sectarianism, were overcome with tears.
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I was elected prime minister in 2014 under incredibly difficult circumstances: A third of the country was overrun by terrorists, the economy was struggling, people were divided by sectarianism and relations with the wider world were strained.
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Sectarianism, holier-than-thou-ism, the gulf between the reprobate and the elect, the scanning of words and actions for the least flicker of ideological impurity: all this has a history as old as the nation itself.
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"They don't know where to place us," said Hamed Sinno, 29, the openly gay vocalist of the five-member band formed in 2008 that has stirred controversy in the region with songs tackling oppression, classism, sectarianism and homophobia.
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The Saudis were more than willing to jump in the fight: The Houthis are hostile to Saudi involvement in their country, seeing the monarchy-cum-Sunni-theocracy as a force for Sunni sectarianism and repression of the Zaydis.
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They have sought to fight one another on Sunni-Shia lines not out of religious hatred but rather because they see sectarianism as a tool they can use — thus making that religious division much more violent and fraught.
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One cleric, Khalid al-Abdan, said his work often involved correcting misunderstandings about jihad and telling inmates that the wars in Syria and Iraq did not qualify because they were more about sectarianism and politics than about religion.
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The proximate cause in each instance has been wars with unsatisfying outcomes – World War I, Vietnam, and President Bush's ill-conceived war of choice in Iraq that opened the floodgates of extremism and sectarianism across the Middle East.
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There's no room to deal from these corners of sectarianism, where something as clearly American as Sunday night football or as historically significant as a statue of Robert E. Lee become fodder in the war over America's soul.
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But Oliver Cromwell, the Englishman who conquered Ireland, died of malaria, in 1658, rather than take quinine, the only known treatment, because he associated it with its Catholic discoverers, making him a victim of both parasitosis and sectarianism.
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If you will forgive the cliché, sectarianism has always been a double-edged sword for Saudi Arabia, serving short-term political aims while also creating potentially terrible long-term problems for the Middle East and Saudi Arabia itself.
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Researchers who study this phenomenon, which plays out in ways as varied as European soccer hooliganism and sectarianism in the Middle East, say it sheds light on how these group dynamics form — and why they can be so powerful.
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Iraq's return to deadlocked parliamentary politics, now involving Shi'ite factions rather than the Sunni-Shi'ite sectarianism that followed the 2003 U.S.-led invasion, prompted a plea last week from Iraq's most senior Shi'ite cleric for politicians to work together.
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Qatari Foreign Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman al-Thani, captured the gloom, bemoaning "a lack of wisdom" in the region, with "no hope" on hand for ordinary people hoping for an end to years of conflict, upheaval and sectarianism.
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The commission's executive director, Godfrey Mutabazi, told Reuters the journalists would be reassigned until the commission finishes an investigation into alleged violations of broadcasting rules that prohibit the publication of material that might incite violence, hatred, obscenity or inflame sectarianism.
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Her state, New Mexico, has largely avoided the tea party-versus-establishment sectarianism that has seized other states, like neighboring Arizona and Texas, and the governor has shown a strong preference for any local photo op over a cable news joust.
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Whereas Mr Corbyn's ties in the 1980s to Sinn Fein, an Irish nationalist party linked to terrorism, seem to have been largely forgotten or forgiven in England, it is a different story in the parts of Scotland where sectarianism still lurks.
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Many Iraqis feel that it was not the war itself that was the main problem, but the Iraqis who came to power with the West's support and have since been widely blamed for the corruption and sectarianism afflicting the country.
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"Raw political sectarianism in Iraq was the main causal factor [in ISIS's rise]," Fred Hof, who for part of 2012 served as the Obama administration's special adviser for the transition in Syria, explained in an email to me last year.
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This being Iraq, though, the project has quickly been caught up in geopolitics, sectarianism and tensions between the United States and Iran, which seems determined to sabotage the highway project as an unacceptable projection of American influence right on its doorstep.
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The United States has pushed Iraq to diminish the sectarianism that helps lash Iran to its Iraqi allies, and it has pushed to end the autonomy that the Popular Mobilization Forces — many of which are closely tied to Iran — enjoy.
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Lebanon is a small country, and in trying to target Hezbollah and its allies, an attack on Lebanon will equally damage Lebanon's Western-oriented Sunnis and Christians, driving moderates toward extremism and perhaps plunging Lebanon into sectarianism and civil war.
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Pregent said that the prevalence of Shiite militia in the country — and of sectarianism in the ranks of the Iraqi army and federal police — has further inflamed the Sunni population while also making government forces less capable of securing predominantly Sunni areas.
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In retrospect, the legislation was rushed through – or "railroaded" as one opposition Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) put it – by a government anxious about the issue of sectarianism, particularly in the aftermath of the 2011 Old Firm match dubbed the 'shame game'.
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"There are two visions in the Middle East, a vision of light where you want to reform your country ... and then there is a vision of darkness to use sectarianism, export your revolution, support terrorism ... and that's the Iranian model," he said.
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It was all part of a leave-taking that Ali had seen as a chance to lead once more by including Christians, Jews, Buddhists and Native Americans as speakers in an emphatic, if not explicitly spoken, renunciation of sectarianism and embrace of ecumenism.
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While the Iranians are assisting the Iraqi government and the Assad regime in their battles against ISIS, the Saudis have maintained that the sectarianism of the Iraqi government and Assad's brutality in Syria have given birth to ISIS and helped it flourish, respectively.
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The country is coping with an ever-bubbling threat of violent sectarianism between the Shiite and Sunni populations, as well as endemic government corruption and overwhelming economic despair, especially among millions of citizens left homeless after the battles against the Islamic State.
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It also helps to explain why Saudi Arabia can sometimes cause so much trouble, whether by the humanitarian crisis it's helping to drive in Yemen, the actions toward Iran that worsen Middle Eastern sectarianism, or the funding of violent Islamist groups in Syria.
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Yet no matter how Lafferty and his teammates perform in their remaining fixtures against Poland and Germany, Northern Irish football's greatest victory may be that it appears to be winning the battle against sectarianism in the Windsor Park stands – and across the country.
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" McCain at the Munich Security Conference on Friday warned a "of an increasing turn away from universal values and toward old ties of blood, and race, and sectarianism," in the West, as well "the growing inability and even unwillingness to separate truth from lies.
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This article originally appeared on VICE Sports UK. Celtic and Rangers faced each other on New Year's Eve in a match that came with all the usual trimmings: unsavoury chanting, increased police presence, flying tackles, boos punctuated by phlegmy insults and, of course, sectarianism.
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"This conflict between the GCC and particularly between Saudi Arabia and Iran, it fuels chaos, sectarianism, and instability in the region, all of which help ISIL and other terrorist groups," said Rob Malley, Obama's coordinator for Middle East policy, using a different term for ISIS.
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Secondly, America should drill home to al-Abadi that U.S. patronage will depend on a fair power-sharing agreement between the country's various ethnic and religious groups — a strong antidote to Tehran's deadly sectarianism and an outcome that best appeases Iraq's deeply divided society.
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Our bureau was a short walk from the ice cream shop where she was killed, and the neighborhood, Karada, was often targeted because it was a place where Sunni and Shiite Muslims lived side by side, rejecting the sectarianism that never seems to cease.
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Designed to combat Scottish football's age-old problem of sectarianism on the terraces, the bill has since faced widespread criticism, with one study (conducted by the University of Stirling and ScotCen Research) claiming that the law has placed new strains on the relationship between supporters and police.
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Today, Zaidi is standing for parliament as a member of the movement of firebrand Shi'ite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr, whose militia waged a violent campaign against the U.S. military during its occupation of Iraq, but who has lately redefined himself as an opponent of militant sectarianism.
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Until now, the Ahmadis report that relations with other Muslims have been generally good, although Abdul Abid, an elder at the Ahmadiya community centre in Glasgow, where Mr Shah worshipped, says that some of the sectarianism of Pakistan has always spilled over into their lives in Scotland.
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Barwari of Legal Defense for Crimes Against Press Freedom also cited fears ofsectarian violence, saying two questions loom over the future of Mosul media: how to resume work without fanning the fires of sectarianism and how to report the news without giving in to political pressure.
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This visit brings back old memories of when, following the Iranian revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, Saudi Arabia started giving Pakistan lots of money to fight the communists, bringing fortunes to a few people and a rabid and enduring sectarianism to the rest.
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One clue: If Saudi Arabia were really motivated by a desire to tamp down sectarianism, it would have spared Nimr's life rather than executing him, which it had to know would provoke a major international incident and a global Shia backlash, including among its own Shia.
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To that end, the US should encourage Riyadh and Tehran to implement military confidence-building measures in the Persian Gulf; carry out a shared strategy for destroying ISIS; restart Sunni-Shia dialogue to reduce sectarianism and promote tolerance; and urge both sides to conclude an appropriate non-aggression pact.
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"My brothers and my children, we remember with grief the terrorist bombing at the Imam al-Sadiq mosque ... the goal of its planning and execution in their satanic way was to ignite strife, division and prejudice among members of Kuwaiti society," the emir added, in rare remarks on sectarianism.
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America's need for calm America's lasting interest lies in limiting the level of chaos and sectarian instability in the region as the kind of non-state actors, like ISIL, that now pose the most significant threat to US national security thrive on sectarianism and failed and/or failing states.
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Finally, nations and communities must commit attention and resources to improving socio-economic development, education and governance, while reducing sectarianism, corruption, and treating the demographic and environmental stresses that make membership in, support to, or unsought rule by terrorist groups a long-term feature of the world stage.
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This kind of sectarianism is the reason for one of Latin America's most remarkable paradoxes since the late 2000s: Poverty and inequality declined, but political tensions increased — not so much because social programs relied on redistribution (their funding actually came from exports rather than tax increases), but on favoritism.
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The party's leadership prefers to operate outside of the realm of accountability, while continuously stoking its community's historic distrust of the outsider — whether the U.S., or compatriots yet to have reconciled their respective contributions to Lebanon's ongoing internal crises, including lingering sectarianism born of competing exclusivist communal narratives.
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Obama's decision to keep a mostly hands-off approach to the conflict, even after he declared that President Assad "must go," allowed other players to move into the inferno, stoking the fires of sectarianism and conjuring a brand of terrorism so vile that it made previous terrorist horrors appear mild.
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While opinion polls consistently show that a majority of people in Northern Ireland want abortion to be available, across both Catholic and Protestant groups, the issue has become entangled in the sectarianism that is currently strangling politics here, where the National Assembly has been suspended for more than a year.
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One of Trump's biggest campaign promises, however, is his commitment to avoid dragging the United States into the kinds of expensive, unending, and inconclusive conflicts that drain the U.S. Treasury, put the nation in a colossal amount of debt, and turn an already troubled region into a cauldron of sectarianism and violence.
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In 2004 the new government in Iraq, still under the thumb of the American-led coalition that had ousted Saddam Hussein the previous year, closed Al Jazeera's Baghdad office for a month; in 2016 Iraq's government closed it again, for a year, for supposedly stirring up sectarianism and violence by reporting on it unsparingly.
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The slate involves continuous human rights violations, expanding policies terrorism and sectarianism focusing on regional intervention, boosting efforts to gain Middle East hegemony, and neglecting numerous United Nations resolutions and the highly boosted Iran nuclear agreement, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) between the representatives of the international community and Iran.
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Their aim is to give negotiations a chance of success by showing an inflexible Assad that he must relent, because right now Assad is still barrel-bombing and starving the Syrian people in a way that guarantees not only more death and suffering but also more hatred, more sectarianism, more radicalism and more instability around the world.
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It is no stranger to sectarianism, however, being the focal point of a proxy war between Israel and Shia-dominated Iran, which is widely seen as the source of funding and ideological support for Hezbollah, a powerful Islamist militant and political group that was created in the mid-1980s to counter an Israeli invasion of South Lebanon.
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As more people have joined social media, disrupting the traditional ways that information and content are generated and shared (even though traditional media in the Middle East is largely controlled by governments and a small number of powerful and influential corporations), so too have ill-intentioned groups focused on generating misinformation and spreading hate speech, sectarianism and even terrorism.
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In Qatar, we believe that the crises in the Middle East are interconnected and require comprehensive solutions, and that peace and stability will be restored only when the region's countries agree to work together to reach consensus on key challenges, including the destabilizing influence of sectarianism, rising youth unemployment and our common need to diversify our energy-dependent economies.
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This is a big part of why the Middle East is so divided today between Sunni and Shia: In weak states, Iran and Saudi Arabia have tried to position themselves as the patrons of their respective religious clans so as to assert influence, and they have ginned up sectarianism to promote fear of the other side.
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If anything, this seems to line up with a general embrace of sectarianism politics and with trends that Amanda Taub identifies in this long and fascinating piece on what draws people to authoritarianism: a fear of social change, external threats, and "the other," all of which culminate in a desire for a strongman leader to smash the threats and protect the status quo.
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Northern Ireland's modern history has been dominated by sectarianism and a territorial conflict between, mainly Catholic, Irish nationalists wanting the north of the country to be reunited with the republic and, mainly Protestant, unionists wanting Northern Ireland to stay a part of the U.K. Those divisions have remained largely the same in politics, with the region's biggest parties, the pro-U.
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"We are prepared to consider any initiative which can help this region become more stable and of course safer, so we can combat the real challenge and the real threat in the region which is terrorism, extremism and of course sectarianism which is a big threat to all of us in the region," Abbas Araqchi told reporters at an aviation conference in Tehran.
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Center of the Middle East All of the key themes at the heart of the turmoil in the Middle East appear in the Syrian conflict: The problem of political authoritarianism; the struggle for democracy, terrorism and rise of radical Islamic militancy; the regional rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia; the spread of sectarianism; intervention by the great powers; and the egregious violation of human rights.
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The wars have also left hundreds of thousands of veterans with serious physical and psychological disabilities, and they have created conditions -- from the sectarianism and corruption that opened the way for the formation of ISIS in Syria and Iraq to the arming of extremist groups in Afghanistan that went on to join al Qaeda -- that actually increased the terrorist threats in the Middle East and Southwest Asia.
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Six months into it, after we had collected hundreds of survey questionnaires about the well-being of ordinary Rwandans and conducted hundreds of discussions with villagers, the Rwandan security forces seized half of our files on the pretext that our research's design was tainted by "genocide ideology" — a vague notion supposedly something like sectarianism that the government often invokes to criminalize what it sees as challenges to its authority.
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Beauchamp explained the actual history of ISIS: The real sources of ISIS's recent growth were the Syrian civil war and political sectarianism in Iraq, neither of which were within the power of United States to prevent... US troops probably would not have stopped ISIS's rise, and, even if they could have, there would have been very little Obama could have done to make sure they stayed in Iraq.
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If it continued to foment anti-Shia sectarianism, he said, it would invite more violence within Saudi Arabia itself: Saudi Arabia may have to choose between using anti-Shiism as a political tool at home and abroad and the very real threat that extremists taking anti-Shiism too seriously will bring the fight back home – with unpredictable consequences for the stability of Saudi Arabia and the wider region.
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And really what that comes down to is grievances that are unaddressed and rising sectarianism across the Middle East, and until we address those issues and until those governments can get a hold of those issues I worry greatly that we and our partners have a continued challenge on our hands, which is why President Obama has taken the last eight years to put in place a sustainable, transparent counterterrorism architecture that can withstand a long game when it comes to fighting the terrorist fight.
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