"Fifty years ago, you would find nice attributions to Homeric heroes, but today's academics are very careful in their Homeric attributions," he said.
|
|
Her use of similes is almost Homeric in its brilliance.
|
|
I've been thinking about the Homeric Hymn to Hermes lately.
|
|
It's no accident that Burns's films are frequently called Homeric.
|
|
We'd like to suggest a Homeric riff on this idea.
|
|
Stories about journeying men have always, in the Homeric main, been straightforward.
|
|
Do you hope that your book compels people to read the Homeric poems?
|
|
The technicolour horrors of war are accompanied by similes of almost Homeric brilliance.
|
|
There were people called rhapsodes, who would sing Homeric songs at Greek festivals.
|
|
He is not a fated creature blown by the whims of Homeric gods.
|
|
The seal stone's possible relevance to the Homeric epics is intriguing but elusive.
|
|
In "Le Poète et La Sirène" (1893) Moreau conflates Homeric and Ovidian literary icons.
|
|
The xenia of Homeric times implied a mutually beneficial relationship between host and guest.
|
|
It was dazzling, even if the Homeric component, recorded in Hungarian, was hard to decipher.
|
|
To a Pintupi viewer, they function like Homeric epithets — jogging the memory, reiterating sacred knowledge.
|
|
So the oral tradition that led to the Homeric epics perhaps stretched over seven centuries.
|
|
Kolchinsky's "sprawling" lawsuit is a "Homeric 'catalog of ships' for the 2008 financial crisis," Pauley wrote.
|
|
This artwork illustrates the "Homeric Hymn to Demeter" narrating Hades's abduction of Persephone, daughter of Demeter.
|
|
Just by showing up, he would also have settled the Homeric question once and for all.
|
|
They're gateways into this world of myth, especially Homeric myth, that can be initially kind of intimidating.
|
|
Several scenes are set on large lonely rocks like those loved by Homeric poets and Symbolist painters.
|
|
Why, the critics wondered, had Waterhouse deviated from Homeric legend and depicted the Sirens as monstrous winged creatures?
|
|
" Winning entries, he added, will focus on American history, be nonpartisan, "Homeric in scope but intimate in details.
|
|
Invariably, like a Homeric epithet, it has become the phrase regularly used to introduce him as a composer.
|
|
And so, our mainstream literature of migration (Eugenides's Middlesex, the Homeric epics) has tended to focus on the journey.
|
|
Negotiating rounds aimed at modernizing WTO rules have been a Homeric task, taking decades and sometimes ending in failure.
|
|
Of all the women in Homeric myth, and there are so many, why did you choose Circe to focus on?
|
|
"The Odyssey," of course, is one — of the two Homeric epics it's the one that students tend to enjoy more.
|
|
It also felt reassuringly Homeric to be seeking solace in a place named after the final destination of The Odyssey.
|
|
" He did, however, talk about the status of his songs as poetry, responding to the conception of his lyrics as "Homeric.
|
|
Ms Miller calls upon a lost, post-Homeric epic of uncertain authorship, the "Telegony", for the material for her final act.
|
|
Larger things like the Homeric device of tagging characters to remind listeners — who can't easily turn back pages — who they are.
|
|
For that usage, OBELI go back to Homeric scholars, who used them to indicate a removal of spurious information or redundancy.
|
|
That scenario alone could prompt a government shutdown at a Homeric time for the GOP, as leaders try to complete tax reform.
|
|
Homeric in its crudity, in its liberating simplicity, it transcends epochs and borders, attaining a perverse immortality by its sheer, unrelenting evil.
|
|
In modern Greek, epítheto means "adjective," but Homeric epithets are loaded, often thrillingly ambiguous, and can act as a catalyst for drama.
|
|
No track reflects this more than standout hit "Siren," where the singer likens herself to the Homeric character and describes a fatal attraction.
|
|
No other ballet shares this one's Homeric sense that immortals can move seamlessly and harmoniously in and out of the world of mortals.
|
|
It came after he said he doesn't mind the damage to his reputation because he's not concerned about people singing "Homeric odes" to him.
|
|
In 1954 she was in "The Golden Apple," a through-composed musical that reset the Homeric epics in Washington State in the early 20th century.
|
|
Still, there is some evidence that the oral tradition behind the Homeric epics traces as far back as Linear B, the first Greek writing system.
|
|
There's an Homeric Odyssey-like quality to A Hundred Thousand Worlds: a journey that takes place after a long separation, populated by strange characters along the trip.
|
|
His 2010 book, "The Lost Books of the Odyssey," was a sequence of cleverly Borgesian short stories that imagined variations within the framework of the Homeric poem.
|
|
The Stoupakis distillery transforms the renowned sap into a dessert liquor (the epically named Homeric Mastiha) that smells like fresh-sawn wood and slips effortlessly down the gullet.
|
|
After intermission, the production pulls back from the Homeric sources, with an extended scene about an Icelandic soldier traumatized by his tours of duty in Iraq and Afghanistan.
|
|
Maureen Dowd Opinion Columnist WASHINGTON — When I was a political reporter at The Times, I had an editor who told me never to give anyone a Homeric epithet.
|
|
As for the rest of us, we who lack the language — and I lost my ability to read Greek at Homeric level long ago — we rely on the professors.
|
|
Its Homeric title notwithstanding, Jérôme Salle's "The Odyssey" is less an epic than a standard biopic of the explorer-turned-filmmaker Jacques-Yves Cousteau, as played by Lambert Wilson.
|
|
At the beginning of the book, we hear about Greek hoplites hopped up on wine, Homeric heroes swimming away from their sorrows by drinking opium and mushroom-eating Siberian tribes.
|
|
We are not moved to write polemics against paganism when Homer has Odysseus slaughter Penelope's suitors, such massacres being as much a part of Homeric time as banquets and bards.
|
|
" According to the 1988 Times review, "if there is one book that captures the Vietnam War in the sheer Homeric scale of its passion and folly, this book is it.
|
|
Her painting, "Demophon" (1989), is from a group of works she did in response to "The Homeric Hymn to Demeter," which is about a mother's search for her kidnapped daughter, Persephone.
|
|
Orestes and a couple of his friends escape, and in what is almost a mini Homeric "Odyssey" in the center of the book, two of them eventually make it back home.
|
|
In these Homeric passages, men's activities are dynamic and variable while women are meant to remain fixed in the interior of the house, engaged in the static occupation of wool-work.
|
|
The Homeric Greek dmoe, or "female-house-slave," Wilson writes in her translator's note, could be translated as "maid" or "domestic servant," but those terms would imply that the woman was free.
|
|
But Hall persevered, helped by her ability to dish out "Homeric bollockings" when required, and plotted prison breakouts, organized resistance activities and re-established a chain of radio operatives throughout the region.
|
|
It's "visceral and intense," as Burnham put it, because Kayla is experiencing a monumental week in her life and the efforts she's making to expand her horizons are practically Homeric in her mind.
|
|
Leftwing Socialist lawmaker Yann Galut promised a "Homeric battle" in parliament against the reforms, and even party head Jean-Christophe Cambadelis said he could not vote for the bill in its current form.
|
|
Amid the gorgeous Capri scenery, Mr. Godard muses on storytelling's evolution from the Homeric epic to the modern myth making of the movies, and on iconography's progression from bronze statues to Ms. Bardot.
|
|
Interspersed throughout are brief descriptions of Ettore's photographs, which become a material plot point that draws him and Hirut together decades later, while also working as a canny literalization of the Homeric metaphor.
|
|
The next 110 minutes depict a Homeric odyssey of escalating violence that ends ignobly with Foster's—and far too few audience members'—realization that, somewhere along the way, he transitioned from hero to villain.
|
|
In his restless search for a new poetic language, Mr. Antin began experimenting in the early 22011s with a style of performance that was part lecture, part stand-up routine and part Homeric recitation.
|
|
Italo Svevo, "Zeno's Conscience": Amidst the rich literature of The Higher Schlemiel there is no greater book, not least in the narrator's Homeric struggle to find a reason powerful enough to give up smoking.
|
|
During the past several decades, her staged works have embraced symbolist fever dreams ("The Death of the Last Black Man…"), Brechtian fables ("In the Blood") and Homeric epics ("Father Comes Home From the Wars").
|
|
In this way, Virgil's Homeric riff prefigures James Joyce's, twenty centuries later: whatever the great passages of intense humanity, there are parts that feel like a treasure hunt designed for graduate students of the future.
|
|
Translating the long-dead language Homer used — a variant of ancient Greek called Homeric Greek — into contemporary English is no easy task, and translators bring their own skills, opinions, and stylistic sensibilities to the text.
|
|
Homer's "wine-Dark Sea" In Mary Norris's reflections on learning Greek, she provides an interpretation of a Homeric epithet that has long confused readers of the Iliad and the Odyssey ("To the Letter," January 14th).
|
|
And so, a few weeks later, in June, fresh from our recent immersion in the text of the Homeric epic, we took the cruise, which lasted ten days, one for each year of Odysseus' long journey.
|
|
It included a large painting, "Rharian Plain" (1988), and a selection of woodcuts on rice paper from her artist's book, The Homeric Hymn to Demeter (1988), translated by Apostolos Athanassakis, as well as selection of recent self-portraits.
|
|
Photograph by Mark Peckmezian for The New Yorker Earlier this year, the BBC and Netflix broadcast "Troy: Fall of a City," a miniseries in which the Homeric hero Achilles is played by a British actor of Ghanaian descent.
|
|
Following a theory of Homeric authorship that assumed the Odyssey to have been composed at least a century after the Iliad, he pointed out that Odysseus, who is constantly reflecting and planning, manifests a self-consciousness of mind.
|
|
The tradition itself goes back to the Homeric epics but was kept alive by Pontic Greeks—a group of ethnic Greeks originally from the shores of the Black Sea, who over the centuries migrated to Turkey, Georgia, and Russia.
|
|
PES, a consistent buyer of West African crude, appears to have mostly succeeded in diverting those shipments, with a cargo of Chadian Doba shown en route to the Bahamas aboard the "Homeric", according to traders and Refinitiv Eikon data.
|
|
Modernism, as Kenner and Davenport showed in numerous studies, answered the radical discontinuity created by technology by fusing linguistic play with classical themes; for them, Joyce's fusion of a Dublin everyman with a Homeric hero was an emblematic act.
|
|
A WOMAN OF NO IMPORTANCE The Untold Story of the American Spy Who Helped Win World War II By Sonia Purnell "A Homeric tale" is how Sonia Purnell describes the life of Virginia Hall, and that sounds about right.
|
|
In "Omeros" — the title is the modern Greek word for Homer — Mr. Walcott cast his net wide, embracing all of Caribbean history from time immemorial, with special attention to the slave trade, and refracting its story through Homeric legend.
|
|
The Philadelphia Museum of Art is one of the nation's pre-eminent destinations for the work of Cy Twombly, who died in 2011 and whose monumental Homeric painting cycle "Fifty Days at Iliam" has been on permanent display there since 1989.
|
|
He had a sense of the Caribbean's grandeur that inspired him to write "Omeros," a transposed Homeric epic of more than 22000 pages, published in 21981, with humble fishermen and a taxi driver standing in for the heroes of ancient Greece.
|
|
More than 60 million people in the country pay a total of $73 billion annually to watch the original series like "The Crown" and Martin Scorsese's Homeric mob elegy "The Irishman," which was viewed by 26 million accounts in the first week of release.
|
|
Richard Adams, the British novelist who became one of the world's best-selling authors with his first book, "Watership Down," a tale of rabbits whose adventures in a pastoral realm of epic perils explored Homeric themes of exile, courage and survival, died on Saturday.
|
|
Years later, when she was majoring in classics at Brown University and read the Odyssey in the original Homeric Greek for the first time, Ms. Miller began to rethink Circe's story, which unfolds from Odysseus's perspective, as he describes his time on her island to the Phaeacians.
|
|
The following day, after an early morning flight, I found myself in Catania, staring up into a Mediterranean sky, Homeric in the brilliance of its blue — except for that little patch of sky near the top of the 10,808-foot volcano, marked by a smudge of gray.
|
|
At the tail end of the great period of the fifties Western, all the kids on the concrete balconies played at "Davy Crockett" and "Gunsmoke," riding hobbyhorses and firing cap guns up and down their gray length, a form of play as alien now as Homeric poetry.
|
|
" And, indeed, when Eurypylus asks Patroclus to use medicine he learned about from Achilles, who learned about it from Chiron, it says right there in the "Iliad" in plain Homeric Greek: "Upon it herb threw bitter hand rubbed hard killing all total pain of the body.
|
|
Permanent secretary for the Swedish Academy Sara Danius defended the win, comparing Dylan to Sappho and Homer and arguing that poetry and song were once conjoined—in fact, Homeric and Sapphic songs pre-date the concept of literature altogether, and only became defined by the written word after they'd survived long enough through oral transmission.
|
|
Later archaeologists were more doubtful, but allowed that the destruction of Troy in 1200 B.C. could have been remembered in oral poetry for 500 years until the Homeric poems were first written down, around 700 B.C. The Griffin Warrior was buried around 1450 B.C., distancing him even further from the first written version of Homer.
|
|
Permanent secretary for the Swedish Academy Sara Danius defended the win, comparing Dylan to Sappho and Homer and arguing that poetry and song were once conjoined—in fact, Homeric and Sapphic songs pre-date the concept of literature altogether, and only became defined by the written word after they'd survived long enough through oral transmission.
|
|
The oldest known Linear B inscriptions date to 1450 B.C., and the script disappeared after the collapse of Mycenaean civilization around 1200 B.C. Some of the scansion problems in the Homeric poems "can be resolved if you restore older forms of Greek which are consistent with the dialect recorded in Linear B documents," said Dr. Bennet of the British School at Athens.
|
|
For him Odysseus is not a real hero because he lies and cheats on his wife, tells false, self-inflating stories, is always relying on the gods to get him out of trouble, is not really all-man in the way of more singular, self-sufficient heroes, but is always shifting into difference, like the shimmering polychrome cloths with which the Homeric world was entranced.
|
|
With the depressing confirmations of Godwin's Law that can be found every day in the comments sections of news outlets (surely, this article will be no exception), one often senses that "Hitler" is not so much a historical figure as a mythological one, that the war of 70-some years ago has already become something like the Trojan War had been for the Homeric bards: a major event in the mythic past that gives structure and sense to our present reality.
|
|
Competitive singing is depicted vividly in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo and mentioned in the two Hymns to Aphrodite.Homeric Hymn to Apollo 165-173; Homeric Hymns 5 and 9.
|
|
128 (November, 2008), pp. 178-180. or historical and Homeric analysis.Jonathan Brown, In search of Homeric Ithaca (Canberra: Parrot Press, 2020), pp. 321-333. “What is clearly missing,” wrote Dr Christine Haywood reviewing Odysseus Unbound, “is a good knowledge of the complexities of Homeric language, and the support of archaeology.” Classics Ireland, vol.
|
|
London: Constable. Allen's 1912 edition of the Homeric HymnsIn the first decades of the twentieth century Allen published his editions of Homeric texts. He brought out revised versions of his Oxford Classical Text of the Iliad (2nd ed., 1908; 3rd ed. 1920), the Odyssey (1st ed. 1908; 2nd ed. 1917/1919), and the Homeric Hymns (1912).
|
|
Homer as depicted in the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle In 1488, the Greek scholar Demetrios Chalkokondyles published the editio princeps of the Homeric poems. The earliest modern Homeric scholars started with the same basic approaches towards the Homeric poems as scholars in antiquity. The allegorical interpretation of the Homeric poems that had been so prevalent in antiquity returned to become the prevailing view of the Renaissance. Renaissance humanists praised Homer as the archetypically wise poet, whose writings contain hidden wisdom, disguised through allegory.
|
|
Homeric arriving in 234x234px Cruising from British ports to the Mediterranean, the Homeric was one of the first liners to be used exclusively as a cruise ship, she handled this position brilliantly, and soon was well established in the cruising industry. To make her better suited to her new role Homeric was refitted with an outdoor swimming pool and lido deck. Although the Homeric never succumbed to any great disaster, she was involved in one minor incident while at anchor off Tenerife on 28 September 1932. Cia Transmediterrania’s small Isla de Tenerife failed to steer while circling the Homeric, slamming into the side of the ship near the bow.
|
|
He was the author of three volumes of blank-verse translations of the Homeric poems: Batrachomyomachia, an Homeric fable reproduced in dramatic blank verse, 1863; The Odyssey in dramatic blank verse 1863; and The Iliad, 1864.
|
|
Both the Homeric and Orphic Hymns to Pan reiterate Longus’ tale of Pan chasing Echo’s secret voice across the mountains.Hesiod and Homer, Translated by Hugh. G. Evelyn-White (2008). Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica. Digireads.com.
|
|
Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.
|
|
Apollonius in fact is the most Homeric of all the poets whose work has come down to us from the Hellenistic age, when Homeric scholarship flourished and almost all poets responded to Homer's influence, including Callimachus.A. Rengakos, Apollonius Rhodius as a Homeric Scholar, p. 243–44 Homeric echoes in Argonautica are quite deliberate and are not slavish imitation. When Jason first meets Hypsipyle in Book 1, he wears a cloak made for him by Athena, embroidered with various scenes alluding to tragic women that Homer's Odysseus met in Hades (Odyssey 11.225–380).
|
|
One of the earliest references to the phenomenon appears in Alcaeus's Fragment 34a about the Dioscuri, or Castor and Pollux. It is also referenced in Homeric Hymn 33 to the Dioscuri who were from Homeric times associated with it. Whether the Homeric Hymn antedates the Alcaeus fragment is unknown. St. Elmo's Fire is also mentioned in the novel, Castaways of the Flying Dutchman by Brian Jacques.
|
|
The later Attic talent was of a different weight than the Homeric, but represented the same value in copper as the Homeric did in gold, with the price ratio of gold to copper in Bronze Age Greece being 1:3000.
|
|
Do Homeric Heroes make Real Decisions?, Classical Quarterly 40, 1990, 1–15. DOI 10.1017/S0009838800026768.
|
|
Tyrrell, R. Y. (1894). "The Homeric Hymns." Hermathena Vol. 9, No. 20, pp. 30-49.
|
|
The second, the Columbus, renamed the Homeric, compensated for other ships lost in the conflict..
|
|
He was the first to recite the Homeric poems at Syracuse, which he did during the 69th Olympiad (504-501 BC). It was once argued that the dating made no sense because the Homeric poems must have reached Syracuse much earlier.Therefore, in the 19th century Welcker (Epischer Cyclus, p. 243) proposed reading «κατὰ τὴν ἕκτην ἢ τὴν ἐννάτην Ὀλυμπιάδα» ("during the sixth or the ninth Olympiad"), instead of «κατὰ τὴν ἑξηκοστὴν ἐννάτην Ὀλ.» ("during the sixty-ninth Olympiad"), and dating Cynaethus to about 750 BC. However, the original date corresponds well to a probable date of composition of the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 522 BC. No doubt basing himself on this or a similar text, Eustathius of Thessalonica names Cynaethus as the first to disseminate the Homeric poems and as a forger of Homeric verses.
|
|
In addition, there were the dark powers of the underworld, such as the Erinyes (or Furies), said to pursue those guilty of crimes against blood- relatives. In order to honor the Ancient Greek pantheon, poets composed the Homeric Hymns (a group of thirty-three songs).J. Cashford, The Homeric Hymns, vii Gregory Nagy (1992) regards "the larger Homeric Hymns as simple preludes (compared with Theogony), each of which invokes one god."Nagy, Gregory. 1992.
|
|
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 221, showing scholia from Iliad XXI Homeric scholarship is the study of any Homeric topic, especially the two large surviving epics, the Iliad and Odyssey. It is currently part of the academic discipline of classical studies. The subject is one of the oldest in scholarship. For the purpose of the present article, Homeric scholarship is divided into three main phases: antiquity; the 18th and 19th centuries; and the 20th century and later.
|
|
A model of the Homeric as built. The Homeric was planned during the first half of the 1980s as a replacement for the aging in the Home Lines' fleet. Meyer Werft in Papenburg, West Germany was chosen as the shipyard to build her. The ship was named in honour of the company's earlier , a popular ship that had been destroyed by a fire in 1973. The new Homeric was launched on 28 September 1985.
|
|
Oxford University Press His one surviving work has variously been called Homeric Problems, Homeric Questions,Stephen Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith, Stephen Brunet, (2004), Anthology of classical myth: primary sources in translation, page 116. Hackett or Homeric Allegories.Robert Lamberton, "Homer in Antiquity" in Ian Morris, Barry B. Powell, (1996), A new companion to Homer, page 52. BRILL In his work, Heraclitus defended Homer against those who denounced him for his immoral portrayals of the gods.
|
|
Longmans, Green and Co. 39 Paternoster Row, London. New York and Bombay. 1898 In the Homeric Hymns to Apollo the grove is also mentioned:Anonymous. The Homeric Hymns and Homerica (Hymn 3 to Apollo, 230 ff) with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn- White.
|
|
Mackie, C. J., "Homeric Phthia", Colby Quarterly, Volume 38, no. 2, June 2002, pp. 163–173.
|
|
We can go no further till we find an unrifled cairn burial answering to Homeric descriptions.
|
|
They produced them with such spontaneousness, that all three could not help bursting into Homeric laughter.
|
|
The Homeric Hymn to Demeter mentions the "plain of Nysa".Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 17. The locations of this probably mythical place may simply be conventions to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past.Nilsson (1967), Vol I, p.
|
|
The Ode to Aphrodite is strongly influenced by Homeric epic. Ruby Blondell argues that the whole poem is a parody and reworking of the scene in book five of the Iliad between Aphrodite, Athena, and Diomedes. Sappho's Homeric influence is especially clear in the third stanza of the poem, where Aphrodite's descent to the mortal world is marked by "a virtual invasion of Homeric words and phrases". Classicists disagree about whether the poem was intended as a serious piece.
|
|
Grant read Homer aloud, tracing the legendary path of Ulysses, the Homeric sojourner whose name he bore.
|
|
Smith, William, ed.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. (London: John Murray, 1854–1857) "Abii". Reece, Steve,"The Ἄβιοι and the Γάβιοι: An Aeschylean Solution to a Homeric Problem," American Journal of Philology 122 (2001) 465-470 The Abioi and the Gabioi: An Aeschylean Solution to a Homeric Problem.
|
|
The Homeric Minimum is a persistent and deep solar minimum that took place between 2,800 and 2,550 years before present, starting around 830 BC and resembling the Spörer Minimum. This minimum is sometimes considered to be part of a longer "Hallstattzeit" solar minimum between 705–200 BC that also includes a second minimum between 460 and 260 BC. The Homeric Minimum however also coincided with a geomagnetic excursion named "Etrussia-Sterno", which may have altered the climate response to the Homeric Minimum.
|
|
The original Homeric talent was probably the gold equivalent of the value of an ox or a cow.
|
|
Homeric Hymn XIX. To Pan, p.127. Orpheus, Translated by Thomas Taylor (2013). The Mystical Hymns of Orpheus.
|
|
They are also given epithets, though these are not the traditional Homeric epithets: godly Antenor, upright Justice, reckless Outrage.
|
|
The vinedresser overcomes the doubts of the Phoenician by offering manifest proofs of the existence of the Homeric heroes.
|
|
The non-Homeric epics are usually regarded as later than the Iliad and Odyssey. There is no reliable evidence for this, however, and some Neoanalyst scholars operate on the premise that the Homeric epics were later than the Cyclic epics and drew on them extensively. Other Neoanalysts make the milder claim that the Homeric epics draw on legendary material which later crystallized into the Epic Cycle. The nature of the relationship between the Cyclic epics and Homer is also bound up in this question.
|
|
In Greek mythology, Plouto or Pluto (Πλουτώ "Wealth") was, according to the late 8th-early 7th century BC Greek poet Hesiod, and the probably nearly as old Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter, one of the many Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys.Smith, s.v. Pluto 1; Hesiod, Theogony 337-355; Homeric Hymn 2.5, 2.418-423. Hesiod calls her "soft eyed", and the Homeric Hymn has her as one of the "deep-bosomed daughters of Oceanus" who were the playmates of Persephone when she was abducted by Hades.
|
|
These have been humorously described as points where Homer "nodded off," from which comes the proverbial phrase "Homeric Nod." Aristotle's Homeric Problems, which does not survive, was probably a response to Zoilus. Critical editions of Homer discuss three special steps in this process. First is the hypothetical "Peisistratean recension". There is a long- standing, but somewhat old-fashioned, tradition in modern scholarship which holds that in the mid-6th century BCE the Athenian tyrant Peisistratus had the Homeric epics compiled in a definitive edition.
|
|
Map of Homeric Greece In the debate since antiquity over the Catalogue of Ships, the core questions have concerned the extent of historical credibility of the account, whether it was composed by Homer himself, to what extent it reflects a pre-Homeric document or memorized tradition, surviving perhaps in part from Mycenaean times, or whether it is a result of post-Homeric development.J.K. Anderson, 1995. "The Geometric Catalogue of Ships," pp. 181-191 in Carter and Morris, editors, The Ages of Homer, (Austin: University of Texas Press).
|
|
While some of these names, such as Peitho, Metis and Tyche, certainly reflected existing traditions, many were probably mere poetic inventions.West 1966, p. 260; Hard, p. 41. The probably nearly as old Homeric Hymn to Demeter lists 21 names, 16 of which match those given by Hesiod,Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 418-423\.
|
|
In the second half of the 19th century archaeological excavation of the site believed to have been Homeric Troy began. As the Iliad is taught in every Greek language curriculum in the world, interest in the site has been unflagging. Homeric experts often memorize large parts of the poem. Literary quotes are commonplace.
|
|
Homeric Greek is like Ionic Greek, and unlike Classical Attic, in shifting almost all cases of long to : thus, Homeric for Attic "Troy", "hour", "gates (dat.)". Exceptions include nouns like "goddess", and the genitive plural of first-declension nouns and the genitive singular of masculine first-declension nouns: "of goddesses, of the son of Atreus".
|
|
Seventeen Epigrams were attributed to Homer in antiquity. They are preserved in a number of texts, including the Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus), the Contest of Homer and Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns.Hesiod; Homer; Evelyn-White, Hugh G. (Hugh Gerard), d. 1924 Hesiod, the Homeric hymns, and Homerica London : W. Heinemann ; New York : Putnam p.
|
|
On 19 April 1925 Homeric received the distress call 'Now very danger. Come quick' from the Japanese freighter which was listing dangerously in heavy seas and taking on water. Homeric was away and sped to Raifuku Marus position at 20 knots. However when she arrived, Raifuku Maru was listing at a 30 degree angle, and the rough seas prevented Homeric from getting close enough to rescue any of the stricken ship's crew, who had attempted unsuccessfully to get away in their lifeboats, which were smashed by the rough seas.
|
|
Such an incident doesn't happen even in the other Homeric epic, The Odyssey, where Athena always appears to Odysseus in disguise.
|
|
Galadriel's gifts, too, are Homeric, including cloaks, food, and wisdom as well as light, just like those of Circe and Calypso.
|
|
Compare: Baetylus. In Semitic: sacred stoneMartin Nilsson (1967). Vol I. p. 556 The "Homeric hymn" represents Apollo as a Northern intruder.
|
|
Thus, these critics find him mired in Homeric, or at least man-in-the-street, Hellenic, conceptions of anthropoidal divinities' interference.
|
|
Penguin Classics. Among the works listed by the Suda there are Homeric Questions, Homeric Problems and Solutions, Whether Homer is a Philosopher, and two publications on Attic diction.Suda, Longinos The most important of his philological works — Philological Discourses —, consisting of at least 21 books, is omitted. A considerable fragment of his On the Chief End is preserved by Porphyry.
|
|
From antiquity until the present day, the influence of Homeric epic on Western civilization has been great, inspiring many of its most famous works of literature, music, art and film. The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" – ten Hellada pepaideuken.
|
|
Part of Priam's treasure. Priam's Treasure is a cache of gold and other artifacts discovered by classical archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann at Hissarlik in modern Turkey. The majority of the artifacts are currently in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow. Schliemann claimed the site to be that of Homeric Troy, and assigned the artifacts to the Homeric king Priam.
|
|
Nausicaa was launched in April 1813, and named for the Homeric character Nausicaa. The British seized her in June 1814 at Corfu.
|
|
DK B49a, > from Heraclitus Homericus, Homeric Questions 24 The idea is referenced twice in Plato's Cratylus.Cratylus 401d.5 and 402a.8; cf.
|
|
Renberg, p. 530. There is evidence to suggest that Sarpedon was the subject of pre- Homeric non-Greek worship.Janko, p. 372; Rose, s.v.
|
|
144; Grimal, p. 119; Tripp, p. 181; and Rose, p. 304; all simply describe the Homeric Cyclopes as one-eyed, without further qualification.
|
|
Apollonia () was a town on the frontiers of ancient Aetolia and Phocis near Naupactus. Stephanus of Byzantium connects this Apollonia with Homeric Cyparissus.
|
|
Trust me, sir, I have already laughed more than beseems my cloth at your Homeric confabulation with yonder ragamuffin General of the rebels.
|
|
Detail of The Parnassus (painted 1509–1510) by Raphael, depicting Homer wearing a crown of laurels atop Mount Parnassus, with Dante Alighieri on his right and Virgil on his left The Homeric epics are written in an artificial literary language or 'Kunstsprache' only used in epic hexameter poetry. Homeric Greek shows features of multiple regional Greek dialects and periods, but is fundamentally based on Ionic Greek, in keeping with the tradition that Homer was from Ionia. Linguistic analysis suggests that the Iliad was composed slightly before the Odyssey, and that Homeric formulae preserve older features than other parts of the poems.
|
|
Three of these epigrams (epigrams III, XIII and XVII) are also preserved in the Contest of Homer and Hesiod and epigram I is found in a few manuscripts of the Homeric Hymns.Hesiod; Homer; Evelyn-White, Hugh G. (Hugh Gerard), d. 1924 Hesiod, the Homeric hymns, and Homerica London : W. Heinemann ; New York : Putnam p.467 The short textapproximately 338 lines.
|
|
Folio from the Townley Homer, an 11th cent. MS. of the Iliad in the British Library.In the 1890s Allen focused his labors on what would be his life's work, the texts of Homer and the Homeric Hymns. During the latter part of the decade he began a working relationship with David B. Monro, a leading Homeric scholar and Provost of Oriel College, Oxford.
|
|
In Greek, the Homeric epithets are most commonly recognized. The article “L’Épithète Traditionnelle dans Homère and les Formules et la Métrique d’Homère” by Milman Parry argues for Homer's use of formulaic epithets in the Greek epics. These epithets are arguably used formulaically much like the makurakotoba. Examples of Homeric epithets: swift- footed Achilles, crafty Aegisthus, wily Odysseus (or Odysseus of many wiles).
|
|
Later Greeks thought of the Mycenaean period as an age of heroes, as represented in the Homeric epics. Greek hero cult centered on tombs.
|
|
P. Oxy. 221 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 221 (P. Oxy. 221 or P. Oxy. II 221) contains Homeric scholia by an unknown author, written in Greek.
|
|
IV Crowned with glory were our hills when Ribas the sword brandished, and in his Homeric pursuit Victory with oppressing blood its fields sprayed.
|
|
Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2000. Print. 276-279. Irus's appearance within the epic develops the Homeric themes of punishing the inhospitable and appearances versus reality.
|
|
The advice was declined.Plutarch, Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata, 13 Homer does not mention Poltys in the Iliad, and the story is obviously post-Homeric.
|
|
Clarendon Press. 1940. But Homeric Thrinacia is also associated with Malta, and Sicily is instead also identified with the episode of the Cyclops Polyphemus.
|
|
Bentley showed conclusively that the vast majority of metrical anomalies in Homeric verse could be attributed to the presence of digamma (though the idea was not well received at the time: Alexander Pope, for one, satirised Bentley). Important linguistic studies continued throughout the next two centuries alongside the endless arguments over the Homeric question, and the work by figures such as Buttmann and Monro is still worth reading today; and it was the linguistic work of Parry that set in motion a major paradigm shift in the mid-20th century. Another major 18th century development was Villoison's 1788 publication of the A and B scholia on the Iliad. The Homeric question is essentially the question of the identity of the poet(s) of the Homeric epics, and the nature of the relationship between "Homer" and the epics.
|
|
The most important are those on the Homeric Iliad, especially those found in the 10th-century manuscripts discovered by Villoison in 1781 in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice (see further Venetus A, Homeric scholarship), which are based on Aristarchus and his school.J E Sandys, A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (London 1894) p. 65 The scholia on Hesiod, Pindar, Sophocles, Aristophanes and Apollonius Rhodius are also extremely important.
|
|
Brief mentions of the Titanomachy and the imprisonment of the Titans in Tartarus also occur in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo and Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound.Gantz, pp. 45-46. In the Hymn, Hera, angry at Zeus, calls upon the "Titan gods who dwell beneath the earth about great Tartarus, and from whom are sprung both gods and men".Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3), 334-339.
|
|
Aside from minor differences, the Homeric poems gained a canonical place in the institutions of ancient Athens by the 6th century. In 566 BCE, Peisistratos instituted a civic and religious festival called the Panathenaia, which featured performances of Homeric poems. These are significant because a "correct" version of the poems had to be performed, indicating that a particular version of the text had become canonised.Wilson, Emily (2018).
|
|
At the end of the manuscript of his Vision, he identifies himself as "Dorotheus, son of Quintus the poet". This identification is supported by the facts that there is no other poet Quintus in this period and Dorotheus uses the same Homeric poetic structure as Quintus. Despite this, Dorotheus commits many metric errors which Quintus avoids, indicating that Dorotheus did not inherit Quintus' homeric culture.
|
|
The earliest known theological or spiritual documents concerning Hermes are found in the c. 7th century BC Homeric Hymns. In Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes describes the god's birth and his theft of Apollo's sacred cattle. In this hymn, Hermes is invoked as a god "of many shifts" (polytropos), associated with cunning and thievery, but also a bringer of dreams and a night guardian.
|
|
The 18th century saw major developments in Homeric scholarship, and also saw the opening phase of the discussion which was to dominate the 19th century (and, for some scholars, the 20th): the so- called "Homeric question". Homer was first seen as the product of his primitive time by the Scottish scholar Thomas Blackwell, in An Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer (1735). Another major development was the enormous growth of linguistic study on Homer and the Homeric dialect. In 1732, Bentley published his discovery of the traces left in the text of Homer by the digamma, an archaic Greek consonant that was omitted in later, classical, Greek orthography.
|
|
It did not die out entirely, but it came to be increasingly seen as a discredited dead end. Starting in around 1928, Milman Parry and Albert Lord, after their studies of folk bards in the Balkans, developed the "Oral-Formulaic Theory" that the Homeric poems were originally composed through improvised oral performances, which relied on traditional epithets and poetic formulas. This theory found very wide scholarly acceptance and explained many previously puzzling features of the Homeric poems, including their unusually archaic language, their extensive use of stock epithets, and their other "repetitive" features. Many scholars concluded that the "Homeric question" had finally been answered.
|
|
The Homeric poems were composed in unrhymed dactylic hexameter; ancient Greek metre was quantity-based rather than stress-based. Homer frequently uses set phrases such as epithets ('crafty Odysseus', 'rosy-fingered Dawn', 'owl-eyed Athena', etc.), Homeric formulae ('and then answered [him/her], Agamemnon, king of men', 'when the early-born rose-fingered Dawn came to light', 'thus he/she spoke'), simile, type scenes, ring composition and repetition. These habits aid the extemporizing bard, and are characteristic of oral poetry. For instance, the main words of a Homeric sentence are generally placed towards the beginning, whereas literate poets like Virgil or Milton use longer and more complicated syntactical structures.
|
|
For Virgil apparently, these Homeric Cyclopes are members of the same race of Cyclopes as Hesiod's Brontes and Steropes, who live nearby.Tripp, s.v. Cyclopes, p. 181.
|
|
Hesiod, Theogony 359; Homeric Hymn 2.422. According to Caldwell, p. 49 n. 359, the Hesiod Oceanid is "probably not" the same; see also West 1966, p.
|
|
The Homeric Hymn to Apollo acknowledges that Apollo's gift of prophecy first came to him from three bee-maidens. Its site is located near modern Tseloneri.
|
|
Within the Analyst school were two camps: proponents of the "lay theory," which held that the Iliad and the Odyssey were put together from a large number of short, independent songs, and proponents of the "nucleus theory", which held that Homer had originally composed shorter versions of the Iliad and the Odyssey, which later poets expanded and revised. A small group of scholars opposed to the Analysts, dubbed "Unitarians", saw the later additions as superior, the work of a single inspired poet. By around 1830, the central preoccupations of Homeric scholars, dealing with whether or not "Homer" actually existed, when and how the Homeric poems originated, how they were transmitted, when and how they were finally written down, and their overall unity, had been dubbed "the Homeric Question". Following World War I, the Analyst school began to fall out of favor among Homeric scholars.
|
|
In one of MacDonald's first books, Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew, he posited the theory that the non-canonical Acts of Andrew was a Christian retelling of Homer's Iliad.Christianizing Homer Retrieved January 12, 2009 In it he argued that one could detect trends that showed parallels between the Homeric epic and the Acts of Andrew. He argued that the Acts of Andrew is better understood in light of the Odyssey. That the order of events in the Acts follows those found in the Acts of Andrew, that certain events in the Acts are better understood when understood in context of the Homeric epics, and that the Homeric texts commonly were available during the first century AD. In subsequent works, MacDonald expanded his hypothesis to include the Acts of the Apostles and the Gospel of Mark as being Christian variations of the Homeric epics.
|
|
D.B. Monro. David Binning Monro, FBA (16 November 183622 August 1905) was a Scottish Homeric scholar, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, and Vice- Chancellor of Oxford University.
|
|
Pseudo-Justin instead offers up Moses as the source of proper theological views. He claims that Moses was more ancient—and thus, more authoritative—than Homer or any other pagan writer.Pseudo-Justin, chapter 9, p. 384.The standard views of contemporary scholarship concerning the dating and authorship of Mosaic literature and Homeric literature are far more complex and reject anything like Pseudo- Justin's theories; see Documentary hypothesis and Homeric question.
|
|
Jay Sivell. Wordpress.comG. Roscoe Spurgeon "Radio Stations Common? Not This Kind" coastalradio.co.uk Built with the steerage trade in mind, Homeric had a huge portion of her accommodations devoted to immigrants, and when the United States curtailed the flow of foreign settlers in the mid-1920s the Homeric was particularly hard hit. Her original passenger capacity was given as 529 First class, 487 Second class and 1,750 Third class.
|
|
The first German edition of The Homeric Gods was published in 1929 by Friedrich Cohen in Bonn. The publisher had been responsible for several works by Otto's former teacher Hermann Usener, and for Platons Mythen (1927) by Karl Reinhardt, one of Otto's colleagues. Within its genre, The Homeric Gods was a success. By 1970 it had been published in six German editions without revisions and translated into multiple languages.
|
|
The poems of Homer were studied in Athens, and may have been compiled there; they are in Epic or Homeric Greek, an artificial blend of several dialects, not including Attic. The Homeric aorist differs in morphology from Attic, but the educated Athenians imitated Homeric syntax. Conversely, Hellenistic or Koine Greek was a blend of several dialects after the conquests of Alexander; most of the written texts that survive in Koine imitate the Attic taught in schools to a greater or lesser extent, but the spoken language of the writers appears to have simplified and regularized the formation of the aorist, and some of the features of Attic syntax are much less frequently attested.
|
|
Some of the marriage settlements mentioned in the Iliad and Odyssey suggest that bride price was a custom of Homeric society. The language used for various marriage transactions, however, may blur distinctions between bride price and dowry, and a third practice called "indirect dowry," whereby the groom hands over property to the bride which is then used to establish the new household. "Homeric society" is a fictional construct involving legendary figures and deities, though drawing on the historical customs of various times and places in the Greek world. At the time when the Homeric epics were composed, "primitive" practices such as bride price and polygamy were no longer part of Greek society.
|
|
MacDonald's seminal work, however, is The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark. According to MacDonald, the Gospel of Mark is "a deliberate and conscious anti-epic, an inversion of the Greek 'Bible' of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, which in a sense updates and Judaizes the outdated heroic values presented by Homer, in the figure of a new hero."Carrier, Richard. Review of The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark Retrieved January 12, 2009 The book begins by examining the role that the Homeric Epics played in antiquity—namely that anybody who was considered educated at the time learned to read and write, and they did so by studying the Odyssey and Iliad.
|
|
The Homeric centos that Eudocia composed are her most popular poems, as well as those most analyzed by modern scholars, because Homer was a popular choice on which to write a cento. Eudocia's centos are the longest Homeric centos, and consist of 2,344 lines. These centos are a clear representation of who Eudocia was, and what she believed in—an epic poem combining her Athenian classical educational background, but adding stories from the book of Genesis and the New Testament stories of the life of Jesus Christ. Mark Usher analyzed this poem as a way to understand why Eudocia chose to use Homeric themes as a mean to express her biblical interpretations.
|
|
Ragusa was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion in Ireland. The best of his progeny included Morston, Ragstone, Caliban (Coronation Cup), and Homeric. Ragusa died in 1973.
|
|
Their language is an artificial Homeric Greek. Elegiac couplets and anacreontics occur as well. The content of these poems is very heterogeneous. The most remarkable among them are satirical.
|
|
Hesiod, Theogony 823–835. The Homeric Hymn to Apollo describes Typhon as "fell" and "cruel", and like neither gods nor men.Homeric Hymn to Apollo 306, 351–352. Gantz, p.
|
|
As stated before, hymns such as the Homeric and Orphic Hymns may be sung. Generally, Hellenic Polytheists will try to reconstruct most aspects of the festival or reinterpret them.
|
|
He especially discussed the Homeric Epics often. After his death, Carl Robert's archaeology and philology division published these papers under the title Homerische Aufsätze von Rudolf Hercher (Berlin 1881).
|
|
Autolycus received his skills as the greatest of thieves due to sacrificing to Hermes as his patron.The Homeric Hymns (pp. 76–77), edited by AN Athanassakis, JHU Press, 2004, .
|
|
In his second race of 1972 he took on Mill Reef in the Coronation Cup. Mercer took over the lead from Mill Reef's pacemaker and Homeric, kept beautifully balanced, was driven for the line. Joined by Mill Reef at the furlong pole everyone expected the latter to stride away but Geoff Lewis had to ride his Derby winner for all he was worth. He just hung on and won by a neck from Homeric.
|
|
Kirk argues that Homeric poems differ from those traditions in their "metrical strictness", "formular system[s]", and creativity. In other words, Kirk argued that Homeric poems were recited under a system that gave the reciter much more freedom to choose words and passages to get to the same end than the Serbo-Croatian poet, who was merely "reproductive".Kirk, Geoffrey S. The Songs of Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962. pp88 - 91.
|
|
Steve Reece, The Stranger's Welcome: Oral Theory and the Aesthetics of the Homeric Hospitality Scene (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993) catalogues the various expectations of host and guest in Homeric Greek society. In Greek society, a person's ability to abide by the laws of hospitality determined nobility and social standing. The ancient Greeks, since the time of Homer, believed the goddess of hospitality and hearth was Hestia, one of the original six Olympians.
|
|
11-12; , pp. 186-187. From Parry's resulting research in Bosnia, the records of which are now housed at Harvard University, he and his student Albert Lord revolutionized Homeric scholarship.
|
|
Richter casts the story in Homeric terms, with the children caught up in the conflicts of their parents. The novel is narrated through the eyes of Hal, Colonel Brewton's nephew.
|
|
178; Cook, p. 732; Roscher, p. 100; Scholiast on Demosthenes, 21.39a. but by at least the time of the late Homeric Hymn, Pandia had become a daughter of Zeus and Selene.
|
|
Oral-formulaic theory was originally developed, principally by Parry in the 1920s, to explain how the Homeric epics could have been passed down through many generations purely through word of mouth and why its formulas appeared as they did. His work was influential (see Homeric scholarship#Oral Theory and Homeric Question). The locus classicus for oral-formulaic poetry, however, was established by the work of Parry and his student Lord on the Serbian oral epic poetry of what was then of Yugoslavia, where oral-formulaic composition could be observed and recorded ethnographically. Formulaic variation is apparent, for example, in the following lines: :a besjedi od Orasca Tale ("But spoke of Orashatz Tale") :a besjedi Mujagin Halile ("But spoke Mujo's Halil").
|
|
Likewise, in the Mycenaean Greek Linear B tablets, some Homeric names appear, including Achilles (Linear B: , a-ki-re-u),The word a-ki-re-u which is found on the KN Vc 106 tablet, has been identified as Akhilleus. a name which was also common in the classical period, noted on tablets from both Knossos and Pylos. The Achilles of the Linear B tablet is a shepherd, not a king or warrior, but the very fact that the name is an authentic Bronze Age name is significant. These names in the Homeric poems presumably remember, if not necessarily specific people, at least an older time when people's names were not the same as they were when the Homeric epics were written down.
|
|
In May 1982 Britanis cruised between New York and Bermuda with a smaller capacity of 1,200 passengers. In winter 1983–1984, Britanis sailed from Miami to the Caribbean, then sailed from New York in the summer. A major overhaul in 1986 included parts from her sister Ellinis (ex-Lurline), some of which went to Ellinis from Homeric (ex-Mariposa) when Homeric was scrapped in 1974. At this point, parts from three sister ships were now bound together in Britanis.
|
|
Kykeon is mentioned in Homeric texts: the Iliad describes it as consisting of Pramnian wine, barley, and grated goat's cheese. In the Odyssey, Circe adds some honey and pours her magic potion into it. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the goddess refuses red wine but accepts kykeon made from water, barley, and pennyroyal. It was supposed to have digestive properties: In Aristophanes' Peace Hermes recommends it to the hero who ate too much dry fruit and nuts.
|
|
According to the standard myths, Zeus raped the nymph Aigina, who bore the first king of the island, Aiakos. This king had the sons Telamon (father of the Homeric hero Ajax) and Peleus (father of the Homeric hero Achilles). The Greek idolize heroes who fallen at war, to die on the battleground was a great honor it depicted courage and strength. When a hero died it was thought that they become immortal because they prove themselves to the Gods.
|
|
Dio praised Aeschylus' version for its simplicity, dignity, grandeur and bold thought and language. Classics professor Norman Austin claims that Aeschylus' revisions to the original story actually make Aeschylus' story more Homeric.
|
|
"The Homeric Question." In: Homer: An Introduction to the Iliad and the Odyssey. Boston: Ginn & Company, p. 116 (footnote). Homer was the outcome of a specific society and natural environment,Labio, Catherine (2004).
|
|
She shares her Homeric epithet Halosydne ("sea-nourished")Wilhelm Vollmer, Wörterbuch der Mythologie, 3rd ed. 1874: with ThetisOdyssey iv.404 (Amphitrite), and Iliad, xx.207. in some sense the sea-nymphs are doublets.
|
|
Cover of The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite by F. L. Lucas (Golden Cockerel Press, 1948); an Edgar Mansfield binding The Golden Cockerel Press was an English fine press operating between 1920 and 1961.
|
|
It was set up on a pedestal in 1501 and remains unrestored. A version of the group, probably intended to represent other Homeric figures, is part of the Sperlonga sculptures found in 1957.
|
|
With the rest of the world thus discussed, Boorstin begins his journey with the first Western state, Greece. The Homeric poems of the Gods, recited so often, became theater when participants and spectators separated.The Creators, "The Homeric Scriptures of the Greeks" Greece initiated the cultural patterns that persist and define the Western world - dance, theater, poetry, sports, sculpture, literature, architecture, philosophy and democracy. At some point they began asking and attempting to answer fundamental questions about the world and themselves.
|
|
Pausanias distinguished among the categories of theonym proper, poetic epithet, the epiclesis of local cult, and an epiclesis that might be used universally among the Greeks.Pausanias gave specific examples in regard to Poseidon (7.21.7); Claude Calame, "The Homeric Hymns as Poetic Offerings: Musical and Ritual Relationships with the Gods," in The Homeric Hymns: Interpretive Essays (Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 338. Epiclesis remains in use by some Christian churches for the invocation of the Holy Spirit during the Eucharistic prayer.
|
|
Even so, many scholars who examined the archaeology and social history of Homeric Greece did so from a Unitarian perspective, perhaps out of a wish to avoid the complexities of Analysis and Analysts' tendency to re-write each other's work indefinitely. Niese's 1873 Der homerische Schiffskatalog als historische Quelle betrachtet ("The Homeric catalogue of ships studied as a historical source") stands out. Schliemann, who began excavating Hisarlik in the 1870s, treated Homer as a historical source from an essentially Unitarian viewpoint.
|
|
During her service with Home Lines the Homeric was used for cruises from New York to Bermuda during the northern hemisphere summer season and cruises in the Caribbean during the rest of the year. The success of the Homeric in service with Home Lines has been questioned, with one author describing her as the "giant swan song" of the company. Whether the fault of the ship or something else, Home Lines was purchased by the Holland America Line in 1988.
|
|
From around 150 BC, the texts of the Homeric poems seem to have become relatively established. After the establishment of the Library of Alexandria, Homeric scholars such as Zenodotus of Ephesus, Aristophanes of Byzantium and in particular Aristarchus of Samothrace helped establish a canonical text. The first printed edition of Homer was produced in 1488 in Milan, Italy. Today scholars use medieval manuscripts, papyri and other sources; some argue for a "multi-text" view, rather than seeking a single definitive text.
|
|
The Homeridae, like other rhapsodes, switched to a designated text which they themselves had approved. In this way, the Homeridae became the authors of some of the first "authoritative" versions of Homeric poetry, and removed much of the improvisation which had hitherto characterized the art form. Incidentally, some people believed these attributions: Thucydides, though not easily fooled, quotes from a version of the Homeric Hymn to Apollo similar to the text now known and confidently ascribes it to Homer.Thucydides, Histories 3.104.
|
|
In Greek mythology, Ichnaea (Iknaia) (), "the tracker" was an epithet that could be applied to Themis, as in the Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo (line 94), or to Nemesis, who was venerated at Ichnae, a Greek city in Macedon. At the birth of Apollo on Delos according to the Homeric hymn, the goddesses who bear witness to the rightness of the birth are the great goddesses of the old order: Dione, Rhea, Ichnaean Themis and the sea-goddess "loud-moaning" Amphitrite.
|
|
This epithet occurs throughout both of the Homeric epics and the First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. Hesiod references it once in his Theogony in the context of Aphrodite's birth, but interprets it as "genital-loving" rather than "smile-loving". Monica Cyrino notes that the epithet may relate to the fact that, in many artistic depictions of Aphrodite, she is shown smiling. Other common literary epithets are Cypris and Cythereia, which derive from her associations with the islands of Cyprus and Cythera respectively.
|
|
White Star Line purchased the unfinished Columbus in 1920, and renamed her Homeric. The ship was completed and entered service two years later. In 1920 construction was resumed under the watchful eye of officials sent down from Harland and Wolff, but work was slow, plagued by material shortages and a workforce that had no ambition to finish the ship only to hand it over to the British. Finally completed in late 1921, the Homeric was handed over by a reluctant builder.
|
|
W. Kullmann (1960), Die Quellen der Ilias. Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition. Even after the composition of the Iliad, Odyssey, and the Cyclic Epics, the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling. Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems.
|
|
Hermes was then instructed to take her as wife to Epimetheus. The Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes,"The conventional attribution of the Hymns to Homer, in spite of linguistic objections, and of many allusions to things unknown or unfamiliar in the Epics, is merely the result of the tendency to set down "masterless" compositions to a well-known name...": Andrew Lang, THE HOMERIC HYMNS A NEW PROSE TRANSLATION AND ESSAYS, LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL. Transcribed from the 1899 George Allen edition. Project Gutenberg.
|
|
The Epic Cycle (, Epikos Kyklos) was a collection of Ancient Greek epic poems, composed in dactylic hexameter and related to the story of the Trojan War, including the Cypria, the Aethiopis, the so-called Little Iliad, the Iliupersis, the Nostoi, and the Telegony. Scholars sometimes include the two Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, among the poems of the Epic Cycle, but the term is more often used to specify the non-Homeric poems as distinct from the Homeric ones. Unlike the Iliad and the Odyssey, the cyclic epics survive only in fragments and summaries from Late Antiquity and the Byzantine period. The Epic Cycle was the distillation in literary form of an oral tradition that had developed during the Greek Dark Age, which was based in part on localised hero cults.
|
|
Many ancient Greek writers discussed topics and problems in the Homeric epics, but the development of scholarship per se revolved around three goals: # Analyzing internal inconsistencies within the epics; # Producing editions of the epics' authentic text, free of interpolations and errors; # Interpretation: both explaining archaic words, and exegetical interpretation of the epics as literature. The first philosopher to focus intensively on the intellectual problems surrounding the Homeric epics was Zoilus of Amphipolis in the early 4th century BCE. His work Homeric Questions does not survive, but it seems that Zoilus enumerated and discussed inconsistencies of plot in Homer. Examples of this are numerous: for example, in Iliad 5.576-9 Menelaus kills a minor character, Pylaemenes, in combat; but later, at 13.758-9, he is still alive to witness the death of his son Harpalion.
|
|
Kirkus Reviews noted the "compelling vision and sensitivity to language, history, and heroics" that she brought to retelling both Arthurian legends and the Homeric epic. "Black Ships Before Troy". Kirkus Reviews. 15 October 1993.
|
|
Blackwell Pub., Oxford – Malden (MA) 2003, p. 168. Even so, he provided a further, deliberately crafted link to the world of Homeric epic. Mithridates VI was celebrated in the city as a new Pergamus.
|
|
The Singer of Tales is a book by Albert Lord that discusses the oral tradition as a theory of literary composition and its applications to Homeric and medieval epic. It was published in 1960.
|
|
In most circumstances, Homeric Greek did not have available a true definite article. , , and their inflected forms do occur, but they are in origin demonstrative pronouns.Goodwin, William W. (1879). A Greek Grammar (pp 204).
|
|
1997 p. 541Evelyn-White p.466 Epigrams III, XIII and XVII are included in the Contest of Homer and Hesiod and epigram I is included in some manuscripts of the Homeric Hymns.Evelyn-White p.
|
|
The explanations suggested by modern scholars tend to mirror their position on the overall Homeric question. Nagy interprets it as "he who fits (the song) together". West has advanced both possible Greek and Phoenician etymologies.
|
|
In an echo of the Iliad, Achilles drags the corpse behind his horse. Thus, the comparison with the Homeric Hector is heightened and, at the same time, aspects of the classical Troilus's fate are echoed.
|
|
Because of its formal qualities as well as its interaction with Homeric motifs, the ode has been compared to the poems of Ibycus' contemporary Stesichorus. However, an attribution to the poet is unlikely.Barron (1969) 132.
|
|
Sarcophagus with the abduction of Persephone. Walters Art Museum. Baltimore, Maryland Persphone's abduction by Hades is mentioned briefly in Hesiod's Theogony,Hesiod, Theogony 914. and told in considerable detail in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter.
|
|
The Homeric Cyclopes are presented as uncivilized shepherds, who live in caves, savages with no regard for Zeus. They have no knowledge of agriculture, ships or craft. They live apart and lack any laws.Gantz, pp.
|
|
Homeric Thrinacia was later identified with Sicily, and its name re-interpreted as Trinakria (Τρινακρία, from τρεῖς and ἄκραι, as "[island] with three headlands")."Θρινακίη" in Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon.
|
|
Parry's influence is evident in the work of later scholars who have argued that there is a fundamental break in the institutional structure between Homeric Greece and Platonic Greece, a break characterized by the transition from an oral culture to a written culture. This line of thought holds that oral poetry, in Homeric society, served as a sort of log of institutional and cultural practices. In a written culture, written logs take the place of oral poetry. This thesis is associated with Eric Havelock, who cites Parry.
|
|
The dating of the Homeric epics continues to be a controversial topic. The most influential work in this area in the last few decades is that of Richard Janko, whose 1982 study Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns uses statistics based on a range of dialectal pointers to argue that the text of both epics became fixed in the latter half of the 8th century, though he has since argued for an even earlier date.See e.g. R. Janko 1996, "The performance of Homeric epic", Didaskalia 3.3.
|
|
In antiquity, it was widely held that the Homeric poems were collected and organised in Athens in the late sixth century BC by the tyrant Peisistratos (died 528/7 BC), in what subsequent scholars have dubbed the "Peisistratean recension". The idea that the Homeric poems were originally transmitted orally and first written down during the reign of Peisistratos is referenced by the first-century BC Roman orator Cicero and is also referenced in a number of other surviving sources, including two ancient Lives of Homer.
|
|
Every stage of the production process was documented by scribes; indeed, different products appeared to have their own specialist scribes writing the relevant tablets. Shelmerdine documented the ingredients used in several perfumes; these included henna, coriander, myrrh, honey, and "po-ni-ki-jo". Shelmerdine considered the influence of Mycenaean perfumery on later Greek myth, especially Homeric myths. Mycenaean perfumed oils were exported to Saqqara for use among the Egyptian nobility, but later on took on the role of "ambrosial" clothing for the gods in Homeric hymns.
|
|
Roman sarcophagus showing the abduction of Persephone. Ca. 230–240 AD. Capitoline Museum, Rome Several versions of the myth of the abduction of Persephone survive from antiquity, the Homeric Hymn to Demeter being one, and the version in Ovid’s Metamorphoses being another. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Persephone is picking flowers in a field with other goddesses, among them Artemis and Athena, when the ground suddenly opens up. Hades flies out of it on his chariot, grabs Persephone, and whisks her away to the underworld.
|
|
When delivered in April 1982, the Atlantic took over the New York—Bahama cruise service. Another new ship, the second Homeric, was ordered for delivery in 1986, and in preparation for that the Oceanic was sold to Premier Cruise Line in 1985, becoming their Starship Oceanic. Home Lines continued operating until 1988, when the company was purchased by Holland America Line and its operation merged into those of Holland America. The Atlantic was sold to Premier Cruise Line, becoming Starship Atlantic, while the Homeric became HAL's Westerdam.
|
|
He wrote prolifically in three genres: philological questions (γραμματικά); running commentaries (ὑπομνήματα) and treatises (συνταγματικά). Of the last genre, he wrote a polemical monograph criticizing the Homeric interpretations of Krates. Another work he is said to have written was the Περὶ ποσοτήτων (On quantities). From the scholia preserved from the critical works of Aristonicus and Didymus who excerpted Dionysius' work it is clear that he was decidedly independent in his textual judgements on the Homeric corpus, since he frequently contradicts his master's known readings.
|
|
The Homeric "long-haired Achaeans" would have been a part of the Mycenaean civilization that dominated Greece from circa 1600 BC until 1100 BC. Later, by the Archaic and Classical periods, the term "Achaeans" referred to inhabitants of the much smaller region of Achaea. Herodotus identified the Achaeans of the northern Peloponnese as descendants of the earlier, Homeric Achaeans. According to Pausanias, writing in the 2nd century CE, the term "Achaean" was originally given to those Greeks inhabiting the Argolis and Laconia.Pausanias. Description of Greece, VII.1.
|
|
In its earliest appearance in Greek, this notion of excellence was ultimately bound up with the notion of the fulfillment of purpose or function: the act of living up to one's full potential. The term from Homeric times onwards is not gender specific. Homer applies the term of both the Greek and Trojan heroes as well as major female figures, such as Penelope, the wife of the Greek hero Odysseus. In the Homeric poems, Arete is frequently associated with bravery, but more often with effectiveness.
|
|
According to Otto, Homeric religion is expressed in the Apollon of Olympia, "a vivid representation of what is loftiest, most eminent, and at the same time brightest". Analysing the Homeric gods, Otto does not give Zeus a separate treatment, because all divinity converges in him. Athena belongs to the immediate present and the clarity of action, where she provides level-headedness, quick-wittedness and boldness for men, and skill in handicraft for women. Apollo and Artemis signify the distance between gods and humans and thus humanity's limitations.
|
|
The modern buildings are next to the old farm on the east. The village was redistricted out of existence, but it was never there during the Calvert tenure. Frederick also bought a farm he intended to work, the Batak Farm (named for the Batak wetlands), later changed by Frank to Thymbra Farm, because he believed it was the site of Homeric Thymbra, after which the Thymbra Gate of Homeric Troy had been named. It was located at an abandoned village called Akça Köy, 4 mi.
|
|
Apollonius the Sophist () was a famous grammarian, who probably lived towards the end of the 1st century AD and taught in Rome in the time of Tiberius. He was born in Alexandria, the son of another grammarian, Archibius of Alexandria (or was possibly Archibius's father). He was the author of a Homeric dictionary (Λέξεις Ὁμηρικαί), the only work of this kind existent today. His chief authorities were Aristarchus of Samothrace and Apion's Homeric glossary (although some sources cite Apion as a disciple of Apollonius).
|
|
100; Scholiast on Demosthenes, 21.39a. but by at least the time of the Homeric Hymn to Selene,Hymn to Selene (32) 15-16. Pandia ("all brightness")Fairbanks, p. 162. Regarding the meaning of "Pandia", Kerenyi, p.
|
|
Tzetzes, scholia on pseudo-Lycophron Alexandra 50. The Homeric Iliad mentions Ocalea in the Catalogue of Ships as one of the towns that contributed to the Boeotian contingent of the Greek army in the Trojan War.
|
|
Der Rassenkampf pg. 163-175, 179-181, 219-238, 250-259 The state is in origin a product of war and exists primarily as an enforced peace between conquerors and conquered.Keller, G. 1902. Homeric society pg.
|
|
Porphyry also states that he endeavoured to explain the fables of the Homeric poems in a philosophical manner. This is all we know about Cronius, although he appears to have been very distinguished among the Neopythagoreans.
|
|
The ancient grammarians were aware that there were sometimes differences between their own accentuation and that of other dialects, for example that of the Homeric poems, which they could presumably learn from the traditional sung recitation.
|
|
Roberto took the lead soon after the start and set an exceptionally fast pace from Regal Exception and the Argentinian-bred Snow Castle with the back markers in the early stages including My Mourne, Mejiro Musashi and San San. Entering the final turn, Roberto maintained a one length advantage over Regal Exception, followed in order by Snow Castle, Parnell, Sharapour, Boucher, Hard To Beat and Homeric as San San and Rescousse began to make progress from the rear of the field. In the straight Roberto and Regal Exception battled for the lead ahead of Homeric but San San was now making rapid headway on the outside. As Roberto dropped back and Regal Exception began to struggle the race looked to have devolved into a two-horse contest between San San and Homeric in the last 100 metres.
|
|
It uses accents, breathings, and marks of elision. There are some errors, typical for Homeric papyri of the Roman period. The text contains corrections as well. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus.
|
|
The introduction to these poems discusses Powell's thesis about the Greek alphabet and the recording of Homer and is an influential review of modern Homeric criticism. He has also translated the Aeneid and the poems of Hesiod.
|
|
It is considered that Helen appeared initially in Homeric epic poetry, circa 8th century BC. Besides epos, she appears in lyric poetry, in history, in theatrical plays, even in rhetorical exercises.See Sappho, frag. 16, frag. 23, frag.
|
|
Parry in his 1919 high school yearbook Parry was born in 1902, graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1919, and studied at the University of California, Berkeley (B.A. and M.A.) and at the Sorbonne (Ph.D.). A student of the linguist Antoine Meillet at the Sorbonne, Parry revolutionized Homeric studies. In his dissertations, which were published in French in 1928, he demonstrated that the Homeric style is characterized by the extensive use of fixed expressions, or 'formulas', adapted for expressing a given idea under the same metrical conditions.
|
|
The Ionic dialect is generally divided into two major time periods, Old Ionic (or Old Ionian) and New Ionic (or New Ionian). The transition between the two is not clearly defined, but 600 BC is a good approximation. The works of Homer (The Iliad, The Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymns) and of Hesiod were written in a literary dialect called Homeric Greek or Epic Greek, which largely comprises Old Ionic, with some borrowings from the neighboring Aeolic dialect to the north. The poet Archilochus wrote in late Old Ionic.
|
|
Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally. From antiquity until the present day, the influence of Homeric epic on Western civilization has been great, inspiring many of its most famous works of literature, music, art and film. The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" – ten Hellada pepaideuken. Hesiod's Works and Days (c.700 BC) and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of ancient Greek literature.
|
|
Before the 1971 flat season started most interest was on the Lady Beaverbrook-owned pair of Seaepic and Seaswan (both sired by Sea Bird II). Both disappointed in their trial races and later, whilst Brigadier Gerard, without a prep race, won what would in hindsight be regarded as the best Two Thousand Guineas since 1947. A Sobell/Weinstock-owned colt, Homeric, won the Lingfield Derby Trial ridden by Mercer. Homeric was the stable's first Derby runner since 1968 when running at Epsom but was outclassed by Mill Reef, finishing fifth.
|
|
Celeus or Keleus (, Keleós) was the king of Eleusis in Greek mythology, husband of Metaneira and father of several daughters, who are called Callidice, Demo, Cleisidice and Callithoe in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter,line 109 ff and Diogeneia, Pammerope and Saesara by Pausanias.Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1. 38. 3 In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Celeus was one of the original priests of Demeter, one of the first people to learn the secret rites and mysteries of Demeter's cult the Eleusinian Mysteries. Diocles, Eumolpos, Triptolemus and Polyxeinus were the others of the first priests.
|
|
Phrygian continued to be spoken until the 6th century AD, though its distinctive alphabet was lost earlier than those of most Anatolian cultures. One of the Homeric Hymns describes the Phrygian language as not mutually intelligible with that of Troy,Homeric Hymns number 5, To Aphrodite. and inscriptions found at Gordium make clear that Phrygians spoke an Indo-European language with at least some vocabulary similar to Greek. Phrygian clearly did not belong to the family of Anatolian languages spoken in most of the adjacent countries, such as Hittite.
|
|
This was the first publication of any Iliadic scholia other than the "D" scholia (the scholia minora). The A and B scholia were a catalyst for several new ideas from the scholar Friedrich August Wolf. In reviewing Villoison's edition, Wolf realised that these scholia proved conclusively that the Homeric epics had been transmitted orally for an unknown length of time before appearing in writing. This led to the publication of his own seminal Prolegomena ad Homerum, which has set the agenda for much of Homeric scholarship since then.
|
|
The Argentina was sold to Zim Lines in 1953 and renamed Jerusalem, while the Atlantic was transferred to National Hellenic American Line in 1954 and renamed Queen Frederica. Home Lines had purchased the laid-up Mariposa from Matson Lines in 1953; she entered service in 1954 as the first Homeric. By 1955 at the latest Home Lines began making cruises from New York to The Bahamas during the winter season. The Homeland was sold for scrap in 1955, leaving Home Lines with just two ships, Italia and Homeric.
|
|
58-62 (T 13), 154-157. The Homeric Hymn to Hermes (c. 500 BC) has the god Hermes divide a sacrifice of two cows he has stolen from Apollo, into twelve parts, on the banks of the river Alpheius (presumably at Olympia): :"Next glad-hearted Hermes dragged the rich meats he had prepared and put them on a smooth, flat stone, and divided them into twelve portions distributed by lot, making each portion wholly honorable."Long, pp. 61–62 (T 13 G), 156–157; Homeric Hymn to Hermes, 128-129.
|
|
One famous member, Cynaethus of Chios, was at the centre of a group who were specially active in composing new poems and attaching them to Homer's works. Cynaethus himself was the author of the Homeric Hymn to Apollo and was the first to perform Homeric poems at Syracuse.Scholia on Pindar, Nemean Odes 2.1. A second source is Harpocration, who names three early writers of Greek local history whose works are now lost: Acusilaus and Hellanicus of Lesbos apparently stated that the Homeridae were named after Homer, while Seleucus said that they were not.
|
|
The dagger symbol originated from a variant of the obelus, originally depicted by a plain line or a line with one or two dots . It represented an iron roasting spit, a dart, or the sharp end of a javelin, symbolizing the skewering or cutting out of dubious matter. Three variants of obelus glyphs The obelus is believed to have been invented by the Homeric scholar Zenodotus as one of a system of editorial symbols. They marked questionable or corrupt words or passages in manuscripts of the Homeric epics.
|
|
According to Usher, Eudocia needed to convey human experience relating to the Bible. She used themes from the Iliad and Odyssey because "they contained all Eudocia needed to tell the Gospel story. Whenever and wherever Eudocia needed to express greatness, pain, truthfulness, deceit, beauty, suffering, mourning, recognition, understanding, fear, or astonishment, there was an apt Homeric line or passage ready in her memory to be recalled.". Eudocia's Homeric poetry is essential to understanding her as a Christian woman in the Eastern Roman Empire, and understanding her role as empress.
|
|
Translation by Mozley, > J. H. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Havard University > Press. Book 1, ff 346, 574, 640. Book 2, ff 356. He is referred to as the > “savior of Sparta” in a Homeric paean, or poem.
|
|
3, who attributes them to Homer himself. "All these sites > boasted connections with the worship of Dionysos in antiquity," observes > Susan C. Shelmerdine, The Homeric Hymns (Focus Classical Library), 2000: 27 Its site is located near modern Phanari.
|
|
Hymn to Hermes 13. He is said to have invented the chelys lyre,Homeric hymn to Hermes as well as racing and the sport of wrestling."First Inventors... Mercurius [Hermes] first taught wrestling to mortals." – Hyginus, Fabulae 277.
|
|
The document was written by an unknown copyist. The verso side contains Homeric scholia on the 21st book of the Iliad. The recto side is known as Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 220. The text is written in an informal uncial hand.
|
|
K. Wigand, "Die Nutrices Augustae von Poeticio" Jahreshrift Österreiches Archäologisches Institut 18 (1915), pp 118-218, illus., noted by Susan Scheinberg, "The Bee Maidens of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 83 (1979), p 2.
|
|
Mimnermus (fr. 9, 14–15, Strabo 14.1.3-4) their ancestor extended the traditional royal "we" of Homeric Nestor in his words of inspiration to Smyrnaeans fighting Lydian Gyges in the Hermus plain (Paus. 4.21.2, quoted by Theoclus, Paus. 5.8.
|
|
Regard your origin,—from whom and whence! Not to exist like brutes, but made were ye To follow virtue and intelligence'.Dante, Inferno XXVI; quoted in . Critics note, however, that in the Homeric narrative, Ulysses' original mariners are dead.
|
|
Soldiers in these memorials were still frequently depicted as Homeric warriors, and classical ideals and symbols remained popular, as can be seen at the Machine Gun Corps Memorial by Francis Derwent Wood, close to the Royal Artillery Memorial itself.
|
|
The latter city has been dated by his team to about 1250 BC, and it has been also suggested—based on recent archeological evidence uncovered by Professor Manfred Korfmann's team—that this was indeed the Homeric city of Troy.
|
|
A small minority of contemporary writers argue that Homeric Troy was not at the Hisarlik site, but elsewhere in Anatolia or outside it—e.g. in England, Pergamum, Scandinavia, or Herzegovina. These proposals have not been accepted by mainstream scholarship.
|
|
Iliad 15:638–641. In the Odyssey, Circe adds honey and a magic potion to it.Odyssey 10:234. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the goddess refuses red wine but accepts a kykeon made of water, flour, and pennyroyal.
|
|
The genus name Dasyphyllum is a compound of the Greek elements δασύς ( dasus ) 'hairy' and φύλλον ( phyllon ) 'leaf', thus meaning "plant with hairy leaves".Cunliffe, Richard John, A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect, pub. Blackie and Son Ltd. 1924.
|
|
The 1960 publication of Lord's book, which focused on the problems and questions that arise in conjunction with applying oral-formulaic theory to problematic texts such as the Iliad, the Odyssey and even Beowulf influenced nearly all subsequent work on Homer and oral-formulaic composition. In response to his landmark effort, Geoffrey Kirk published a book entitled The Songs of Homer, in which he questions Lord's extension of the oral-formulaic nature of Serbian epic poetry in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the area from which the theory was first developed) to Homeric epic. He holds that Homeric poems differ from those traditions in their "metrical strictness", "formular system[s]" and creativity. Kirk argued that Homeric poems were recited under a system that gave the reciter much more freedom to choose words and passages to achieve the same end than the Serbian poet, who was merely "reproductive".Kirk, pp. 88-91.
|
|
Like the Homeric epics, the written poem was likely preceded by an oral tradition dating back to at least the Tang Dynasty. Wooden copies of Darkness are said to have survived to the Ming Dynasty but none have been found today.
|
|
From the Homeric Hymn to Selene, we have: "Once the Son of Cronos [Zeus] was joined with her [Selene] in love; and she conceived and bare a daughter Pandia, exceeding lovely amongst the deathless gods."Hymn to Selene (32) 15-16.
|
|
The Homeric Hymn to the Great Mother says that the goddess loves the sound of the tympanum.Roller, In Search of God the Mother, p. 136. The drum continued to feature as an attribute of Cybele into the Roman Imperial era.
|
|
Homeric Thrinacia (Θρινακίη from θρῖναξ "trident") is the island of Helios' cattle. This was later identified with Sicily, and re-interpreted as Trinakria (Τρινακρία, from τρεῖς and ἄκραι, as "[island] with three headlands"). "Θρινακίη" in Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott.
|
|
In Greek mythology, Ptolemy or Ptolomeus was an ancestral ruler of Thebes, living in the 12th century BCE. His father was Damasichthon; his son, Xanthus. Since the Homeric root to Ptolemy includes no T the name is reconstructed as Polemy.
|
|
John Salmon, inter alia, has argued convincingly that Hera's cult title at Perachora was Akraia, while Limenaia was a secondary epithet. More recently, Blanche Menadier has compared the epithet Limenaia to the Homeric epithet Leukolenos, also attested epigraphically at Perachora.
|
|
Alexander's influence – an emphasis on matter over style and careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation – has been detected in Marcus' Meditations.Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 40, 270 n.28, citing A.S.L. Farquharson, The Meditations of Marcus Antoninus (Oxford, 1944) ii. 453.
|
|
Hesiod, Theogony 453 ff. As "first to be devoured . . . and the last to be yielded up again", Hestia is thus both the eldest and youngest daughter; this mythic inversion is found in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite (700 BC).Kereny, p.
|
|
Aegiae or Aigiai () or Aegaeae or Aigaiai (Αἱγαῖαι) was a town of ancient Laconia, at the distance of 30 stadia from Gythium, supposed by Strabo to be the same as the Homeric AugeiaeΑν̓γελαί, It possessed a temple and lake of Poseidon.
|
|
The Homeric village of Ithome was probably on the summit, which is flat. In the Bronze Age, a temple dedicated to Zeus Ithomatas (Zeus of Ithome) existed there.Christian Habicht. Pausanias' Guide to Ancient Greece, University of California Press, 1998, p.
|
|
" Despite the broken English of the Japanese crewmen, it was obvious that the vessel was in trouble. The Homeric (along with the British vessel King Alexander) tried desperately to reach the Raifuku Maru, but was unable to get close enough to rescue any crew due to the rough seas. The vessel was listing at a 30-degree angle, and sank with all hands while the Homerics crew and passengers watched. The Homeric sent the following message to the Camperdown Signal Station: "OBSERVED STEAMER RAIFUKU MARU SINK IN LAT 4143N LONG 6139W REGRET UNABLE TO SAVE ANY LIVES.
|
|
It has been argued that in Homeric times Paliki was separated from Kefalonia by a sea channel since closed up by earthquake-induced rockfalls. However, no scientific review publications are available in support of this theory. Indeed, scholars have found that "all the geological and geomorphological evidence refutes this hypothesis". Kalliopi Gaki-Papanastassiou, Hampik Maroukian, Efthymios Karymbalis, and Dimitris Papanastassiou, “Geomorphological study and paleogeographic evolution of NW Kefalonia Island, Greece, concerning the hypothesis of a possible location of the Homeric Ithaca,” in Geoarchaeology, Climate Change, and Sustainability, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 476, 2011, pp.
|
|
The Iliad, particularly its first few books, was far more intently studied than the Odyssey during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. As a result of the poems' prominence in classical Greek education, extensive commentaries on them developed to explain parts of the poems that were culturally or linguistically difficult. During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many interpreters, especially the Stoics, who believed that Homeric poems conveyed Stoic doctrines, regarded them as allegories, containing hidden wisdom. Perhaps partially because of the Homeric poems' extensive use in education, many authors believed that Homer's original purpose had been to educate.
|
|
Parry and Lord noted that these conventions are found in many other cultures. 'Ring composition' or chiastic structure (when a phrase or idea is repeated at both the beginning and end of a story, or a series of such ideas first appears in the order A, B, C... before being reversed as ...C, B, A) has been observed in the Homeric epics. Opinion differs as to whether these occurrences are a conscious artistic device, a mnemonic aid or a spontaneous feature of human storytelling. Both of the Homeric poems begin with an invocation to the Muse.
|
|
Certain burial customs observed in the "royal tombs" of Salamis relate directly to Homeric rites, such as the sacrifice of horses in honor of the dead and the offering of jars of olive oil. Some scholars have interpreted this phenomenon as the result of influence of the Homeric Epics in Cyprus. Most of the grave goods come from the Levant or Egypt. According to the foundation myth, the founder of Salamis is said to be Teucer, son of Telamon, who could not return home after the Trojan war because he had failed to avenge his brother Ajax.
|
|
The experienced sailors took the risky strategy of casting off the anchors and running the ship ashore with the help of improved visibility in the morning (verses 39-40), but the plan was hindered by some unexpected underwater barrier (verse 41), so the ship started to break up at some distance from the beach. In the phrase "run the ship aground", the word "ship" uses the Homeric and classical Greek word nans, instead of ploion (boat) and skaphos (dinghy) in other passages, and the verb epokello ("run aground") is also Homeric (cf. Homer, Odyssey), indicating the Greek education background of the author.
|
|
Singing to the accompaniment of the Gusle as a part of Serbia's intangible cultural heritage was inscribed in 2018 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO. Gusle are also indirectly important to the whole of Western civilization. The Homeric Iliad and the Odyssey are generally considered the foundational works of literature of Western civilization along with the Torah and the Christian Bible. Due to their style, it was proposed that Homeric hymns were sung, not written, and were passed down through generations of singing epic bards as oral folk customs.
|
|
Both Strabo and Pausanias derive its name from Helen of Troy, the wife of Menelaus: the latter writer supposes that it was so called because Helen landed here after the capture of Troy; but Strabo identifies it with the Homeric Cranae, to which Paris fled with Helen, and supposes that its name was hence changed into Helena. There cannot, however, be any doubt that the Homeric Cranaë was opposite Gythium in Laconia., 8.14.12 The Kea Channel between Makronisos and neighbouring Kea was the site of the sinking, in 1916, of HMHS Britannic, sister ship of the RMS Titanic.
|
|
Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey and in the Homeric Hymns. It is a literary dialect of Ancient Greek consisting mainly of Ionic and Aeolic, with a few forms from Arcadocypriot, and a written form influenced by Attic. It was later named Epic Greek because it was used as the language of epic poetry, typically in dactylic hexameter, by poets such as Hesiod and Theognis of Megara. Compositions in Epic Greek may date from as late as the 3rd century BC, but it disappeared with the rise of Koine Greek.
|
|
Pluton (1884–86) by Henri Chapu, part of a pair with a standing Persephone gathering flowers The best-known myth involving Pluto or Hades is the abduction of Persephone, also known as Kore ("the Maiden"). The earliest literary versions of the myth are a brief mention in Hesiod's Theogony and the extended narrative of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter; in both these works, the ruler of the underworld is named as Hades ("the Hidden One"). Hades is an unsympathetic figure, and Persephone's unwillingness is emphasized.Diane Rayor, The Homeric Hymns (University of California Press, 2004), pp. 107–109.
|
|
Tzetzes supplemented Homer's Iliad by a work that begins with the birth of Paris and continues the tale to the Achaeans' return home. The Homeric Allegories, in "political" verse and dedicated initially to the German-born empress Irene and then to Constantine Cotertzes, are two didactic poems, the first based on the Iliad and the second based on the Odyssey, in which Homer and the Homeric theology are set forth and then explained by means of three kinds of allegory: euhemeristic (), anagogic () and physic (). The first of these works was translated into English in 2015 by Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini.Tzetzes, John.
|
|
241-245, discusses the dramatic function of the Catalogue in the place that it occupies. furthermore, that the material of the text is essentially Mycenaean or sub-Mycenaean, while disagreement centers largely on the extent of later additions. If taken to be an accurate account, the Catalogue provides a rare summary of the geopolitical situation in early Greece at some time between the Late Bronze Age and the eighth century BCE. Following Milman Parry's theory of Homeric oral poetry, some scholars, such as Denys Page, argue that it represents a pre-Homeric recitation incorporated into the epic by Homer.
|
|
Vatican Ms 305. The manuscript contains a mixed repertory of works on Homeric and mythological subjects. Nothing is known of the author, although he appears to belong to the late 1st or 2nd century AD. He is unlikely to be any of the other men of the name of Heraclitus known from antiquity.One Heraclitus, who wrote a work called Homeric Allegories, also covered mythology, but with a quite different approach; some scholars have proposed identifying them, but it may be more likely that this manuscript has been attributed to that Heraclitus by a copyist, and the original author's name is lost.
|
|
150, 153); Lucan, Pharsalia 4.593–595; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1.154–155 (I pp. 14–15). However, according to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (6th century BC), Typhon was the child of Hera alone.Homeric Hymn to Apollo 305–355; Fontenrose, p. 72; Gantz, p. 49.
|
|
176 (footnote nr. ii).Harrison, Jane Ellen. Myths of Greece and Rome. 1928. pp. 12-14. According to Homeric Hymn III to Delian Apollo, Hera detained Eileithyia to prevent Leto from going into labor with Artemis and Apollo, since the father was Zeus.
|
|
In the Iliad, the character Paris is known also as Alexander.Ἀλέξανδρος, Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library The name's popularity was spread throughout the Greek world by the military conquests of King Alexander III, commonly known as "Alexander the Great".
|
|
Pseudo- Justin identifies Homer as the main source for the theological views of pagans, views which he criticizes.Hardwick (1996), p. 379. The theories of the pagan Greek thinkers, the author claims, share in this false Homeric heritage.Pseudo-Justin, chapter 2, p. 377.
|
|
People who wanna get married will pay a fee, and that money goes to LGBT homeless youth. Those people are our children. These people are my children. They are the legacy of the Homeric, and we’re going to take care of them.
|
|
Aenea, with portrait of Aeneas. c. 510–480 BCE. Aeneas is the Romanization of the Greek (). is first introduced in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite when Aphrodite gives him his name from the adjective (, "terrible"), for the "terrible grief" () he has caused her.
|
|
Strabo i. 22; Eustathius of Thessalonica's Homeric commentaries §1709; Servius I.e. All such locations were surrounded by cliffs and rocks. According to the Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus, Plato said there were three kinds of Sirens: the celestial, the generative, and the purificatory / cathartic.
|
|
Mythographus Homericus, the "Homeric Mythographer",The pseudonym for this anonymous writer was coined by J. Panzer, De Mythographo Homerico restituendo (Greifswald, 1892). is the unknown writer of a text of tales collected from Greek mythology that are transmitted in two manuscript traditions.
|
|
The leveling process destroyed the previous structures at the center of the citadel. As Homeric Troy had been called "sacred Ilium," Korfmann asserts that a temple district may have been maintained there during the apparent abandonment period, but whose is not known.
|
|
Settlement at Makyneia, under various names, including the ancient town of Macynia, dates back to the ancient times, may be as early as the Homeric age. It was a town of western Locris and later Aetolia. Until 1980, the settlement was known as Kato Mammako ().
|
|
Another version, in the Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo and in an Orphic hymn, states that Artemis was born before Apollo, on the island of Ortygia, and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo there.
|
|
Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (1971) p. 81 Within agrarian society, however, a wide diversity still existed. Homeric Greece was a society marked by powerful kinship bonds, fixed status and rigidly defined social expectations;M. I. Finley, The World of Odysseus (1967) p.
|
|
Charon is the son of Nyx.Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. He was also the brother of, among many others, Thanatos and Hypnos.
|
|
319 The Homeric hymn adds that Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices. Apollo Delphinios or Delphidios was a sea-god especially worshiped in Crete and in the islands.Martin Nilsson (1967). Vol I, p.
|
|
Casey Dué Hackney, sometimes cited or referred to as Casey Dué, is a professor of classical studies at the University of Houston, and the Executive Editor for the Center for Hellenic Studies. Her research interests centre around Homeric poetry, Greek tragedy and Greek oral traditions.
|
|
J. Gwyn Griffiths, The Divine Verdict: A Study of Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions (Brill, 1991), passim, especially pp. 294–295 on Homeric, Platonic, and Vergilian views; pp. 313–322 online on confession, judgment, and forgiveness. Citations of ancient sources are those of Griffiths.
|
|
The potential optative expresses something that would happen in a hypothetical situation in the future. In the main clause of conditional sentences it is always accompanied by the modal particle (), Homeric (): : Plato, Cratylus 428b : . (present optative). : I wouldn't be surprised (if that were so).
|
|
Three groups of Cyclopes can be distinguished: the Hesiodic, the Homeric and the wall-builders.Hard, p. 66. Apparently, such a three-fold distinction was already made as early as the fifth-century BC, by the historian Hellanicus, see Fowler 2013, pp. 35-36, p.
|
|
Odyssey XII, 39. Some post-Homeric authors state that the Sirens were fated to die if someone heard their singing and escaped them, and that after Odysseus passed by they therefore flung themselves into the water and perished.Hyginus, Fabulae 141; Lycophron, Alexandra 712 ff.
|
|
It constituted an attempt to purify the language from vulgar forms such as words of foreign origin, especially Turkish and Slavic languages, but also French or Italian and substitute them with ancient Attic forms and even by reaching down to Homeric cleansed and refined words.
|
|
This may provide a glimpse of an early post- Homeric age in Ionia, when the immediate disciples and successors of Homer were distinct figures in a trustworthy tradition when they had not yet merged their individuality in the legendary Homer of the Epic Cycle.
|
|
Her most studied piece of literature is her Homeric cento, which has been analyzed recently by a few modern scholars, such as Mark Usher and Brian Sowers. Eudocia is an understudied poet and has been neglected due to "lack of complete and authoritative text"..
|
|
He also was a recognized authority on Homeric fragments.The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists. A Homer Fragment in The Library of Congress, Volume 5, Issue: 1, March 1968, pp. 37-39 Donovan later became an authority on chemical dependency on college campuses.
|
|
This story is imbedded in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. Anchises was another Trojan who was abducted by Aphrodite. Tithonus is mentioned as an example by Aphrodite, 218ff. In later tellings, Eos eventually turned him into a cricket to relieve him of such an existence.
|
|
"The Everything Book of Classical Mythology" 2ed The Infant Bacchus, painting (c. 1505–1510) by Giovanni Bellini. Dionysus in Greek mythology is a god of foreign origin, and while Mount Nysa is a mythological location, it is invariably set far away to the east or to the south. The Homeric Hymn 1 to Dionysus places it "far from Phoenicia, near to the Egyptian stream".Homeric Hymn 1 to Dionysus : ‘There is a certain Nysa, mountain high, with forests thick, in Phoinike afar, close to Aigyptos' (Egypt's) streams.’ Others placed it in Anatolia, or in Libya ("away in the west beside a great ocean"), in Ethiopia (Herodotus), or Arabia (Diodorus Siculus).
|
|
Sculpture by Pietro Francavilla of Apollo's first triumph, when he slew with his bow and arrows the serpent Python, which lies dead at his feet. The Walters Art Museum There are various versions of Python's birth and death at the hands of Apollo. In the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, now thought to have been composed in 522 BCE when the archaic period in Greek history was giving way to the Classical period,Walter Burkert, "Kynaithos, Polycrates and the Homeric Hymn to Apollo" in Arktouros: Hellenic studies presented to B. M. W. Knox ed. G. W. Bowersock, W. Burkert, M. C. J. Putnam (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1979) pp. 53-62.
|
|
In 2010, Greek archaeologists discovered the remains of an 8th- century BC palace in the area of Agios Athanasios, leading to reports that this might have been the site of Odysseus's palace. Modern scholars generally accept the identification of modern Ithaca with Homeric IthacaJonathan Brown, In search of Homeric Ithaca (Canberra: Parrot Press, 2020). National Library of Australia, Trove, and explain discrepancies between the Odysseys description and the actual topography as the product of lack of first-hand knowledge of the island, or as poetic license. Letitia Elizabeth Landon accepts Ithaca as the home of Ulysses in her poem , 'The glorious island where Ulysses was the king'.
|
|
The Homeric Minimum has been linked with a phase of climate change, during which the Western United States, Europe and the North Atlantic became colder and wetter although the eastern parts of Europe appear to have become drier. This climate oscillation has been called the "Homeric Climate Oscillation" or the "2.8 kyr event", and it has been associated with the Iron Age Cold Epoch. Human cultures at that time underwent changes, which also coincide with the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The climate fallout of this prolonged solar minimum may have had substantial impact on human societies at that time.
|
|
In English, poetic diction has taken multiple forms, but it generally mirrors the habits of Classical literature. Highly metaphoric adjective use, for example, can, through catachresis, become a common "poetic" word (e.g. the "rosy-fingered dawn" found in Homer, when translated into English, allows the "rose fingered" to be taken from its Homeric context and used generally to refer not to fingers, but to a person as being dawn-like). In the 16th century, Edmund Spenser (and, later, others) sought to find an appropriate language for the Epic in English, a language that would be as separate from commonplace English as Homeric Greek was from koine.
|
|
Homeric Mysia appears to have been much smaller in extent than historical Mysia, and did not extend north to the Hellespont or the Propontis. Homer does not mention any cities or landmarks in Mysia, and it is not clear exactly where Homeric Mysia was situated, although it was probably located somewhere between the Troad (to the northwest of Mysia) and Lydia/Maeonia (to its south). A number of Mysian inscriptions have survived in a dialect of the Phrygian language, written using a variant of the Phrygian alphabet. There are also a small number of references to a Lutescan language indigenous to Mysia in Aeolic Greek sources.
|
|
R. F. Glei, Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999, 5 Jason is not like a traditional epic hero,R. L. Hunter, "'Short on heroics': Jason in the Argonautica", The Classical Quarterly New Series 38 (1988:436–53). and the contrast between him and Heracles can be interpreted as a distinction between Homeric and Callimachean poetics.M. M. DeForest, Apollonius' "Argonautica": A Callimachean Epic, cited by R. F. Glei, Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999, 11 In summary, recent scholarship leads to the conclusion that Argonautica was a successful and fundamental renewal of the Homeric epic, expressed in terms of Callimachean aesthetics: the label Callimachean epic is not misplaced.
|
|
Despite Homerics success as a cruise ship, White Star’s financial situation worsened in the early 1930s, and the Homeric’s future became increasingly grim. In 1934 White Star merged with their rival Cunard, and the merged company began rationalising their fleet and disposing of surplus ships, Homeric was earmarked for disposal, however she was given a reprieve due to a well booked cruising season. In July 1935, Homeric participated in King George V's Silver Jubilee fleet review, a prestigious honour. Her final voyage as a cruise ship came to an end on 25 September 1935, after which she was laid up at Ryde, Isle of Wight pending disposal.
|
|
From 1930 her capacity was given as 523 First class, 841 Tourist class, and 314 Third class, reflecting the decline of the steerage trade. By the early 1930s the Great Depression was hitting the Atlantic trade hard, with passenger numbers well down, there were no longer enough passengers to support a three-ship express service, and so it was decided to remove Homeric from the Atlantic service altogether and devote her to cruising full time. On 10 June 1932 Homeric departed New York for Southampton for the last time. Her career on the Atlantic was indeed short-lived, as she only provided transatlantic service for ten years.
|
|
Other poets completed the "epic cycle", but these later and lesser poems now are lost almost entirely. Despite their traditional name, the "Homeric Hymns" have no direct connection with Homer. The oldest are choral hymns from the earlier part of the so-called Lyric age.Miles, Geoffrey (1999).
|
|
Vernant, Les Ruses de l'intelligence: la Mètis des Grecs (Paris, 1974). . and also his cousin.Norman O. Brown, "The Birth of Athena" Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 83 (1952), pp. 130–143. Zeus is himself titled Mêtieta ("the wise counsellor"), in the Homeric poems.
|
|
Phyleus was the elder son of King Augeas of Elis and father of Meges by Eustyoche,Hyginus. Fabulae, 97Homer. Iliad, Book 2.637 Ctimene, Hagnete or Ctesimache.Tzetzes, Homeric Allegories, Prologue, 576 - 577 Timandra, a daughter of Tyndareus of Sparta, committed adultery with Phyleus and deserted her husband Echemus.
|
|
McLuhan declares his book to be "complementary to The Singer of Tales by Albert B. Lord." The latter work follows on from the Homeric studies of Milman Parry who turned to "the study of the Yugoslave epics" to prove that the poems of Homer were oral compositions.
|
|
Ruins of Gortyna. Gortyna (), or Gortyn (Γορτύν), was a town of ancient Crete which appears in the Homeric poems, under the form of Γορτύν; but afterwards became usually Gortyna (Γόρτυνα). According to Stephanus of Byzantium it was originally called Larissa (Λάρισσα) and Cremnia or Kremnia (Κρήμνια).
|
|
Odysseus.) > > In the post-Homeric traditions, we read that Palamedes, when endeavouring to > persuade Odysseus to join the Greeks against Troy, and the latter feigned > idiocy, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough with which Odysseus > was ploughing (Hygin. Fab. 95; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 81; Tzetz.
|
|
Tethys, presumably along with her husband Oceanus, took no part in the war, and, as mentioned above, provided safe refuge for Hera during the war. Rhea remains free and active after the war:Gantz, p. 44. appearing at Leto's delivery of Apollo,Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3) 93.
|
|
Marcus Aurelius thanks Alexander for his training in literary styling.Meditations 1.10; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 40; McLynn, 22. Alexander's influence—an emphasis on matter over style, on careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation—has been detected in Marcus Aurelius' Meditations'' '.Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 40, 270 n.
|
|
Homer, The Iliad, Book XIV. Homer mentions Imbros in the Iliad on other occasions as well. Imbros is mentioned in the Homeric Hymn which was dedicated to Apollo.Homeric Hymn 3 to Delian Apollon Apollonius of Rhodes also mentions Imbros in the first book of his work Argonautica.
|
|
Throughout the course of the epic, Odysseus encounters several examples of xenia ("guest- friendship"), which provide models of how hosts should and should not act.Reece, Steve. 1993. The Stranger's Welcome: Oral Theory and the Aesthetics of the Homeric Hospitality Scene. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
|
|
Walter Friedrich Gustav Hermann Otto (22 June 1874, in Hechingen – 23 September 1958, in Tübingen) was a German classical philologist particularly known for his work on the meaning and legacy of Greek religion and mythology, especially as represented in his seminal 1929 work The Homeric Gods.
|
|
In Klejn's books there are many maps, comparative tables and statistical charts. The most eminent Russian historian of the ancient world Igor M. Dyakonov declared in print that Klejn's inferences are impossible to disprove and that possibly from these books a new epoch in Homeric studies begins.
|
|
V. LUCE (1984), THE HOMERIC TOPOGRAPHY OF THE TROJAN PLAIN RECONSIDERED Oxford Journal of Archaeology 3 (1), 31–43. at the confluence of the Thymbrios and the Scamander.Karl Otfried Müller, The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race p. 247 According to Strabo, The plain of Thymbra . . .
|
|
Upper cover of The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite by F. L. Lucas (Golden Cockerel Press, 1948) James Frank Edgar Mansfield (11 February 1907 − 10 August 1996) was an English-New Zealand bookbinder and sculptor, who has been described as the "main inspiration behind modern British bookbinding".
|
|
Pandeva (2010), p. 41 His affinity for Greece and the Homeric style informed his decision to compose the poem in Greek.Pandeva (2010), p. 40 In 1859, he returned to Ottoman Macedonia to work as a teacher in order to earn enough money to continue his university studies.
|
|
If Homeric Troy is not a fantasy woven in the 8th century by Greek oral poets passing on a tradition of innovating new poems at festivals, as most archaeologists hoped it was not, then the question must be asked, “what archaeological level represents Homeric Troy?” Only two credible answers are available, which are the same answer: Troy VIIa in the Blegen scheme, identical to Troy VIi in the scheme suggested by Korfmann. After an earthquake brought down the walls of the city at its floruit about 1300 BC, the same people rebuilt the city even more magnificent than before. This event is considered the start of the LBA, and Homeric Troy is considered to be LBA Troy. Both Blegen and Korfmann endorse a starting date of about 1300 BC. Blegen has it ending early at 1260 BC,Before Korfmann began excavation again at Troy there was a movement to bring the date of the war up to 1100 BC by postulating that it happened at the end of Troy VIIb2: .
|
|
This was taken up by the Japanese government, who accused the English captains of racism for not saving their crewmen. However this was strenuously denied by the crew of the Homeric and the White Star Line who argued that they had made every effort to rescue the crew.
|
|
The document was written by an unknown copyist. The recto side consists of fragments of a work on prosody. The verso side consists of Homeric scholia to the Iliad (Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 221). The text on the recto side is written in a round well formed upright uncial hand.
|
|
The Stranger's Welcome: Oral Theory and the Aesthetics of the Homeric Hospitality Scene. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. [catalogues the various expectations of hosts and guests in early Greek society.] Xenia was considered to be particularly important in ancient times when people thought that gods mingled among them.
|
|
The performance of tragedy had fallen into disuse in Athens, on account of the great expense involved.See Liturgy for background information. In order to afford the people less costly and yet intellectual amusement, he caused the Homeric and other poems to be recited on the stage by rhapsodists.Athenaeus, xiv.
|
|
Part of an eleventh-century manuscript, "the Townley Homer". The writings on the top and right side are scholia. The study of Homer is one of the oldest topics in scholarship, dating back to antiquity. Nonetheless, the aims of Homeric studies have changed over the course of the millennia.
|
|
Lorimer published extensively on Homeric studies throughout her career, but her seminal work came late in life with the publication of Homer and the Monuments. Its publication was delayed until 1950 by the Second World War, so that she was seventy-seven by the time it was published.
|
|
43, describes Heracles, Hebe, the Muses, and the Graces as Olympians, and on p. 45, lists Iris, Dione, and Eileithyia among the Homeric Olympians, while Hansen, p. 250, describes Heracles, Hebe, the Horae, and Ganymede as notable residents of Olympus, but says they "are not ordinarily classified as Olympians".
|
|
Earlier examples can be found in the older Greek poetry that used metres based on prosody, as in the poetry of Gregory of Nazianzus (4th century) and even earlier. Examples can be found even in some Homeric verses, but it isn't clear if that occurrence was intentional or incidental.
|
|
They secretly agreed to switch their names for a prisoner transport. Soon thereafter the real Alexander Donat was murdered. Berg decided to keep Donat's name as his own forever. Donat feared that, "should the Nazis be victorious, 'future generations will pay trubute to them'" similar to Homeric Greek crusaders.
|
|
Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the Homeric Hymns, and as late as the 14th century AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.
|
|
1 March 1997. Retrieved 19 May 2017. The Homeric poems arrange words so as to create an interplay between the metrical ictus—the first syllable of each foot—and the natural, spoken accent of words. If the ictus and accent coincide too frequently the hexameter becomes "sing- songy".
|
|
For the Homeric hero, nothing is as he remembered; everything has changed. His world is literally covered in mist. It's a fraught experience, this double gesture of identification and alienation. Finally, these works point to something far more universal than the specificities of national politics or geo-historical coordinates.
|
|
The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain. It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the 7th and 6th century BC, after the composition of the Homeric poems, though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions.Burgess, pp. 10–12; cf.
|
|
Map of Homeric Greece Paris' abduction of Helen had several precedents. Io was taken from Mycenae, Europa was taken from Phoenicia, Jason took Medea from Colchis,Herodotus, Histories 1.2. and the Trojan princess Hesione had been taken by Heracles, who gave her to Telamon of Salamis.Apollodorus, Library 3.12.7.
|
|
Viriathus was to gain renown throughout the Roman world as a guerrilla fighter. In the words of Theodor Mommsen, "It seemed as if, in that thoroughly prosaic age, one of the Homeric heroes had reappeared." In 148 BC, Vitilius follows Viriathus into Tribola. Viriathus' forces ambush the Romans.
|
|
Plato's opposition to poets in his ideal Republic was predicated on the contemporary existence of Homeric expounders who claimed that "a man ought to regulate the tenour of his whole life by this poet's directions".J. L. Davies/D. J. Vaughan trans., The Republic of Plato (1908) p.
|
|
Nitzsch was the earliest scholar to oppose Wolf and argue that the two Homeric epics showed an artistic unity and intention that was the work of a single mind. Nitzsch's writings cover the years 1828 to 1862. In his Meletemata (1830) he took up the question of written versus unwritten literature, on which Wolf's whole argument had turned; and in his 1852 Die Sagenpoesie der Griechen ("The oral poetry of the Greeks") he investigated the structure of the Homeric poems and their relation to other, non-extant, epics which narrated the story of the Trojan War, the so-called Epic Cycle. However, most Unitarian scholarship tended to be driven by literary interpretation and was therefore often more ephemeral.
|
|
The site of the Telesterion is believed to have had some temple since the 7th century BC, or the time of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter one of 33 Homeric Hymns (650-550 BC); the Telesterion had ten different building phases. It was destroyed by the Persians after the Battle of Thermopylae, when the Athenians withdrew to Salamis in 480 BC and all of Boeotia and Attica fell to the Persian army, who captured and burnt Athens. After the defeat of the Persians, the Telesterion was rebuilt some time later by Pericles. At some point in the 5th century BC, Iktinos, the great architect of the Parthenon, built the Telesterion big enough to hold thousands of people.
|
|
One use to which Polycrates put his powerful navy was controlling the island of Delos, one of the most important religious centers in Greece, control of which would bolster Polycrates' claim to be the leader of the Ionian Greeks. Thucydides reports that Polycrates chained Delos to the neighbouring island of Rhenaia.Thucydides 1.13, 3.104 In 522 BC Polycrates celebrated an unusual double festival in honour of the god Apollo of Delos and of Delphi; it has been suggested that the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, sometimes attributed to Cynaethus of Chios, was composed for this occasion.Souda sv Pythia kai DeliaWalter Burkert, 'Kynaithos, Polycrates and the Homeric Hymn to Apollo' in Arktouros: Hellenic studies presented to B. M. W. Knox ed.
|
|
In 1965 Home Lines took delivery of their first purpose-built ship, Oceanic, which replaced the ageing Italia. Although marketed as "the largest ship ever designed for year round cruises", the ship had in fact been originally designed as a two-class liner/cruise ship before Home Lines abandoned transatlantic crossings, and adapted to full-time cruising during construction. The Oceanic entered service on 1965 as Caribbean Luxury Cruise during 1965 till about March 1965 then to the New York—Bahamas cruise route, and the Homeric was transferred to cruising on the Caribbean. The Homeric suffered a major fire in the galleys and restaurants in 1973, and had to be withdrawn from service and scrapped.
|
|
In 1955, Lobel and Page published a critical edition of the poems of the Lesbian poets Alcaeus and Sappho, followed by a book on the same authors (Sappho and Alcaeus). He was also the sole author of studies on Homer's Odyssey (The Homeric Odyssey, 1955) and the Iliad (History and the Homeric Iliad, 1959). His most comprehensive work, an edition of all lyric poets apart from the Lesbians, appeared in 1962 under the title of Poetae Melici Graeci. Resuming his earlier work on the tragedian Euripides, he took over from the recently deceased Denniston an edition of Aeschylus' Agamemnon, which was published in 1957 as a rival to Eduard Fraenkel's edition of the play.
|
|
Searching for refuge from the Huns, the Slavic people arrived in the area now known as the Balkans, just north of Greece, in the fifth century A.D. Contact with the Greeks and Greek culture was made, and it is widely thought that the Slavic oral tradition originates from this connection. Due to this link, many scholars became interested in Slavic epic verse in order to learn more about the composition of Homeric verse. Since Albanian oral verse is extant, it has played an integral role in allowing scholars to research how Homeric verse might have been created, survived, and altered. Until the end of the 19th century, Albanian epic verse was exclusively an oral tradition.
|
|
Modern Ithaki has traditionally been accepted to be Homer's island. One recent alternative candidate is Paliki, which may have been an island separated from the rest of Kefalonia, as argued by Bittlestone, Diggle and Underhill in Odysseus Unbound. This theory has not been generally accepted, however, on grounds of geology, Kalliopi Gaki-Papanastassiou and others, “Geomorphological study and paleogeographic evolution of NW Kefalonia Island, Greece, concerning the hypothesis of a possible location of the Homeric Ithaca,” in Geoarchaeology, Climate Change, and Sustainability, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 476, 2011, pp. 78-79. archaeology, Christina Souyoudzoglou-Haywood, “Archaeology and the search for Homeric Ithaca: the case of Mycenaean Kephalonia,” Acta Archaeologica, vol. 89, no.
|
|
The obelus is believed to have been invented by the Homeric scholar Zenodotus, as one of a system of editorial symbols. They marked questionable or corrupt words or passages in manuscripts of the Homeric epics. The system was further refined by his student Aristophanes of Byzantium, who first introduced the asterisk and used a symbol resembling a for an obelus; and finally by Aristophanes' student, in turn, Aristarchus, from whom they earned the name of "Aristarchian symbols". In some commercial and financial documents, especially in Germany and Scandinavia, a variant () is used in the margins of letters to indicate an enclosure, where the upper point is sometimes replaced with the corresponding number.
|
|
Monro was a polymath and polyglot who possessed considerable knowledge of music, painting and architecture. His favourite study was Homer, and his A Grammar of the Homeric Dialect (2nd ed., 1891) established his reputation as an authority on the subject. He edited the last twelve books of the Odyssey, with valuable appendices on the composition of the poem, its relation to the Iliad and the cyclic poets, the history of the text, the dialects, and the Homeric house; a critical text of the poems and fragments (Homeri opera et reliquiae, 1896); Homeri opera (1902, with T. W. Allen, in the Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis); and an edition of the Iliad with notes for schools.
|
|
However, this term is also used to refer to those ancient Greeks generally who assaulted the city of Troy during the Trojan War; the term is more widely applied by the Homeric bards. Numerous ancient monuments can be found in the city today. Agriculture is the mainstay of the local economy.
|
|
Homeric Hymn 4.17 Tradition assigned the foundation of the place to three brothers, Athymbrus, Athymbradus, and Hydrelus, who emigrated from Sparta, and founded three towns on the north of the Maeander; but in the course of time Nysa absorbed them all; the Nysaeans, however, recognise more especially Athymbrus as their founder.
|
|
2, Hyginus, Fabulae Preface. The Homeric Hymn to Helios follows this tradition: "Hyperion wedded glorious Euryphaëssa, his own sister, who bare him lovely children, rosy-armed Eos and rich-tressed Selene and tireless Helios."Hymn to Helios (31) 4–7. Here Euryphaëssa ("wide-shining") is probably an epithet of Theia.
|
|
The Panathenaia also included poetic and musical competitions. Prizes were awarded for rhapsodic recitation of Homeric poetry, for instrumental music on the aulus and cithara, and for singing to the accompaniment of the aulus and cithara (citharody). In addition, the Games included a reading of both the Odyssey and the Iliad.
|
|
The kerykes or ceryces (, pl. of , Keryx). of Bronze Age Pylos 1200 BC, home to the aged Homeric hero Nestor and the Neleides,Herodotus Histories 5.65, 4.148, 146–7. are listed in the Linear B tablets as ka-ru-ke serving the ra- wa-ko-ri, the commander of armed forces.
|
|
It provides probably the most comprehensive iconography of a pre-Homeric thysiastikis ceremony and one of the best pieces of information on noble burial customs when Crete was under Mycenaean rule, combining features of Minoan and Mycenaean style and subject matter. The sarcophagus is on display in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum.
|
|
Apparently, this was made explicit by the fifth-century BC poet Ion of Chios, who referring to the Homeric story of the Olympians' revolt against Zeus, said that Aegaeon was the son of Thalassa (Sea) and that Thetis "summoned him from the Ocean".Ion of Chios fr. 741 Campbell [= Schol.
|
|
Perhaps one of the reasons for this movement was to usurp the pagan vocabulary and style of the most honored ancient poet for Christian purposes. Dioscorus continued and developed this revolution by writing encomiastic poems (poems of praise) in an Homeric style.MacCoull 1985, p. 9; Fournet 1999, pp. 673–675.
|
|
"His name will be Aineias [Aeneas], since it was an unspeakable [ainos] akhos that took hold of me – grief that I had fallen into the bed of a mortal man." (Nagy 2001, 198–99)Nagy, Gregory, trans. (2001) Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, edited by C. Dué Hackney. Houston: University of Houston.
|
|
Rather, O blessed one, give you me boldness to abide within the harmless laws of peace, avoiding strife and hatred and the violent fiends of death."Homeric Hymn to Ares. ;Orphic Hymn 65 to Ares (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns 3rd century BCE to 2nd century CE) :"To Ares, Fumigation from Frankincense.
|
|
This example demonstrates the oral tradition of the Homeric epics that flourished before they were written down sometime in the 7th century BC. In spite of the occasional exceptions in early epic, most of the later rules of hexameter composition have their origins in the methods and practices of Homer.
|
|
He criticized Albrecht Weber's hypothesis that the story of the Ramayana was influenced by the Homeric epics. While devoted to the sacred classics of the Hindus, Telang did not neglect his own vernacular, Marathi literature being enriched by his translation of Lessing's Nathan the Wise, and an essay on Social Compromise.
|
|
156; Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 150), Ida, Amalthea, and Adrasteia (Fab. 182; Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 158), Pleione (Fab. 192; Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 162), Ephyra (Fab. 275.6; Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 181), Aethra (Astronomica 2.21). Of these 26 names, only 9 are found in Hesiod, the Homeric Hymn, or Apollodorus.
|
|
The excavators concluded that in the "later 15th century" (BCE) the ridge was "the principal settlement site in Laconia." The shrine and its dedications identify it as the site of Homeric Sparta, capital of a ruling couple believed by the population of the Archaic Period to have been Menelaos and Helen.
|
|
An extensive list of Penelope's suitors is given in the Bibliotheca.Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, Epitome of Book 4, 7. 26 - 7. 30 This source does not appear to fully respect the Homeric tradition, as the numbers are different and not all of those named in the Odyssey appear in the Bibliotheca.
|
|
The etymology of Calypso's name is from (), meaning "to cover", "to conceal", "to hide", or "to deceive".Entry καλύπτω at LSJ According to Etymologicum Magnum, her name means "concealing the knowledge" (), which – combined with the Homeric epithet (, meaning "subtle" or "wily") – justifies the eremitic character of Calypso and her island.
|
|
A late legend also attributes Eurytus as the father of Dryope, by his first wife.Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.325 ff. Hesiod calls his wife Antioche and they had four sons but Creophylus says only two.Scholaist on Sophocles, Trachiniae 266 as cited in Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, The Taking of Oechalia fr.
|
|
There are no established stories of a royal house at Mycenae later than the Atreids, and this could reflect the fact that not much more than fifty or sixty years seem to have separated the fall of Troy VIIa (the likely inspiration of Homeric Troy) and the fall of Mycenae.
|
|
14–21 as pastoral by Sara Watson;Watson 1942 pp. 404–420 as part of classical philosophy by Maren-Sofie Rostvig;Rostvig 1962 as part of Renaissance encomia by S. P. Woodhouse and Douglas Bush,Woodhouse and Bush 1972 pp. 227–269 and as similar to Homeric hymns and Pindaric odes.Osgood 1900 pp.
|
|
He was also the only hero except Heracles, son of Zeus, that attacked—and even wounded—Olympian gods (most notably Ares, whom he struck with his spear). Once, he was even granted divine vision in order to identify immortals. Only Diomedes and Menelaus were offered immortality and became gods in post-Homeric mythology.
|
|
The Homeric Hymn to Pan provides the earliest example of this wordplay, suggesting that Pan's name was born from the fact that he delighted "all" the gods. In the mystery cults of the highly syncretic Hellenistic era,Eliade, Mircea (1982) A History of Religious Ideas Vol. 2. University of Chicago Press. § 205.
|
|
Homeric Hymn to Demeter 5, 233-291Bibliotheca 1. 5. 1Hyginus, Fabulae, 147 Instead, Demeter chose to teach Triptolemus, the other son of Celeus (though he was ascribed different parentages as well), the art of agriculture and, from him, the rest of Greece learned to plant and reap crops.Ovid, Metamorphoses, 5. 646Ovid, Fasti, 4.
|
|
As early as 1822, Hisarlik was identified by Charles Maclaren as a possible site of Homeric Troy.Hisarlık – Britannica Online Encyclopedia at www.britannica.com In 1847, his brother Frederick bought a farm of over 2,000 acres (8 km²) at Akca Koy which included part of Mount Hisarlik. This was to be a momentous acquisition.
|
|
During a 1977-78 refit several new cabins were added. She was renamed Homeric Renaissance and upon entering service became Epirotiki's flagship. However very soon after this she was chartered to Costa Cruises, and operated for them as World Renaissance until the early 80s. After the charter she was given back to Epirotiki.
|
|
Later, as it became fashionable to question whether certain passages of the known text of the Iliad were really composed by Homer (see Homeric scholarship), the genuineness of the "Deception of Zeus" was doubted. Albrecht DihleDihle 1970, pp. 83–92; Burkert 1992, p. 201: Note 9 offers a condensed bibliography of the discussion.
|
|
Parry, pp. 177-216. Lord reacted to Kirk and Parry's respective contentions with Homer as Oral Poet, published in 1968, which reaffirmed his belief in the relevance of Serbian epic poetry and its similarities to Homer, and downplayed the intellectual and literary role of the reciters of Homeric epic.Foley, pp. 40, 406.
|
|
14–21 as pastoral by Sara Watson;Watson 1942 pp. 404–420 as part of classical philosophy by Maren-Sofie Rostvig;Rostvig 1962 as part of Renaissance encomia by S. P. Woodhouse and Douglas Bush,Woodhouse and Bush 1972 pp. 227–269 and as similar to Homeric hymns and Pindaric odes.Osgood 1900 pp.
|
|
Literary texts provide only scant evidence of the mythology of Eubuleus. He is not mentioned in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter.Clinton, Greek Sanctuaries, p. 113. Differences among genealogies and cross-identifications with other gods raise the question of whether all the sources using a form of the name refer to the same figure.
|
|
Anciently, Tanagra (), sometimes written Tanagraea, was a town of ancient Boeotia, situated upon the left bank of the Asopus, in a fertile plain, at the distance of 130 stadia from Oropus and 200 from Plataeae.Dicaearch. Stat. Gr. pp. 12, 14, ed. Hudson Several ancient writers identified Tanagra with the Homeric Graea;Lycophr. 644.
|
|
She took a sabbatical to attend the British School at Athens in 1901 and 1902. There she began focusing on Homeric archaeology, the study of ancient civilisations known through the poems of Homer.Helen Waterhouse, Breaking Ground: Women in Old World Archaeology, Brown University. In 1911, she participated in excavations at Phylakopi on Melos.
|
|
The Pangaion Hills (Greek Παγγαίο Pangéo; ancient Greek: Καρμάνιον Karmánion, Παγγαῖος Pangaîos, m., Παγγαῖον [ὄρος] Pangaîon [óros] oder Πάγγαιον [ὄρος] Pángaion [óros], n.; Homeric name: Nysa; also called Pangaeon, Pangaeum) are a mountain range in Greece, approximately 40 km from Kavala. The highest elevation is 1,956 m and the mountaintop name is Koutra.
|
|
It is mentioned in one of the Homeric hymns with the epithet λεχεποίη or grassy, an epithet justified by the rich plain which surrounds the town.Hymn. in Apoll. 228 Teumessus is celebrated in the epic legends, especially on account of the Teumessian fox, which ravaged the territory of Thebes.Ant. Lib. 41; Palaeph.
|
|
Samiko takes its name from the ancient Elean city Samikon (), which was also known as Samos and Samia. It was probably identical with the Homeric Arene. Samikon was located in the ancient country of Triphylia, near the river Anigros. Near the city and the river was the cave of the Anigrid nymphs.
|
|
53; Bremmer, p. 140. A scholiast, quoting the fifth-century BC historian Hellanicus, tells us that, in addition to the Hesiodic Cyclopes (whom the scholiast describes as "the gods themselves"), and the Homeric Cyclopes, there was a third group of Cyclopes: the builders of the walls of Mycenae.Fowler 2013, pp. 35-36, p.
|
|
As mentioned above, though, it is most likely that the Homeric tradition contains elements of historical fact and elements of fiction interwoven. Homer describes a location, presumably in the Bronze Age, with a city. This city was near Mount Ida in northwest Turkey. Such a city did exist, at the mound of Hisarlık.
|
|
The Septuagint and Homeric Scholarship in Alexandria, pp. 128–130. Routledge, London. It most likely dates to the Seleucid or Hasmonean periods, nor is there any certainty that it is a genuine eyewitness account. Both 1 & 2 Maccabees and Flavius Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews tell of a building boom during Seleucid rule.
|
|
20th century Homeric scholarship had the shadow of Analysis and Unitarianism hanging over it, and much important work was done by old-style Analysts and Unitarians even up to the end of the century. Perhaps the most important Unitarian in the first half of the century was Samuel E. Bassett; and, as in the 19th century, some interpretive work argued for Unitarianism (e.g. George E. Dimock's 1989 The Unity of the Odyssey), while other literary criticism merely took a Unitarian perspective for granted. Some of the most important work on textual criticism and papyrology was done by Analyst scholars such as Reinhold Merkelbach and Denys L. Page (whose 1955 The Homeric Odyssey is a merciless but sometimes hilariously witty polemic against Unitarians).
|
|
One holds that most of the Iliad and (according to some) the Odyssey are the works of a single poet of genius. The other considers the Homeric poems to be the result of a process of working and reworking by many contributors, and that "Homer" is best seen as a label for an entire tradition. It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC. The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic. Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally.
|
|
Modern scholars believe that he may have played a significant role in writing it. The Suda also credits Soteridas as the author of numerous treatises on philology and grammar, including a treatise on "Homeric problems", a commentary of Euripides and Menander, a treatise on comedy, a treatise on orthography, and a treatise on poetic meter.
|
|
Blackwell's work enjoyed a high contemporary reputation, and for nearly half a century he was regarded as the foremost Homeric scholar in Europe. But his Scottish Whig politics attracted bitterly hostile criticism from conservatively minded English critics like Samuel Johnson,Greene, Donald (2009). The Politics of Samuel Johnson. University of Georgia Press, p. 173.
|
|
Hera (/ˈhɛrə, ˈhɪərə/; Greek: Ἥρᾱ, Hērā; Ἥρη, Hērē in Ionic and Homeric Greek) Alexandros (Gr. ), the "defender of men", was an epithet of the Greek goddess Hera, under which she was worshiped at Sicyon. A temple had been built there to Hera Alexandros by Adrastus after his flight from Argos.Scholiast, ad Pind. Nem. ix.
|
|
Historian G. Poretsano has two theories about the origin of the name Lechouri. The first is the Homeric word "ουρέα" which means "mountain peaks" and the second is the Cretan word "λέσκες" which means "ridges".G. Poretsano, Erymanthos kai Chelmos, Athens (1973), p. 118. Roman villas and cemeteries have been found in the region.
|
|
Tzetzes, Homeric Allegories, Prologue, 543–545 Oileus was also the father of Medon, who is usually regarded as illegitimate; Medon's mother was said to be a nymph named Rhene,Homer, Iliad, 2. 727 though some gave Alcimache as his mother.Scholia on Iliad, 13. 694 According to Hyginus, Rhene was the mother of Ajax as well.
|
|
Triphylians ( or ΤρίφυλοιPape-Benseler, Wörterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen, 3rd ed. (Braunschweig: Vieweg & Sohn, 1911).) were an ancient Greek tribe. They were residents of the western Peloponnese region, which in Homeric times was called Pylos and later Triphylia. The name Triphylia, literally emerged from the fact of the establishment of three different tribes in the area.
|
|
Chichester: Wiley- Blackwell, 2011). She casts away her various pieces of headdress (22.468-72) and leads the Trojan women in ritual mourning, both of which they did (22.405–36). Although Andromache adheres to the formal practice of female lamentation in Homeric epic,Lateiner, Donald. "Weeping". In The Homer Encyclopedia, edited by M. Finkelberg, 933-4.
|
|
Soldiers in these memorials were still frequently depicted as Homeric warriors, rather than more realist figures.Carden-Coyne, p.158; Miles, p.102. The classical symbolism was often used to distance the event of death from the observer, appealing to allegories for sacrifice, justice and victory, in an attempt to make mourning easier to bear.
|
|
The LCA curriculum includes English, mathematics, science, history, Latin, Greek, art, music fundamentals, and choral music. Students also study geography, logic and rhetoric, and literature such as Homeric epics. Electives vary by quarter, with offerings such as drama and soccer. Private music instruction in piano, voice, guitar, and violin is available on a weekly basis.
|
|
Howard is informed that the gold has been lost. He returns to his village and relates the tragic news to Curtin. Grasping the enormity of the disaster, Howard roars with “Homeric” laughter. Curtin is at first offended, distraught at the loss of the fortune, but finally joins the old prospector in his ironic mirth.
|
|
Monti was, above everything, an artist. Everything else in him was liable to change. Knowing little Greek, he succeeded in translating the Iliad in a way remarkable for its Homeric feeling, and in his Bassvilliana he is on a level with Dante. In him classical poetry seemed to revive in all its florid grandeur.
|
|
In Greek mythology, the name Molus (/ˈmoʊləs/; Ancient Greek: Μῶλος Molos means "toil and moil") was the illegitimate son of Deucalion, son of Minos, king of Crete or of Minos instead. He was the father, by Melphis or Euippe,Tzetzes, Homeric Allegories, Prologue, 588 of Meriones, the charioteer of Idomeneus in the Trojan War.
|
|
They also developed stories about how the poems had originated, such as Homer's dream of Helen. Like other rhapsodes, they travelled widely, but they were perhaps based on Chios. Certain Homeridae were active in adding new poems to the tradition. It is worth noting that due to the Peisistratos that Homeric reformation became compulsory.
|
|
Due in part to his unusual Homeric name his origins have been debated. The contemporary chronicler Hydatius, the Catholic bishop of Aquae Flaviae, refers to him as Aiax natione Galata. "Galata" may refer to either a Galician, Gaul, or Galatian. It is doubtful that he was the first, since Hydatius would have called him Gallaeci.
|
|
Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes 550 Apollo is also said to have invented the lyre, and along with Artemis, the art of archery. He then taught to the humans the art of healing and archery.Diodorus, Library of history 5.74.5 Phoebe, his grandmother, gave the oracular shrine of Delphi to Apollo as a birthday gift.
|
|
The third-century BC poet Callimachus makes the Hesiodic Cyclopes the assistants of smith-god Hephaestus. So does Virgil in his Latin epic Aeneid, where he seems to equate the Hesiodic and Homeric Cyclopes. From at least the fifth-century BC, Cyclopes have been associated with the island of Sicily and the volcanic Aeolian Islands.
|
|
Hesiod Works and Days, 465 Demeter's emblem is the poppy, a bright red flower that grows among the barley. Demeter was also zeidoros arοura, the Homeric "Mother Earth arοura" who gave the gift of cereals (zeai or deai).Martin Nilsson, (1967), Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion, C.F.Beck Verlag Munchen, pp 462, 466, 675–676.
|
|
Variety wrote, "The word 'spectacular' achieves its true meaning when applied to Warner Bros.' 'Helen of Troy.' The retelling of the Homeric legend, filmed in its entirety in Italy, makes lavish use of the Cinemascope screen ... Action sequences alone should stir word-of-mouth.""Film Reviews: Helen of Troy". Variety. December 21, 1955. 6.
|
|
260; Evelyn-White, note to Homeric Hymn to Demeter 418. The roughly contemporary (? c. 1st century AD) Greek mythographer Apollodorus and the Latin mythographer Hyginus also give lists of Oceanids. Apollodorus gives a list containing 7 names,Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis (1.2.2). as well as mentioning 5 other Oceanids elsewhere.
|
|
Chieti is amongst the most ancient of Italian cities. According to mythological legends, the city was founded in 1181 BC by the Homeric Greek hero Achilles and was named in honor of his mother, Thetis. It was called Theate () (or Teate in Latin). As Theate Marrucinorum, Chieti was the chief town of the warlike Marrucini.
|
|
There is no systematic collection of Greek laws; thus knowledge of the earliest notions of the subject is derived from the Homeric poems. The works of Theophrastus, On the Laws, included a recapitulation of the laws of various barbaric as well as of the Grecian states, yet only a few fragments of it remain.
|
|
In his seminal work Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and The Acts of Andrew, MacDonald argues that the second-century apocryphal work, the Acts of Andrew, was a Christian version of Homer's Iliad. Elsewhere, MacDonald has also argued for the presence of Homeric imitations in the Acts of Peter, another second-century apocryphal work.
|
|
Mortals, however, cannot look upon the gods without incinerating, and she perished, consumed in lightning-ignited flame.Ovid, Metamorphoses III.308–312; Hyginus, Fabulae 179; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 8.178-406 Zeus rescued the fetal Dionysus, however, by sewing him into his thigh (whence the epithet Eiraphiotes, "insewn", of the Homeric Hymn). A few months later, Dionysus was born.
|
|
Luwian has been deduced as one of the likely candidates for the language spoken by the Trojans.Watkins 1994; Watkins 1995:144–51; Melchert 2003, pp. 265-70 with ref. After the 1995 finding of a Luwian biconvex seal at Troy VII, there has been a heated discussion over the language that was spoken in Homeric Troy.
|
|
Aepycamelus, the long-necked camel, is an extinct genus of camelids that lived during the Miocene 20.6–4.9 million years ago, existing for about .PaleoBiology Database: Aepycamelus, basic info Its name is derived from the Homeric Greek , "high and steep" and κάμηλος – "camel"; thus, "high camel"; alticamelus in Latin. Aepycamelus spp. walked on their toes only.
|
|
Onomacritus (; c. 530 – c. 480 BCE), also known as Onomacritos or Onomakritos, was a Greek chresmologue, or compiler of oracles, who lived at the court of the tyrant Pisistratus in Athens. He is said to have prepared an edition of the Homeric poems, and was an industrious collector, as well as a forger of old oracles and poems.
|
|
The entire proem is also written in the format of a hymn, recalling other early literary works, texts, and hymns and in particular the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite.Keith (2012), p. 39. The choice to address Venus may have been due to Empedocles's belief that Aphrodite represents "the great creative force in the cosmos".Sedley (2013) [2004].
|
|
Meade also wrote freelance for such titles as The Boston Globe. Meade was involved in the American Relief Administration. She was a witness to the Russian Famine in 1921 and worked with Herbert Hoover to provide relief. She returned to the United States again after a trip to Europe in 1923 sailing on the RMS Homeric.
|
|
Thus, the initial defeat was covered up by his propagandists by a very heroic (and Homeric) charge into the now well-deployed enemy. In his preface to the 2012 reprint, Green states: "on the evidence as it stands that theory remains untenable and the contradiction inexplicable."Green, "Preface to the 2012 edition", Alexander of Macedon, Kindle edition. .
|
|
Formal Greek prayer in the epic poems attributed to Homer is ritualized and consists of four basic stages: cleansing, prayer, sacrifice and libation . Acts and gestures form part of the homeric prayer as much as words do. The characters wash their hands, purifying themselves in the context of catharsis. They attain an appropriate posture, lift their arms.
|
|
Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 1.282; where the position of Delphi is clearly described under the name of Crissa. Even in Pindar, the name of Crissa is used as synonymous with Delphi, just as Pisa occurs in the poets as equivalent to Olympia.Pindar, Isthm. 2.26. Metapontium in Magna Graecia (modern Italy) is said to have been a colony of Crissa.
|
|
A performance in German online. In addition, text in Homeric Greek is included in the "Circe's Island" episode in David Bedford's The Odyssey (1976).Track 9, available on YouTube. This was the ancestor of several later electronic suites that reference the Odysseus legend, with "Circe" titles among them, having little other programmatic connection with the myth itself.
|
|
Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age is a book written by four-time British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone in 1858, discussing a range of issues in Homer including an original thesis on colour perception in Ancient Greece. Gladstone was M.P. for the University of Oxford at the time of publication, but had been trained as a classicist.
|
|
Parry, Adam. "Have we Homer's Iliad?"Yale Classical Studies.20 (1966), pp.. 177-216. Lord reacted to Kirk's and Parry's essays with "Homer as Oral Poet", published in 1968, which reaffirmed Lord's belief in the relevance of Yugoslav poetry and its similarities to Homer and downplayed the intellectual and literary role of the reciters of Homeric epic.
|
|
In Greek mythology, Lilaea was a Naiad of a spring of the same name, daughter of the river god Cephissus.Pausanias, Description of Greece, 10. 32. 4See also Homeric Hymn 3 to Pythian Apollo, 239 The ancient polis of Lilaea, and the modern village of Lilaia in Phocis, and the asteroid 213 Lilaea are named after her.
|
|
The main ancient source for the story is the Aeneid of Virgil, a Latin epic poem from the time of Augustus. The event is also referred to in Homer's Odyssey. In the Greek tradition, the horse is called the "wooden horse" ( in Homeric/Ionic Greek (Odyssey 8.512); , in Attic Greek).Trojan horse as depicted in the Vergilius Vaticanus (c.
|
|
4) also mentions a daughter of Poseidon and Amphitrite named kymopoleia. Amphitrite ("Aphirita") bearing a trident on a pinax from Corinth (575–550 BC). Amphitrite is not fully personified in the Homeric epics: "out on the open sea, in Amphitrite's breakers" (Odyssey iii.101), "moaning Amphitrite" nourishes fishes "in numbers past all counting" (Odyssey xii.119).
|
|
By the Classical Period the Homeric Question had advanced to the point of trying to determine what works were attributable to Homer. The Iliad and the Odyssey were beyond question. They were considered to have been written by Homer. The D-scholia suggest that they were taught in the schools; however, the language was no longer self-evident.
|
|
These included Lot's Wife (1878) and Artemis and her Hound (1880 plaster, 1882 marble). In 1880 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, and produced the Homeric bowman Teucer (1881 plaster, 1882 bronze), and the Mower (1884 plaster, 1894 bronze), arguably the first life-size freestanding statue of a contemporary laborer in 19th-century sculpture.
|
|
18th Century. Oil on wood with gilt background. Property of Missing Link Antiques. Persephone did not submit to Hades willingly, but was abducted by him while picking flowers in the fields of Nysa (her father, Zeus, had previously given Persephone to Hades, to be his wife, as is stated in the first lines of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter).
|
|
The script was based on an original story by Huntington which was first known as Manutara. He sold it to producer Jack O. Lamont who managed to get some financing from Paramount provided American names were cast in the leads. The remainder of the £50,000 budget was raised from Britain's Homeric Films and NFFC along with Canada's Ihod Productions.
|
|
Epitalio was named after the ancient Elean city Epitalium. Epitalium, identified by Strabo as the Homeric Thryon or Thryoessa, was situated on a hill near the ford of the river Alpheus.Strabo Geographica 8.3 Its strategic position on the road along the Ionian Sea coast made it an important military post. The ancient ruins lie north of the present town.
|
|
Foley, p. 35. Shortly afterwards, Eric A. Havelock's 1963 book Preface to Plato revolutionized how scholars looked at Homeric epic by arguing not only that it was the product of an oral tradition but that the oral-formulas contained therein served as a way for ancient Greeks to preserve cultural knowledge across many different generations.Foley, p. 36.
|
|
Home Sweet Homer is a 1976 musical with a book by Roland Kibbee and Albert Marre, lyrics by Charles Burr and Forman Brown, and music by Mitch Leigh. Originally called Odyssey, it is one of the most notorious flops in Broadway theatre history. Loosely based on Homeric legend, it focuses on Odysseus and Penelope, awaiting his return to Ithaca.
|
|
Id. Pharr developed a national reputation through his textbooks for Greek and Latin, some of which remain in print.Hall, supra note 2 at 2. Revised versions of "Homeric Greek," and "Aeneid I-VI" are still in print. Later, Pharr turned his attention to Roman law and was general editor of the first translation of the Codex Theodosianus into English.
|
|
With a strong concern for successful harvests, it was only natural for the ancient inhabitants of Cyrene to appeal to the goddess of grain (Demeter) and to a goddess strongly associated with death and rebirth (Persephone) in order to ensure such outcomes.Foley, Helene. The Homeric Hymn to Demeter. New Jersey: Princeton Univ Pr, 1994. 103-118. Print.
|
|
Théophile Cailleux (1816–1890) was a Belgian lawyer, born in Calais in France and the author of a work on Homeric geography published in 1878. The title is Pays atlantiques décrits par Homère: Ibérie, Gaule, Bretagne, Archipels, Amériques. Théorie nouvelle ("Atlantic lands described by Homer: the Iberian peninsula, Gaul, Britain, the Atlantic islands, the Americas. A new theory").
|
|
Passenger list of the S.S. Homeric, Port of New York, 4 May 1922, sheet 6, line 6. Frederick William Mordaunt Hall, petition for naturalization No. 379086, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Passenger list of the S.S. Liberte, Port of Plymouth, England, June 20, 1960. Descendants of Wolphert Gerretse Van Kouwenhoven, Person Page 1894.
|
|
Cyparissus or Kyparissos () was a town of ancient Phocis, in the vicinity of Delphi. It is mentioned in the Homeric Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad along with Pytho (Delphi). It is described by Dicaearchus as situated in the interior of Phocis. It is placed by Strabo below Lycoreia, which was situated on one of the heights of Parnassus.
|
|
D.; W. H. D. Rouse, Litt.d.; Webster Collection of Social Anthropology, p. 305 This myth reflects the folk etymology that equates Pan's name (Πάν) with the Greek word for "all" (πᾶν).The Homeric Hymn to Pan provides the earliest example of this wordplay, suggesting that Pan's name was born from the fact that he delighted "all" the gods.
|
|
Many Homeric scholars argued that episode inspired many details in the Iliads description of the death of Patroclus and Achilles' reaction to it. The episode then formed the basis of the cyclic epic Aethiopis, which was composed after the Iliad, possibly in the 7th century BC. The Aethiopis is now lost, except for scattered fragments quoted by later authors.
|
|
Innis (Empire), p.84. He argues that the Homeric poems reflected two significant developments. The first was the rise of an aristocratic civilization which valued justice and right action over the traditional ties of kinship. The second was the humanization of the Greek gods whose limited powers encouraged belief in rational explanations for the order of things.
|
|
Zenodotus () was a Greek grammarian, literary critic, Homeric scholar, and the first librarian of the Library of Alexandria. A native of Ephesus (today, the village of Selƈuk in western Turkey) and a pupil of Philitas of Cos, he lived during the reigns of the first two Ptolemies, and was at the height of his reputation about 280 BC.
|
|
Aristotle called him the father of rhetoric, and, although he acknowledged only the meter as a point of comparison between the poems of Empedocles and the epics of Homer, he described Empedocles as Homeric and powerful in his diction.Aristotle, Poetics, 1, ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 57. Lucretius speaks of him with enthusiasm, and evidently viewed him as his model.
|
|
800 BCE Shizhoupian as a "dictionary", modern scholarship considers it a calligraphic compendium of Chinese characters from Zhou dynasty bronzes. Philitas of Cos (fl. 4th century BCE) wrote a pioneering vocabulary Disorderly Words (Ἄτακτοι γλῶσσαι, ') which explained the meanings of rare Homeric and other literary words, words from local dialects, and technical terms. Apollonius the Sophist (fl.
|
|
This struggle between master and slave moralities recurs historically. According to Nietzsche, ancient Greek and Roman societies were grounded in master morality. The Homeric hero is the strong-willed man, and the classical roots of the Iliad and Odyssey exemplified Nietzsche's master morality. He calls the heroes "men of a noble culture", giving a substantive example of master morality.
|
|
There was some talk of her original German owners Norddeutscher Lloyd purchasing her in order to run alongside her sister, the renamed Columbus which was still in German ownership. However this came to nothing when in February 1936 she was sold for scrapping. The following month Homeric sailed for the last time to Inverkeithing for breaking up.
|
|
With this company he was developing data-mining and database technology, more specific high-level "ontologies" for artificial intelligence and automated natural language understanding. Currently Sowa is working with Kyndi Inc., also founded by Majumdar. John Sowa is married to the philologist Cora Angier Sowa,Cora Angier Sowa (1984) Traditional themes and the Homeric hymns. p.
|
|
Apion studied at Alexandria under Apollonius the Sophist (the son of Archibius of Alexandria) and Didymus, from whom he inherited his love for the Homeric poems.Suda, s. v. ἈπίωνJosephus, Against Apion 2.3, &c.; He settled in Rome at an unknown date, and taught rhetoric as the successor of the grammarian Theon until the reign of Claudius.
|
|
285 It was the ritual of the "divine child" who originally was Ploutos. In the Homeric hymn the ritual is connected with the myth of the agricultural god Triptolemos.Wunderlich 1972 The secret of Creta p. 134 The goddess of nature survived in the mysteries where the following words were uttered: "Mighty Potnia bore a great son".
|
|
1023 Joyce claimed familiarity with the original Homeric Greek, but this has been disputed by some scholars, who cite his poor grasp of the language as evidence to the contrary. The book, and especially its stream of consciousness prose, is widely considered foundational to the modernist genre.The Bloomsbury Guides to English Literature: The Twentieth Century, ed. Linda R. Williams.
|
|
In Ancient Greece, Phylace was a kingdom. Homer writes that this was one of the places subject to Protesilaus, who was the first Greek hero killed in the Trojan War, and the place is frequently mentioned in the Homeric poems. It contained a temple of Protesilaus.Pind. Isthm. 1.84. Pliny erroneously calls it a town of Magnesia.
|
|
In May 334 Alexander the Great crossed the Hellespont and came to the city, where he visited the temple of Athena Ilias, made sacrifices at the tombs of the Homeric heroes, and made the city free and exempt from taxes.Arrian, Anabasis 1.11–12, Diodorus Siculus 17.17–18, Plutarch, Life of Alexander 15, Justin 9.5.12, Strabo 13.1.26, 32.
|
|
Apis (; Ancient Greek: Ἄπις derived from apios "far-off" or "of the pear- tree""Apis is the noun formed from apios, a Homeric adjective usually meaning ‘far off’ but, when applied to the Peloponnese (Aeschylus: Suppliants), ‘of the pear-tree’" as cited in Robert Graves' The Greek Myths) was a king of Argos in Greek mythology.
|
|
Ichnae () was a town in ancient Thessaly. Strabo wrote that it is in the district of Thessaliotis and adds that it is the place where Themis Ichnae was venerated. The mention of "Ichnae" as epithet of Themis also appears in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo and in the Alexandra of Lycophron.Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 94; Lycophron, Alexandra, 129.
|
|
Erana () was a town in ancient Messenia, mentioned by Strabo as lying upon the road between Cyparissia and Pylus. According to Strabo, it was erroneously identified by some with the Homeric Arene. It was located near the present town Filiatra, in an area that is now known as Agia Kyriaki. More archeologically interesting sites have been found around Filiatra.
|
|
Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography, (NY: Garland Publishing, 1985), p. 200 claimed that the appearance of the theme in Ancient Greek poetry, a tradition without known connection to the Germanic, invalidated the notion of "an autonomous theme in the baggage of an oral poet." Within Homeric studies specifically, Lord's The Singer of Tales, which focused on problems and questions that arise in conjunction with applying oral-formulaic theory to problematic texts such as the Iliad, Odyssey, and even Beowulf, influenced nearly all of the articles written on Homer and oral- formulaic composition thereafter. However, in response to Lord, Geoffrey Kirk published The Songs of Homer, questioning Lord's extension of the oral- formulaic nature of Serbian and Croatian literature (the area from which the theory was first developed) to Homeric epic.
|
|
He collaborated with S. H. Butcher in a prose translation (1879) of Homer's Odyssey, and with E. Myers and Walter Leaf in a prose version (1883) of the Iliad, both still noted for their archaic but attractive style. He was a Homeric scholar of conservative views. Other works include Homer and the Study of Greek found in Essays in Little (1891), Homer and the Epic (1893); a prose translation of The Homeric Hymns (1899), with literary and mythological essays in which he draws parallels between Greek myths and other mythologies; Homer and his Age (1906); and "Homer and Anthropology" (1908).Andrew Lang, "Homer and Anthropology," in Homer and the Classics: Six Lectures Delivered before the University of Oxford by Arthur J. Evans, Andrew Lang, Gilbert Murray, F.B. Jevons, J.L. Myres, and W. Warde Fowler, ed.
|
|
In Iliad, the Homeric epic, heralds serve heroic nobility in humble tasks, as cooks, fire-kindlers, wine-pourers, and waiters during feasts and symposia, as scavengers of corpses on the battlefield for cremation or as umpires during funeral games, as messengers between enemies, allies, and warriors during battle, as announcers of public assembly and as language translators (hermeneus), and in other odd jobs that earned them the rank of demiourgoi, public workers.Homer Odyssey 19.135. Their ubiquitous yet invisible presence behind the scenes requires concentration, for to understand what they did demands a shift in focus, like watching the black and white striped referees in a football game, rather than the players competing and scoring. Accordingly, demiourgoi alone demonstrate declining status,Bjorn Qviller "Homeric Demiourgoi," Symbolae Osloenses 55 (1980): 5–21.
|
|
The earliest Greek inscriptions match Phoenician letter forms from the late 9th or 8th centuries BC—in any case, the Phoenician alphabet properly speaking was not developed until around 1050 BC (or after the Bronze Age collapse). The Homeric picture of the Mycenaean age betrays extremely little awareness of writing, possibly reflecting the loss during the Dark Age of the earlier Linear B script. Indeed, the only Homeric reference to writingThere are several examples of written letters, such as in Nestor's narrative concerning Bellerophon and the "Bellerophontic letter", another description of a letter presumably sent to Palamedes from Priam but in fact written by Odysseus (Hyginus. Fabulae, 105), as well as the letters described by Plutarch in Parallel Lives, Theseus, which were presented to Ariadne, presumably sent from Theseus.
|
|
The fall of Troy with the story of the Trojan Horse and the sacrifice of Polyxena, Priam's youngest daughter, is the subject of a later Greek epic by Quintus Smyrnaeus ("Quintus of Smyrna"). The Greeks and Romans took for a fact the historicity of the Trojan War and the identity of Homeric Troy with a site in Anatolia on a peninsula called the Troad (Biga Peninsula). Alexander the Great, for example, visited the site in 334 BC and there made sacrifices at tombs associated with the Homeric heroes Achilles and Patroclus. In Piri Reis book Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of the Sea, 1521) which details many ports and islands of the Mediterranean, the description of the island called Tenedos mentions Troy and its ruins, lying on the shore opposite of the island.
|
|
The word φύσις is a verbal noun based on φύειν "to grow, to appear" (cognate with English "to be"). In Homeric Greek it is used quite literally, of the manner of growth of a particular species of plant.Odyssey 10.302-3: . (So saying, Argeiphontes [=Hermes] gave me the herb, drawing it from the ground, and showed me its nature.) Odyssey (ed.
|
|
The ancient sources generally name Hephaestion only as a good and loyal friend of Alexander's. However, ArrianArrian 1.12.1 describes the occasion when Alexander and Hephaestion publicly identified themselves with the Homeric figures of Achilles and Patroclus. At the onset of the campaign in Asia, Alexander led a contingent of the army to visit Troy, scene of the events in his beloved Iliad.
|
|
See also sanctuary. Later the epithet sanctus is given to many gods including Apollo Pythius by Naevius, Venus and Tiberinus by Ennius and Livy: Ennius renders the Homeric dia theaoon as sancta dearum; in the early Imperial era, Ovid describes Terminus, the god who sanctifies land boundaries, as sanctusOvid, Fasti 2.658. and equates sancta with augusta (august).Ovid Fasti 1.608-9.
|
|
One of her Homeric epithets is polypharmakos, "knowing many drugs or charms".LSJ s.v. πολυ-φάρμα^κος; Homer, Odyssey, 10.276. alt= Circe invites the hero Odysseus' crew to a feast of familiar food, a pottage of cheese and meal, sweetened with honey and laced with wine, but also mixed with one of her magical potions that turns them into swine.
|
|
Among his own books are some translations from the English into Italian, German and Greek. He had a considerable reputation as a writer of English hexameters and as a judge of Homeric translation: his translation of a brief passage from the Iliad was described by Matthew Arnold, in On Translating Homer, as "the most successful attempt hitherto made at rendering Homer into English".
|
|
According to the Homeric Hymn to Selene, the goddess bore Zeus a daughter, Pandia ("all-brightness"),Fairbanks, p. 162. "exceeding lovely amongst the deathless gods".Hymn to Selene (32) 15–16; Allen, [15 "ΠανδείηΝ"], says that Pandia was "elsewhere unknown as a daughter of Selene", but see Hyginus, Fabulae Preface, Philodemus, De pietate P.Herc. 243 Fragment 6 (Obbink, p. 353).
|
|
Rohde, Psyche, p.97. The priestess of the oracle at Delphi became known as the Pythia, after the place-name Pytho, which Greeks explained as named after the rotting (πύθειν) of the slain serpent's corpse in the strength of Hyperion (day) or Helios (the sun).Homeric Hymn to Pythian Apollo, 363-369. Karl Kerenyi pointed outKerenyi The Gods of the Greeks 1951:136.
|
|
From his having devoted much of his attention to the elucidation of Homer's epics through punctuation, Stephanus also calls him "the new Homer", ὁ νέος Ὅμηρος. He wrote also on the punctuation of Callimachus; and a work On punctuation in general (περὶ καθόλου στιγμῆς). He is copiously quoted in the Venetus A scholia on the Homeric Iliad. (Fabricius Bibl. Graec. i.
|
|
Castor depicted on a calyx krater of c. 460–450 BC, holding a horse's reins and spears and wearing a pilos-style helmet There is much contradictory information regarding the parentage of the Dioscuri. In the Homeric Odyssey (11.298-304), they are the sons of Tyndareus alone, but they were sons of Zeus in the Hesiodic Catalogue (fr. 24 M-W).
|
|
The book accompanied a Channel 4 documentary series of the same name. The book has been translated into five languages. In 2008, Taplin took part in the programme "Greek and Latin Voices" for the BBC where he gave a talk on Homer and translated the Homeric texts for the programme. Taplin retired as Tutor in Classics at Magdalen College, Oxford in 2008.
|
|
In Greek mythology, Chrysanthis (Ancient Greek: ) was a female figure associated with the goddess Demeter. According to an Argive legend recorded by Pausanias, Chrysanthis informed Demeter of the abduction of Persephone by Hades when Demeter was visiting Pelasgus in Argos.Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1. 14. 2 Thus, in the Argive account Chrysanthis substitutes for Hecate of the Homeric hymn to Demeter.
|
|
Rood presented some of his ideas on Twombly in January 2012 at the 143rd annual meeting of the American Philological Association in a talk entitled "Twombly's Narratives of Conflict: The Anabasis Series". In March 2012, Rood was invited to deliver a lecture on the subject of "Thucydides and Homeric Scholarship" to the Department of Classics at the University of Virginia.
|
|
Obviously in the past there was land to the east of the Plaka peninsula, which was either united with the mainland by a narrow panhandle or was a separate island. On this stretch of land was probably located the city of Chryse of the Homeric period—sunk in 197 BC—, its ruins now visible in the depths of the sea.
|
|
Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger (8 April 1779 – 6 September 1857) was a German chemist, physicist, and professor of mathematics born in Erlangen. J.S.C.Schweigger was the son of Friedrich Christian Lorenz Schweigger, professor of theologie in Erlangen (1786 until his death in 1802). He studied philosophy in Erlangen. His PhD involved the Homeric Question revived at that time by Friedrich August Wolf.
|
|
Iphitus was the son of King Eurytus of OechaliaDiodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 4.37.5 and AntiopeScholaist on Sophocles, Trachiniae 266 as cited in Hesiod, Ehoiai fr. 79 or Antioche,Scholaist on Sophocles, Trachiniae 266 as cited in Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, The Taking of Oechalia fr. 4 and thus brother to Iole, Toxeus, Deioneus, Molion, Didaeon and Clytius, also an Argonaut.
|
|
In ancient Greek mythology, Acheron was known as the "river of woe", and was one of the five rivers of the Greek underworld. The word is of uncertain etymology.R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 182. In the Homeric poems, the Acheron was described as a river of Hades, into which Cocytus and Phlegethon both flowed.
|
|
The river was first mentioned in Homeric times. Due to the flooding of the area, a new dam was ordered by the Aitoloakarnanian government to construct a dam near the four-boundaries region of northern Nafpaktia. It took nearly one year and was completed in 2003. Its area is about 5 to 10 km², the height and the depth is approximately 50 m.
|
|
Weitzmann 1978, pp. 40–55; Lamberton 1986 passim; Dawson 1992 passim. That is: Dioscorus, influenced by allegorical commentaries on the Homeric epics and Bible, and by the allegorical icons and church art of the 6th century, was praising Christ, Old Testament patriarchs, and the saints in heaven as if they were the Emperor, kings, and dignitaries in a Byzantine court.Kuehn 1995, pp.
|
|
Parry and Lord sought to uncover how the Homeric epics were composed. In order to answer that question, they sought to illuminate and study first-hand the extant oral traditions. This led them to the mountainous regions of the Balkans, where reciters of the ancient songs were still around. Up until this point, documentation of any oral verse had been done by hand.
|
|
The relationship between these Cyclopes and Hesiod's Cyclopes is unclear.Fowler 2013, p. 55: "It has long been a puzzle what Polyphemus and his fellow Kyklopes have to do with the smiths of the Titanomachy"; Heubeck and Hoekstra, p. 20 on lines 106–15: "The exact relationship between these Hesiodic and the Homeric Cyclopes has not yet been established, despite many attempts"; Tripp, s.v.
|
|
6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 38; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 21. A new set of tutors – the Homeric scholar Alexander of Cotiaeum along with Trosius Aper and Tuticius Proculus, teachers of LatinBirley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 40, citing Aristides, Oratio 32 K; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 21. – took over Marcus' education in about 132 or 133.
|
|
West edited and commented Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days. In 1967, he published with Reinhold Merkelbach Fragmenta Hesiodea, an edition containing other fragmentary poems attributed to Hesiod. He also edited a book on the fragments of the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women. West edited Homer's Iliad and Odyssey for the prestigious Bibliotheca Teubneriana, and the Homeric Hymns for the Loeb Classical Library.
|
|
Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, 318 ff Out of pity, she turned him into a cicada. According to Hesiod, by Tithonus, Eos had two sons, Memnon and Emathion.Hesiod, Theogony 984ff Memnon fought among the Trojans in the Trojan War and was slain. Her image with the dead Memnon across her knees, like Thetis with the dead Achilles are icons that inspired the Christian Pietà.
|
|
According to Svenbro, the Phrasikleia Kore may be modeled after the Goddess Hestia. As defined in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, Hestia is explicitly referred to as koúrē, who swears to remain a virgin forever. The hymn claims that Hestia was called upon by Zeus to be honored as a god, rather than to remain on earth to be married.Svenbro, Jesper.
|
|
71 The actual ludi Romani consisted of first a solemn procession (pompa), then a chariot race in which each chariot in Homeric fashion carried a driver and a warrior, the latter at the end of the race leaping out and running on foot (Dionys. vii. 72; and cf. Orelli, 2593, where a charioteer is spoken of as pedibus ad quadrigam).
|
|
The asteriskos used in an early Greek papyrus. Early asterisks seen in the margin of Greek papyrus. The asterisk has already been used as a symbol in ice age cave paintings. There is also a two thousand year old character used by Aristarchus of Samothrace called the , , which he used when proofreading Homeric poetry to mark lines that were duplicated.
|
|
Barbara Graziosi is an Italian classicist and academic. She is Professor of Classics at Princeton University. Her interests lie in ancient Greek literature, and the way in which readers make it their own. She has written extensively on the subject of Homeric literature, in particular the Iliad, and more generally on the transition of the Twelve Olympians from antiquity to the Renaissance.
|
|
Atlantis is set in the Homeric world and the protagonist is Nisos the young son of Odysseus who plans to voyage west from Ithaca over the drowned Atlantis.G. Wilson Knight, p. 93. Powys final fiction, such as Up and Out (1957) and All or Nothing (1960) "use the mode of science fiction, although science has no part in them".Coates, p. 158.
|
|
57 Number 3, May/June 2004 although this does not identify the combatants. The bilingual toponymy of Troy/Ilion is well established in the Homeric tradition. The Mycenaean Greeks of the 13th century BC had colonized the Greek mainland and Crete, and were beginning to make forays into Anatolia. Philologist Joachim Latacz identifies the "Achaioi" of the Illiad with the inhabitants of Ahhiyawa.
|
|
Aristarchus of Samothrace, detail from: Apotheosis of Homer (1827) by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780–1867) Aristarchus of Samothrace (; c. 220 - c. 143 BC) was a grammarian noted as the most influential of all scholars of Homeric poetry. He was the librarian of the Library of Alexandria and seems to have succeeded his teacher Aristophanes of Byzantium in that role.
|
|
H. G. Evelyn-White, tr. Hesiod II: The Homeric Hymns and Homerica (Loeb Classical Library 503), 2nd ed. 1936 fr. 4. Aristophanes is credited with the invention of the accent system used in Greek to designate pronunciation, as the tonal, pitched system of archaic and Classical Greek was giving way (or had given way) to the stress-based system of Koine.
|
|
Hyginus, Fabulae, preface. Pallas was sometimes regarded as the Titan god of warcraft and of the springtime campaign season.Daly, Greek and Roman, p. 109. The Homeric Hymn to Hermes makes the moon goddess Selene (usually the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia), the daughter of a Pallas, son of (otherwise unknown) Megamedes, which is possibly the same as this Pallas.
|
|
The classical names for amber, Latin electrum and Ancient Greek (ēlektron), are connected to a term ἠλέκτωρ (ēlektōr) meaning "beaming Sun". Homeric (Iliad 6.513, 19.398). The feminine being later used as a name of the Moon. The derivation of the modern term "electric" from the Greek word for amber dates to the 1600 (Latin electricus "amber-like", in De Magnete by William Gilbert). .
|
|
Map showing ancient Thessaly. Cierium is shown to the lower centre. Cierium or Kierion () was a town and polis (city-state) in the district of Thessaliotis in ancient Thessaly, which according to some ancient commentators, such as Stephanus of Byzantium was the successor to the Homeric Arne, the chief town of the Aeolian Boeotians in Thessaly, from which they emigrated to Boeotia.
|
|
Inside the church of Agios Prodromos. The place of Kranidi has been inhabited for thousands of years. Very close to town is located the Phrancthi Cave that was the dwelling of prehistoric man. During the Homeric era, in this place there were two cities, Hermion (in place of modern Ermioni) and Masis (in place of the modern village of Koilada).
|
|
In 1917 Seyrig joined the Orient contingent in Salonika where he had his first encounter with archeology and left his family business. He then attended the Sorbonne where he presented a thesis about the Homeric House and in 1922 was admitted to the French School at Athens where he spent seven years as a member and was promoted to secretary general's office.
|
|
In Greek mythology, Electra (; , Ēlektra "amber") was the Oceanid daughter of Oceanus and Tethys.Hesiod, Theogony 337-370; Homeric Hymn, 2.5, 2.418-423; Apollodorus,1.2.2. According to Hesiod, she was the wife of Thaumas, and by him, the mother of Iris, the goddess of rainbows and a messenger for the gods, and the Harpies.Hesiod, Theogony 265-269, 780-381; also Apollodorus, 1.2.
|
|
Strabo gives also the following post-classical meaning of the word 'argos': And in the more recent writers the plain, too, is called Argos, but not once in Homer. Yet they think that this is more especially a Macedonian or Thessalian usage.Geographica 8.6.9 Finally, although Homeric geography of Thessaly is not limited in this passage, the toponym "Thessalia" is absent in Homer.
|
|
Homeric Greece. By 1200 BC, the power of Mycenae was declining; finally, during the 12th century BC, Mycenaean dominance collapsed entirely. The eventual destruction of Mycenae formed part of the general Bronze Age collapse in the Greek mainland and beyond. Within a short time around 1200 BC, all the palace complexes of southern Greece were burned, including that at Mycenae.
|
|
These lines are followed by a sequence of identity shifts involving a seal, the daughter of Lir, and other figures associated with the sea: Eleanor of Aquitaine who, through a pair of Homeric epithets that echo her name, shifts into Helen of Troy, Homer with his ear for the "sea surge", the old men of Troy who want to send Helen back over the sea, and an extended, Imagistic retelling of the story of the abduction of Dionysus by sailors and his transformation of his abductors into dolphins. Although this last story is found in the Homeric Hymn to Dionysus, also contained in the Divus volume, Pound draws on the version in Ovid's poem Metamorphoses, thus introducing the world of ancient Rome into the poem. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta "built a temple so full of pagane works" (Canto XI). Portrait by Piero della Francesca.
|
|
Pausanias has left us only a very brief description of Eleusis; The Rharian plain is also mentioned in the Homeric Hymn to Artemis;Homeric Hymn to Artemis 450 it appears to have been in the neighbourhood of the city; but its site cannot be determined. The temple of Demeter, sometimes called ὁ μυστικὸς σηκός, or τὸ τελεστήριον, was the largest in all Greece, and is described by Strabo as capable of containing as many persons as a theatre. The plan of the building was designed by Ictinus, the architect of the Parthenon at Athens; but it was many years before it was completed, and the names of several architects are preserved who were employed in building it. Its portico of 12 columns was not built till the time of Demetrius Phalereus, about 318 BC, by the architect Philo.
|
|
Meganisi is connected with Lefkada by a car ferry service from Vathy and Spartochori. Meganisi has a school, a lyceum (middle school), an ATM, churches and a few squares (plateies). The island has no secondary school, so pupils attend the nearby school in Nydri, on Lefkada. Some researchers, including Wilhelm Dörpfeld estimate that Meganisi was the Homeric island of Krocylea, which was part of Odysseus' kingdom.
|
|
Agamemnon started shedding tears and proposed to abandon the war for good because Zeus was supporting the Trojans. Diomedes pointed out that this behavior was inappropriate for a leader like Agamemnon. He also declared that he will never leave the city unvanquished for the gods were originally with them. This speech signifies the nature of Homeric tradition where fate and divine interventions have superiority over human choices.
|
|
The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite details how Aphrodite seduced Anchises. It begins by describing how only the three virgin goddesses (Athena, Artemis, and Hestia) are immune to Aphrodite's powers. She has made gods and goddesses fall in love with mortals. Not even Zeus was able to escape her powers and to put her in her place, he caused her to lust after the handsome mortal Anchises.
|
|
In these races, there was a second charioteer (a "rein-holder") while the apobates jumped out; in the catalogues with the winners both the names of the apobates and of the rein-holder are mentioned. Images of this contest show warriors, armed with helmets and shields, perched on the back of their racing chariots. Some scholars believe that the event preserved traditions of Homeric warfare.
|
|
Jan Křesadlo purports to be merely the translator of a "chrononaut's" handed down homeric Greek science fiction epic, the Astronautilia. Other postmodern examples of poioumena include Samuel Beckett's trilogy (Molloy, Malone Dies and The Unnamable); Doris Lessing's The Golden Notebook; John Fowles's Mantissa; William Golding's The Paper Men; Gilbert Sorrentino's Mulligan Stew; and S. D. Chrostowska's Permission.Fowler, Alastair. The History of English Literature, p.
|
|
Aipy or Aepy () was a city in ancient Elis, Greece. It was one of the oldest towns in Elis, mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in Iliad, as one of the territories ruled by Nestor. Homer uses the expression "ἐΰκτιτον Αίπυ" (ἐΰκτιτον means "well-built" and Αίπυ, the town's name, means "steep"). It is also quoted in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo.
|
|
The work is an epic poem, comprising 6,575 verses of hexameter in Homeric Greek, with parallel translation into Czech hexameter. The postmodern science fiction story is inspired by the philosophical postulate of quantum physics, that for something to exist it must be observed. The Watcher over the Cosmos turns out to be a certain sheep. To kill the sheep would mean the end of everything.
|
|
Map showing ancient Thessaly. Phalanna is shown to the upper centre, north of Larissa. Phalanna (), was a town and polis (city-state) of the Perrhaebi in ancient Thessaly, situated on the left bank of the Peneius, southwest of Gonnus. Strabo says that the Homeric Orthe became the acropolis of Phalanna; but in the lists of Pliny Orthe and Phalanna occur as two distinct towns.
|
|
The Homeric hymn to Hermes relates how his half brother Apollo got enchanted by Hermes music from his lyre fashioned from a tortoise shell, Hermes kindly gift it to him. Apollo in return gave Hermes the caduceus as a gesture of friendship.Tyson 1932:494. The association with the serpent thus connects Hermes to Apollo, as later the serpent was associated with Asclepius, the "son of Apollo".
|
|
In the Homeric poems the words moira, aisa, moros mean "portion, part". Originally they did not indicate a power which led destiny, and must be considered to include the "ascertainment" or "proof". By extension Moira is the portion in glory, happiness, mishappenings, death (μοίρα θανάτοιο "destiny of death") which are unexpected events. The unexpected events were usually attributed to daemons, who appeared in special occurrences.
|
|
Echidna was perhaps associated with the monster killed by Apollo at Delphi. Though that monster is usually said to be the male serpent Python, in the oldest account of this story, the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, the god kills a nameless she-serpent (drakaina), subsequently called Delphyne, who had been Typhon's foster-mother.Hymn to Apollo (3) 300-306, 349-369; Ogden 2013a, pp. 40 ff.
|
|
In the Greek underworld, the souls of the dead still existed, but they are insubstantial, and flitted around the underworld with no sense of purpose. The dead within the Homeric underworld lack menos, or strength, and therefore they cannot influence those on earth. They also lack phrenes, or wit, and are heedless of what goes on around them and on the earth above them.Garland pg.
|
|
The name "Bear" is Homeric, and apparently native to Greece, while the "Wain" tradition is Mesopotamian. Book XVIII of Homer's Iliad mentions it as "the Bear, which men also call the Wain". In Latin, these seven stars were known as the "Seven Oxen" (', from '). Classical Greek mythography identified the "Bear" as the nymph Callisto, changed into a she-bear by Hera, the jealous wife of Zeus.
|
|
Franz Ernst Heinrich Spitzner (October 31, 1787 - July 2, 1841) was a German educator and philologist who specialized in Homeric studies. He was born in Trebitz, Saxony-Anhalt. He studied theology and philology at the University of Wittenberg, where he was student of Christian Lobeck (1781–1860). In 1811 he became conrector at the Lyceum at Wittenberg, where two years later he was appointed rector.
|
|
Elizabeth Hilda Lockhart Lorimer (30 May 1873 – 1 March 1954) was a British classical scholar who spent her career at Oxford University. Her best known work was in the field of Homeric archaeology and ancient Greece, but she also visited and published on Turkey, Albania and the area that later became Yugoslavia. She took the position of vice-principal of Somerville College during the Second World War.
|
|
In Homeric and other texts he is imprisoned with the other Titans in Tartarus. In Orphic poems, he is imprisoned for eternity in the cave of Nyx. Pindar describes his release from Tartarus, where he is made King of Elysium by Zeus. In another version, the Titans released the Cyclopes from Tartarus, and Cronus was awarded the kingship among them, beginning a Golden Age.
|
|
In Homeric times, a central constitutive good was the warrior ethic. A man evaluated the goods available to him in terms of the glory they would bring him in battle and the heroic deeds he would be able to recount. In classical Greece, Taylor notes a shift towards a tempering of the warrior ethic. Plato understood a vaguely apprehendable, yet unchanging, cosmic order within which man existed.
|
|
His investigation of the oral Homeric style—"stock epithets" and "reiteration" (words, phrases, stanzas)—established that these formulae were artifacts of oral tradition easily applied to a hexametric line. A two-word stock epithet (e.g. "resourceful Odysseus") reiteration may complement a character name by filling a half-line, thus, freeing the poet to compose a half-line of "original" formulaic text to complete his meaning.
|
|
Gantz, pp. 12-13 says that the Homeric Cyclopes are: "sons of Poseidon (actually Homer says only that Polyphemos is a son of Poseidon), who ... share with their Hesiodic namesakes just the feature of the single eye (if in fact they are so equipped and not just Polyphemos: the general description at Od 9.106-15 says nothing on the subject)." See also Hard, p. 66, p.
|
|
31 Chapter Three, The Formula, discusses what Lord believes to be a classic oral formula. In doing so, he borrows Parry's definition that defines a formula as "a group of words which is regularly employed under the same metrical conditions to express a given essential idea."Parry, Milman "Studies in the Epic Technique of Oral Verse-Making: I: Homer and Homeric Style." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology.
|
|
Vol I, p. 559. The stones found in front of the gates of Homeric Troy were the symbols of Apollo. A western Anatolian origin may also be bolstered by references to the parallel worship of Artimus (Artemis) and Qλdãns, whose name may be cognate with the Hittite and Doric forms, in surviving Lydian texts. However, recent scholars have cast doubt on the identification of Qλdãns with Apollo.
|
|
Athena, patron goddess of Athens; (Varvakeion Athena, National Archaeological Museum) In Ancient Greek, the name of the city was (Athênai, in Classical Attic) a plural. In earlier Greek, such as Homeric Greek, the name had been current in the singular form though, as (Athḗnē).As for example in Od.7.80. It was possibly rendered in the plural later on, like those of (Thêbai) and (Μukênai).
|
|
It is a popular etymology for the name, apparently exploited by Homer in the Iliad.Andrew Faulkner, The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite: Introduction, Text, and Commentary (2008) p. 257 Later in the Medieval period there were writers who held that, because the Aeneid was written by a philosopher, it is meant to be read philosophically.Desmond, Marilynn (1994), Reading Dido: Gender, Textuality, and Medieval Aeneid. pp. 85–86.
|
|
Painting Venus and Anchises by thumb The story of the birth of Aeneas is told in the "Hymn to Aphrodite", one of the major Homeric Hymns. Aphrodite has caused Zeus to fall in love with mortal women. In retaliation, Zeus puts desire in her heart for Anchises, who is tending his cattle among the hills near Mount Ida. When Aphrodite sees him she is smitten.
|
|
Heraclitus (; fl. 1st century AD) was a grammarian and rhetorician who wrote a Greek commentary on Homer which is still extant. Little is known about Heraclitus. It is generally accepted that he lived sometime around the 1st century AD.Donald Russell, "The Rhetoric of the Homeric Problems" in G. R. Boys-Stones (2003) Metaphor, allegory, and the classical tradition: ancient thought and modern, page 217.
|
|
Israel Exploration Journal IV, pp. 239 – 248. It is not entirely clear when the Letter of Aristeas was written, although it is certainly much younger than the time of its supposed creation, in the middle of the 3rd century BC. Opinions differ on the exact date, although current research suggests the middle of the 2nd century BC.Honigman S. 2003. The Septuagint and Homeric Scholarship in Alexandria, pp.
|
|
In the pre-hoplite phase of Greek military evolution, the well-armed aristocrat was the major focus of military action, placed at the apex of his less well-armed dependants.J Griffin, The Oxford History of the Classical World (1991) p. 29 This was reflected in the Homeric division between nobility and commoners,M I Finley, The World of Odysseus (Penguin 1967) p. 61 and p.
|
|
Ancient tradition accounted for four temples that successively occupied the site before the 548/7 BC fire, following which the Alcmaeonids built a fifth. The poet Pindar celebrated the Alcmaeonid's temple in Pythian 7.8-9 and he also provided details of the third building (Paean 8. 65-75). Other details are given by Pausanias (10.5.9-13) and the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (294 ff.).
|
|
Cirrha or Kirra () was a town in ancient Phocis on the coast, which served as the harbour of Delphi. Pausanias erroneously supposes that Cirrha was a later name of the Homeric Crissa. They were two separate towns, with interlinked histories. Crissa was more ancient than Cirrha, and was situated inland a little southwest of Delphi, at the southern end of a projecting spur of Mount Parnassus.
|
|
Homeric Hymn 5 to Aphrodite, 58 According to Hesiod, Euphrosyne and her sisters Thalia and Aglaea were daughters of Zeus and the Oceanid Eurynome.Hesiod, Theogony, 907 Alternative parentage may be Zeus and Eurydome, Eurymedousa, or Euanthe; Dionysus and Kronois; or Helios and the Naiad Aegle.Cornutus, Compendium of Greek Theology, 15Nonnus, Dionysiaca, 15.87 & 48.530Pausanias, Description of Greece, 9.35.5 In art, Euphrosyne is usually depicted with her sisters dancing.
|
|
Nevertheless, the increase did reduce one day from her average transatlantic voyage. On one voyage in August 1924 Homeric arrived in New York late after steaming through a hurricane off the United States East Coast; She had been hit by an rogue wave which injured seven people, smashed numerous windows and portholes, carried away one of the lifeboats, and snapped chairs and other fittings from their fastenings.
|
|
Homerics crew and passengers watched helplessly as the Japanese freighter sank with all thirty eight of her crew. This incident became controversial at the time: When Homeric reached New York, several passengers spoke to the press accusing Homerics crew of not making enough effort to rescue the crew of the stricken ship. The Japanese press even accused the Homerics crew of racism. These accusations were strenuously denied.
|
|
A mosaic of Dionysus from Antioch. Nonnus' principal work is the 48-book epic Dionysiaca, the longest surviving poem from antiquity.Hopkinson, N. Studies in the Dionysiaca of Nonnus (Cambridge, 1994) pp.1–4. It has 20,426 lines composed in Homeric dialect and dactylic hexameters, the main subject of which is the life of Dionysus, his expedition to India, and his triumphant return to the west.
|
|
Tartaro has been described as the Basque equivalent to the cyclops Polyphemus, and similarity to this cyclops in Homer's Odyssey is compelling, however direct derivation from Homeric sources may not be necessarily involved, since parallels to these can be found worldwide. suggested that name "Tartaro" derived from the Tartar people, just as the word "ogre" derived from "Hungarians", but Wentworth Webster agreed, though he expressed some doubt.
|
|
Many ecclesiastics of the period were his pupils. Foremost among his writings are the "Letters," which are 80 in number, and which provide information about the political and religious problems of the time. His poetry bears the impress of both Homeric Greek and the Arabic of his own century. His chief poetical work is a long metrical narrative of the principal events recorded in the Bible.
|
|
HOMERIC VERSE EW.com. Published May 10, 1996, Retrieved on February 8, 2007 It was thought that Love would appear in the episode because she had recently done a film with James L. Brooks, but she never responded to the request. Love was wanted specifically for one joke which would be in an exchange between her and Homer: > Courtney Love: Hi Homer! I'm a big fan, Courtney Love.
|
|
Distraught, Demeter searched high and low for her daughter. Because of her distress, and in an effort to coerce Zeus to allow the return of her daughter, she caused a terrible drought in which the people suffered and starved, depriving the gods of sacrifice and worship. As a result, Zeus relented and allowed Persephone to return to her mother.Foley, Helene P., The Homeric "Hymn ro Demeter".
|
|
470 Some practices of the mysteries seem to have been influenced by the religious practices of the Mycenaean period and thus predating the Greek Dark Ages. Excavations showed that a private building existed under the Telesterion in the Mycenean period, and it seems that originally the cult of Demeter was private. In the Homeric Hymn is mentioned the palace of the king Keleos.Nilsson, Vol I, pp.
|
|
Bollingen Foundation 1967, p. 48. This cycle continued for about two millennia. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, King Celeus is said to have been one of the first people to learn the secret rites and mysteries of her cult. He was also one of her original priests, along with Diocles, Eumolpos, Polyxeinus and Triptolemus, Celeus' son, who had supposedly learned agriculture from Demeter.
|
|
The Greek word has the primary meaning of "young woman; bride, young wife" but is not usually associated with deities in particular. Yet the etymology of the noun remains uncertain. The Doric and Aeolic (Homeric) form is . Modern usage more often applies to young women at the peak of their attractiveness, contrasting with parthenos () "a virgin (of any age)", and generically as kore ( < ) "maiden, girl".
|
|
A reconstruction of Homeric Greece. Modern Ithaca can be seen to the west Ulysses meets his father Laertes on Ithaca (Theodoor van Thulden, 1600) Ithaca (; Greek: Ιθάκη, Ithakē) was, in Greek mythology, the island home of the hero Odysseus. The specific location of the island, as it was described in Homer's Odyssey, is a matter for debate. There have been various theories about its location.
|
|
Therefore, editing - since it occurs at 100% frequency - inhibits the availability of the channel at the synapse. This process occurs before assembly of the channels, thereby preventing glur-2-forming homeric channels, which could interfere with synaptic signalling. Editing also occurs at the R/G site. Editing at the R/G sites results in variation in the rate that the receptor recovers from desensitisation.
|
|
The Homeric Gods is Otto's most famous work and together with Dionysus his only work that scholars of classics still read with some regularity. With this and other books, Otto influenced a number of scholars and students, notably Károly Kerényi. The ontological approach had an influence on the structuralist study of ancient polytheism and can be seen as a precursor to later ontological turns in anthropology.
|
|
Cynaethus or Cinaethus ( or Κίναιθος) of Chios was a rhapsode, a member of the Homeridae, sometimes said to have composed the Homeric Hymn to Apollo. The main source of information on Cynaethus is a Scholium to Pindar's second Nemean ode.This is found, with slightly different readings, in the Scholia Vetera in Pindari Carmina (ed. Drachmann), Nemean 2, scholium 1c, and in Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (ed.
|
|
H. L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library; Pliny, Natural History, V.33, tr. H. Rackham, W. S. Jones and D. E. Eichholz, Loeb Classical Library. discharging into a large bay that formed a natural harbor, which has since been filled with alluvial material. Recent geological findings have permitted the identification of the ancient Trojan coastline, and the results largely confirm the accuracy of the Homeric geography of Troy.
|
|
He proposed that the bay of Nidri, on the eastern coast of Lefkada, was Ithaca, home of Odysseus. Dörpfeld compared several passages from the Odyssey to the actual geographical location of Lefkada, and he concluded that it must be the Homeric Ithaca. He was especially convinced by the passage: :I dwell in shining Ithaca. There is a mountain there, :high Neriton, covered in forests.
|
|
Adrasteia or Adrastea (, Homeric Ἀδρήστεια) was the name of a region, city, and valley of the ancient Troad or of Mysia, which was watered by the Granicus River. In the eponymous city was an oracle of Apollo and Artemis. The temple had been destroyed by the time of Strabo, and the stones used to build a large altar. Parium was a port of the region.
|
|
His reputation for scholarship endured for at least a century. In Athens, the comic playwright Strato made jokes that assumed audiences knew about Philitas' vocabulary, and the vocabulary was criticized more than a century later by the influential Homeric scholar Aristarchus of Samothrace in his Against Philitas (Πρὸς Φιλίταν, '). The geographer Strabo described him three centuries later as "simultaneously a poet and a critic".Strabo. Geography, 14.2.
|
|
Kathryn Gutzwiller has argued that this incorporation of Sapphic themes into a poem of lamentation is Erinna's way of feminising a work based on a Homeric model. John Rauk notes particular similarities with fragment 94, with both works on themes of remembrance and forgetting. Diane Rayor, however, rejects this, disputing Rauk's belief that Sappho 94 is a farewell to a companion who is leaving to marry.
|
|
In Ancient Greece, hospitality was a right, with the host being expected to make sure the needs of his guests were met. Conversely, the guest was expected to abide by a set code of behaviour. The ancient Greek term xenia, or theoxenia when a god was involved, expressed this ritualized guest-friendship relation. This ritualized relationship was codified in the Homeric epics, and especially in the Odyssey.
|
|
Shelley translated the Homeric Hymns into English in ottava rima. In the 20th century, William Butler Yeats used the form in several of his best later poems, including "Sailing to Byzantium" and "Among School Children". So did Kenneth Koch for instance in his autobiographical poem "Seasons on Earth" of 1987. In America Emma Lazarus wrote the poem An Epistle that consists of thirty four ottava rimas.
|
|
Typaneae or Typaniai (, Τυμπανέαι, or Τυμπάνεια), also Latinized as Tympaneae, was a town of Triphylia in ancient Elis, a possible successor settlement to Homeric Aepy.Platiana It is mentioned by Strabo along with Hypana near the rivers Dalion and Acheron, tributaries of Alpheus. It was taken by Philip V of Macedon in the Social War. It was situated in the mountains in the interior of the country.
|
|
This shell covers the top and the sides of a large visceral hump, suggesting in its form a Homeric helmet (Greek : korys), hence the name of the epithet corys. This hump is a smooth dome of purplish-yellow visceral mass, mainly consisting of the glands of the genital system. The osphradium is black at its base and has a peculiar form. The gill leaflets are not auriculate.
|
|
Deucalion was the eldest son of Minos either by Pasiphae or Crete and thus grandson of Zeus. He was the brother of Acacallis, Ariadne, Androgeus, Xenodice, Phaedra, Glaucus and Catreus. By Cleopatra,Tzetzes, Homeric Allegories Prologue 587Tzetzes on Lycophron, 431 Deucalion fathered Idomeneus who succeeded him and led the kingdom into the Trojan War. He was also the father of Crete and of an illegitimate son Molus.
|
|
Hermes' epithet Argeïphontes (; ), meaning "slayer of Argus",Homeric Hymn 29 to Hestia. recalls the slaying of the hundred-eyed giant Argus Panoptes by the messenger god. Argus was watching over the heifer-nymph Io in the sanctuary of Queen Hera, herself in Argos. Hermes placed a charm on Argus' eyes with the caduceus to cause the giant to sleep, after which he slew the giant.
|
|
Wang Huansheng (; born 1939) is a Chinese translator. He has a good command of English, Classical Greek, Latin and Russian. Wang was a researcher of the Chinese Academy of Social Science, he is a member of the Chinese Communist Party and the China Writers Association. Wang is among the first few in China who translated the Homeric Hymns from Classical Greek into Chinese language.
|
|
The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the time of Euhemerism that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity.
|
|
Most scholars now agree that the Homeric poems depict customs and elements of the material world that are derived from different periods of Greek history. For instance, the heroes in the poems use bronze weapons, characteristic of the Bronze Age in which the poems are set, rather than the later Iron Age during which they were composed; yet the same heroes are cremated (an Iron Age practice) rather than buried (as they were in the Bronze Age). In some parts of the Homeric poems, heroes are accurately described as carrying large shields like those used by warriors during the Mycenaean period, but, in other places, they are instead described carrying the smaller shields that were commonly used during the time when the poems were written in the early Iron Age. In the Iliad 10.260–265, Odysseus is described as wearing a helmet made of boar's tusks.
|
|
More particularly, there are some pointed allusions to his work. For example, one line (1.1309) is a verbatim quotation of Callimachus (Aitia I fr. 12.6 Pf): "And thus were those things to be accomplished in the course of time".In Greek, the imitation is especially notable: , where is an un-Homeric word used by Apollonius only here, in contrast to the Homeric , which he uses ten timesA. Köhnken, Theocritus, Callimachus and Apollonius Rhodius, 77 The epiphany of Apollo in book 2, over the island of Thynia, is followed by an account of the god's deeds and worship (2.686–719) that recalls an account in Callimachus's Hymn to Apollo (97–104), and book 4 ends in a cluster of aitia, including the origins of the island Thera, the naming of Anaphe, and the water-carrying festival on Aegina, that are reminiscent of Aitia I and Iamb. 8.
|
|
Argos Pelasgikon () is a Homeric location of Thessaly mentioned in the "Catalogue of Ships" passage: online here It has been interpreted to be a city in the Pelasgiotis district or an alternative name of Phthia,The Cambridge Ancient History: The Egyptian and Hittite empires to c. 1000 B.C By John Bagnell Bury, Stanley Arthur Cook, Frank Ezra Adcock, Martin Percival Charlesworth v. 2 - 1923 Page 481 the kingdom of Peleus and Achilles or pertaining to the whole Thessaly.Landmarks of Homeric Study By W E Gladstone Page 40 (2009) Strabo reports that: Some take the Pelasgian Argos as a Thessalian city once situated in the neighborhood of Larisa but now no longer existent; but others take it, not as a city, but as the plain of the Thessalians, which is referred to by this name because Abas, who brought a colony there from Argos, so named itGeographica 9.5.5.
|
|
As told by Proclus, the plots of the six non-Homeric epics look very much as though they are designed to integrate with Homer, with no overlaps with one another. For example, a surviving quotation shows that the Little Iliad narrated how Neoptolemus took Andromache prisoner after the fall of Troy;Little Iliad fr. 14 in West's edition. however, in Proclus, the Little Iliad stops before the sack of Troy begins.
|
|
366–369 Secondly, visual sources sometimes represent myths or mythical scenes that are not attested in any extant literary source. In some cases, the first known representation of a myth in geometric art predates its first known representation in late archaic poetry, by several centuries. In the Archaic (), Classical (–323 BC), and Hellenistic (323–146 BC) periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence.
|
|
Despite the limited source materials, during this time there were efforts to decipher the newly discovered Cretan script. Australian classicist Florence Stawell published an interpretation of the Phaistos Disc in the April 1911 issue of The Burlington Magazine. She followed this with the book A Clue to the Cretan Scripts, published in 1931. Stawell declared all three Cretan script forms to represent early Homeric Greek, and offered her attempts at translations.
|
|
Foley, John M. Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc, 1985. p. 35. Shortly thereafter, Eric Havelock's Preface to Plato revolutionized how scholars looked at Homeric epic by arguing not only that it was the product of an oral tradition, but also that the oral- formulas contained therein served as a way for ancient Greeks to preserve cultural knowledge across many different generations.
|
|
One modern edition of the Greek text is in volume 5 of T.W. Allen's Oxford Classical Text of Homer (1912). An edition with Greek text and English translation (on facing pages) by Hugh Evelyn-White was published in 1914 as part of the Loeb Classical Library volume titled Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, and is now in the public domain and available online.See References section for links.
|
|
According to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, he built Apollo's temple at the oracle at Delphi with Agamedes. Once finished, the oracle told the brothers to do whatsoever they wished for six days and, on the seventh, their greatest wish would be granted. They did and were found dead on the seventh day. The maxim by Menander, "those whom the gods love die young", comes from this story.
|
|
When writing the Aeneid, Virgil (or Vergil) drew from his studies on the Homeric epics of the Iliad and the Odyssey to help him create a national epic poem for the Roman people. Virgil used several characteristics associated with epic poetry, more specifically Homer's epics, including the use of hexameter verse, book division, lists of genealogies and underlying themes to draw parallels between the Romans and their cultural predecessors, the Greeks.
|
|
They have elements of wit, history and mythology written in an Homeric tone. The poems display good use of metaphors, verbal and sound echoes. Inspired by Sappho, Balbilla also used traditional lyric themes: the love of songs and a liking for the Muses. The first and second epigrams tell the story of a mythical king of Ethiopia Memnon, killed by Achilles at Troy and whom the God Zeus made immortal.
|
|
The first declension also includes three types of Greek loanwords, derived from Ancient Greek's alpha declension. They are declined irregularly in the singular, but sometimes treated as native Latin nouns, e.g. nominative ('athlete') instead of the original athlētēs. Archaic (Homeric) first declension Greek nouns and adjectives had been formed in exactly the same way as in Latin: nephelēgeréta Zeus ('Zeus the cloud- gatherer') had in classical Greek become nephelēgerétēs.
|
|
The climax of Analysis came with Wilamowitz, who published Homerische Untersuchungen ("Homeric studies") in 1884 and Die Heimkehr des Odysseus ("The homecoming of Odysseus") in 1927. The Odyssey, he argued, was compiled about 650 BCE or later from three separate poems by a Bearbeiter (editor). Subsequent Analysts often referred to the hypothesised Bearbeiter as the "B-poet" (and the original genius, Homer himself, was sometimes the "A-poet").
|
|
Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary. The Homeric Question – concerning by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the Iliad and Odyssey were composed – continues to be debated. Broadly speaking, modern scholarly opinion falls into two groups.
|
|
The earliest preserved comments on Homer concern his treatment of the gods, which hostile critics such as the poet Xenophanes of Colophon denounced as immoral. The allegorist Theagenes of Rhegium is said to have defended Homer by arguing that the Homeric poems are allegories. The Iliad and the Odyssey were widely used as school texts in ancient Greek and Hellenistic cultures. They were the first literary works taught to all students.
|
|
Her archaic association was primarily with cattle, as a Cow Goddess, who was especially venerated in "cattle-rich" Euboea. On Cyprus, very early archaeological sites contain bull skulls that have been adapted for use as masks (see Bull (mythology)). Her familiar Homeric epithet Boôpis, is always translated "cow-eyed". In this respect, Hera bears some resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian deity Hathor, a maternal goddess associated with cattle.
|
|
A.K. Gavrilov comments that others have often the narrator's claim to have often heard his master reading (dominum totiens audire legentem) as evidence that the ancients almost invariably read aloud. He summarizes Franz Bücheler, “How should Priapus know Homeric texts to laugh at them if not from his master reading them aloud in the garden?”Gavrilov, A.K. Techniques of Reading in Classical Antiquity. The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol.
|
|
According to this, Troy is in southern England, Telemachus's journey is in southern Spain, and Odysseus was wandering the Atlantic coast.; ; see map . Wilkens supposes that the oral poetry underlying the Iliad and Odyssey was originally Celtic (see Where Troy Once Stood). Finally, a recent publication argues that Homeric geography is to be found in the sky, and that the Iliad and the Odyssey can be decoded as a star map.
|
|
Dike Astraea in the Old Supreme Court Chamber at the Vermont State House Much of the Mycenaean religion survived into classical Greece, but it is not known to what extent classical religious belief is Mycenaean, nor how much is a product of the Greek Dark Ages or later. Moses I. Finley detected only few authentic Mycenaean beliefs in the 8th-century Homeric world.M. I. Finley (2002). The world of Odysseus.
|
|
Hesiod introduces a moral purpose which is absent in the Homeric poems. The Moirai represent a power to which even the gods have to conform. They give men at birth both evil and good moments, and they punish not only men but also gods for their sins. In the cosmogony of Alcman (7th century BC), first came Thetis ("disposer, creation"), and then simultaneously Poros ("path") and Tekmor ("end post, ordinance").
|
|
See Dué 2002: Homeric Variations on a Lament by Briseis 56-58. is a significant character in the Iliad. Her role as a status symbol is at the heart of the dispute between Achilles and Agamemnon that initiates the plot of Homer's epic. She was married to Mynes, a son of the King of Lyrnessus, until Achilles sacked her city and enslaved her shortly before the events of the poem.
|
|
She was Demeter Anesidora, one aspect of the grain-goddess at Athens who preceded the revenge-filled Demeter Erinys 'at Eleusis.The Homeric Hymn to Demeter (147)names her Maia, also the mother of Hermes Kêryx. The burial spot of herald AnthemokritosPausanias Description of Greece 1.36.3 helps identify the larger grave-mound of the Athenian Kerykes with the massive Tomb 9 along the Eridanos River outside the Dipylon Gate.
|
|
Due to the information offered by the Greek epics and especially by Homer's epics, the Iliad and Odyssey, this time period of Greek history was regarded as a period of warrior-heroes who led various military campaigns in Greece and adjacent areas. The picture of the Mycenaean Greeks in the Homeric Epics is one of a quarrelsome people and of a warrior élite to whom personal honor was the highest value..
|
|
Chorus Yesterday you were strong and haughty, in the bloody and tenacious fight; but now, homeland you wear the olive, and today your glory is founded in peace. I Illustrious homeland! Your sons remember with pride the tragic fight: still it seems that it’s heard around the tremendous roar of the canon. That the blood in torrents you poured, and in the Homeric vie you grew, forcing the martial heart.
|
|
The Homeric Minimum is a grand solar minimum that took place between 2,800 and 2,550 years before present (c. 800–600 BC). It appears to coincide with, and have been the cause of, a phase of climate change at that time, which involved a wetter western and drier eastern Europe. This had far-reaching effects on human civilization, some of which may be recorded in Greek mythology and the Old Testament.
|
|
Thyron (), sometimes Latinized as Thryum, or Thryoessa (Θρυόεσσα) was a town in Triphylia in ancient Elis, mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships of the Iliad, where the town is noted to be in the dominions of Nestor. The town is also noted in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo.Homer Hymn to Apollo,. 423 Later in the Iliad, the poet describes Thyron was at the ford of the river Alpheius.
|
|
Terence Picton was born in England in 1945 and spent the first 11 years of his life in Ipswich in East Anglia. In 1956 he emigrated to Canada on the SS Homeric. There, from the immigration office at the Quebec City he travelled via train to Toronto. After graduating from high school he attended University of Toronto where he played rugby and studied medicine, graduating in 1967 with an M.D. degree.
|
|
Wilamowitz in Greifswald (1878) In 1875, he gained a professorial title for his study Analecta Euripidea. In the same year he gave his first public academic lecture in Berlin. In 1876, he was employed as Ordinarius (full professor) for Classical Philology at Ernst-Moritz-Arndt- Universität at Greifswald. During this period, he also married Marie Mommsen, the eldest daughter of Theodor Mommsen, and published Homeric Studies (Homerische Studien).
|
|
Aoid and Outer space. Allegory by Mikhail Kurushin The Greek word ''''' (; plural: / ) referred to a classical Greek singer. In modern Homeric scholarship ' is used by some as the technical term for a skilled oral epic poet in the tradition to which the Iliad and Odyssey are believed to belong (compare rhapsode).Hence the English translators of use aoidean poetry as a technical term for early Greek oral epic poetry.
|
|
Along with the Odyssey, the Iliad is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, and its written version is usually dated to around the 8th century BC.Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. Le monde d'Homère (The World of Homer), Perrin (2000), p. 19 In the modern vulgate (the standard accepted version), the Iliad contains 15,693 lines; it is written in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek and other dialects.
|
|
The circular structure, raised on a high squared podium, is the first Greek monument built in the Corinthian order on its exterior. It was originally crowned with an elaborate floral support for the bronze tripod, the prize awarded to Lysicrates' chorus. Its frieze sculpture is thought to depict the myth of Dionysus and the Tyrrhenian pirates from the Homeric Hymn.Barbara Kowalzig, Peter Wilson (eds),Dithyramb in Context,2013, p.46.
|
|
Chapters Eight and Nine, The Odyssey and The Iliad, examine both works in the context of composition by an oral poet. Chapter Ten, Some Notes on Medieval Epic, does the same for medieval French and English poetic epic, with a focus on similarities between Beowulf and Homeric epic, as well as other medieval epics such as The Song of Roland and a medieval Greek poem called Digenis Akritas.
|
|
A new set of tutors—Alexander of Cotiaeum, Trosius Aper, and Tuticius Proculus—took over Marcus Aurelius' education in about 132 or 133.HA Marcus 2.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 40, 270 n.27. Little is known of the latter two (both teachers of Latin), but Alexander was a major littérateur, the leading Homeric scholar of his day.Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 40, citing Aelius Aristides, Oratio 32 K; McLynn, 21.
|
|
Variations of the scene occur throughout Roman funerary art.Nagy, Greek Mythology and Poetics, pp. 219–220. Gregory Nagy sees horses and chariots, and particularly the chariot of Achilles, as embodying the concept of ménos, which he defines as "conscious life, power, consciousness, awareness," associated in the Homeric epics with thūmós, "spiritedness," and ', "soul," all of which depart the body in death.Nagy, Greek Mythology and Poetics, pp 87–89. 219.
|
|
Having collated the different manuscripts in the library, he expunged or obelized doubtful verses, transposed or altered lines, and introduced new readings. It is probable that he was responsible for the division of the Homeric poems into twenty-four books each, and possibly was the author of the calculation of the days of the Iliad in the Tabula Iliaca.Zenodotus, of Ephesus. (1995). In Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature.
|
|
"Quoted in . The contemporary poet Matthew Arnold was early in observing the narrative irony of the poem: he found Ulysses' speech "the least plain, the most un-Homeric, which can possibly be conceived. Homer presents his thought to you just as it wells from the source of his mind: Mr. Tennyson carefully distils his thought before he will part with it. Hence comes ... a heightened and elaborate air.
|
|
Asch looked at metaphors in a variety of different languages, such as Old Testament Hebrew, Homeric Greek, Chinese, Thai, Malayam, and Hausa. He found that there was a similar meaning for the sensory term, such as "cold" in English, and the corresponding personality trait. He concluded that metaphors, and thus language, reflects a person's attempt to understand the true properties of a person or object.Asch S. E. (1955).
|
|
The Tamarians tell him to keep the dagger as a gift, and record the incident as "Picard and Dathon at El-Adrel" — a new phrase in their language. Picard later reads the Homeric Hymns, explaining to Riker that studying their own mythology may help them relate to the Tamarians. He notes that Dathon sacrificed himself in the hope of communication, and wonders if he would have done the same.
|
|
Drunk and unwary, the giant asks Odysseus his name, promising him a guest-gift if he answers. Odysseus tells him "Οὖτις", which means "nobody"οὔτις and Οὖτις, Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, on Perseus and Polyphemus promises to eat this "Nobody" last of all. With that, he falls into a drunken sleep. Odysseus had meanwhile hardened a wooden stake in the fire and drives it into Polyphemus' eye.
|
|
9; Athenaeus xiii. 597). Antimachus was the founder of "learned" epic poetry, and the forerunner of the Alexandrian school, whose critics allotted him the next place to Homer. He also prepared a critical recension of the Homeric poems. He is to be distinguished from Antimachus of Teos, a much earlier poet to whom the lost Cyclic epic Epigoni was apparently ascribed (though the attribution may result from confusion).
|
|
These are easily recognized as popular rhymes, a form of folklore to be met with in most countries, treasured by the people as a kind of proverbs. In the Homeric epigrams the interest turns sometimes on the characteristics of particular localities, for example, Smyrna and Cyme,Epigrams 1, 2, 4, Buckley pages 427-428. Erythrae,Epigram 8, Buckley page 429. and Mt Ida;Epigram 10, Buckley page 429.
|
|
In Ancient Greek, there was an ablative case which was used in the Homeric, pre-Mycenaean, and Mycenean periods. It fell into disuse during the classical period and thereafter with some of its functions taken by the genitive and others by the dative; the genitive had functions belonging to the Proto-Indo-European genitive and ablative cases. The genitive case with the prepositions "away from" and "out of" is an example.
|
|
Hera was angry with her husband Zeus because he had impregnated Leto but the island of Delos disobeyed Hera and Leto gave birth there. According to the Homeric Hymn to Artemis the island where Leto gave birth was Ortygia.Hammond. Oxford Classical Dictionary. 597-598. In ancient Cretan history Leto was worshipped at Phaistos and, in Cretan mythology, Leto gave birth to Apollo and Artemis on the islands known today as Paximadia.
|
|
The date of the poem is a matter of serious disagreement among classicists. In the middle of the 8th century BCE, the inhabitants of Greece began to adopt a modified version of the Phoenician alphabet to write down their own language. The Homeric poems may have been one of the earliest products of that literacy, and if so, would have been composed some time in the late 8th century.Wilson, Emily (2018).
|
|
Paradoxically, as seeking became individualized, attention turned to the specific community in which they dwelled for answers. In the forward he quotes Thomas Carlyle (approvingly): "the three great elements of modern civilization [are] gunpowder, printing and the Protestant religion." The Greek Homeric epics introduce mortals to the story and even the Gods have human motivations and reactions. Herodotus wrote the first history but elements of the epic remained.
|
|
In his cosmos, the Phaiacians are not merely the ancient people familiar from the Odyssey, but a race of otherworldly beings with remarkable abilities. The other four teenage protagonists each derive from a different order of non-human, pre-Olympian life, with their own strange natures and capacities. The Olympians regard them as monsters of Chaos. Wright blends mythological, classical, and Homeric elements with Science Fiction in surprising ways.
|
|
She remained at Oxford and completed a Master of Studies (MSt) degree in 1996. Having been granted a graduate scholarship, Graziosi moved to the University of Cambridge to undertake postgraduate research at Magdalene College, Cambridge. She completed her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1999. Her doctoral supervisor was P. E. Easterling, and her thesis was titled "Inventing the poet: a study of the early reception of the Homeric poems".
|
|
In a social order divided into warrior-kings and the Homeric demos of craftsmen and peasants, Plato conceived an ideal Greek city-state without any form of capitalism and commercialism with business enterprise, political plurality, and working-class unrest considered as evils that must be abolished. While Plato's vision cannot be considered a precursor of communist thinking, his utopian speculations that are shared by other utopian thinkers later on.
|
|
Ajax preparing for suicide. Ajax, as he appears in this play, in the Iliad, and other myths, is a heroic figure, a "rugged giant", with strength, courage and the ability to think quickly well beyond the normal standards of mankind. He was considered a legendary character to the people of ancient Athens. Numerous Homeric myths describe him coming to the rescue of his fellow man in dire moments.
|
|
Foley, John M. Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1985. p. 126 A few years later, Ann Watts argued against the imperfect application of one theory to two different traditions: traditional, Homeric, oral-formulaic poetry and Anglo-Saxon poetry. Thomas Gardner agreed with Watts, arguing that the Beowulf text is of too varied a nature to be completely constructed from set formulae and themes.
|
|
But since he is immortal, he cannot die and is destined to live forever, growing older and older with each passing day. The main classical source that Tennyson draws upon is from the story of Aphrodite's relationship with Anchises in the ancient Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite.Markley, p. 127. In this Aphrodite briefly tells of Eos's foolishness in neglecting to ask Zeus for immortal youth for Tithonus along with his immortality.
|
|
San San got the better of Homeric and then held of the late challenge of Rescousse to win by one and a half lengths and half a length. Regal Exception held on to take fourth ahead of the 84/1 outsider Card King and Sharapour. Roberto faded into seventh, but was still the first three-year- old to cross the line, a length in front of Hard To Beat.
|
|
People today also use epithets without knowing. The phrases: rosy-fingered dawn, undying fame, everlasting glory, wine-red sea, heartfelt thanks, Miss Know-It-All, blood red sky, stone-cold heart, and names such as Richard the Lionheart, Alexander the Great, Catherine the Great, and Ivan the Terrible are only several examples of the many epithets used. The first four of these are taken directly from Homeric epic.
|
|
In the Homeric Hymn to Helios, Theia is given the name Euryphaessa, the "far- shining" one, an epithet that would apply to Selene herself. Her equivalent in ancient Roman religion and myth is Luna, Latin for "moon." The etymology of Selene is uncertain, but if the word is of Greek origin, it is likely connected to the word selas (σέλας), meaning "brightness".Kerenyi, Karl (1951) The Gods of the Greeks (pp.
|
|
Chalcis or Chalkis () was a town of ancient Elis. Strabo locates it in an area of the region of Triphylia called Macistia, near a river also called Chalcis, a spring called Cruni (currently called Tavla) and not far from the city of Samicum. Both Cruni and Chalcis are named by Homer in the Odyssey, and both are also cited in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo.Homeric Hymn to Apollo 423.
|
|
With respect to how the early settlement came to adopt the name of the mountain, John Cook, the archaeologist who identified the site of Old Gargara on Koca Kaya, remarked that: "What we can believe is that the people of Methymna across the strait pointed to this bold peak as the Homeric Γάργαρον ἄκρον and that the settlers there felt themselves entitled to appropriate the name".Cook (1973) 258.
|
|
The Alexiad also criticizes John II Komnenos for his accession to the throne (in place of Anna herself) following Alexios' death. From a modern reader's point of view, the inconsistencies in the descriptions of military events and the Empire's misfortunes – partially due to these literary and especially Homeric influences – may seem exaggerated and stereotypical. Despite these issues, George Ostrogorsky nevertheless emphasizes the importance of the Alexiad as a primary document.
|
|
Camiros, Rhodes. 7th century B.C. Homer's Hymn to Hermes describes three bee-maidens with the power of divination and thus speaking truth, and identifies the food of the gods as honey. Sources associated the bee maidens with Apollo and, until the 1980s, scholars followed Gottfried Hermann (1806) in incorrectly identifying the bee-maidens with the Thriae.Susan Scheinberg, "The Bee Maidens of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes", in Albert Heinrichs, ed.
|
|
In Greek mythology, Agastrophus (Ancient Greek: Ἀγάστροφος) is a Paionian "hero",One of 37 so called in the Iliad listed by T. F. E., "On the Homeric use of the word " p. 78 "famed for his spear",Homer, Iliad 11.368 fighting on the side of Troy in the Trojan War, killed by Diomedes.Homer, Iliad 11.336-342 He was the son of Paeon and brother of Laophoon.Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica p.
|
|
Michael Psellos (ca. 1017-1078), was a Byzantine philosopher, politician and historian. He combined Platonic philosophy with Christian doctrine and initiated a renewal of Byzantine classical learning that later influenced the Italian Renaissance. He also made contributions to Byzantine culture, such of a reform of the university curriculum to emphasize the Greek classics, like the Homeric literature that, with Platonist thought, he understood as precursory to Christian revelation.
|
|
Hermes Propylaeus. Roman copy of the Alcamenes statue from the entrance of the Athenian Acropolis, original shortly after the 450 BC. In the Lang translation of Homer's Hymn to Hermes, the god after being born is described as a robber, a captain of raiders, and a thief of the gates.Andrew Lang, THE HOMERIC HYMNS A NEW PROSE TRANSLATION AND ESSAYS, LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL. Transcribed from the 1899 George Allen edition.
|
|
Once paired in later myths with her Titan brother Hyperion as her husband, "mild-eyed Euryphaessa, the far-shining one" of the Homeric Hymn to Helios, was said to be the mother of Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), and Eos (the Dawn).Homeric Hymn to Helios, 1 Pindar praises Theia in his Fifth Isthmian ode: : "Mother of the Sun, Theia of many names, for your sake men honor gold as more powerful than anything else; and through the value you bestow on them, o queen, ships contending on the sea and yoked teams of horses in swift- whirling contests become marvels."Pindar, Isthmian Odes 5.1 ff She seems here a goddess of glittering in particular and of glory in general, but Pindar's allusion to her as "Theia of many names" is telling, since it suggests assimilation, referring not only to similar mother-of-the-sun goddesses such as Phoebe and Leto, but perhaps also to more universalizing mother-figures such as Rhea and Cybele.
|
|
C.O.Pavese, Tradizione e generi poetici della Graecia arcaica, Rome (1972), cited by C.Segal, The Cambridge History of Greek Literature, page 187 Moreover, the versatility of lyric meter is suited to solo performance with self-accompaniment on the lyreM.L.West, 'Stesichorus', Classical Quarterly 21 (1971) pages 302–14, cited by D.Campbell in Greek Lyric III, page 5 – which is how Homer himself delivered poetry. Whether or not it was a choral technique, the triadic structure of Stesichorean lyrics allowed for novel arrangements of dactylic meter – the dominant meter in his poems and also the defining meter of Homeric epic – thus allowing for Homeric phrasing to be adapted to new settings. However, Stesichorus did more than recast the form of epic poetry – works such as the Palinode were also a recasting of epic material: in that version of the Trojan War, the combatants fought over a phantom Helen while the real Helen either stayed home or went to Egypt (see a summary below).
|
|
Cover Sir Alan Cobham had attempted to fly to New York from the RMS Homeric. On 25 November 1926, Cobham attempted but failed to be the first person to deliver mail to New York City by air from the east, planning to fly mail from the White Star ocean liner RMS Homeric in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth floatplane when the ship was about 12 hours from New York harbour on a westbound crossing from Southampton. After the Moth was lowered from the ship, however, Cobham was unable to take off owing to rough water and had to be towed into port by the ship. The same year Cobham was awarded the Gold Medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Cobham starred as himself in the 1927 British war film The Flight Commander directed by Maurice Elvey. In 1927–28 he flew a Short Singapore flying boat around the continent of Africa landing only in British territory.
|
|
Attempts to find classical or Late Latin influence or analogue in Beowulf are almost exclusively linked with Homer's Odyssey or Virgil's Aeneid. In 1926, Albert S. Cook suggested a Homeric connection due to equivalent formulas, metonymies, and analogous voyages. In 1930, James A. Work also supported the Homeric influence, stating that encounter between Beowulf and Unferth was parallel to the encounter between Odysseus and Euryalus in Books 7–8 of the Odyssey, even to the point of both characters giving the hero the same gift of a sword upon being proven wrong in their initial assessment of the hero's prowess. This theory of Homer's influence on Beowulf remained very prevalent in the 1920s, but started to die out in the following decade when a handful of critics stated that the two works were merely "comparative literature", although Greek was known in late 7th century England: Bede states that Theodore of Tarsus, a Greek, was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 668, and he taught Greek.
|
|
Soteridas of Epidaurus (; 1st century) was a grammarian and the husband of Pamphile. He wrote a work on Orthography, Homeric Enquiries, a Commentary on Menander, On Metres, On Comedy, and a Commentary on Euripides.Suda, Soteridas, σ 875 Pamphile's historical work was ascribed by some to him.Suda, Pamphile The Suda has two articles on Soteridas which so nearly resemble each other that there can be little doubt that they are the same person.
|
|
Until the Christian era, when interment becomes again the only burial practice, both cremation and interment had been practiced depending on the area.Lemos 2002: Lemos I., The Protogeometric Aegean. The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC, Oxford The ancient Greek funeral since the Homeric era included the próthesis (πρόθεσις), the ekphorá (ἐκφορά), the burial and the perídeipnon (περίδειπνον). In most cases, this process is followed faithfully in Greece until today.
|
|
Nietzsche presented this "master morality" as the original system of morality—perhaps best associated with Homeric Greece. To be "good" was to be happy and to have the things related to happiness: wealth, strength, health, power, etc. To be "bad" was to be like the slaves over whom the aristocracy ruled: poor, weak, sick, pathetic—objects of pity or disgust rather than hatred. "Slave morality" developed as a reaction to master morality.
|
|
In the succeeding Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence. Greek mythology has had an extensive influence on the culture, arts, and literature of Western civilization and remains part of Western heritage and language. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes.Foley, John Miles (1999).
|
|
Few ever doubted that there was truth behind the account of the Trojan War in the Iliad and Odyssey. According to Victor Davis Hanson, a military historian, columnist, political essayist, and former classics professor, and John Heath, a classics professor, the profound knowledge of the Homeric epos was deemed by the Greeks the basis of their acculturation. Homer was the "education of Greece" ('), and his poetry "the Book".Hanson, Victor Davis, and John Heath. 1999.
|
|
Eos is said to have taken Tithonus, from the royal house of Troy, to be her lover.Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, 218 ff. The mytheme of the goddess' mortal lover is an archaic one; when a role for Zeus was inserted, a bitter twist appeared: according to the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, when Eos asked Zeus to make Tithonus immortal, she forgot to ask that he be granted eternal youth.Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, 218–238.
|
|
Although the Delphic monster killed by Apollo is usually said to be the male serpent Python, in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, the earliest account of this story, the god kills a nameless she-serpent (drakaina), subsequently called Delphyne, who had been Typhon's foster-mother.Hymn to Apollo (3) 300–306, 349–369; Ogden 2013a, pp. 40 ff.; Gantz, p. 88; Fontenrose, pp. 14–15; p. 94. Apollodorus, 1.6.3, for example, calls her Delphyne.
|
|
His account of orality is based almost entirely on Homer, but the history of the Homeric text is not known, which forces Havelock to make claims based on assumptions that cannot fully be tested.Halverson 152. The works of Milman Parry on Homer were instrumental in developing the orientation to his work, and the breakthrough sustained research which Havelock prepared. The "Parry-Lord thesis" was introduced by Rosalind Thomas, to clarify the import of this approach.
|
|
The Library itself was directed by a scholar who served as head librarian, as well as tutor to the king's son. The first recorded head librarian was Zenodotus of Ephesus (lived 325– 270 BC). Zenodotus's main work was devoted to the establishment of canonical texts for the Homeric poems and the early Greek lyric poets. Most of what is known about him comes from later commentaries that mention his preferred readings of particular passages.
|
|
The term Paralipòmeni is Greek for "things left undone or unsaid". Batracomiomachìa means "war between the frogs and the mice". Batracomiomachia was also the title of a pseudo-Homeric poem which was actually written in the 4th or 5th century BC and translated by Leopardi between 1815 and 1826. The title therefore alludes to an integration of the original work, which is taken up again where it left off and the narrative progresses.
|
|
In Pindar, Pollux is the son of Zeus while Castor is the son of the mortal Tyndareus. The theme of ambiguous parentage is not unique to Castor and Pollux; similar characterisations appear in the stories of Hercules and Theseus.. The Dioscuri are also invoked in Alcaeus' Fragment 34a,. though whether this poem antedates the Homeric Hymn to the twins. is unknown.. They appear together in two plays by Euripides, Helen and Elektra.
|
|
In the words of Peter Jones, Homeric similes "are miraculous, redirecting the reader's attention in the most unexpected ways and suffusing the poem with vividness, pathos and humour". They are also important, as it is through these similes that the narrator directly talks to the audience. Some, such as G.P. Shipp, have argued that Homer's similes appear to be irregular in relation to the text, as if they were added later.Shipp, G.P. (2007).
|
|
She performed her sea trials between 26 December and 30 December 1985, but she was not delivered to Home Lines until 6 May 1986. A model of the Westerdam as with Holland America Line. Following the sale of the ship to Holland America Line (and the sale of HAL itself to the Carnival Corporation), the ex-Homeric, now named Westerdam, returned to Meyer Werft on 30 October 1989 for a $84 million refit.
|
|
Homer then expands on these ideas in subsequent clauses; this technique is called parataxis. The so-called 'type scenes' (typische Scenen), were named by Walter Arend in 1933. He noted that Homer often, when describing frequently recurring activities such as eating, praying, fighting and dressing, used blocks of set phrases in sequence that were then elaborated by the poet. The 'Analyst' school had considered these repetitions as un-Homeric, whereas Arend interpreted them philosophically.
|
|
Howgego, in Howgego et al, 6, 10. He was said to have "wept like a woman" at the death of his young companion Antinous, and arranged his apotheosis. Dio claims that Hadrian was held to ridicule for this emotional indulgence, particularly as he had delayed the apotheosis of his own sister Paulina after her death.Hadrian's "Hellenic" emotionalism finds a culturally sympathetic echo in the Homeric Achilles' mourning for his friend Patroclus: see Vout, 52–135.
|
|
Nevertheless, she is somehow made to laugh, and breaking her fast, finally accepts the offered food and drink. There are two versions of the story. In the earliest version, given in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, an old servant woman Iambe makes Demeter laugh by telling her obscene jokes. In an apparent later Orphic version of the story, the old woman Baubo makes Demeter laugh by lifting her skirts (an anasyrma) thereby exposing her genitals.
|
|
Frank was the youngest of seven children born to James Calvert (1778–1852), of Malta, and Louisa Ann Lander (1792–1867). Calvert was raised in Malta, at that time a British naval base. He was overshadowed by his elder siblings and became involved with the careers of his elder, more flamboyant brothers. He remained unmarried, and had an enduring passion for the Homeric epics and a firm belief that the myths were history, not fiction.
|
|
Scheinberg, Susan 1979. "The Bee Maidens of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 83(1979), pp. 1–28. A series of identical embossed gold plaques were recovered at Camiros in Rhodes;One was illustrated in a line drawing in Harrison 1922:443, fig 135 they date from the archaic period of Greek art in the seventh century, but the winged bee goddesses they depict must be far older.
|
|
379 on line 819 Κυμοπόλειαν. In Homer's Iliad, Briareus is given a second name, Aegaeon, saying that Briareus is the name the gods call him, while mortals call him Aegaeon. It is told in the Iliad how, during a palace revolt by the Olympians Hera, Poseidon and Athena, who wished to chain Zeus, the sea goddess Thetis brought to Olympus: This second name does not seem to be a Homeric invention.Fowler 1988, p.
|
|
The blood then spreads on the altar and is caught in a vessel. In early literary sources such as the Homeric epics the Iliad and Odyssey, onlooking women raise a cry of worship (ololugma) at this point in the ritual. After the animal is skinned and cut into pieces, the inner parts are tasted and shared, and a part burned on the altar with incense. The remainder is roasted and eaten by all participants present.
|
|
The youth is known to take great delight in his horses. Achilles ambushes him and his sister Polyxena when he has ridden with her for water from a well in the Thymbra – an area outside Troy where there is a temple of Apollo. It is the fleeing Troilus whom swift-footedThis Homeric epithet is picked out as applying to Achilles in this context both in March (1998: p.389) and Sommerstein (2007: p.197).
|
|
It has been speculated that some ancient literary references refer to these phenomena. For example, the period saw the growth of a glacier on Mount Olympus, while Greek mythology and Homer refer to ice and storms on the mountain, which may also be reflected in the name "Olympus". Increased activity of the polar lights at the end of the Homeric Minimum may have inspired Ezekiel's vision of God in the Old Testament.
|
|
In the Greek tradition, Hypnos (Sleep) was the brother of Thanatos (Death), and the son of Nyx (Night).Hesiod, Theogony 211-212; Homer, Iliad 14.231, 16.672. According to Hesiod, Sleep, along with Death, live in the underworld,Hesiod, Theogony 758-759. while in the Homeric tradition, although "the land of dreams" was located on the road to the underworld, near the great world encircling river Oceanus, nearby the city of Cimmerians,Griffin, p.
|
|
In Contest of Homer and Hesiod, it is alleged that the Roman Emperor Hadrian asked the Delphic Oracle about Homer's birthplace and parentage. The Oracle replied that Homer came from Ithaca and that Telemachus was his father by Epicasta, daughter of Nestor."Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica" (Contest of Homer and Hesiod) According to Aristotle and Dictys of Crete, Telemachus married Nausicaa, King Alcinous' daughter, and fathered a son named Perseptolis or Ptoliporthus.
|
|
Judges chair and literary editor with The Economist, Fiammetta Rocco, said: > Ambitious, brave and hugely imaginative, Olufemi Terry's Stickfighting Days > presents a heroic culture that is Homeric in its scale and conception. The > execution of this story is so tight and the presentation so cinematic, it > confirms Olufemi Terry as a talent with an enormous future. Terry said he was "overwhelmed for at least the first hour". He received his prize of £10,000 in London.
|
|
Suerbaum and Eck note that by borrowing from Homer's verse style, the work also "Homerized" the Roman historiographical tradition. Suerbaum and Eck cite "the appearance of deities, speeches, aristeiai, similes, ekphraseis, and the subdivision of events in single days" as decidedly Homeric elements that Ennius injected into Roman historiography. With all this said, Suerbaum and Eck do argue the Annales is also set apart from the works of Homer by so- called "'modern' traits".
|
|
In his earliest reviews, MacDonald only applied his hypothesis to works such as Tobit and the Acts of Peter. In later works, he posits the Acts of the Apostles, the Gospel of Mark, and Gospel of Luke merged two cultural classics of his time period in order to "depict Jesus as more compassionate, powerful, noble, and inured to suffering than Odysseus."MacDonald, Dennis Ronald. The Homeric epics and the Gospel of Mark.
|
|
But he fails to demonstrate authorial intention while he, in fact, neglects the OT intertextuality that is broadcast in this literature." Daniel Gullotta from Stanford similarly writes "MacDonald’s list of unconvincing comparisons goes on and has been noted by numerous critics. Despite MacDonald’s worthy call for scholars to reexamine the educational practices of the ancient world, all of the evidence renders his position of Homeric influential dominance untenable."Gullotta, Daniel N. "On Richard Carrier’s Doubts.
|
|
Pliny gives a list of his works; among them a Rape of Proserpina, Victory in a Quadriga, Apollo and Diana, and Cybele seated on a Lion. Many of his works were taken to Rome. Pliny tells us that he was a very rapid worker and claims that he was one of the painters who used only four colors. Plutarch mentions his paintings as possessing the Homeric merit of ease and absence of effort.
|
|
Thus armies, with their exorbitant needs for food, ammunition and fodder, were tied to the river valleys throughout the ages. The oceanic influences throughout pre-recorded history (Homeric Legends, e.g. Troy), and classical works such as The Odyssey underscore the past influences. The Persian Empire – united and strong – could not prevail against the might of the Athenian fleet combined with that of lesser city states in several attempts to conquer the Greek city states.
|
|
Mideia () was a city of ancient Boeotia mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad. Pausanias relates that Mideia occupied the height adjacent to the later town of Lebadeia, and its inhabitants, under the conduct of Lebadus, an Athenian, migrated into the plain, and founded there the city named after him. On the other hand, Strabo maintains that the Homeric cities Arne and Mideia were both swallowed up by Lake Copais.
|
|
Aristodemus was the head of two schools of rhetoric and grammar, one in Nysa and one in Rhodes. The school in Nysa possessed a distinct intellectual curiosity in Homeric literature and the interpretation of the ancient Greek epics. Strabo was an admirer of Homer's poetry, perhaps as a consequence of his time spent in Nysa with Aristodemus.Aristodemus was also the grandson of the famous Posidonius, whose influence is manifest in Strabo's Geography.
|
|
Pausanias describes the site: Horse- and chariot-races were a part of funeral games from the Homeric era. The use of a hero's tomb or an altar as the turning-post of a racetrack originates in rituals for the dead.Humphrey, Roman Circuses, p. 258. In the Iliad, Achilles kills Hector in retribution for the death of his friend Patroclus, then drives his chariot around the funeral pyre three times, dragging the Trojan prince's body.
|
|
Mytilene and Lesbos are names of the same Greek island used interchangeably. The lost epic Little Iliad, in four books, was commonly attributed to Lesches. It took up the story of the Homeric Iliad, and, beginning with the contest between Telamonian Ajax and Odysseus for the arms of Achilles, carried it down to the feast of the Trojans over the captured Trojan Horse, according to the epitome in Proclus,Proclus. Chrestomathy, ii.
|
|
Statius' Achilleid is a work that is partially completed that had already been polished and presented to the world in his lifetime. The structure of the narrative is deliberate and balanced. The first words of the poem are the pseudo-Homeric patronymic that introduces Achilles through his father's father, while the last word of the poem is mother. Achilles' childhood experiences are then told in the space left vacant by his two absentee parents.
|
|
According to the Iliad, Mycenaean warriors included boxing among their competitions honoring the fallen, though it is possible that the Homeric epics reflect later Greek culture. Boxing was among the contests held in memorial of Achilles' slain friend Patroclus, toward the end of the Trojan war. It was in commemoration of Patroclus that the Greeks later introduced boxing (pygme / pygmachia) to the Olympic Games in 688 BCE. Participants trained on punching bags (called a korykos).
|
|
In the dead of night they exited the horse and opened the gates to the Achaeans nearby. Troy was burned and the population slaughtered, although many had other fates. Besides the Iliad, there are references to Troy in the other major work attributed to Homer, the Odyssey, as well as in other ancient Greek literature (such as Aeschylus's Oresteia). The Homeric legend of Troy was elaborated by the Roman poet Virgil in his Aeneid.
|
|
Thorikos, in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter (probably 7th century BC) is mentioned by the goddess, who is disguised as an old woman, as her landing place when she had been unwillingly brought from Crete. Thorikos directly faces Crete to the south, across the open Aegean Sea. Thoricus is celebrated in mythology as the residence of Cephalus, whom Eos (Roman Aurora) carried off to dwell with the gods.Apollod. 2.4.7; Eur. Hipp. 455.
|
|
Herodotus VIII, 73 Consequently, the Achaeans forced the Aegialians (now known as the Ionians) out of their land.Herodotus VII, 94 The Ionians took temporary refuge in Athens, and Aegialus became known as Achaea.Pausanias VII, 1Herodotus I, 143-147 It was supposedly for this reason that the region known as Achaea in Classical Greece did not correspond to Homeric references. Under the Romans, Achaea was a province covering much of central and southern Greece.
|
|
Opened in Argyle Street in January 1937 by John Edward Sheeran. The former cinema, now a store, was extensively furnished directly from the White Star cruise liner RMS Homeric. Sheeran bought some of the ship’s opulent furnishings at a scrap auction in 1935 and adapted them for installation inside the 750 seat picture house. The remaining fittings include several doors, a mahogany staircase, a heavy chandelier, and panelled walls from the first class restaurant.
|
|
The three British challengers were Erimo Hawk (Ascot Gold Cup), Parnell (Irish St Leger) and Steel Pulse (Irish Derby). Other international contenders were My Mourne from Spain and Mejiro Musashi from Japan. The other French-trained runners included Sharapour (Prix Dollar), San San (Prix Vermeille), Regal Exception (Irish Oaks), Mister Sic Top (Prix d'Ispahan) and Homeric. Hard To Beat started at odds of 1.2/1 ahead of the Bunker Hunt entry on 4.5/1.
|
|
Ancient myth of autochthony in historiography is the belief of the historian or the tribe itself, that they were indigenous, the first humans to inhabit their possessed land. The term occurs firstly in 5th century BC ethnographic passages. In Herodotus: In Thucydides: In a fragment of Hellanicus, the author states that the "Athenians, Arcadians, Aeginetans and Thebans are autocthones." Strabo, elaborating the ethnographic Homeric passage on Crete, describes Cydonians and Eteocretans as autochthones.Geographica.
|
|
The final song, "London Conference", is instead the epilogue of the poem. Various scholars have attempted to find clashes between Homer's "Lahuta of the Highlands" and "The Iliad", especially in the atmosphere by the two poems. They have compared characters that have common traits, event scenes, etc. Their conclusion was that the Homeric poem, with the exception of the distant model on which the poet was based, shared the Balkan affiliation with the Fishtian poem.
|
|
14 and to have been buried "in a garden" according to the late Latin poet Ausonius.Ausonius, Epitaph of Heroes Who Participated in The Trojan War, 21 Strabo, in his comment on the Homeric passage referenced above, mentions that according to a local tradition of Lesbos, Pylaeus also commanded the Lesbian army and had a mountain on the island named Pylaeus after him.Strabo, Geography, 13. 3. 3 Pylaeus is also an epithet of Hermes.
|
|
Abridgment of Roman History (Historiae Romanae Breviarium), 2.11.13. describe them as Greeks. Similarly, Epirote tribes/states are included in the Argive and Epidaurian lists of the Greek Thearodokoi (hosts of sacred envoys). Plutarch mentions an interesting element of Epirote folklore regarding Achilles: In his biography of King Pyrrhus, he claims that Achilles "had a divine status in Epirus and in the local dialect he was called Aspetos" (meaning unspeakable, unspeakably great, in Homeric Greek).
|
|
The Phocais () was an ancient Greek epic attributed to Homer. In the Life of Homer, a biography of Homer falsely attributed to Herodotus, it was said to have been written while Homer lived at Phocaea with a man named Thestorides; however, whether Thestorides actually existed and where he lived is highly suspect. Like all Homeric works, its true author is unknown; today only a single fragment (three to four sentences of text) claiming its existence survives.
|
|
After wine was poured from the phiale, the remainder of the oinochoē's contents was drunk by the celebrant.Zaidman and Pantel, Religion in the Ancient Greek City, p. 40. A libation is poured any time wine is to be drunk, a practice that is recorded as early as the Homeric epics. The etiquette of the symposium required that when the first bowl (krater) of wine was served, a libation was made to Zeus and the Olympian gods.
|
|
Theogony, 212-225; Gantz, pp. 4-5 Finally, Nyx bores the ferryman of Hades, CharonHesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. . Roman-era bronze statuette of Nyx velificans or Selene (Getty Villa) In his description of Tartarus, Hesiod locates there the home of Nyx,Hesiod. Theogony, 744-745 and the homes of her children Hypnos and Thanatos.Hesiod.
|
|
In Greek mythology, Phemonoe ( ; ) was a Greek poet of the ante-Homeric period. She was said to have been the daughter of Apollo, his first priestess at Delphi,Greek Mythology Link (Carlos Parada) - Delphi (Accessed 2007-12-13) . or of his possible son Delphus, and the inventor of the hexameter verses, a type of poetic metre.Pausanias 10.5.7, 10.6.7; Strabo, 9 p. 419; Pliny the Elder, H. N. 7.57; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata i. pp. 323, 334; Schol.
|
|
There was no record of title or author but the Doric dialect, the meter and overall style suggested that it was probably a work of Stesichorus, sometime in the first half of the 6th century BC.J. Bremer et al., Supplements to Mnemosyne, 128R. Martin, The Voices of Jocasta His authorship however was promptly questioned by Bollack et al. (see References) and Parsons also was sceptical, noting the Homeric cliches and "drab, repetitious flaccidity" of the verse.
|
|
The Homeric was built with a terraced forward and rear superstructure, with lifeboats placed fairly high. She had a relatively large funnel, with a large arch behind it to deflect some soot away from the rear decks. In original Home Lines livery she had a white hull and superstructure, with a blue decorative riband separating them. Her funnel and radar mast, the structures immediately below them and the cranes on her forward deck were painted yellow.
|
|
61 Hadrian was criticised for the open intensity of his grief at Antinous's death, particularly as he had delayed the apotheosis of his own sister Paulina after her death.Hadrian's "Hellenic" emotionalism finds a culturally sympathetic echo in the Homeric Achilles' mourning for his friend Patroclus: see discussion in Vout, Caroline, Power and eroticism in Imperial Rome, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 2007. , pp. 52–135. Nevertheless, his recreation of the deceased youth as a cult-figure found little opposition.
|
|
Close up on the wheel of the chariot. The Monteleone chariot was part of a chariot burial, containing the remains of two human corpses, along with two drinking cups. Measuring 131 cm in height and designed to be drawn by two horses, the chariot itself is constructed of wood covered with hammered bronze plates and carved ivory decoration. The bronze plates are decorated with Homeric iconography; the main panel depicts Achilles being handed his armor by his mother, Thetis.
|
|
Hera (; , Hērā; , Hērē in Ionic and Homeric Greek) is the goddess of women, marriage, family and childbirth in ancient Greek religion and mythology, one of the Twelve Olympians and the sister and wife of Zeus. She is the daughter of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Hera rules over Mount Olympus as queen of the gods. A matronly figure, Hera served as both the patroness and protectress of married women, presiding over weddings and blessing marital unions.
|
|
In the 3rd century BC Lycophron went against the grain of the Homeric tradition. The poet had been born in Euboea, the site of a shrine to wounded Amazons who had fought in a mythic Battle for Athens. Lycophron tells the story of the young Amazon Clete, Penthesilea's attendant, who had been left behind in Pontus. Clete sets out with a company of Amazons to search for Penthesilea when she does not return from the Trojan War.
|
|
According to Pound, the words spoken by the characters in the poem are not so much dialogue but rather "[l]ofty speeches of the Homeric and Virgilian type" which Pound attributes to Dake's classical training and tenure as an English professor. Pound suggests that it is most likely, based on the preface and summary he provides with the poem, that Dake took inspiration from a preexisting folktale, though whether the legend was genuinely of Native American origin remains undetermined.
|
|
In Greek mythology Phthia (; or Φθίη Phthía, Phthíē) was a city or district in ancient Thessaly."It looks as though [by Phthia] the Epic meant a district, which was contracted to a single occupied place (Pharsalos) by the opinion of the Greeks in historical times." Page, Denys (1959), History and the Homeric Iliad, p. 161. It is frequently mentioned in Homer's Iliad as the home of the Myrmidones, the contingent led by Achilles in the Trojan War.
|
|
A sea eagle (also called erne or ern, mostly in reference to the white-tailed eagle) is any of the birds of prey in the genus HaliaeetusEtymology: New Latin "sea eagle", from Ancient Greek (haliaetos) or (haliaietos, poetic (e.g. Homeric) variant), "sea eagle, osprey" (hali, "at sea" (dative case), + aetos, "eagle"). The two variant Greek forms lie behind the equally correct latinizations haliaetus (as in Pandion haliaetus) and haliaeetus. in the bird of prey family Accipitridae.
|
|
To his surprise, the skulls were covered with gold masks. It is now thought most unlikely that the masks actually belonged to Agamemnon and other heroes of the Homeric epics; in fact they are several centuries older. The lifelike character of Roman portrait sculptures has been attributed to the earlier Roman use of wax to preserve the features of deceased family members (the so-called imagines maiorum). The wax masks were subsequently reproduced in more durable stone.
|
|
The Sorrow of Telemachus (Angelica Kauffman, 1783) Homeric scholarship generally recognizes the Telemachy as the story of its eponymous hero's journey from boyhood to manhood.See, e.g., the 2007 reprint of the Companion to the Richmond Lattimore translation; the 1993 Commentary to the Robert Fitzgerald translation; and James Morrison's 2007 commentary, A Companion to Homer's Odyssey. It is only after having gone through this journey that Telemachus will be equipped to help Odysseus kill the suitors in Book 22.
|
|
After the wine was poured from the phiale, the remainder of the oinochoē's contents were drunk by the celebrant.Zaidman and Pantel, Religion in the Ancient Greek City, p. 40. A libation was poured any time wine was to be drunk, a practice which was recorded as early as the Homeric epics. The etiquette of the symposium required that when the first bowl (krater) of wine was served, a libation was made to Zeus and the Olympian gods.
|
|
The Attic Greek of the philosophers Plato (427–347 BC) and his student Aristotle (384–322 BC) dates to the period of transition between Classical Attic and Koine. Students who learn Ancient Greek usually begin with the Attic dialect and continue, depending upon their interests, to the later Koine of the New Testament and other early Christian writings, to the earlier Homeric Greek of Homer and Hesiod, or to the contemporaneous Ionic Greek of Herodotus and Hippocrates.
|
|
In Greek didyma means "twin", but the Greeks who sought a "twin" at Didyma ignored the Carian origin of the name. The Carians settled this area before the Ionian Greeks. Didyma was first mentioned among the Greeks in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo. But its establishment is supposed to precede literacy and even the Hellenic colonization of Ionia around 1000 BC. In contrary the first archaeological pieces of evidence of Didyma date in the 8th century BC.Tuchelt, K. (1991).
|
|
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. He does not appear to have written any regular commentary on Homer, but his Homeric (glōssai, "lists of unusual words, glosses") probably formed the source of the explanations of Homer attributed by the grammarians to Zenodotus. He also lectured upon Hesiod, Anacreon and Pindar, if he did not publish editions of them. He is further called an epic poet by the Suda, and three epigrams in the Greek Anthology are assigned to him.
|
|
Written in Homeric fashion, the poem focuses mainly on a fantastical interpretation of the Portuguese voyages of discovery during the 15th and 16th centuries. Os Lusíadas is often regarded as Portugal's national epic, much as Virgil's Aeneid was for the Ancient Romans, or Homer's Iliad and Odyssey for the Ancient Greeks. It was written when Camões was an exile in Macau and was first printed in 1572, three years after the author returned from the Indies.
|
|
Homer,Iliad 14.226 who makes no mention of Macedonia, places Emathia as a region next to Pieria. The Homeric name was renewed mainly in Roman times and Ptolemy mentions some cities of Emathia. In Nonnus, Dionysiaca 48.6 Typhoeus having stript the mountains of Emathia, he cast the rocky missiles at Dionysus. In Ovidius, Metamorphoses 5.313The nine Muses and the nine Magpipes the daughters of Pierus say: we grant Emathia's plains, to where uprise Paeonia's peaks of snow.
|
|
Graphic reconstruction of the Pharos according to a 2006 study. According to Homeric legend, Palamedes of Nafplio invented the first lighthouse, although they are certainly attested with the Lighthouse of Alexandria (designed and constructed by Sostratus of Cnidus) and the Colossus of Rhodes. However, Themistocles had earlier established a lighthouse at the harbor of Piraeus connected to Athens in the 5th century BC, essentially a small stone column with a fire beacon.Elinor Dewire and Dolores Reyes-Pergioudakis (2010).
|
|
Aristotle with a beard. The ancient Greeks regarded the beard as a badge or sign of virility; in the Homeric epics it had almost sanctified significance, so that a common form of entreaty was to touch the beard of the person addressed.See, for example, Homer Iliad 1:500-1 It was only shaven as a sign of mourning, though in this case it was instead often left untrimmed. A smooth face was regarded as a sign of effeminacy.
|
|
Eos by Evelyn De Morgan (1895) In Greek mythology, Eos (; Ionic and Homeric Greek Ēṓs, Attic Héōs, "dawn", or ; Aeolic Aúōs, Doric Āṓs) is a Titaness and the goddessLycophron calls her by an archaic name, Tito (the Titaness). Kerenyi observes that Tito shares a linguistic origin with Eos's lover Tithonus, which belonged to an older, pre-Greek language. (Kerenyi 1951:199 note 637) of the dawn, who rose each morning from her home at the edge of the Oceanus.
|
|
The person of Arete is of the highest effectiveness; they use all their faculties—strength, bravery, and wit—to achieve real results. In the Homeric world, then, Arete involves all of the abilities and potentialities available to humans. In some contexts, Arete is explicitly linked with human knowledge, where the expressions "virtue is knowledge" and "Arete is knowledge" are used interchangeably. The highest human potential is knowledge and all other human abilities are derived from this central capacity.
|
|
There is also uncertainty about the term "χαροπός" ("Charopos" (bright-eyed)), a fact that makes the exact syntactic analysis of the epigram challenging. It is unclear if Arniadas is the son of Charops, or vice versa, or even if Charops is a member of a group called Arniadai. Also, "χαροπός" is not used as an adjective for the god of war Ares in epic poetry. The latter makes the epigram's connection to the Homeric epics tenuous.
|
|
Spyropoulos discovered an alternative site for the palace of Menelaus at Pellana located 25 kilometers north of Sparta. The site itself is near a series of large Mycenean chamber tombs. This has led Spyropoulos to believe that his excavations uncovered the lost Homeric capital of Laconia. The palace itself is 32 meters by 14 meters and is dated to around 1200 BC. Cyclopean walls surround the palace and a wide road leads up to the entrance.
|
|
However, it has also been argued that Statius' alternative epic tradition has influenced some of his successors. Claudian's De raptu Proserpinae emulated Statius' alternative epic tradition, leaving his work seemingly unfinished. Claudian believed that the inevitability of Homeric and Virgilian narrative was the cause of Statius' inability to proceed. Other writers such as Dante Alighieri borrowed from Statius and thought highly of his style; Giovanni Boccaccio was inspired by him; and Geoffrey Chaucer studied and imitated Statius.
|
|
This reached its greatest expression in the epic poetry of Homer, which Otto uses throughout to support his theses. Otto interprets Titans, Erinyes and Gorgons as remnants from an older religion, and contrasts these chthonic and grotesque beings with Homer's more humanlike Olympian gods. The difference is noticeable in comparisons with Hesiod, who retains many pre-Homeric features. The older deities are powerful through magic, whereas Homer's Olympians are powerful because they are connected to the being of nature.
|
|
Remains found in the ditch were dated to the late Bronze Age, the alleged time of Homeric Troy. Among these remains are arrowheads and charred remains. It is claimed by Korfmann that the ditch may have once marked the outer defenses of a much larger city than had previously been suspected. In the olive groves surrounding the citadel, there are portions of land that were difficult to plow, suggesting that there are undiscovered portions of the city lying there.
|
|
Homeric hymn to Demeter 208. Used as a ritual beverage in the Eleusinian Mysteries, kykeon was also a popular beverage, especially in the countryside: Theophrastus, in his Characters, describes a boorish peasant as having drunk much kykeon and inconveniencing the Assembly with his bad breath.Characters 4:2–3. It also had a reputation as a good digestive, and as such, in Peace, Hermes recommends it to the main character who has eaten too much dried fruit.
|
|
Sofia Engastromenou was born in Athens to a wealthy mercantile family. Her uncle, Bishop Theokletos Vimpos, was hired by Heinrich Schliemann to tutor him in Greek and later tasked with finding a "black-haired Greek woman in the Homeric spirit" to become his wife. Presented with photos of three women, Schliemann selected the seventeen-year-old Sofia. They were married on 24 September 1869, and would go on to have two children, Andromache (1871-1962) and Agamemnon (1878-1954).
|
|
Calypso is generally said to be the daughter of the Titan AtlasHomer, Odyssey, 1.14, 1.51-54, 7.245; Apollodorus, E.7.24. She is sometimes referred to as Atlantis (Ατλαντίς), which means the daughter of Atlas, see the entry Ατλαντίς in Liddell & Scott, and also Hesiod, Theogony 938. and Pleione.Hyginus. Fabulae, Preface Hesiod, and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, mention either a different Calypso or possibly the same Calypso as one of the Oceanid daughters of Tethys and Oceanus.
|
|
In classical mythology the founder-king of Kos was Merops, hence "Meropian Kos" is included in the archaic Delian amphictyony listed in the 7th-century Homeric hymn to Delian Apollo; the island was visited by Heracles.Hercules in Kos . Kosinfo.gr. The island was originally colonised by the Carians. The Dorians invaded it in the 11th century BC, establishing a Dorian colony with a large contingent of settlers from Epidaurus, whose Asclepius cult made their new home famous for its sanatoria.
|
|
Gregor Wilhelm Nitzsch Gregor Wilhelm Nitzsch (November 22, 1790 – July 22, 1861) was a German classical scholar known chiefly for his writings on Homeric epic. Brother of Karl Immanuel Nitzsch, he was born at Wittenberg. In 1827 he was appointed professor of ancient literature at the University of Kiel, but in 1852 was dismissed by the Danish government for his German sympathies. In the same year, he accepted a similar post at Leipzig, which he held until his death.
|
|
Virgil begins his poem with a statement of his theme (Arma virumque cano ..., "Of arms and the man I sing ...") and an invocation to the Muse, falling some seven lines after the poem's inception (Musa, mihi causas memora ..., "O Muse, recount to me the causes ..."). He then explains the reason for the principal conflict in the story: the resentment held by the goddess Juno against the Trojan people. This is consistent with her role throughout the Homeric epics.
|
|
Homer's motivation may be due to his penchant for finding etymological significance in proper names: i.e., he derived Ἄβιοι from alpha-privative plus βία ("without violence"), a suitable name for those he calls in the same passage "the justest of men."Reece, Steve,"The Ἄβιοι and the Γάβιοι: An Aeschylean Solution to a Homeric Problem," American Journal of Philology An_Aeschylean_Solution_to_a_Homeric_Problem 122 (2001) 465-470. If this is correct, the name Abii was derived exclusively from Homer.
|
|
Hephaestus also created the gift that the gods gave to man, the woman Pandora and her pithos. Being a skilled blacksmith, Hephaestus created all the thrones in the Palace of Olympus. The Greek myths and the Homeric poems sanctified in stories that Hephaestus had a special power to produce motion.Iliad, XVIII 372ff He made the golden and silver lions and dogs at the entrance of the palace of Alkinoos in such a way that they could bite the invaders.
|
|
For her, Homeric poetry makes clear the uniform composition and the human formation of the figures. In the dispute over whether Iliad and Odyssey are the work of a poet or composed of several epics of different authors, she therefore defended the first thesis by referring to the purification of the older saga by Homer, the setting of the Homeric world, Homer's art and the figures invented by Homer, such as Patroklos. While her thesis that Homer lived in the 11th century BC was problematic, her interpretation of Homer as an educator on humanity and the emphasis on the high ethos of his figures included an indirect critique of Nazism and its followers. During the years Von Scheliha was working at the University of Basel, she gave a series of non-university lectures on ancient topics, some of which were published posthumously. She lectured about Ancient Humanity (May 1944), political and intellectual freedom, education and friendship among the Greeks (Winter 1944-1945), The image of antiquity from the Renaissance to the present (spring 1945), Pindar's life, his XIV.
|
|
Alexandria came to be regarded as the capital of knowledge and learning, in part because of the Great Library. Many important and influential scholars worked at the Library during the third and second centuries BC, including, among many others: Zenodotus of Ephesus, who worked towards standardizing the texts of the Homeric poems; Callimachus, who wrote the Pinakes, sometimes considered to be the world's first library catalogue; Apollonius of Rhodes, who composed the epic poem the Argonautica; Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who calculated the circumference of the earth within a few hundred kilometers of accuracy; Aristophanes of Byzantium, who invented the system of Greek diacritics and was the first to divide poetic texts into lines; and Aristarchus of Samothrace, who produced the definitive texts of the Homeric poems as well as extensive commentaries on them. During the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes, a daughter library was established in the Serapeum, a temple to the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis. Despite the widespread modern belief that the Library of Alexandria was burned once and cataclysmically destroyed, the Library actually declined gradually over the course of several centuries.
|
|
Wolf's speculations were in harmony with the ideas and sentiment of the time, and his historical arguments, especially his long array of testimonies to the work of Peisistratus, were hardly challenged. The effect of Wolf's Prolegomena was so overwhelming, and its determination so decisive, that, although a few protests were made at the time, the true Homeric controversy did not begin until after his death in 1824. The first considerable antagonist of the Wolfian school was Gregor Wilhelm Nitzsch, whose writings cover the years between 1828 and 1862 and deal with every side of the controversy. In the earlier part of his Metetemata (1830), Nitzsch took up the question of written or unwritten literature, on which Wolf's entire argument turned, and showed that the art of writing must be anterior to Peisistratus. In the later part of the same series of discussions (1837), and in his chief work (Die Sagenpoesie der Griechen, 1852), he investigated the structure of the Homeric poems, and their relation to the other epics of the Trojan cycle.
|
|
The similarities in meter and phrasing between Homeric epic and early elegy have encouraged this tendency, sometimes leading to dramatic conclusions about Tyrtaeus's significance. He has been called, for example, "the first poet of the Greek city state" and, in a similar vein, "he has recast the Homeric ideal of the single champion's arete (excellence) into the arete of the patriot".Tigerstedt (1965) page 50, and Jaeger 1966 page 103, cited and quoted by Elizabeth Irwin, Solon and Early Greek Poetry: The Politics of Exhortation, Cambridge University Press (2005), pages 23–24 For some scholars, this is to credit Tyrtaeus with too much: his use of arete was not an advance on Homer's use of it but can still be interpreted as signifying "virtue" in the archaic sense of an individual's power to achieve something rather than as an anticipation of the classical sense of moral excellence, familiar to Plato and others. Athenaeus, Strabo and the second entry of the Suda claim that Tyrtaeus was a Spartan general.
|
|
Initially, the layers of Troy VI and VII were overlooked entirely, because Schliemann favoured the burnt city of Troy II. It was not until the need to close "Calvert's Thousand Year Gap" arose—from Dörpfeld's discovery of Troy VI—that archaeology turned away from Schliemann's Troy and began working towards finding Homeric Troy once more.. "Calvert's Thousand Year Gap" (1800–800 BC) was a period not accounted for by Schliemann's archaeology and thus constituted a hole in the Trojan timeline. In Homer's description of the city, a section of one side of the wall is said to be weaker than the rest.Homer. "Iliad". XVI, During his excavation of more than three hundred yards of the wall, Dörpfeld came across a section very closely resembling the Homeric description of the weaker section.. Dörpfeld was convinced he had found the walls of Homer's city, and now he would excavate the city itself. Within the walls of this stratum (Troy VI), much Mycenaean pottery dating from Late Helladic (LH) periods III A and III B (c. 1400–c.
|
|
These identifications are noticed by R. M. Henry, cites: R. M. Henry Class. Rev. (Dec. 1906), p. 434. who illustrates the Homeric account by passages in the Paris and Leiden magical papyri, and argues that moly is probably a magical name, derived perhaps from Phoenician or Egyptian sources, for a plant which cannot be certainly identified. He shows that the "difficulty of pulling up" the plant is not a merely physical one, but rather connected with the peculiar powers claimed by magicians.
|
|
On 16 February 2010, Philo hosted a public screening of the 1971 internationally televised debate between philosophers Noam Chomsky and Michel Foucault. Philo's was the first public screening of the debate in the world since the original 1971 broadcast. Debate topics included human nature, justice, creativity and war. Since then, Philo has been the venue of many debates about matters central to modern society, such as a discussion of whether a tomato is a grape or a metaphor for Homeric authorship.
|
|
The Ionians came from the continent around the 10th century BC, setting up the great religious sanctuary of Delos around three centuries later. The Homeric Hymn to Apollo (the first part of which may date to the 7th century BC) alludes to Ionian panegyrics (which included athletic competitions, songs and dances).Claude Baurain, Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale, p. 212. Archaeological excavations have shown that a religious centre was built on the ruins of a settlement dating to the Middle Cycladic.
|
|
These leaders are seen as visionary, smart leaders comfortably assuming star status as they fill the role of a Homeric hero. Human: These leaders view themselves as coaches or guides, believing that the organization's strategy is only as good as the breadth and depth of the understanding and commitment that it attracts. Responsibility for developing the strategy is widely dispersed but carefully coordinated. These leaders focus on guiding and responding while building commitment and empowerment among those building the strategy.
|
|
In 2000, Georgeos Diaz-Montexano published an article explaining his theory that Atlantis was located somewhere between Andalusia and Morocco.Magazine Más Allá de la Ciencia, March–April of the 2000 (nº 134), where was published a report about the Georgeos Díaz-Montexano's theory of Atlantis between Andalusia and Morocco. An Andalusian location was also supported by Rainer Walter Kühne in his article that appeared in the journal Antiquity.Rainer W. Kühne: "Did Ulysses Travel to Atlantis?" in: "Science and Technology in Homeric Epics" (ed.
|
|
Map of Homeric Greece; Menelaus and Helen reign over Laconia. The origins of Helen's myth date back to the Mycenaean age.Nilsson, The Mycenaean Origin, 41 Her name first appears in the poems of Homer but scholars assume that such myths derive from earlier Mycenaean Greek sources. Her mythological birthplace was Sparta of the Age of Heroes, which features prominently in the canon of Greek myth: in later ancient Greek memory, the Mycenaean Bronze Age became the age of the Greek heroes.
|
|
The legend of Persephone comes to us primarily in the anonymous seventh century BC Homeric Hymn To Demeter (Εἲς Δημήτραν),. In the opening scene, the author describes the narcissus, and its role as a lure to trap the young Persephone. The flower, she later recounts to her mother was the last flower she reached for; "νάρκισσόν θ᾽, ὃν ἔφυσ᾽ ὥς περ κρόκον εὐρεῖα χθών" (l. 428) "and the narcissus which the wide earth caused to grow yellow as a crocus".
|
|
Sideview of the cup, focussing on the stylised face Two meanings have been suggested for the interior image. Most common is the suggestion that is a reference to the seventh Homeric Hymn, in which it is explained how Dionysus was kidnapped by Etruscan pirates, who were unaware of his identity. The god confuses their thoughts and causes them to jump into the water, where they transform into dolphins. A second possibility is that the arrival of Dionysus at the Athenian Anthesteria is depicted.
|
|
The Troad, on the Biga peninsula, was the northernmost of the Aegean settlements in this period, best known for the legendary and historical city state of Troy. There were probably settlements in this region dating back to 3000 BC and the various archeological layers representing successive civilisations are referred to as Troy I (3000–2600 BC) to Troy IX (1st century BC). Iron Age Troy corresponds to Troy VII-VIII, and coincides with the Homeric account of Troy and the Trojan Wars.
|
|
Later in the year Homeric finished second in the St. Leger under Mercer's ride. Brigadier Gerard finished the year the unbeaten winner of six races (five of them Group One). The new power to appear was in the two- year-old ranks, where three smart colts ran at Royal Ascot, all ridden by Mercer. Sun Prince, as a maiden, won the Coventry Stakes and later followed up by winning the Prix Robert Papin in France then finishing third in the Middle Park Stakes.
|
|
In Iliad 22, Andromache is portrayed as the perfect wife, weaving a cloak for her husband in the innermost chambers of the house and preparing a bath in anticipation of his return from battle (22.440–6). Here she is carrying out an action Hector had ordered her to perform during their conversation in Iliad 6 (6.490–92), and this obedience is another display of womanly virtue in Homer's eyes.Keller, Albert Galloway. Homeric Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913. p. 230.
|
|
The extensive glossaries of the D-scholia were intended to bridge the gap between the spoken language and Homeric Greek. The poems themselves contradicted the general belief in the existence and authorship of Homer. There were many variants, which there should not have been according to the single-author conviction. The simplest answer was to decide which of the variants was most likely to represent a presumed authentic original composition and to discount the others as spurious, devised by someone else.
|
|
It is known that under Peisistratus, and later, rhapsodes competed in performing Homer at the Panathenaic festival; and a scholion on Iliad 10.1 accuses Peisistratus of inserting book 10 into the Iliad.Schol. T on Il. 10.1: "They say that this episode was composed by Homer privately, and not to be part of the Iliad; but that it was inserted into the poem by Peisistratus." Book 10, often known as the Doloneia, is still the most widely rejected part of the Homeric epics.
|
|
This assignment is now thought to be a result of Schliemann's zeal to find sites and objects mentioned in the Homeric epics which take place in northwestern Turkey. At the time the stratigraphy at Troy had not been solidified, which was done subsequently by the archaeologist Carl Blegen. The layer in which Priam's Treasure was alleged to have been found was assigned to Troy II, whereas Priam would have been king of Troy VI or VII, occupied hundreds of years later.
|
|
Fortunately, Chandris were able to buy a surplus engine from her sister ship Homeric (ex-Mariposa) which was being broken up in Taiwan at the time. The replacement was carried out in Rotterdam, finishing in March 1975. Ellinis provided mainly cruise services from 1975 and, in October 1981, she was finally laid up in Greece after providing passenger services for nearly fifty years. Despite various plans to utilize the ship whole, she was sold in 1986 and scrapped in Taiwan in 1987.
|
|
Reliefs show her alongside young female and male attendants with torches, and vessels for purification. Literary sources describe joyous abandonment to the loud, percussive music of tympanon, castanets, clashing cymbals and flutes, and to the frenzied "Phrygian dancing", perhaps a form of circle-dancing by women, to the roar of "wise and healing music of the gods".Roller, 1999, pp. 149 – 151 and footnotes 20 – 25, citing Homeric Hymn 14, Pindar, Dithyramb II.10 (Snell), Euripides, Helen, 1347; Palamedes (Strabo 10.3.
|
|
The geographical references in the Odyssey to Ithaca and its neighbors seem confused and have given rise to much scholarly argument, beginning in ancient times. Odysseus's Ithaca is usually identified with the island traditionally called Thiaki and now officially renamed Ithake, but some scholars have argued that Odysseus's Ithaca is actually Leucas, and others identify it with the whole or part of Cephalonia. Lately, Robert Bittlestone, in his book Odysseus Unbound, has identified the Paliki peninsula on Cephalonia with Homeric Ithaca.
|
|
In the southern part of the Vriokastro peninsula at a distance of 800 m from the coast and east of the shoal Vina, ruins of a sunken ancient city were found, examined by professor Moutsopoulos in 1969. He spotted a block of buildings with walls up to 2 meters, monolith lintels and stone paved roads. The complex is similar to the prehistoric settlement Poliochne. The ruins were first described in 1785 by Choiseul-Gouffier, who identified with the homeric island of Chryse.
|
|
Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, 1972, 'Lancelyn Green of Poulton-Lancelyn' pedigree His father was an author known for his popular adaptations of the Arthurian, Robin Hood and Homeric myths, and his mother was a drama teacher and adjudicator. The Lancelyn Green family had been lords of the manor of Poulton- Lancelyn in Cheshire since at least 1093; Randle Greene (sic) had married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of William Lancelyn, in the reign of Elizabeth I.Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th ed., vol. 3, ed.
|
|
1400 to c. 1220 BC.. Ahhiyawa is generally accepted as a Hittite translation of Mycenaean Greece (Achaeans in Homeric Greek)... During this period, the kings of Ahhiyawa were clearly able to deal with the Hittite kings both in a military and diplomatic way.. Ahhiyawa activity was to interfere in Anatolian affairs, with the support of anti-Hittite uprisings or through local vassal rulers, which the king of the Ahhiyawa used as agents for the extension of his influence.; . In one occasion, in c.
|
|
The plot of the play was derived from the inset myth of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. A newborn Hermes has stolen Apollo's cattle, and the older god sends a chorus of satyrs to retrieve the animals, promising them the dual rewards of freedom and gold should they be successful. The satyrs set out to find the cattle, tracking their footprints. Approaching the cave in which baby Hermes is hiding, they hear him playing the lyre, which he has just invented.
|
|
Blinding of the Cyclops "Outis" was used as a pseudonym by the Homeric hero Odysseus, when he fought the Cyclops Polyphemus, and had put out the monster's eye. Polyphemus shouted in pain to the other Cyclopes of the island that "Nobody" was trying to kill him, so no one came to his rescue. The story of the Cyclops can be found in the Odyssey, book 9 (in the Cyclopeia). The name Nobody can be found in five different lines of Chapter 9.
|
|
Up until 1971 his horses were trained by Sir Gordon Richards but in 1970 with his father in law he purchased the West Ilsley stables from Jakie Astor, whereupon Dick Hern became his trainer. They had almost immediate success with two good Ballymacoll bred two-year-olds, and subsequent three-year-old milers, in Sallust and Sun Prince. They also owned and bred the St Leger Stakes runner-up Homeric. In 1974 Gaily, a purchased filly, won the Irish One Thousand Guineas.
|
|
Although Caratacus was ultimately captured by the Romans, Tacitus writes that they respected him. In the Classic Ancient world, this kind of warfare was indirectly mentioned by the Greeks in Homeric stories, but usually as hit and run acts of foraging for booty in enemy territory, pretty much as later Vikings piracy. There are not many examples of guerrilla in ancient Greek warfare, though the Aetolians did make use of it against Demosthenes and his heavy hoplite infantry during the Aetolian campaign.
|
|
The debate on this issue is not yet settled. Walter Burkert found that the passage "shows divinity in a naturalistic, cosmic setting which is not otherwise a feature of Homeric anthropomorphism",Burkert 1992, p. 92. and linked it to the opening of the Babylonian Enuma Elish where Apsu and Tiamat, respectively the fresh and salt waters, are the primordial couple who "were mixing their waters." Like Tethys and Oceanus, Apsu and Tiamat were superseded by a later generation of gods.
|
|
According to tradition, the Greeks structured military units along tribal lines, a practice attributed to Nestor in the Homeric epics. The Theban military commander Pammenes, however, is supposed to have advocated military organization based on pairs of lovers:Plutarch, Pelopidas 18.2; discussed by K.J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1989), p. 192, and Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization (Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 74. One such example took place during the Lelantine War between the Eretrians and the Chalcidians.
|
|
According to the testimony of the ancient writers, Methone was the Homeric Pedasus, one of the seven cities which Agamemnon offered to Achilles. Homer gives to Pedasus the epithet ἀμπελόεσσα (vine-covered), and Methone seems to have been celebrated in antiquity for the cultivation of the vine. The eponymous heroine Methone, is called the daughter of Oeneus, the 'wineman'; and the same name occurs in the islands Oenussae, lying opposite the city. The name of Methone first occurs in the Messenian Wars.
|
|
In the location where Paliochora is located today, the Homeric city of Ire (Ιρή) is supposed to have stood (Iliad I 150 and I 292). The 2nd century traveller Pausanias mentioned in his Description of Greece that the city Ire was renamed Abia by Cresphontes, king of Messene, after Abia, the nursemaid of his great- grandfather Hyllus, son of Heracles. Abia was disputed between the Messenians and the Spartans. Abia became a member of the Achaean League in 181 BCE.
|
|
271ff.) contains the earliest account of the Oedipus myth when Odysseus encounters Jocasta (named Epicaste) in the underworld. Homer briefly summarises the story of Oedipus, including the incest, patricide, and Jocasta's subsequent suicide. However, in the Homeric version, Oedipus remains King of Thebes after the revelation and neither blinds himself, nor is sent into exile. In particular, it is said that the gods made the matter of his paternity known, whilst in Oedipus the King, Oedipus very much discovers the truth himself.
|
|
Cailleux wrote that Troy was situated in East Anglia where he had discovered two huge war-dykes between Cambridge and the Wash. Here, he identified the river Cam with the Iliad's Scamander and the river Great Ouse with Homer's Simoïs. He was convinced that Homeric Troy was once situated on the heights outside Cambridge known as the Gog Magog Hills. Ithaca, he believed, should be sought in south-west Spain, in the delta of the Guadalete, somewhere between Jerez and Cadiz.
|
|
While the Homeric poems (particularly, the Iliad) were not necessarily revered scripture of the ancient Greeks, they were most certainly seen as guides that were important to the intellectual understanding of any educated Greek citizen. This is evidenced by the fact that in the late fifth century BC, "it was the sign of a man of standing to be able to recite the Iliad and Odyssey by heart."Lendon, J.E. (2005). Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity.
|
|
Her literary history (1907), which ranged from the Homeric epics to Emperor Julian, was valued in the academic world and highly praised (for example, by Gilbert Murray). Her translations of the Sophist of the Eunapius of Sardis and Philostratos (1922) as well as the writings of Julian (1913-1923) belong to this context. Later, Wright was primarily concerned with the history of early modern medicine and edited annotated reissues of various historical treatises. On September 6 1906, she married J. Edmund Wright.
|
|
Dionysiaca, composed in the 4th or 5th century BC, is the longest surviving poem from antiquity – 20,426 lines. It is written by the poet Nonnus in the Homeric dialect, and its main subject is the life of Dionysus. It describes a war that occurred between Dionysus' troops and those of the Indian king Deriades. In book 28 of the Dionysiaca the Cyclopes join with Dionysian troops, and they prove to be great warriors and crush most of the Indian king's troops.
|
|
"The power of the oral tradition," Innis writes, "implied the creation of a structure suited to its needs." That structure consisted of the metres and stock phrases of epic poetry which included the Homeric poems, the Iliad and Odyssey. The epics were sung by professional minstrels who pleased audiences by reshaping the poems to meet the needs of new generations. Innis points out that music was central to the oral tradition and the lyre accompanied the performance of the epic poems.
|
|
Thus she was also known as Cytherea (Lady of Cythera) and Cypris (Lady of Cyprus), because both locations claimed to be the place of her birth. In Greek mythology, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the god of fire, blacksmiths and metalworking. Aphrodite was frequently unfaithful to him and had many lovers; in the Odyssey, she is caught in the act of adultery with Ares, the god of war. In the First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, she seduces the mortal shepherd Anchises.
|
|
The story indicates that Epimenides was probably heir to the shamanic religions of Asia and proves, together with the Homeric hymn, that Crete had a resisting religion up to historical times. It seems that these rituals were dormant in Greece and they were reinforced when the Greeks migrated to Anatolia. Homer pictures Apollo on the side of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans, during the Trojan War. He is pictured as a terrible god, less trusted by the Greeks than other gods.
|
|
Vergil's depiction of the afterlife in the AeneidVergil, Aeneid Book 6. is consonant with the Homeric view as well as that of Plato, and he makes it clear that everyone faces judgment. The mystery religions of the Hellenistic era offered initiates the hope of salvation through confession, judgment, and forgiveness, as well as ritual purity. The Isaic mysteries were influenced by the traditional religion of ancient Egypt, which had symbolized the judgment of the soul through its weight on the scale of truth.
|
|
The name was one of the epithets given to the Greek goddess Hera and as such is usually taken to mean "one who comes to save warriors". In the Iliad, the character Paris is known also as Alexander.Ἀλέξανδρος, Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library The name's popularity was spread throughout the Greek world by the military conquests of King Alexander III, commonly known as "Alexander the Great". Most later Alexanders in various countries were directly or indirectly named after him.
|
|
On the coins, we also observe the wreath and palm-branch as ensign of victory. In antiquity, the term "apobates" (Greek, "one who gets off") or "desultor" (Latin "one who leaps down") has been applied to individuals skilled at leaping from one horse or chariot to another. As early as the Homeric times, we find the description of a man, who keeps four horses abreast at full gallop, and leaps from one to another, amidst a crowd of admiring spectators.Iliad, XV.679‑684.
|
|
There are echoes of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and other historical and biographical writers from the ancient world. The most frequent intertexts are the Homeric epics. The novel is told in a linear manner; after a brief first person introduction by Chariton, the narrator uses the third person. Much of the novel is told in direct speech, revealing the importance of oratory and rhetorical display (as in the presentation before the King of Persia) and perhaps as well the influence of New Comedy.
|
|
It was first excavated by Western Europeans in the second half of the 19th century; first by the Englishman Frank Calvert and afterwards by the German businessman and treasure hunter Heinrich Schliemann, who is generally credited with its recovery. As early as 1822, Hisarlik was identified by Charles Maclaren as a possible site of Homeric Troy.Hisarlık -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia at www.britannica.com In 1847, his brother Frederick bought a farm of over 2,000 acres (8 km²) at Akca Koy, including part of Mount Hisarlik.
|
|
On the hill above the village one can see the remains of the walls of ancient Voivis, the Homeric Boebe (), as well as the ruins of three forts that protected the road. Kanalia, Kapourna and make up the first municipality of Voivis in Volos. The church of Saint Nicolas (11th century), can be found in the area. Visitors to the area enjoy the plethora of almond trees when they are in blossom, they can even attend the celebration of the Blossoming Almond trees.
|
|
Statius tried to revise the image of the Homeric Achilles with the Achilleid, just as Ovid did for the Virgilian Aeneas. While doing this, they also exploited the tension between the accepted epic narrative and competing traditions pertaining to the heroes' lives. On account of its unfinished state, the Achilleid is often referred to as a "fragment", but this is a misleading label. Fragments are typically pieces of writing that have become seriously destroyed in the process of being transmitted to its audience.
|
|
Schliemann's work and excavations proposed, to a very sceptical world, that Homer's Agamemnon had lived at Mycenae, and that "Troy" itself indeed had existed at Hisarlik. Much work has been done to identify other Homeric sites such as the palace of Nestor at Pylos. These attempts have been the subject of much scholarly research, archaeological work, and controversy. Theories on the location of "Homer's 'Ithaca'" were formulated as early as the 2nd century BC to as recently as AD 2005.
|
|
Same (; ), also Samos (Σάμος) is an Ancient Greek name of a Homeric island in the Ionian Sea, near Ithaca and Cephalonia. In Homer's Odyssey Same is described as part of Odysseus's kingdom together with Ithaca, Dulichium, and Zacynthus.Hom. Od. 1.230 The Iliad, book II, in the Catalogue of Ships, contains a different list of islands comprising Odysseus's kingdom. Same is included together with Ithaca, Neritum, Krocylea, Aegilips and Zacynthus, indicating that the "Catalogue of Ships" could be a later addition to the Iliad.
|
|
Artist's representation of House VI M, part of the palatial complex Literary Troy was characterized by high walls and towers, summarized by the epithet "lofty Ilium." Some other epithets were "well-walled," "with lofty gates," "with fine towers."Blegen's study of the Homeric epithets bearing on the architecture of Troy may be found at Any archaeological candidate for being the literary city would therefore have to show evidence for the walls and towers. Schliemann's Troy fits this qualification very well.
|
|
The glorious and rich city Homer describes was believed to be Troy VI by many twentieth century authors, and destroyed about 1275 BC, probably by an earthquake. Its successor, Troy VIIa, was destroyed by fire around 1180 BC; it was long considered a poorer city, and dismissed as a candidate for Homeric Troy, but since the excavation campaign of 1988, it has come to be regarded as the most likely candidate.Latacz, Troy and Homer, p. 286.Strauss, The Trojan War, p. 10.
|
|
Around 1870 it was generally agreed in Western Europe that the Trojan War had never happened and Troy never existed. Then Heinrich Schliemann popularized his excavations at Hisarlik, Canakkale, which he and others believed to be Troy, and of the Mycenaean cities of Greece. Today many scholars agree that the Trojan War is based on a historical core of a Greek expedition against the city of Troy, but few would argue that the Homeric poems faithfully represent the actual events of the war.
|
|
That same year, she also published Greeks and Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition. From 2006 – 07, Finkelberg was a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University. While there, she received funding to study the impact of Homeric poems. In 2011, she was elected president of the Israel Society for the Promotion of Classical Studies and was selected to sit on the Committee for the Evaluation of Archaeology Study Programs at Ben- Gurion University of the Negev.
|
|
The theme is the well known story of Rama in Valmiki's Ramayana, transfigured in the poet's vision. The poet calls 'darshanam', it is the poet's realization that all the creation is caused, pervaded, sustained and governed by the cosmic mind. Abounding in metaphors and Homeric similes, introduced by the poet himself for the first time in Kannada, the epic brings home the truth that all beings, even the most wicked and sinful, are destined to evolve and ultimately attain perfection.
|
|
Athens Wood made his racing debut as a two-year-old in July 1970. He won three starts in England including the Solario Stakes then was sent to France to compete where he ran sixth in a Grade II event at Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse. Ridden by Greville Starkey, Athens Wood made a winning debut as a three-year- old on June 4. 1971 then won his next start at Epsom Downs Racecourse before finishing third to winner Homeric in the Lingfield Derby Trial.
|
|
The Pseudo-Herodotean Life of Homer is unique among ancient versions of the poet's life in claiming that writing was known in Homer's circle and that the poems were written down from his recital . The work also preserves 17 epigrams attributed to Homer. Three of these epigrams (epigrams III, XIII and XVII) are also preserved in the Contest of Homer and Hesiod and epigram I is found in a few manuscripts of the Homeric Hymns.Hesiod; Homer; Evelyn-White, Hugh G. (Hugh Gerard), d.
|
|
Posillipo is mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman sources and the Greeks first named it Pausílypon, meaning "respite from worry". The French Homeric scholar Victor Bérard; identified Posillipo as the land of Homer's Cyclopes. From the 1st century BC the beautiful coastline of Campania attracted wealthy Romans as a place to build elaborate and grand villas as retreats. At Posillipo the most visible ruins are those of the famous and notorious villa of Vedius Pollio, later to become an Imperial Villa.
|
|
Eretria at its height (a period brought to an end by this war) could field 3,000 hoplites, 600 cavalry and 60 chariots. This implies that this conflict took place at the transitional time between the Homeric aristos, entering the war on chariot and fighting his enemies like the heroes of the Iliad, and the classical hoplite. The size and numbers of Chalcis's forces are unknown. We only know that their infantry was superior and their cavalry inferior to that of Eretria.
|
|
Storage pottery, Akrotiri The early stirrup-jars were not distinguished by special type; i.e., the sizes and shapes varied within a maximum height of . They were all from "domestic deposits," yet some had features suggesting export: instead of the two stirrup handles, a disk supported by three handles, and a true spout with two or three horns (we should say lugs) on its sides. The lugs could be for lashing down a cloth (Homeric kredemnon) over a stopper (no stoppers have been found).
|
|
Under the ever-growing influence of the Italiote Greeks, the Romans acquired their own national origin-legend sometime during the early Republican era (500-300 BC). It was centred on the figure of Aeneas, a supposed Trojan survivor of the destruction of Troy by the Achaean Greeks, as related in the poet Homer's epic the Iliad (composed c. 800 BC). The legend provided the Romans with a heroic "Homeric" pedigree, as well as a (spurious) ethnic distinctiveness from the other Latins.
|
|
A long prison sentence did not affect his inspiratory qualities. Les Echos du Jour stated that "the dental surgeon who became president fought to the end against life and its mishaps, then against death ... He resisted with all his might not to escape death, but merely to show that nothing was over until it was over." In an obituary, Jeune Afrique described the man as "humor[ous], loved good cheer, knew how to enjoy the good side of life, but his blows of anger were Homeric".
|
|
The triumph of Dionysus, depicted on a 2nd-century Roman sarcophagus. Dionysus rides in a chariot drawn by panthers; his procession includes elephants and other exotic animals. The Dionysiaca (, Dionysiaká) is an ancient Greek epic poem and the principal work of Nonnus. It is an epic in 48 books, the longest surviving poem from antiquity at 20,426 lines, composed in Homeric dialect and dactylic hexameters, the main subject of which is the life of Dionysus, his expedition to India, and his triumphant return to the west.
|
|
For over twenty years he was one of the most important supporters of Manfred Korfmann, the archaeologist and Troy specialist. Latacz repeatedly defended the hypothesis that the Homeric account of the Trojan War essentially goes back to genuine historical events in the late Bronze Age. In 1972 he submitted his habilitation in Classical Philology at the University of Würzburg, and was appointed associate professor thereat in 1978. Shortly afterwards he accepted a call to the Chair of Classical Philology (Greek) at the University of Mainz.
|
|
Interior of a cup painted by the Brygos Painter, Cabinet des Médailles. Tales of love often involve incest, or the seduction or rape of a mortal woman by a male god, resulting in heroic offspring. The stories generally suggest that relationships between gods and mortals are something to avoid; even consenting relationships rarely have happy endings. In a few cases, a female divinity mates with a mortal man, as in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, where the goddess lies with Anchises to produce Aeneas.
|
|
In the Homeric works humans indirectly control their destiny by their actions and decisions. Homer allows his heroic mortals to stand close to the gods. Characters communicate with their gods through prayers, in an act which merges the divine world of the epic creation with that of mankind. Gods usually hear, often react and sometimes grant human prayers in epic poetry. “But Zeus does not bring to accomplishment all thoughts in men’s minds” (Iliad, XVIII 328), as Achilleus stresses in admitting humanity’s restrained power.
|
|
North African Roman mosaic: Panther-Dionysus scatters the pirates, who are changed to dolphins, except for Acoetes, the helmsman; second century AD (Bardo National Museum) The Homeric Hymn 7 to Dionysus recounts how, while he sat on the seashore, some sailors spotted him, believing him a prince. They attempted to kidnap him and sail away to sell him for ransom or into slavery. No rope would bind him. The god turned into a fierce lion and unleashed a bear on board, killing all in his path.
|
|
According to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, it was founded by a colony of Cretans, who were led to the spot by Apollo himself, and whom the god had chosen to be his priests in the sanctuary which he had intended to establish at Pytho.Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 438. In this hymn, Crissa is described as situated under Parnassus, where no chariots rolled, and no trampling of horses was heard, a description suitable to the site of Crissa upon the rocks.Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 1. 269.
|
|
Fragments of the Cypria In a non- Homeric version of the story, Achilles' mother Thetis foretold many years before Achilles' birth that there would be a great war. She saw that her only son was to die if he fought in the war. She sought a place for him to avoid fighting in the Trojan War, disguising him as a woman in the court of Lycomedes, the king of Scyros. During that time, he had an affair with the princess, Deidamea, who then gave birth to Neoptolemos.
|
|
"From Homer to Novi Pazar and B ack." Arion, 2, iv:40-57. Reacts against the Parry-Lord hypothesis of an oral Homer, claiming that, although Lord demonstrated that the oral poet thinks in verse and offered many explanations of the various facets of the Homeric Question by recourse to the Yugoslav analogy, the difference between Homer and other, literate poets is one of degree rather than kind. Wants to rescue Homer's art from what he sees as the dangers inherent in the oral theory model.
|
|
Ichor originates in Greek mythology, where it is the ethereal fluid that is the Greek gods' blood, sometimes said to retain the qualities of the immortals' food and drink, ambrosia and nectar. Great heroes and demigods occasionally attacked gods and released ichor, but gods rarely did so to each other in Homeric myth. In Ancient Crete, tradition told of Talos, a giant man of bronze portrayed with wings. When Cretan mythology was appropriated by the Greeks, they imagined him more like the Colossus of Rhodes.
|
|
During the early second century BC, several scholars at the Library of Alexandria studied works on medicine. Zeuxis the Empiricist is credited with having written commentaries on the Hippocratic Corpus and he actively worked to procure medical writings for the Library's collection. A scholar named Ptolemy Epithetes wrote a treatise on wounds in the Homeric poems, a subject straddling the line between traditional philology and medicine. However, it was also during the early second century BC that the political power of Ptolemaic Egypt began to decline.
|
|
Bas relief of Lachesis, lampstand at the Supreme Court, Washington, D.C.. Bas relief of Atropos cutting the thread of life In the Homeric poems Moira, who is almost always one, is acting independently from the gods. Only Zeus, the chief sky-deity of the Mycenaeans is close to Moira, and in a passage he is the being of this power. Using a weighing scale (balance) Zeus weighs Hector's "lot of death" (Ker) against the one of Achilleus. Hector's lot weighs down, and he dies according to Fate.
|
|
The seven-year-old orphan Julian and Mardonius developed a close emotional bond. Mardonius introduced Julian to Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, and to the works of Homer, which Julian particularly enjoyed. Mardonius functioned not only as his academic teacher, but also as a moral tutor, the "guardian of his virtue", as the rhetorican Libanius put it. He took great care in bringing up Julian in accordance with his own conservative beliefs and principles, seeking to infuse the young prince with the Homeric virtue of simplicity.
|
|
The Eumolpidae (, Eumolpidai) were a family of priests at Eleusis who maintained the Eleusinian Mysteries during the Hellenic era. As hierophants, they popularized the cult and allowed many more to be initiated into the secrets of Demeter and Persephone. The legendary genealogy of the Eumolpidae cast them as descendants of Eumolpus, one of the first priests of Demeter at Eleusis, through his second son, Herald-Keryx. Eumolpus, "untainted by blame" is named among the archaic leaders of Eleusis in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter 149–156.
|
|
Faucounau's "Proto- Ionic Disk Language" has most of the properties of Homeric Greek, including loss of labiovelars and even of digamma (both are preserved intact in the Mycenaean of the 14th century BC). Digamma, in Faucounau's reading of the Phaistos Disk, has in some instances passed to y, a sound shift not known from any other Greek dialect, but suspected in Ionic (e.g. Ion. païs v/etym. paus). For Faucounau, the Pelasgians, the Trojans, the Carians and the Philistines are all descended from the Proto-Ionians.
|
|
Arethusa on a coin of 145x145px The Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo has it that the goddess Leto stopped at Ortygia to give birth to Artemis,Children of the Gods by Kenneth McLeish, pages 33 and 34. the firstborn of her twins. Artemis then helped Leto across the sea to the island of Delos, where Leto gave birth to Apollo.Homeric Hymn 3 to Delian Apollo Other ancient sources state that the twins were born in the same place – which was either Delos or Ortygiatheoi.
|
|
There have probably been pseudepigrapha almost from the invention of full writing. For example, ancient Greek authors often refer to texts which claimed to be by Orpheus or his pupil Musaeus of Athens but which attributions were generally disregarded. Already in Antiquity the collection known as the "Homeric Hymns" was recognized as pseudepigraphical, that is, not actually written by Homer. The only surviving Ancient Roman book on cooking is pseudepigraphically attributed to a famous gourmet, Apicius, even though it is not clear who actually assembled the recipes.
|
|
Persephone could then only leave the underworld when the earth was blooming, or every season except the winter. The Homeric Hymns describes the abduction of Persephone by Hades: Persephone herself is considered a fitting other half to Hades because of the meaning of her name which bears the Greek root for "killing" and the -phone in her name means "putting to death". This is likely a folk-etymology, though, with the original form of her name being "Persophatta", meaning "Goddess of the Threshing Floor" according to Beekes.
|
|
Olenus or Olenos () was a town in the south of ancient Aetolia, between the Achelous River and the Evenus River. It was named after an Olenus, a son of Zeus or Hephaestus, and is mentioned in the Homeric Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad. It was situated near Pleuron, at the foot of Mount Aracynthus; but its exact site is uncertain. It is said to have been destroyed by the Aeolians; and there were only a few traces of it in the time of Strabo.Apollod. 1.8.
|
|
William Goldwin's 1706 poem In Certamen Pilae (On a Ball Game), which describes a rural cricket match, has a scene in which the teams dispute the rules of the match, each insisting on their own code of laws. Arbitration falls to a character called Nestor, clearly based on the Homeric ruler, who imposes his Justas Leges, acceptable to both teams. The context is uncertain but the phrase can be taken to mean an "established code". Goldwin, incidentally, was a scholar of both Eton and Cambridge.
|
|
It has been shown from comparative study of orality that the Iliad and Odyssey (as well as the works of Hesiod) come from a tradition of oral epics.; ; ; see also Homeric scholarship. In oral narrative traditions there is no exact transmission of texts; rather, stories are transmitted from one generation to another by bards, who make use of formulas to aid in remembering vast numbers of lines. These poets were bearers of the early Greek oral epic tradition, but little is known of them.
|
|
Antenor was one of the wisest of the Trojan elders and counsellors. In the Homeric account of the Trojan War, Antenor advised the Trojans to return Helen to her husband and otherwise proved sympathetic to a negotiated peace with the Greeks. In later developments of the myths, particularly per Dares and Dictys, Antenor was made an open traitor, unsealing the city gates to the enemy. As payment, his house—marked by a panther skin over the door—was spared during the sack of the city.
|
|
Reason, or logos, was a vision of the meaningful cosmic order and this vision was the constitutive good that was the source of moral evaluations. The human soul, which in Homeric times had been seen as the temporal life force of an individual, became an immortal tripartite soul constituted by spirit, desire and reason. Spirit, which, according to Taylor encapsulated the warrior ethic, was subordinated to reason. And reason was understood, not as inward calculation or cognition, but as a vision of cosmic order.
|
|
Before being renamed Zakynthos, the island was said to have been called Hyrie. Zakynthos was then conquered by King Arkesios of Cephalonia, and then by Odysseus from Ithaca. Zakynthos participated in the Trojan War and is listed in the Homeric Catalogue of Ships which, if accurate, describes the geopolitical situation in early Greece at some time between the Late Bronze Age and the eighth century BC. In the Odyssey, Homer mentions 20 nobles from Zakynthos among a total of 108 of Penelope's suitors. Headstone, c.
|
|
Theagenes of Rhegium (, Theagenēs ho Rhēginos; fl. 529–522 BC) was a Greek literary critic of the 6th century BC. Born in Rhegium (modern Reggio Calabria), he is noted for having defended the mythology of Homer, from more rationalist attacks. In so doing he became an early proponent of the allegorical method of reading texts.Allegorical interpretation may have begun with Theagenes of Rhegium in the sixth century as a response to the criticisms of the representation of the gods in the Homeric poems by Xenophanes and others[...].
|
|
Compare with the third-century BC Sicilian poet Theocritus, 2.133-134, which locates Hephaestus' forge on Lipari, and 11.7-8, which calls the Cyclops Polyphemus his "countryman". Virgil associates both the Hesiodic and the Homeric Cyclopes with Sicily. He has the thunderbolt makers: "Brontes and Steropes and bare-limbed Pyracmon", work in vast caverns extending underground from Mount Etna to the island of Vulcano,Virgil, Aeneid 8.416-422\. Compare with Ovid, Fasti 4.287-288, 4.473, which also has the Hesiodic thunderbolt makers work in Sicilian caves.
|
|
He had great self-restraint in "pleasures of the body", in contrast with his lack of self-control with alcohol. Roman copy of an original 3rd century BC Greek bust depicting Alexander the Great, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen Alexander was erudite and patronized both arts and sciences. However, he had little interest in sports or the Olympic games (unlike his father), seeking only the Homeric ideals of honour (timê) and glory (kudos)., He had great charisma and force of personality, characteristics which made him a great leader.
|
|
Its name was derived by the inhabitants themselves from the giant Pallas, and by the Argives from the Argive Pellen, a son of Phorbas.-14Apollon. 1.176. Pellene was a city of great antiquity. It is mentioned in the Homeric Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad; and according to a tradition, preserved by Thucydides, the inhabitants of Scione in the peninsula of Pallene in Macedonia professed to be descended from the Achaean Pallenians, who were driven on the Macedonian coast, on their return from Troy.
|
|
Jean-Baptiste-Gaspard d'Ansse de Villoison Jean-Baptiste-Gaspard d'Ansse (or Dannse) de Villoison (5 March 1750 (or 1753) - 25 April 1805) was a classical scholar born at Corbeil-sur-Seine, France. He belonged to a noble family (De Ansso) of Spanish origin, and took his surname from a village in the neighbourhood. In 1773, he published the Homeric Lexicon of Apollonius the Sophist from a manuscript in the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. In 1778, his edition of Longus's Daphnis and Chloë was published.
|
|
The mother of Rhesus, one of the nine muses, then arrived and laid blame on all those responsible: Odysseus, Diomedes, and Athena. She also announced the imminent resurrection of Rhesus, who will become immortal but will be sent to stay in a cave. Scholia to the Iliad episode and the Rhesus agree in giving Rhesus a more heroic stature, incompatible with Homer's version.See Bernard Fenik, Iliad x and the Rhesus: The Myth (Brussels: Latomus) 1964, who makes a case for pre-Homeric epic materials concerning Rhesus.
|
|
During the Hope End period, she was an intensely studious, precocious child.Taplin, Gardner B. The Life of Elizabeth Browning New Haven: Yale University Press (1957). She claimed that at the age of six she was reading novels, at eight entranced by Pope's translations of Homer, studying Greek at ten, and at eleven writing her own Homeric epic, The Battle of Marathon: A Poem. In 1820 Mr Barrett privately published The Battle of Marathon, an epic-style poem, though all copies remained within the family.
|
|
A Washington Post reporter described Bearss' style as a guide as "Homeric monologues." The Wall Street Journal wrote that he evokes "almost hallucinatory sensations." Historian Dennis Frye said a "battlefield [tour] with Ed Bearss [is a] transcendental experience." His speaking style is slow and imposing; spaced with overly dramatic pauses and shifts in pitch that tend to inflate the significance of what is being said, sacrificing succinctness for drama, and designed to command the listener's attention and impress them with his well-rehearsed eloquence.
|
|
The Ode to Aphrodite (or Sappho fragment 1) is a lyric poem by the archaic Greek poet Sappho, in which the speaker calls on the help of Aphrodite in the pursuit of a beloved. The poem - composed in Sapphic stanzas - has only two places of uncertainty in the text. The seriousness with which Sappho intended the poem is disputed, though at least parts of the work appear to be intentionally humorous. The poem makes use of Homeric language, and alludes to episodes from the Iliad.
|
|
Pausanias and Herodotus both recount the legend that the Achaeans were forced from their homelands by the Dorians, during the legendary Dorian invasion of the Peloponnese. They then moved into the region later called Achaea. A scholarly consensus has not yet been reached on the origin of the historic Achaeans relative to the Homeric Achaeans and is still hotly debated. Former emphasis on presumed race, such as John A. Scott's article about the blond locks of the Achaeans as compared to the dark locks of "Mediterranean" Poseidon,.
|
|
Although Orion has a few lines in both Homeric poems and in the Works and Days, most of the stories about him are recorded in incidental allusions and in fairly obscure later writings. No great poet standardized the legend.Rose, A Handbook, p.116–117 The ancient sources for Orion's legend are mostly notes in the margins of ancient poets (scholia) or compilations by later scholars, the equivalent of modern reference works or encyclopedias; even the legend from Hesiod's Astronomy survives only in one such compilation.
|
|
The Neoterikoi (Greek νεωτερικοί "new poets") or Neoterics were a series of avant-garde Latin poets who wrote in the 1st century BC. Neoteric poets deliberately turned away from classical Homeric epic poetry. Rather than focusing on the feats of ancient heroes and gods, they propagated a new style of poetry through stories that operated on a smaller scale in themes and setting. Although the poems of the Neoterics may seem to address superficial subjects, they are viewed as subtle and accomplished works of art.
|
|
After travelling west and south for five months, they see in the distance a great mountain rising from the sea (this is Purgatory, in Dante's cosmology) before a storm sinks them. Dante did not have access to the original Greek texts of the Homeric epics, so his knowledge of their subject- matter was based only on information from later sources, chiefly Virgil's Aeneid but also Ovid; hence the discrepancy between Dante and Homer. He appears in Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida (1602), set during the Trojan War.
|
|
He comes to a negative conclusion, and applies this reasoning to the Homeric problem. He treats this question again in a treatise on the so-called Peisistratean edition of Homer (La Commissione omerica di Pisistrato, 1881). His Researches concerning the Book of Sindibad were translated in the Proceedings of the Folk-Lore Society. His Vergil in the Middle Ages (translated into English by E. F. M. Benecke, 1895) traces the strange vicissitudes by which the great Augustan poet became successively grammatical fetich, Christian prophet and wizard.
|
|
His materials are borrowed from the cyclic poems from which Virgil (with whose works he was probably acquainted) also drew, in particular the Aethiopis (Coming of Memnon) and the Iliupersis (Destruction of Troy) of Arctinus of Miletus, the now-lost Heleneis of Philodoppides and the Ilias Mikra (Little Iliad) of Lesches. His work is closely modelled on Homer. For a long time, Quintus' work was considered inferior to Homer; however, it is now understood how inventively and creatively Quintus is responding to Homeric epic.
|
|
Apollo embodies the divine in self-knowledge, measure and intelligent order, and is associated with the sun, form and masculinity. His twin sister Artemis is associated with untouched nature, development and femininity; she teaches hunters, leads the way on journeys and presides over childbirth. Aphrodite is the goddess of rapture, spring and powerful yearning, and appears in prosperous sea journeys and blooming nature. Hermes is associated with luck, the nocturnal and travel, exhibiting the Olympian traits but also a connection to the pre-Homeric order of magic.
|
|
It is a historic age with gaps in its history, which is how the archaeologists treat it. In both Blegen and Korfmann, Homeric Troy ends at the end of Blegen's Troy VIIa, Korfmann's VIi, with the burning of the city, presumably by Achaeans. Legend has the Trojans vanishing away, either escaping, as did Aeneas and his very large band, being slaughtered, as were Priam and his wife, or being carted off into slavery, as were the literary Trojan women. Apparently, no Trojans seem to have been left.
|
|
His theory was supported by the observation of moisture throughout the world and coincided with his theory that the earth floated on water. His ideas were influenced by the Near-Eastern mythological cosmogony and probably by the Homeric statement that the surrounding Oceanus (ocean) is the source of all springs and rivers. p 89, 93, 94 Thales' theory was refuted by his successor and esteemed pupil, Anaximander. Anaximander noted that water could not be the arche, because it could not give rise to its opposite, fire.
|
|
In many European countries, there are various traditions surrounding the use of bread during the Easter holidays. Traditionally the practice of eating Easter bread or sweetened "communion" bread traces its origin back to Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian church. The recipe for sweetened or "honey-leavened" bread may date back as far as the Homeric Greek period based on anecdotal evidence from classical texts that mention this type of special food. It is also widely known that sweetened bread desserts similar to panettone were a Roman favorite.
|
|
After completing her doctoral studies, Harloe held postdoctoral research fellowships at the University of Oxford (St Anne's College) and the Institute of Greece, Rome and the Classical Tradition at the University of Bristol. She joined the University of Reading in 2007 and was made Professor in 2019. Harloe's principal areas of research include the reception of classical antiquity in Europe from 1750 the present, eighteenth-century neoclassical aesthetics, the history of Homeric scholarship, and the scholarship of classical myth. Harloe is a world-leading expert on Winckelmann.
|
|
Léopold Sédar Senghor, the poet and first president of Senegal, magnified the king of Sine in his famous poem "Joal" in 1945. He described in Homeric manner all the nobility that surrounded the King in his ceremonies, and went on to talk about how Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb once tried to trim his royal robes, which he [Senghor] still remembers in adulthood.«Je me rappelle les fastes du Couchant. Où Koumba N'Dofène voulait faire tailler son manteau royal.», in Brunel, Pierre (coord.), Léopold Sédar Senghor.
|
|
The Judgement of Paris on the Chigi vase is the earliest extant depiction of the myth, evidence perhaps of knowledge of the lost epic Cypria from the 650s BC. The figure of Paris is labelled Alexandros in the Homeric manner, though the writer might not be the same as the painter since the inscriptions are not typically Corinthian.Either Aiginetan or Syracusan, see Hurwit, 2002, note.21 This scene, obscured under the handle and “painted somehow as an afterthought” according to John Boardman.J. Boardman, ed.
|
|
In the Homeric telling of the story,Homer, Odyssey, I, 35ff. Orestes is a member of the doomed house of Atreus which is descended from Tantalus and Niobe. Orestes is absent from Mycenae when his father, Agamemnon, returns from the Trojan War with the Trojan princess Cassandra as his concubine, and thus not present for Agamemnon's murder by Aegisthus, the lover of his wife, Clytemnestra. Seven years later, Orestes returns from Athens and avenges his father's death by slaying both Aegisthus and his own mother Clytemnestra.
|
|
From the titles and the wording of Athenaeus, it is evident that Amerias did not write an exclusively Macedonian dictionary. He included in his Glossai a Homeric vocabulary as well, as with most of the Alexandrian grammarians. The only marked Macedonian term, given by Hesychius, is sauadai, saudoi, silenoi. Athenaeus calls him many times Amerias the Macedonian but it is Seleucus of Alexandria who is quoted with the Macedonian bread dramis, while Amerias in the same chapter is quoted with the bread ξηροπυρίτας, xeropyritas.
|
|
Herodotus knew of the Cypria and the Epigoni when he wrote his History in mid-5th century BCE. He rejected the Homeric authorship for the former, and questioned it for the latter.Martin Litchfield West "Epic Cycle" in Oxford Classical Dictionary 3rd. ed. Oxford; Oxford University Press 1999 p.707 The Epic Cycle was not "mentioned as a whole" (including the Theban Cycle) until the 2nd century CE, but knowledge of a "Trojan cycle" is apparent from at least the 4th century BCE as Aristoxenus mentions an alternative opening to the Iliad.
|
|
Pseudo-Hesiod, Shield of Heracles, 220. The Homeric hymn to Hermes from a somewhat later date (520 B.C.) does not explicitly state the sandals were winged, though they allowed him to leave no footprints while committing his theft of Apollo's cattle. According to one estimation, it was around 5th century B. C. when the winged sandals came to be regarded as common (though not indispensable) accouterments of the god Hermes. One later instance which refers to the sandals being winged is the Orphic Hymns XXVIII to Hermes (3c. B.C.–2c. C.E.).
|
|
In his writings on literature, Gaskin has defended a version of literary humanism, according to which works of imaginative literature have an objective meaning which is fixed at the time of their production and is the same for all readers. In addition to his publications in philosophy of literature, he has written a study of the poets Horace and Housman, essays on Virgil (e.g. On being pessimistic about the end of the 'Aeneid'), Homer (e.g. Do Homeric Heroes make real decisions?), the classicist Richard Bentley, and the essayist Charles Lamb.
|
|
For this new departure he apologizes in the introductory verses, states preserved in the scholiast on Aristotle, Rhetoric, iii. 14. where he says that the subjects of epic poetry being all exhausted, it was necessary to strike out a new path. The story of his intimacy with Herodotus is probably because he imitated him and had recourse to his history for the incidents of his poem. The Perseis was at first highly successful and was said to have been read, together with the Homeric poems, at the Panathenaea, but later critics reversed this favorable judgment.
|
|
Room C focuses on the finds from the necropolis of Orthi Petra and illustrates burial customs from Homeric Greece, such as the funeral pyre of Patroclus as described in the Iliad. The excavations have unearthed treasures such as fine jewelry, weapons, grave objects from glass, faience and ivory, bronze and ceramic vessels, and figurines.Ν. Κοντράρου-Ρασσιά: Πολύχρυση ταφή στην Ελεύθερνα, Ελευθεροτυπία OnLine, 28 Σεπτεμβρίου 2010, archived hereΝ. Κοντράρου-Ρασσιά: Γυναικεία μυστικά και κοσμήματα από το βάθος των αιώνων, Ελευθεροτυπία OnLine, 28 Αυγούστου 2009, archived here A prominent exhibit is a bronze shield.
|
|
There is much mystery surrounding Milman Parry's death. Classicist Steve Reece has considered the many and various accounts of Parry’s life and tragic death, both true and false ones, as instances of contemporary oral-and-written traditions, which he then tests against surviving documentary evidence.Steve Reece, "The Myth of Milman Parry: Ajax or Elpenor," Oral Tradition 33 (2019) 115-142. The Myth of Milman Parry: Ajax or Elpenor Parry's collected papers were published posthumously: The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry, edited by Adam Parry, his son (Oxford University Press, 1971).
|
|
94 Fondane's 1933 text echoes his earlier intertextual Homeric references (present in poems he wrote back in 1914), but, to their adventurous escapism, it opposes the Ithaca metaphor—an ideal of stability in the assumption of one's destiny. Gisèle Vanhese, "Sous le signe d'Ulysse. L'errance dans l'écriture chez Benjamin Fondane et chez Paul Celan" , in Caietele Echinox, Vol. 11, 2006, at the Babeș-Bolyai University's Center for Imagination Studies Claude Sernet referred to Ulysse as "painful and sober, a cry of anxiety, of revolt and resignation, a fraternal and noble song to mankind".
|
|
Argonautica Orphica () is a Greek epic poem dating from the 5th–6th centuries CE. It is narrated in the first person in the name of Orpheus and tells the story of Jason and the Argonauts. It is not known who the real author is. The poem is found in manuscripts either on its own or together with the Orphic Hymns and other hymns such as the Homeric Hymns and those of Proclus and Callimachus. The poem was lost, but in the fifteenth century it was found and copied in a manuscript (Codex Matritensis gr.
|
|
The six Dorian cities of coastal southwest Anatolia, or the twelve Ionian cities to the north, the dodecapolis forming an Ionian League emerging in the aftermath of a faintly remembered "Meliac war" in the mid-7th century BC, were already of considerable antiquity when the first written records emerge. An amphictyony consisting of polities under the aegis of Apollo's shrine at Delos was apparently well-established in the seventh century, as the Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo of that approximate date lists them,Cf. Encyclopædia Britannica, 11 ed., s.v. "Amphictyony'".
|
|
Map of the Tilevoides In Homeric Greece, the islands of Taphos (Τάφος) lay in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Acarnania in northwestern Greece, home of seagoing and piratical inhabitants, the Taphians (Τάφιοι). Penelope mentions the Taphian sea-robbers when she rebukes the chief of her suitors,Homer. Odyssey, Book XVI and it is disguised as Mentes, "lord of the Taphian men who love their oars", that Athena accepts the hospitality of Telemachus and speeds him on his journey from Ithaca to Pylos.Homer. Odyssey, Book I. The Taphians dealt in slaves.Homer.
|
|
The act of cattle-raiding is quite ancient, first attested over seven thousand years ago, and is one the oldest- known aspects of Proto-Indo-European culture, being seen in inscriptions on artifacts such as the Norse Golden Horns of GallehusBruce Lincoln, The Indo- European Cattle-Raiding Myth, History of Religions (1976), p. 58. and in works such as the Old Irish Táin Bó Cúailnge ("Cattle Raid of Cooley"), the paṇis of the Rigveda, the Mahabharata cattle raids and cattle rescues; and the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, who steals the cattle of Apollo.
|
|
Ruins near Desfina have been identified as those of the ancient towns Echedameia () and Medeon (Μεδεών). Both towns were destroyed by King Philip II of Macedon around 355-346 BC during the Third Sacred War and were never rebuilt. 4km to the east, the Late Mycenaean ruins of Kastrouli have been equated with Homeric Anemoreia (Ἀνεμώρεια). One of the most important rebels of the Greek revolution, Bishop Isaias of Salona, fought for the liberation of Desfina until his execution by the Turks on 22 April 1821 and encouraged Athanasios Diakos for the battle of Alamana.
|
|
Ridden again by Mercer in a virtual match at Goodwood he wore down the 2000 Guineas winner High Top in a thrilling Sussex Stakes. In late August he returned to Goodwood to win the Goodwood Mile and by then was regarded the best 3yo miler in England. In October he finished his career with a scintillating defeat of Lyphard in Mercer's hands at Longchamp to prove himself European's top 3yo miler. Of the older horses Royalty was injured without running but Homeric stood out: even if a little frustrating.
|
|
According to the post Homeric stories, Diomedes was given immortality by Athena, which she had not given to his father. Pindar mentions the hero's deification in Nemean X, where he says "the golden-haired, gray-eyed goddess made Diomedes an immortal god." In order to attain immortality, a scholiast for Nemean X says Diomedes married Hermione, the only daughter of Menelaus and Helen, and lives with the Dioscuri as an immortal god while also enjoying honours in Metapontum and Thurii.J.B. Bury, Pindar: Nemean Odes (Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1965), 199.
|
|
Howard incorporated elements of existing narrative traditions in his writing. As well as frequent use of standard similes, he used Homeric similes, or elaborate and detailed comparisons. For example: "As a panther strikes down a bull moose at bay, so he plunged under the bludgeoning arms and drove the crescent blade to the hilt under the spot where a human's heart would be." Another element borrowed from the classical tradition is the use of epithets; the most obvious of these is "The Cimmerian" when referring to his most famous character, Conan.
|
|
In 1926, he won the Gaisford Prize for Greek Prose for translating a section of Thomas More's Utopia into Platonic prose, and the following year won the Prize again (for Verse) for a translation of part of William Morris's Sigurd the Volsung into Homeric hexameters. His first scholarly work was published by the Journal of Roman Studies in 1928."Rhine and Danube Legions under Domitian", Journal of Roman Studies 18 (1928) 41–55; see Anthony Birley, "Editor's Introduction", in The Provincial at Rome (Presses Université Laval, 2000), p. xi online and pp.
|
|
The theory of oral tradition encountered early resistance from scholars who perceived it as potentially supporting either one side or another in the controversy between what were known as "unitarians" and "analysts" – that is, scholars who believed Homer to have been a single, historical figure, and those who saw him as a conceptual "author function," a convenient name to assign to what was essentially a repertoire of traditional narrative.Frederick M. Combellack, "Milman Parry and Homeric Artistry" Comparative Literature, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer, 1959), pp. 193-208 . p.
|
|
The hero was supposed to have discovered the tree growing on the banks of the upperworld Acheron in Thesprotia. Pausanias says this is the reason for the Homeric epithet Acherōïda for the white poplar,Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.14.2; Iliad 13.389, and 16.482. See also Servius, note to Eclogue 7.61, on Acherōïda, where the underworld river seems meant. The English Renaissance poet Edmund Spenser alludes in The Faerie Queene (Book 2, Canto V, stanza 31) to an association of "Olympick Jove" and the white poplar instead of his conventional oak.
|
|
The genus name Dasyphyllum is a compound of the Greek elements δασύς ( dasus ) 'hairy' and φύλλον ( phyllon ) 'leaf', while the specific name diacanthoides means 'resembling (Greek suffix -ό-εἶδος (o-eidos) ) plants of the genus Diacantha ', the name of which is a compound of the Greek elements δύο ( duo ) 'two' and ἄκανθα ( acantha ) 'thorn' / 'spine'. The scientific name in its entirety thus means 'the hairy- leaved plant resembling the plant bearing spines in pairs'.Cunliffe, Richard John A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect, pub. Blackie and Son Ltd. 1924.
|
|
Homeric myth claims that it was founded by Menelaus, and named after Canopus, the pilot of his ship, who died there after being bitten by a serpent. Legend describes how Menelaus built a monument to his memory on the shore, around which the town later grew up. There is unlikely to be any connection with "canopy". A temple to Osiris was built by king Ptolemy III Euergetes, but according to Herodotus, very near to Canopus was an older shrine, a temple of Heracles that served as an asylum for fugitive slaves.
|
|
P. Parsons, The Lille Stesichorus, 26 Martin Litchfield West then presented the case in favour of Stesichorus, even turning Parson's arguments on their head and winning over Parsons himself,A. Burnett, Jocasta in the West: The lille Stesichorus, note 1 page 107 since ancient commentators had noted the same characteristics that Parsons had found fault with: Stesichorus could be long- winded and flaccid (redundat et effunditur, Quintilian 10.1.62) and "most Homeric" (, Longinus 13.3). However, West was careful not to endorse Parson's low opinion of the fragment's artistic quality.
|
|
Between 1782 and 1783 he engaged some sixty children to act as dancers and singers for his various lively productions at the Circus, for which he supplied many airs, pantomimes, intermezzi and ballets, under such titles as Clump and Cudden, The benevolent tar, The saloon, The talisman, The graces, Long odds, Tom Thumb, The Passions, The Lancashire witches, The Barrier of Parnassus, The Milkmaid, The Refusal of Harlequin, The Land of Simplicity, The Statue, The regions of Accomplishment, and Cestus (a kind of mythological burlesque in which the Homeric gods discoursed in a low vernacular).
|
|
In earlier Homeric, dark age combat, the words and deeds of supremely powerful heroes turned the tide of battle. Instead of having individual heroes, hoplite warfare relied heavily on the community and unity of soldiers. With friends and family pushing on either side and enemies forming a solid wall of shields in front, the hoplite had little opportunity for feats of technique and weapon skill, but great need for commitment and mental toughness. By forming a human wall to provide a powerful defensive armour, the hoplites became much more effective while suffering fewer casualties.
|
|
Thersites is killed by Achilles, who travels to the island of Lesbos to be purified before returning to Troy and fighting Memnon. According to Homer, the Trojan king Priam had fought the Amazons in his youth on the Sangarius River in Phrygia, some 350 miles east of Troy. Later writers of the antiquity located Amazons geographically in Anatolia and started an epic tradition where Greek heroes, such as Heracles and Theseus, fought an Amazon warrior of distinction. The Aethiopis version of the Penthesilea legend has become known as the Homeric tradition.
|
|
In Homeric legend, Iphigeneia was to be sacrificed by her father Agamemnon to appease Artemis so she would allow the Greeks to wage the Trojan War. In some notions of an afterlife, the deceased will benefit from victims killed at his funeral. Mongols, Scythians, early Egyptians and various Mesoamerican chiefs could take most of their household, including servants and concubines, with them to the next world. This is sometimes called a "retainer sacrifice", as the leader's retainers would be sacrificed along with their master, so that they could continue to serve him in the afterlife.
|
|
London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 242. The spread hand as the image of the sun's rays in the morning may also be of Proto-Indo-European origin. The Homeric expressions 'rose-armed' (rhodópēkhus; ῥοδόπηχυς) and 'rosy- fingered Dawn' (rhododáktylos Ēṓs; ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς), as well as Bacchylides' formula 'gold-armed' (khrysopakhús; χρυσοπαχύς), can be semantically compared with the Vedic formulas 'golden-handed' (híraṇyapāṇi-; हिरण्यपाणि) and 'broad- handed' (pṛthúpāṇi-; पृथुपाणि). They are also similar with Latvian poetic songs where the Sun-god's fingers are said to be 'covered with golden rings'.
|
|
Both gods and men had to submit to them, although Zeus's relationship with them is a matter of debate: some sources say he can command them (as Zeus Moiragetes "leader of the Fates"), while others suggest he was also bound to the Moirai's dictates. In the Homeric poems Moira or Aisa are related to the limit and end of life, and Zeus appears as the guider of destiny. In the Theogony of Hesiod, the three Moirai are personified, daughters of Nyx and are acting over the gods.Hesiod, Theogony 221–225.
|
|
At this time, parallel to the interest shown in Albania in the collection of the songs, scholars of epic poetry became interested in the illiterate bards of the Sanjak and Bosnia. This had aroused the interest of Milman Parry, a Homeric scholar from Harvard University, and his then assistant, Albert Lord. Parry and Lord stayed in Bosnia for a year (1934–1935) and recorded over 100 Albanian epic songs containing about 25,000 verses. Out of the five bards they recorded, four were Albanians: Salih Ugljanin, Djemal Zogic, Sulejman Makic, and Alija Fjuljanin.
|
|
The poet and scholar Callimachus, who worked there, is thought to have created the world's first library catalog, known as the Pinakes, with scrolls shelved in alphabetical order of the first letter of authors' names. In the 1st century BC, Roman writer Varro compiled alphabetic lists of authors and titles. In the 2nd century CE, Sextus Pompeius Festus wrote an encyclopedic epitome of the works of Verrius Flaccus, De verborum significatu, with entries in alphabetic order. In the 3rd century CE, Harpocration wrote a Homeric lexicon alphabetized by all letters.
|
|
Farnese Faun, Louvre (Ma 664) In Ancient Greek Mythology, Satyrs are male companions to Dionysus, the god of grape harvest, ritual madness, theater, and fertility. As followers of Dionysus, satyrs are known for their love of wine, women, and playing music on their pipes or flutes. Famous satyrs in mythology include Silenus, a satyr nurse to the Dionysus and a demi-god of excessive drunkenness and Tityri, a flute-playing satyr in the train of Dionysus. Satyrs are referenced in The Homeric Hymns, Aesop's Fables, The Orphic Hymns, Ovid's Metamorphoses and Fasti, and Virgil's Georgics.
|
|
Translators and scholars have translated the main works attributed to Homer, the Iliad and Odyssey, from the Homeric Greek into English since the 16th and 17th centuries. Translations are ordered chronologically by date of first publication, with first lines provided to illustrate the style of the translation. Not all translators translated both the Iliad and Odyssey; in addition to the complete translations listed here, numerous partial translations, ranging from several lines to complete books, have appeared in a variety of publications. The "original" text cited below is that of "the Oxford Homer.".
|
|
Pausanias, Description of Greece 10. 10. 8 Another parallel is the myth of Dionysus and the sailors, related in the Homeric Hymns: Tyrrhenian pirates try to lash the god to the mast, but the wood itself starts to sprout and the mast is entwined with ivy (like the god's thyrsus); the sailors leap into the sea and are transformed into dolphins. This is especially interesting because Arion is credited with the invention of the dithyramb, a dionysiac song. A musician riding a dolphin, on a Red-figure stamnos, 360–340 BC. From Etruria.
|
|
He was a chthonic deity, connected with earthquakes (E-ne-si-da-o-ne: Earth-shaker), but it seems that he also represented the river spirit of the underworld.. Paean (Pa-ja-wo) is probably the precursor of the Greek physician of the gods in Homer's Iliad. He was the personification of the magic-song which was supposed to "heal" the patient.; A number of divinities have been identified in the Mycenaean scripts only by their epithets used during later antiquity. For example, Qo- wi-ja ("cow-eyed") is a standard Homeric ephithet of Hera.
|
|
The law which allowed the killing of a moichos caught in the act as a justifiable homicide seems to have been part of the homicide law set down by Draco, while the laws which set down alternative penalties for adulterers were probably Solonian in origin. Mistreating and ransoming adulterers seems to have a much longer history, however, with precedent going back to Homeric times. For instance, in Book VIII of the Odyssey, Hephaistos captures Ares and Aphrodite in bed together and displays them in front of the other gods to be ridiculed.
|
|
The noun as "skill in handicraft and art" is Homeric and in Pindar is used to describe both Hephaestos and Athena. Before Plato, the term for "sound judgment, intelligence, practical wisdom" and so on, such qualities as are ascribed to the Seven Sages of Greece, was phronesis (, ), from phren (, , ), while sophia referred to technical skill. The term philosophia (, , ) was primarily used after the time of Plato, following his teacher Socrates, though it has been said that Pythagoras was the first to call himself a philosopher. This understanding of philosophia permeates Plato's dialogues, especially the Republic.
|
|
Elizabeth Lyding Will (born 1924, died August 19, 2009, in Amherst, Ma.) was an American Classical archaeologist and a leading expert on Roman amphorae. She spent her long career teaching at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Amherst College. Will earned her Bachelor's degree at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, and undertook graduate study at Bryn Mawr College, earning an M.A. and a Ph.D. Her doctoral dissertation on "Homeric enjambment" was completed in 1949. Will is especially well known for her work on the typology of Roman amphorae.
|
|
The Solymi appear to have taken their name from a mountain in Anatolia named Solymus (later Güllük Dagi). The greater part of Milyas was rugged and mountainous, but it also contained a few fertile plains.Strab. xii. p. 570. The name, which does not occur in the Homeric poems, probably belonged to the remnants of the Milyae, who had been driven into the mountains by invaders from Crete, known as the Termilae, who later referred to themselves as Lycians. Important cities and towns in Milyas included Cibyra, Oenoanda, Balbura, and Bubon, which formed the Cibyratian tetrapolis.
|
|
However, since the existence of the Homeridae is authenticated while that of Homer is not, and since Greek homeros is a common noun meaning "hostage", it was suggested even in ancient times that the Homeridae were in reality "children (or descendants) of hostages". The natural further step is to argue that Homer, the supposed founder, is a mythical figure, a mere back-formation, deriving his name from that of the later guild. Their influence on the dark early history of transmission of the Homeric texts, though incalculable, is sure to have been conservative.Finley 1976.
|
|
The poem is written in 343 lines of dactylic hexameter, a poetic scheme often found in epic poetry of the period. It is written in Homeric Greek, with Christian or vernacular parts in later dialects of Koine Greek and incorporating many Latin loanwords.; Many expressions in the poem are conspicuously borrowed from Homer's own usage in the Illiad and Odyssey, alongside quotations from Hesiod and Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica.; The poetry includes many metric errors (with elongations and depressions in the poem, where the poet incorrectly identified vowel lengths).
|
|
"Stickfighting Days" won the Caine Prize for African Writing on July 5, 2010. It defeated shortlisted entries by writers from across Africa, including Ken Barris (South Africa), Lily Mabura (Kenya), Namwali Serpell (Zambia), and Alex Smith (South Africa). Judges chair and literary editor with The Economist, Fiammetta Rocco, said, "Ambitious, brave and hugely imaginative, Olufemi Terry's 'Stickfighting Days' presents a heroic culture that is Homeric in its scale and conception. The execution of this story is so tight and the presentation so cinematic, it confirms Olufemi Terry as a talent with an enormous future".
|
|
At the University of Chicago in the 1950s he was a student of Leo Strauss, along with Allan Bloom, Stanley Rosen and several others who were to go on to illustrious academic careers. Philipp Fehl was one of his fellow students and a good friend. Benardete wrote his doctoral dissertation on Homer (recently reprinted as Achilles and Hector: The Homeric Hero by St. Augustine's Press). His publications range over the spectrum of classical texts and include works on Homer, Hesiod, Herodotus, the Attic tragedians, and most especially Plato and Aristotle.
|
|
Some post-Homeric sourcesEuripides, Skyrioi, surviving only in fragmentary form; Philostratus Junior, Imagines i; Scholiast on Homer's Iliad, 9.326; Ovid, Metamorphoses 13.162–180; Ovid, Tristia 2.409–412 (mentioning a Roman tragedy on this subject); Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.13.8; Statius, Achilleid 1.689–880, 2.167ff. claim that in order to keep Achilles safe from the war, Thetis (or, in some versions, Peleus) hid the young man at the court of Lycomedes, king of Skyros. There, Achilles is disguised as a girl and lives among Lycomedes' daughters, perhaps under the name "Pyrrha" (the red-haired girl).
|
|
Acraephia or Akraiphia (), Acraephiae or Akraiphiai (Ἀκραιφίαι), Acraephium or Akraiphion (Ἀκραίφιον), Acraephnium or Akraiphnion (Ἀκραίφνιον), was a town of ancient Boeotia on the slope of Mount Ptoum (Πτῶον) and on the eastern bank of the Lake Copais, which was here called Ἀκραιφὶς λίμνη from the town. Acraephia is said to have been founded by Athamas or Acraepheus, son of Apollo; and according to some writers it was the same as the Homeric Arne. Here the Thebans took refuge, when their city was destroyed by Alexander the Great. It contained a temple of Dionysus.
|
|
Is This a Great Country, or What? (1995) multimedia. Hiroshima-Nagasaki 1945-2005 for tuned bowls or bells, crotales (2005). From 2003, most of his music appeared under the name Bhishma Xenotechnites, including not only his settings for voice(s)and instruments (in Greek) of Homeric Hymns and other Greek and Latin lyrics but also such obviously anti-Western works as Ein kleines Wagner Notizbuch (2005), a collage of emasculated Wagner quotations for the same ensemble as his 1965 octet Quaderno Rossiniano, and H5N1 (2006) for extremely high-pitched instruments or whistlers and antique cymbals.
|
|
The merger took place on 10 May 1934, creating Cunard-White Star Limited. The merger was accomplished with Cunard owning about two-thirds of the capital. Due to the surplus tonnage of the new combined Cunard White Star fleet many of the older liners were sent to the scrapyard; these included the ex-Cunard liner Mauretania and the ex-White Star liners Olympic and Homeric. In 1936 the ex- White Star Majestic was sold when Hull Number 534, now named Queen Mary, replaced her in the express mail service.
|
|
The ancient Greeks and Romans ascribed the foundation of Canusion or Canusium to the Homeric hero Diomedes, but archeologists have established human presence in the area back to the 7th millennium BC. The Diomedea fields were one of the main centers of the Dauni, a northern branch of the Iapyges, during the Neolithic (6th to 4th millennia BC). Toppicelli on the Ofantina plain has revealed buildings and tombs of a rich aristocracy that also seem related to this group. Excavations have also discovered metal and amber designs which appear Etruscan.
|
|
Zeus, it is said, permitted Hades, who was in love with the beautiful Persephone, to abduct her as her mother Demeter was not likely to allow her daughter to go down to Hades. Persephone was gathering flowers with the Oceanids along with Artemis and Pallas, daughter of Triton, as the Homeric Hymn says, in a field when Hades came to abduct her, bursting through a cleft in the earth.Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 4–20, 414–434. Demeter, when she found her daughter had disappeared, searched for her all over the earth with Hecate's torches.
|
|
Hades complies with the request, but first he tricks Persephone, giving her some pomegranate seeds to eat.The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 411-412, has Persepjone say: "but he secretly put in my mouth sweet food, a pomegranate seed, and forced me to taste against my will.". Hermes is sent to retrieve her but, because she had tasted the food of the underworld, she was obliged to spend a third of each year (the winter months) there, and the remaining part of the year with the gods above.Gantz, p. 65.
|
|
In a ritual, a child was initiated from the hearth (the divine fire). It was the ritual of the "divine child" who originally was Ploutos. In the Homeric hymn the ritual is connected with the myth of the agricultural god Triptolemos The high point of the celebration was "an ear of grain cut in silence", which represented the force of the new life. The idea of immortality didn't exist in the mysteries at the beginning, but the initiated believed that they would have a better fate in the underworld.
|
|
Arvin Sloane is the cold, calculating leader of SD-6, directing its operations against the U.S. government under the guise of being a secret organization within the government itself. He is eventually promoted to being a full member of "The Alliance", the organization that operates above each individual SD cell. It is revealed through the course of the series that Sloane speaks Spanish, French, Japanese, Nepali, Mandarin, and Russian and reads Homeric Greek. It was revealed in the third season that Sloane has a life-threatening allergy to morphine.
|
|
The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever. In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey. In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax. Two Symphony X songs from the tour, "Inferno" and "Of Sins and Shadows", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006.
|
|
Some modern scholars however think his advice shows more familiarity with the schoolroom than with the battlefield, appearing to feature obsolete armour and tactics typical of Homeric rather than hoplite warfare.H. L. Lorimer, "The Hoplite Phalanx" A.B.S.A. 42 (1947), pages 122ff Others have argued that the Spartans at that time were still developing hoplite tactics or that they were adapting hoplite tactics to encounter Messenian guerillas.N.G.L.Hammond, "The Lycurgean Reform at Sparta", J.H.S. 70 (1950), n. 50, page 51 Tyrtaeus's poetry is almost always interpreted teleologically, for signs of its subsequent impact on Spartan society.
|
|
What they demonstrated was that oral epics tend to be constructed in short episodes, each of equal status, interest and importance. This facilitates memorization, as the poet is recalling each episode in turn and using the completed episodes to recreate the entire epic as he performs it. Parry and Lord also contend that the most likely source for written texts of the epics of Homer was dictation from an oral performance. Milman Parry and Albert Lord have argued that the Homeric epics, the earliest works of Western literature, were fundamentally an oral poetic form.
|
|
A point of varying emphasis is whether the idea of Plouton as a god of wealth was a later development, or an inherent part of his nature, owing to the underground storage of grain in the pithoi that were also used for burial. For a summary of these issues, see Cora Angier Sowa, Traditional Themes and the Homeric Hymns (Bolchazy-Carducci, 1984, 2005), p. 356, note 105. Neither Hades nor Pluto was one of the traditional Twelve Olympians, and Hades seems to have received limited cult,Morrow, Plato's Cretan City, p.
|
|
Conti's sources on this point are unclear, and he thoroughly conflates traditions pertaining to the various classical rulers of the underworld. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Gaia (Earth) produced the narcissus at Zeus's request as a snare for Persephone; when she grasps it, a chasm opens up and the "Host to Many" (Hades) seizes her.Homeric Hymn to Demeter, lines 7–9, as cited by Radford, Lost Girls, p. 145; Clayton Zimmerman, The Pastoral Narcissus: A Study of the First Idyll of Theocritus (Rowman & Littlefield, 1994), p. 2.
|
|
The most influential version of the abduction myth is that of Ovid (d. 17 or 18 AD), who tells the story in both the Metamorphoses (Book 5) and the Fasti (Book 4).Andrew D. Radford, The Lost Girls: Demeter-Persephone and the Literary Imagination, 1850–1930 (Editions Rodopi, 2007), p. 24. For an extensive comparison of Ovid's two treatments of the myth, with reference to versions such as the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, see Stephen Hinds, The Metamorphosis of Persephone: Ovid and the Self-Conscious Muse (Cambridge University Press, 1987), limited preview online.
|
|
46.7 (1974), p. 689. Sacrifices to Ršp (ršp gn) were performed in gardens. Ugaritic Ršp was equated with the Mesopotamian deity Nergal. Fauth (1974) argued that ršp in the later Canaanite period no longer referred to a specific god and could be used as a byname, as in Rešep-Mikal at Kition. Teixidor (1976) based on an epithet ḥṣ in Kition (interpreted as "arrow"), identifies Ršp as a plague god who strikes his victims with arrows as Homeric Apollo (Iliad ), and argues for an interpretatio graeca of Ršp with Apollo in Idalium.
|
|
The term trapezium has been in use in English since 1570, from Late Latin trapezium, from Greek τραπέζιον (trapézion), literally "a little table", a diminutive of τράπεζα (trápeza), "a table", itself from τετράς (tetrás), "four" + πέζα (péza), "a foot; end, border, edge". πέζα is said to be the Doric and Arcadic form of πούς "foot", but recorded only in the sense "instep [of a human foot]", whence the meaning "edge, border". τράπεζα "table" is Homeric. Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford, Clarendon Press (1940), s.v.
|
|
See also Gudrun Ahlberg, Gudrun Ahlberg-Cornell, Prothesis and Ekphora in Greek Geometric Art, 1971. At the end of the period there appear representations of mythology, probably at the moment when Homer codifies the traditions of Trojan cycle in the Iliad and the Odyssey. Here however the interpretation constitutes a risk for the modern observer: a confrontation between two warriors can be a Homeric duel or simple combat; a failed boat can represent the shipwreck of Odysseus or any hapless sailor. Lastly, are the local schools that appear in Greece.
|
|
In Argonautica, the role is performed by the doomed seers Mopsus and Idmon, and especially the singer Orpheus. Whereas the companions of Homer's Odysseus pass the Sirens in safety by stuffing their ears with wax, the Argonauts are saved from the Sirens by the music that Orpheus plays to drown them out. Two types of song are represented here, one from the Homeric world, voiced through the Sirens, and the other from the world of Ptolemaic Alexandria, through the identification Orpheus=Apollonius. The contest symbolizes the updating of epic.
|
|
Ruins of the ancient temple of Apollo at Delphi, overlooking the valley of Phocis. The name Delphi comes from the same root as δελφύς delphys, "womb" and may indicate archaic veneration of Gaia at the site. Apollo is connected with the site by his epithet Δελφίνιος Delphinios, "the Delphinian". The epithet is connected with dolphins (Greek δελφίς,-ῖνος) in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (line 400), recounting the legend of how Apollo first came to Delphi in the shape of a dolphin, carrying Cretan priests on his back.
|
|
The Homeric name of the oracle is Pytho (Πυθώ).Odyssey, VIII, 80 Another legend held that Apollo walked to Delphi from the north and stopped at Tempe, a city in Thessaly, to pick laurel (also known as bay tree) which he considered to be a sacred plant. In commemoration of this legend, the winners at the Pythian Games received a wreath of laurel picked in the temple. Delphi became the site of a major temple to Phoebus Apollo, as well as the Pythian Games and the prehistoric oracle.
|
|
Triptolemus, Demeter and Persephone by the Triptolemos-painter, c. 470 BC, Louvre Some of the earliest accounts of Demeter's relationships to other deities comes from Hesiod's Theogeny, written c. 700 BC. In it, Demeter is described as the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Demeter's most well-known relationship is with her daughter, Persephone, queen of the underworld. Both Homer and Hesiod described Persephone as the daughter of Zeus and his older sister, Demeter,Hesiod, Theogony 912; Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2); Pausnias, Description of Greece 8.37.9 though no myths exist describing her conception or birth.
|
|
In November 2000, the Homeric myth The First was released and, steadily over the next three years, CrossGen released many more titles. The following were released in 2001: Crux (based on the Atlantean myth); Sojourn (an epic fantasy in the style of The Lord of the Rings); Ruse (a Victorian detective story); and Negation. In the following year, these titles were released: the horror story Route 666; the wuxia comedy Way of the Rat; and the samurai drama The Path. The company enjoyed great initial success, with fifteen Harvey Award nominations in 2002.
|
|
According to Pseudo-Apollodorus, she assisted her mother in the delivery of her twin. Older sources, such as Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo (in Line 115), have the arrival of Eileithyia on Delos as the event that allows Leto to give birth to her children. Contradictory is Hesiod's presentation of the myth in Theogony, where he states that Leto bore her children before Zeus’ marriage to Hera with no commentary on any drama related to their birth. During the Classical period in Athens, she was identified with Hekate.
|
|
The reason for these changes in the Homeric and Euripidean traditions is obvious: if Andromaque had been Pyrrhus's mistress (as in Euripides), why should she refuse to marry him? Racine, like Homer, conceives her as sublimely faithful to Hector; yet the tension (III 8) between maternal love and a reluctance to marry Pyrrhus must (as in Euripides) be paramount. And so Astyanax is brought back to life. Phèdre differs from Euripides's Hippolytus and Seneca the Younger's Phædra in the very important respect that, taking the character of Aricie from Virgil, Racine introduces the jealousy motive.
|
|
The inscription describes the details of the death of warrior Arniadas in a battle near ships on the banks of the river Arachthos and praises the dead warrior's bravery. The Homeric hexameter of the verses, the proximity of the battle to ships, and the pompous style of the writing are clear indications that the inscription was influenced by the writings of Homer. Such inscriptions were common for that era, and exist in other funerary inscriptions in Corfu of that time. The Stele of Arniadas is exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Corfu.
|
|
The display of the Stele of Arniadas at the Corfu Archaeological Museum Scholars have analysed the epigram and have found clear Homeric influence. A. Petrovic states that the inscription has been "directly influenced" by a passage from the Iliad. The pompous style of the inscription and the epic attributes of the verses indicate that there was a competition among epigram writers aiming at making their inscriptions and monuments distinctive. Grave epigrams of soldiers during the archaic and classical periods follow the structure of Hector's words in the Iliad.
|
|
Triptolemus receiving wheat sheaves from Demeter and blessings from Persephone, 5th-century BC relief, National Archaeological Museum of Athens The Mysteries are related to a myth concerning Demeter, the goddess of agriculture and fertility as recounted in one of the Homeric Hymns (c. 650 BC). According to the hymn, Demeter's daughter Persephone (also referred to as Kore, "maiden") was assigned the task of painting all the flowers of the earth. Before completion, she was seized by Hades, the god of the underworld, who took her to his underworld kingdom.
|
|
Antigonos of Callas (Ancient Greek: ) was an ancient Macedonian hetairos from Amphipolis, known through an inscription with a Homeric-style epigram of about 300-275 BC, where he commemorates his win in Hoplitodromos (a race in full armour) at Heraclean games after the Conquest of Tyre in 332 BC. Alexander had dreamt that Heracles invited him into Tyre. Aristander the seer interpreted this to mean that the city will be captured, but with Herculean effort. Afterwards, Alexander offered sacrifice to Heracles, and celebrated both a gymnastic and musical contest there (Arrian 3,6,1).
|
|
The Byzantine Greek scholar and archbishop Eustathios of Thessalonike (c. 1115-1195/6 CE) wrote exhaustive commentaries on both of the Homeric epics that became seen by later generations as authoritative; his commentary on the Odyssey alone spans nearly 2,000 oversized pages in a twentieth-century edition. The first printed edition of the Odyssey, known as the editio princeps, was produced in 1488 by the Greek scholar Demetrios Chalkokondyles, who had been born in Athens and had studied in Constantinople. His edition was printed in Milan by a Greek printer named Antonios Damilas.
|
|
Front cover of alt= The influence of the Homeric texts can be difficult to summarise because of how greatly they have impacted the popular imagination and cultural values. The Odyssey and the Iliad formed the basis of education for members of ancient Mediterranean society. That curriculum was adopted by Western humanists, meaning the text was so much a part of the cultural fabric that it became irrelevant whether an individual had read it. As such, the influence of the Odyssey has reverberated through over a millennium of writing.
|
|
In Homer's Iliad, Poseidon supports the Greeks against the Trojans during the Trojan War and in the Odyssey, during the sea-voyage from Troy back home to Ithaca, the Greek hero Odysseus provokes Poseidon's fury by blinding his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus, resulting in Poseidon punishing him with storms, the complete loss of his ship and companions, and a ten-year delay. Poseidon is also the subject of a Homeric hymn. In Plato's Timaeus and Critias, the legendary island of Atlantis was Poseidon's domain.Timaeus 24e–25a, R. G. Bury translation (Loeb Classical Library).
|
|
Additionally, the Alaksandu treaty describes Mira, Haballa, Seha and Wilusa (usually identified with Troy) as the lands of Arzawa, although this "has no historical or political basis", suggesting that it was the language that they had in common. Frank Starke of the University of Tübingen concludes that "the certainty is growing that Wilusa/Troy belonged to the greater Luwian-speaking community".Quoted from . Joachim Latacz also regards Luwian as the official language of Homeric Troy, but he finds it highly probable that another language was in daily use.
|
|
First attested in English 14th century, the word circus derives from Latin circus,circus, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus which is the romanization of the Greek κίρκος (kirkos), itself a metathesis of the Homeric Greek κρίκος (krikos), meaning "circle" or "ring".krikos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus In the book De Spectaculis early Christian writer Tertullian claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the Sun God.
|
|
The districts just mentioned are represented in the Homeric poems as the seats of the great Achaean monarchies, and there is no allusion in these poems to any Doric population in Peloponnesus. In fact the name of the Dorians occurs only once in Homer, and then as one of the many tribes of Crete.Odyssey xix. 177. The silence of Homer indicates that the Dorian conquest of Peloponnesus must have taken place subsequent to the time of the poet, and consequently must be assigned to a much later date than the one usually attributed to it.
|
|
1834) The principles of the new method he introduced are not only explicitly developed in De Emendenda Ratione Græcæ Grammaticæ, but are practically illustrated in his numerous editions of the ancient classics. His editions of the classics include several of the plays of Euripides; the Clouds of Aristophanes (1799); Trinummus of Plautus (1800); Poëtica of Aristotle (1802); Orphica (1805); the Homeric Hymns (1806); and the Lexicon of Photius (1808). In 1825 Hermann finished the edition of Sophocles begun by Erfurdt. His edition of Aeschylus was published after his death in 1852.
|
|
The author(s) first drew the figures nude and then painted the clothes on, much like in Greek vase painting. In the 11th century, the miniatures were cut out of the original manuscript and pasted into a Siculo-Calabrian codex of Homeric texts. Greek Uncial Text, folios XXIX Comparisons of texts per page to other late antique manuscripts (Vatican Vergil, Vienna Genesis) has led some to speculate these miniatures were originally part of a large manuscript. This manuscript was unlike other illuminated manuscripts in its lack of gilding.
|
|
Margana ()Xenophon also writes Μαργανεῖς. or Margalae or Margalai (Μαργάλαι) or Margaea or Margaia (Μάργαια) was a town in the Pisatis in ancient Elis, in the territory of Amphidolia, was supposed by some to be the Homeric Aepy. The Eleians were obliged to renounce their supremacy over it by the treaty which they made with Sparta in 400 BCE, on which occasion it is called one of the Triphylian towns. It is mentioned as one of the towns taken by the Arcadians in their war with the Eleians in 366 BCE.
|
|
The ruins of the sanctuary are now found north of the modern town Ahmetbeyli in the Menderes district of Izmir Province, Turkey. The Temple of Apollo at Claros was a very important center of prophecy as in Delphi and Didyma. The oldest information about this sacred site goes back to the sixth and seventh centuries BC. through the Homeric Hymns. A sacred cave near the Temple of Apollo, which was an important place both in the Hellenistic and Roman eras, points to the existence of a Cybele cult in earlier periods here.
|
|
These remain to be the most mysterious days in the process. The initiates and their teachers would enter into Demeter's temple in Eleusis for a ritual of what was known as things said (logomena), things enacted (dromena) and things seen (deiknymena), which were all part of the mystery. It is thought that this was the time when initiates acted out portions of the Mother and Daughter from the Homeric Hymns. It is also believed that this is when initiates received the epopteia, a sacred vision that was the highest stage of the initiation.
|
|
Karl Olav Sandnes, the most vocal of MacDonald's critics, objects that MacDonald's "reading of both Mark's Gospel and Acts assumes a readership with an in-depth as well as extensive familiarity with the Homeric epics. This implies that the curriculum of encyclical studies had penetrated into the Christian movement to an extent which the present study has not confirmed. Ancient education was designed for the upper strata of the population."Karl Olav Sandnes, The Challenge of Homer: School, Pagan Poets, and Early Christianity (Library of New Testament Studies; T&T; Clark Int'l, 2009), 249.
|
|
Meteorologica, 1.14: "The deluge in the time of Deucalion, for instance took place chiefly in the Greek world and in it especially about ancient Hellas, the country about Dodona and the Achelous." In the Homeric tradition, the Selloi were the priests of Dodonian Zeus.Homer. Iliad, 16.233–16.235: "King Zeus, lord of Dodona ... you who hold wintry Dodona in your sway, where your prophets the Selloi dwell around you." In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of the Hellenes.Hesiod.
|
|
For much of the mid-20th century much of the resistance to Oral Theory came from scholars who could not see how to preserve Homer as the great original poet: they could not see how there was any room for artistry and creativity in a formulaic system where set-piece episodes (Walter Arend's "type scenes") were as formulaic as Parry's metrical epithet-noun combinations. Some scholars divided Oralists into "hard Parryists", who believed that all aspects of Homeric epic were predetermined by formulaic systems, and "soft Parryists", who believed that Homer had the system at his command rather than the other way round. More recently, books such as Nagy's influential 1979 book about epic heroes, The Best of the Achaeans, and Egbert Bakker's 1997 linguistic study Poetry as Speech, work on the principle that the radical cross-fertilisation and resonances between different traditions, genres, plot lines, episodes, and type scenes, are actually the driving force behind much of the artistic innovation in Homeric epic. Where the joke about 19th century Analysts had it that the epics "were not composed by Homer but by someone else of the same name", now the joke is that Oral Theorists claim the epics are poems without an author.
|
|
The mitra was a band of cloth tied around the head, the ends of the remaining fabric of which would fall down the back of the neck. The Latin name for the lappets is infulae, which were originally headbands worn by dignitaries, priests, and others among the ancient Romans.Latin infula means "a band, bandage", cognate with Sanskrit bhāla "brow" and Greek φάλος, φάλαρα, a Homeric term for a part of the helmet. It came to refer to the white and red fillet or band of woollen stuff worn upon the forehead by priests as a sign of religious consecration.
|
|
According to Stephanus of Byzantium, the town also bore the name Pythopolis (Πυθόπολις). The Library of Nysa Nysa appears to have been distinguished for its cultivation of literature, for Strabo mentions several eminent philosophers and rhetoricians; and the geographer himself, when a youth, attended the lectures of Aristodemus, a disciple of Panaetius and grandson of the famous Posidonius, whose influence is manifest in Strabo's Geography]; another Aristodemus of Nysa, a cousin of the former, had been the instructor of Pompey.Cicero Fam. 13.6.4. Nysa was then a centre of study that specialized in Homeric literature and the interpretation of epics.
|
|
The Sortes Homericae (Latin for "Homeric lots"), a type of divination by bibliomancy, involved drawing a random sentence or line from the works of Homer (usually the Iliad) to answer a question or to predict the future. In the Roman world it co-existed with the various forms of the sortes, such as the Sortes Virgilianae and their Christian successor the Sortes Sanctorum. Socrates reportedly used this practice to determine the day of his execution. Brutus also is reported to have used this practice, which informed him Pompey would lose the battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE).
|
|
Mercer missed Homeric's run at Royal Ascot but next rode this colt to win the Prix Maurice de Nieuil, whereupon Homeric was transferred to Jack Cunnington in France. 1973 was a quieter year for Mercer after ’72. Boldboy announced his arrival on the racing scene by winning the Greenham Stakes as a maiden gelding and the Astor colt, Sharp Edge, who had won three races when ridden by Mercer as a 2yo in 1972, won him his first Irish 2000 Guineas after finishing third in the 2000 Guineas at Newmarket. Sharp Edge then went on to win the Prix Jean Prat in France.
|
|
In Homer's Iliad, Helen looks down from the walls of Troy and wonders why she does not see her brothers among the Achaeans. The narrator remarks that they are both already dead and buried back in their homeland of Lacedaemon, thus suggesting that at least in the Homeric tradition, both were mortal. Another account of the myth states that Nemesis (Νέμεσις) was the mother of Helen, and was also impregnated by Zeus in the guise of a swan. A shepherd found the egg and gave it to Leda, who carefully kept it in a chest until the egg hatched.
|
|
The 18th century is sometimes called the Augustan age, and contemporary admiration for the classical world extended to the poetry of the time. Not only did the poets aim for a polished high style in emulation of the Roman ideal, they also translated and imitated Greek and Latin verse resulting in measured rationalised elegant verse. Dryden translated all the known works of Virgil, and Pope produced versions of the two Homeric epics. Horace and Juvenal were also widely translated and imitated, Horace most famously by John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester and Juvenal by Samuel Johnson's The Vanity of Human Wishes.
|
|
The Homeric cities of Pylos, Kyparisieis and Dorion enjoyed great growth and prosperity. Triphylia and its residents had the benefit of independence and self-government until the second Messenian war, in 628 BC, when they fell into the authority of the Spartans, who later handed Triphylia over to the Eleans. Triphylians remained enslaved under the sovereignty of Eleans throughout the Peloponnesian war, excluding a short period during which they managed to recover their autonomy. In 366 BC Triphylians fell again to the jurisdiction of Elis, until the establishment of the Achaean League, when they gain their independence as part of the confederation’s members.
|
|
In this episode Circe is generally shown in flight, and on the Erlangen lekythos can clearly be seen dropping the bowl and wand behind her. Two curiously primitive wine bowls incorporate the Homeric detail of Circe's handloom,Eric Broudy, The Book of Looms, University Press of New England 1939, p. 23 at which the men approaching her palace could hear her singing sweetly as she worked.Book X, lines 198ff In the 5th-century skyphos from Boeotia an apparently crippled Odysseus leans on a crutch while a woman with negroid features holds out a disproportionately large bowl.
|
|
Aristophanes (in Peace), envisages Ares and Enyalios as separate gods of war. In Argonautica book III, lines 363–367, Jason sets the chthonic earthborn warriors fighting among themselves by hurling a boulder in their midst: > But Jason called to mind the counsels of Medea full of craft, and seized > from the plain a huge round boulder, a terrible quoit of Ares Enyalius; four > stalwart youths could not have raised it from the ground even a little. The urbane Alexandrian author gives his old tale a touch of appropriate Homeric antiquity by using such an ancient epithet.
|
|
Odysseus meets his father Laertes on his return to Ithaca (Theodoor van Thulden, 1600) In Greek mythology, Laertes (; , Laértēs ; also spelled Laërtes) was the father of Odysseus, an Argonaut, and a participant in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar. His title was King of the Cephallenians, an ethnic group who lived both on the Ionian islands and on the mainland,Entry Κεφαλλῆνες in Homeric Dictionary by Georg Autenrieth. which he presumably inherited from his father Arcesius and grandfather Cephalus. His realm included Ithaca and surrounding islands, and perhaps even the neighboring part of the mainland of other Greek city-states.
|
|
Tiryns or (Ancient Greek: Τίρυνς; Modern Greek: Τίρυνθα) is a Mycenaean archaeological site in Argolis in the Peloponnese, and the location from which mythical hero Heracles performed his Twelve Labours. Tiryns was a hill fort with occupation ranging back seven thousand years, from before the beginning of the Bronze Age. It reached its height between 1400 and 1200 BC, when it was one of the most important centers of the Mycenaean world, and in particular in Argolis. Its most notable features were its palace, its Cyclopean tunnels and especially its walls, which gave the city its Homeric epithet of "mighty walled Tiryns".
|
|
A relief of Dionysus Bacchus at the Archaeological Museum of Corfu The earliest reference to Corfu is the Mycenaean Greek word ko-ro-ku-ra-i-jo ("man from Kerkyra") written in Linear B syllabic script, c. 1300 BC.Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages According to Strabo, Corcyra (Κόρκυρα) was the Homeric island of Scheria (Σχερία),Strab. vi. p. 407 and its earliest inhabitants were the Phaeacians (Φαίακες). The island has indeed been identified by some scholars with Scheria, the island of the Phaeacians described in Homer's Odyssey, though conclusive and irrefutable evidence for this theory have not been found.
|
|
Allen became a close friend and assisted Goodwin in his work on a new edition of the Homeric Hymns by collating a number of manuscripts. Goodwin had conceived the edition as a two-volume production, with text and commentary, but after his premature death, only notes to about four hundred lines of the text could be located. Allen was asked to assume responsibility for seeing what remained through the press, a task that entailed considerable labor on his part, though out of modesty he omitted his name from the title page (Hymni Homerici, ed. Goodwin [Oxford, 1893]).Sikes, E. E. (1894).
|
|
Westerdam at Québec City, Canada In November 1988 the Homeric joined the fleet of Holland America Line and was renamed Westerdam (different sites state different dates for her transfer to the HAL fleet). In service with her new owners, the Westerdam cruised to Alaska during the summer season, returning to the Caribbean for the winter. Soon after Home Lines had been purchased by Holland America, HAL itself was purchased by the Carnival Corporation. HAL's new owners decided to invest heavily in the fairly new Westerdam, and between October 1989 and March 1990 she was extensively rebuilt and enlarged at Meyer Werft.
|
|
Homeric Hymn to Apollo 423. There are those who believe that the name corresponds to the toponym A-pu2 cited in tablets in Linear B. Its location is a mystery, which has occupied minds since at least the time of Strabo, who commented it could be considered that Aipy should be identified with a city called Margana or with a natural bastion located near Makistos. It may the same as the later Epeium, a town of Triphylia, which was located on a mountain, between Macistus and Heraea. The site of Epeium is tentatively identified with a site near Tripiti.
|
|
Online version: Gypsum/lime in wineWine Drinking and Making in Antiquity: Historical References on the Role of Gemstones Many classic scientists such as Al Biruni, Theophrastus, Georg Agricola, Albertus Magnus as well as newer authors such as George Frederick Kunz describe the many talismanic, medicinal uses of minerals and wine combined. In Homeric mythology, wine is usually served in "mixing bowls" rather than consumed in an undiluted state. Dionysus, the Greek god of revelry and wine—frequently referred to in the works of Homer and Aesop—was sometimes given the epithet Acratophorus, "giver of unmixed wine".Pausanias, viii. 39.
|
|
The commentary was crushed under its own weight as a result of its endless strings of quotations and lack of humour, but it demonstrates his antiquarian interests and his ability to group together hundreds of fragments. In 1558 his edition of the Homeric commentator Eustathius appeared in Basle, prefaced by the anti- Catholic Laurence Humphrey. Junius himself would have preferred to see the work printed with a dedication to Joachim Hopper, a man who soon was to rise at Philip II’s court. The year 1558 also saw the publication of Junius’ supplement of 850 proverbs to Erasmus’ famous and much used Adagia.
|
|
Skēptouchos (), plural skēptouchoi (σκηπτοῦχοι), is a term known from ancient Greek sources, usually translated as the one bearing a staff, baton, or sceptre. The term skeptouchos occurs in various contexts as early as the Homeric poetry where it is an epithet to a "king", basileus. In Homer's poems, a sceptre is also carried by priests and prophets, heralds, and judges. Its function was interpreted in early scholarship as a speaker's attribute during assemblies, but, according to Daniel Unruh, the sceptre apparently served as a physical symbol of authority which could be used to inflict a humiliating punishment.
|
|
The Renaissance led to the increasing study of both ancient literature and ancient history, as well as a revival of classical styles of Latin. From the 14th century, first in Italy and then increasingly across Europe, Renaissance Humanism, an intellectual movement that "advocated the study and imitation of classical antiquity", developed. Humanism saw a reform in education in Europe, introducing a wider range of Latin authors as well as bringing back the study of Greek language and literature to Western Europe. This reintroduction was initiated by Petrarch (1304–1374) and Boccaccio (1313–1375) who commissioned a Calabrian scholar to translate the Homeric poems.
|
|
Herodotus 5.67. This description applies very well to the Iliad, in which "Argives" is one of the alternate names for the Greek warriors; it may have suited the Thebaid still better, since Argos was named in the first line of that poem. The incident seems to show that poems performed by rhapsodes had political and propagandistic importance in the Peloponnese in the early sixth century BC. At Athens, by 330 BC, there was a law that rhapsodes should perform the Homeric poems at every Panathenaic festival; this law is appealed to as glory of Athens by the orator Lycurgus.Lycurgus, Against Leocrates 102.
|
|
For example, in Hesiod's Works and Days, the fair-haired Horai, together with the Charites and Peitho crown Pandora—she of "all gifts"—with garlands of flowers.Hesiod, Works and Days 74-75 Similarly Aphrodite, emerging from the sea and coming ashore at Cyprus, is dressed and adorned by the Horai,Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, 6.5-13 and, according to a surviving fragment of the epic Cypria,Epic Cycle Fragments, Cypria fr. 4 as cited in Athenaeus, xv. 682 D, F Aphrodite wore clothing made for her by the Charites and Horai, dyed with spring flowers, such as the Horai themselves wear.
|
|
Venetus A is the more common name for the tenth century AD manuscript catalogued in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice as Codex Marcianus Graecus 454, now 822. Venetus A is the most famous manuscript of the Homeric Iliad; it is regarded by some as the best text of the epic. As well as the text of the Iliad, Venetus A preserves several layers of annotations, glosses, and commentaries known as the "A scholia", and a summary of the early Greek Epic Cycle which is by far the most important source of information on those lost poems.
|
|
Its history began during the Homeric period with the ancient Boeotian city of Mykalissos. The archaeological site was extensively excavated between 1909 and 1922 by Ronald Burrows and Percy and Annie Ure, under the aegis of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. In May 1944, during World War II, the occupying Germans executed 110 Greek soldiers here that had been wounded in the Greco- Italian War in retaliation for an assault by the Greek resistance. The Ritsona Rally is one of the most famous car races in Greece, taking place every year in December since 1956.
|
|
Edition, Stuttgart, , pp. 437–442. Others say the two storylines of Troilus and Cressida, the love story for the title characters and the warfare mainly around Hektor, Ajax and Achilles, have a completely different origin. While the warfare is of ancient origins and is at the core of the Troy saga in the Homeric epics, especially the Iliad, the story of Troilus and Cressida is part of the narrative material of the Middle Ages. It does not come from Greek mythology, but belongs to the narrative motifs found in the medieval retelling of the popular material.
|
|
This would of course account for the possible tradition (mentioned above) of Achelous being the source of all springs. As noted by Andolfi, "the insertion of l. 195 was functional to restore consistency within Homeric mythology and to eliminate an unorthodox peculiarity that did not match the cosmogonic account in book fourteen of the Iliad, where Oceanus' predominance is unquestionable." A commentary on Iliad 21.195, preserved on Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 221, contains a fragment of a poem, possibly from the Epic tradition, which mentions "the waters of silver-eddying Achelous" being the source of "the whole sea".
|
|
If the entrails are of normal shape and color, it is an omen that the sacrifice is acceptable to the gods. In both the Iliad and Odyssey, as well as other early sources such as the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, the priest or sacrifice-leader wrapped the thigh pieces in fat and burned them on the altar. The tail and back, along with other bones and pieces with less meat left over were burned with a libation. After this procedure, it was then that the worshippers shared the roasted meal, while music and dance took place in the service of the gods.
|
|
These epics had in the meantime been made the subject of a work which, for exhaustive learning and delicacy of artistic perception, has few rivals in the history of philology: the Epic cycle of Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker. The confusion which previous scholars had made between the ancient post-Homeric poets (such as Arctinus of Miletus and Lesches) and the learned mythological writers (like the scriptor cyclicus of Horace) was first cleared up by Welcker. Wolf had argued that, had the cyclic writers known the Iliad and Odyssey which we possess, they would have imitated the unity of structure which distinguishes these two poems.
|
|
The aim of Welcker's work was to show that the Homeric poems had influenced both the form and the substance of epic poetry. Thus arose a conservative school which admitted more or less freely the absorption of preexisting lays in the formation of the Iliad and Odyssey, and also the existence of considerable interpolations, but assigned the main work of formation to prehistoric times and the genius of a great poet.Caldecott, p. 1. Whether the two epics were by the same author remained an open question; the tendency of this group of scholars was towards separation.
|
|
Chicago railyards, 1942. Photograph by Jack Delano. One of Delano's most famous pictures of Chicago Union Station Delano was born as Jacob Ovcharov (Cyrillic: Яков Овчаров) in Voroshilovka, Podolie Governorate, Russian Empire (now Vorošýlivka, Ukraine) and moved, with his parents and younger brother, to the United States in 1923. The family arrived at New York on July 5, 1923 on the boat SS Homeric. Between 1924 and 1932 he studied graphic arts/photography and music (viola and composition)New Grove Dictionary of American Music at the Settlement Music School and solfeggio with a professor from the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
|
|
Most of the characteristics that distinguish it from other forms of utterance-- rhythm, rhyme, compression, intensity of feeling, the use of refrains--appear to have come about from efforts to fit words to musical forms. In the European tradition the earliest surviving poems, the Homeric and Hesiodic epics, identify themselves as poems to be recited or chanted to a musical accompaniment rather than as pure song. Another interpretation is that rhythm, refrains, and kennings are essentially paratactic devices that enable the reciter to reconstruct the poem from memory. In preliterate societies, these forms of poetry were composed for, and sometimes during, performance.
|
|
Sylva founded an organization called the Bungert-Bund to promote his music. Apart from a comic opera called Die Studenten von Salmanca (The Students of Salamanca), he concentrated on two epic tetralogies based on the Iliad and the Odyssey entitled Homerische Welt (The Homeric World). The first part, The Iliad (unfinished), was divided into Achilles and Clytemnestra (with three further sections planned). The second part, which was completed and performed in Dresden between 1898 and 1903, was The Odyssey, which was divided into Circe, Nausicaa, Odysseus' Return and Odysseus' Death, and was performed more than 100 times in the rest of Europe.
|
|
His grave is in the cemetery of the Feldkirche in Neuwied. (The Bungert house in Leutesdorf is currently a private residence and not open to the public.) His list of works includes 362 songs, many of which were based on texts by Carmen Sylva, while he wrote most of the words to his Rhine-songs himself. His greatest work was the operatic tetralogy "Die Homerische Welt" (The Homeric World), inspired by Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen. After two world wars, his music was almost forgotten, especially during the Nazi era, in which it was overshadowed by Wagner's works.
|
|
Workmanship is considered to have been a valued human attribute even in prehistoric times. In the opinion of the economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen, the sense of workmanship is probably the single most important attribute governing the material well being of a people, with only the parental instinct coming a close second. There have however been periods in history where workmanship was looked down on; for example in Classical Greece and Ancient Rome, where it had become associated with slavery. This was not always the case - back in the archaic period, Greeks had valued workmanship, celebrating it in Homeric hymns.
|
|
According to Pausanias, Teuthis together with TheisoaTheisoa must not be confused with a city with the same name, located in the southwest, west of the river Alpheios in the Andritsaina area. and Methydrium, were three cities who originally "belonged" to Orchomenus but whose inhabitants decided to relocate and join many others in forming the Great City (Megalopolis), in 371 BCE in order to better protect themselves from the Spartans. Although labeled by some as a "Homeric" city, Teuthis is not explicitly mentioned in Homer. Thus the oldest and, practically, the only "original" information we have about its location can be found in Pausanias.
|
|
Other scholars state that his argument is also undermined by the fact that the Gospel of Mark never directly quotes from either of the Homeric Epics and uses completely dissimilar language. Pheme Perkins also notes that many of the incidents in the Gospel of Mark that MacDonald claims are derived from the Odyssey have much closer parallels in the Old Testament. MacDonald's argument, in a misunderstood form, has nonetheless become popular in non-scholarly circles, mostly on the internet, where it is used to support the Christ Myth theory. MacDonald himself rejects this interpretation as too drastic.
|
|
The translation scholar Lawrence Venuti has argued that texts with very great cultural authority, including "the Bible, [...] the Homeric epics, Dante's Divine Comedy, Shakespeare's plays, or the Miguel de Cervantes novel Don Quixote, are likely to prompt retranslation because different readerships in the receiving culture may have different interpretations, and may want to apply their own values to the text."Lawrence Venuti, 'Retranslations: The creation of value' in Bucknell Review 47(1) (2004), pp. 25-38 Retranslation is common in subtitling. It is less common in dubbing and the response from viewers is not always positive.
|
|
On a rather different note, these finds, i.e. the artifacts specifically concerned with the preparation and consumption of wine, also have an immediate literary relevance. For example, in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, a celebratory song hymned in honor of the grain goddess (Demeter), Demeter expresses her unwillingness to drink wine until it has been "mixed" with a concoction of mint, water and barley (II.205-210). Thus, although there exists a lack of indisputable evidence proving ritual drinking took place at the Sanctuary, it is nonetheless highly plausible that cups and like vases were left as dedicatory votives after the ritual feast.
|
|
The imagery of nature and the universe also reinforce the belief that the shield is a microcosm of Greek life, as it can be seen as a reflection of their perception of the world. In a poetic and descriptive way, some scholars read it as a summation of the whole of human knowledge in the Homeric era. Also, the sun and the moon are shown shining simultaneously, which some consider representative of a general understanding of the universe and awareness to the cosmological order of life Germaine Aujac. (1987). The Foundations of Theoretical Cartography in Archaic and Classical Greece.
|
|
396 .——may be referred to that part of its territory. But Leake adds, with justice, that there is no proof in the Iliad or Odyssey that Dulichium, although at the head of an insular confederacy, was itself an island: it may very possibly, therefore, have been a city on the coast of Acarnania, opposite to the Echinades, perhaps at Tragamesti, or more probably at the harbour named Pandeleimona or Platya, which is separated only by a channel of a mile or two from the Echinades. Wilhelm Dörpfeld supported the theory of Hellanicus that Dulichium was the Homeric name of Cephalonia.
|
|
He mentions that both Richard and Zapparoni are "burdened, perhaps overburdened, with ideas -- those of the author". Later criticism was more receptive of the novel's philosophical value and explored the tough questions Jünger tackled. The philosopher Gilles Deleuze made several references to the novel, and particularly to Jünger's argument that Homeric gods associated with work were always in some way disabled, whereas those of war were not: implying that work involves a mutilation 'in advance'. In "Ethics, Automation, and the Ear", Kochhar-Lindgren sees Jünger's metaphysical conception of human existence as threatened by the impending domination of technology.
|
|
According to Gantz: "Likely enough Hyginus has confused stories of Hera's summoning of the Gigantes to her aid (as in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo) with the overthrow of the Titans." Jupiter's (Zeus') jealous wife Juno (Hera) was angry at her husband, on account of Jupiter's son Epaphus by Io (one of her husband's many lovers). Because of this Juno incited the Titans to rebell against Jupiter and restore Saturn (Cronus) to the kingship of the gods. Jupiter, with the help of Minerva (Athena), Apollo, and Diana (Artemis), put down the rebellion, and hurled the Titans (as in other accounts) down to Tartarus.
|
|
Achilles and Patroclus The first recorded appearance of a deep emotional bond between adult men in ancient Greek culture was in the Iliad (800 BC). Homer does not depict the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus as sexual. The ancient Greeks emphasised the supposed age difference between the two by portraying Patroclus with a beard in paintings and pottery, while Achilles is cleanshaven, although Achilles was an almost godlike figure in Greek society. This led to a disagreement about which to perceive as erastes and which eromenos, since Homeric tradition made Patroclus out to be older but Achilles stronger.
|
|
Before the founding of the city, the area had a Neolithic settlement. The city of Aigion was founded during Homeric times and became part of the first Achaean League since around 800 BC. The city had several Olympic winners, including Xenophon, Ladas (stadion race), Athenodorus (Αθηνόδωρος, stadion race), Straton (Στράτων, pancration and wrestling). After the disaster of Helike, which was destroyed by an earthquake and buried by a tsunami in 373 BC, Aigion took the territory of the neighbouring city. The ruins of Helike were discovered in 2000 off the coast in the Corinthian Gulf and are sometimes connected to Plato's Atlantis myth.
|
|
Spartan commanders, often seen as the pinnacle of Greek military prowess, were known for their tactical trickery, and, for them, this was a feat to be desired in a commander. Indeed, this type of leadership was the standard advice of Greek tactical writers. Ultimately, while Homeric (or epic) fighting is certainly not completely replicated in later Greek warfare, many of its ideals, tactics, and instruction are. Hans van Wees argues that the period that the descriptions of warfare relate can be pinned down fairly specifically—to the first half of the 7th century BC.Van Wees, Hans.
|
|
His forceful version is freer, with shorter lines that increase the sense of swiftness and energy. Robert Fagles (Penguin Classics, 1990) and Stanley Lombardo (1997) are bolder than Lattimore in adding dramatic significance to Homer's conventional and formulaic language. Rodney Merrill's translation (University of Michigan Press, 2007) not only renders the work in English verse like the dactylic hexameter of the original, but also conveys the oral- formulaic nature of the epic song, to which that musical meter gives full value. Barry B. Powell's translation (Oxford University Press, 2014) renders the Homeric Greek with a simplicity and dignity reminiscent of the original.
|
|
The city was known as Venusia ("City of Venus") to the Romans, who credited its establishment—as Aphrodisia ("City of Aphrodite")—to the Homeric hero Diomedes. He was said to have moved to Magna Graecia in southern Italy following the Trojan War, seeking a life of peace and building the town and its temples to appease the anger of Aphrodite for the destruction of her beloved Troy. The town was taken by the Romans after the Third Samnite War in 291 BC and became a colony. No fewer than 20,000 men were sent there, owing to its military importance.
|
|
There is no concrete evidence to link these two Dorothei together, nor to link these Dorothei to the Dorotheus who is identified as the Vision's author, but it has been considered "a reasonable guess" by , even if it is merely "conjectural". In identifying Dorotheus' father, "Quintus", , and have suggested the Greek epic poet Quintus Smyrnaeus. There exists no other recorded poet Quintus during this period, and Quintus' poetry was well known and respected, so Dorotheus would have had motive to identify himself with him. The Homeric hexametric style of Dorotheus is identical to that used by Quintus in his Posthomerica.
|
|
Dante treats Ulisse, with his "zeal …/ T'explore the world", as an evil counsellor who lusts for adventure at the expense of his family and his duties in Ithaca. Tennyson projects this zeal into Ulysses' unquenched desire for knowledge: And this gray spirit yearning in desire To follow knowledge like a sinking star, Beyond the utmost bound of human thought. (30–32) The poet's intention to recall the Homeric character remains evident in certain passages. "I am become a name" (11) recalls an episode in the Odyssey in which Demodocus sings about Odysseus' adventures in the king's presence, acknowledging his fame.
|
|
She was sixty-two years old when her first book, The Greek Way, was published in 1930. It was an immediate success and a featured selection by the Book-of-the-Month Club in 1957. Hamilton's other notable works include The Roman Way (1932), The Prophets of Israel (1936), Mythology (1942), and The Echo of Greece (1957). Critics have acclaimed Hamilton's books for their lively interpretations of ancient cultures, and she is described as the classical scholar who "brought into clear and brilliant focus the Golden Age of Greek life and thought ... with Homeric power and simplicity in her style of writing".
|
|
According to a report in Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae (11,489a, b), his Rhodian pupils, grateful for his learning, gathered enough silver to enable him to fashion a cup whose shape aspired to recreate that of Nestor mentioned in the Iliad (Book 11, lines 632–637). Dionysius was primarily an Homeric scholar, which was integral to his training under Aristarchus in Alexandria. His work shows some influence of earlier Stoic grammatical theory, particular on word classes. He is also reported by Varro to have been an erudite analyst of Greek lyric poetry, perhaps referring to his linguistic and prosodic use of that material.
|
|
The Argonautica was an adventure for the poet, one of the major scholars of the Alexandrian period – it was a bold experiment in re- writing Homeric epic in a way that would meet the demanding tastes of his contemporaries. According to some accounts, a hostile reception even led to his exile to Rhodes. The literary fashion was for small, meticulous poems, featuring displays of erudition and paradoxography (the account of marvels and oddities), as represented by the work of Callimachus. In adapting the epic genre to this audience, Apollonius went a long way towards inventing the romance novel,A.
|
|
This Homeric echo has ominous connotations, prefiguring Jason's betrayal of Hypsipyle and Medea.A. W. Bulloch, Hellenistic Poetry, 589, 594 Apollonius often implies that he is updating and therefore improving on Homer. Symbolically this is represented by the abandonment of Heracles and the fixing of the Clashing Rocks –it is as if Jason and his crew are leaving behind the heroic world of traditional myth. Argonautica includes numerous aitia or mythological accounts of the origins of things (see Argonautica#Itinerary below) and these ensure that the narrative points forward to the world of the third century audience rather than back to Homer.
|
|
Emil Forrer, a Swiss Hittitologist who worked on the Boghazköy tablets in Berlin, said the Achaeans of pre-Homeric Greece were directly associated with the term "Land of Ahhiyawa" mentioned in the Hittite texts.. His conclusions at the time were challenged by other Hittitologists (i.e. Johannes Friedrich in 1927 and Albrecht Götze in 1930), as well as by Ferdinand Sommer, who published his Die Ahhijava-Urkunden ("The Ahhiyawa Documents") in 1932. Map showing the Hittite Empire, Ahhiyawa (Achaeans) and Wilusa (Troy) in c. 1300 BC. Some Hittite texts mention a nation lying to the west called Ahhiyawa.
|
|
An interesting confirmation of this view from the negative side is furnished by the city which ranked as chief among the Asiatic colonies of Greece, Miletus. No legend claims for Miletus even a visit from Homer, or a share in the authorship of any Homeric poem. Yet Arctinus of Miletus was said to have been a disciple of Homer, and was certainly one of the earliest and most considerable of the Cyclic poets. His Aethiopis was composed as a sequel to the Iliad; and the structure and general character of his poems show that he took the Iliad as his model.
|
|
It is owing to this, in part, that the heroic couplet is so often required to give, in translation, the full value of a single Homeric hexameter. The couplet, not the single line, which constitutes heroic verse. The Latin poet Ennius, as reported by Cicero, called the heroic metre of one line versum longum, to distinguish it from the brevity of lyrical measures. The current form of English heroic verse appears to be the invention of Chaucer, who used it in his Legend of Good Women and afterwards, with still greater freedom, in the Canterbury Tales.
|
|
In 1855 he published The War and our Resources, and in 1865 he published a translation of the Iliad of Homer in blank verse, translated between 1859 and 1864. In 1864 he wrote A letter to the Dean of Canterbury, on the Homeric lectures of Matthew Arnold; Matthew Arnold was a distinguished professor of poetry at the University of Oxford. His final work A Selection of Psalms in Verse was written in 1867, although many of his poems were printed privately after his death in 1873. Ichabod Charles Wright died on 14 October 1871 at Heathfield Hall, Burwash, Sussex.
|
|
"Above all", say the scholars Bryant and Springer, Moby-Dick is language: "nautical, biblical, Homeric, Shakespearean, Miltonic, cetological, alliterative, fanciful, colloquial, archaic and unceasingly allusive". Melville stretches grammar, quotes well-known or obscure sources, or swings from calm prose to high rhetoric, technical exposition, seaman's slang, mystic speculation, or wild prophetic archaism.Bryant and Springer (2007), xv Melville coined words, critic Newton Arvin recognizes, as if the English vocabulary were too limited for the complex things he had to express. Perhaps the most striking example is the use of verbal nouns, mostly plural, such as allurings, coincidings, and leewardings.
|
|
He comments that Alan Strang's crime was extreme, but adds that just such extremity is needed to break free from the chains of existence. A court magistrate, Hesther Saloman, visits Dysart, believing that he has the skills to help Alan come to terms with what he did. At the hospital, Dysart has a great deal of difficulty making any kind of headway with Alan, who at first responds to questioning by singing TV advertising jingles. Dysart reveals a dream he has had, in a Homeric Grecian setting, in which he is a public official presiding over a mass ritual sacrifice.
|
|
Nonnus of Panopolis (, Nónnos ho Panopolítēs) was a Greek epic poet of Hellenized Egypt in the Imperial Roman era. He was a native of Panopolis (Akhmim) in the Egyptian Thebaid and probably lived in the 5th century AD. He is known as the composer of the Dionysiaca, an epic tale of the god Dionysus, and of the Metabole, a paraphrase of the Gospel of John. The epic Dionysiaca describes the life of Dionysus, his expedition to India, and his triumphant return to the west, it was written in Homeric dialect and in dactylic hexameter, and it consists of 48 books at 20,426 lines.
|
|
Eos was the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia: Hyperion, a bringer of light, the One Above, Who Travels High Above the Earth and Theia, The Divine,Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.2.2 also called Euryphaessa, "wide-shining"Homeric Hymn to Helios, 1 and Aethra, "bright sky".Hyginus, Fabulae Preface Eos was the sister of Helios, god of the sun, and Selene, goddess of the moon, "who shine upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless gods who live in the wide heaven".Hesiod, Theogony 371-374 The generation of Titans preceded all the familiar deities of Olympus who largely supplanted them.
|
|
The characteristics of Hector's message include a varying sequence of the designation "Τόδε σῆμα" (Ionian form ("This sign/marker/monument")) or "Τόδε σᾶμα" (Doric form) or in reverse order "Σᾶμα τόδε" etc., and the possessive form (genitive) of the name of the warrior, followed by the description of the warrior's bravery as excellent (ἀριστεύοντα), and brief details of his death. A number of academics have used Arniadas's inscription as an example which follows the Homeric formula. Hans- Martin Lumpp is considered the first scholar to suggest that Arniadas's epigram was directly related to Hector's words in the Iliad.
|
|
According to legend, Sipontum was founded by Diomedes, product of the union of the Homeric hero of the same name with the daughter of the king of the Daunians. Siponto was probably founded by the Daunians. Sipontum was a flourishing Greek colony, its Greek name being Sipious (Σιπιούς); having fallen into the hands of the Samnites, it was retaken about 335 BC by King Alexander of Epirus, uncle of Alexander the Great. In 189 BC it became a Roman colony with its original Sipious name still used in Byzantine times, and in 663 AD it was taken and destroyed by the Slavs.
|
|
The Homeric Phthia of the Mycenaean period, capital of the Kingdom of the Myrmidons and of Peleus, father of Achilles, has sometimes been identified with the later city of Pharsalos (Greek: Φάρσαλος), now Farsala. A Cyclopean Wall which protected a city still exists today near modern Farsala, as does a vaulted tomb from that period. There is a theory that claimed the existence of an earlier Pharsalos in the form of a locality identified as Palaepharsalus. This is supported by excavated remains of a fortified site called Xylades near Enipeus, which is located in the easternmost part of the Pharsalian territory.
|
|
Some of the earliest written poetry in Africa occurs among the Pyramid Texts written during the 25th century BCE. The earliest surviving Western Asian epic poetry, the Epic of Gilgamesh, was written in Sumerian. Early poems in the Eurasian continent evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing; or from a need to retell oral epics, as with the Sanskrit Vedas, the Zoroastrian Gathas, and the Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Ancient Greek attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotle's Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song, and comedy.
|
|
Muses' Plateau, with Stefani (the throne of Zeus) in the background The origin of the name Όλυμπος Olumpos is unknown and usually considered of "pre-Greek" origin. In Homeric Greek (Odyssey 6.42), the variant Οὔλυμπος Oulumpos occurs, conceived of as the seat of the gods (and not identified with any specific peak). Homer (Iliad 5.754, Odyssey 20.103) also appears to be using οὔλυμπος as a common noun, as a synonym of οὐρανός ouranos "sky". Mount Olympus was historically also known as Mount Belus, after Iliad 1.591, where the seat of the gods is referred to as βηλ[ός] θεσπεσίο[ς] "heavenly threshold".
|
|
For this book Staples translated the Homeric Hymn to Demeter and contributed with R. Gordon Wasson, Jonathan Ott and Ruck to the chapter in which the term "entheogen" was coined as an alternative for terms such as "psychedelic", "hallucinogen" and "drug" that can be misleading in certain contexts. The Apples of Apollo: Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist explores the role that entheogens in general, and Amanita muscaria in particular, played in Greek and biblical mythology and later on in Renaissance painting, most notably in the Isenheim Altarpiece by Matthias Grünewald. Staples was also the author of numerous articles in his field.
|
|
Yet there are many claims that some Homeric hero long ago had inhabited a particular contemporary region or village. This, and the extremely detailed geographic descriptions in the epic itself, have invited investigation of the possibility that Homer's heroes might have existed and that the location of the sites described therein might be found. Heinrich Schliemann believed he tracked down several of the more famous traditions surrounding these heroes. Many locations around the Mediterranean were claimed to have been the heroes' "homes", such as the ruins at Mycenae and the little hill near the western Turkish town of Hissarlik.
|
|
Micah Nathan is an American writer. His debut novel, Gods of Aberdeen, was published in 2005 by Simon & Schuster. Nathan's second novel, Losing Graceland, (Broadway) published in 2011, was called "a blend of the ironic and the painfully sincere" by the Washington Post, while the Boston Globe referred to its "low-rent variations on a Homeric theme, antic originality, and the near-magic realism of Elvis as a geriatric Ulysses." In 2012 Nathan published Jack the Bastard and Other Stories, a short story collection with illustrations by Russ Nicholson, Phil Noto, Tradd Moore, and Michael Allred.
|
|
The nine muses on a Roman sarcophagus (second century AD)—Louvre, Paris Although it is often used as a sourcebook for Greek mythology,Herodotus (II.53) cited it simply as an authoritative list of divine names, attributes and functions. the Theogony is both more and less than that. In formal terms it is a hymn invoking Zeus and the Muses: parallel passages between it and the much shorter Homeric Hymn to the Muses make it clear that the Theogony developed out of a tradition of hymnic preludes with which an ancient Greek rhapsode would begin his performance at poetic competitions.
|
|
He published a collection of his own poems in seven languages. Perhaps his most staggering achievement is ΑΣΤΡΟΝΑΥΤΙΛΙΑ Hvězdoplavba, a 6575-line science fiction epic poem, an odyssey in classical Homeric Greek, with its parallel hexameter translation into Czech. This was published shortly after his death, in a limited edition. () Only his first, prize-winning novel has been published in English translation, as GraveLarks in a bilingual edition in 1999 () and in a revised edition in 2015 () He is the father of film director Jan Pinkava who received an Oscar for Geri's Game in 1998 and also illustrated GraveLarks.
|
|
Statue in Constanța, Romania (the ancient colony Tomis), commemorating Ovid's exile In the traditional literary canon, literature under Augustus, along with that of the late Republic, has been viewed as the "Golden Age" of Latin literature, embodying the classical ideals of "unity of the whole, the proportion of the parts, and the careful articulation of an apparently seamless composition."Roberts, p. 3. The three most influential Classical Latin poets—Vergil, Horace, and Ovid—belong to this period. Vergil wrote the Aeneid, creating a national epic for Rome in the manner of the Homeric epics of Greece.
|
|
Philitas was the first writer whose works represent the combination of qualities now regarded as Hellenistic: variety, scholarship, and use of Homeric sources in non-epic works. He directly influenced the major Hellenistic poets Callimachus and Apollonius of Rhodes. His poetry was mentioned or briefly quoted by Callimachus and by other ancient authors, and his poetic reputation endured for at least three centuries, as Augustan poets identified his name with great elegiac writing. Propertius linked him to Callimachus with the following well- known couplet: The 1st-century AD rhetorician Quintilian ranked Philitas second only to Callimachus among the elegiac poets.
|
|
Cynus () was the principal sea-port of the Opuntian Locrians, situated on a cape at the northern extremity of the Opuntian Gulf, opposite Aedepsus in Euboea, and at the distance of 60 stadia from Opus. Livy gives an incorrect idea of the position of Cynus, when he describes it as situated on the coast, at the distance of a mile from Opus. Cynus was an ancient town, being mentioned in the Homeric Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad. It was reported to have been the residence of Deucalion and Pyrrha; the tomb of the latter was shown there.
|
|
In his 1868 paper, Heuzey argued that the images in the stele suggested the goddesses Persephone (Kore) and Demeter, referring to the cult of Kore and the legend of Demeter found in the Homeric Hymns. French archaeologist and art historian Maxime Collignon explained, "Heuzey believes that this monument refers to the cultus of Core, daughter of Demeter, a divinity suggesting in Greek legend the ephemeral but incessantly recurring bloom of nature." French archaeologist Olivier Rayet (1847–1887) disagreed with the interpretation Heuzy offered. While Heuzey's perspective still has adherents, it has largely fallen out of favor among art historians.
|
|
The hetairoi, leading members of the Macedonian aristocracy, were expected to attend such feasts with their king.. They were also expected to accompany him on royal hunts for the acquisition of game meat as well as for sport. Symposia had several functions, amongst which was providing relief from the hardship of battle and marching. Symposia were Greek traditions since Homeric times, providing a venue for interaction amongst Macedonian elites. An ethos of egalitarianism surrounded symposia, allowing all male elites to express ideas and concerns, although built-up rivalries and excessive drinking often led to quarrels, fighting and even murder.
|
|
The other painted Lycian tomb is Kızılbel, which depicts Greek legends from the Homeric epics, as well as aspects of kingship similar to those seen in Assyrian imagery. One unique set of wall paintings from around 500 BC was found at Gordion, the previous capital city of the Phrygian kingdom. A small building with many painted plaster fragments was discovered on the citadel between two larger megara, and was dubbed "the painted house." The fragments include pieces of human figures in profile, and thus may have been part of a procession similar to that seen in the Harta tumulus.
|
|
The sacred rites of Demeter were performed in Eleusis in Ancient Greece beginning as far back as the 15th Century BCE, according to some sources. According to the Homeric Hymns of the Archaic period, Demeter stopped at Eleusis during her quest for Persephone. The story describes how Demeter, persuaded to stay at the palace of Eleusis by its prince, Celeus, was given the task of raising Celeus's son Demophon. When she is discovered to be a Goddess by the queen Metaneira after trying in vain to make Demophon immortal, she instructed the Eluesinians to build a temple for her.
|
|
Map showing the major regions of mainland ancient Greece, and adjacent "barbarian" lands. Greeks and Greek-speakers have used different names to refer to themselves collectively. The term (Ἀχαιοί) is one of the collective names for the Greeks in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey (the Homeric "long-haired Achaeans" would have been a part of the Mycenaean civilization that dominated Greece from 1600 BC until 1100 BC). The other common names are (Δαναοί) and (Ἀργεῖοι) while (Πανέλληνες) and (Ἕλληνες) both appear only once in the Iliad;See Iliad, II.2.530 for "Panhellenes" and Iliad II.2.653 for "Hellenes".
|
|
La Lutte homérique ("The Homeric struggle", 1853) was the first big-scale painting executed in this technique. However, the components used in this technique are responsible for the slow decay of the works produced with it. Many of his works from the 1850s have a social or philosophical message, often translated in delirious imagery, like Faim, Folie et Crime ("Hunger, Madness and Crime", 1853), La Liseuse de Romans ("The Reader of Novels", 1853), Le Suicide ("The Suicide", 1854), L'Inhumation précipitée ("The premature burial", 1854), Le Dernier Canon ("The last gun", 1855). Wiertz was also a fine portrait painter, who made self-portraits at various ages.
|
|
In Homeric verse, a phrase like eos rhododaktylos ("rosy fingered dawn") or oinops pontos ("winedark sea") occupies a certain metrical pattern that fits, in modular fashion, into the six-colon Greek hexameter, which aids the aoidos or bard in extemporaneous composition. Moreover, such phrases would be subject to internal substitutions and adaptations, permitting flexibility in response to narrative and grammatical needs: podas okus axilleus ("swift footed Achilles") is metrically equivalent to koruthaiolos ektor ("glancing-helmed Hector"). Formulas can also be combined into type-scenes, longer, conventionalised depictions of generic actions in epic like the steps taken to arm oneself or to prepare a ship for sea.
|
|
When Hermes invents the lyre in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, the first thing he does is sing about the birth of the gods.Homeric Hymn to Hermes, 414–435 Hesiod's Theogony is not only the fullest surviving account of the gods but also the fullest surviving account of the archaic poet's function, with its long preliminary invocation to the Muses. Theogony also was the subject of many lost poems, including those attributed to Orpheus, Musaeus, Epimenides, Abaris, and other legendary seers, which were used in private ritual purifications and mystery-rites. There are indications that Plato was familiar with some version of the Orphic theogony.
|
|
Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, 75–109 The second type (tales of punishment) involves the appropriation or invention of some important cultural artifact, as when Prometheus steals fire from the gods, when Tantalus steals nectar and ambrosia from Zeus' table and gives it to his subjects—revealing to them the secrets of the gods, when Prometheus or Lycaon invents sacrifice, when Demeter teaches agriculture and the Mysteries to Triptolemus, or when Marsyas invents the aulos and enters into a musical contest with Apollo. Ian Morris considers Prometheus' adventures as "a place between the history of the gods and that of man."Morris, Ian. 2000. Archaeology As Cultural History.
|
|
Whether or not long narrative poetry, or epic poetry like those of Homer, were sung is not entirely known. As in Plato's dialogue Ion, Socrates uses both the words "sing" and "speak" in connection with the Homeric epics, however there are heavy implications that they maybe have been at least recited unaccompanied by instruments, in a sing- song chant. Music was also present in ancient Greek lyric poetry, which by definition is poetry or a song accompanied by a lyre. Lyric poetry eventually branched into two paths, monodic lyric which were performed by a singular person, and choral lyric which were sung and sometimes danced by a group of people choros.
|
|
Idomeneus coming back, Palais Niel, France In Greek mythology, Idomeneus (;John Walker & William Trollope, 1830, A key to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and scripture proper names, p 68; Robert Palfrey Utter, 1918, Every-day pronunciation, p 127 ) was a Cretan commander, father of Orsilochus, Cleisithyra and Iphiclus, son of Deucalion and Cleopatra,Tzetzes, Homeric Allegories Prologue 587Tzetzes on Lycophron, 431 grandson of Minos and king of Crete. He led the Cretan armies to the Trojan War Iliad 2.645 and was also one of Helen's suitors as well as a comrade of the Telamonian Ajax. Meriones was his charioteer and brother-in- arms.
|
|
The section of the book which has received the most mainstream attention is Gladstone's analysis of Homeric language related to colours. Gladstone raises the issue that the colours Homer attributed to many natural objects feel strange to modern readers. For example, Homer applies the adjective porphyreos, which in later Greek roughly means "purple" or "dark red," to describe blood, a dark cloud, a wave, and a rainbow, and he uses the epithet oinops ("wine-looking") to refer to the sea. Gladstone explained this by suggesting that the ancient Greeks categorized colours mainly in terms of light/dark contrasts, rather than in terms of hue.
|
|
It was already mentioned in the Homeric Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad. When the neighbouring city of Helice sank into the sea following an earthquake in 373 BCE, Aegium annexed its territory and became the chief city of the Achaean League. When the League dissolved later in the same century, however, Aegium came for some time under Macedonian rule. Eventually, the Achaean League was refounded by the cities of Dyme and Patras in 280 BC, and the citizens of Aegium, taking courage to expel the Macedonian garrison, joined in 275 BC. From this time on Aegium served as the capital of the Achaean League.
|
|
Apollonius of Rhodes is best known as the author of the Argonautica, an epic poem about the voyages of Jason and the Argonauts, which has survived to the present in its complete form. The Argonautica displays Apollonius's vast knowledge of history and literature and makes allusions to a vast array of events and texts, while simultaneously imitating the style of the Homeric poems. Some fragments of his scholarly writings have also survived, but he is generally more famous today as a poet than as a scholar. According to legend, during the librarianship of Apollonius, the mathematician and inventor Archimedes (lived 287 – 212 BC) came to visit the Library of Alexandria.
|
|