We passed volcanic-rock beaches, and ruins of Augustan-era villas, and Duomo-like natural arches.
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Nguyễn's complex, eccentric narrative is inspired by the myth of Narcissus, as told by the Augustan-era Roman poet Ovid.
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When she edited Tatler , her models were the piquant Tatler of the Augustan Age and a later, Jazz Age iteration.
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The sale's top lot, a marble funerary portrait statue of a Roman poet, late Republican/Augustan, 2760nd half of the 2000st Century BCE, sold for £25,226,230 (~$25963,2332,2344).
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Pope's Homer read like Homer when it was published, although the idea of reading ancient Greek verse in strict rhymed couplets seems to us a brilliant Augustan period piece.
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Apart from the history that Gibbon narrates — one that should be of interest to Americans right now, I'd say — I'm just knocked over by the prose: those fabulous, architectural, Augustan sentences are dazzling.
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With Homer, we expect and get a fine new translation with each poetic period—George Chapman for the Elizabethan, Alexander Pope for the Augustan, Robert Fagles and Emily Wilson for our time—but with the Hebrew Bible in English we have one huge, unsurpassable masterpiece.
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At the end of the show we find a bronze caldron, made somewhere in the Greek world during the Augustan years: its basic form is old-style but from its surface a little satyr pops out like a jack-in-the-box, snaps his fingers and smiles a gleaming silver inlaid smile.
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He has written about income distribution in the early Roman Empire (inequality during the Augustan age was roughly comparable to that of the United States today), the effects on European soccer when limits on the number of foreign players allowed in club teams were lifted (the richest clubs became even more dominant in their leagues), and the financial implications of Elizabeth Bennet's decisions in "Pride and Prejudice" (marrying Mr. Darcy would put her in the top tenth of one per cent, while, as a spinster, she would have fallen from the top percentile to about the fiftieth percentile).
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The term "Augustan literature" is often used for Augustan drama, Augustan poetry and Augustan prose in the period 1700–1740s. The term "Augustan" refers to the acknowledgement of the influence of Latin literature from the ancient Roman Republic.Roger D. Lund, Ridicule, Religion and the Politics of Wit in Augustan England (Ashgate, 2013), ch. 1. The term "Georgian era" is not applied to the time of the two 20th-century British kings of this name, George V and George VI.
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Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 192 The other province has been identified as Galatia-Pamphylia.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 333 n.
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Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 416. The elder Fabius and Marcia may also have been the parents of Fabia Numantina, although she may have been the daughter of Paullus' brother, Africanus.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 417, 418.
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Suetonius, Claudius 21.2. Under subsequent emperors, Games were celebrated on both the Augustan and the Claudian systems. Domitian held his in AD 88, possibly 110 years from a planned Augustan celebration in 22 BC,Suetonius, Domitian 4.3, with Jones and Milns, p. 130. and he was followed by Septimius Severus in AD 204, 220 years from the actual Augustan celebration.
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Albinovanus Pedo was a Roman poet who flourished during the Augustan age.
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Translation was central to the Augustan programme to classicize English literary culture.
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According to the Augustan History, Odaenathus was assassinated by a cousin named Maeonius. In the Augustan History, Odaenathus' son from his first wife was named Herodes and was crowned co-ruler by his father. The Augustan History claims that Zenobia conspired with Maeonius for a time because she did not accept her stepson as his father's heir (ahead of her own children). The Augustan History does not suggest that Zenobia was involved in the events leading to her husband's murder, and the crime is attributed to Maeonius' moral degeneration and jealousy.
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The arch was rebuilt in monumental style in the Augustan period.Thein, Alexander. "Porta Esquilina" in Digital Augustan Rome. It was not intended to be a triumphal arch but to serve as a gateway in the Republican city wall of Rome.
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Three volumes of the Augustan Review were published from May 1815 to December 1816.
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During the eighteenth century the Augustan poets, such as Dryden and Pope wrote political poetry.
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As for prose and poetry, there is no clear beginning to the "Augustan era" in drama, but the end is clearly marked. Augustan-era drama ended definitively in 1737 with the Licensing Act. Prior to 1737, the English stage was changing rapidly from Restoration comedy and Restoration drama and their noble subjects to the quickly developing melodrama. George Lillo and Richard Steele wrote the trend-setting plays of the early Augustan period.
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Messallinus is known to have had at least one sister, Valeria, who married the senator Titus Statilius Taurus.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 240 From his father’s second marriage,Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 230 his younger paternal half-brother was the senator Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus.
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Germanicus was also looked upon quite fondly by Augustus and others. The dispute carries on. Gemma Augustea seems to be based on dramatic Hellenistic compositions. The refined style of execution was more common in the late Augustan or earlier Tiberian age, though more likely Augustan.
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Strictly speaking, Ovid is the poet whose work is most thoroughly embedded in the Augustan regime.
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Fischer is one of the few who have assigned the Tazza Farnese an Augustan date rather than a Hellenistic one. Her analysis of the piece therefore focuses on reexamining preconceived notions arrived at by other scholars who have assigned it a Hellenistic date, as well as attempting to provide evidence for her assertion of an Augustan date. Fischer's main evidence for placing the piece in the Augustan period is its size and the material it was carved from. She discusses the unstable economic position of the Ptolemaic Court, asserting that the funds for such a piece would not have been available until the improvement of the economy during the Augustan period.
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An engraved ticket for Francis Noble's circulating library in London from some time after mid-century. Augustan prose is somewhat ill-defined, as the definition of "Augustan" relies primarily upon changes in taste in poetry. However, the general time represented by Augustan literature saw a rise in prose writing as high literature. The essay, satire, and dialogue (in philosophy and religion) thrived in the age, and the English novel was truly begun as a serious art form.
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In Latin literature, Augustan poetry is the poetry that flourished during the reign of Caesar Augustus as Emperor of Rome, most notably including the works of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. In English literature, Augustan poetry is a branch of Augustan literature, and refers to the poetry of the 18th century, specifically the first half of the century. The term comes most originally from a term that George I had used for himself. He saw himself as an Augustus.
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The Augustan era is difficult to define chronologically in prose and poetry, but it is very easy to date its end in drama. The Augustan era's drama ended definitively in 1737, with the Licensing Act. Prior to 1737, however, the English stage was changing rapidly from the Restoration comedy and Restoration drama, and their noble subjects, to the quickly developing melodrama (Munns 97–100). George Lillo and Richard Steele wrote the trend-setting plays of the early Augustan period.
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Joseph M. Levine, Dr. Woodward's Shield: History, Science and Satire in Augustan England (1977), pp. 136-7.
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The Augustan period of MEAD, WEST, and RATCLIFFE exhibited pretty much the same character of bibliopegistic art.
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The book was reviewed in The Augustan Review in 1816. The review includes substantial extracts from the book and an obituary notice (stating that he studied at Cambridge and the Inns of Court).The Augustan Review Vol 3, Jul to December 1816, pp 487-493. (Accessed 20 March 2008).
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The author (or authors) of the Augustan History invented many events and letters attributed to Zenobia in the absence of contemporary sources. Some Augustan History accounts are corroborated from other sources, and are more credible. The Byzantine chronicler Joannes Zonaras is considered an important source for the life of Zenobia.
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However, for his rule of Rome and establishing the principate, Augustus has also been subjected to criticism throughout the ages. The contemporary Roman jurist Marcus Antistius Labeo (d. AD 10/11), fond of the days of pre-Augustan republican liberty in which he had been born, openly criticized the Augustan regime.
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8, p. 52; Margaret Anne Doody The Daring Muse: Augustan Poetry Reconsidered (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) p. 80.
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Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 427 Postumus shared in the achievements of Lucius Apronius and earned the ornamenta triumphalia for his distinguished valor in the Dalmatian revolt.Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, II.116 He was also proconsular governor of Asia in the years 12 to 15.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p.
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435; Augustan Aristocracy, p. 340 followed by a posting as imperial legate in Galatia in 6 AD, where he was involved in suppressing the Isaurians Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 333; also "Galatia and Pamphylia under Augustus: The Governorship of Piso, Quirinus and Silvanus", Klio, 27 (1934), pp. 122-148. as mentioned in Cassius Dio.
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Her vigorous promotion of her mother's legacy stood in sharp contrast to the negative image being disseminated in contemporary Augustan poetry.
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Corvinus was the son of the consul in 61 BC, Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger,Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy, p. 230f. and his wife, Polla. Some dispute his parentage and claim another descendant of Marcus Valerius Corvus to be his father. Valeria, one of his sisters, married the Roman Politician Quintus PediusSyme, R., Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 20, 206.
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Richard Pine was born in London, the only child of L. G. Pine and his wife Grace Violet, daughter of Albert Griffin.The Augustan Society Omnibus, vol. 8, The Augustan Society, 1986, p. 25 After attending Westminster School (1962–66), he began higher education in Ireland taking a BA in 1971 at Trinity College, Dublin (TCD) and a H.Dip.
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Augustan History, Antoninus Pius 10; Lucius Verus 2.M. Antonin. de Rebus suis, 1.8Lucian, Demon. 31Johann Albert Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca iii. p.
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The Augustan History says that Emperor Aurelian "led away both soldiers and provincials" from Dacia in order to repopulate Illyricum and Moesia.
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79; "The Origins of Cornelius Gallus," p. 43. Syme also takes note of the Vocontian family of the Augustan historian Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus.
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This columbarium dates to the post-Augustan period; Borbonus lists it as Julio-Claudian, though probably Augustan-Tiberian, and Coarelli dates it to the second century CE on the basis of Claudian, Flavian, and Antonine freedmen. Like the other columbaria, this one employs opus reticulatum. Visitors would have entered via two flights of stairs. Pilasters support vaults presumably for access to higher niches.
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In particular, Augustan works are analyzed in an effort to understand the extent to which they advance, support, criticize or undermine social and political attitudes promulgated by the regime, official forms of which were often expressed in aesthetic media.Christopher Pelling, "The Triumviral Period," in The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.–A.D. 69 (Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 73 online.
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According to excavations carried out in 1984, there is evidence that the portico area continued to be used into the 5th century CE. These excavations discovered the Augustan-era paving, as well as post-Augustan levels (these levels being 10–6 meters below the current surface level). However, by the mid-6th century CE, the area was being used for burials instead.
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The Second Augustan and Twentieth Valerian legions may have still been based at Isca Augusta (Caerleon) and Deva Victrix (Chester), although this is unclear.
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The region corresponds approximately to the ancient Cispadane Gaul which, under the Augustan territorial organisation of Italia c. 7 CE, became Regio VIII Aemilia.
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808 no more being heard of the division by the Augustan Principate of the provinces between imperial (militarised) provinces and senatorial provinces.H M Gwatkin ed.
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Jean-Michel Roddaz (29 February 1948, ChambéryAfter ) is a French academic and historian, a specialist of ancient Rome, particularly of the Republican and Augustan periods.
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In the time of Cicero, the courtesan Cytheris was a welcome guest for dinner parties at the highest level of Roman society. Charming, artistic, and educated, such women contributed to a new romantic standard for male-female relationships that Ovid and other Augustan poets articulated in their erotic elegies.R.I. Frank, "Augustan Elegy and Catonism," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.30.1 (1982), p. 569.
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The Augustan History reports that Emperor Marcus Claudius Tacitus (r. 275–276) claimed him for an ancestor and provided for the preservation of his works, but this story may be fraudulent, like much of the Augustan History.Augustan History, Tacitus X. Scholarly opinion on this story is that it is either "a confused and worthless rumor" (Mendell, 1957, p. 4) or "pure fiction" (Syme, 1958, p. 796).
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Fabia Numantina was a member of the patrician Fabia gens. Precisely how she fits into this family is not certain; while she is generally believed to be the daughter of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Marcia, a maternal first cousin of Augustus,Ronald Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 59. it is possible that she was the daughter of Paullus' brother, Africanus Fabius Maximus.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, pp.
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According to the Augustan History, Gallienus was weak because he allowed a woman to rule part of the empire and Zenobia was an abler sovereign than the emperor. The narrative changed as the Augustan History moved on to the life of Claudius Gothicus, a lauded and victorious emperor, with the author characterizing Zenobia's protection of the eastern frontier as a wise delegation of power by Claudius. When the Augustan History reached the biography of Aurelian, the author's view of Zenobia changed dramatically; the queen is depicted as a guilty, insolent, proud coward. Her wisdom was discredited and her actions deemed the result of manipulation by advisers.
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A theatrical riot at Covent Garden's Royal Theatre in 1762 over a rumored increase in ticket prices. Although drama declined in the Augustan era, it was still popular entertainment. Augustan drama can refer to the dramas of Ancient Rome during the reign of Caesar Augustus, but it most commonly refers to the plays of Great Britain in the early 18th century, a subset of 18th-century Augustan literature. King George I referred to himself as "Augustus," and the poets of the era took this reference as apropos, as the literature of Rome during Augustus moved from historical and didactic poetry to the poetry of highly finished and sophisticated epics and satire.
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He concluded that it was a rescension of a considerably older Latin chronicle of the Trojan War, perhaps as early as the Augustan age.Atwood 1934:389.
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Beard et al., Vol. 1, 3, and footnotes 4 & 5. Roman historiansThe Augustan historian Livy places Rome's foundation more than 600 years before his own time.
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Politically the excluded Augustan Period is the paradigm of imperiality, and yet the style cannot be bundled with either the Silver Age or with Late Latin.
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He is also the co-editor of The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edition, volume 10, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69 (1996).Frontispiece of the same.
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Josephus, Jewish War, v. 11. § 3Tacitus, Histories, v. 1. During his reign as king, he founded the following cities: Germanicopolis, Iotapa and Neronias.Bowman, The Augustan Empire, p.
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The official form of his name as evidenced in a decree of the senate was "Q. Caecilius Q. f. Fab. Metellus Scipio."Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p.
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As editor: Ehrenpreis, I., Patey, D. L., & Keegan, T. (1985). Augustan studies: essays in honor of Irvin Ehrenpreis. Newark: University of Delaware Press. Patey, D. L. (2003).
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Perhaps like Apollo, with whom he became identified in the Augustan History, Belenos was thought to ride the Sun across the sky in a horse-drawn chariot.
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Some scholars doubt the existence of this aedileship, since it does not appear on Drusus' preserved elogium (CIL 6.1312 = Inscr. Ital. 13.3.74), dating to the Augustan era.e.g.
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Two walls contain extensive paint work, including colored stucco and pediments for niches, floral imagery, and depictions of musical instruments. Some sculptural busts bearing Augustan-era stylistic features have been uncovered. There are also remnants of later Neronian and possibly Flavian portraits that were added well after the columbarium's Augustan construction. Historically, this columbarium has been attributed as the Monumentum Familiae Marcellae, and while Borbonus maintains this identification, Coarelli dismisses it.
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Alexander Pope, the single poet who most influenced the Augustan age. The entire Augustan age's poetry was dominated by Alexander Pope. Since Pope began publishing when very young and continued to the end of his life, his poetry is a reference point in any discussion of the 1710s, 1720s, 1730s or even 1740s. Furthermore, Pope's abilities were recognized early in his career, so contemporaries acknowledged his superiority, for the most part.
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Shortly after the murder of Apronia, his first wife was "charged with having caused her husband's insanity by magical incantations and potions", but was acquitted.Tacitus, Annales IV.22.3Ronald Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 418 During his lifetime, it is probable that Silvanus adopted Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus, who Syme has suggested was the son of Lucius Aelius Lamia, consul in AD 3.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, pp.
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Patey, D. L. (1984). Probability and literary form: philosophic theory and literary practice in the Augustan age. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. Parker, P., & Lane Patey, D. (1998).
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Stephen Duck (c. 1705 – 21 March 1756) was an English poet whose career reflected both the Augustan era's interest in "naturals" (natural geniuses) and its resistance to classlessness.
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288 According to an inscription found, his full name is Gaius Julius Servilius Ursus Servianus, however, in the Augustan History, he is known as Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus.
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Literary sources have little to say about her, but this may reflect her ubiquity rather than neglect: in the early Augustan era, she may have been honoured above her living Imperial consort.Fishwick sees the persistence of Roma's Hellenic seniority as dea (over the Augustan divus) in Western Imperial cult.Mellor, 990-993: Mellor finds Roma an essential companion to the Augustan and later Imperial divi, based on the surmise of Imperial cult as less one of obedience than a Romano- Hellenic framework for co-operation and acculturation: emperors of the Principate claimed to represent and sustain the "senate and people of Rome", not to dominate them.Priests at the Lugdunum complex were known by the Greek title of sacerdos.
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122 online. The Augustan historian Livy says P. Decius Mus is "like" a piaculum when he makes his vow to sacrifice himself in battle (see devotio).Livy 8.9.1–11.
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Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p. 316 By her, he had a son, also named Sextus Appuleius, and a daughter, Appuleia Varilla. The date of his death is unknown.
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Their attribution to Numa or Romulus is doubtful. The oldest surviving religious calendars date to the late Republic; the most detailed are Augustan and later. Beard et al., Vol.
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The king and his son were assassinated during their return in 267; according to the Augustan History and Joannes Zonaras, Odaenathus was killed by a cousin (Zonaras says nephew) named in the History as Maeonius. The Augustan History also says that Maeonius was proclaimed emperor for a brief period before being killed by the soldiers. However, no inscriptions or other evidence exist for Maeonius' reign. Zenobia as Augusta, on the obverse of an Antoninianus.
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For those who were literate, circulating libraries in England began in the Augustan period. Libraries were open to all, but they were mainly associated with female patronage and novel reading.
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Second daughter, likely married Marcus Aemilius Lepidus., The Augustan Aristocracy, Oxford, 1986, p. 125. If so, then a son of hers is recovered from a dedication inscription in the basilica Aemilia.
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Painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo of one of Augustus' political advisers presenting him the liberal arts. Literary and artistic patronage was common in the Augustan Period. The complex patronage relationships changed with the social pressures during the late Republic, when terms such as patronus, cliens and patrocinium are used in a more restricted sense than amicitia, "friendship" including political friendships and alliances, or hospitium, reciprocal "guest-host" bonds between families.Quinn, "Poet and Audience in the Augustan Age," p. 116.
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Orthodox scholars, however, are opposed to such hypotheses.Claassen, 1987, pp. 31–47. One of their main arguments is that Ovid would not have let his Fasti remain unfinished, since the poem was meant to seal his consecration as imperial poet. Nevertheless, although this work gives the clearest testimony of support of Augustan ideals, it has also been commented that the passage 3.371–80 of the Fasti is evidence of resistance to the Augustan succession.Fantham, 1998, p. 42.
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Augustan drama has a reputation as an era of decline. One reason for this is that there were few dominant figures of the Augustan stage. Instead of a single genius, a number of playwrights worked steadily to find subject matter that would appeal to a new audience. In addition to this, playhouses began to dispense with playwrights altogether or to hire playwrights to match assigned subjects, and this made the producer the master of the script.
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He is believed to have been adopted by Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus,Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p. 257Weinrib, E.J., 'The Family Connections of M. Livius Drusus Libo' the father of Livia Drusilla, who was the third wife of Augustus. However, as a result of his 'L.f.' filiation attested in Book 54 of the Roman History of Cassius Dio,Cassius Dio, Roman History 54 it is believed that his adoption was only testamentarySyme, R., Augustan Aristocracy (1989), pp.
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One sister married Publius Cornelius Dolabella, consul of 35 BC; another married the Roman senator Sextus Appuleius, consul in 29; and the third married Lucius Nonius Asprenas, son of the consul of 36 BC.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 315-318 Despite Varus’ father's political allegiances, he became one of the supporters of the heir of Julius Caesar, Octavian. When Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa died in early 12 BC, Varus delivered his funeral eulogy alongside the future emperor, Tiberius.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p.
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As their condemnation was certain, they put an end to their own lives before the trial could begin.Tacitus, Historiae, i. 48.Cassius Dio, Roman History, lix. 18.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p.
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History of Roman Literature from its Earliest Periods to the Augustan Age. Eve Littel. New York. p. 233. The inscription on the Risley Park Lanx suggests it was used as a "church plate".
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Wilson, R. J. A., "Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica", in Bowman, A. K., Champlin, E., Lintott, A., (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC - AD 69 (1996), p. 434.
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Hence, three turmae per cohorts of the Augustan period, five per cohort in 100 CE–200 CE, and ten per cohort after 200 CE, with a vexillum (flag) as emblem for each turma.
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The Augustan poets frequently play with the ambiguous dual meaning of lympha as both "water source" and "nymph". In the poetry of Horace,Ballentine, "Some Phases," p. 94. lymphae work,Horace, Carmen 2.3.
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It appears in this family tree that the person who was related to Herodes Atticus was Gordian I's mother or grandmother and not his wife.Birley, pg. 340 Also according to the Augustan History, the wife of Gordian I was a Roman woman called Fabia Orestilla, born circa 165, whom the Augustan History claims was a descendant of the Emperors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius through her father Fulvus Antoninus. Modern historians have dismissed this name and her information as false.
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Apparently not a commoner, Zenobia would have received an education appropriate for a noble Palmyrene girl. The Augustan History contains details of her early life, although their veracity is dubious; according to the Augustan History, the queen's hobby as a child was hunting and, in addition to her Palmyrene Aramaic mother tongue, she was fluent in Egyptian and Greek and spoke Latin. When she was about fourteen years old (ca. 255), Zenobia became the second wife of Odaenathus, the ras ("lord") of Palmyra.
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University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 4–8. A focus of Augustan monumental architecture was the Campus Martius, an open area outside the city centre that in early times had been devoted to equestrian sports and physical training for youth. The Altar of Augustan Peace (Ara Pacis Augustae) was located there, as was an obelisk imported from Egypt that formed the pointer (gnomon) of a horologium. With its public gardens, the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit.
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Zenobia's "staunch" beauty was emphasized by the author of the Augustan History, who ascribed to her feminine timidity and inconsistency (the reasons for her alleged betrayal of her advisers to save herself). The queen's sex posed a dilemma for the Augustan History since it cast a shadow on Aurelian's victory. Its author ascribed many masculine traits to Zenobia to make Aurelian a conquering hero who suppressed a dangerous Amazon queen. According to the Augustan History, Zenobia had a clear, manly voice, dressed as an emperor (rather than an empress), rode horseback, was attended by eunuchs instead of ladies-in-waiting, marched with her army, drank with her generals, was careful with money (contrary to the stereotypical spending habits of her sex) and pursued masculine hobbies such as hunting.
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After the Great Illyrian Revolt, the Romans deported,J. J. Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1992, , p. 217. split,Alan Bowman, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC – AD 69, , 1996, p. 579.
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It is stated in the Augustan History that the Blemmyes were among Zenobia's allies, and Gary K. Young cites the Blemmyes attack and occupation of Coptos in 268 as evidence of a Palmyrene-Blemmyes alliance.
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The Seventeenth Century (17th Century Britain) Vol. 5. The Augustan Age (18th Century Britain) Vol. 6. Romantics to Early Victorians (The Romantic Age in Britain) Vol. 7. The Later Victorian Age (Victorian Britain) Vol. 8.
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Following the civil wars of the 40s, Censorinus took possession of Cicero's beloved house on the Palatine.Velleius Paterculus 2.14.3; Syme, Augustan Aristocracy p. 72 and The Roman Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1939, reissued 2002), pp.
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Achaea or Achaia was initially part of the Roman Province of Macedonia (from 146 to 27 BC). It later became a separate Province by the Augustan Settlement of 27 BC, which established the Roman Empire.
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Gaetulicus was the son of Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, consul in 1 BC; his siblings include Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, consul in 25, and Cornelia, the wife of his consular colleague Calvisius Sabinus.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 298 He is attested as having married Apronia, the daughter of Lucius Apronius,Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 427 by whom he had one daughter and at least three sons: Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, suffect consul in 55, Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, and Decimus Junius Silanus Gaetulicus.
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Dolabella was a member of a patrician branch of the gens Cornelii. Tacitus provides us with the hint that he was the son of Quinctilia, a sister of the Roman politician and general Publius Quinctilius Varus, and a Publius Cornelius Dolabella;Tacitus, Annales, IV.66 however, authorities differ over which Dolabella was his father. In his book The Augustan Aristocracy, Ronald Syme identifies the father with Publius Cornelius Dolabella, consul in 44 BC and son-in-law of Cicero.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p.
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7 There may have been a Roman campaign against the Salassi in 35 or 34 BCE under Marcus Valerius Messalla CorvinusSyme R. The Augustan Aristocracy. OUP 1989. pp 204-5 or Antistius Vetus.The Cambridge Ancient History.
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Mitchell also suggests that one of these legions was Legio VII Macedonica which was stationed at Antioch during the period.S. Mitchell, "Legio VII and the Garrison of Augustan Galatia", Classical Quarterly, 26 (1976), pp. 298-308.
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On the other side of this line were people who agreed with the politics of Gay and Pope (and Swift), but not in approach. They include, early in the Augustan Age, James Thomson and Edward Young.
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The Roman Emperor, Vespasian, brought the Second Augustan Legion to the harbour in 43 AD and founded Hamworthy, an area just west of the modern town centre. The Romans continued to use the harbour throughout the occupation.
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In the Augustan organization of Italy, Etruria was the name of a region (Regio VII), whose borders were the Tiber, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Apuan Alps and the Apennines, roughly coincident with those of pre-Roman Etruria.
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299 Asiaticus is the last known member of the Cornelii Lentuli. Asiaticus owed the final element of his name to the fact he was born when his father was governor of Asia.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 299 n.
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Cobb again won the batting title with a .324 average, but Detroit suffered another loss in the World Series. In August 1908, Cobb married Charlotte ("Charlie") Marion Lombard, the daughter of prominent Augustan Roswell Lombard.Stump (1994), pp.
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Banner reputedly used by BrianSir Lee MacMahon, ' Some Celtic Tribal Heraldry and Ancient Arms of Ireland, ' Irish-American Genealogist. The Augustan Society: Torrance, CA. Annual 1979. Pp. 256-259. of which the Clare GAA colors are based.
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Next, Odaenathus defeated the usurpers in 261, and spent the remainder of his reign fighting the Persians. Odaenathus received the title Governor of the East, and ruled Syria as the imperial representative, and declared himself King of Kings. Odaenathus was assassinated along with his son Hairan in 267; according to Joannes Zonaras and the Augustan History, he was killed by his cousin, whose name is given by the latter source as Maeonius. The Augustan History also claims that Maeonius was proclaimed emperor for a very brief period, before being executed by the soldiers.
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Usually the reliefs received a coating, which acted as a surface for painting. This could be white paint or grey-yellow paint in Augustan times but it could also be stucco. At present, no canonical, prescribed use of colours can be detected, except that at least from Augustan times the background was usually in light blue regardless of the scenes and motifs, but it could include two or more other colours as well. The colour of human skin was usually in something between dark red and hot pink.
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The Augustan poet Vergil in a 3rd-century mosaic also depicting the Muses Clio and Melpomene. Augustan literature refers to the pieces of Latin literature that were written during the reign of Caesar Augustus (27 BC–AD 14), the first Roman emperor.Julius Caesar held the office of dictator in perpetuity; technically, the constitution of the Roman Republic was still in effect during Caesar's relatively short time in power. His heir Augustus styled himself princeps, or "Leading Citizen," but is considered the first of the Imperial monarchs and reigned for more than 40 years.
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See Roman Emperor (Principate). In literary histories of the first part of the 20th century and earlier, Augustan literature was regarded along with that of the Late Republic as constituting the Golden Age of Latin literature, a period of stylistic classicism.Fergus Millar, "Ovid and the Domus Augusta: Rome Seen from Tomoi," Journal of Roman Studies 83 (1993), p. 6. Most of the literature periodized as "Augustan" was in fact written by men—Vergil, Horace, Propertius, Livy—whose careers were established during the triumviral years, before Octavian assumed the title Augustus.
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Augustan literature produced the most widely read, influential, and enduring of Rome's poets. The Republican poets Catullus and Lucretius are their immediate predecessors; Lucan, Martial, Juvenal and Statius are their so-called "Silver Age" heirs. Although Vergil has sometimes been considered a "court poet", his Aeneid, the most important of the Latin epics, also permits complex readings on the source and meaning of Rome's power and the responsibilities of a good leader.Joseph Farrell, "The Augustan Period: 40 BC–AD 14," in A Companion to Latin Literature (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 44–57.
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In it she holds a palm branch, rides an Egyptian crocodile and sits on a large phallus in a Nilotic scene. The story of the asp was widely accepted among the Augustan-period Latin poets such as Horace and Virgil, in which two snakes were even suggested as biting Cleopatra. Although retaining the negative views of Cleopatra apparent in other pro-Augustan Roman literature, Horace depicted Cleopatra's suicide as a bold act of defiance and liberation. Virgil established the view of Cleopatra as a figure of epic melodrama and romance.
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Gay adapted Juvenal, as Pope had already adapted Virgil's Eclogues, and throughout the Augustan era the "updating" of Classical poets was a commonplace. These were not translations, but rather they were imitations of Classical models, and the imitation allowed poets to veil their responsibility for the comments they made. Alexander Pope would manage to refer to the King himself in unflattering tones by "imitating" Horace in his Epistle to Augustus. Similarly, Samuel Johnson wrote a poem that falls into the Augustan period in his "imitation of Satire III" entitled London.
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5 the account in the Augustan History adds two more men to those Hadrian ordered executed, Lusius Quietus and Gaius Avidius Nigrinus.Vita Hadrianus, 7.2 Although the Augustan History states that the four men had been united in a conspiracy against Hadrian, John D. Grainger suggests the men may have been executed because they were inconvenient.Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96-99 (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 127f Despite the evident importance of Celsus in Trajan's court, little more than these facts are known about him.
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Under Augustan patronage at the end of the first century BC or early first century AD the sacred street was laid out, with the palaestra, temple, structure north of the Paphian gate and the circular monument were constructed. The Augustan temple is 13.5 m long and 8.35 m wide with a tetrastyle pronaos and cella. Sanctuary baths Under Trajan and the Proconsul Quintus Laberius Justus Cocceius Lepidus the sanctuary underwent restoration and expansion. The southern portico, southern buildings, which likely functioned as dormitories for devotees and the bathhouse were built under this restoration.
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As is often the case in the history of the Roman Empire in the troubled 3rd century, it is very difficult to reconstruct the course of events around the battle of Naissus. Surviving accounts of the period, including Zosimus' New History, Zonaras' Epitome of the Histories, George Syncellus' Selection of Chronography, and the Augustan History, rely principally on the lost history of the Athenian Dexippus. The text of Dexippus has survived only indirectly, through quotations in the fourth-century Augustan History and extracts in ninth- century Byzantine compilations.
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41; Lynn Sebesta, "Women's Costume and Feminine Civic Morality in Augustan Rome," Gender & History 9.3 (1997), p. 533. After the Augustan building program, the rites were held at the new Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum Augustum: Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), p. 170. Traditionally, the ceremony was held on the Liberalia, the festival in honor of the god Liber, who embodied both political and sexual liberty, but other dates could be chosen for individual reasons.
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With the Renaissance, more skilled writers interested in the revival of Roman culture took on the form in a way which attempted to recapture the spirit of the Augustan writers. The Dutch Latinist Johannes Secundus, for example, included Catullus-inspired love elegies in his Liber Basiorum, while the English poet John Milton wrote several lengthy elegies throughout his career. This trend continued down through the Recent Latin writers, whose close study of their Augustan counterparts reflects their general attempts to apply the cultural and literary forms of the ancient world to contemporary themes.
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D. 14), p.120 Other coinage Tigranes IV and Erato issued together, is a portrait of Tigranes IV heavily bearded with Erato with the Greek legend great king, Tigranes.Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.129 Sometime about 1 AD Tigranes IV was killed in battle,Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.36 perhaps ending an internal Armenian revoltSwan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.
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D. 14), p. 114 Artavasdes II of Media Atropatene and Armenia Major;Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.–A.D. 14), p. 115 Artavasdes II and ArtavasdesBunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p. 36 (20 BC – 6 AD) was an Iranian prince who served as King of Media Atropatene. During his reign of Media Atropatene, Artavasdes also served as a Roman Client King of Armenia Major.Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55–56 (9 B.C.–A.
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28, 68. Augustan reliefs show her emergence, plant-like from the earth, her arms entwined by snakes, her outstretched hands bearing poppies and wheat, or her head crowned with fruits and vines.Spaeth, p. 37, illustrated at fig. 7.
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1; Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 272, and “The Sons of Crassus” (reprint version), p. 1222ff. Between 53 BC and 49 BC, Marcus is mentioned, only in passing, for remaining loyal to Caesar.
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Lollius was a member of the plebeian gens Lollia.Lollia Gens article at ancient library He was the son of the Roman senator and Military Officer Marcus LolliusMarcus Lollius’ article at Livius.org and his wife Aurelia.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p.
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221 online, and The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 33; Anthony Everitt, Augustus (Random House, 2007), p. 127 online; T. Rice Holmes, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928), p.
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Velleius Paterculus 2.14.3; Syme, Augustan Aristocracy p. 72 and Roman Revolution pp. 195 (note 8) and 380; Harriet I. Flower, The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace and Oblivion in Roman Political Culture (University of North Carolina Press, 2006), p.
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In 1918 he published a volume of poetry, Songs of Youth & War, and in 1923 Turn Fortune. In 1931 a selection of his verse was published as P. H. B. Lyon in the Augustan Books of Poetry series.
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Portrait of Crabbe by Henry William Pickersgill The Village is a narrative poem by George Crabbe, published in 1783. The poem contrasts the traditional representation of the rural idyll in Augustan poetry with the realities of village life.
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Its part in Rome's continued success was probably sufficient to justify, sanctify and "explain" it to most Romans.Price, 11.Gradel, 23. Confronted with crisis in Empire, Constantine matched the Augustan achievement by absorbing Christian monotheism into the Imperial hierarchy.
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These reflect Augustan propaganda which asks that his people not forget the repetition of the past of civil war but remember and repeat it in order to conquer their problems in support of his new reign of the empire.
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Joseph Spence (28 April 1699 – 20 August 1768) was a historian, literary scholar and anecdotist, most famous for his collection of anecdotes (published in 1820) that are an invaluable resource for historians of 18th-century English literature (Augustan literature).
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She is unlikely to have been more than twenty years old at the time. The marriage seems to have produced no children, though Syme speculated about “an unknown daughter.”Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford University Press, 1989) p.
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Heraclianus rose to prominence during the troubled reign of the Emperor Gallienus becoming Praetorian PrefectBoth Zonaras and Zosimus give him this title. It is omitted in the Vita Gallieni in the Augustan History. See Zosimus i. 40; Zonaras xxii.
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Hunt's friend John Hamilton Reynolds enjoyed the work.Roe 2005 p. 221 A review in the Augustan described how Hunt had "risen above the pressure of sickness and imprisonment, to the height of Poetry and Philosophy."Roe 2005 qtd p.
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The focal point of the community is the 1874 Hotel Augustan, now used for commercial purposes. The oldest building is the Bull's Head Inn, built in 1802. See also: It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
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Lepidus was executed by a tribune, while Agrippina and Livilla were exiled to the Pontine Islands.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 180 On 27 October word of the "nefaria consilia" had reached Rome, when the Arval Brethren celebrated a thanksgiving for its suppression.
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The healing of Telephus was a frequent theme in Augustan age and later Roman poetry.See for example: Horace, Epodes 17.8-10; Propertius, 2.1.63-64; Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto 2.2.26, Metamorphoses 12.111-112, 13.170-172, Tristia 1.1.99-100, 2.19-20, 5.2.
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In 1923 in Villa Broglio park, Roman clay fragments were accidentally found alongside a cremation tomb containing a corroded medium bronze imperial coin, from the Augustan Age. In 1926, the remains of a wall built by the Romans were discovered nearby.
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221 online, and The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 33; Anthony Everitt, Augustus (Random House, 2007), p. 127 online; T. Rice Holmes, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928), p. 344 online.
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After Alexander died, he was buried in the Emesani dynastic tomb in Emesa.Birley, Septimius Severus: The African Emperor, p.223 Julius Alexander is mentioned in the histories of Cassius Dio and in the Augustan History, in The Life of Commodus.
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Her cultivation is an example of localized Imperial cult under Augustus.Lott, Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome, p. 166. A Vicus Statae Matris ("Stata Mater's Neighborhood") was located on the Caelian Hill,CIL 6.36809. and a Vicus Statae Siccianae in the Transtiberim.
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Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 135 Pollio's mother was Vipsania Agrippina.Tacitus, Annals, I.12 Through her, he was the half-brother of the younger Drusus.William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, Vol.
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Thus, when this speech was composed in 70 BC, September 19 was already the last day of the Ludi Romani.CIL I.401. In calendars of the Augustan era, the days of the games are noted as September 4 to September 19.
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The practice might have varied over time. Saturnalian license also permitted slaves to disrespect their masters without the threat of a punishment. It was a time for free speech: the Augustan poet Horace calls it "December liberty".Horace, Satires 2.7.
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The Augustan Reprint Society was a book publisher founded in 1946, based in Los Angeles, California. The Society has reprinted many rare works, drawn largely from the collections of the William Andrews Clark Library at University of California, Los Angeles.
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In 3 BC, Fabius was legatus or governor of Hispania Tarraconensis.ILS 8895; Bracara; Bracara; Lucus Augusti; Lucus AugustiSyme, Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 407, 408. While there, Paullus captured a Celtic city and named it Lucus Augusti, the modern city of Lugo.
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Verlinde discovered that the building was designed on the basis of a grid, and that the governing module, determining the intervals and height of the columns, was equal to the lower diameter of the columns (0.76 m). Each intercolumnar space was equal to two modules (1.52 m), which designates the temple as a 'systyle.' Furthermore, the extraordinarily large stepped podium seems to have been influenced by Hellenistic and early Imperial pseudodipteroi. Although the temple was Tiberian, the decorative sculpture was fashioned in a conservative Augustan manner, which suggests that the building may have been design in the late Augustan period (ca.
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The Augustan model persisted until the end of the Western Empire, with only minor and local modifications, and the Lares Augusti would always be identified with the ruling emperor, the Augustus, whatever his personal or family name.Lott, 174. Augustus officially confirmed the plebeian-servile character of Compitalia as essential to his "restoration" of Roman tradition, and formalised their offices; the vici and their religious affairs were now the responsibility of official magistri vici, usually freedmen, assisted by ministri vici who were usually slaves. A dedication of 2 BC to the Augustan Lares lists four slaves as shrine-officials of their vicus.
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Critics of the Aeneid focus on a variety of issues.Fowler, "Virgil", in Hornblower and Spawnforth (eds), Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition, 1996, pp. 1605–06 The tone of the poem as a whole is a particular matter of debate; some see the poem as ultimately pessimistic and politically subversive to the Augustan regime, while others view it as a celebration of the new imperial dynasty. Virgil makes use of the symbolism of the Augustan regime, and some scholars see strong associations between Augustus and Aeneas, the one as founder and the other as re-founder of Rome.
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Augustan History, "Hadrian" 19. It was moved by the architect Decrianus with the use of 24 elephants.Spartianus Hadrian xix Emperor Commodus converted it into a statue of himself as Hercules by replacing the head,Hist. Aug. Com. 17; Cassius Dio LXXII.22.
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The Oxford Classical Dictionary. London: Oxford UP, 2003. p 1382. A sellisternium for the Magna Mater was part of her ludi Megalenses; a representation of her temple on the Augustan Ara Pietatis probably shows her sellisternum, which includes Attis, her castrated consort.
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Hermann Peter was also an editor of the Augustan History and an editor of and expert on the Origo gentis romanae.Momigliano 172. His monograph on Roman epistle writing, Der Brief in der römischen Litteratur (Leipzig, 1901), is considered a classic in the field.
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Although Vienna Papyrus G 2315 dates to the third century B.C., the melody recorded on it may have been written much earlier.Thomas J. Mathiesen (1999) places it about 125 years after the death of Euripides. Cambridge University Press (1928) in the Augustan age.
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OsseriatesThe Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 579, (Latin: Oseriates), along with the Celtic Varciani and the Colapiani, were created from the Pannonian Breuci.
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Clarke, p. 103. While ancient literature overwhelmingly takes a male-centered view of sexuality, the Augustan poet Ovid expresses an explicit and virtually unique interest in how women experience intercourse.Roy K. Gibson, Ars Amatoria Book 3 (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 398–399.
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263, note 1. At one time, numismatic evidence was interpreted as referring to Sextilius as praetor and propraetor, but the coin has since been determined to belong to the Augustan period.See discussion in T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol.
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Spurius Tadius, also Ludius or Studius, was a Roman muralist of the Augustan period. His exact date of birth and death are unknown. Tadius painted landscape murals during the reign of Augustus. He was noted for his scenes of villas and ports.
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228 online. An English translation of the text of the senate's decree and other inscriptional evidence appears in Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Reinhold, Roman Civilization: Selected Readings, vol. 1, The Republic and the Augustan Age (Columbia University Press, 1990), pp. 357–359 online.
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Augustan-era intaglio depicting a tauroctony (Walters Art Museum) Sasanian king Ardashir II. Mithra stands on a lotus flower on the left holding a barsom.Franz Grenet, 2016. “Mithra ii. Iconography in Iran and Central Asia”, Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition (accessed 19 May 2016).
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William Diaper (1685–1717) was an English clergyman, poet and translator of the Augustan era. Having taken the wrong political side at a time of regime change, he lost the patrons who were advancing his career and died in obscurity shortly afterwards.
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1; Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 272 online, and “The Sons of Crassus,” reprint p. 1222ff. In 49 BC, Caesar as dictator appointed Marcus governor of Cisalpine Gaul, the ethnically Celtic north of Italy.Appian, Bellum Civile, 2.41.165.
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Marriage and remarriage had become less frequent; and the citizen birth-rate had fallen, particularly among the wealthier, more leisured classes. Augustan law pertaining to marriage and family life encouraged marriage and having children, and punished adultery as a crime.Lefkowitz, p. 102.
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He was named after his ancestor, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 75, 419, 420. The elder Fabius died on the last day of his consulship, December 31, leaving Paullus, his younger brother, Africanus Fabius Maximus, and a sister, Fabia Paullina.
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41; Judith Lynn Sebesta, "Women's Costume and Feminine Civic Morality in Augustan Rome," Gender & History 9.3 (1997), p. 533. Pederasty among the Romans involved an adult male citizen and a youth who was typically a slave between the ages of 12 and 20.
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Few of these were parodic satires, but parodic satires, too, emerged in political and religious debate. So omnipresent and powerful was satire in the Augustan age that more than one literary history has referred to it as the "Age of satire" in literature.
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Tadgell, Christopher. Imperial Form: From Achaemenid Iran to Augustan Rome. London: Ellipsis, 1998. Tadgell, Christopher. Imperial Space: Rome, Constantinople and the Early Church. London: Ellipsis, 1998. Tadgell, Christopher. Islam: From Medina to the Magreb and from the Indies to Istanbul. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008. Tadgell, Christopher.
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6, (Dublin, 1899), p. 73 online. but the reasons for the characterization of the two as "a dual and fabulous monster"Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 33. are unclear from the context, other than Cicero's general efforts to undermine Calvisius in favor of his friend Cornificius.
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Abronius Silo (fl. 1st century BC) was a Latin poet who lived in the latter part of the Augustan age. He was a pupil of the rhetorician Marcus Porcius Latro. His son was also a poet, but degraded himself by writing plays for pantomimes.
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One pairs Stata Mater Augusta with Volcanus Quietus Augustus, "the 'Quieted' Vulcan Augustus."Lott, Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome, p. x. Stata Mater is perhaps to be identified with the Fortuna Augusta Stata named in an inscription.CIL 6.761 = ILS 3308; Richardson, Topographical Dictionary, p. 157.
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Sextus of Chaeronea (, fl. c. 160 AD) was a philosopher, a nephew or grandsonLatin nepos indicated "grandson" in the Augustan age, but by the 3rd century meant "nephew". of Plutarch,Historia Augusta, Marcus Aurelius 3.2 and one of the teachers of the emperor Marcus Aurelius.
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Aurelius Victor, Eutropius and Festus stated that Dacia "was lost"Aurelius Victor: De Caesaribus (33.), p. 33.Eutropius: Breviarium (9.8.), p. 57. under Emperor Gallienus (r. 253268). The Augustan History and Jordanes refer to the Roman withdrawal from the province in the early 270s.
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Syme, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, pp. 143 and 148 In Archelaus' final year, there was a shortage of funds for military pay and Tiberius wanted to convert Cappadocia into a Roman province.Bowman, The Augustan Empire, p. 210 Tiberius enticed Archelaus to come to Rome.
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In 1989, he married ethnic Romanian Carmen Lăzurcă, an English teacher at the Gheorghe Lazăr National College in Sibiu. They have no children. Iohannis is also a member of the Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania, the German-speaking Lutheran church in Transylvania.
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Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius 10.1. Much more lasting than the ephemeral month names of the post-Augustan Roman emperors were the Old High German names introduced by Charlemagne. According to his biographer, Charlemagne renamed all of the months agriculturally into German.Einhard, Life of Charlemagne, 29.
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Others also included are Baptists (0.56%), Seventh-day Adventists (0.4%), Unitarians (0.29%), Plymouth Brethren (0.16%) and three Lutheran churches (0.13%), the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Romania (0.1%) and the Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania (0.03%) and The Confessional Lutheran Church in Romania. Of these various Protestant groups, Hungarians account for most of the Reformed, Unitarians, and Evangelical Lutherans; Romanians are the majority of the Pentecostals, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists and Evangelical Christians; while Germans account for most of the Augustan Confession Evangelicals (i.e. Lutherans historically subscribing to the Augsburg Confession). The majority of Calvinist (Reformed Church) and Unitarians have their services in Hungarian.
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Fabia Orestilla was the great-granddaughter of Antoninus Pius and the wife of Gordian I. She married him probably in 192 and had two sons and a daughter. Orestilla is only mentioned in the Augustan History. In part because the Augustan History also names the father-in-law of the oldest Gordian as "Annius Severus",Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 6:4 modern historians do not believe that this is the name of his wife, and dismiss this name and her information as false. An alternative theory many believe is that his wife was the granddaughter of Greek Sophist, consul and tutor Herodes Atticus.
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Cupid became more common in Roman art from the time of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. After the Battle of Actium, when Antony and Cleopatra were defeated, Cupid transferring the weapons of Mars to his mother Venus became a motif of Augustan imagery.Charles Brian Rose, "The Parthians in Augustan Rome," American Journal of Archaeology 109.1 (2005), pp. 27–28 In the Aeneid, the national epic of Rome by the poet Vergil, Cupid disguises himself as Iulus, the son of Aeneas who was in turn the son of Venus herself, and in this form he beguiles Queen Dido of Carthage to fall in love with the hero.
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Neither Late Latin nor Late Antiquity are modern terms or concepts; neither are they ancient; their origin remains obscure. A notice in Harper's New Monthly Magazine of the publication of Andrews' Freund's Lexicon of the Latin Language in 1850 mentions that the dictionary divides Latin into ante- classic, quite classic, Ciceronian, Augustan, post-Augustan and post-classic or late Latin, which indicates the term already was in professional use by English classicists in the early 19th century. Instances of English vernacular use of the term may also be found from the 18th century. The term Late Antiquity meaning post-classical and pre-medieval had currency in English well before then.
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Virgil Reading the Aeneid to Augustus, Octavia, and Livia by Jean-Baptiste Wicar, Art Institute of Chicago Critics of the Aeneid focus on a variety of issues.For a bibliography and summary see Fowler, pp. 1605–1606 The tone of the poem as a whole is a particular matter of debate; some see the poem as ultimately pessimistic and politically subversive to the Augustan regime, while others view it as a celebration of the new imperial dynasty. Virgil makes use of the symbolism of the Augustan regime, and some scholars see strong associations between Augustus and Aeneas, the one as founder and the other as re-founder of Rome.
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Given the geographic spread of the other regions, it is most likely identical to the largely depopulated 1143 region of Arenule et Caccabariorum. • The twelfth region was known as the Piscina Publica and was identical to the old Augustan region. It contained the Baths of Caracalla.
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Roman History: Epitome of Book LXXIII pp 111. Cassius Dio and the writers of the Augustan History say that Commodus was a skilled archer, who could shoot the heads off ostriches in full gallop, and kill a panther as it attacked a victim in the arena.
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The couple's much more famous daughter was born around that time as well.Syme explores the possibilities pertaining to a little attested son in The Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 245 ff. Scipio first married off the celebrated Cornelia Metella to Publius Crassus, the son of Marcus Licinius Crassus.
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Another self-styled Order, based in the US, gained a substantial following under leadership of the late Robert Formhals, who for some years, and with the support of historical organisations such as The Augustan Society, claimed to be a Polish prince of the House of Sanguszko.
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Dio 53.29.8 Gallus was under orders from Augustus to quell tribes to the north. The tomb of a Roman cavalryman, P. Cornelius, has been found there.Rich, J.W. (1990): Cassius Dio: the Augustan Settlement (Roman History 53-55.9), p165 The city was taken by Hadhramaut in 242.
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Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122. Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, p. 100., Suetonius, Life of the Divine Julius 52.3; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 532.
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Many scholars think the Ara Pacis (an altar from the Augustan Era), displays Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and his elder sister Domitia. The woman behind Domitia and Domitius is allegedly their mother Antonia Major and the man next to Antonia Major is her husband Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.
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Sextus Appuleius III was the son of the previous and Quinctilia. This Sextus Appuleius was also a half-great- nephew of Augustus via his father. His career is largely unknown, except that he became ordinary consul in the year 14.Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p.
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The Decemviri (ten men) presided over the court from the Augustan period. Membership of this council was considered to be a standard position for those embarking on the cursus honorum. A number of notable orators appeared in this court, including Cicero, Tacitus and Pliny the Younger.
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In early times the Romans wore their hair long, as was represented in the oldest statues in the age of Varro,De lie Rust. ii. 11. § 10. and hence the Romans of the Augustan age designated their ancestors intonsiOv. Fast. ii. 30 and capillati.Juv. vi. 30.
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Bomgardner, 37. The earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the first century BCE, but most were built under Imperial rule, from the Augustan period (27 BCE–14 CE) onwards.Bomgardner, 59. Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman empire; the largest could accommodate 40,000–60,000 spectators.
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It may be this sculpture group that is represented on coins.Richardson, Topographical Dictionary, p. 151. The Augustan historian Livy says that the tree still stood in his day,Livy 1.4: ubi nunc ficus Ruminalis est. but his younger contemporary Ovid observes only vestigia, "traces,"Ovid, Fasti 2.411.
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Augustus' Regio V - Picenum, from the 1911 Atlas of William R. Shepherd. Picenum () was a region of ancient Italy. The name is an exonym assigned by the Romans, who conquered and incorporated it into the Roman Republic. Picenum was the Regio V in the augustan territorial organization of Italy.
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Lomas, Kathryn, "The Hellenization of Italy", in Powell, Anton. The Greek World. Page 354. As part of the Roman Empire, Campania, with Latium, formed the most important region of the Augustan divisions of Italia, the Regio I Latium et Campania; Campania was one of the main areas for granary.
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Francis Gouldman (c. 1607–1688/89) was a Church of England clergyman and lexicographerOxford Dictionary of National Biography, index entry. whose Latin-English dictionary (1664) went through several editions.Joseph M. Levine, The Battle of the Books: History and Literature in the Augustan Age (Cornell University Press, 1991), p. 104.
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In Dionysiac scenes, skin could also be painted a reddy-brown. In Augustan times light yellow was not unusual for skin. At Hannover, violet-brown, reddy brown, purple, red, yellow, yellow-brown, turquoise-green, dark bown, pink, blue, black, and white can all be identified.Siebert 2011 p. 30.
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30 f, p 611; Syncell, Chron, p 724 f; Oros VII, 24.4. Flavius Vopiscus relates that Diocletian did this to fulfill a prophecy which had been delivered to him by a female druid, "Imperator eris, cum Aprum occideris."Flavius Vopiscus, Augustan History, Numerian 12-14Aurel. Vict. de Caes.
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369-370 the first year of the First Samnite War. According to the Augustan historian Livy,Livy, Ab Urbe Condita vii. the Samnites gathered their army at Suessula, at the eastern edge of Campania. The Roman consul Marcus Valerius Corvus took his army by forced marches to Suessula.
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The poem is also an example of Augustan verse. In its use of a balanced account of Auburn in its inhabited and deserted states, and in its employment of an authorly persona within the poem, it conforms to contemporary neoclassical conventions.Jaarsma 1971, p. 450.Quintana 1964, pp. 205–6.
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Her father, Tigranes III, died before 6 BC.Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.114 In 10 BC, the Armenians installed Tigranes IV as successor of Tigranes III.Sayles, Ancient Coin Collecting IV: Roman Provincial Coins, p.
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Robinson, p.57 Mundersfield Harold is an even earlier Augustan era mansion made of brick on an H-Plan with typical bays and hipped roofs. There is a Venetian staircase, plaster mouldings, and a glazed porch. In the Victorian period a south wing with a terracotta balustrade was added.
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Similar satirical arguments were made by the Restoration and Augustan satirists. A famous example is Mandeville's "Modest Defence of Publick Stews," which argued for the introduction of public, state-controlled brothels. The 1726 paper acknowledges women's interests and mentions e.g. the clitoris as center of the female sexual pleasure.
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It was restored in the Imperial era, once by the empress Livia, wife of Augustus, and perhaps again by Hadrian.Ovid, Fasti, V.157–158, refers to the Augustan restoration. Historia Augusta, Hadrian, 19, is the sole source for a rebuilding under Hadrian: Fecit et... Aedem Bonae Deae. Brouwer, p.
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This inhabited or civilized world is either that of the early Roman Empire, or more likely the Mediterranean world conquered by Alexander the Great.Galinsky, Karl. Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1996, p. 120. She wears upon her head a mural crown and veil.
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The coffeehousesJ. Pelzer and L. Pelzer, "Coffee Houses of Augustan London," History Today, (October, 1982), pp. 40–47. of Exchange Alley, especially Jonathan's and Garraway's, became an early venue for the lively trading of shares and commodities. These activities were the progenitor of the modern London Stock Exchange.
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Emily Joanna Gowers, ( Thomas; born 27 September, 1963) is a British classical scholar. She is Professor of Latin Literature at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. She is an expert on Horace, Augustan literature, and the history of food in the Roman world.
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The poets of the Augustan era were without any clear idea of its original meaning, having only a vague idea that indiges' was an archaism that had a strong ancient Roman flavor when calling on the gods. Latte refutes Wissowa's assertion that it was a central concept in Roman theology, also on the grounds of its irrelevance in the Roman calendar, which reflects the most ancient known historical religious document. The inscription from Sora, dating to 4 BCE, could be the issue of Augustan restoration and not proof of an original Iuppiter indiges. Another inscription from Ardea mentions novem deivoVetter 364b and the context clearly does not allow the interpretation of newly imported, disproving Wissowa's assumption.
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Ara Pacis Augustae, the "Altar of Augustan Peace", as reassembled View of the opposite side Tellus Panel at the left and Roma Panel at the right Map showing the original location of the Ara Pacis The Ara Pacis is an altar that was built during the reign of Augustus; begun in 13 BCE, the monument was dedicated in 9 BCE, on Livia's birthday. Allegedly altars were used for sacrifices to Pagan Gods in Ancient Rome. The Ara Pacis represented Augustus' goal to represent the era of peace that came with the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire. The south panel depicts a religious process with Augustus, Agrippa, Livia, Tiberius and others of the Augustan family.
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From an analysis of ancient coins it is possible to determine two different series of decorations for the upper part of the frontal pediment of the temple. Fire tongues (their identification is uncertain) decorated the pediment, as in Etruscan decorated antefixes, similar to the decoration of the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. The fire tongues perhaps recalled the flames of the comet (star) on Augustan period coins. With a star as the main decoration of the tympanum, as can be seen on the Augustan coins, the whole temple had the function to represent the comet (star) that announced the deification of Julius Caesar and the reign of Augustus, as reported by Pliny the Elder.
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Fabius' first known post was that of quaestor, in which capacity he served under Augustus during the emperor's travels through the eastern provinces from 22 to 19 BC.IG II2. 4130; Athens After his consulship, Fabius served as proconsul of Asia; the exact period of his administration is uncertain, with some sources favouring 10 to 8 BC,Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 405.K. M. T. Atkinson, "The Governors of the Province Asia in the Reign of Augustus", Historia 7 (1958), pp. 300–330. and others as 6 to 5.B. A. Buxton & R. Hannah, "OGIS 458, the Augustan Calendar, and the Succession", in C. Deroux (ed.), Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History XII (Brussels, 2005), pp. 290–306.
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At the same time, in central Italy, the so-called Spello amphorae, small containers, were produced for the transportation of wine. On the Adriatic coast the older types were replaced by the Lamboglia 2 type, a wine amphora commonly produced between the end of the 2nd and the 1st century BC. This type develops later into the Dressel 6A which becomes dominant during Augustan times.Bruno 2005, 369 In the Gallic provinces the first examples of Roman amphorae were local imitations of pre-existent types such as Dressel 1, Dressel 2–4, Pascual 1, and Haltern 70. The more typical Gallic production begins within the ceramic ateliers in Marseille during the late Augustan times.
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This community may have maintained the Columna Lactaria;John Bert Lott, The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 11–12 online. Robert E.A. Palmer thought that the milk-offerings of Punic cult might shed light on the significance of the column.Palmer, Rome and Carthage at Peace, p. 102.
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Participation was a privilege for boys of the nobility (nobiles).John Scheid and Jesper Svenbro, The Craft of Zeus: Myths of Weaving and Fabric (Penn State Press, 1996), p. 41. It was a display of communal skill, not a contest.Francis Cairns, Virgil's Augustan Epic (Cambridge University Press, 1989, 1990), pp.
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The Barcids, the family to which Hannibal belonged, claimed descent from a younger brother of Dido according to Silius Italicus in his Punica (1.71–7). The Augustan History ("Tyrrani Triginta" 27, 30) claims that Zenobia queen of Palmyra in the late third century was descended from Cleopatra, Dido and Semiramis.
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Tigranes III (; 50s BC–8 BC)Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.114 was a Prince of the Kingdom of Armenia and member of the Artaxiad Dynasty who served as a Roman Client King of Armenia.
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Tigranes III was the second son born to Artavasdes II of ArmeniaBunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.47 by an unnamed mother. Tigranes III had an elder brother called Artaxias IISwan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.
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There was a reaction against this kind of writing in Augustan literature, with Herbert's poetry singled out as the most recognisable example of 'false taste'. In John Dryden’s satire “Mac Flecknoe”, the new monarch of literary Nonsense is dismissed to pursue Baroque invention in ::Some peaceful province in acrostic land.
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Publius Silius was a Roman senator active during the reign of the emperor Augustus. He was suffect consul in AD 3, replacing Lucius Aelius Lamia; his colleague was Lucius Volusius Saturninus.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1986), p. 458 Silius was the oldest son of Publius Silius Nerva.
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According to the favorable treatment of Gibbon (whose account is largely derived from the Augustan History), Probus was the last of the benevolent constitutional emperors of Rome.Gibbon, p. 293 While his successor Carus (Imp. 282-284) simply disdained to seek the senate's confirmation of his title, the latter's successor Diocletian (Imp.
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77; Canciani, p. 52, LIMC Aurai 3. Influenced by Pliny's description, a pair of velificantes (figures framed by a velificatio) that appear on the Ara Pacis Augustae ("Altar of Augustan Peace") have often been identified as Aurae, although this identification has been criticized, and many other identications have been proposed.Spaeth, pp.
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Herodian, Cassius Dio, and the Augustan History provide conflicting accounts of the rise and fall of Perennis, but all three agree on the essential points of his powerful position under Commodus and his swift execution in 185. His name also appears among the signatories on the Tabula Banasitana, dated to 177.
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Messalla married a woman named Polla, by whom he had a son, Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus and two daughters, both named Valeria, who married Quintus Pedius and Servius Sulpicius Rufus, the son of the consul of 51 BC (also named Servius Sulpicius Rufus), respectively.Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy, pages 20 and 206.
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One of the outcomes of this redistricting was to create local boards or neighborhood watches (vigiles) tasked with fire control, as a response to recent arson in the Forum. The dedications mark the success of local fire brigades in putting out fires.Lott, Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome pp. 3, 79, 98, 168.
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126 online, originally published in Journal of Roman Studies 74 (1984) 1–19. During the time of Augustus, a nobilis enjoyed easier access to the consulship, with a lowered age requirement perhaps set at 32. Women who descended from Augustan consuls are also regarded as belonging to the Roman nobility.
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If someone was to succeed to Augustus's unofficial position of power, he would have to earn it through his own publicly proven merits.Gruen (2005), 50. Some Augustan historians argue that indications pointed toward his sister's son Marcellus, who had been quickly married to Augustus's daughter Julia the Elder.Eck (2003), 114–115.
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Michael V. DePorte, Los Angeles: Augustan Reprint Society (1973), pp. 289–91, quoted in Not least due to the increase in visitor numbers that the new building allowed, the hospital's fame and latterly infamy grew and this magnificently expanded Bethlem shaped English and international depictions of madness and its treatment.
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Tigranes III died before 8 BC.Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.114 In 8 BC, the Armenians installed Tigranes IV as King as the successor to his father.Sayles, Ancient Coin Collecting IV: Roman Provincial Coins, p.
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But after the introduction of barbers into Italy, it became the practice to wear their hair short. The women too originally dressed their hair with great simplicity, but in the Augustan period a variety of different head-dresses came into fashion, many of which are described by Ovid.de Art. Am. iii.
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The historian Sallust, born in the year of Flaccus's consulship, says that the conservative senatorial elites generally supported the plan.Sallust, Cat. 33: volentibus omnibus bonis. Writing a hundred years after the fact, during the era of Augustan prosperity, the historian Velleius Paterculus characterised Flaccus's plan as turpissima, meaning "utterly disgraceful".
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Smith, Thomas (1704) Vita clarissimi & doctissimi viri, Edwardi Bernardi (in Latin). London: A. & J. ChurchillJoseph M. Levine, The Battle of the Books: History and Literature in the Augustan Age (1994), p. 69. He died in Oxford on 12 January 1697, and was buried four days later in St John's College chapel.
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Knight, Janina M., "Giovanni Battista Montano as Architectural Draughtsman: Recording the Past and Designing the Future." (2008) Bernini in particular, was attracted by exquisitely carved bases and capitals of the Augustan and Flavian periods from the Codex Coner, imperial buildings at Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, and others which have not survived.
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Mary Pix Mary Pix (1666 – 17 May 1709)Find a Grave: St Clement Danes Churchyard. Accessed 8 February 2013 was an English novelist and playwright. As an admirer of Aphra Behn and colleague of Susanna Centlivre, Pix has been called "a link between women writers of the Restoration and Augustan periods".
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Tombstones from sailors of the fleet have been unearthed there.Starr, Roman Imperial Navy, 189 By 69 the Classe fleet had five thousand ships.Pitassi, Navies of Rome, 222 By 324 the western “Augustan navy” was gone. This was most likely because the western half of the empire was preoccupied with civil war.
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161) remarks they testify that the documents were meant for public exhibition. As this seems odd for ritual prescriptions it can be interpreted as a political operation of the Augustan period. They are inscribed in Italic alphabet derived from Etruscan (T. I to Vb 8) and in Latin alphabet (T.
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Oxford University Press. 1998. pp. 39 In 17 AD the Musulamii tribe, led by Tacfarinas,Cornelius Tacitus, Arthur Murphy, The Historical Annals of Cornelius Tacitus: With Supplements, Volume 1 (D. Neall, 1829 ) p114. rebelled against the Romans over the building of a road across Musulamii territory by the Third Augustan Legion.
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Ginsburg, "Nero's Consular Policy", American Journal of ancient History, 6 (1981), pp. 51-68 His mother was Apronia, one of the daughters of Lucius Apronius, consul in AD 8.Tacitus, Annales, VI.30; Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 299 He may be the father of Cornelia Gaetulica.
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Writing "at the confluence of the Augustan and romantic idioms",Bromwich 1999, p. 15. Hazlitt created prose that is "dense" with thought,"In the ratio of thoughts to words, no other critic approaches him." Bromwich 1999, pp. x–xi. "extraordinarily varied", alternating plain, reasoned explanations, with attempts at "effects of oratorical grandeur".
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Not much is known about his family background and early life. Appianus may have been the son of Appius Claudius Pulcher consul of 38 BCSyme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 147 by an unnamed wife. He was probably adopted by Marcus Valerius Messalla, suffect consul 32 BC, thus becoming Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus.
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39, citing Hellanicus of Lesbos. Several Augustan writers offer narratives of the hero's time in Rome to explain the presence of the Ara Maxima dedicated to Hercules in the Forum Boarium,Including Livy, Vergil, Propertius and Ovid; Wiseman, Remus, p. 39. the "Cattle Market" named because of Geryon's stolen herd.Wiseman, Remus, p. 40.
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The Augustan poet Horace calls their freedom of speech "December liberty" (libertas Decembri).Horace, Satires 2.7.4Hans-Friedrich Mueller, "Saturn", in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 221,222. In two satires set during the Saturnalia, Horace portrays a slave as offering sharp criticism to his master.
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Fodor is a graduate of the Faculty of Administrative Law in Sibiu. From 1978 to 2000 she worked at the "Libertatea" fabric factory, where she performed various functions, eventually the commercial manager.Prezentare pe Ziare.com From 2002 to 2008 she was the economic director of the Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania.
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Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford University Press, 1989, 2nd ed.), pp. 50–52 online. In the usage of Tacitus and Pliny Minor,Pliny, Panegyricus Traiani 69.5: illos ingentium virorum nepotes, illos posteros libertatis ("those grandsons of outsized men, those descendants of liberty"). a nobilis is a descendant of the Republican aristocracy.
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344 online. Marcius Censorinus was proconsul of Macedonia and Achaea from 42 to 40 BC. He and a Fabius Maximus were the last proconsuls honored abroad with the title "savior and founder" and with a festival bearing their names before the establishment of the imperial monarchy under Augustus.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy p. 69 online.
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In the inscription = ILS 5050. that records the quindecimviri sacris faciundis who administered the Secular Games of 17 BC, Censorinus occupies the most senior position, second only to Marcus Agrippa.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy p. 48; Jasper Griffin, "Look Your Last on Lyric: Horace Odes 4.15," Classics in Progress (Oxford University Press, 2006), p.
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Publius Cornelius Scipio (born 48 BC) was a Roman senator active during the Principate. He was consul in 16 BC as the colleague of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy, p. 457 He was also proconsular governor of Asia, probably around the years 8/7 BC.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, pp.
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See Frederick E. Brenk, "An > Imperial Heritage: The Religious Spirit of Plutarch of Chaironeia," Aufstieg > und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.36.1 (1987), p. 340, on Plutarch's > interpretational efforts. In a separate passage,Festus 246 (Lindsay). the Augustan antiquarian Verrius Flaccus adds the detail that the horse's head is adorned with bread.
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It celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism and sensibility. Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction which began in reaction to the rationalism of the Augustan Age. Sentimental novels relied on emotional response both from their readers and characters.
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Tacitus reported that Fabius' death in the summer of AD 14 was said to be either directly or indirectly the result of Augustus' anger at this betrayal of trust.Tacitus, Annals i. 5. However, both the truth and accuracy of this story have been questioned by modern historians.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p. 414.
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The Traveller; or, a Prospect of Society (1764) is a philosophical poem by Oliver Goldsmith. In heroic verse of an Augustan style it discusses the causes of happiness and unhappiness in nations. It was the work which first made Goldsmith's name, and is still considered a classic of mid-18th-century poetry.
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See also Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6 online. This uprooting raises the question of why Calvinus was permitted to displace such a venerable shrine. The Church Fathers associate Mutunus with groupings of other deities that are assumed to be based on the lost theological works of Varro.
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The differences between the two Muses are both formal and iconographic. Comedy is painted in the rococo style, reminiscent of the work of Antonio da Correggio. Tragedy is drawn in the neoclassical style, after the style of Guido Reni. The painting employs elements of Augustan imagery, with its clothing, light, and shadow.
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Ariobarzanes II of AtropateneSwan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.114 also known as Ariobarzanes of Media;Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.36 Ariobarzanes of Armenia;A Chronology of the Roman Empire, p.365 Ariobarzanes II; Ariobarzanes II of Media Atropatene and AriobarzanesRes Gestae Divi Augusti, Paragraphs 27 & 33 (40 BC – June 26, 4 AD) was a Prince who served as King of Media Atropatene who ruled sometime from 28 BC to 20 BC until 4 and was appointed by the Roman emperor Augustus to serve as a Roman Client King of Armenia MajorSwan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.
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Although parody is a long-standing literary genre, the mock heroic of Augustan times began to share its territory with parody, using the deflationary inversion of values - comparing small things with great - as a satirical tool in the deconstruction of the epic style.Gregory G. Colomb, Designs on Truth: The Poetics of the Augustan Mock-Epic, Penn State Press, 1992, pp. 44-7 A later humorous tactic, in place of a connected narrative in the mock-epic manner, was to apply poems in the style of varied authors to a single deflationary subject. The ultimate forerunner of this approach has been identified with Isaac Brown's small work, A Pipe of Tobacco, in Imitation of Six Several Authors, first published in 1736.
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In poetry, the early 18th century was an age of satire and public verse, and in prose, it was an age of the developing novel. In drama, by contrast, it was an age in transition between the highly witty and sexually playful Restoration comedy, the pathetic she-tragedy of the turn of the 18th century, and any later plots of middle- class anxiety. The Augustan stage retreated from the Restoration's focus on cuckoldry, marriage for fortune, and a life of leisure. Instead, Augustan drama reflected questions the mercantile class had about itself and what it meant to be gentry: what it meant to be a good merchant, how to achieve wealth with morality, and the proper role of those who serve.
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The whole of the first and an extract of the second appeared in Delille's Poésies fugitives, pp.220-38; however, the translations date from 1765, as noted when L’Essai sur L'Homme first appeared as a whole Another Augustan stylistic habit that appeared early in Delille’s epistles was the elegant use of periphrasis to clothe pedestrian terms in poetical phraseology.Geoffrey Tillotson, Augustan Studies, pp.40-42 Speaking of the use to which various metals are put, for example, Delille hides mention of axe and the plough as ::The steel that overthrows the oak and fir, ::The iron to fertilise the cereal earth, in his Epître à M.Laurent (1761).L’acier qui fait tomber les sapins et les chênes, Le fer qui de Cérès fertilise les plaines, Poésies fugitives, p.
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The verse innovations of the Augustan writers were carefully imitated by their successors in the Silver Age of Latin literature. The verse form itself then was little changed, as the quality of a poet's hexameter was judged against the standard set by Virgil and the other Augustan poets, a respect for literary precedent encompassed by the Latin word '.E.g., the younger Pliny, in referring to an orator who prided himself on not attempting to rival Cicero, replied, ' ("I do attempt to emulate Cicero, as I am not content with the eloquence of our age; I think it's idiotic not to imitate the best examples.") –Letters I.5.12–3 Deviations were generally regarded as idiosyncrasies or hallmarks of personal style, and were not imitated by later poets.
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He could be the biological son of a Valerius who was adopted by Titus Quinctius Crispinus Sulpicianus, one of the alleged lovers of Julia the Elder; or the son of a Quinctius Crispinus and a Valeria;Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 229 or even the brother of Crispinus Sulpicianus.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 158 One certain event in his life is the date of his praetorship, which was in 2 BC; this allows us to infer he acceded to the consulate anno suo, and fixing the year of his birth as 32 BC. We know that he was a member of the Arval Brethren, for inscriptions confirm his presence at their ceremonies from AD 14 through 27.
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Alexander Pope, who had been imitating Horace, wrote an Epistle to Augustus that was in fact addressed to George II of Great Britain and seemingly endorsed the notion of his age being like that of Augustus, when poetry became more mannered, political and satirical than in the era of Julius Caesar.Thornton 275) Later, Voltaire and Oliver Goldsmith (in his History of Literature in 1764) used the term "Augustan" to refer to the literature of the 1720s and the 1730s.Newman and Brown 32 Outside poetry, however, the Augustan era is generally known by other names. Partially because of the rise of empiricism and partially because of the self-conscious naming of the age in terms of ancient Rome, two rather imprecise labels have been affixed to the age.
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Like Julia C. Fischer, Pollini attributes the Tazza Farnese to the Augustan period in Rome. His evidence is also based on the size and material used, but Pollini's primary focus is providing analysis of the piece's iconography in an attempt to prove that it was made during Augustus' reign, and was possibly even commissioned by Augustus himself. To this end, Pollini discusses the figures carved on the inner and outer surfaces, and how the symbolism found in each relates it to an aspect or region of the Augustan empire. Pollini's interpretation of the piece's iconography leads him to assert that it was meant to convey the Golden Age of Augustus and act as a sort of talisman to propagate the strength of the empire.
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The Augustan settlement was promoted by its contemporary apologists as restorative and conservative rather than revolutionary.Brent, 49–51. See also Augustus, Res Gestae, c.4.2. Official cult to the genius of the living princeps as "first among equals" recognised his exceptional powers, his capacity for self- restraint, and his pious respect for Republican traditions.
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Spaeth, 1996, pp. 6–8, 86ff. Of the several figures on the Augustan Ara Pacis, one doubles as a portrait of the Empress Livia, who wears Ceres' corona spicea. Another has been variously identified in modern scholarship as Tellus, Venus, Pax or Ceres, or in Spaeth's analysis, a deliberately broad composite of them all.
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Lucius Cornelius Lentulus (probably Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Cruscellio)Ferriès, Marie-Claire, Les partisans d'Antoine: des orphelins de César aux complices de Cléopâtre (2007), pg. 505. Note that Ronald Syme rejected this association – see The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), pg. 286 (fl. 1st century BC) was a suffect consul in 38 BC, in the late Roman Republic.
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The Augustan historian Pompeius Trogus, of the Celtic Vocontii, said that the Parthians feared especially harsh retribution in any war won against them by Caesar, because the surviving son of Crassus would be among the Roman forces, seeking revenge for the deaths of his father and brother.Pompeius Trogus, in the epitome of Justin, 42.4.6.
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Hallett, p. 76, citing Ulpian, Digest 23.2.43.3. The Augustan moral legislation that criminalized adultery exempted prostitutes, who could legally have sex with a married man. Encouraged to think of adultery as a matter of law rather than morality, a few socially prominent women even chose to avoid prosecution for adultery by registering themselves as prostitutes.
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In 1996, Bowman co-edited volume 10 of the Cambridge Ancient History second edition series, entitled 'The Augustan Empire, 43 BC - AD 69'. As well as co-editing the volume, he also contributed the chapter on 'Provincial Administration and Taxation'. His fellow editors were Andrew Lintott, also of Oxford, and Edward Champlin, of Princeton University.
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She has thus been seen as a sort of "proto-Vesta", a fire goddess sharing in her brother's Vulcan-inherited capacity for fire-breathing.Mark Marinčič, "Roman Archaeology in Vergil's Arcadia (Vergil Eclogue 4; Aeneid 8; Livy 1.7)," in Clio and the Poets: Augustan Poetry and the Traditions of Ancient Historiography (Brill, 2002), p. 158.
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Syme, Ronald, "The Augustan Aristocracy" (1986). Clarendon Press, p. 33\. Retrieved 2012-09-21 Flaccus was married to Cornelia Balba, a daughter of Lucius Cornelius Balbus the Younger, and they had at least three children: Gaius Norbanus Flaccus (consul of AD 15), Lucius Norbanus Balbus (consul of AD 19) and a daughter, Norbana Clara.
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In Augustan times larger offensives were set in motion by the Romans. There were several large-scale landing operations of Roman troops from the North Sea, which were closely coordinated with land forces. In 12 BC, Drusus led the Rhine fleet through the canals of the Zuiderzee in the North Sea (fossa Drusiana).Florus 2.30.
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Saturninus was the son of Lucius Volusius Saturninus, a cousin of emperor Tiberius, and Nonia Polla, the daughter of Lucius Nonius Asprenas, consul in 36 BC.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1986), p. 56 He had a sister named Volusia Saturnina who was the mother of empress Lollia Paulina, wife of emperor Caligula.
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William Collins (25 December 1721 – 12 June 1759) was an English poet. Second in influence only to Thomas Gray, he was an important poet of the middle decades of the 18th century. His lyrical odes mark a progression from the Augustan poetry of Alexander Pope's generation and towards the imaginative ideal of the Romantic era.
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Throughout her last theatrical season she suffered from chronic pain in her abdomen. She retired from the stage in April 1730 and died from cancer of the uterus a few months later.Joanne Lafler, The Celebrated Mrs. Oldfield: the Life and Art of an Augustan Actress (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989), p. 162.
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Particularly ornamented ones were used to make offerings or sacrifices.Dunlop, John Colin. History of Roman Literature from its Earliest Periods to the Augustan Age' Eve Littel, New York: 1827, p233. Indeed, the silver Corbridge Lanx,Discovered in 1735 the Corbridge Lanx was owned by the Duke of Northumberland, and purchased by the British Museumin 1993. .
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Noble atria were also display areas for ancestor-masks (imagines)."The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual:" Lott, John. B., The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 1, citing Frank E. Brown, Roman Architecture, (New York, 1961, p. 9.
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122–123Rawson (2003), p. 80. The "girlfriends" addressed in Augustan love poetry, although fictional, represent an ideal that a desirable woman should be educated, well-versed in the arts, and independent to a frustrating degree.James, Sharon L. (2003) Learned Girls and Male Persuasion: Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy. University of California Press. pp.
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As Lugdunum I (RIC 230), countermarked "VAR" (Varus). In 8–7 BC, Varus governed the province of Africa.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), 320. Later he went to govern Syria from 7/6 BC until 4 BC with four legions under his command, where he was known for his harsh rule and high taxes.
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Some regiments were named after other people, for example ala Sulpicia after its first, or early, '. In the Augustan era, commanders of auxiliary units were often Roman legionary centurions, or native chieftains. For example, ' was probably once commanded by a Gallic chieftain named Atectorix. Later, emperor Claudius restricted auxiliary commands to the lower aristocratic class of ' only.
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Necklace with lenticular bulla, Ostia, Augustan age, gold Roman bullae were enigmatic objects of lead, sometimes covered in gold foil, if the family could afford it. A bulla was worn around the neck as a locket to protect against evil spirits and forces. Bullae were made of differing substances depending upon the wealth of the family.
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Alvar, Romanising Oriental Gods, pp. 277, 286–287. The Lavatio is mentioned by Ovid in the Augustan period, and other literary references indicate it was "well established" by the Flavian period; Forsythe, Time in Roman Religion, p. 89. March 28 may have been a day of initiation into the mysteries of the Magna Mater and Attis at the Vaticanum.
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Clark, Divine Qualities, pp. 23–34; Charles Brian Rose, "The Parthians in Augustan Rome," American Journal of Archaeology 109.1 (2005), p. 46. Tiberius quashed plans for an altar to Ultio to mark the successful prosecutions in the death of Germanicus. According to Tacitus, Tiberius thought triumphalist monuments should be reserved for the defeat of foreign enemies.
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The English word "monster" derived from the negative sense of the word. Compare miraculum, ostentum, portentum, and prodigium. In one of the most famous uses of the word in Latin literature, the Augustan poet Horace calls Cleopatra a fatale monstrum, something deadly and outside normal human bounds.Michèle Lowrie, Horace's Narrative Odes (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 151–154.
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It celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism, and sensibility. Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction which began in the 18th century in reaction to the rationalism of the Augustan Age.Richard Maxwell and Katie Trumpener, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Fiction in the Romantic Period (2008).
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It incorporated the areas around Santi Quattro Coronati, the Aqua Claudia (between the Caelian and Palatine hills), the Circus Maximus, the Septizodium and the Porta Metronia.Gregorovius, III, pg. 530 Both of these regions were merged during the twelfth century to form Ripe et Marmorate. • The third region largely corresponded to the old 5th Augustan Region (Esquiliae).
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Ronald Syme describes the family of the Cornelii Lentuli as distinguished by "mediocrity and survival".Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 286 However, Gaetulicus stands out from them, bringing "the Lentuli into fame and peril" with becoming a partisan of the praetorian prefect Sejanus. This was solidified by the betrothal of Gaetulicus' daughter to one of Sejanus' sons.
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Attilio Degrassi, I fasti consolari dell'Impero Romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo (Rome, 1952), p. 6 He is also known to have been a member of the Arval Brethren.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), pp. 123f According to ancient historians, his wife Julia was exiled in 8 AD for having an affair with a senator.
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In particular, his work often reminds readers of the late Augustan poets, whose work is sophisticated and polished. His writes in a similar style to Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes, who were both alive during Davie's lifetime. In addition, Davie writes without fear of criticism. He uses a strong and confident voice to assert his thoughts and musings.
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The Scriblerus Club was an informal association of authors, based in London, that came together in the early 18th century. They were prominent figures in the Augustan Age of English letters. The nucleus of the club included the satirists Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. Other members were John Gay, John Arbuthnot, Henry St. John and Thomas Parnell.
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Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 298 n. 119 Lentulus was the son of Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, consul in 1 BC. His brother was Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, consul in the year 26. He is known to have a son, Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, consul in the year 60, as the colleague of Nero.
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Paullus Fabius Persicus is believed to have been born in 2 or 1 BCE.Ronald Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p. 416 His cognomen - like the praenomen (Paullus) he shared with his father - was given to him to advertise his natural paternal descent from Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, who had defeated the last Macedonian monarch, Perseus, in 146 BCE.
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Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarnedon Press, 1986), p. 182 Tacitus provides a list of his further victims: Decimus Valerius Asiaticus, Quintus Futius Lusius Saturninus (consul 41), Cornelius Lupus (consul 42) as well as "troops of Roman equites."Tacitus, Annales, XIII.42 The sortition awarded Rufus the proconsular governorship of Asia, which Syme dates to the term 53/54.
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In antiquity, Theveste formed part of the Roman empire. After the establishment of the Roman Empire, the 3rd Augustan Legion was based in Theveste before being transferred to Lambaesis. Theveste later became a Roman colony, probably under Trajan in the early 2nd century. At the time of Trajan, it was a flourishing city with around 30,000 inhabitants.
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A depiction of Titus Statilius Taurus (I) from the Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum. Titus Statilius Taurus was the name of a line of Roman senators. The first known and most important of these was a Roman general and two-time consul prominent during the Triumviral and Augustan periods. The other men who bore this name were his descendants.
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Only minor reconstructions are known after the Augustan phases, by the urban prefect Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus (356 - 359) and perhaps by Anicius Acilius Fortunatus Glabrio in the 420s. The temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, when the Christian Emperors issued edicts prohibiting all non-Christian worship and sanctuaries.
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Syme, Sallust, p. 228, note 51, and "Senators, Tribes and Towns," Historia 13 (1964), p. 113. Syme rejects attempts to identify the inscriptional Calvisius as the son or grandson of the consul of 39 BC. As a military officer, Calvisius is notable for his long service and competence, though he was not without serious defeats.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, pp.
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3 (1986), pp. 48–49. Broughton ends the Republic with 31 BC. He is one of several novi homines ("new men") who achieved not only the consulship but triumphal honors during the 30s BC.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy p. 34. He is the first consul whose nomen gentilicium has the non-Latin ending -isius.Ronald Syme, Roman Revolution, p.
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Among them the most important are the Greeks Agathias and Malalas, the Persian Muslims al-Tabari and Ferdowsi, the Armenian Agathangelos, and the Syriac Chronicles of Edessa and Arbela, most of whom depended on late Sasanian sources, especially Khwaday-Namag. The Augustan History is neither contemporary nor reliable, but it is the chief narrative source for Severus and Carus.
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John Rich takes control of Covent Garden Theatre in 1732. The first play he would stage was The Way of the World. As during the Restoration, economic reality drove the stage during the Augustan period. Under Charles II court patronage meant economic success, and therefore the Restoration stage featured plays that would suit the monarch and/or court.
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Hadrianotherae or Hadrianutherae or Hadrianoutherai () was a town of ancient Mysia, on the road from Ergasteria to Miletopolis. It was built by the emperor Hadrian to commemorate a successful hunt which he had had in the neighbourhood.Cassius Dio, Historia Romana 69.10; Augustan History, Hadr. 20. Coins from this town issued during the reign of Hadrian onwards are preserved.
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Abstract from Euripides' Alcestis and the "Aldobrandini Wedding" , by Ross Kilpatrick.see The Early Augustan "Aldobrandini Wedding" Fresco: A Quartercentury Reinterpretation, article Memoirs of American Academy in Rome, 2002, Ross Kilpatrick, Queens University.Abstract from thesis: The history and interpretation of the "Aldobrandini Wedding": Bacchus, fertility and marriage in the time of Augustus. by DuRette, B. Underwood, Florida State University.
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The Historia Augusta mentions Scythians, Greuthungi, Tervingi, Gepids, Peucini, Celts and Heruli. Zosimus names Scythians, Heruli, Peucini and Goths. The Augustan History and Zosimus claim a total number of 2,000-6,000 ships and 325,000 men.Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Vita Divi Claudii, 6.4 This is probably a gross exaggeration but remains indicative of the scale of the invasion.
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The Augustan poet Ovid, in the Ars Amatoria and again in the Metamorphoses, introduces Aura into the tragic story of Cephalus and Procris, perhaps playing on the verbal similarity of Aura and Aurora, the Roman goddess of the dawn, who was Cephalus' lover.Ovid, Ars Amatoria 3.687-746 (pp. 166-171) and Metamorphoses 7.690-862 (pp. 390-403); Green, p.
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"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" thus did not form the primary dichotomy of Roman thinking about sexuality, and no Latin words for these concepts exist.Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122. Depictions of frank sexuality are abundant in Roman literature and art.
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"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were not categories of Roman sexuality, and Latin lacks words that would translate these concepts exactly.Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122. The primary dichotomy of Roman sexuality was active/dominant/masculine and passive/submissive/"feminized".
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Some historians state that Diocletian adopted Maximian as his filius Augusti, his "Augustan son", upon his appointment to the throne, following the precedent of some previous Emperors.Bowman, "Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy" (CAH), 69; Odahl, 42–43; Southern, 136; Williams, 45. This argument has not been universally accepted.Bowman, "Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy" (CAH), 69; Southern, 136.
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464 Sebaste is the Greek equivalent word of the Latin word Augusta. Archelaus renamed a village, Garsaura, to Archelaïs,Bowman, The Augustan Empire, p. 672 turning it into an administrative centre, which later became a colony under the Roman Emperor Claudius. Archelaus was an author of a geographical work and had written a treatise called On Stones and Rivers.
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For a survey of Roman Epicureans active in politics, see Arnaldo Momigliano, review of Science and Politics in the Ancient World by Benjamin Farrington (London 1939), in Journal of Roman Studies 31 (1941), pp. 151–157. Piso was consul in the year 58 BC with Aulus Gabinius as his colleague.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p.
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Because assignment to this board was usually allocated to patricians, Ronald Syme sees this as evidence that Silianus was a member of that class.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 52 Silanus was also a personal friend of emperor Augustus. Silanus participated in the beginning of the Bellum Batonianum in Illyricum in the year 6, for which he was awarded the consulate.
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114Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. . The consuls' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium, which literally means "command" (though typically in a military sense).Richardson, John (2011) "Fines provinciae", in Frontiers in the Roman World. Brill. p. 10.
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Wright, from Cyril of Alexandria's later refutation, Contra Julianum) at Tertullian.org (accessed 30 August 2009). Julian admired the work of the Platonist (or neo-Platonist) Iamblichus. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned.
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Blake's designs were engraved by Luigi Schiavonetti, and published in 1808. See the biographical introduction prefixed to Blair's Poetical Works, by Dr. Robert Anderson, in his Poets of Great Britain, vol. viii. (1794). The only modern edition of The Grave is that of Professor James A. Means, which was published in 1973 by the Augustan Reprint Society, Los Angeles.
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Messala was the son of Claudia Marcella Minor and Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus.Ronald Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p.147.Lightman, A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women, p. 205 Marcella was the daughter of Gaius Claudius Marcellus and Octavia the Younger, the sister of Augustus and great-niece of Julius Caesar.
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He was the son of Marcus Plautius Silvanus, who had been consul in 2 BC, and Lartia. However, Fabia and Silvanus seem to have been divorced prior to Silvanus' praetorship, as Silvanus was then married to a woman named Apronia, whom he apparently murdered by throwing her out of a window.Tacitus, Annales, iv. 22.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 418.
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Varus was born into the gens Quinctilia. Although he was a patrician by birth, his family had long been impoverished and was unimportant; Ronald Syme notes, "The sole and last consul of that family", Sextus Quinctilius Varus, "had been two years antecedent to the Decemvirs" (i.e. 453 BC).Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p.
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The Augustan-era historian Livy (21.6.3) seems to indicate that Valerius and Baebius were dispatched by the consuls of 218. Saguntum fell before the winter of 219–218, and since the envoys were supposed to have arrived before Hannibal's attack, the latest possible date is early 219. Dating based on Polybius points to a different story.
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The Hop-Garden is split into two books totaling 733 lines (429 lines and 304 lines respectively) and written in Miltonic blank verse.Sherbo p. 84 It may have been expected that Smart would rely on Augustan rhyming couplets for his poem, even though Pope stated that Miltonic language might be inappropriate for a pastoral theme.Mounsey p.
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In Chris Mounsey's biography of Christopher Smart, the fourth chapter is devoted to an examination of The Hop-Garden.Mounsey p. 64 However, this examination admittedly does not focus on the poem as a georgic, but emphasizes an Augustan nature of the poem, especially its potential as a satirical attack upon John Philips's Cyder (1708).Mounsey p.
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Roman mosaic depicting the myth of Zeus and Ganymede Homosexuality in ancient Rome often differs markedly from the contemporary West. Latin lacks words that would precisely translate "homosexual" and "heterosexual".Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
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Neither author mentions the two triumphs attributed by the Fasti to the last king of Rome, Tarquin. See Beard, 74 and endnotes 1 &2. Fragments of similar date and style from Rome and provincial Italy appear to be modeled on the Augustan Fasti, and have been used to fill some of its gaps.Beard, 61-2, 66-7.
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According to Livy (9.44.16) Romans were commemorating military victories by building statues to Hercules as early as 305 BCE. Also, philosopher Piny the Elder dates Hercules worship back to the time of Evander, by accrediting him with erecting a statue in the Forum Boarium of Hercules. Scholars agree that there would have been 5–7 temples in Augustan Rome.
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Cleopatra Testing Poisons on Condemned Prisoners (1887), by Alexandre Cabanel Although almost 50 ancient works of Roman historiography mention Cleopatra, these often include only terse accounts of the Battle of Actium, her suicide, and Augustan propaganda about her personal deficiencies. Despite not being a biography of Cleopatra, the Life of Antonius written by Plutarch in the 1st century AD provides the most thorough surviving account of Cleopatra's life. Plutarch lived a century after Cleopatra but relied on primary sources, such as Philotas of Amphissa, who had access to the Ptolemaic royal palace, Cleopatra's personal physician named Olympos, and Quintus Dellius, a close confidant of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Plutarch's work included both the Augustan view of Cleopatra—which became canonical for his period—as well as sources outside of this tradition, such as eyewitness reports.
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The Distrest Poet, William Hogarth's portrait of a Grub Street poet starving to death and trying to write a new poem to get money. The "hack" (hired) writer was a response to the newly increased demand for reading matter in the Augustan period. Augustan literature (sometimes referred to misleadingly as Georgian literature) is a style of British literature produced during the reigns of Queen Anne, King George I, and George II in the first half of the 18th century and ending in the 1740s, with the deaths of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, in 1744 and 1745, respectively. It was a literary epoch that featured the rapid development of the novel, an explosion in satire, the mutation of drama from political satire into melodrama and an evolution toward poetry of personal exploration.
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Jupiter, Juno and Minerva were honored in temples known as Capitolia, which were built on hills and other prominent areas in many cities in Italy and the provinces, particularly during the Augustan and Julio- Claudian periods. Most had a triple cella. The earliest known example of a Capitolium outside of Italy was at Emporion (now Empúries, Spain).Blagg, T.F.C. (1990).
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Representation of Jesus of Nazareth, central figure of Christianity. The Maison Carrée in Nîmes, one of the best-preserved Roman temples. It is a mid-sized Augustan provincial temple of the theocratic Imperial cult of the Empire. The Imperial cult was inseparable from that of Rome's official deities, whose cult was essential to Rome's survival and whose neglect was therefore treasonous.
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Augustan History names her husband as Junius Balbus, however modern historians dismiss his name as false. She bore her husband a son, Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius (known as Gordian III), born 20 January 225. The birth name of Gordian III is unknown and his birthplace is unknown. The name of Gordian (as we know him) he assumed when he became Roman Emperor.
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He and Diomedes then re-entered the city and stole the Palladium. Diomedes is sometimes regarded as the person who physically removed the Palladium and carried it away to the ships. There are several statues and many ancient drawings of him with the Palladium. According to the Narratives of the Augustan period mythographer Conon as summarised by Photius,Photius, Bibliotheca 186.
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According to the Augustan History, the emperor Antoninus Pius "defeated the Britons through the agency of the legate Lollius Urbicus".Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius 5.4. It seems that, in a reversal of Hadrianic policy in Britain, he sent Lollius Urbicus to effect the reconquest of Lowland Scotland. Between 139 and 140 Urbicus refurbished the fort at Corbridge,RIB 1147 and 1148.
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Nucerians and the Pompeians Popular factions supported favourite gladiators and gladiator types.Examples are in Martial's Epigrams 14, 213 and Suetonius's Caligula. Under Augustan legislation, the Samnite type was renamed Secutor ("chaser", or "pursuer"). The secutor was equipped with a long, heavy "large" shield called a scutum; Secutores, their supporters and any heavyweight secutor-based types such as the Murmillo were secutarii.
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Suetonius, Life of Vitellius 13.2; Gowers, The Loaded Table, p. 20. The Augustan historian Livy explicitly links the development of gourmet cuisine to Roman territorial expansion, dating the introduction of the first chefs to 187 BC, following the Galatian War.Livy 39.6; Seo, "Cooks and Cookbooks," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, p. 298; Gowers, The Loaded Table,, p. 16.
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Leading members of the group include Ben Jonson, Richard Lovelace, Robert Herrick, Edmund Waller, Thomas Carew, Sir John Suckling, and John Denham. The Cavalier poets can be seen as the forerunners of the major poets of the Augustan era, who admired them greatly. They "were not a formal group, but all were influenced" by Ben Jonson.The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed.
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In a passage of the Augustan History (Alex. Sev. 68) which, either from interpolation or from the inaccuracy of the author, abounds with anachronisms, Callistratus is stated to have been a disciple of Papinian, and to have been one of the council of Alexander Severus. This statement may be correct, notwithstanding the suspicious character of the source whence it is derived.
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It is thus insinuated, but not directly asserted that he was responsible for the death of both men during and after that campaign. The usual caveats are suggested regarding information based on the Augustan History. The truth is unknowable. Historian Pat Southern, points to Aper's scheming as the most likely reason for Carus's unexpected death while campaigning against the Sasanian Empire.
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The Sun, or the Fall of Icarus (1819) by Merry-Joseph Blondel, in the Rotunda of Apollo at the Louvre Icarus' flight was often alluded to by Greek poets in passing, but the story was told briefly in Pseudo-Apollodorus.Epitome of the Biblioteca i.11 and ii.6.3. In the literature of ancient Rome, the myth was of interest to Augustan writers.
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61, fn 85, citing A. Angeli, "Compendi, eklogai, tetrapharmakos" (1986), p. 65. Apparently named after this unprepossessing concoction, tetrapharmacum(or 'tetrafarmacum) was a complicated and expensive dish in Roman Imperial cuisine. It contained sow's udder, pheasant, wild boar and ham in pastry. The only surviving source of information on the tetrafarmacum is the Augustan History, which mentions it three times.
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Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 179 Syme reviews the primary sources -- which include Suetonius and Dio Cassius -- and provides the essential facts. In September 39, Caligula left Rome and proceeded to Moguntiacum, the capital of Germania Superior, accompanied by his sisters and Lepidus. Upon reaching Moguntiacum, Gaetulicus was one of many executed, in his case because of his popularity with his soldiers.
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His mother was Sextia and his brother was Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 267 In 21, Faustus married Domitia Lepida the Younger. She was a child of Antonia Major by Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC), a great niece of Emperor Augustus and a granddaughter to Octavia Minor and Triumvir Mark Antony.
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The career of Africanus Fabius Maximus is much less clear than that of his brother. It is believed that Africanus' earliest post was as a military tribune in Spain, though this is not certain. His only two certain civilian posts were as ordinary consul in 10 BCE (with Iullus Antonius), and as proconsul of Africa in 6/5 BCE.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p.
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18th century reconstruction of the temple The site probably originated as part of the town's capitolium of the Greek or Samnite era, radically rebuilt in the Republican and Augustan eras. The church was first housed in a former Roman temple, the Temple of Augustus built by the rich merchant Lucius Calpurnius. Its dedicatory inscription survives, reading L. Calpurnius L.f. templum Aug.
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It is also probable that he had a biological son named Gaius Livius Drusus who had two daughters named Livia Pulchra and Livia Livilla. This son may have died in battle after the assassination of Julius Caesar, or had been proscribed and killed by the Second Triumvirate. He also adopted as his son Marcus Livius Drusus Libo.Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p.
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The Suebi continued on with the original Roman Conventus iuridicus Lucense, maintaining a capital in Lucus Augusti (Lugo), and with the Bracarense with its capital at Bracara Augusta (Braga). The Hasdingi Vandals likewise maintained the Roman structure dating back from the Augustan and Claudian emperors. Their Roman Conventus Asturicensus maintained its capital at Asturica Augusta, (Astorga). Hispania in the year 418.
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10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC – AD 69, 1996, p. 577: "...figure in the warfare of the second century B.C. The Deraemestae (30) were a new formation from several smaller peoples in the hinterland of Epidaurum including the Ozuaei, Partheni, Hemasini, Arthitae and Armistae." of several other tribes such as the Ozuaei, Taulantii, Partheni, Hemasini, Arthitae and Armistae. The Deramestae had 30 decuriae.
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Jain versions of the Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and Bhagavata (tales of Hindu god Krishna) were also written.Sastri (1955), p. 357 According to R. Narasimhacharya, a noted scholar on Kannada literature, more Jain writers wrote in Kannada than in any other Dravidian language during the "Augustan age" of Kannada literature, from the earliest known works to the 12th century.
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He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram, epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common ("big book, big evil" was his doctrine).Green (1990), p. 179. He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry.
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The earliest mention of the Raeti in surviving ancient sources is in the Histories of Polybius, written before 146 BC.Polybius XXXIV.10.18 The Raeti, according to Pliny the Elder, were Etruscans driven into the Alps from the Po Valley by invading Gauls.Pliny the Elder III.20 This account of Raeti origins is supported by the Augustan-era Roman historian Livy.
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The retiarius ("net fighter") developed in the early Augustan period. He carried a trident and a net, equipment styled on that of a fisherman. The retiarius wore a loincloth held in place by a wide belt and a larger arm guard (manica) extending to the shoulder and left side of the chest. He fought without the protection of a helmet.
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It was thus dedicated in the end to the name of the princeps, with the dedication day in the Augustan period of 23 September.Fast. Urb. Arv. ad IX kal. Oct.; CIL 12 p215, 252, 339 Upon the construction of the theatre of Marcellus soon afterwards the temple's frontal staircase was demolished and replaced with two staircases on the sides of the "pronaos".
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Licinia may have been attempting to assert the independence of her order against the dominant traditionalists in of the Senate. Scaevola removed her donations as not made "by the will of the people". Thereafter, the Temple's official status is unknown until Livia's restoration in the Augustan era. Its use and status at the time of the Bona Dea scandal are unknown.
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In turn, the cult practice may have changed to support the virtuous ideological message required of the myths, particularly during the Augustan religious reforms that identified Bona Dea with the empress Livia.See Brouwer, p. xxiii, 266ff. Versnel (1992) notes the elements common to the Bona Dea festival, Fauna's myths, and Greek Demeter's Thesmophoria, as "wine, myrtle, serpents and female modesty blemished".
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This is the key information to survive about his life, together with a passage in the Suda about the Augustan period poet Parthenius of Nicaea: > Son of Heracleides and Eudora (but Hermippus says Tetha was his mother). > From Nicaea or Myrleia. A poet writing elegies and in various metres. He was > taken by Cinna as war booty, when the Romans defeated Mithridates [sc.
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Collating these fragmentary abridgments, and republishing them with translations, is a project being coordinated at University College London, with several objectives: to make this information available in usable form, to stimulate debate on Festus and on the Augustan antiquarian tradition upon which he drew, and to enrich and to renew studies on Roman life, about which Festus provides essential information.
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Date of his birth and death are unknown. He married Octavia Major, the elder half-sister of Augustus, by whom he had at least one son, also named Sextus Appuleius (II). It is postulated that he had a second son, Marcus Appuleius, the consul of 20 BC.Syme, Ronald, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p. 37 It is possible that this Sextus Appuleius was Flamen Iulialis.
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Acilius was a Roman politician from the gens Acilia and a supporter of the Second Triumvirate. He may have been the son of Manius Acilius Glabrio, consul suffectus in 67 BC.Syme, Ronald, "The Augustan Aristocracy" (1986). Clarendon Press, pgs. 28-29. Retrieved 2012-09-21 In 33 he was appointed one of four consuls who succeeded Octavianus after he resigned the office.
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"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were thus not categories of Roman sexuality, and no words exist in Latin that would precisely translate these concepts.Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122. A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged.
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Rufus is also the father of Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus, who was adopted by Sallustius, and married Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina the Younger.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 159f The sortition awarded Passienus Rufus the proconsular governorship of Africa (circa 4/3 BC). While governor he led a successful campaign in the frontier zone, for which he earned the ornamenta.
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"Temple of Diana" This temple is a municipal building belonging to the city forum. It is one of the few buildings of religious character preserved in a satisfactory state. Despite its name, wrongly assigned on its discovery, the building was dedicated to the Imperial cult. It was built in the late 1st century BC or early in the Augustan era.
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Apollo Kitharoidos. Painted plaster, Roman artwork from the Augustan period The cithara is said to have been the invention of Apollo, the god of music. Apollo is often depicted playing a cithara instead of a lyre, often dressed in a kitharode’s formal robes. Kitharoidos, or Citharoedus is an epithet given to Apollo, which means "lyre-singer" or "one who sings to the lyre".
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In the next civil war between Octavian and Mark Anthony the city did not escape as lightly. After the war, Octavian settled many veteran soldiers on the lands of the ruined city. This helped Lucera recover quickly and marked an era of renewed prosperity. Many of the surviving Roman landmarks hail from this Augustan period, among them the Luceran amphitheatre.
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However, Oldfield wasn't truly noticed until the summer of 1703 when Susanna Verbruggen's contract was terminated before the company traveled to Bath to perform for Queen Anne and her court.Joanne Lafler, The Celebrated Mrs. Oldfield: the Life and Art of an Augustan Actress (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989), 25. Oldfield became one of Drury Lane's leading actresses.
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Anne Oldfield began a decade-long relationship with Whig politician Arthur Maynwaring sometime around 1700. Despite the fact that previous generations of actresses relied heavily on the patronage of their lovers, Oldfield remained financially independent from Maynwaring.Joanne Lafler, The Celebrated Mrs. Oldfield: the Life and Art of an Augustan Actress (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989), 27–31.
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The gens Propertia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, and none of them ever obtained the consulship, but a few of them held other magistracies in imperial times. The most famous of the Propertii was Sextus Propertius, a celebrated poet of the Augustan age. Many other Propertii are known from inscriptions.
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W. Eck, B. Feher, and P. Kovács (Bonn, 2013), p. 74 Silvanus was the son of Lucius Fundanius Laemia Aelianus and wife Annia. According to the Augustan History, Silvanus married Aurelia Fadilla (died 135), daughter of Antoninus Pius and Annia Galeria Faustina or Faustina the Elder.Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius 1.7; translated by Anthony Birley, Lives of the Later Caesars (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), p.
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96 The Augustan History claims that Fabia Orestilla, the wife of Gordian I, was a descendant of the Emperor Antoninus Pius through her father Fulvus Antoninus, a descendant of Silvanus.Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 17.4 Modern historians have dismissed this name and her information as false, as they believe his wife was the granddaughter of the Greek Sophist, consul, and tutor Herodes Atticus.
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The Colosseum in Rome, Italy; the classical orders are used, but purely for aesthetic effect. The Castel Sant'Angelo and Ponte Sant'Angelo in Rome, Italy Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain; one of the best preserved Roman aqueducts today. The Maison Carrée at Nîmes in France, one of the best preserved Roman temples. A mid-sized Augustan provincial temple of the Imperial cult.
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Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 129 Once back in Rome, Dolabella is recorded as twice making excessively sycophantic proposals that Tiberius rejected. The first was in the year 21, following Gaius Silius' suppression of a rebellion of Gaulish debtors led by Julius Florus and the Aeduan Julius Sacrovir. Dolabella proposed that Tiberius return from Campania and enter Rome with an ovation for the victory.
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Finally, in the context of Augustan drama, Carey's play contributed to the sentiment that led to the establishment of the Licensing Act of 1737, when the theaters would be subject to official censorship. After the successes of Tom Thumb and Chrononhotonthologos, theaters staged increasingly vicious attacks on the ministry. These satires were progressively more dangerously near an attack on the crown.
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Broughton, pg. 398; Syme, pg. 199 In 31 BC, Asprenas was elected as one of the Septemviri epulones.Broughton, pg. 427 He had at least one son, Lucius Nonius Asprenas, who was the father of Lucius Nonius Asprenas, the consul suffectus of AD 6. He also had a daughter, Nonia Polla, who married Lucius Volusius Saturninus.Syme, Ronald, "The Augustan Aristocracy" (1986).
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The New Humanist has been in print for 131 years; starting out life as Watts's Literary Guide, founded by C. A. Watts in November 1885. It later became The Literary Guide and Rationalist Review (1894–1954), Humanist (1956–1971) and the New Humanist in 1972.Sullivan, Alvin. (1983). British Literary Magazines: The Augustan age and the age of Johnson, 1698-1788.
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1–2 and 5–13. The Augustan historian Livy says that when Fulvius built his temple to Fortuna Equestris ("Equestrian Luck"), he stripped the marble tiles for it from a temple of Juno Lacinia.Valerius Maximus (1.1.20) places this temple in Locri, Bruttium, but elsewhere correctly identifies its location as Croton, also in modern-day Calabria; see also Livy 42.3.1–11.
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Alexandrians were the only Egyptians that could obtain Roman citizenship. If a common Egyptian wanted to become a Roman citizen he would first have to become an Alexandrian citizen. The Augustan period in Egypt saw the creation of urban communities with “Hellenic” landowning elites. These landowning elites were put in a position of privilege and power and had more self-administration than the Egyptian population.
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367f Between the unknown date of this marriage, and his consulate, Rufus established himself as an orator: Seneca the Younger mentions him almost thirty times in his writings.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 225 According to Syme, "Specimens quoted show directness, and a lack of metaphor, paradox, or subtlety." By the time Rufus achieved the consulate, he was an elderly man.
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Hallett, J., "The eleven elegies of the Augustan Poet Sulpicia" in: Churchill, L.J., and Brown, P.R., Women writing Latin: From Roman Antiquity to Early Modern Europe, vol. 1 (New York, 2002), pp. 45-65. While academics traditionally regarded Sulpicia as an amateur author, this view was challenged by Santirocco in an article published in 1979,Santirocco, M. S. 1979. "Sulpicia Reconsidered," Classical Journal 74.3: 229-39.
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Ainsworth lived at Devereux Court, a place that was favoured by Augustan writers. During his stay, he visited Lamb, but felt let down by the real Lamb. Ainsworth attended Lamb's circle, and met many individuals including Henry Crabb Robinson and Mary Shelley. During the summer of 1825, Ainsworth returned on a trip to Manchester in order to meet Crossley before travelling to the Isle of Man.
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Valeria was the daughter of a man named Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger and Hortensia. She had a brother named Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus who was consul in 53 BC.Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 227 f. Plutarch calls her a sister of the orator Quintus Hortensius, but this is a mistake, Plutarch probably confused her as his sister instead of niece (Hortensius' sister being Hortensia, Valeria's mother).
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The oldest building in Sućuraj is the Augustan (today Franciscan) monastery. Its original construction date is not known, but it was first rebuilt in 1309 and most recently in 1994. Sućuraj got its name from the Church of St. George, which is mentioned in the Statute of Hvar from 1331. That church was destroyed at the end of the 19th century, and a new one was built.
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Peuch, Bernadette, "Orateurs et sophistes grecs dans les inscriptions d'époque impériale", (2002), pg. 128 According to the notoriously unreliable Historia Augusta, his mother was a Roman woman called Fabia Orestilla, born circa 165, who the Augustan History claims was a descendant of Emperors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius through her father Fulvus Antoninus. Modern historians have dismissed this name and her information as false.Syme, pp.
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This Augustan context (late 1st c. BCE - early 1st c. CE) is critical to understanding the columbaria because the first Emperor transformed the urban and social fabric of Rome. This period encouraged experimentation with new and foreign architectural forms, and it has been suggested that the “dovecote” model resembles Hellenistic examples, just as the Mausoleum of Augustus may have looked to Hellenistic tumulus precedents.
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The other three were in the Circus Maximus, on the Quirinal, and in Trastevere. He also instituted games in honor of the sun god, held every four years from 274 onwards. The identity of Aurelian's Sol Invictus has long been a subject of scholarly debate. Based on the Augustan History, some scholars have argued that it was based on Sol Elagablus (or Elagabla) of Emesa.
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Only Malalas, however, describes Zenobia's beheading; according to the other historians, her life was spared after Aurelian's triumph. The Augustan History recorded that Aurelian gave Zenobia a villa in Tibur near Hadrian's Villa, where she lived with her children. Zonaras wrote that Zenobia married a nobleman, and Syncellus that she married a Roman senator. The house she reportedly occupied became a tourist attraction in Rome.
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It is therefore likely that Urbicus led the reoccupation of southern Scotland , probably using the 2nd Augustan Legion. He evidently campaigned against several British tribes (possibly including factions of the northern Brigantes), certainly against the lowland tribes of Scotland, the Votadini and Selgovae of the Scottish Borders region, and the Damnonii of Strathclyde. His total force may have been about 16,500 men.Hanson (2003) p. 203.
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Millar called such an arrangement a dual sovereignty.Millar, Rome, the Greek World and the East: Government, Society and Culture in the Roman Empire, edited by F.,Cotton H., Roger G., p. 229 Cottius became a Roman citizen, Latinizing his name as Marcus Julius Cottius, and was appointed præfectus civitatium. Areas assigned to this type of prefect were areas newly brought under Roman administration in the Augustan period.
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62 Erato and Tigranes V co-ruled together in Artaxata. There is a possibility that Erato and Tigranes V may have married and she may have served as a Queen consort to Tigranes V.Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.p.120 & 130 Little is known on Erato and Tigranes V co-ruling Armenia together.
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Inside its chamber, steps lead down to a vault crypt which is now lost. This mausoleum might have belonged to the royal family, being the only tomb inside the city's walls. Odaenathus' royal power in itself was sufficient to earn him a burial within the city walls. The Augustan History claims that Maeonius was proclaimed emperor for a brief period before being killed by soldiers.
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Additionally and perhaps primarily, satire was a part of political and religious debate. Every significant politician and political act had satires to attack it. Few of these were parodic satires, but parodic satires, too, emerged in political and religious debate. So omnipresent and powerful was satire in the Augustan age that more than one literary history has referred to it as the "Age of satire" in literature.
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The overthrow of the Roman monarchy and the establishment of the Republic was precipitated by the rape of the much-admired Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius, the king's son. The legend crystallizes the Roman view of unchecked libido as a form of tyranny.Kuttner, p. 348. The Augustan historian Livy seems "embarrassed" by the rape motif of early Roman history, and emphasizes the redeeming political dimension of these events.
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Gabii was an ally of Rome after 493 BC. In the late Republican period, the city became depopulated due to the extensive use of the lapis Gabinus quarry, which was just under the archaic city. Cicero mentioned it in the 1st century BC as a small and insignificant place. The Augustan poets used Gabii when demonstrating a city that had fallen from its old heights.Princeton encyclopedia (1976).
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No other extended passage about Troilus exists from before the Augustan Age by which time other versions of the character's story have emerged. The remaining sources compatible with the standard myth are considered below by theme. Athena directing Achilles to attack Troilus. A feature of the tale not available from written sources. Detail of an Etruscan red-figure stamnos (from a pair known as “Fould stamnoi”), ca.
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Extant sections treat of apples, peaches, quinces, citrons, almonds, chestnuts, parsnips, and various other edibles, with an emphasis on the medical effects they have on the body (quoting Dioscorides sometimes). Gargilius also wrote a treatise on the tending of cattle (). A biography of the emperor Alexander Severus is also attributed to him in the Augustan History. This attribution has been read as a joke by some critics.
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Four limestone fragments of a monumental inscription still survive from the amphitheatre, which most likely stood above the main entrance at the south end of the arena, according to Gentili.P. Sabbatini Tumolesi, G. L. Gregori, S. Orlandi, M. Fora, Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'occidente romano, Roma 1988, p. 119. Lugli dates it to the Augustan period, while Golvin gives it a Julio-Claudian date.Page on regione.sicilia.itG.
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Accordingly, the proposed reconstructions display a structure consisting of a higher central vaulted bay with Corinthian semi-columns and a triumphal chariot on top. The lower bays had square-topped pediments with Doric columns or semi-columns surmounted by statues of Parthians holding bows and the recovered eagles.Briar Rose, The Parthians in Augustan Rome, pp. 30-32.Holland, The Triple Arch of Augustus, p. 56.
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During his lifetime, Augustus was honored with ludi Augustales, games (ludi) presented on the initiative of individual magistrates. Strictly speaking, the Augustalia was the anniversary sacrifice, though Augustalia can also refer to commemorations of Augustus on his birthday, September 23.Peter Michael Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History Books 55–56 (9 B.C.–A.D. 14) (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp.
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The rise in ground level due to silt and debris had completely buried the socle by the time Giuseppe Vasi and Giambattista Piranesi made engravings and etchings of the column in the mid-18th century. The square foundation of brick (illustration, right) was not originally visible, the present level of the Forum not having been excavated down to its earlier Augustan paving until the 19th century.
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267 Postumius Varus' first recorded posting was during the 240s as Legatus legionis of the Legio II Augusta, which was stationed in Britannia Inferior. During his time there, he restored a temple of Diana at Isca Augusta.Brewer, Richard J. Birthday of the Eagle: The Second Augustan Legion and the Roman Military Machine (2002), p. 116 This was followed by his appointment as suffect consul around AD 250.
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Livy > 28.9.15 However, it should be realised that Livy was writing in the Augustan period and that the emperor's wife Livia belonged to the Claudii Nerones, so some bias is to be expected here.Hoyos, D. (2006) Livy: The War with Hannibal. 691 The fact that little information on his later career and death survives in the evidence seems to support the view of bias.
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Palaemon appears for the first time in Euripides' Iphigeneia in Tauris, where he is already the "guardian of ships".Euripides, Iphigeneia in Tauris, 270. The paramount identification in the Latin poets of the Augustan age is with Portunus, the Roman god of safe harbours, memorably in Virgil's Georgics.Virgil, Georgics 1.436-7: sailors, preserved from the hazards of the sea and safely ashore, give thanks to Melicertes.
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The death of Alexander Pope from Museus, a threnody by William Mason. Diana holds the dying Pope, and John Milton, Edmund Spenser, and Geoffrey Chaucer prepare to welcome him to heaven. The Imitations of Horace followed (1733–38). These were written in the popular Augustan form of the "imitation" of a classical poet, not so much a translation of his works as an updating with contemporary references.
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They were not under the control of the Praetorian Prefect, but only to the Emperor himself. Appeals of their legal decisions went straight to the emperor. The vicars had no real military role and had no troops under their command, which was a significant novelty compared to the Augustan provincial system. This was intended to separate military and civilian power and thus prevent rebellions and civil wars.
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From his exile in Tomis on the Black Sea (present-day Constanța, Romania), the Augustan poet Ovid learned Getic and Sarmatian, and noted that Greek was spoken with a markedly Getic accent.Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," p. 126, citing also L.P. Wilkinson, Ovid Recalled (1955), ch. 10. Inscriptions from Tomis in the Imperial period are generally Greek, with Thracian personal names and religious references.
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The Augustan History relates that, after losing his first wife around 186,. politician Septimius Severus heard a foretelling of a woman in Syria who would marry a king. So Severus sought her as his wife.. This woman was Domna. Bassianus accepted Severus' marriage proposal in early 187, and in the summer the couple married in Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon, France), of which Severus was the governor.
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Pedius married a Roman noblewoman called Valeria, one of the sisters of the Roman Senator Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus and thus a daughter of Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger and his wife, Polla.Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy, pages 20 and 206. Pedius and Valeria had at least one child, a son named Quintus Pedius Publicola. Publicola became a Roman Senator, who distinguished himself with his oratory.
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Nortia may thus have been related to the Etruscan Menerva.Simon, "Gods in Harmony," p. 59. At Rome, the goddess Necessitas, the divine personification of necessity, was also depicted with a nail, "the adamantine nail / That grim Necessity drives," as described by the Augustan poet Horace.Horace, Carmen 3.24.5 in the translation of David Ferry, The Odes of Horace (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997), p. 231.
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Edward M. Catich (1906–1979) was an American Roman Catholic priest, teacher, and calligrapher. He is noted for the fullest development of the thesis that the inscribed Roman square capitals of the Augustan age and afterward owed their form (and their characteristic serifs) wholly to the use of the flat brush, rather than to the exigencies of the chisel or other stone cutting tools.
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Wilhelm Henzen, ed. Acta Fratrum Arvalium quae supersunt (Berlin, 1874) Further fragments subsequently came to light. Though their rituals were conducted outside the pomerium that demarcated the official confines of the city in earliest times,Rüpke 2004:35. the Arvales emerged from obscurity toward the end of the Roman Republic as an elite group, to judge from the status of their known members in the Augustan period.
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It took nearly a year before she landed her first small role as Candiope in John Dryden's Secret Love; or, The Maiden Queen (1699). After her success in a minor role, she was given the lead in John Fletcher's The Pilgrim (1647).Joanne Lafler, The Celebrated Mrs. Oldfield: the Life and Art of an Augustan Actress (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989), 16–7.
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Desiderio made great contributions in the field of portraiture especially as it came to the representation of children. This was a genre which he practically reinvented, drawing upon Roman examples of the Augustan Age. Such sculptures present their youthful subjects with informality even animation; often with open-mouthed expression, they convey a sense of immediacy. His name has been connected with several marble and wooden female busts.
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124 n. 2. The rite of the opening and closure of the Janus Quirinus would thus reflect the idea of the reintegretation of the miles into civil society, i.e. the community of the quirites, by playing a lustral role similar to the Tigillum Sororium and the porta triumphalis located at the south of the Campus Martius. In Augustan ideology this symbolic meaning was strongly emphasised.
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77Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Nero, 38; Cassius Dio, Roman History LXII.16 . The popular legend that Nero played the fiddle while Rome burned "is at least partly a literary construct of Flavian propaganda [...] which looked askance on the abortive Neronian attempt to rewrite Augustan models of rule." In fact, the fiddle would not be invented until nearly 1400 years after Nero's death.
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City walls, Exeter. Some of the stonework is medieval. Isca Dumnoniorum, also known simply as Isca, was originally a Roman legionary fortress for the Second Augustan Legion (established ) in the Roman province of Britannia at the site of present-day Exeter in Devon. The town grew up around this fortress and served as the tribal capital of the Dumnonians under and after the Romans.
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Rome's rapid expansion destabilized its social organization and triggered unrest in the heart of the Republic, which ultimately led to political violence, unrest in the provinces, and ultimately a breakdown in the traditional social relations of Rome that created the Augustan Empire. The period is marked by the rise of strongmen (Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar), who turned military success into political power.
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Gaius Maecenas Melissus (; fl. 1st century AD) was one of the freedmen of Gaius Maecenas, the noted Roman Augustan patron of the arts. His primary importance for Latin literature is that he invented his own form of comedy known as the "fabula trabeata" (tales of the knights). The genre did not prove particularly popular outside of his own work, but Melissus also put together compilations of jokes.
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261 Another controversy concerns the date of the battle. Although the vast majority of ancient and modern historians place it in 273, or 274, after the fall of Zenobia, Gibbon dates it before (270 or 271), on the basis of a letter from Aurelian given in the Augustan History, which implies that Firmus, suppressed in 274, was the last of the usurpers.Gibbon, Ibid. p. 261, note; p.
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Horace wrote verse satires before fashioning himself as an Augustan court poet, and the early Principate also produced the satirists Persius and Juvenal. The poetry of Juvenal offers a lively curmudgeon's perspective on urban society. The period from the mid-1st century through the mid-2nd century has conventionally been called the "Silver Age" of Latin literature. Under Nero, disillusioned writers reacted to Augustanism.Roberts, p. 8.
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Although the senate could do little short of assassination and open rebellion to contravene the will of the emperor, it survived the Augustan restoration and the turbulent Year of Four Emperors to retain its symbolic political centrality during the Principate.Boardman, p. 215. The senate legitimated the emperor's rule, and the emperor needed the experience of senators as legates (legati) to serve as generals, diplomats, and administrators.Boardman, p.
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Two centuries later, when Decius and Diocletian required universal sacrifice to Roman gods as a test of loyalty, any traditional gods served the purpose: loyal compliance with Imperial dictat made them Roman. The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues.
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The works of Virgil almost from the moment of their publication revolutionized Latin poetry. The Eclogues, Georgics, and above all the Aeneid became standard texts in school curricula with which all educated Romans were familiar. Poets following Virgil often refer intertextually to his works to generate meaning in their own poetry. The Augustan poet Ovid parodies the opening lines of the Aeneid in Amores 1.1.
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Grongar Hill is located in the Welsh county of Carmarthenshire and was the subject of a loco-descriptive poem by John Dyer. Published in two versions in 1726, during the Augustan period, its celebration of the individual experience of the landscape makes it a precursor of Romanticism. As a prospect poem, it has been the subject of continuing debate over how far it meets artistic canons.
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In 1984 he received his doctorate from the University of Mainz for Studien zum augusteischen Mars Ultor (Studies on the Augustan Mars Ultor). After that he spent a period in a position at the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in Damascus. A position as a member of the Mainz University Archaeological institute followed. From 1986, Siebler was an editor of the literary supplement of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
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Marcus Livius Drusus Libo was an ancient Roman consul of the early Roman Empire. He was the natural son of Lucius Scribonius Libo by an unknown wifeSyme, R. Augustan Aristocracy (1989), pp. 257-8 and adopted brother of Roman empress Livia. His natural paternal aunt was Scribonia, the second wife of Augustus, as a consequence of which he was a maternal first cousin of Julia Caesaris.
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To the west of the altar there was a rectangular open space with a water-proofed basin in the centre, surrounded by a u-shaped stoa. A propylon on the western side of this compound allowed access to both the open space and thus to the altar itself. In Augustan times, this open space was planted with trees in order to turn it into a sacred grove.
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The shrine of Mutunus Tutunus on the Velia has not been located. According to Festus, it was destroyed to make a private bath for the pontifex and Augustan supporter Domitius Calvinus, even though it was revered as among the most ancient landmarks.Festus 142L, as cited and discussed by Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 262 online.
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After Swift and Pope died, the emergent "Age of Sensibility" discouraged the often cruel and abrasive tenor of the Augustans, and satire was rendered gentler and more diffuse.Jack, Ian R.J., Augustan Satire: Intention and Idiom in English Poetry, 1660–1750, Claredon Press, 1952, 163 pages. Many scholars of the era argue that a single name overshadows all others in 18th-century prose satire: Jonathan Swift.Damrosch, Leo.
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Therefore, it was an ideal method of attack for ironists and conservatives--those who would not be able to enunciate a set of values to change toward but could condemn present changes as ill-considered. Satire was present in all genres during the Augustan period. Perhaps primarily, satire was a part of political and religious debate. Every significant politician and political act had satires to attack it.
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Laslea (; ) is a commune located in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Florești, Laslea, Mălâncrav, Nou Săsesc and Roandola. At the 2011 census, 61% of inhabitants were Romanians, 30% Roma, 7.5% Germans and 1% Hungarians. At the 2002 census, 76.2% were Romanian Orthodox, 7.2% Pentecostal, 5.7% Evangelical Lutheran, 5.2% Seventh-day Adventist, 2.6% Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession and 1.2% Baptist.
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Chishull kept a journal, eventually published with help from Richard Mead.Joseph M. Levine, The Battle of the Books: History and Literature in the Augustan Age (1994), pp. 169-173. He published copiously as a scholar, particularly Latin verses, numismatical works, notes from his travels, and his Antiquitates Asiaticae (1728). The Antiquitates was a collaborative work involving William Sherard, Antonio Picenini, Joseph de Tournefort among others.
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The Merry Milkmaid, after Marcellus Laroon (c.1688) In Britain the earliest appearance of the fable was in Bernard Mandeville's selection of adaptations from La Fontaine, which was published under the title Aesop dress'd (1704).The Augustan Society reprint is available on Gutenberg The false connection with Aesop was continued by the story's reappearance in Robert Dodsley's Select fables of Esop and other fabulists (1761).
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In the Augustan era, poets were more conversant with the writings of each other than were the contemporary novelists (see Augustan prose). They wrote in counterpoint and towards direct expansion of the works of each other, with each poet writing satire when in opposition. In the early part of the century, there was a great struggle over the nature and role of the pastoral, primarily between Ambrose Philips and Alexander Pope, and then between their followers, but such a controversy was only possible because of two simultaneous literary movements. The general movement, carried forward only with struggle between poets, was the same as in the novel: the invention of the subjective self as a worthy topic, the emergence of a priority on individual psychology, against the insistence that all acts of art are a performance and a public gesture meant for the benefit of society at large.
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Most likely Maximinus was of Thraco-Roman origin (believed so by Herodian in his writings).Herodian, 7:1:1-2 According to the notoriously unreliable Augustan History (Historia Augusta), he was born in Thrace or Moesia to a Gothic father and an Alanic mother,Historia Augusta, Life of Maximinus, 1:5 an Iranian people of the Scythian-Sarmatian branch; however, the supposed parentage is a highly unlikely anachronism, as the Goths are known to have moved to Thrace from a different place of origin much later in history and their residence in the Danubian area is not otherwise attested until after Maximinus had lived his full life and died. British historian Ronald Syme, writing that "the word 'Gothia' should have sufficed for condemnation" of the passage in the Augustan History, felt that the burden of evidence from Herodian, Syncellus and elsewhere pointed to Maximinus having been born in Moesia.Syme, pp.
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Antistius, a member of the gens Antistia, was the son of Gaius Antistius Vetus the elder, consul in 30 BC.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 425 Between 26-24 BC Antistius participated in the Cantabrian Wars, serving with the Emperor Augustus for most of the campaign. Due to the Emperor's illness, Antistius commanded the five legions of Rome at the Siege of Aracillum in 25 BC. Antistius served with Augustus at Amaya, Bergida, and Monte Vindio, and after the successful campaign, went on to become the provincial governor (Proconsul) of Hispania Citerior. Antistius began his political career as a triumvir monetalis in 16-15 BC.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 52 He returned to Rome to serve as consul, in 6 BC, and later he served as the Proconsul of Asia in either AD 2/3 or 3/4, assisted by his oldest son Gaius Antistius Vetus.
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Some believe that this indicates a poor reception, but "the competition that year was extraordinarily keen"; Sophocles, often winning first prize, came second. The play was rediscovered with Rome's Augustan drama; again in the 16th-century; then remained part of the tragedic repertoire, becoming a classic of the Western canon, and the most frequently performed Greek tragedy in the 20th century.Helene P. Foley. Reimagining Greek Tragedy on the American Stage.
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Antonia Gordiana (201 - ?) was a prominent, wealthy and noble Roman woman who lived in the troubled and unstable 3rd century. She was the daughter of Roman Emperor Gordian I; sister to Roman Emperor Gordian II and mother to Roman Emperor Gordian III. Gordiana’s mother may be the granddaughter of Greek Sophist, consul and tutor Herodes Atticus. Augustan History names her as Maecia Faustina, however modern historians dismiss her name as false.
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It served as a convenient shortcut from the Royal Exchange on Cornhill to the Post Office on Lombard Street and remains as one of a number of alleys linking the two streets. The coffeehousesJ. Pelzer and L. Pelzer, "Coffee Houses of Augustan London," History Today, (October, 1982), pp. 40–47. of Exchange Alley, especially Jonathan's and Garraway's, became an early venue for the lively trading of shares and commodities.
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Her reclining position, cornucopia, and the presence of suckling babies is common to other goddesses in Augustan art who represent peace and prosperity. Other figures include a lyre-playing Apollo riding a griffin, Diana on the back of a hind, and the quadriga of the Sun at the top.Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (University of Michigan Press, 1988, 1990), pp. 175, 189–190.
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128 According to the Augustan History, his mother was a Roman woman called Ulpia Gordiana and his father was the Senator Maecius Marullus. While modern historians have dismissed his father's name as false, there may be some truth behind the identity of his mother. Gordian's family history can be guessed through inscriptions. The name Sempronianus in his name, for instance, may indicate a connection to his mother or grandmother.
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Included the parts of Rome around Ponte. Unlike its modern counterpart, it included the area across the Tiber spanned by the Ponte Sant'Angelo. This bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian (and originally named after him Pons Aelius) in 134 to connect his mausoleum to the rest of the city. In ancient Rome, the area belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circus Flaminius, that was a part of the Campus Martius.
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237 However, Alexander Severus persuaded his mother not to marry Theoclia to Maximus disliking the moroseness of Maximus' father. Instead, Mamaea married Theoclia to a Roman nobleman of illustrious birth called Messalla.Smyth, Descriptive catalogue of a cabinet of Roman imperial large-brass medals, p. 237 The Augustan History describes Theoclia's character as a 'product of Greek culture' and her husband Messalla as a learned man who was a very powerful speaker.
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This change in custom signifies a restoration of pre- Augustan minimalism and austerity among the aristocracy in Rome. Self- remembrance among the social elite became uncommon during this time. Nonetheless governed by a strong sense of duty and religious piety, however, ancient Romans chose to celebrate the dead privately. With this change, noble or aristocratic families took to commemorating the deceased by adding inscriptions or simple headstones to existing burial sites.
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A. J. S. Spawforth, Greece and the Augustan Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press: 2011, , p. 262 Hadrian's notion of Hellenism was narrow and deliberately archaising; he defined "Greekness" in terms of classical roots, rather than a broader, Hellenistic culture.Nathanael J. Andrade, Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press, 2013, , p. 176 Some cities with a dubious claim to Greekness, however – such as Side – were acknowledged as fully Hellenic.
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Caligula's rule exposed the legal and moral contradictions of the Augustan "Republic". To legalise his succession, the Senate was compelled to constitutionally define his role, but the rites and sacrifices to the living genius of the emperor already acknowledged his constitutionally unlimited powers. The princeps played the role of "primus inter pares" only through personal self-restraint and decorum. It became evident that Caligula had little of either.
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Potter, 110. Senatorial consent defined divine imperium as a Republican permission for the benefit of the Roman people, and apotheosis was a statement of senatorial powers. Where Vespasian had secured his position with appeals to the genius of the Senate and Augustan tradition, Septimius overrode the customary preferment of senators to senior military office. He increased plebeian privilege in Rome, stationed a loyal garrison there and selected his own commanders.
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62 In accordance with Oriental Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.73 or Hellenistic custom, Tigranes IV married Erato in order to preserve the purity of the Artaxiad Royal blood line. Erato became queen through marriage to her half-brother Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.73 and his queen consort.Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.
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Strabo, Geographica, V, 3,7. The list of Septimontium mentions it, and it was part of the 1st city quarter (Suburana) in the division made by Servius Tullius. In the later Augustan division, it became the Regio II Caelimontium. A trace of the archaic period remains in the memory of cults of woods and sources, such as that of the nymph Egeria in the wood of Camenae, just outside Porta Capena.
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Martinus Scribblerus is a Don Quixote figure, a man so deeply read in Latin and Greek poetry that he insists on living his life according to that literature. The resulting work is not quite a novel, as it is a sustained prose work that only serves satire. Satire was present in all genres during the Augustan period. In poetry, all of the literary members of the Scribblerus Club produced verse satires.
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Poems on Several Occasions, vol.2, p.17 Single cantatas by Hughes were also set by Henry Purcell, Nicola Francesco Haym and George Frideric Handel, and an "Ode in Praise of Music" was performed in 1703 in a setting by Philip Hart. The ode was another favourite form used by Hughes, written in the pindarics popularised by Abraham Cowley, although in this particular he was at odds with his Augustan friends.
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Thus it can be deduced that Pula was founded between 47 and 44 BC. The Augustan Forum was constructed in the 1st century BC, close to the sea. In Roman times it was surrounded by temples of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. This Roman commercial and administrative centre of the city remained the main square of classical and medieval Pula. It still is the main administrative and legislative centre of the city.
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These were cohortes with a cavalry contingent attached. There is evidence that their numbers expanded with the passage of time. Only about 40% of attested cohortes are specifically attested as equitatae in inscriptions, which is probably the original Augustan proportion. A study of units stationed in Syria in the mid 2nd century found that many units which did not carry the equitata title did in fact contain cavalrymen e.g.
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Homorod (; ) is a commune in Brașov County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Homorod, Jimbor (Sommerburg; Székelyzsombor) and Mercheașa (Streitfort; Mirkvásár). At the 2011 census, 49.3% of inhabitants were Romanians, 29.9% Hungarians, 18.4% Roma and 1.2% Germans. At the 2002 census, 64.6% were Romanian Orthodox, 11.8% Evangelical Lutheran, 8.3% Roman Catholic, 6.5% Unitarian, 2.8% Reformed, 2.3% belonged to another religion, and 1.5% Evangelical of Augustan Confession.
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Over time, the area around the Circus Flaminius became extremely decadent, with Pompey, Caesar, and particularly Augustus building extravagant temples and public works there.Coarelli, F. (2014), Rome and environs: an archaeological guide, updated ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 22. Humphrey writes that "by the early third century AD, the open space had been reduced to a piazza in the front the great Augustan colonnades of Octavia and Philippus".
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During the Augustan period the upper classes, the senatorial and equestrian orders, were diminishing in number. These classes formed the backbone of the state, forming the empire's civil and military administration. The classes’ populations had been affected by the recent civil wars, proscription, and most importantly, low birth rates within the classes. The decrease in birth rate was even more dramatic than is typical for the increase in Rome's development.
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342 referring to Valens as a junior emperor (Caesar), the numismatic evidence indicates his Augustan rank.Samuel N. C. Lieu, D. Montserrat 1996, p.57 After Licinius's indecisive defeat at Campus Ardiensis in later 316 / early 317, Constantine was still in the dominant position; from which he was able to force Licinius to recognize him as the senior emperor, depose Valens and appoint their sons as Caesars.Odahl 2004, p.
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318 It was during his consulship that Augustus died and was succeeded by Tiberius. As a magistrate, Appuleius was the first to swear allegiance to Tiberius.Tacitus, Annals I.8 He was married to Fabia Numantina, a daughter of either Africanus Fabius Maximus, or Paullus Fabius Maximus and Marcia, a maternal cousin of Augustus (daughter of Atia, his aunt, and his step-brother Philippus).Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy (1989), pp.
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235-239 Some incidents in the novel allow others to grow out of them. The story of Sir Hercules Lapith, Henry Wimbush's predecessor at Crome, has imbedded within it some 64 lines in Augustan heroic couplets, far longer than all the parodies of modern verse in the book. Its function is to give an insight into its author’s motives for creating his alternative society for dwarves at his home.
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It held a statue of the goddess brought from Veii by Camillus - the temple was later noted for its gifts, sacrifices and miracles and was restored by Augustus, but is not mentioned in any post- Augustan sources. It was on the upper part of the clivus Publicius - two inscriptions relating to the lustral procession of 207 BC are preserved in the Santa Sabina basilica (CIL VI, 364 and CIL VI, 364).
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Johannes Honter (also known as Johann Hynter; Latinized as Johann Honterus or Ioannes Honterus; Romanian sources may credit him as Ioan, Hungarian ones as János; 1498 – 23 January 1549) was a Transylvanian Saxon, renaissance humanist, Protestant reformer, and theologian. Honter is best known for his geographic and cartographic publishing activity, as well as for implementing the Lutheran reform in Transylvania and founding the Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania.
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On coinage his royal title is in Greek: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΑΣ or of King Rhoemetalces. According to the Augustan History, at an unknown date in the reign of Antoninus Pius, Rhoemetalces had travelled to Rome for a hearing of a dispute between him and the imperial commissioner. The nature and causes leading to this dispute are unknown. After the hearing had concluded, the emperor sent Rhoemetalces back to the Bosporan.
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The university of Wisconsin Press In the 30s and 20s B.C.E Rome was experiencing unparalleled growth in public building projects sponsored by many different leading men in the Roman State. In Rome, the sponsorship of these public buildings provided special prestige to each of the individual builders and their families.Phillips, Darryl (2015). Reading the Civic landscape of Augustan Rome: Aeneid 1.421-429 and the Building Program of Augustus.
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The Augustan poets PropertiusPropertius 4.1.20: qualia nunc curto lustra novantur equo. and Ovid both mention horse as an ingredient in the ritual preparation suffimen or suffimentum, which the Vestals compounded for use in the lustration of shepherds and their sheep at the Parilia. Propertius may imply that this horse was not an original part of the preparation: "the purification rites (lustra) are now renewed by means of the dismembered horse".
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26 February 1791: The Letters of Horace Walpole, London 1840, Vol.6 p.406 He was a good imitator, however, and even something of a literary barometer, straddling the transition from Augustan literature to early Romanticism, which explains his interest to students of his period today. At the outset of his literary career, Jerningham mixed with the circle about Thomas Gray, although he never met the poet himself.
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English Augustan era. Later editions of Shakespeare's works adopted differing spellings, in accordance with fashions of modernised spelling of the day, or, later, of attempts to adopt what was believed to be the most historically accurate version of the name. When he was referred to in foreign languages, he acquired even more variant spellings. 18th-century French critics were known to use "Shakpear, Shakespehar, Shakespeart, or Shakees Pear."R.
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Octavia the Elder was married to Sextus Appuleius (I). They had one son, who was also named Sextus Appuleius, was ordinary consul in 29 BC with his half-uncle, Augustus.Inscriptions from Pergamon 2, 419 = Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes 4, 323 = Wilhelm Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae 462. It is postulated that they had a second son, Marcus Appuleius, the consul of 20 BC.Syme, Ronald, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p.
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In keeping with his move from an ideology of republicanism to one of autocracy, Diocletian's council of advisers, his , differed from those of earlier emperors. He destroyed the Augustan illusion of imperial government as a cooperative affair among emperor, army, and senate.Southern, 162–63. In its place he established an effectively autocratic structure, a shift later epitomized in the institution's name: it would be called a , not a council.
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Almost all of Diaper's poetry was written in the pastoral mode, although his approach was always innovative. The versification, on the other hand, was standard for Augustan times: 10-syllabled heroic couplets occasionally varied by triple rhymes or an alexandrine. Probably his earliest poem (although only published posthumously) was his satirical description of "Brent", the place of his first curacy.Miscellanea, never before published, London 1727, pp. 120–127.
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Lucius Cornelius Sulla was a Roman senator of the Augustan age. Perhaps he was a son of Publius Cornelius Sulla, designated consul for 65 BC, which made him a grandnephew of the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul (together with the emperor Augustus) in 5 BC. His sons were Faustus Cornelius Sulla Lucullus and Lucius Cornelius Sulla Magnus, both of whom became senators in Emperor Tiberius's reign.
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The Black Church in 2014. Biserica Neagră or Black Church (; ); is a church in Brașov, a city in south-eastern Transylvania, Romania. It was built by the German community of the city and stands as the main Gothic style monument in the country, as well as being the largest and one of the most important Lutheran (Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania) places of worship in the region.
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Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy, pages 20 and 206. His cognomen Publicola or Poplicola means in Latin ‘friend of the people‘. His mother named him this cognomen in honor of her step father consul Lucius Gellius Publicola and also the name Publicola is a cognomen that appears in Valeria’s paternal ancestry, the gens Valeria. Valeria has various paternal ancestors with the cognomen Publicola. Very little is known on Publicola’s life.
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This Pontic Kingdom, a state of Persian origin,The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, by B.C. McGing, p. 11Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy, by John Freely, pp. 69–70Strabo of Amasia: A Greek Man of Letters in Augustan Rome, by Daniela Dueck, p. 3 may even have been directly related to Darius the Great and the Achaemenid dynasty.
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A statue at the vertex of the frontal pediment and two statues at the end corners of the pediment, the classical decoration for the pediments of the Roman temples, date to Hadrian's reign. Other Augustan era buildings with that particular type of Etruscan- style decoration appear on coins, as well as on representation of the frontal section of the Curia. Flowers placed on the remains of the altar of Julius Caesar.
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Next comes the Imperial poet Ovid (whose influence according to Mildred Dolores Tobin "is only slightly less than ... Vergil"), followed by the Augustan lyric poet Horace.Tobin (1945), p. 13. The Commonitorium also contains references, allusions, and borrowings from the Republican poets Lucretius and Catullus, as well as the Imperial epigrammist Martial and the Imperial satirist Juvenal. In terms of Christian poetic influence, Orientius frequently emulates Coelius Sedulius (fl.
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Dio, Roman History, Book 55, ch 27.Peter Michael Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, p. 184. Then, in the year AD 8, Suetonius writes of a further, non- specific conspiracy which was said to involve 'Plautius Rufus' and Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 1), husband of Augustus' granddaughter, Julia the Younger. Plautius Rufus' name is thus restored by combining these two mentions.
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Oxford commentary to Suetonius' Life of the Divus Augustus, 2014, p164.Peter Michael Swan,The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, p. 184. However, there is no scholarly agreement that these two incidents, nor these two names, are related. Alternative theories have been posited: it is possible that his name should be rendered Plotius Rufus, the triumvir monetalis in BC 16-15 Prosopographia Imperii Romani, p.
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Publius Vinicius was a Roman senator active during the reigns of Emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He was the son of Marcus Vinicius, consul in 19 BC.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 426 Vinicius was ordinary consul in AD 2 with Publius Alfenus Varus, and was an imperial legate for Macedonia and Thracia. There he commanded a legion as military tribune under Lucius Calpurnius Piso.
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Based on the elements of his cognomen Popicola Messalla, Ronald Syme suggested that Vipstanus Poplicola was the son of Lucius Vipstanus Gallus and a postulated Valeria Messallia, the granddaughter of Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 241 He completed his consulate in July 48, and was succeeded by the consul suffectus Gaius Vipstanus Messalla Gallus, who has been suggested to have been his brother.Christian Settipani.
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In an 18th-century monastic structure houses the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Santa Chiara. Among the works exhibited are Roman artifacts: the "Venus of Venafro" by Antonine (2nd century AD), two large statues of men who are identified as Augustus and Tiberius, and the great memorial or "Tavola Acquaria" where the regulations designed to regulate the use (edict of Augustus) of the Roman aqueduct during the Augustan age.
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As during the Restoration, economics drove the stage in the Augustan period. Under Charles II court patronage meant economic success and so the Restoration stage featured plays that would suit the monarch and/or court. The drama that celebrated kings and told the history of Britain's monarchs was fit fare for the crown and courtiers. Charles II was a philanderer and so Restoration comedy featured a highly sexualized set of plays.
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The Timachi were a Thracian tribe in living by present-day Timok, Serbia, then part of Moesia Inferior (87 AD). It may have been an artificial creation by the Romans. In the 1st century before Claudius conquest of Thrace, Pliny the Elder lists them as one of the Moesian tribes alongside Dardanians, Celegeri, Triballi and Moesi.Pannonia and Upper Moesia by András MócsyAlan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, Andrew Lintott, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.
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The acting is characterized by large gestures and melodrama. Neoclassical theatre encompasses the Restoration, Augustan, and Johnstinian Ages. In one sense, the neo-classical age directly follows the time of the Renaissance. Theatres of the early 18th century – sexual farces of the Restoration were superseded by politically satirical comedies, 1737 Parliament passed the Stage Licensing Act which introduced state censorship of public performances and limited the number of theatres in London to two.
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The Augustan History has the Roman emperor Caracalla (r. 198–217) venerate Lunus at Carrhae; this, i.e. a masculine variant of the feminine Latin noun luna "Moon", has been taken as a Latinized name for Mēn. The same source records the local opinion that anyone who believes the deity of the Moon to be feminine shall always be subject to women, whereas a man who believes that he is masculine will dominate his wife.
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The commune's area was occupied prehistorically (approximately 100,000 BC), as is evidenced by the discovery of bifaces and Pottery. Evidence from the twenty-first century BC points to trade relations with Phocaea and ancient Marseille. Roman colonization left behind altars to Mercury, coins from the Augustan and Trojan reigns, and various other artefacts. The siege walls surrounding 16th century Porte du Brochier and the 17th century Porte de la Bonne Font are still present today.
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Postmortem opinions and assessments of Gore as a writer varied. The New York Times described him as "an Augustan figure who believed himself to be the last of a breed, and he was probably right. Few American writers have been more versatile, or gotten more mileage from their talent". The Los Angeles Times said that he was a literary juggernaut whose novels and essays were considered "among the most elegant in the English language".
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At his funeral, there were no procession statues of Germanicus. There were abundant eulogies and reminders of his fine character and a particular eulogy was given by Tiberius himself in the Senate. The historians Tacitus and Suetonius record the funeral and posthumous honors of Germanicus. His name was placed into the Carmen Saliare, and onto the Curule chairs that were placed with oaken garlands over them as honorary seats for the Augustan priesthood.
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They considered the state the proper and rational instrument of progress. The extreme rationalism and skepticism of the age led naturally to deism and also played a part in bringing the later reaction of romanticism. The Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot epitomized the spirit of the age. The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730s themselves, who responded to a term that George I of England preferred for himself.
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Mulsum was a mulled sweet wine, and apsinthium was a wormwood- flavored forerunner of absinthe. Although wine was enjoyed regularly, and the Augustan poet Horace coined the expression "truth in wine" (in vino veritas), drunkenness was disparaged. It was a Roman stereotype that Gauls had an excessive love of wine, and drinking wine "straight" (purum or merum, unmixed) was a mark of the "barbarian". The Gauls also brewed various forms of beer.
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Rebuilding the Roman Forum following the fire of 284 CE became an important task for the early reign of Diocletian and Maximian. They repaired the Basilica Iulia, the Curia, and the Augustan Rostra. Among these projects was a northern extension of Augustus’ Rostra, located at the western side of the Roman Forum. This rebuilding also included additional support for five large columns topped with porphyry statues of the two Augusti, the two Caesares, and Jupiter.
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W. Eder, "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in Between Republic and Empire (University of California Press, 1993), p. 98 online. The nature of promagisterial imperium is complicated by its relation to the celebrating of a triumph as awarded by the senate. Before a commander could enter the city limits (pomerium) for his triumph, he had to lay aside arms formally and ritually, that is, he had to reenter society as a civilian.
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Tax revenues went into a fund to pay military retirement benefits (aerarium militare), along with those from a new sales tax (centesima rerum venalium), a 1% tax on goods sold at auction.Gardner, "Liability to Inheritance Tax," p. 205; Graham Burton, "Government and the Provinces," in The Roman World (Routledge, 1987, 2002), p. 428; Peter Michael Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History Books 55–56 (9 B.C–A.
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Tax revenues went into a fund to pay military retirement benefits (aerarium militare), along with those from a new sales tax (centesima rerum venalium), a 1% tax on goods sold at auction.Gardner, "Liability to Inheritance Tax," p. 205; Graham Burton, "Government and the Provinces," in The Roman World (Routledge, 1987, 2002), p. 428; Peter Michael Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History Books 55–56 (9 B.C–A.
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Cicero names "P. Scipio" among the young nobiles on his defence team when Sextus Roscius was prosecuted in 80 BC. He is placed in the company of Marcus Messalla and Metellus Celer, both future consuls.Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino 77, as cited by Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 245. Metellus Scipio was probably tribune of the plebs in 59 BC,Dates and offices from T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol.
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Virgil The emperor Augustus took a personal interest in the literary works produced during his years of power from 27 BC to AD 14. This period is sometimes called the Augustan Age of Latin Literature. Virgil published his pastoral Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid, an epic poem describing the events that led to the creation of Rome. Virgil told how the Trojan hero Aeneas became the ancestor of the Roman people.
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The Augustan History contains a biography of Gallienus titled "The Two Gallieni" and ascribed to Trebellius Pollio, likely a pseudonym. The writer appears to have been aiming to retrospectively malign the character of Gallienus. Among the descriptions of his frivolity and military defeats is a section that relates several natural disasters of the time. Romans frequently saw these as omens and it was not unusual to conflate several events from the same year.
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The Latin name Salius is the equivalent of Halios (Ἅλιος), the Phaeacian dancer in the Odyssey who loses his athletic competition.Odyssey 8.119, 370; Francis Cairns, Virgil's Augustan Epic (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 230. Plutarch says that a Salius from Samothrace or Mantinea was reputed to be the legendary founder of the Salian priests, but that the sodality in fact was named from the leaping (Latin salire) of their armed dance.Plutarch, Life of Numa 13.4.
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Kenneth Scott, The Imperial Cult Under the Flavians, New York 1975 Vespasian was respected for his "restoration" of Roman tradition and the Augustan modesty of his reign. He dedicated state cult to genio populi Romani (the genius of the Roman people), respected senatorial "Republican" values and repudiated Neronian practice by removing various festivals from the public calendars, which had (in Tacitus' unsparing assessment) become "foully sullied by the flattery of the times".Tacitus, Histories, 4.40.
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The tameness of the deer may be the invention of the Augustan poet Ovid,Ovid tells the tale in the Metamorphoses X 106ff. and a late literary reversal of the boy's traditional role. Ovid's Cyparissus is so grief-stricken at accidentally killing his pet that he asks Apollo to let his tears fall forever. The god then turns the boy into a cypress tree (Latin: cupressus), whose sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk.
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Virgil, Aeneid, Book IX, lines 99–109, 143–147. Stories of Magna Mater's arrival were used to promote the fame of its principals, and thus their descendants. Claudia Quinta's role as Rome's castissima femina (purest or most virtuous woman) became "increasingly glorified and fantastic"; she was shown in the costume of a Vestal Virgin, and Augustan ideology represented her as the ideal of virtuous Roman womanhood. The emperor Claudius claimed her among his ancestors.
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Proclus or Proklos () is the name of one of the eminent artists in mosaic who flourished in the Augustan Age. He was revered for his work on the Tychaeum at Perinthus. His name occurs on two inscriptions found at Perinthus. From one of these we learn that he adorned the temple of Fortuna in that city, and that the Alexandrian merchants who frequented the city erected a statue in honour of him.
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Even where workers were not literate, however, some prose works enjoyed currency well beyond the literate, as works were read aloud to the illiterate. For those who were literate, circulating libraries in England began in the Augustan period. The first was probably at Bath in 1725, but they spread very rapidly. Libraries purchased sermon collections and books on manners, and they were open to all, but they were associated with female patronage and novel reading.
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Geoffrey S. Sumi, "Power and Ritual: The Crowd at Clodius' Funeral," Historia 46 (1997), pp. 84–85; Cynthia Damon, "Sex. Cloelius, Scriba," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 94 (1992) 227–244, limited preview online. The Augustan poet Horace introduced himself in his first published book as the son of a freedman and as a civil servant, specifically a scriba quaestorius, or clerk to the quaestors who were in charge of the public treasury.
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Augustan Altar of Peace, combining Roman symbolism with a Greek stylistic influence Roman attitudes toward female nudity differed from but were influenced by those of the Greeks, who idealized the male body in the nude while portraying respectable women clothed. Partial nudity of goddesses in Roman Imperial art, however, can highlight the breasts as dignified but pleasurable images of nurturing, abundance, and peacefulness.Cohen, "Divesting the Female Breast," p. 66; Cameron, The Last Pagans, p.
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Lambriaca allied with Rome, but rebelled following regional pressure as they were perceived as traitors in the region. It led the rebellion but after months of siege, it asked for mercy as the siege left the city without provision of supplies. All the coast was occupied by the Celts. In Conventus Bracarensis, where the Romans would establish the Augustan citadel of Bracara, there were also the Grovii and the Heleni of Greek origin.
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Eckart Köhne, "Bread and Circuses: The Politics of Entertainment," in Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome (University of California Press, 2000), p. 9; Humphrey, Roman Circuses, p. 543. Others caution that the five-year schedule under Antoninus Pius, attested by the Fasti Ostienses, is never mentioned in other sources. The limited evidence suggests the Ludi Taurii were important mainly in the context of religious revivalism during the Augustan and Antonine eras.
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Denarius with three-bayed arch, struck in Tarraco in 18 BCE. Cassius Dio mentions an ovatio and another triumphal arch granted to Augustus after he recovered the eagles lost in the battles of Carrhae and during Antony's campaign in AtropateneCassius Dio, Roman History 54, 8 without specifying its location. A Veronese scholiast commenting on Vergil's Aeneid situates the structure next to the Temple of Caesar.Briar Rose, The Parthian in Augustan Rome, p. 29.
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See Pliny, Epistulae, X, 74 According to Cassius Dio, Maximus distinguished himself during the campaigning of 102,Dio, LVIII. 9 and was rewarded for his services by a second consulship in 103, indicating his favour with emperor Trajan. This imperial favour ended with the death of Trajan. According to the Augustan History, on the accession of emperor Hadrian in 117, Maximus was 'in exile on an island under suspicion of designs on the throne'.
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The fascinum, a phallic charm, was a ubiquitous decoration. Sexual positions and scenarios are depicted in great variety among the wall paintings preserved at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Collections of poetry celebrated love affairs, and The Art of Love by the Augustan poet Ovid playfully instructed both men and women in how to attract and enjoy lovers. Elaborate theories of human sexuality based on Greek philosophy were developed by thinkers such as Lucretius and Seneca.
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The poem also parodies and imitates, in certain parts of its structure and diction, Virgil's Georgics. Other authorities suggest that the poem seeks to mock both the style and character of the way that then-contemporary city life was portrayed by other Augustan writers and poets.Allen, p.35 "A Description of a City Shower" is cited as part of the inspiration for William Hogarth's Four Times of the Day, among other works.
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Iullus and Marcella's sons were Lucius Antonius, Gaius Antonius and a daughter Iulla Antonia. Iullus became praetor in 13 BC, consul in 10 BC, and Asian proconsul in 7/6 BC, and was highly regarded by Augustus.Marcus Velleius Paterculus 2.100Syme, Ronald, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 398. Horace refers to him in a poem, speaking of an occasion when Iullus intended to write a higher kind of poetry praising Augustus for his success in Gaul.
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The township Commissioners, a majority of whom are Jewish, voted in 1998 to deny the petition, a position supported by local representatives of the Anti-Defamation League and Jewish Community Relations Council. "A symbol's meaning, they say, is tied to its context." The Augustan Society Headquarters and Library, built in 1916 in the Mojave Desert in Daggett, California, includes Native American swastika designs. The non-profit is "An International Genealogical, Historical Heraldic and Chivalric Society".
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Roman Amphitheatre The amphitheatre was dedicated in 8 BC, for use in gladiatorial contests and staged beast-hunts. It has an elliptical arena, surrounded by tiered seating for around 15,000 spectators, divided according to the requirements of Augustan ideology; the lowest seats were reserved for the highest status spectators. Only these lowest tiers survive. Once the games had fallen into disuse, the stone of the upper tiers was quarried for use elsewhere.
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There, according to Syme, he demonstrated his diplomatic craft.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 425 Flaccus outwitted Rhescuporis, king of Thrace, who had slain his nephew Cotys III and seized his lands. Flaccus convinced Rhescuporis to leave his kingdom and enter Roman territory; there he was surrounded by what was first described to him as an "honor guard", but was soon revealed a detail of soldiers to hold him prisoner.
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Others, though, think that Figure #8 is Germanicus, son of Drusus.Galinsky, Karl. Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1996. pp. 120-121. If the gem was commissioned no earlier than A.D. 12 and referred to Tiberius’ triumph over the Germans and the Pannonians, it would stand to reason that Germanicus, born in 13 B.C., was old enough to don gear and prepare for war, years after his father’s death.
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The imperial family at the sacrifice of thanksgiving. The relief of the imperial family conjoined in a sacrifice of thanksgiving owes its distant prototype to the Augustan reliefs on the Ara Pacis in Rome. Galerius' wife, Diocletian's daughter Valeria, is shown at his side, helping authenticate his connection to his predecessor. Here as elsewhere all the faces have been carefully chiselled off, whether as damnatio memoriae or in later cultural intolerance of images.
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With the pacification of Hispania and the death of Julius Caesar, Augustus embarked on a series of administrative reforms including the Conventus of Bilbilis. The main road from Emerita Augusta to Caesaraugusta passed near and benefitted Bilbilis. The city was given the status of Municipium becoming Augusta Bilbilis and thus enjoyed the many privileges under Roman law, including bestowing Roman citizenship on all its inhabitants. Monumentalisation of civic and urban spaces characterise the Augustan period.
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Ammaedara was on the border between the valleys and the Berber tribes and was part of the Roman province of Byzacena. The Third Augustan Legion (Legio III Augusta) was installed in Ammaedara in 30 BC where they built their first fortress. From here the legion was partly responsible for the urbanisation of the North African provinces, building roads and other infrastructure. Its ruins include mausoleums, Byzantine fortresses, underground baths and a church.
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In 326, Crispus' life came to a sudden end. On his father's orders, he was tried by a local court at Pola, Istria, in the Augustan regio of Venetia et Histria, condemned to death and executed. Soon afterwards, Constantine had his own wife, Fausta, killed; she was drowned in an over-heated bath.Roman Emperors – DIR Fausta The reason for this act remains unclear and historians have long debated Constantine's motivation, all of which are speculative.
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A clay tessera bearing a possible depiction of Odaenathus wearing a diadem Odaenathus formed an army of Palmyrenes and Syrian peasants against Shapur. According to the Augustan History, Odaenathus declared himself king prior to the battle. The Palmyrene leader won a decisive victory near the banks of the Euphrates later in 260 forcing the Persians to retreat. In 261 Odaenathus marched against the remaining usurpers in Syria, defeating and killing Quietus and Balista.
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Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome, p. 334 Livy mentioned that Dentatus subdued the rebellious Sabines.Livy, Periochae, XI The Sabines were given citizenship without the right to vote (civitas sine suffragio), which meant that their territory was effectively annexed to the Roman Republic. Reate and Amiternum were given full Roman citizenship (civitas optimo iure) in 268 BC. In the Augustan division of Italy, Sabina was included in the region IV Samnium.
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Glassblowing allowed glass workers to produce vessels with considerably thinner walls, decreasing the amount of glass needed for each vessel. Glass blowing was also considerably quicker than other techniques, and vessels required considerably less finishing, representing a further saving in time, raw material and equipment. Although earlier techniques dominated during the early Augustan and Julio-Claudian periods,Grose, D. F., 1991. Early Imperial Roman cast glass: The translucent coloured and colourless fine wares.
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From the early 1930s, he was internationally known as one of the leading scholars of Augustan literature and history and a specialist in the political and literary activities of Daniel Defoe. In addition to his teaching and scholarly work, Moore published a considerable amount of poetry. Some of the poetry was collected and reissued in the book Symphonies and Songs. He also edited anthologies of English drama, English poetry, and English and American essays.
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Relief of the procession on the Arch of Titus The greatest symbol of the Flavian era is the Arch of Titus, dated between 81 and 90. The architecture is denser and heavier than the arches of the Augustan era, such as the Arch of Susa. This is a clear deviation from the traditional Hellenistic influence. Here for the first time in Rome the Ionic/Corinthian Composite order appears, a more ornamental style.
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The distinction between Corinthian and composite columns is a Renaissance one and not an Ancient Roman one. In Ancient Rome Corinthian and composite were part of the same order. It seems that the composite style was common on civil buildings and Triumphal arch exteriors and less common on temple exteriors. Many temples and religious buildings of the Augustan Age were Corinthian, such as the Temple of Mars Ultor, the Maison Carrée in Nîmes, and others.
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Asinnalus ruled as King of Media Atropatene from 30 BC to an unknown date in the 20s BC. He is only known from surviving numismatic evidence. He appeared to have died at an unknown date in the 20s BC, as he was succeeded by Ariobarzanes II,Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.114 one of the sons of Artavasdes I.
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The Augustan Reprint Society was founded in 1945 by Edward Niles Hooker and H. T. Swedenberg, Jr. of UCLA and Richard Charles Boys of the University of Michigan. The Society specialized in publishing reprints of English literature from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with individual titles ranging from the very well- known (e.g. Grey's Elegy) to manuscripts whose existences were theretofore unknown. The Society's publications were issued by the William Andrews Clark Library.
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In the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, this tax was known as the chrysargyron (), also called chrysargyrum. The term originated from the Greek words for gold (χρυσός) and silver (), which initially were the required forms of payment. According to the early Byzantine writer Zosimus, Emperor Constantine I first initiated this tax, perhaps as early as 325. Also there are hints that the tax existed during the rule of Severus Alexander (see Augustan History).
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François Chausson, (born 1966) is a 20th-21st-century French historian, professor of Roman history at the Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Francois Chausson is a specialist of the middle of the imperial court and historiography of the 2nd to 5th century and has worked on senatorial and imperial epigraphy as well as imperial and senatorial prosopography of the 2nd to 5th century, linked in particular to the study of Augustan History.
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The iconography bears witness to this. Of some twenty representations of a naumachia in Roman art, nearly all are of the Fourth Style, of the time of Nero and the Flavian dynasty. 300px After the Flavian period, naumachiae disappear from the texts almost completely. Apart from a mention in the Augustan History, a late source of limited reliability, only the town records (fastia) of Ostia tells us that in 109 Trajan inaugurated a naumachia basin.
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Cassius Dio, The Roman History, LV, 28 He was also a septimvir of the Epulones. Attested in the inscription on his Mausoleum in Tivoli (ILS 986), and Although serving under Tiberius for the duration of the Great Illyrian Revolt or Bellum Batonianum, Syme extrapolates from Tacitus that the future emperor had doubts concerning Silvanus, due to his close connection, via his mother Urgulania, with Livia.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, 1986, p. 88 Tacitus, Annales, II, 34.
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Tom Brown, Ned Ward, and Tom D'Urfey were all satirists in prose and poetry whose works appeared in the early part of the Augustan age. Tom Brown's most famous work in this vein was Amusements Serious and Comical, Calculated for the Meridian of London (1700). Ned Ward's most memorable work was The London Spy (1704-1706). The London Spy, before The Spectator, took up the position of an observer and uncomprehendingly reporting back.
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The Augustan historian Livy, however, later said that this was the first triumph awarded nullo bello gesto, "without a war waged."Livy 40.38.8–9. The policy of deportation continued to be carried out by consuls assigned to Liguria for several years, and substantial populations from among the Ligures were moved to central Italy.Miriam R. Pelikan Pittenger, Contested Triumphs: Politics, Pageantry, and Performance in Livy's Republican Rome (University of California Press, 2009), pp. 112–113.
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Salamis also contained an amphitheatre, also excavated and partially restored, which had a capacity of no less than 15,000 spectators. The amphitheatre, as well as a Roman Bath House, are attributed to the Flavian Ser. Sulpicius Pancles Veranianus. Also discovered at Salamis was a massive temple to Zeus with a ramp constructed in the late Republican or Augustan times and a vast colonnaded agora, which was in use throughout the Roman Imperial period.
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Poussin's pen and brown-wash sketch of this group (c. 1628). The work is an outstanding example of neo-Attic eclecticism frequent at the end of the Roman Republic and during the first decades of the Empire, around the Augustan period, combining two different aesthetic streams: whilst the right-hand youth is Polyclitean, the left-hand one is in a softer, more sensual and Praxitelean style.Homepage der Skulpturhalle Basel . Skulpturhalle Basel, 2008.
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The history of Switzerland under Roman rule was, from the Augustan period up until 260 AD, a time of exceptional peace and prosperity. The Pax Romana was made possible by the protection of well- defended and distant Imperial borders and a peaceful and smooth Romanization of the local population.Ducrey, p. 74. The Romans urbanized the territory with numerous settlements and built a network of high-quality Roman roads connecting them,Ducrey, p. 89.
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Peter White is a professor of Classical Languages and Literatures at the University of Chicago. He has made some contributions to scholarship on Latin literature, even Roman poetics. He has written Promised Verse: Poets in the Society of Augustan Rome (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1993), for which he won the American Philological Association's Goodwin Award in 1995. He has won some other honors, including the University of Chicago's highly prized Quantrell Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching.
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Foro di Traiano. Introduzione storico topografica (catalogo mostra), Roma 1995 It was founded by Emperor Augustus in the Forum of Augustus. If still in use by the 4th-century, the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, when the Christian Emperors issued edicts prohibiting non-Christian worship. This Temple defines, with all other architectural elements and decorations, the authority of the new ideology of the rising Augustan empire.
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Throughout all of his work, he distinguished only between ratio and religio. The Latin verb superstare itself is comparatively young, being "perhaps not ante-Augustan", first found in Livy, and the meaning "to survive" is even younger, found in late or ecclesiastical Latin, for the first time in Ennodius. The use of the noun by Cicero and Horace thus predates the first attestation of the verb. It doesn't exclude that the verb might have been used after the name.
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The Augustan takeover introduced a system of compulsory public service, which was based on poros (property or income qualification), which was wholly based on social status and power. The Romans also introduced the poll tax which was similar to tax rates that the Ptolemies levied, but the Romans gave special low rates to citizens of metropolises.Lewis, p.141 The city of Oxyrhynchus had many papyri remains that contain much information on the subject of social structure in these cities.
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He then turned dramatist by adapting extant plays, such as The Earl of Essex. He wrote from the Tory point of view and became one of the most important figures in Augustan drama, although not for his successes. His Gustavus Vasa (1739) has the distinction of being the first play banned by the Licensing Act of 1737. The play concerned the liberation of Sweden from Denmark in 1521 by King Gustav I of Sweden (then regent).
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11, No. 2 (Nov., 1961), pp. 252-267, argues that they were originally considered and named as separate hills: the Aventine was the northwestern height only, and the slightly lower southeastern height was Mons Murca. The Augustan reforms of Rome's urban neighbourhoods (vici) recognised the ancient road between the two heights (the modern Viale Aventino) as a common boundary between the new Regio XIII, which absorbed Aventinus Maior, and the part of Regio XII known as Aventinus Minor.
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Haterius was the father of Decimus Haterius Agrippa and the grandfather of Quintus Haterius Antoninus and was related to the house of Augustus by marriage. His wife was likely a daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa."Haterius," Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, (Oxford 1986); The Oxford Classical Dictionary, ed. Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spaforth (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 669; Gaius Stern, Women, Children, and Senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae Chapter 5 (Berk. diss. 2006).
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The name was also connected to Quirites, Roman civilians, and the civil comitia curiata, in contrast to military personnel and the comitia centuriata. Quirinus was assimilated with the deified Romulus, possibly as late as the Augustan period. See Robert Schilling, "Quirinus," Roman and European Mythologies (University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 145. The late Republican scholar Varro says that the Robigalia was named for the god Robigus,Varro, De lingua latina 6.16.
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Roman ruins in Aquileia In Roman times, modern Friuli Venezia Giulia was located within Regio X Venetia et Histria of Roman Italy. The traces of its Roman origin are visible over all the territory. In fact, the city of Aquileia, founded in 181 BC, served as capital of the region and rose to prominence in the Augustan period. Starting from the Lombard settlements (6th century), the historical paths of Friuli and Venezia Giulia begin to diverge.
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In contrast to the Restoration period, the Augustan period showed less literature of controversy. Compared to the extraordinary energy that produced Richard Baxter, George Fox, Gerrard Winstanley, and William Penn, the literature of dissenting religious in the first half of the 18th century was spent. One of the names usually associated with the novel is perhaps the most prominent in Puritan writing: Daniel Defoe. After the coronation of Anne, dissenter hopes of reversing the Restoration were at an ebb.
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Ascoli emphasized the Augustan partition of Roman Italy at the beginning of the Empire, when Venetia et Histria was Regio X (the Tenth Region).Bernard Newman, The New Europe, pp. 307, 309Marina Cattaruzza, Italy and Its Eastern Border, 1866–2016, Routledge 2016 - ch. I The term was later endorsed by Italian irredentists, who sought to annex regions in which ethnic Italians made up most (or a substantial portion) of the population: the Austrian Littoral, Trentino, Fiume and Dalmatia.
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The Pont Flavien () is a Roman bridge across the River Touloubre in Saint- Chamas, Bouches-du-Rhône department, southern France. The single-arch crossing, which was built from limestone, was on a Roman road - the Via Julia Augusta - between Placentia, Italy and Arles. It is the only surviving example of a Roman bridge bounded by triumphal arches from the Augustan period, although similar bridges probably existed elsewhere, as indicated by portrayals on coins of the late 1st century BC.
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Larissa Bonfante, introduction to The World of Roman Costume, p. 7; Shelley Stone, "The Toga: From National to Ceremonial Costume," in The World of Roman Costume, p. 41; Sebesta, "Women's Costume," p. 533. After the Augustan building program, the rites were held at the new Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum Augustum: Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), p. 170.
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38 online, 228. His son and grandson, both of whom carried the same name, were consuls, the son in 4 B.C. under Augustus, toward whom the father had demonstrated consistent loyalty.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy p. 87. The grandson held the office under Tiberius and continued his political career as a Roman governor under Caligula, but maintaining loyalty had become a trickier matter: he and his wife, a Cornelia, were accused of conspiring against the emperor and committed suicide.
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The rebel leader was ousted in 296, and Maximian moved south to combat piracy near Hispania and Berber incursions in Mauretania. When these campaigns concluded in 298, he departed for Italy, where he lived in comfort until 305. At Diocletian's behest, Maximian abdicated on 1 May 305, gave the Augustan office to Constantius, and retired to southern Italy. In late 306, Maximian took the title of Augustus again and aided his son Maxentius' rebellion in Italy.
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Festa di Pales, o L'estate (1783), a reimagining of the Festival of Pales by Joseph-Benoît Suvée In ancient Roman religion, the Parilia is a festival of rural character performed annually on 21 April, aimed at cleansing both sheep and shepherd. It is carried out in acknowledgment to the Roman deity Pales, a deity of uncertain gender who was a patron of shepherds and sheep.The Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed. Vol. X: The Augustan Empire 43 BC – AD 69.
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Paraclausithyron () is a motif in Greek and especially Augustan love elegy, as well as in troubadour poetry. The details of the Greek etymology are uncertain, but it is generally accepted to mean "lament beside a door", from παρακλαίω, "lament beside", and θύρα, "door". A paraklausithyron typically places a lover outside his mistress's door, desiring entry. In Greek poetry, the situation is connected to the komos, the revels of young people outdoors following intoxication at a symposium.
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Wallace-Hadrill explains that there are two ways to interpret the use of Augustan coins. He uses the terms legalistic and charismatic to categorise the types of coins produced to consolidate Augustus' authority. Considering a majority of the Roman population was illiterate, the depiction of Augustus was paramount, especially since it would reach all corners of the empire. The coins were also another method to remind the citizens of their loyalty and service to the principate.
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Routledge, 2002 According to the Augustan History, Frugi was of consular rank and refers to him as a former consul.Augustan History, Marcus Aurelius, 1.4, where Rupili Boni is emended to Rupili Libonis Frugi served as a suffect consul in 88.Brian W. Jones, The Emperor Domitian, pp. 165-6. Routledge He has been identified with the ex-consul "Libo Frugi" whom Pliny the Younger reports as speaking aggressively in the Senate concerning the case of Norbanus Licinianus.
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The Ambitious Stepmother, Rowe's first play, produced in 1700 at Lincoln's Inn Fields by Thomas Betterton and set in Persepolis, was well received.Nicholas Rowe as a Link between the Later Restoration Drama and that of the Augustan Age This was followed in 1701 by Tamerlane. In this play the conqueror Timur represented William III, and Louis XIV is denounced as Bajazet. It was for many years regularly acted on the anniversary of William's landing at Torbay.
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D. 14), p.p.128-129 of those who were infuriated by the royal couple becoming allies to Rome. The war and the chaos that occurred afterwards, Erato abdicated her throne and ended her rule over Armenia.Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.128 From the situation surrounding Tigranes IV and Erato, the Armenians requested to Augustus, a new Armenian King.Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.
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Although Roman law in the historical period recognized rape as a crime, the rape of women is a pervasive theme in the myths and legends of early Rome. The Augustan historian Livy seemed "embarrassed" by the rape motif and emphasizes the redeeming political dimension of traditional stories. The "rape" of the Sabine women was interpreted as showing that Rome was constituted as a "blended" population in which people resolved violence and coexisted by consent and treaty.
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Amphitheatre used today for concerts and bullfights Amphiteatre Interior "Temple of Diana" Roman wall foundations The Augustan Gate The city arose on the important Via Domitia which connected Italy with Hispania. Nîmes became a Roman colony as Colonia Nemausus sometime before 28 BC, as witnessed by the earliest coins, which bear the abbreviation NEM. COL, "Colony of Nemausus".Colin M. Kraay, "The Chronology of the coinage of Colonia Nemausus", Numismatic Chronicle 15 (1955), pp. 75–87.
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Ronald Syme, "Partisans of Galba", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 31 (1982), p. 475 Although it is not clear from his name, Asiaticus was a member of the Cornelii Lentuli, one of the patrician branches of the gens Cornelia. His father was Publius Cornelius Lentulus Scipio, suffect consul in 24, and the beautiful Poppaea Sabina the Elder; his older half-brother was Publius Cornelius Scipio, suffect consul in 56.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p.
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Archaeological excavations undertaken in 1996 ahead of the construction of a new high speed railway line (TGV) uncovered the remains of a Gallo-Roman villa and 35 burials at a site northwest of the town, just to the south of the Roc de Peillet, a small limestone outcrop on the old alluvial terrace of the Rhône called Les Ramières. The earliest finds date from the Augustan period (63 BC-14 AD). The site was abandoned during the 7th century.
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Politically the excluded Augustan Period is the paradigm of imperiality, and yet the style cannot be bundled with either the Silver Age or with Late Latin. Moreover, in 6th century Italy, the Roman Empire no longer existed; the rule of Gothic kings prevailed. Subsequently, the term Imperial Latin was dropped by historians of Latin literature, although it may be seen in marginal works. The Silver Age was extended a century and the final four centuries represent Late Latin.
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Portraiture, which survives mainly in the medium of sculpture, was the most copious form of imperial art. Portraits during the Augustan period utilize youthful and classical proportions, evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism. Republican portraits had been characterized by a "warts and all" verism, but as early as the 2nd century BC, the Greek convention of heroic nudity was adopted sometimes for portraying conquering generals.Zanker, Paul (1988) The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus.
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Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 70 BC – 21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He wrote three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him as well. Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets.
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The Commonitorium, which is written in elegiac couplets, is a hortatory and didactic poem. While it is mostly of a "parenetic and protreptic character", the Latinist Johannes Schwind notes that it is also interjected with "occasional elements of diatribe and satire." When Orientius was writing, rhetoric was particularly popular, but the Commonitorium largely eschews this style and its associated devices, instead opting to focus on poetics. The individual who Orientius most frequently imitates is the Augustan poet Virgil.
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516 or that these two incidents may refer to two different men.Oxford commentary to Suetonius' Life of the Divus Augustus, 2014, p164.Peter Michael Swan,The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, p. 184. The modern historian Birch speculates that Plautius Rufus may have been closely linked with Agrippa Postumus and may have been the man who was deprived of a consulship in AD 5 due to his links with Julia the Younger.
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The Lutheran Cathedral of Saint Mary (German: Evangelische Stadtpfarrkirche in Hermannstadt, Romanian: Biserica Evanghelică din Sibiu) is the most famous Gothic-style church in Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania. Its massive 73.34 m high steeple is a landmark of the city. The four turrets situated on top of the steeple were a sign to let foreigners know that the town had the right to sentence to death. It belongs to the Lutheran, German-speaking Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania.
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Laale, Hans Willer, Ephesus (Ephesos): An Abbreviated History from Androclus to Constantine XI (2011), p. 198 Based on his name, Ronald Syme suggested that Gallus was the son of Lucius Vipstanus Gallus and a Valeria Messallia, the granddaughter of Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus.Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 241-242 It is surmised that he was the brother of Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola, whom he succeeded in the consulship as a suffect consul in AD 48.
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At some time between 20 and 10 BC, Fabius married Marcia, daughter of Lucius Marcius Philippus, consul suffectus in 38 BC. Her mother, Atia, was an aunt of Augustus, making Marcia the emperor's cousin.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), pp. 153, 403.ILS 8811; Paphos They had at least one son, Paullus Fabius Persicus, who was probably born in 2 or 1 BC. The younger Fabius was consul in AD 34, with Lucius Vitellius, father of the emperor Aulus Vitellius.
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Tyson, 104. Romanticist Anne Chandler argues that Wollstonecraft's reviews demonstrate "an earlier Augustan politics of knowledge, variously outlined by Dryden, Pope, and, to a lesser extent, Swift" which "may be seen in her insistence on a continuum between aesthetic integrity and civic virtue; her belief in a metaphysical dialogue between human wit and divine Nature; and her perception of belletristic criticism as the proper tribunal for a new onslaught of scholarly and scientific research".Chandler, 2.
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These events must have given sculptor and Lord Orkney a great deal of opportunity for shared reminiscences during the sittings for the bust.D. Wilson, 'The British Augustan oligarchy in portraiture: Michael Rysbrack and his bust of the Earl of Orkney', The British Art Journal, Volume XI, No. 2 [2011], pp. 43–61; and see D. Wilson,'A Very early Portrait by Michael Rysbrack: the Earl of Macclesfield', The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XVII [2009], pp. 19–40.
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On temple roofs, maenads and satyrs were often alternated. The frightening features of the Gorgon, with its petrifying eyes and sharp teeth was also a popular motif to ward off evil. A Roman example from the Augustan period features the butting heads of two billy goats. It may have had special significance in imperial Rome since the constellation Capricorn was adopted by the emperor Augustus as his own lucky star sign and appeared on coins and legionary standards.
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Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 430 A portion of his cursus honorum is known from an inscription recovered from Montefano in Italia, which recognized Geminus as the patron of the colony. Geminus began his senatorial career as a quaestor for the emperor Tiberius; after this he was the emperor's designate for the Republican office of plebeian tribune. Around this time, definitely before he acceded to the consulate, Geminus was admitted to the Septemviri epulonum.
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For example, the cult of Eshmun continued into the Augustan age through a transition to the worship of Asclepius. Kition not specific about using its own name, and was often referred to as simple "the city". ("e polis" or "o demos"), which was reflective of its old Phoenician name. There is an abundance of inscriptions in Kition, especially funerary inscriptions, many of which show influences of other cultures, such as Semitic names that have been Hellenized.
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In 25 BC, an army under Aulus Terentius Varro Murena wiped out the Salassi in the Aosta Valley. At some time between 25 and 7 BC – either following the Aosta campaign or, more likely, in the course of the conquest of Raetia in 15 BC – a campaign also subjugated the Celtic tribes of the Valais and opened the Great St Bernard Pass.Ducrey, p. 62. That conquest was a consequence of the Augustan imperative of securing the Imperial borders.
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In 293, following the Crisis of the Third Century which had severely damaged Imperial administration, Emperor Diocletian enacted sweeping reforms that washed away many of the vestiges and façades of republicanism which had characterized the Augustan order in favor of a more frank autocracy. As a result, historians distinguish the Augustan period as the principate and the period from Diocletian to the 7th-century reforms of Emperor Heraclius as the dominate (from the Latin for "lord".) Reaching back to the oldest traditions of job- sharing in the republic, however, Diocletian established at the top of this new structure the Tetrarchy ("rule of four") in an attempt to provide for smoother succession and greater continuity of government. Under the Tetrarchy, Diocletian set in place a system of co-emperors, styled "Augustus", and junior emperors, styled "Caesar". When a co-emperor retired (as Diocletian and his co-emperor Maximian did in 305) or died, a junior "Caesar" would succeed him and the co-emperors would appoint new Caesars as needed.
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Borghesi first proposed that Seius Tubero was the son of Lucius Seius Strabo. Then it was proposed that Seius Tubero was by birth the nephew of Strabo's wife, whom Strabo later adopted. The latest theory of his fraternal relationship to Sejanus, proposed by Ronald Syme, is that Seius Tubero was the son of his wife Junia with her first husband, the jurist Quintus Aelius Tubero, whom Seius Strabo adopted following his marriage to Junia.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp.
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During Antiquity, it belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circo Flaminio. In this area Domitianus built his stadium and an Odeon (Odeum in Latin), for musical and poetic competitions. Pompey too built there his curia. Around the 1200 the area was called Parione e S. Lorenzo in Damaso and the population kept on increasing until the 15th century, when the borough obtained a great importance thanks to the paving of Campo de' Fiori, that soon became an important economic center.
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The marsh was fed by a stream called Petronia Amnis,Nicholas Purcell, "Rome and the Management of Water: Environment, Culture, and Power," in Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity: Environment and Culture (Routledge, 1996), p. 184. but by the Augustan period it had disappeared or been drained.Richardson, New Topographical Dictionary, p. 70. The Palus Caprae was in the small basin where the Pantheon was later built,Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 66.
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Schmitz, "Augur." The practice of observing bird omens was common to many ancient peoples predating and contemporaneous with Rome, including the Greeks, Celts,According to the Augustan historian Pompeius Trogus, who was himself a Celt of the Vocontii civitas, the Celts had acquired expertise in the practice of augury beyond other peoples (nam augurandi studio Galli praeter ceteros callent, as epitomized by Justin 42.4). Discussion of Celtic augury by J.A. MacCulloch, The Religion of the Ancient Celts (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 247. and Germans.
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The Alta Semita ("High Path") was a street in ancient Rome that gave its name to one of the 14 regions of Augustan Rome. The Alta Semita brought traffic into Rome from the salt route (Via Salaria) that had existed since prehistoric times. The great antiquity of the street is also suggested by semita, a Latin word usually meaning "footpath" and not used for any other Roman street.Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 5.
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This list comprises 16 colonies founded by Augustus Caesar: Berytus, Apamea, Sinope, Philippi, Alexandria Troas, Dyrrhacium, Pax Julia, Emerita, Valentia, Ilici, Lugdunum, Vienna, Cassandrea, Dium, Parium, Antioch of Pisidia. The colony of Carthage was founded by Caesar, re-founded by Augustus and given Ius Italicum by Septimius Severus. In his "Natural History" (3.25), Pliny adds Acci and Libisosa to the list of Augustan cities possessing Ius Italicum. Other cities founded to house Augustus' military legions were identified through epigraphical and numismatic evidence.
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In the Augustan History, Zenobia is said to have been a descendant of Cleopatra and claimed descent from the Ptolemies. According to the Souda, a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, after the Palmyrene conquest of Egypt, the sophist Callinicus of Petra wrote a ten- volume history of Alexandria dedicated to Cleopatra. According to modern scholars, by Cleopatra Callinicus meant Zenobia. Apart from legends, there is no direct evidence in Egyptian coinage or papyri of a contemporary conflation of Zenobia with Cleopatra.
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The near identical official images of the collegial Imperial Tetrarchs conceal Diocletian's seniority and the internal stresses of his empire. Diocletian's avowed conservatism almost certainly precludes a systematic design toward personal elevation as a "divine monarch". Rather, he formally elaborated imperial ceremony as a manifestation of the divine order of empire and elevated emperorship as the supreme instrument of the divine will. The idea was Augustan, or earlier, expressed most clearly in Stoic philosophy and the solar cult, especially under Aurelian.
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In the centre of the browguard is the (now heavily damaged) bust of a woman flanked by repoussé lions. Her identity is unclear, but she may have been an empress or goddess. The iconography is reminiscent of depictions of Cybele, the Magna Mater or "Great Mother" whose image was used to promote the values of the Augustan period a few decades after the helmet was deposited. However, the depiction has a number of features that are more in common with funerary art.
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Shapur I was defeated in the region of Sebaste at Pompeiopolis, prompting the Persians to evacuate Cilicia while Balista returned to Antioch on the Orontes. Balista's victory was only partial: Shapur I withdrew east of Cilicia, which Persian units continued to occupy. A Persian force took advantage of Balista's return to Syria and headed further west into Anatolia. According to the Augustan History, Odaenathus was declared king of Palmyra as soon as the news of the Roman defeat at Edessa reached the city.
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There were other satirists who worked in a less virulent way. Jonathan Swift's satires obliterated hope in any specific institution or method of human improvement, but some satirists instead took a bemused pose and only made lighthearted fun. Tom Brown, Ned Ward, and Tom D'Urfey were all satirists in prose whose works appeared in the early part of the Augustan age. Tom Brown's most famous work in this vein was Amusements Serious and Comical, Calculated for the Meridian of London (1700).
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Ward is also important for his history of secret clubs of the Augustan age. These included The Secret History of the Calves-Head Club, Complt. or, The Republican Unmask'd (1706), which sought humorously to expose the silly exploits of radicals. Ward also translated The Life &Adventures; of Don Quixote de la Mancha, translated into Hudibrastic Verse in 1711, where the Hudibrastic, which had been born in Samuel Butler's imitation of Cervantes, now became the fit medium for a translation of the original (CBEL).
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George Crabbe (1754–1832), an English clergyman, surgeon, and amateur entomologist, was best known as a poet, later often considered an early practitioner of the style of literary "realism".George Saintsbury, Essays in English Literature, 1780–1860 (1890), in Pollard 1972, p. 477. Much older than most of his contemporary poets, Crabbe wrote in a style that harked back to the Augustan period,Pollard, "Introduction", in Pollard 1972, pp 1, 26. with his first widely acclaimed poem, The Village, dating to 1783.
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It was built by Junius Annius Bassus in 331 during his consulate. In the second half of the 5th century, under pope Simplicius, it was transformed into the church of Sant'Andrea Catabarbara. Its last remains were rediscovered and demolished in 1930, and these excavations also found an Augustan house (with later rebuilding) containing 3rd century mosaics, one with Dionysian subjects and one with the names of the house's owners (Arippii and Ulpii Vibii). These mosaics are now on show in the seminary.
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Bas-reliefs appear to show personnel in ordinary units employing bows. From about 218 BC onwards, the archers of the Roman army of the mid-Republic were virtually all mercenaries from the island of Crete, which boasted a long specialist tradition. During the late Republic (88-30 BC) and the Augustan period, Crete was gradually eclipsed by men from other, much more populous, regions with strong archery traditions, newly subjugated by the Romans. These included Thrace, Anatolia and above all, Syria.
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The Augustan era also saw the introduction of some items of more sophisticated and protective equipment for legionaries, primarily to improve their survival rate. The lorica segmentata (normally called simply "the lorica" by the Romans), was a special laminated-strip body- armour, was probably developed under Augustus. Its earliest depiction is on the Arch of Augustus at Susa (Western Alps), dating from 6 BC.Fields (2008) The oval shield of the Republic was replaced by the convex rectangular shield (scutum) of the imperial era.
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The settlement was first established as a winter fort for the Second Augustan Legion under Vespasian (the future emperor) shortly after the Roman invasion in 43.A History of Britain, Richard Dargie (2007), p. 20 Their timber barrack blocks, supply stores, and military equipment have been excavated. The camp was in the territory of the friendly Atrebates tribe and was only used for a few years before the army withdrew and the site was developed as a Romano-British civilian settlement.
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It was much used in the Middle Ages, and is of value for the ancient history of popular medicine. The syntax and metre are remarkably correct. According to the unreliable Augustan History"A source which immediately engenders caution in the reader," as Champlin remarks. he was a famous physician and polymath, who was put to death with other friends of Geta in December 212, at a banquet to which he had been invited by Caracalla shortly after the assassination of his brother.
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Philippus was one of the most distinguished orators of his time. His reputation continued even to the Augustan age, whence we read in Horace: :: Strenuus et fortis causisque Philippus agendis Clarus. Cicero says that Philippus was decidedly inferior as an orator to his two great contemporaries Crassus and Antonius, but was without question next to them, but far next (sed longo intervallo tamen proxumus. itaque eum, [...], neque secundum tamen neque tertium dixerim: "I could not call him a second or a third").
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Pope's translation of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey was not an attempt to make the works available to an Augustan audience, but rather to make a new work occupying a middle ground between Homer and Pope. The translation had to be textually accurate, but it was intended to be a Pope translation, with felicity of phrase and neatness of rhyme from Pope. Additionally, Pope would "versify" John Donne, although his work was widely available. The changes Pope makes are the content, the commentary.
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The Augustan poet Ovid gives Abundantia a role in the myth of Acheloüs the river god, one of whose horns was ripped from his forehead by Hercules. The horn was taken up by the Naiads and transformed into the cornucopia that was granted to Abundantia.Ovid, Metamorphoses; 9.87–88, as cited by Fears, p. 821. (Other aetiological myths provide different explanations of the cornucopia's origin.) On Neronian coinage, she was associated with Ceres and equated with Annona, who embodied the grain supply.
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Murena was the natural born son of Aulus Terentius Varro,Smith's Biography Murena and adopted brother to Lucius Licinius Varro Murena. He was well connected to the Augustan regime,Wells, pg. 53 with his sister, Terentia, married to Gaius Maecenas, the prominent adviser and friend of Augustus and patron of the arts,Lightman, A to Z of ancient Greek and Roman women, pg. 312 while his half-brother, Gaius Proculeius, was an intimate friend of Augustus during his rise to power.
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Calvisius returned to Rome in 28, and on May 26 celebrated a triumph, one of three awarded out of Octavian's triumviral provinces in 28.The others went to C. Carrina for Gaul (July 6) and L. Autronius Paetus for Africa (16 August); W.K. Lacey, "Octavian in the Senate, January 27 B.C.," Journal of Roman Studies 64 (1974), p. 179. He was a likely candidate for a second consulship for 25 BC, but no further office is known for him.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy p. 33.
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Apparently concerned with the (admittedly lessened) influence of what he calls “Amateur Criticism,” Wimsatt published Hateful Contraries in 1965 as a way to “distinguish what [he] consider[s] an inevitable and proper literary interest in the contraries” (Hateful Contraries xviii). Through studies of works by T. S. Eliot as well as discussions of topics such as “The Augustan Mode in English Poetry” and “The Criticism of Comedy” (xi), Wimsatt attempts to add to the efforts to justify and improve literary criticism (xix).
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Sauron, "Documents pour l'exégèse de la mégalographie dionysiaque de Pompeii," pp. 357–358. Women prayed and held sacred banquets at the Saecular Games, which were characterized by an "overt and unusual celebration of women, children, and families in a civic festival." The role of women on this occasion was consonant with the Augustan emphasis on families as necessary to the vitality of the Roman state.Beth Severy, Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2003), p.
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Mycenae or Mykenai () was a town of ancient Crete, the foundation of which was attributed by an historian of the Augustan age to Agamemnon.Vell. Paterc. 1.1 Jean Hardouin proposed to read Mycenae for Myrina which is mentioned as a city of Crete in the text of Pliny the Elder.ad Its site is tentatively located near the modern Selli, Kastelli. The editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World also tentatively accept the association of Mycenae with Pliny's Myrina.
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In addition 5-year lustrations ("purgation", a ceremony cleaning the city of sin) and the censors conducting them are stated, which list is sometimes called the fasti censorii by moderns and stated as a third fasti capitolini.Greswell (1854), p. 4. Feeney argues that the multiple scheme is evidence that the fasti were Augustan rather than republican. The kings are given precedence at the top and the AUC at the left as though they were superimposed on a formerly republican fasti.
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From 18 March to 28 April, she escorted ships and convoys within the Philippine sea frontier. From 29 April to 9 June 1945, she protected Polloc Harbor, Mindanao, and operated with the Davao Gulf 3d Resupply Echelon and the Davao Gulf Attack Unit. Leland E. Thomas bombarded Falisay Point area, north of Cape San Augustan, Davao Gulf on 19 May and on 1 June with the destroyer shelled Luayan Point. The same task unit participated in the landing on Balut Island, Sarangani Group.
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Roman soldiers of the Third Augustan Legion dubbed the gorge Calceus Herculis (English: Hercules' Kick), in reference to the divine hero Hercules' legendary strength. They also constructed an arched bridge over the river in the bottom of the gorge, in order to allow caravans and military supplies to pass through the town with ease. In the second century A.D., the town and bridge were guarded by Syrian archers who are thought to have planted the first date palm grove in the region.
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Duncan Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, p. 437. BRILL, 1990. Unlike later temples, such as the Temple of Divus Augustus in Rome, the temple was not dedicated to divus (the deified) Augustus - a title only given to the emperor after his death. This, the title Pater Patriae that was voted to Augustus in 2 BC., and the temple's architectural style, have allowed archaeologists to date the temple to the late Augustan period, prior to Augustus' death in AD 14.
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Wayne Snyder is an associate professor at Boston University known for his work in E-unification theory. He was raised in Yardley, Pennsylvania, worked in his father's aircraft shop, attended the Berklee School of Music, and obtained an MA in Augustan poetry at Tufts University. He then studied computer science, and earned his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1988. In 1987 he came to Boston University, teaching introductory computer science, and researching on automated reasoning, and, more particularly, E-unification.
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Only one of his offices before acceding to the consulate is known: Lucius was tresviri monetalis, the most prestigious of the four boards that form the vigintiviri, in 9 BC together with Publius Silius.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1986), p. 52 After he stepped down from the consulate, Lucius served as legatus propraetor or governor of Germania, then Pannonia.Velleius Paterculus, 116.2 Towards the beginning of Tiberius' reign the sortition awarded Lucius the proconsulship of Africa (between AD 14 and 17).
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As evidence of the antiquity of the concept of a juno of women, homologous to the genius of men, is the Arval sacrifice of two sheep to the Juno Deae Diae ("the juno of goddesses named Dea Dia"), in contrast to their sacrifice of two cows sacrificed to Juno (singular). However both G. Wissowa and K. Latte allow that this ritual could have been adapted to fit theology of the Augustan restoration.G. Wissowa Religion und Kultus der Römer Munich 1912 p.
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Edwards is the presenter of the three-part BBC series Mothers, Murderers and Mistresses: Empresses of Ancient Rome.Mothers, Murderers and Mistresses: Empresses of Ancient Rome, BBC, retrieved 2015-05-19. She has also contributed to BBC Radio 4's In our time series, on Cleopatra, Roman Britain, Virgil's Aeneid, Tacitus and the decadence of Rome, Pliny the Younger, and The Augustan Age. She has served as president of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies from June 2015 to June 2018.
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Bust of Maecenas at Coole Park, Co. Galway, Ireland Gaius Cilnius Maecenas (; c. 70 BC – 8 BC) was a friend and political advisor to Octavian, who later reigned as Augustus. He was also an important patron for the new generation of Augustan poets, including both Horace and Virgil. During the reign of Augustus, Maecenas served as a quasi-culture minister to the Emperor but in spite of his wealth and power he chose not to enter the Senate, remaining of equestrian rank.
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By 174 BC the colony probably received a circuit wall with three arched gates, a street network with sewers, an aqueduct, a temple to Jupiter, and a portico with shops enclosing the forum.Livy XLI.27, 1 and 10–13 The flourishing of the town from the Augustan Age onwards far into the late 2nd century AD, is attested by epigraphic evidence. From the 3rd century AD onwards, the lack of significant numbers of inscriptions could point to a decline in the city’s prosperity.
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With his first wife, Archelaus had two children: a daughter called Glaphyra Temporini, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, p. 1159 through whom he had further descendants, and a son called Archelaus of Cilicia. Archelaus was an ally to Antony, until his defeat at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, where Archelaus defected to Octavian.Bowman, The Augustan Empire, p. 152 By making peace with Octavian, Archelaus was able to retain his crown.Britannica.
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John Bert Lott, The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 14 online, 34–38 et passim. "The associated games, which as neither state-sponsored ludi nor private benefactions had an ambiguous status, were aimed solely at the urban plebs, arose out of the mood of holiday abandon, and evidently offered — or could be manipulated to provide — a release for subversive sentiment": Richard C. Beacham, Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome (Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 55–56 online.
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Olli Salomies, Adoptive and polyonymous nomenclature in the Roman Empire, (Helsinski: Societas Scientiarum Fenica, 1992), p. 14 Velleius Paterculus salutes him for his simplicissimus.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 425, citing Velleius, 116.4 Silianus was a member of the tresviri monetalis, the most prestigious of the four boards that form the vigintiviri; Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus, consul in AD 5, was one of the other two members of this board at the same time as Silianus.
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Titus Aurelius Fulvus was consul in 89 AD.Gallivan, "The Fasti", p. 191 This Fulvus has been described by Augustan History as a "stern and upright man". The younger Fulvus married Arria Fadilla, a daughter of the consul Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus and friend to the historian Pliny the Younger. Their only child was Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius, who was born in Lanuvium (modern Lanuvio, Italy) on 19 September 86; who was raised by Fulivus' father-in-law after his early death.
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The principal Latin prose author of the Augustan age is the historian Livy, whose account of Rome's founding and early history became the most familiar version in modern-era literature. Vitruvius's book De Architectura, the only complete work on architecture to survive from antiquity, also belongs to this period. Latin writers were immersed in the Greek literary tradition, and adapted its forms and much of its content, but Romans regarded satire as a genre in which they surpassed the Greeks.
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Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews.Beard et al., Vol. 1, 266 – 7, 270.Smallwood, 2-3, 4-6: the presence of practicing Jews in Rome is attested "at least a century" before 63 BC. Smallwood describes the preamble to Judaea's clientage as the Hellenising of ruling Jewish dynasties, their claims to kingly messianism and their popular, traditionalist rejection in the Maccabaean revolt.
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Syme, pg. 327 and by 31 BC he had been made a member of the Septemviri epulonum.Broughton, pg. 426 Pulcher likely had at least one son, Appius Claudius Pulcher, who may have been put to death by the emperor Augustus on charges of adultery with the emperor’s daughter Julia.Syme, pg. 426 He possibly had another son, Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus, who was probably adopted by Marcus Valerius Messalla, the suffect consul of 32 BC.Syme, Ronald, "The Augustan Aristocracy" (1986), pg. 147. Clarendon Press.
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Its earliest phase was the late 2nd and early 1st century BC and underwent numerous renovations in the Augustan period. Further changes were made between the Flavian and Hadrianic periods, while in late antiquity parts of the domus were partially reused. Later the area was abandoned and used as a cemetery from the discovery of tombs in the cellar. The large main entrance leads into a vast atrium, around which are arranged various rooms, divided into bedrooms (cubicula) and living quarters (triclinia).
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Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), p. 242 Messalla was a friend of the historian Tacitus, who used Messalla's account of the campaign in his own work Histories. Tacitus described Messalla as an outstanding orator; in AD 70, Vipstanus Messalla, who was not yet of senatorial age, defended his older half-brother, the notorious informer Marcus Aquilius Regulus in the Curia Julia. Massalla's family's prestige was sufficient to sway enough of the Senate to reject the charges laid against Regulus.
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The patrician Fabii were one of the most ancient and illustrious families of Rome, but by the Late Republic their status had begun to wane. Ronald Syme notes that the Fabii had "missed a generation in the consulate."Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford: University Press, 1939), p. 18 Fabius was the elder son of Quintus Fabius Maximus, one of Caesar's legates during the Civil War, whom Caesar appointed consul suffectus on October 1, 45 BC.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p. 403.
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Sisenna was the grandson of Titus Statilius Taurus, consul in 37 BC and 26 BC. His father is attested as a tresviri monetalis, but died before he could accede to the consulate; his mother has not been identified. Sisenna was also the younger brother of Titus Statilius Taurus.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 376 The name of his wife has also failed to come down to us, but he is known to have children, who include Cornelia Tauri f.
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Roman Empire 271 AD, after the schism The assassination of Alexander Severus (222–235), the last of the Severans, brought to an end the Augustan Principate, and the empire descended into its third crisis, this time lasting nearly fifty years. Twenty five emperors obtained power in the space of forty-nine years, with at least fifty one claiming it. Most were either murdered or died in military campaigns against Rome's enemies that were now pressing hard on her frontiers.[Cambridge Ancient History vol.
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92-93 Regarding the year in which Silvanus arrived in Illyricum, the ancient writers all give the year AD 7, which was followed by the twentieth century historian Syme who stated the 7 AD date was 'indisputable.'Syme, "Some Notes on the Legions Under Augustus", p. 28.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 289 However, some modern historians have suggested a contradictory, and probably erroneous, 'amphibious landing' during AD 6 For example, Jason R. Abdale, The Great Illyrian Revolt (2019), p. 144.
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This ritual predated the common use of written letters, according to the Augustan historian Livy, and was within Minerva's sphere of influence because the concept of "number" was invented by her.Livy, 7.3; Brennan, Praetorship, p. 21. In the Roman East, the birthday of Augustus on September 23 was the first day of the new year on some calendars, including possibly the calendar of Heliopolis (Baalbek in present-day Lebanon).Alan E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology: Calendars and Years in Classical Antiquity (C.
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Illustration of The Hop-Garden The Hop-Garden by Christopher Smart was first published in Poems on Several Occasions, 1752. The poem is rooted the Virgilian georgic and Augustan literature; it is one of the first long poems published by Smart. The poem is literally about a hop garden, and, in the Virgilian tradition, attempts to instruct the audience in how to farm hops properly. While the poem deals with natural and scientific principles, there is a strong autobiographical tendency.
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Publius Terentius Varro Atacinus (; 82 BC – c. 35 BC) was a Roman poet, more polished in his style than the more famous and learned Varro Reatinus, his contemporary, and therefore more widely read by the Augustan writers.Charles Thomas Cruttwell, History of Roman Literature (1877): Book II, part I, note III He was born in the province of Gallia Narbonensis, the southern part of Gaul with its capital at Narbonne, on the river Atax (now the Aude), for his cognomen Atacinus indicates his birthplace.
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For dating the replicas, attention is focused on the minor details of the dolphins that were added by the copyists, in which stylistic conventions come to the fore: the Metropolitan dates its Aphrodite of the Medici type to the Augustan period. The Metropolitan Aphrodite was in the collection of Count von Harbuval genannt Chamaré in Silesia,Possibly Nové Hrady whose progenitor Count Schlabrendorf made the Grand Tour and corresponded with Johann Joachim Winckelmann. Watelet confronts the Venus de' Medici, ca. 1765.
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Jürgen Oldenstein: 2009, S. 12, Wolfgang Diehl, 1981, S. 15. With the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar the border of the Roman Empire was advanced to the Rhine. Legionary camps were built in Bingen, Mainz and Worms during the Augustan Age. The Celtic settlements were followed by the Roman Vicus Altiaia, which was founded around the middle of the first century BC. In addition to the limes road, which ran along the Rhine, there was another road connection which led from Worms to Bonn via Alzey.
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An enormous coalition consisting of Goths (Greuthungi and Thervingi), Gepids and Peucini, led again by the Heruli, assembled at the mouth of river Tyras (Dniester). The Augustan History and Zosimus claim a total number of 2,000–6,000 ships and 325,000 men., The Life of Claudius , 6 This is probably a gross exaggeration but remains indicative of the scale of the invasion. After failing to storm some towns on the coasts of the western Black Sea and the Danube (Tomi, Marcianopolis), the invaders attacked Byzantium and Chrysopolis.
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In Shelley's "Defense of Poetry", he contends that poets are the "creators of language" and that the poet's job is to refresh language for their society. The Romantics were not the only poets of note at this time. In the work of John Clare the late Augustan voice is blended with a peasant's first-hand knowledge to produce arguably some of the finest nature poetry in the English language. Another contemporary poet who does not fit into the Romantic group was Walter Savage Landor.
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During Antiquity, it belonged to the 9th Augustan region called Circo Flaminio. In this area Pompey built his curia, while Domitian built his stadium and an Odeon (Odeum in Latin), for musical and poetic competitions. During the early Middle Ages it included parts of the city around San Lorenzo in Damaso. From 1200 the population kept on increasing until the 15th century, when it increased in importance due to the paving of Campo de' Fiori, so that it soon became an important economic center.
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Herennianus may be a conflation of Hairan and Herodianus; Timolaus is probably a fabrication, although the historian Dietmar Kienast suggested that he might have been Vaballathus. According to the Augustan History, Zenobia's descendants were Roman nobility during the reign of Emperor Valens (reigned 364–375). Eutropius and Jerome chronicled the queen's descendants in Rome during the fourth and fifth centuries. They may have been the result of a reported marriage to a Roman spouse or offspring who accompanied her from Palmyra; both theories, however, are tentative.
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Harold Mattingly called Zenobia "one of the most romantic figures in history". According to Southern, "The real Zenobia is elusive, perhaps ultimately unattainable, and novelists, playwrights and historians alike can absorb the available evidence, but still need to indulge in varied degrees of speculation." She has been the subject of romantic and ideologically-driven biographies by ancient and modern writers. The Augustan History is the clearest example of an ideological account of Zenobia's life, and its author acknowledged that it was written to criticize the emperor Gallienus.
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Tombstones of Roman horsemen Members of the ruling class became interested in erecting funerary monuments during the Augustan-Tiberian period. Yet, by and large, this interest was brief. Whereas freedmen were often compelled to display their success and social mobility through the erection of public monuments, the elite felt little need for an open demonstration of this kind. Archeological findings in Pompeii suggest that tombs and monuments erected by freedmen increased at the very moment when those erected by the elite began to decrease.
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During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, or the Age of Enlightenment, neoclassical culture was pervasive. English literature in the middle of that period has been dubbed Augustan. It is not always easy to distinguish Horace's influence during those centuries (the mixing of influences is shown for example in one poet's pseudonym, Horace Juvenal).'Horace Juvenal' was author of Modern manners: a poem, 1793 However a measure of his influence can be found in the diversity of the people interested in his works, both among readers and authors.
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Richardson suggests that the brickwork demonstrates an Augustan origin with a second century A.D. rebuilding, probably under Severus, and another rebuilding in third century A.D.,Martin, Archer et al.: “A Third Century Context from S. Stefano Rotondo” in Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, vol. 53, 2008, p. 216 however the earliest mention of the princeps peregrinorum (camp-commandant) in Rome was during the reign of Trajan.Baillie Reynolds, P.K.: “The Troops Quartered in the Castra Peregrinorum” in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol.
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His three sons re-divided their Imperial inheritance: Constantius II was an Arian – his brothers were Nicene. Constantine's nephew Julian, Rome's last non-Christian emperor, rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for a synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult and actively fostered religious and cultural pluralism.A summary of relevant legislation – FourthCentury.com (accessed 30 August 2009) His restored Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares, ended with his death in 363, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned.
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The successes of Odaenathus are treated sceptically by a number of modern scholars. According to the Augustan History, Odaenathus "captured the king's treasures and he captured, too, what the Parthian monarchs hold dearer than treasures, namely his concubines. For this reason Shapur [I] was now in greater dread of the Roman generals, and out of fear of Ballista and Odaenathus he withdrew more speedily to his kingdom." Sceptical scholars, such as Martin Sprengling, considered such accounts of ancient Roman historians "poor, scanty and confused".
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His thesis was titled "The Frontiers of the Empire Under Augustus". He went on to chair the department in Ottawa. His 1972 work, The German Policy of Augustus, presented new archaeological evidence concerning Augustus' German campaigns. Mark Hassall in The Journal of Roman Studies said it was "an authoritative study of Augustan military activity in Germany and the archaeological evidence for it, by a scholar who must certainly know more about his subject than any save those actually engaged on the recovery of the primary archaeological material".
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The date at which the bigatus began to be issued is complicated by the uncertain usage of the word bigati by the Augustan historian Livy. In writing about the events of 216 BC, before bigati are known to have come into circulation, Livy uses the word to refer to silver money taken as spoils in Cisalpine Gaul or Hispania, and then displayed at triumphs between 197 and 190 BC.Livy, 23.15.5. Bigati may be used loosely for denarii, and not the specific type.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 630.
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The western side of the octastyle Parthenon in Athens Octastyle buildings had eight columns; they were considerably rarer than the hexastyle ones in the classical Greek architectural canon. The best-known octastyle buildings surviving from antiquity are the Parthenon in Athens, built during the Age of Pericles (450-430 BCE), and the Pantheon in Rome (125 CE). The destroyed Temple of Divus Augustus in Rome, the centre of the Augustan cult, is shown on Roman coins of the 2nd century CE as having been built in octastyle.
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The other side of this division include, early in the Augustan Age, John Dyer, James Thomson and Edward Yonge. In the year 1726 poems by the two former were published describing landscape from a personal point of view and taking their feeling and moral lessons from direct observation. One was Dyer's "Grongar Hill", the other was James Thomson's "Winter", soon to be followed by all the seasons (1726–30). Both are unlike Pope's notion of the Golden Age pastoral as exemplified in his "Windsor Forest".
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A well-preserved Roman heroön from the Augustan period is situated in the ancient city of Sagalassos in what is now Turkey. Another well-preserved and well-known heroön is the Library of Celsus in Ephesus, Turkey. It was built to honor a Roman senator, Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, a consul and proconsul of Asia from 92 to 107 and governor of Asia when he died in 114. He bequeathed a large sum of money for its construction which was carried out by his son.
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In late 307, Galerius led a second force against Maxentius but he again failed to take Rome, and retreated north with his army mostly intact.Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30–31; Elliott, 41–42; Lenski, 62–63; Odahl, 86–87; Potter, 348–49. Dresden bust of Maxentius While Maxentius built up Rome's defenses, Maximian made his way to Gaul to negotiate with Constantine. A deal was struck in which Constantine would marry Maximian's younger daughter Fausta and be elevated to Augustan rank in Maxentius' secessionist regime.
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Cornelius Severus was an Augustan Age Roman epic poet who is mentioned in Quintilian and Ovid. Quintilian attests to an epic about the Sicilian Wars, Bellum Siculum, and Ovid refers to a long poem on Rome's ancient kings, which may be Res Romanae. This work, such as it is known, exists only in quotations by other authors. Seneca quoted twenty-five lines from it on the death of Cicero, which can be found in the Oxford University Press Oxford Book of Latin Verse (1912 ed.).
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Lucius was a tresviri monetalis, the most prestigious of the four boards that form the vigintiviri; Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus, consul in AD 7, was one of the other two members of this board at the same time as Silius. Because assignment to this board was usually allocated to patricians, Ronald Syme sees this as evidence that Lucius was a member of that class.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 52 Other offices Volesus held included proconsul of the Roman province of Asia.
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Painting of Villa of Maecenas, Jacob Philipp Hackert, 1783 Egyptian granodiorite statue of Apis found in the vicinity of the Gardens of Maecenas, noted as the site of many cultural artifacts, on the Esquiline (Palazzo Altemps, Rome) The Gardens of Maecenas, built by Gaius Maecenas, an Augustan- era patron of the arts, were the first gardens in the Hellenistic-Persian garden style in Rome. He sited them on the Esquiline Hill, atop the agger of the Servian Wall and its adjoining necropolis, near the gardens of Lamia.
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Samuel Johnson pronounced it the greatest translation ever achieved in the English language.Garry Wills, "On Reading Pope's Homer" New York Times Review (1 June 1997), 22 Over time, Pope became the greatest poet of the age, the Augustan Age, especially for his mock-heroic poems, Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad. Around this time, in 1720, Clement XI proclaimed Anselm of Canterbury a Doctor of the Church. In 1752, mid-century, Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582.
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Ludus Magnus The Ludus Magnus (also known as the Great Gladiatorial Training School) was the largest of the gladiatorial schools in Rome. It was built by the emperor Domitian (r. 81–96 C.E.) in the late first century C.E., alongside other building projects undertaken by him such as three other gladiatorial schools across the Roman Empire. The training school is situated directly east of the Colosseum in the valley between the Esquiline and the Caelian hills, an area already occupied by Republican and Augustan structures.
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Arch of Antoninus Pius in Sbeïtla, Tunisia. Statue of Antoninus Pius, Palazzo Altemps, Rome The only intact account of his life handed down to us is that of the Augustan History, an unreliable and mostly fabricated work. Nevertheless, it still contains information that is considered reasonably sound – for instance, it is the only source that mentions the erection of the Antonine Wall in Britain.Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Pius 5:4 Antoninus is unique among Roman emperors in that he has no other biographies.
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In 1970 he was named Ashbel Smith Professor of English and Philosophy at the University of Texas. He retired from teaching in 1972, and in 1976 received the honorary D.Litt. from Edinburgh University. Mossner was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, The Modern Humanities Research Association, The International Association of University Professors of English, The Texas Institute of Letters, the advisory board of the Augustan Reprint Society, the South Central Modern Language Association, the Society of American Historians, and the Fortnightly Club of Austin.
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The prototype was discovered in 1770, as a marble Roman copy of a bronze original, and came into the Mattei collection. 2.11m high, and of the Augustan era, this type is derived from Phidias's original. It is now on display in the Gallerie delle Statue of the Pio-Clementine Museum in the Vatican. The figure looks down, with her right arm parrying and her left arm by her side with a quiver under it, though both arms, the head, and the left shoulder are all restorations.
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John Scheid, "Scribonia Caesaris et les Cornelii", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 100 (1976), p. 490 Not long after Cornelia's death, he married Claudia Marcella Minor, one of the daughters of consul Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor and Octavia the Younger, as her maternal uncle was the Roman emperor Augustus. The marriage of Marcella and Paullus linked two honored republican houses and tied them closely to the imperial circle. At some point after 11 BC, Marcella bore him a son, Paullus Aemilius Regulus,Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy p.
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Just east of Sparta stood an archaic statue of Ares in chains, to show that the spirit of war and victory was to be kept in the city. The Temple of Ares in the agora of Athens, which Pausanias saw in the second century AD, had been moved and rededicated there during the time of Augustus. Essentially, it was a Roman temple to the Augustan Mars Ultor. From archaic times, the Areopagus, the "mount of Ares" at some distance from the Acropolis, was a site of trials.
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Lowrie began teaching at New York University in 1990 after the completion of her doctorate, as Assistant and Associate Professor of Classics. She was awarded a Presidential Fellowship by the university while writing her first monograph, Horace's Narrative Odes. During the period of 2000-2001, she was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and held the Burkhardt Fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies. This was while she was working on Writing, Performance, and Authority in Augustan Rome (published 2009).
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He comes to a negative conclusion, and applies this reasoning to the Homeric problem. He treats this question again in a treatise on the so-called Peisistratean edition of Homer (La Commissione omerica di Pisistrato, 1881). His Researches concerning the Book of Sindibad were translated in the Proceedings of the Folk-Lore Society. His Vergil in the Middle Ages (translated into English by E. F. M. Benecke, 1895) traces the strange vicissitudes by which the great Augustan poet became successively grammatical fetich, Christian prophet and wizard.
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Poetry praised the idealized lives of farmers and shepherds. The interiors of houses were often decorated with painted gardens, fountains, landscapes, vegetative ornament, and animals, especially birds and marine life, rendered accurately enough that modern scholars can sometimes identify them by species. The Augustan poet Horace gently satirized the dichotomy of urban and rural values in his fable of the city mouse and the country mouse, which has often been retold as a children's story.Horace, Satire 2.6Holzberg, Niklas (2002) The Ancient Fable: An Introduction.
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Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 188, 192 Through his maternal grandparents, the princess Julia the Younger and the Lucius Aemilius Paullus, consul AD 1, Decimus was related to Emperor Augustus, his second wife, Scribonia, the statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and the consul Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (brother of the triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus). Decimus married Julia Africana in 54 AD. Julia was the daughter of the consul Marcus Julius Africanus. They had one daughter named Junia Silana Torquata (b. 55).
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The Commentarii Principis were the register of the official acts of the emperor. They contained the decisions, favourable or unfavourable, in regard to certain citizens; accusations brought before him or ordered by him; and lists of persons in receipt of special privileges. These must be distinguished from the commentarii diurni, a daily court-journal. At a later period records called ephemerides were kept by order of the emperor; these were much used by the collection of biographies known as Scriptores Historiae Augustae (see Augustan History).
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Continuité gentilice et continuité sénatoriale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale, 2000 For the term 58/59, the sortition awarded Vipstanus Poplicola Proconsular governor of Asia.Laale, Hans Willer, Ephesus (Ephesos): An Abbreviated History from Androclus to Constantine XI (2011), p. 198 According to Syme, Vipstanus Poplicola's son was Gaius Valerius Poplicola, who was co-opted into a sacerdotal college in AD 63, but is not heard of afterwards, possibly having died before being old enough to accede to the consulate.; Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p.
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Octavian's powers progressively increased, he was granted the title Augustus by the Senate and adopted the title princeps senatus in 27 BC although technically a consul, and shortly after Imperator in effect Emperor and the first phase of the Roman Empire, the Principate (27 BC – 284 AD) was born. In exchange for this redistribution of powers, a long history of civil wars came to an end, replaced by the Augustan age (27 BC – 14 AD). The endless wars had been devastating for Asia Minor.Cambridge Ancient History vol.
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The name possibly comes from Veio, the Etruscan city just to the north of Rome that was defeated by the Romans in 396 BC. It is believed to have been inhabited by Etruscans, although there is no clear evidence of this fact. In the Augustan era, Vejano became an important centre as it was situated along the route of the Via Clodia. From 1493 to 1664 Viano was the property of the Santacroce family. It then passed into the hands of the Altieri family.
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The first examples of elegiac poetry in writing come from classical Greece. The form dates back nearly as early as epic, with such authors as Archilocus and Simonides of Ceos from early in the history of Greece. The first great elegiac poet of the Hellenistic period was Philitas of Cos: Augustan poets identified his name with great elegiac writing. One of the most influential elegiac writers was Philitas' rival Callimachus, who had an enormous impact on Roman poets, both elegists and non-elegists alike.
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The identity of the wife of Quintus Junius Blaesus is unknown, as is the date of their marriage. However, Blaesus is known to have had at least two children, both sons, each of whom became consul in his own right: Quintus Junius Blaesus (suffect consul 26) and Lucius Junius Blaesus (suffect consul 28).Syme, R. Augustan Aristocracy (1989), pp. 163, 304 These sons both committed suicide in 36, when Tiberius transferred to others the priesthoods that had previously been promised to the Blaesi during their family's ascendance.
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Artavasdes was the first son born to King Ariobarzanes II of AtropateneSwan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55–56 (9 B.C.–A.D. 14), p.p. 114–115 by an unnamed wife. He had a younger brother called Gaius Julius Ariobarzanes I and may have had a possible nephew called Gaius Julius Ariobarzanes II. Artavasdes was the namesake of his paternal grandfather, a previous ruling King of Media Atropatene and Sophene, Artavasdes I. He was born and raised in Media Atropatene.
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The place, in the territory of Capena in southwestern Etruria, was plundered of its gold and silver by Hannibal's retreating troops in 211 BCE, when he turned aside from the Via Salaria to visit the sanctuary;Livy 26.11 later it became an Augustan colonia. Its status as a colony is recorded in a single inscription, copied in a manuscript of the rule of the Farfa AbbeyCodex Vaticanus Latinus 6808. as colonia Iulia Felix Lucoferonensis.Lily Ross Taylor, "The Site of Lucus Feroniae" The Journal of Roman Studies 10 (1920), pp. 29-36.
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The capacity was . It was supported by vaulted ceilings and a total of 48 pillars. It was thought to be situated there in order to provide the Roman western imperial fleet at Portus Julius with drinking water but this is unlikely, as the cistern is about 1 km away from the slopes of the promontory of Misenum where the military base and residential area port were located. Also from the Augustan period, the naval base was directly connected to the main Roman aqueduct, the Aqua Augusta, and did not need the cistern.
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Macro, a veteran with 16 years service (as of the first novel's opening) has recently been appointed to the Centurionate. He is the epitome of a good soldier: dependable in a fight and does not question any orders given to him by a senior officer. In Under the Eagle he is the centurion of the Sixth Century, of the Fourth Cohort, of the Second Augustan Legion. By the time of The Eagle in the Sand he has risen to become the acting prefect in charge of Fort Bushir in Judea.
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Cato is the son of an Imperial Freedman (former slave) in direct service of Emperor Claudius. Being born a slave himself, and the property of the state, he was given an opportunity by the Emperor as a favour to Cato's late father to enlist in the legions and be given his freedom. Cato has lived a relatively luxurious life as a slave within the Imperial palace, in comparison to the rank and file of the legions, and after accepting the Emperor's offer. he joins the Second Augustan as Macro's Optio.
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Augustus gave Brigantum, the camp of Augustan Asturica, to the Brigaeci as a reward for their help. Additionally, he shared out land in the plains to the allies. His general Carisius attacked the Astur armies (probably commanded by Gausón), forcing them to take refuge in the fortified city of Lancia, the most important Astures Cismontani fort according to Florus. Once Lancia was besieged, the Astur armies took refuge in the Mons Medullius (some scholars locate it at Las Médulas basing their opinions on Florus who specifically names the site in his history of Rome).
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The Altar of Zeus Agoraios (meaning Zeus of the Agora) is a 4th-century BC altar located north-west of the Ancient Agora of Athens, constructed from white marble, 9 m deep and 5.5 m wide."Altar of Zeus Agoraios", URL accessed on June 3, 2008. It was one of the first objects to be discovered inside the Agora during the excavations of 1931. Evidence of marks done by masons from the Augustan period show that it was moved from an initial source later identified as the Pnyx located outside the ancient Agora.
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The eukosmos, the officer of "good order" who presided over the group for a year, was to provide one mina (a monetary unit) and one loaf for celebrating the Rosalia on the Augustan day, which was the first day of the month called Panemos on the local calendar.Friesen, Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John, p. 108. The identification of Panemos with a modern month name varies throughout the ancient calendars on which it appears; see Alan E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology: Calendars and Years in Classical Antiquity (C.H. Beck, 1972).
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Latin inscription found in Rodez (Augustan era) Rodez is a city of more than two millennia: its existence dates back to the 5th century BC, when a Celtic tribe of Central Europe, the Ruteni, stopped in the south of Auvergne to found one of these characteristic oppida of the Gallic civilization, that of . Many elements of heritage bear witness to the Romanisation of Segodunum. While Christianity spread in the wake of the evangelising activity of , the city witnessed and at times suffered during, the less stable times that following the fall of the Roman Empire.
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Allan Ramsay, to reintroduce theatre to Scotland in 1737. The age of Augustan drama was brought to an end by the censorship established by the Licensing Act 1737. After 1737, authors with strong political or philosophical points to make would no longer turn to the stage as their first hope of making a living, and novels began to have dramatic structures involving only normal human beings, as the stage was closed off for serious authors. Prior to the Licensing Act 1737, theatre was the first choice for most wits.
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Strabo, also mention the sanctuary. A founder-cult of Protesilaus at Scione, in Pallene, Chalcidice, was given an etiology by the Greek grammarian and mythographer of the Augustan era CononConon's abbreviated mythographies are known through a summary made by the ninth-century patriarch Photius for his Biblioteca (Alan Cameron, Greek Mythography in the Roman World [Oxford University Press) 2004:72). that is at variance with the epic tradition. In this, Conon asserts that Protesilaus survived the Trojan War and was returning with Priam's sister Aethilla as his captive.
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The name of the region stemmed from Arenula, (the name is present in the modern Via Arenula) that was the name given to the soft sand (rena in Italian) that the river Tiber left after the floods, and that built strands on the left bank. It included parts of the city around Regola. In Augustan Rome, the medieval region straddled both the Campus Martius and the IX region called Circus Flaminius. Here there was the Trigarium, the stadium where the riders of the triga (a cart with three horses) used to train.
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At the beginning of the 10th century, this region was referred to as Pina before transforming into Pinee et S. Marci by the 12th century, and finally into Pigna by the 16th century. For many centuries this region has been reckoned as the ninth region, certainly parts of it, such as the Pantheon were included in the ninth region of Augustan Rome. From at least the 16th century, and possibly much earlier, this region has been centered on the Basilica of San Marco, Santa Maria sopra Minerva and the Pantheon.
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According to the Augustan History, Zenobia said that she would fight Aurelian with the help of her Persian allies; however, the story was probably fabricated and used by the emperor to link Zenobia to Rome's greatest enemy. If such an alliance existed, a much-larger frontier war would have erupted; however, no Persian army was sent. As the situation worsened, the queen left the city for Persia intending on seeking help from Palmyra's former enemy; according to Zosimus, she rode a "female camel, the fastest of its breed and faster than any horse".
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He had to republish the book in 1668A facsimile edition was published in 1965 by the Augustan Reprint Society, Los Angeles, CA since his property was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. Rebuilding in Whitefriars, he set up a printing press there from which he issued many magnificent books, the most important of which were a series of atlases, with engravings and maps by Hollar and others. In 1674 Ogilby had been appointed "His Majesty's Cosmographer and Geographic Printer". The Britannia atlas of 1675 set the standard for the road maps that followed.
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The lusus Troiae was "revived" by Julius Caesar in 45 or 46 BC,Suetonius, Divus Iulius 39; Cassius Dio 43.23.6. perhaps in connection with his family claim to have descended from Iulus, the son of Aeneas who in the game of the Aeneid rides a horse that was a gift from the Carthaginian queen Dido.Vergil, Aeneid 5.570–572; Petrini, The Child and the Hero, p. 35. Given the mythological setting, the description of the lusus Troiae in the Aeneid is likely to have been the Augustan poet's fictional aetiology.
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The 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake devastated the Roman city of Ephesus along with cities along the west and south coasts of Anatolia in year 262, or possibly 261. The epicenter was likely located in the southern Aegean Sea. Reports note that many cities were flooded by the sea, presumably due to a tsunami. Nicholas Ambraseys, who performed the most comprehensive assessment of ancient earthquakes in the Mediterranean, traces the original source of most literary references to this quake to an account in the Augustan History purportedly written by Trebellius Pollio.
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The title page of the 1664 Third Folio, using the spelling of Shakespeare's name that was preferred in the English Augustan era, and which is used by Curzon. The "7 additional plays" mentioned in the inscription are listed here. The volume in question is in a nineteenth- century binding with the baronial seal of Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche of Harringworth, stamped in the center of its front cover. It incorporates the motto LET • CURZON • HOLDE WHAT • CVRZON • HELDE • encircled around it.“Anne Hathaway Drawing Found in Colgate Shakespeare Folio.” Colgate Maroon.
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The Kingdom of Pontus (, Basileía toû Póntou) was a Hellenistic-era kingdom, centered in the historical region of Pontus and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin,The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, by B.C. McGing, p. 11Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy, by John Freely, p. 69–70Strabo of Amasia: A Greek Man of Letters in Augustan Rome, by Daniela Dueck, p. 3. which may have been directly related to Darius the Great and the Achaemenid dynasty.
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The singing waitresses were decked out in boldly pattern brocade dresses and served 'brose', 'manchet bread' and roast chicken legs. Music consisted of popular late Georgian and Victorian ballads, but the string and keyboard players did their best to introduce some authenticity. At this time, what must have been delightful Italianate gardens to one side of the house, were entirely and genuinely romantically, overgrown. The front lawns and the great iron gates had been well looked after and the famous double row of Augustan caesars was still standing.
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Descriptions of cult to emperors as a tool of "Imperial propaganda" or the less pejorative "civil religion" emerge from modern political thought and are of doubtful value: in Republican Rome, cult could be given to state gods, personal gods, triumphal generals, magnates, benefactors, patrons and the ordinary paterfamilias – living or dead. Cult to mortals was not an alien practise: it acknowledged their power, status and their bestowal of benefits. The Augustan settlement appealed directly to the Republican mos maiorum and under the principate, cult to emperors defined them as emperors.Brent, 17.
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Due to their appearance in the mythology of Apollo, male and female Niobids frequently appeared in classical art. One of the two ivory reliefs added to the doors of the Temple of Apollo Palatinus in its Augustan rebuild depicted their death.Propertius, II.31.12‑16 . They are also known from figurative sculpture, examples of which are to be found at the Palazzo Massimo in Rome and in the group of Niobids (including Niobe sheltering one of her daughters) found in Rome in 1583 along with the Wrestlers and brought to the Uffizi in Florence in 1775.
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Earlier in his career, Caravaggio had challenged contemporary sensibilities with his "sexually provocative and anti-intellectual" Victorious Love, also known as Love Conquers All (Amor Vincit Omnia), in which a brazenly naked Cupid tramples on emblems of culture and erudition representing music, architecture, warfare, and scholarship.Varriano, Caravaggio, pp. 22, 123. The motto comes from the Augustan poet Vergil, writing in the late 1st century BC. His collection of Eclogues concludes with what might be his most famous line:David R. Slavitt, Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971, 1990), p. xvii.
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At the outset of the Augustan age, essays were still primarily imitative, novels were few and still dominated by the Romance, and prose was a rarely used format for satire, but, by the end of the period, the English essay was a fully formed periodical feature, novels surpassed drama as entertainment and as an outlet for serious authors, and prose was serving every conceivable function in public discourse. It is the age that most provides the transition from a court-centered and poetic literature to a more democratic, decentralized literary world of prose.
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5, p. 149. Meanwhile, the unprolific Campbell, after some short lyric verses, had produced a longer narrative poem, Gertrude of Wyoming; Or, The Pennsylvanian Cottage (1809), a verse tale about European settlers in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania, in the early days of the United States, depicted as an idyllic enclave before the community was destroyed in an attack by a hostile Indian tribe. Still embodying some of the conventions and the formality of Augustan poetry, it was also heavily sentimental like much literature of the later 18th century.
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The second most important literary source is Ab Urbe condita, a massive history of Rome published in ca. AD 20, by the Augustan-era Roman historian Livy, whose surviving books XXI–XLV cover the years 218–168 BC. Although a narrative history lacking a specific analysis of the army as in Polybius, Livy's work contains much incidental information about the army and its tactics. Also useful are the monograph on the Jugurthine War by Sallust (published c. 90 BC) and the much later biographies of Roman leaders of the Republican period by Plutarch.
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Although the idea that airs carried sickness was incorrect, the practical upshot of Arbuthnot's advice was efficacious, as crowded, poorly sanitized Augustan era cities had bad air and infectious air. His son Charles, studying to be a divine at Christ Church, Oxford, died in 1731, the same year that the Swift and Pope Miscellanies, Volume the Third (which was the first volume) appeared. He contributed "An Essay of the Learned Martinus Scriblerus Concerning the Origine of the Sciences" to the volume. In 1734, his health began to decline.
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With regard to the form of the poem, Rutilius handles the elegiac couplet with great metrical purity and freedom, and betrays many signs of long study in the elegiac poetry of the Augustan era. The Latin is unusually clean for the times, and is generally classical, both in vocabulary and construction. Rutilius may lack the genius of Claudian, but also lacks his overloaded gaudiness and his large exaggeration; and the directness of Rutilius shines in comparison with the labored complexity of Ausonius. It is common to call Claudian "the last of the Roman poets".
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Scuta, as used by the Imperial Roman army's legions. Note the alae et fulgura ("wings-and-thunderbolts") emblem, painted exclusively on legionary shields and representing Jupiter, the highest Roman god The legionary scutum (plural form: scuta; derivation: It. scudo, Sp. escudo, Fr. écu; Rom. scut), a convex rectangular shield, appeared for the first time in the Augustan era, replacing the oval shield of the army of the Republic. Shields, from examples found at Dura and Nydam, were of vertical plank construction, the planks glued, and faced inside and out with painted leather.
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During the Augustan period of Rome, Augustus used deformed or disabled slaves as entertainment and display pieces that he invited the public to view. Augustus provided the people a way to view the unique and varying deformities as it interested himself, it is Suetonius that makes sure others are aware that he still thought lowly of them. Deformed slaves were so popular that Plutarch writes about the different kinds of deformations on display at the Monster Markets. It was recorded that many Roman women kept hunchbacks as pets.
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Built in the 1st century during the Augustan Age or the Flavian Age, the Porta Principalis Dextra may predate the construction of the city walls and was perhaps built on the location of an earlier Republican Age gate. This facility served as a city gate for a long time and was turned into a castrum in the 11th century, although it lost the internal structure of the cavaedium over the centuries. In 1404, after centuries of incursions and partial decay, the western tower was rebuilt and both towers got completed with battlements for defensive purposes.
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Rimini was founded in 268 BCE as a Latin colony and was connected to both the Via Flaminia to Rome and the Via Emilia to Piacenza. It became an Augustan colony and after the 476 fall of Rome, it joined a Byzantine confederation containing a number of cites along the coast of Marche. Following this, it was under papal rule for many years until it became a commune in the eleventh century. It was ruled by the family of Guelph Malatesta until the sixteenth century, when it was briefly ruled by the Republic of Venice.
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The Medusa Rondanini, marble (h. 0.29 m) The over-lifesize Medusa Rondanini, the best late Hellenistic or Augustan Roman marble copy of the head of Medusa, is rendered more humanized and beautiful than the always grotesque apotropaic head of Medusa that appeared as the Gorgoneion on the aegis of Athena. The Medusa Rondanini is located in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany,Glyptothek, inv. no. 252. having been purchased by the art-loving king Ludwig of Bavaria from the heirs of the marchese Rondanini, during his Grand Tour of Italy as a prince.
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In classical Latin, the epithet Indiges, singular in form, is applied to Sol (Sol Indiges) and to Jupiter of Lavinium, later identified with Aeneas. One theory holds that it means the "speaker within", and stems from before the recognition of divine persons. Another, which the Oxford Classical Dictionary holds more likely, is that it means "invoked" in the sense of "pointing at", as in the related word indigitamenta. In Augustan literature, the di indigites are often associated with di patrii and appear in lists of local divinities (that is, divinities particular to a place).
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Latte thinks that it must be the same cult and the question is whether in Augustan times, the original Pater Indiges was transformed into Iuppiter Indiges. Whereas Dionysius's text may imply the latter interpretation to be the right one, Latte thinks the material is insufficient to decide. The other occurrence of indiges in the singular is that of Sol Indiges, of which two festivals are known as well as the location of his cult on the Quirinal (from the Fasti)CIL I (second ed.) p. 324. one of which is the "[ag]ON IND[igeti]".
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Lucius Varius Rufus (; 14 BC) was a Roman poet of the early Augustan age. He was a friend of Virgil, after whose death he and Plotius Tucca prepared the Aeneid for publication, and of Horace, for whom he and Virgil obtained an introduction to Maecenas. Horace spoke of him as a master of epic and the only poet capable of celebrating the achievements of Vipsanius Agrippa (Odes, i.6); Virgil (under the name of Lycidas, Ecl. ix.35) regretted that he had hitherto produced nothing comparable to the work of Varius or Helvius Cinna.
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Leptis or Lepcis Magna, also known by other names in antiquity, was a prominent city of the Carthaginian Empire and Roman Libya at the mouth of the Wadi Lebda in the Mediterranean. Originally a 7th-centuryBC Phoenician foundation, it was greatly expanded under Roman Emperor Septimius Severus (), who was a native of the city. The 3rd Augustan Legion was stationed here to defend the city against Berber incursions. After the legion's dissolution under in 238, the city was increasingly open to raids in the later part of the 3rd century.
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8, especially note 10. or their voting tribe (tribus) as Roman citizens. Several major writers of Latin came from the Iberian peninsula in the Imperial period, including Seneca, Lucan, Quintilian,Herman, Vulgar Latin, p. 12. Martial, and Prudentius. However despite acquisition of Latin, Gaulish is held by some to have held on quite a long time, lasting at least until the middle of the 6th century CE, despite considerable Romanization in the local material culture. Most of the 136 Greek inscriptions from Mediterranean Gaul (the Narbonensis), including those from originally Greek colonies, are post-Augustan.
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The Marcii Censorini were a branch of the plebeian gens Marcia, but Ronald Syme notes their "ancestral prestige, barely conceding precedence to the patriciate." They had been supporters of Gaius Marius and were consistent populares throughout the civil wars of the 80s and 40s–30s. Lucius's father, who had the same name, was one of Sulla's enemies in 88 BC.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy p. 28. Censorinus's daughter (or possibly his sister) married Lucius Sempronius Atratinus, suffect consul in 34 BC.Claude Eilers, Roman Patrons of Greek Cities (Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 196.
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The area was also used as the assembling ground for elections. Julius Caesar planned for the Saepta (enclosures used for elections) to be placed there; they were later completed by his heir Augustus (Octavian). In 33 BC, Octavian dedicated the Porticus Octaviae, built from spoils of the Dalmatian War. During the Augustan period of the early Roman Empire, the area became officially part of the city: Rome was split into 14 regions, and the Campus Martius was divided into the VII Via Lata on the east and the IX Circus Flaminius nearer to the river.
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The message conveyed was that the Augustan family was to stand the test of time and stay. The north panel depicted the senate in a procession. The message was that the senate was with Augustus instead of against him. The east panel depicts Tellus, the Roman Goddess of the earth and Pax. The message was that Roman people were no longer starving, which was consistent with Augustus’ promise of “peace and fertility”, where he gave land to farmers to plant in the fall and harvest in the spring.
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Suetonius ( Tiberius, 45, 1) reports that Tiberius himself was mocked for his lecherous habits in an Atellan farce, after which the saying "the old goat lapping up the doe" (hircum vetulum capreis naturam ligurire) became popular. In the 20s AD, the growth in popularity and revival of the Atellan plays met the disapproval of an older generation of patricians and senators. The performances became so obnoxious that, in 28 AD, all who performed in the farces were banished from Italy. The Augustan History records that Hadrian furnished performances of Atellan Farces at banquets.
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Auguste Jean Baptiste Vinchon, Propertius and Cynthia at Tivoli Sextus Propertius was a Latin elegiac poet of the Augustan age. He was born around 50–45 BC in Assisium and died shortly after 15 BC.John Lemprière's Classical Dictionary Propertius' surviving work comprises four books of Elegies ('). He was a friend of the poets Gallus and Virgil and, with them, had as his patron Maecenas and, through Maecenas, the emperor Augustus. Although Propertius was not as renowned in his own time as other Latin elegists, he is today regarded by scholars as a major poet.
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Lucius Domitius Gallicanus Papinianus was a Roman senator who lived during the 3rd century CE. He was suffect consul before the year 238.Paul M.M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: Verlag Gieben, 1989), p. 321 His murder of two soldiers of the Praetorian Guard, assisted by Macenus in March 238, triggered the revolt that brought down the Emperor Maximinus Thrax.Herodian 7.11; Augustan History, Maximinus 20.6, Gordianus 22.8 Details of his senatorial career have been recorded in an inscription found at Tarragona.
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Trajan's policy towards Christians was no different from the treatment of other sects, that is, they would only be punished if they refused to worship the emperor and the gods, but they were not to be sought out. The "edict of Septimius Severus" touted in the Augustan History is considered unreliable by historians. According to Eusebius, the Imperial household of Maximinus Thrax's predecessor, Severus Alexander, had contained many Christians. Eusebius states that, hating his predecessor's household, Maximinus ordered that the leaders of the churches should be put to death.
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The Eclogues is a collection of Latin poetry attributed to Calpurnius Siculus and inspired by the similarly named poems of the Augustan-age poet Virgil. The date of writing is disputed. Some scholars argue in favor of a Neronian date (54–68 AD),Haupt, M. (1854) De Carminibus Bucolicis Calpurnii et Nemesiani, Townend, G.B. (1980) "Calpurnius Siculus and the Munus Neronis", JRS 70:166-74; Mayer, R. (1980) "Calpurnius Siculus: Technique and Date", JRS 70: 175–176. while others arguing for a later date (possibly during the reign of Severus (193–211 AD)).
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The pontiffs were assisted by pontifical clerks or scribes (scribae), a position known in the earlier Republican period as a scriba pontificius but by the Augustan period as a pontifex minor.Livy 22.57; Jörg Rüpke, The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), p. 24. A pontifex minor assisted at the rite (res divina) for Juno performed each Kalends, the first day of the month. He took up a position in the Curia Calabra, a sacred precinct (templum) on the Capitoline Hill, to observe the new moon.
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The concept of the Saepta was initially planned by Caesar in place of the earlier Ovile, and was projected as early as 54 BCE, and finished by Agrippa in 26 BCE. In a letter to Atticus, Cicero writes that the building was to be made of marble, with a lofty portico and a roof. The building was initially intended to be used as a voting place for both the comitia centuriata and the comitia tributa. However, with the diminishing importance of the voting comitias from the Augustan period onward, the building began to be repurposed.
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Bayley 1990, p. 10. By the first century BC brass was available in sufficient supply to use as coinage in Phrygia and Bithynia, and after the Augustan currency reform of 23 BC it was also used to make Roman dupondii and sestertii. The uniform use of brass for coinage and military equipment across the Roman world may indicate a degree of state involvement in the industry,Bayley 1990, p. 21 and brass even seems to have been deliberately boycotted by Jewish communities in Palestine because of its association with Roman authority.
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The more typical Gallic production begins within the ceramic ateliers in Marseille during late Augustan times. The type Oberaden 74 was produced to such an extent that it influenced the production of some Italic types. Spanish amphorae became particularly popular thanks to a flourishing production phase in late Republican times. The Hispania Baetica and Hispania Tarraconensis regions (south-western and eastern Spain) were the main production areas between the 2nd and the 1st century BC due to the distribution of land to military veterans and the founding of new colonies.
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The first Roman cities were founded in these territories, such as Tarraco in the northeast or Italica in the south during the period of confrontation with Carthage. In the interior of the Iberian Peninsula, where Celtiberian, Cantabrian and Vasconian (Basque) cultures were well established. Constant military campaigns against the rebellious indigenous Iberians eventually pacified the Hispanic provinces, ending with the Augustan campaigns against the Cantabrians and Astures. The predominance of native Iberian culture diminished in the face of the cultural impact of Roman dominion, being assimilated and transformed gradually into the later Hispano-Roman culture.
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Portrait's Striking Eyes The Meroë Head is larger than life-size and mimics Greek art by portraying Augustus with classical proportions; it was clearly designed to idealize and flatter the Emperor. This was the case for most Augustan portraiture, especially the earliest, which evoked both youthfulness and the long-admired Grecian techniques of depicting young men. Made of bronze, the eyes are inset with glass pupils and calcite irises. It is the preservation of the eyes (which are frequently lost in ancient bronze statues) which makes this statue so startlingly realistic.
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In Roman times this became the flourishing colonia Industria of the Augustan Regio IX, enrolled in the tribus Pollia. Its importance derived from its location on the road which followed the Po from Augusta Taurinorum to Vardagate. Excavations have brought to light a tower, a cult building (previously identified as a theatre), a sanctuary of Isis, valuable bronze figures (some of them made locally) and numerous inscriptions. Industria appears to have been deserted in the fourth century CE. The name "Monteu" came from Latin mons acutus, meaning "sharp mountain".
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Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.200 Augustus receiving their submission to Rome and good wishes, allowed them to remain in power.Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.200 Tigranes IV issued bronze coins with portraits of himself with Augustus with the inscription in Greek βασιλεύς μέγας νέος Τιγράνης (of great new king Tigranes), also issued coins shared by Erato with the inscription in Greek Έρατω βασιλέως Τιγράνου άδελφή (Erato, sister of King Tigranes).Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.
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Koch on the other hand sees the epithet Janus Quirinus as a reflection of the god's patronage over the two months beginning and ending the year, after their addition by king Numa in his reform of the calendar. This interpretation too would befit the liminal nature of Janus.C. Koch "Bemerkungen zum römischen Quirinuskult" in Zeitschrift für Religions and Geistesgeschichte 1953 p.1-25. The compound term Ianus Quirinus was particularly in vogue at the time of Augustus, its peaceful interpretation complying particularly well with the Augustan ideology of the Pax Romana.
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Nero's tutor, Seneca, prepared Nero's first speech before the Senate. During this speech, Nero spoke about "eliminating the ills of the previous regime." H.H. Scullard writes that "he promised to follow the Augustan model in his principate, to end all secret trials intra cubiculum, to have done with the corruption of court favorites and freedmen, and above all to respect the privileges of the Senate and individual Senators." His respect of the Senatorial autonomy, which distinguished him from Caligula and Claudius, was generally well received by the Roman Senate.
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At the time of Augustus, works of careful technical and formal perfection were produced. Artists were devoted to combining detailed realism with creativity richness. This era was defined by neo-Atticim, and was ultimately a brake on the nascent individuality of Roman art. The Ara Pacis is a symbol of the Augustan era, constructed between 13 BC and 9 BC. The general Italic approach is mixed with neo-Attic reliefs and a frieze in the style of Pergamon; all combined without precise logical relationships between architectural parts and decorations.
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In the propaganda of Claudius, the cult of Ceres Augusta made explicit the divine power that lay in the Imperial provision of the annona, the grain supply to the city.Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 894. Annona Augusti appears on coins late in the reign of Nero, when the Cult of Virtues came into prominence in the wake of the Pisonian conspiracy. She embodied two of the material benefits of Imperial rule, along with Securitas Augusti, "Augustan Security," and often appeared as part of a pair with Ceres.
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The priesthoods of local urban and rustic Compitalia street-festivals, dedicated to the Lares of local communities, were open to freedmen and slaves, to whom "even the heavy-handed Cato recommended liberality during the festival"; so that the slaves, "being softened by this instance of humanity, which has something great and solemn about it, may make themselves more agreeable to their masters and be less sensible of the severity of their condition".Lott, John. B., The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, , pp. 31, 35, citing Cato, On agriculture, 5.3.
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Commons was born in Auckland in 1933. After graduating MA in English from Auckland University and Merton College, Oxford, he spent a year in Italy as an Italian Government scholarship-holder studying early nineteenth century opera. He returned to New Zealand in 1959 and worked for the Department of External Affairs as a junior diplomat, with postings at New Zealand's Embassy in Paris and the High Commission in London. He joined the English Department at Victoria University Wellington in 1967 as a Reader and taught English literature, specialising in the Augustan period.
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The territory of the Aresaces was formerly thought to have belonged to the Vangiones, who would thus have occupied quite a large tract on the left bank of the Rhine. However, this interpretation is now considered superseded in light of archaeological discoveries. The Vangiones' settlement on the left bank of the Rhine, in the area of present-day Worms (ancient Civitas Vangionum or Borbetomagus), is now considered to have taken place only under the aegis of the Roman administration during the Augustan period.See, among others, Marion Witteyer, p. 1025.
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Jupiter's image in the Republican and Imperial Capitol bore regalia associated with Rome's ancient kings and the highest consular and Imperial honours. Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus were collectively and individually associated with Rome's agricultural economy, social organisation and success in war. Three goddesses on a panel of the Augustan Ara Pacis, consecrated in 9 BC; the iconography is open to multiple interpretations A conceptual tendency toward triads may be indicated by the later agricultural or plebeian triad of Ceres, Liber and Libera, and by some of the complementary threefold deity- groupings of Imperial cult.
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The Schaffausen onyx The Schaffhausen onyx is an ancient cameo, one of the most important Augustan-era hardstone carvings and now one of the highlights on display in the in Schaffhausen, Switzerland. Kulturhistorisches Museum Magdeburg, page 287. In the 13th century, the cameo was given an ornate gold and silver setting as well as a medallion on the reverse. The oval, engraved high relief depicts a goddess, either Pax Augusta or perhaps Felicitas, standing barefoot and leaning against a plinth with a cornucopia in her left arm and a caduceus in her right.
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The organization of the German and Hungarian Lutheran church in Transylvania in 1904 fortified churches in Biertan The Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania () is a German-speaking Lutheran church in Romania, mainly based in Transylvania. Its history goes back to the 12th century when the Transylvanian Saxons arrived in the region, then part of Kingdom of Hungary. The church has close ties to, but is not to be confused with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Romania, which is mainly Hungarian-speaking, and also cooperates with the Calvinist Reformed Church in Romania.
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Notwithstanding, the modern ecumenical schisms of the Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910) claim legacy from the suppressed French branch, with one group under the spiritual protection of the Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church,Declaration on the Ninth Centenary of the Royal Recognition of the Order St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, Kevekaer, Germany, 27 May 2012. and another group under the protection of Henri d'Orléans,Pfeifle, F. & de la Martiniere, J.P.G. (2014). Dr. Hans von Leden, Grand Hospitaller of the Order of St. lazarus & Member of the Chivalry Committee. The Augustan Omnibus, vol.
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In the next generation two Vipstani are known, with the cognomina "Messalla" and "Poplicola". This led Ronald Syme to observe that either Lucius or Marcus married a daughter of Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus and Claudia Marcella Minor, who is named (for convenience) Valeria Messallia.In Table IX of The Augustan Aristocracy, Syme indicates Lucius Vipstanus Gallus as the husband of Valeria Messallia, but notes the relationship is "conjectural". This alliance with the gens Valeria led to the prominence of the family during the first centuries of the Roman Empire.
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This site was discovered in the 18th century on the grounds of the Vatican City, northwest of the Castel Sant'Angelos. It is now referred to as the Naumachia Vaticana, with some sources erroneously calling it the Circus of Hadrian due to the similarities of its shape to that of other excavated circuses, along with the site’s proximity to the Mausoleum of Hadrian. Subsequent digs have revealed the complete site plan. It had bleachers (tiered stands for spectators) and the surface was about one sixth the size of the Augustan naumachia.
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Suetonius, Life of Domitian 22 Roman aureus minted in 83 during the reign of Domitian. Domitia appears on the reverse with the honorific title Augusta. Modern historians consider this highly implausible however, noting that many of these stories were propagated by hostile senatorial authors, who condemned Domitian as a tyrant after his death. Malicious rumours, such as those concerning Domitia's alleged infidelity, were eagerly repeated, and used to highlight the hypocrisy of a ruler publicly preaching a return to Augustan morals, while privately indulging in excesses and presiding over a corrupt court.
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No wife is attested for Marcus Livius Drusus Libo but there has been speculation that he was married to a Pompeia. Livia Medullina Camilla, whom Claudius was intended to marry in AD 8 but who died on the day of their wedding, is assumed to be his granddaughter, based on her name.Suetonius, Life of Claudius 26.1 Her name has led to speculations that she was the daughter of Marcus Furius Camillus and a woman named 'Livia', theorised to be the daughter of Marcus Livius Drusus Libo.Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p.
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Relief by Laura Gardin Fraser, US House of Representatives chamber Little is known about Papinian. He was of Syrian birth and a native of Emesa, for he is said to have been a kinsman of Septimius Severus' second wife, Julia Domna, who was a member of the Arab royal family of Emesa. One source shows him as a follower of the casuistry of Quintus Cervidius Scaevola, another shows him to have been his pupil. A concurring (but dubious) passage in the Augustan History claims that he studied law with Severus under Scaevola.
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Marcus Plautius Silvanus was a member of the gens Plautia, the son of another Marcus Plautius Silvanus and Urgulania.Lily Ross Taylor, "Trebula Suffenas and the Plautii Silvani", Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 24 (1956), p. 24 She was probably of Etruscan descent, and the close friend of the empress Livia. It is suggested by Ronald Syme Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 88; The Roman Revolution (Oxford: University Press, 1939), pp. 385, 399 extrapolating from Tacitus Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, Penguin, 1956, p.
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The fears of property crime, rape and starvation found in Augustan literature should be kept in the context of London's growth and the depopulation of the countryside. William Hogarth's Gin Lane is not entirely caricature, as in 1750, over a fourth of all houses in St Giles were gin shops, all unlicensed. Partially because of the population pressures, property crime became a business both for the criminals and those who fed off of the criminals. Major crime lords like Jonathan Wild invented new schemes for stealing, and newspapers were eager to report crime.
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Satire, in prose, drama and poetry, was the genre that attracted the most energetic and voluminous writing. The satires that were produced during the Augustan period were occasionally gentle and nonspecific, commentaries on the comically flawed human condition, but they were at least as frequently specific critiques of specific policies, actions and persons. Even the works studiously nontopical were, in fact, transparently political statements in the 18th century. Consequently, readers of 18th-century literature now need to understand the history of the period more than most readers of other literature do.
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The entire Augustan age's poetry was dominated by Alexander Pope. His lines were repeated often enough to lend quite a few clichés and proverbs to modern English usage. Pope had few poetic rivals, but he had many personal enemies and political, philosophical, or religious opponents, and Pope himself was quarrelsome in print. Pope and his enemies (often called "the Dunces" because of Pope's successful satirizing of them in The Dunciad) fought over central matters of the proper subject matter for poetry and the proper pose of the poetic voice.
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Conflicting reports make it unclear if Cleopatra had financial difficulties at this juncture or not. Some claims, such as robbing temples of their wealth to pay for her military expenditures, were likely Augustan propaganda. It is also uncertain if she actually executed Artavasdes II of Armenia and sent his head to his rival Artavasdes I, king of Media Atropatene, in an attempt to strike an alliance with him. Lucius Pinarius, Mark Antony's appointed governor of Cyrene, received word that Octavian had won the Battle of Actium before Antony's messengers could arrive at his court.
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Important modifications were made to the theatre, perhaps at the time when the colonia was founded in the early Augustan period. The cavea was modified to a semicircular form, typical of Roman theatres, rather than the horseshoe used in Greek theatres and corridors allowing access past the scene building (parodoi). The scene building itself was reconstructed in monumental form with rectangular niches at centre and two niches with a semicircular plan on the sides, containing doors to the scene. A new ditch was dug for the curtain, with a control room.
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Instead, these spectacles probably continued to take place in the amphitheatre found in Syracuse since the Augustan period. An inscription which is now lost mentioned a Neratius Palmatus as the one responsible for a renovation of the scene: if this was the same person who restored the Curia at Rome after the Sack of Rome by Alaric in 410, then the final works on the theatre at Syracuse can be dated to the beginning of the fifth century AD, by which time the building was nearly nine hundred years old.
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Fitzgerald 1983, 6.1058–1067. > Virgil writes about the fated future of Lavinium, the city that Aeneas will found, which will in turn lead directly to the golden reign of Augustus. Virgil is using a form of literary propaganda to demonstrate the Augustan regime's destiny to bring glory and peace to Rome. Rather than use Aeneas indirectly as a positive parallel to Augustus as in other parts of the poem, Virgil outright praises the emperor in Book 6, referring to Augustus as a harbinger for the glory of Rome and new levels of prosperity.
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Ovid is traditionally considered the final significant love elegist in the evolution of the genre and one of the most versatile in his handling of the genre's conventions. Like the other canonical elegiac poets Ovid takes on a persona in his works that emphasizes subjectivity and personal emotion over traditional militaristic and public goals, a convention that some scholars link to the relative stability provided by the Augustan settlement.Ettore Bignone, Historia de la literatura latina (Buenos Aires: Losada, 1952), p. 309.A. Guillemin, "L’élement humain dans l’élégie latine".
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In Rome, however, his offer of amnesty for the Roman upper class was largely honoured, though the jurist Ulpian was exiled. Elagabalus made Comazon praetorian prefect, and later consul (220) and prefect of the city (three times, 220-222), which Dio regarded as a violation of Roman norms. Herodian and the Augustan History say that Elagabalus alienated many by giving powerful positions to other allies. Dio states that Elagabalus wanted to marry a charioteer named Hierocles and to declare him Caesar, like (Dio says) he had previously wanted to marry Gannys and name him Caesar.
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Milecastle 58 is believed to lie near the lane heading southwest out of the village of Newtown, Cumbria. It is thought to be located on the north side of a hedge which has traces of a platform below it, and an unusually large quantity of stones in the hedge bottom. In 1853, a stone inscribed with the words "LEG II AUG FECIT" (The Second Augustan Legion built this) was apparently found among the stones at Milecastle 58. A geophysical survey conducted in 1980-81 failed to detect the milecastle.
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The cistern boat began being built during the Augustan Period, and continued until the 2nd century. The relatively short period of production for this ship-type suggests that there were problems with its design which caused the design to be superseded. Because each discovery illuminates the ways in which maritime commerce adapted to the demands of production and transportation, the “La Giraglia” shipwreck is essential in the understanding of mutual exchange within the Mediterranean. As this dolia ship came to a very traumatic ending, there is little left to be excavated and studied of the hull.
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This wealthiest of provinces could be held militarily by a very small force; and the threat implicit in an embargo on the export of grain supplies, vital to the provisioning of the city of Rome and its populace, was obvious. Internal security was guaranteed by the presence of three Roman legions (later reduced to two, then one Legio II Traiana) stationed at the grand capital Alexandria. Each of these numbered around 5000 strong, and several units of auxiliaries. In the first decade of Roman rule the spirit of Augustan imperialism looked farther afield, attempting expansion to the east and to the south.
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In his description of Augustan region I, which included Old Latium, the geographer Strabo mentions many old towns, among them Collatia, Antemnae, Fidenae and Labicum, as reduced to mere villages, private rural estates or displaced to different locations; Apiolae, Suessa and Alba Longa as disappeared; Tellenae on the foothills southwest of the Alban Hills as still standing. The historiographer Livy and the lexicographer Festus also repeatedly mention the old Latin towns. Another tradition related by Philistos of Syracuse calls the Sicels Ligurians, whose king was a Sikelos. This tradition is followed by Stephanus of Byzantium, who cites Hellanicus of Lesbos as his authority.
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198) and Ian Rock ("there is sufficient reason to believe that either Chrestus may have been the impulsor to Claudius given the evidence that powerful freedmen influenced Claudius' decisions": Ian E. Rock, "Another Reason for Romans - A Pastoral Response to Augustan Imperial Theology: Paul's Use of the Song of Moses in Romans 9-11 and 14-15" in Kathy Ehrensperger, J. Brian Tucker (eds.) Reading Paul In Context: Explorations In Identity Formation; Essays In Honour Of William S. Campbell (T.& T.Clark, 2010) , p.75).Van Voorst, Jesus, 2000. pp 31-32Brian Incigneri, The Gospel to the Romans (Leiden: Brill, 2003) p.211.
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In ancient etymology, purpureus was thought related to Greek porphyreos in the sense of suffusing the skin with purple blood in bruising or wounding. The Augustan epic poet Vergil uses the metaphor of a purple flower to describe the premature, bloody deaths of young men in battle:Vergil, Aeneid 6.884 and 9.434–437; Brenk, Clothed in Purple Light, pp. 89–90, 112–113. The death of Pallas evokes both the violet of Attis and the hyacinth generated from the dying blood of Apollo's beloved Hyacinthus.J.D. Reed, Virgil's Gaze: Nation and Poetry in the Aeneid (Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 22.
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The Augustan character of the inscriptions found there date it from this period. The theater appears to have been abandoned in the 3rd century, as it was covered with a dump rich in small finds of the 3rd–4th centuries. The upper part of the stage was not covered, and its material was reused by the Arabs in the Alcazaba. Roman amphitheater The economy and the wealth of the territory were dependent mainly on agriculture in the inland areas, the abundance of the fishery in the waters off the coast, and the productions of local artisanal works.
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Neither the piriform unguentaria nor thin blown-glass vessels occur in burials before the Augustan period.George H. McFadden, "A Tomb of the Necropolis of Ayios Ermoyenis at Kourion," American Journal of Archaeology 50 (1946), p. 480 In Mainz, unguentaria are the most common grave gifts made of glass during the first half of the 1st century; in Gaul and Britain, glass unguentaria appear as containers for scented oils in both cremations and inhumations in this period and continuing into the 3rd century, but disappear by the 4th.Dorothy Watts, Religion in Late Roman Britain: Forces of Change (London: Routledge, 1998), p.
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The 18th century is sometimes called the Augustan age, and contemporary admiration for the classical world extended to the poetry of the time. Not only did the poets aim for a polished high style in emulation of the Roman ideal, they also translated and imitated Greek and Latin verse resulting in measured rationalised elegant verse. Dryden translated all the known works of Virgil, and Pope produced versions of the two Homeric epics. Horace and Juvenal were also widely translated and imitated, Horace most famously by John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester and Juvenal by Samuel Johnson's The Vanity of Human Wishes.
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The ancient sources say little of her family; however, Suetonius states that she was a great-great-granddaughter of Titus Statilius Taurus, a Roman general who was awarded a triumph for his victory and was twice consul. She was either the daughter of Titus Statilius Taurus Corvinus, consul in 45 AD, and who was involved in a plot against the Emperor Claudius,Lightman, Marjorie and Benjamin A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women Facts on File, Inc. (2008) pg 303 Google Books or a daughter of the sister of Corvinus, Statilia Messallina.Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy, p.
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Themes similar to those of the Satires are present in authors spanning the period of the late Roman Republic and early empire ranging from Cicero and Catullus to Martial and Tacitus; similarly, the stylistics of Juvenal's text fall within the range of post-Augustan literature, as represented by Persius, Statius, and Petronius.Amy Richlin identifies oratorical invective as a source for both satire and epigram. 1992 p. 127. Juvenal's Satires, giving several accounts of Jewish life in first-century Rome, have been regarded by scholars, such as J. Juster and, more recently, Peter Nahon, as a valuable source about early Judaism.
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Three extensive underground collective burial columbaria (singular, columbarium) at Vigna Codini were discovered in the mid-nineteenth century, near the Aurelian Walls between the via Appia and via Latina in Rome, Italy. Although this area on the outskirts of Rome was traditionally used for elite burials, these columbaria that emerged in the Augustan era seem to have been reserved for non-aristocratic individuals, including former slaves. Not to be confused with the later phenomenon of catacomb inhumations, these subterranean chambers contained niches for cremation urns. The columbaria at Vigna Codini are among some of the largest in Rome.
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The prolific incorporation of inscriptions in the columbaria have also been suggested to emulate Augustan epigraphic culture, such as in the Res Gestae Divi Augusti. Numerous imperial family members were also buried in the Mausoleum following Augustus, which may have influenced the inclusive organization of the columbaria as well. The burials and epitaphs of slaves, freedmen, and other occupational group members in these columbaria are especially important, since we have so few written records about non-elite Romans. Furthermore, the equally-spaced rows and niches of the columbaria indicate an emphasis on egalitarian social status among the interred individuals.
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G.P. Campana uncovered the first columbarium in 1840, and it is the largest of the Vigna Codini columbaria. Filippo Coarelli estimates the columbarium to be 5.08 x 7.06-7.42 meters, while Dorian Borbonus records its dimensions as 5.65 x 7.50 meters based on Campana's 1840 notes. Dating for this columbarium is not exact, but it appears to be Late Augustan to Late Tiberian (early - mid-1st century CE), based on inscriptions and painted decoration. One of the funerary epitaphs has yielded a terminus ante quem of 10 CE, which is in line with the date for Columbarium 2 at Vigna Codini.
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After Pietro Rosa's excavations in the Forum between 1872 and 1874, only some brickwork from the southeast corner of the eastern Rostra survives, bearing remnants of fittings for ship's prows. Although dual Five-Columns Monuments could have existed on both the western and eastern Rostra, the evidence that remains is located at the Augustan western Rostra. At present, the sole surviving column base has been placed on a repurposed brick plinth not far from its original location, near the Arch of Septimius Severus to the left of the Via Sacra. The monument's specific location on the Rostra has been debated.
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Consequently, the Augustan regions now had no relationship to the administration of the city, but they continued to be used as a means for identifying property. But as Rome slowly recovered from the disasters of the Gothic wars it became necessary to organize the city for the purpose of defence, and one theory contends that this was the origin of the twelve medieval regions.Poole, pg. 173 In particular, it is suggested that it was connected with the Byzantine military system (the scholae militiae) and was introduced into Rome in the 7th century, along with its implementation at Ravenna.
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Drawing of Rome during the 14th century. The next major reform was after the revolution of 1143 and the establishment of the Commune of Rome, as the city was redivided into 14 regions. There was a minor adjustment made in the 13th century, bringing the total number down to thirteen, and it wasn’t until 1586 that another region was created, once again bringing the total number up to fourteen, and Rome kept these administrative divisions intact until the 19th century. Unlike the Augustan regions of Rome, the medieval regions were not numbered, and few had any relationship to the ancient Roman divisions.
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The Tricornenses of Tricornum (modern Ritopek) were a Romanized Thraco- CelticThe Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, p. 580, "...Danubian and Balkan provinces Tricornenses of Tricornium (Ritopek) replaced the Celegeri, the Picensii of Pincum..." artificiallyLandscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Late Antique & Early Medieval Studies) by Neil Christie, 2004, p. 226, "Some were new, artificial creations (Timachi, Tricornenses, Picenses); others have names familiar from the pre-Roman period..." created community by the Romans that replaced the Celtic Celegeri.
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Timagenes, with his knowledge of the land, ambushed the Roman rear; Tenagino Probus committed suicide, and Egypt became part of Palmyra. In the Augustan History the Blemmyes were among Zenobia's allies, and Gary K. Young cites the Blemmyes attack and occupation of Coptos in 268 as evidence of a Palmyrene-Blemmyes alliance. Only Zosimus mentioned two invasions, contrasting with many scholars who argue in favor of an initial invasion and no retreat (followed by a reinforcement, which took Alexandria by the end of 270). During the Egyptian campaign, Rome was entangled in a succession crisis between Claudius' brother Quintillus and the general Aurelian.
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Hadrian's Villa; Zenobia reportedly spent her last days in a villa near Hadrian's complex in Tibur. Aurelian, learning about Zenobia's departure, sent a contingent which captured the queen before she could cross the Euphrates to Persia; Palmyra capitulated soon after news of Zenobia's captivity reached the city in August 272. Aurelian sent the queen and her son to Emesa for trial, followed by most of Palmyra's court elite (including Longinus). According to the Augustan History and Zosimus, Zenobia blamed her actions on her advisers; however, there are no contemporary sources describing the trial, only later hostile Roman ones.
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Giovanni Boccaccio wrote a fanciful 14th-century account of the queen in which she is a tomboy in childhood who preferred wrestling with boys, wandering in the forests and killing goats to playing like a young girl. Zenobia's chastity was a theme of these romanticized accounts; according to the Augustan History, she disdained sexual intercourse and allowed Odaenathus into her bed only for conception. Her reputed chastity impressed some male historians; Edward Gibbon wrote that Zenobia surpassed Cleopatra in chastity and valor. According to Boccaccio, Zenobia safeguarded her virginity when she wrestled with boys as a child.
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From the 3rd century comes a rare funerary monument in Greek, considered by some to be Christian ', and a hoard of coins of Claudius Gothicus (268-270 CE) discovered in a bath sewer. Imported terra sigillata and glassware form a continuous series between late Augustan wares (early Hispanic) and late African D, late Gallic and Focean, with the latest pieces dated from the 7th century. The overwhelming volume peak corresponds to South Gallic wares of the 1st century CE but the studied material is much limited topographically. Fish preserve industries are well documented in the town and neighbourhood, as well as amphorae factories.
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Through her mother, Theoclia was related to the Royal family of Emesa and the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire.Birley, Septimius Severus: The African Emperor The only two Roman Historical sources that mention her is Roman History by Cassius Dio who mentions Theoclia as only the unnamed sister of Alexander Severus and the Augustan History book The Two Maximini who gives her name as Theoclia. Bust of Severus Alexander Mamaea intended at one time for Theoclia to marry Gaius Julius Verus Maximus, son of the future Roman emperor Maximinus Thrax.Smyth, Descriptive catalogue of a cabinet of Roman imperial large-brass medals, p.
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The regulation of the patronage relationship was believed by the Greek historians Dionysius and Plutarch to be one of the early concerns of Romulus; hence it was dated to the very founding of Rome. In the earliest periods, patricians would have served as patrons; both patricius, "patrician", and patronus are related to the Latin word pater, "father", in this sense symbolically, indicating the patriarchal nature of Roman society. Although other societies have similar systems, the patronus-cliens relationship was "peculiarly congenial" to Roman politics and the sense of familia in the Roman Republic.Quinn, "Poet and Audience in the Augustan Age," p. 118.
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Traditional clientela began to lose its importance as a social institution during the 2nd century BC;Fergus Millar, "The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200–151 B.C.," in Rome, the Greek World, and the East: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution (University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 137, citing also the "major re- examination" of clientela by N. Rouland, Pouvoir politique et dépendance personnelle (1979), pp. 258–259. Fergus Millar doubts that it was the dominant force in Roman elections that it has often been seen as.Millar, "The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic," p. 137.
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On this tower was once a large inscription, now disappeared: aquae Cornealiae ductus p. XX. The last letters ("twenty feet") perhaps corresponds to the sides of the building. Later it seems that the aqueduct passed further downstream: in Figurella a double-order bridge of arches is still visible (originally nine in the lower, fifteen in the upper: two arches for each order collapsed), 14 m high. The structure with facing blocks is the same as that of the amphitheatre and the curia and shows that it belongs to the same building project of the Augustan colony.
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He became consul with Pompeius in 52 BC, the year he arranged the marriage of his newly widowed daughter to him. Indisputably aristocratic and conservative, Metellus Scipio had been at least a symbolic counterweight to the power of the so-called triumvirate before the death of Crassus in 53 BC. "Opportune deaths," notes Syme, "had enhanced his value, none remaining now of the Metellan consuls."Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 245. He is known to have been a member of the College of Pontiffs by 57 BC, and was probably nominated upon the death of his adoptive father in 63, and subsequently elected.
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Asti become an important city of the Augustan Regio IX, favoured by its strategic position on the Tanaro river and on the Via Fulvia, which linked Derthona (Tortona) to Augusta Taurinorum (Turin). Other roads connected the city to the main passes for what are today Switzerland and France. The city was crucial during the early stages of the barbarian invasions which stormed Italy during the fall of the Western Roman Empire. In early 402 AD the Visigoths had invaded northern Italy and were advancing on Mediolanum (modern Milan) which was the imperial capital at that time.
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Up until Augustan age, the area beyond the agger of the republican walls was a huge landfill, while another portion housed a cemetery for slaves and indigent people. Following to the urban reform pursued by Emperor Augustus, the polluted and pestilent areas were interred and the embankment of the ancient walls became a footway. In the area was also created a park, the Gardens of Maecenas, a complex of magnificent gardens which housed a tall tower where, according to Suetonius, Emperor Nero watched Rome burning. Until the late Imperial age, the borough became a favorite location of residential villas, called Horti.
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Pagus in this sense is sometimes translated "tribe"; the choice of "canton" may be influenced by later usage of the word in regard to Helvetia. The pagus and vicus (a small nucleated settlement or village) are characteristic of pre-urban organization of the countryside. In Latin epigraphy of the Republican era, pagus refers to local territorial divisions of the peoples of the central Apennines and is assumed to express local social structures as they existed variously.Guy Jolyon Bradley, Ancient Umbria: State, Culture, and Identity in Central Italy from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era (Oxford University Press, 2000), p.
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His record of the achievements of others was an achievement in itself, though the extent of it has been debated. Herodotus's place in history and his significance may be understood according to the traditions within which he worked. His work is the earliest Greek prose to have survived intact. However, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a literary critic of Augustan Rome, listed seven predecessors of Herodotus, describing their works as simple, unadorned accounts of their own and other cities and people, Greek or foreign, including popular legends, sometimes melodramatic and naïve, often charming – all traits that can be found in the work of Herodotus himself.
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It is a mid-sized Augustan provincial temple of the Imperial cult. Augustus's reforms transformed Rome's Republican system of government to a de facto monarchy, couched in traditional Roman practices and Republican values. The princeps (later known as Emperor) was expected to balance the interests of the Roman military, Senate and people, and to maintain peace, security and prosperity throughout an ethnically diverse empire. The official offer of cultus to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional: his Principate should therefore demonstrate pious respect for traditional Republican deities and mores.
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Llewelyn, S.R. (Editor), New documents illustrating early Christianity: Volume 9, A Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1986–87, Macquarie University, 2002, pp.28 - 30. The Eastern provinces offer some of the clearest material evidence for the imperial domus and familia as official models of divine virtue and moral propriety. Centres including Pergamum, Lesbos and Cyprus offered cult honours to Augustus and the Empress Livia: the Cypriot Calendar honoured the entire Augustan familia by dedicating a month each (and presumably cult practise) to imperial family members, their ancestral deities and some of the major gods of the Romano- Greek pantheon.
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The Genius of Domitian, with aegis and cornucopia, found near the Via Labicana, Esquiline Nero's death saw the end of imperial tenure as a privilege of ancient Roman (patrician and senatorial) families. In a single chaotic year, power passed violently from one to another of four emperors. The first three promoted their own genius cult: the last two of these attempted Nero's restitution and promotion to divus. The fourth, Vespasian – son of an equestrian from Reate – secured his Flavian dynasty through reversion to an Augustan form of principate and renewed the imperial cult of divus Julius.Potter, 68.
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Like any other paterfamilias and patron, Domitian was "master and god" to his extended familia, including his slaves, freedmen and clients. Pliny's descriptions of sacrifice to Domitian on the Capitol are consistent with the entirely unremarkable "private and informal" rites accorded to living emperors. Domitian was a traditionalist, severe and repressive but respected by the military and the general populace. He admired Augustus and may have sought to emulate him, but made the same tactless error as Caligula in treating the Senate as clients and inferiors, rather than as the fictive equals required by Augustan ideology.
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Lucius Aemilius Paullus (born before 29 BC14 AD) was the son of Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (suffect consul 34 BC and later censor) and Cornelia, the elder daughter of Scribonia. He was married to Julia the Younger, the eldest granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus. He is first mentioned in the elegy of his mother Cornelia's death in the same year her brother became consul. This year has been argued to be 18 BCJohn Scheid, "Scribonia Caesaris et les Cornelii Lentuli", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 100 (1976), pp. 485-491 and 16 BC.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, pp.
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D. 14), p.p.128-129 of those who were infuriated by the royal couple becoming allies to Rome. The war and the chaos that occurred afterwards, Erato abdicated her throne and ended her rule over Armenia.Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14), p.128 From the situation surrounding Tigranes IV and Erato, the Armenians requested to Augustus, a new Armenian King.Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.36 Augustus found and appointed Ariobarzanes of Media Atropatene as the new King of ArmeniaBunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, p.
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Alzinger studied classical archaeology at the University of Vienna from 1946 and earned his doctorate under Hedwig Kenner and Arthur Betz with a thesis on Roman burial grounds in Austria. From 1952, Alzinger was a member of staff at the Austrian Archaeological Institute. In 1967 he was named a State Archaeologist of the first class. In 1970 he was promoted to professor at the University of Vienna with a work on Augustan architecture in Ephesus, teaching there alongside his role at the AAI as a lecturer (from 1971) and then as an associate professor (from 1978).
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The eighty poems lack a unified narrative, but share Priapus, an ithyphallic god of fertility worshiped in both Ancient Hellenic and Roman religions, as by turns a speaker and subject. While the Priapeia's author is unknown, Franz Bücheler has claimed that the poems are Augustan in style, and probably were the work of a single writer in the circle of Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, a Roman general and art enthusiast who “like other distinguished men of that age, occupied himself with amusements of this kind.”Connors, Catherine. Petronius the Poet: Verse and Literary Tradition in the Satyricon.
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The book sought to trace the growth of classicism in British art beginning in the Tudor period. George Orwell, reviewing the book in the New Adelphi, noted that Vines viewed poetry as "a thing of wit, grandeur and good sense, not of 'magic' and seductive sounds", and praised Vines' "admirable account of the main drift of classicism". A reviewer in The Review of English Studies described it as "a very stimulating and provocative book" which would encourage a reconsideration of Augustan literature. At Hull he was a colleague, friend and neighbour of the economist Eric Roll.
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A single main drain was found, along cardo III, which collected water from the Forum and from house impluviums, latrines and kitchens that overlooked this street, while other drains emptied directly into the street, except those of the latrines that were equipped with a cess pit. For water supply the city was directly connected to the Serino aqueduct, built in the Augustan age, which brought water to houses through a series of lead pipes under the roads, regulated by valves; previously, wells had been used which found water at a depth of between eight and ten metres.
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Mark Hassall, 'Review: The German Policy of Augustus: An Examination of the Archaeological Evidence by C. M. Wells', The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 64 (1974), p. 256. According to R. Bruce Hitchner, "Wells was generally acknowledged to be the leading English-language scholar on the Roman army and frontier in Germany". In 1992 Malcolm Todd wrote that The German Policy of Augustus "has still not been matched by a synthesis of comparable range and since 1972 there has been a quantum leap in knowledge resulting from the definitive publication of key sites and the discovery of several hitherto unknown Augustan bases".
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Deuri or Derbanoi (Greek: Δερβανοί)Appianus, Illyrica, "...και Δερβανοί προσιόντα τον Καίσαρα συγγνώμην..." was an Illyrian tribe.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, , page 216, "...of southwest Bosnia, the Maezaei (269) of the Sana and Vrbas valleys, and the Sardeates (52) around Jajce and the Deuri (25) around Bugojno, both in the Vrbas valley." Other possible names are Derrioi.The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 577 In a conventus held in Salona after the Roman conquest the Deuri had 25 decuriae.
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To the south, it has been argued that the ancient Thracian language was a dialect of Dacian, or vice versa, and that therefore the Dacian linguistic zone extended over the Roman province of Thracia, occupying modern-day Bulgaria south of the Balkan Mountains, northern Greece and European Turkey, as far as the Aegean sea. But this theory, based on the testimony of the Augustan-era geographer Strabo's work Geographica VII.3.2 and 3.13, is disputed; opponents argue that Thracian was a distinct language from Dacian, either related or unrelated. (see Relationship with Thracian, below, for a detailed discussion of this issue).
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In 1999, the Sangro Valley Project uncovered the precinct of a sanctuary of unexpected wealth and sophistication adjacent to this complex. The existence of a late-Hellenistic sacred buildings was demonstrated by the large amount of architectonic debris made part of the second-phase terrace, which was supported by a large, late second century B.C. terrace wall of substantial polygonal masonry. The area appears to have been rebuilt in the Augustan period with another phase of terracing wall, and there were further later phases of rebuilding. In 2003, the recovery of a complete stratigraphic section across the site was completed.
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Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 52 He was a member of the tresviri monetalis, the most prestigious of the four boards that form the vigintiviri; Aelius Lamia was one of the other two members of this board at the same time as Silius. Because assignment to this board was usually allocated to patricians, Ronald Syme sees this as evidence that Silius was a member of that class. Silius is also known to have been a praetorian legatus, or military commander, of several legions operating in the Roman territories of Macedonia and Thracia, immediately before he was consul.
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Fairies' Banquet (1859) by alt=Fairy creatures having a banquet, surrounded by flowers and leaves. Clarke's book is identified as distinctively English not only because of its style but also because of its themes of "vigorous common sense", "firm ethical fiber", "serene reason and self-confidence", which are drawn from its Augustan literary roots. The "muddy, bloody, instinctual spirit of the fairies" is equally a part of its Englishness, along with "arrogance, provincialism and class prejudice". The fairy tradition that Clarke draws on is particularly English; she alludes to tales from children's literature and others which date back to the medieval period.
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Saint John's Church, Sibiu Saint John's Church (; ) is a Lutheran (Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania) church located at 30 Mitropoliei Street, Sibiu, Romania. A complex of buildings was raised on the site in 1881-1883 as an orphanage serving the city's Lutherans, with the Neo-Gothic church completed in 1883, the 400th anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther. As there was a danger of collapse, this was demolished between 1911 and 1912, and a new church and priest's residence were built. The church is cross- shaped, with an octagonal steeple to the north and four corner towers.
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However, Ronald Syme pointed out that Lollius could never have been consul due to the disgrace of his father in 2 BC, which resulted in a prolonged antipathy towards him by Tiberius. "When requesting the Senate to honor Sulpicius Quirinius with a public funeral," Syme writes, "and recounting his merits and his loyalty, the Princeps was put in mind of the Rhodian years and could not suppress harsh words about Lollius."Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 177 Syme proposes an emendation that would make the passage refer to the elder Lollius, not this one.
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133 quoting the Letters of Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann. Execution of the Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerino Balmerino went to his execution unrepentant, stating "If I had a thousand lives, I would lay them all down in the same cause". His insouciant attitude at the time of his trial and execution, joking with bystanders and insisting on taking the axe in his carriage so that Kilmarnock would not be bothered by it, was widely reported in the media of the time.McKenzie, A. "Martyrs in Low Life? Dying “Game” in Augustan England", Journal of British Studies, Vol.
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Camerinus was a member of the gens Licinia, an aristocratic plebeian family that had a distinguished lineage.Rudich, Political Dissidence Under Nero: The Price of Dissimulation He was one of the sons and among the children born to Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi consul of 64, son of Roman Politician Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi and Scribonia,Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 181 by his wife Sulpicia Praetextata daughter of the suffect consul in 46, Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Peticus.Rudich, Political Dissidence Under Nero: The Price of Dissimulation He was born and raised in Rome.
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Paul was accompanied by at least two companions following him from Macedonia, including Aristarchus (verse 2) and the unnamed "we"-narrator (verse 1). the presence of an 'Augustan cohort' of auxiliaries in Syria during most of the first century. The narrator's customary nautical detail is shown by noting that the first ship they boarded for the coastal voyage originally came from Adramyttium] (at the Aegean north coast towards the Troas, verse 2), and that the second came from Alexandria (verse 6), which could be one of grain ships (cf. verse 38) supplying Rome with grain from its 'bread-basket' in Egypt.
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They also expressed appreciation for her experimentation as well as her assured usage of Augustan diction and forms. According to James Winn (The Review of English Studies, lix, 2008, pp 67–85), Anne Finch is the librettist of Venus and Adonis, with music by John Blow; the work is considered by some scholars to be the first true opera in the English language. In his critical edition of the opera for the Purcell Society, Bruce Wood agrees with Winn. In 1929, in her classic essay A Room of One's Own, Virginia Woolf both critiques Finch's writing and expresses great admiration for it.
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As a poet, Finch attained a modest amount of notoriety during her lifetime, which spanned the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In extension to her lyric poetry, odes, love poetry and prose poetry work, Finch's writing was considered to have fallen into the Augustan period (approximately 1660–1760). This is largely due to her work reflecting upon nature and finding both an emotional and religious relationship to it in her verse, consequentially commenting on the change in philosophical and political policy of the time. Later, literary critics recognized the diversity of her poetic output as well as its personal and intimate style.
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Ovid Banished from Rome (1838) by J. M. W. Turner The Tristia ("Sorrows" or "Lamentations") is a collection of letters written in elegiac couplets by the Augustan poet Ovid during his exile from Rome. Despite five books of his copious bewailing of his fate, the immediate cause of Augustus's banishment of the most acclaimed living Latin poet to Pontus in AD 8 remains a mystery. In addition to the Tristia, Ovid wrote another collection of elegiac epistles on his exile, the Epistulae ex Ponto. He spent several years in the outpost of Tomis and died without ever returning to Rome.
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Cardea or Carda was the ancient Roman goddess of the hinge (Latin cardo, cardinis), Roman doors being hung on pivot hinges. The Augustan poet Ovid conflates her with another archaic goddess named Carna, whose festival was celebrated on the Kalends of June and for whom he gives the alternative name Cranê or Cranea, a nymph. Ovid's conflation of the goddesses is likely to have been his poetic invention,Newlands, Carole E. (1995), Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti, Cornell University Press, p. 14Fowler, William Warde (1908), The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, London, p. 131.
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21 On-site excavations over the course of 2012 have revealed the presence of La Tène usage which lasted up until the Augustan age. Some outlines, whose nature and function have yet to be determined (perhaps an earlier religious structure), have also been found within the footprint of the temple. They are dated to the first half of the 1st century CE.Joly and Barral (2014), pp. 37–38 The Haut- du-Verger theater, discovered in the same area in 1976Devauges (1979), (French language, external link) and excavated the following year, provides an additional structure in this area.
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These mid- Georgian era houses were in the area commonly built in the Decorated Style at the height of grandeur of the Augustan Age. Abroad the late great King George II had won a series of stunning battles on the continent. Another Herefordian Robert Clive had utterly defeated the French in India; and General Wolfe had died heroically on the Heights of Abraham, and the streets of every town echoed to the strains of Britannia Rules the Waves. The Georgian decorated style is featured across the Forest north to Hereford and west to the Malvern Hills.
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Heraclea Lyncestis, also spelled Herakleia Lynkestis (; ; The name for the site in the modern Macedonian language, not to be confused with the Ancient Macedonian language.), was an ancient Greek cityFergus Millar, "Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 1: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution", The University of North Carolina Press, 2001, p. 225: "...the king took him as confidant and sent him as an ambassador to Pompey, encamped at Heraclea Lyncestis in northern Greece."Michael Avi Yonab, Israel Shatzman (1976), Illustrated Encyclopaedia of the Classical World, Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd. SNB 562 000372 Page 230H.
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Title page of London (1738) second edition London is a poem by Samuel Johnson, produced shortly after he moved to London. Written in 1738, it was his first major published work. The poem in 263 lines imitates Juvenal's Third Satire, expressed by the character of Thales as he decides to leave London for Wales. Johnson imitated Juvenal because of his fondness for the Roman poet and he was following a popular 18th-century trend of Augustan poets headed by Alexander Pope that favoured imitations of classical poets, especially for young poets in their first ventures into published verse.
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Photograph at night. Faced with opus quadratum from blocks of Istrian stone, the monument consists of two minor lateral arches and a larger central arch; the keystone of the latter is decorated with an image of an animal, which is no longer recognisable but which most probably depicted an elephant. The main body, still well preserved, supported a large attic which is now lost, with a Corinthian pseudo-portico, in which there were seven arched windows separated by eight pseudo-columns. The whole monument has many stylistic similarities with the Augustan gates of Spello, Aosta and particularly with Authon in Provence.
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A solar meridian indicates the length of days and nights, therefore reflecting the timing of the solstices. It was used as an instrument to check the congruence of the civil calendar with the solar year. Further archeological findings where a travertine pavement embedded with a line running north to south with Greek lettering in bronze with zodiac signs confirmed Pliny's writing. Also, the fact that the site was measured to be about a meter too high to be considered of Augustan date, therefore indicated that the instrument built under Augustus lost its accuracy and was renovated by Domitian.
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9), is simply told. There it is the town rat that invites the country rat home, only to have the meal disturbed by dogs (as in Horace); the country rat then departs, reflecting, as in Aesop, that peace is preferable to fearful plenty. Gustave Doré's illustration of La Fontaine's fable Adaptations dating from Britain's "Augustan Age" concentrate upon the Horatian version of the fable. The reference is direct in The hind and the panther transvers'd to the story of the country-mouse and the city mouse, written by Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax and Matthew Prior in 1687.
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Rose abandoned his earlier view that the figures of an background woman and a boy on the southern panel of the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) in Rome were depictions of Dynamis and her son. In this relief the figures are next to Agrippa. Agrippa had undertaken a three-year tour of the east (Greece, Anatolia, Syria and Judea) to deal with political affairs in the east from late 17/early 16 BC to 13 BC. However, the woman is a Roman, not a foreign queen. The boy is an Eastern prince, probably a Parthian.
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He sold tea, tobacco, snuff, and sandwiches. Businessmen met there informally; the first furs from the Hudson's Bay Company were auctioned there.James A. Hanson, "Garway's Coffee House," Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly (2011) 47#3 pp 11–14John Pelzer, and Linda Pelzer, "The Coffee Houses of Augustan London," History Today (1982) 32#10 pp 40–47 The diet of the poor in the 1660–1750 era was largely bread, cheese, milk, and beer, with small quantities of meat and vegetables. The more prosperous enjoyed a wide variety of food and drink, including tea, coffee, and chocolate.
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According to Ovid, the ass was honored at the Vestalia as a reward for its service to the Virgin Mother, who is portrayed in Augustan ideology as simultaneously native and Trojan.Geradine Herbert-Brown, "Fasti: the Poet, the Prince, and the Plebs," in A Companion to Ovid (Blackwell, 2009), p. 133; Carole E. Newlands, Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti (Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 130ff. When the ithyphallic god Priapus, an imported deity who was never the recipient of public cult,Elaine Fantham, "Sexual Comedy in Ovid's Fasti: Sources and Motivation," in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 87 (1983), pp.
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Mars, however, was associated with horses at his Equirria festivals and the equestrian "Troy Game", which was one of the events Augustus staged for the dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor in 2 BC.Kathleen M. Coleman, "Euergetism in Its Place: Where Was the Amphitheatre in Augustan Rome?" in Bread and Circuses: Euergetism and Municipal Patronage in Roman Italy (Routledge, 2003), p. 76. Horse sacrifice was regularly offered by peoples the Romans classified as "barbarians," such as Scythians,Pascal, "October Horse," pp. 284. but also at times by Greeks. In Macedonia, "horses in armor" were sacrificed as a lustration for the army.
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Bunson (1994), 427. Head of Augustus as Pontifex Maximus, Roman artwork of the late Augustan period, last decade of the 1st century BC Augustus was granted sole imperium within the city of Rome itself, in addition to being granted proconsular imperium maius and tribunician authority for life. Traditionally, proconsuls (Roman province governors) lost their proconsular "imperium" when they crossed the Pomerium – the sacred boundary of Rome – and entered the city. In these situations, Augustus would have power as part of his tribunician authority but his constitutional imperium within the Pomerium would be less than that of a serving consul.
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Augustus's ultimate legacy was the peace and prosperity the Empire enjoyed for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor. Every Emperor of Rome adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, which gradually lost its character as a name and eventually became a title. The Augustan era poets Virgil and Horace praised Augustus as a defender of Rome, an upholder of moral justice, and an individual who bore the brunt of responsibility in maintaining the empire.Kelsall (1976), 120.
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Maximian, brought out of retirement by his son's rebellion, left for Gaul to confer with Constantine in late 307 AD. He offered to marry his daughter Fausta to Constantine and elevate him to augustan rank. In return, Constantine would reaffirm the old family alliance between Maximian and Constantius and offer support to Maxentius' cause in Italy. Constantine accepted and married Fausta in Trier in late summer 307 AD. Constantine now gave Maxentius his meagre support, offering Maxentius political recognition.Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 31; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 87–88; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16.
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In the process of revision, Raspe's prose style was heavily modified; instead of his conversational language and sportsmanlike turns of phrase, Kearsley's writers opted for a blander and more formal tone imitating Augustan prose. Most ensuing English-language editions, including even the major editions produced by Thomas Seccombe in 1895 and F. J. Harvey Darton in 1930, reproduce one of the rewritten Kearsley versions rather than Raspe's original text. At least ten editions or translations of the book appeared before Raspe's death in 1794. Translations of the book into French, Spanish, and German were published in 1786.
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The city was originally an Etrusco-Oscan settlement. Around 80-90 BC it became a Roman municipium, called Mevania, in the Augustan Regio VI. It lay on the western branch of the Via Flaminia, west-north-west of Forum Flaminii, where the branches rejoin. It is mentioned on several ancient itineraries, following the Vicus Martis Tudertium on the way out of Rome. In 310 BC the consul Fabius broke the Umbrian forces here; but otherwise it is not mentioned until the 1st century AD. In 69 the army of Vitellius awaited here the advance of Vespasian.
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These were graded by quality based on how fine, firm, white, and smooth the writing surface was. Grades ranged from the superfine Augustan, which was produced in sheets of 13 digits (10 inches) wide, to the least expensive and most coarse, measuring six digits (four inches) wide. Materials deemed unusable for writing or less than six digits were considered commercial quality and were pasted edge to edge to be used only for wrapping. Until the middle of the 19th century, only some isolated documents written on papyrus were known, and museums simply showed them as curiosities.
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Another source of his inspiration were drawings he collected, including those of Palladio himself, which had belonged to Inigo Jones and his pupil John Webb. According to Howard Colvin, "Burlington's mission was to reinstate in Augustan England the canons of Roman architecture as described by Vitruvius, exemplified by its surviving remains, and practised by Palladio, Scamozzi and Jones." Burlington, himself a talented amateur architect and (in the words of Horace Walpole) "Apollo of the Arts", designed the villa with the aid of William Kent, who also took a leading role in designing the gardens.Groves & Mawrey, p.
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As Gray had forecast, little favourable notice was taken at the time of poems so at odds with the Augustan spirit of the age, characterised as they were by strong emotional descriptions and the personal relationship to the subject allowed by the ode form. Another factor was dependence on the poetic example of Edmund Spenser and John Milton, where Collins' choice of evocative word and phrase, and his departures from prose order in his syntax, contributed to his reputation for artificiality.Albert Charles Hamilton, The Spenser Encyclopedia, University of Toronto 1997, p.177Nalini Jain, John Richardson, Eighteenth Century English Poetry, Routledge 2016, pp.
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As set out in an introductory "Author's Note," the novel's protagonist Vergil Magus is based on the ancient Augustan era Roman epic poet Virgil, in his legendary medieval guise as a great magician. The book is set in an alternate ancient Mediterranean world and features and concerns Vergil's quest to forge a "virgin speculum" (mirror) for the purpose of divination. The construction of such a mirror requires the use of unsmelted copper ore and tin, precipitating a quest to Cyprus, the source of copper in the ancient world. The story also includes a brazen head, which lends its name to Vergil's house.
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Sales, Roger (2002) John Clare: A Literary Life; Palgrave Macmillan His biographer Jonathan Bate states that Clare was "the greatest labouring-class poet that England has ever produced. No one has ever written more powerfully of nature, of a rural childhood, and of the alienated and unstable self".Bate, Jonathan (2003) John Clare: A biography; Farrar, Straus and Giroux George Crabbe (1754–1832) was an English poet who, during the Romantic period, wrote "closely observed, realistic portraits of rural life [...] in the heroic couplets of the Augustan age".The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1996), p. 239.
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The distance from the apex of the dome to the base of the cellar is , making the whole pile fit within a perfect, invisible cube. However, the decorative cornice at Chiswick was derived from a contemporary source, that of James Gibbs's cornice at the Church of St Martin-in-the-Fields, London. On the portico leading to the Domed Hall is positioned a bust of the Roman Emperor Augustus. Augustus was regarded by many of the early 18th-century English aristocracy as the greatest of all the Roman Emperors (the early Georgian era was known as the Augustan Age).
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Kemmers undertook her undergraduate degree in archaeology in 1996 at the University of Amsterdam, and following her MA moved to Radboud University Nijmegen in 2000 to work on her PhD. Kemmers' doctoral work focused on Roman coins found at the legionary fortress of Nijmegen, examining the use and supply of coins in the Lower Rhine region in the first century AD. Kemmers completed her PhD in 2005 and the work was published as Coins for a legion. An analysis of the coin finds from the Augustan legionary fortress and Flavian canabae legionis at Nijmegen in 2006.
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9 Ellwood claimed that the three mythologists were "modern gnostics through and through",Ellwood, p.15 remarking, > Whether in Augustan Rome or modern Europe, democracy all too easily gave way > to totalitarianism, technology was as readily used for battle as for > comfort, and immense wealth lay alongside abysmal poverty. [...] Gnostics > past and present sought answers not in the course of outward human events, > but in knowledge of the world's beginning, of what lies above and beyond the > world, and of the secret places of the human soul. To all this the > mythologists spoke, and they acquired large and loyal followings.
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He appears to have remained a loyal partisan of Caesar. The Augustan historian Pompeius Trogus, of the Celtic Vocontii, said that the Parthians feared especially harsh retribution in any war won against them by Caesar, because the surviving son of Crassus would be among the Roman forces.Pompeius Trogus, in the epitome of Justin, 42.4.6. His son, also named Marcus, resembled his uncle Publius in the scope of his military talent and ambition, and was not afraid to assert himself under the hegemony of Augustus. This Marcus (consul 30 BC), called by Syme an “illustrious renegade,”Syme, “The Sons of Crassus,” reprint p. 1224.
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There are numerous dolmens in the neighborhoodThe dolmen de la table du loup vieux (classed as a Monument in 1911) the dolmen de Touls near Coltines, the dolmen de Mons at Saint-Flour and others. and scattered traces of Bronze Age occupation. Roman occupation is signalled by two Roman villas of middling importance, one near the railroad station, the other a modest Augustan-age villa near the hamlet of Roueyre, part of Saint- Flour. The Roman name of this small vicus was Indiciacum or Indiciacus, which evolved into Indiciat in the sub-Roman period, a reference to the landmark of Planèze.
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In the end, his legions retreated from Antony's camp. At the culminating moment of the battle, Pontius Aquila was killed, and his troops, which had made a sortie out of the city, eventually returned to Mutina. On the basis of the reconstructions of ancient historians it is difficult to know precisely the true course of the final clashes of the battle, with pro-Augustan accounts focused on exalting the role of Octavian and his courageous action to recover the body of the consul Hirtius. Other sources cast doubts on the real actions of the young heir of Caesar; SuetoniusSuetonius, Life of Augustus 11.
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There is no madness in the market-place, no strict laws in dispute...Statius, Silvae 3.5.85–87 Pliny the Younger exemplified the philosophy of the Roman elite in otium of the time by the life he lived from his "otium villas". He would dictate letters to his secretary, read Greek and Latin speeches, go on walks on the villa's grounds, dine and socialize with friends, meditate, exercise, bathe, take naps and occasionally hunt. Tibullus was an Augustan elegiac poet who offered an alternative lifestyle to the Roman ideal of the military man or the man of action.
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Tiberius continued to be elevated by Augustus, and after Agrippa's death and his brother Drusus' death in 9 BC, seemed the clear candidate for succession. As such, in 12 BC he received military commissions in Pannonia and Germania, both areas highly volatile and of key importance to Augustan policy. Ahenobarbus, and Saturninus in Germania between 6 BC and 1 BC In 6 BC, Tiberius launched a pincer movement against the Marcomanni. Setting out northwest from Carnuntum on the Danube with four legions, Tiberius passed through Quadi territory in order to invade Marcomanni territory from the east.
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Advanced Placement Latin (known also as AP Latin), formerly Advanced Placement Latin: Vergil, is an examination in Latin literature offered by the College Board's Advanced Placement Program. Prior to the 2012–2013 academic year, the course focused on poetry selections from the Aeneid, written by Augustan author Publius Vergilius Maro, also known as Vergil or Virgil. However, in the 2012–2013 year, the College Board changed the content of the course to include not only poetry, but also prose. The modified course consists of both selections from Vergil and selections from Commentaries on the Gallic War, written by prose author Gaius Julius Caesar.
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These originate from the 14 regions of Augustan Rome, which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni. In the Renaissance, under Pope Sixtus V, they again reached fourteen, and their boundaries were finally defined under Pope Benedict XIV in 1743. A new subdivision of the city under Napoleon was ephemeral, and there were no serious changes in the organisation of the city until 1870 when Rome became the third capital of Italy. The needs of the new capital led to an explosion both in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the Aurelian walls.
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The Maison Carrée in Nîmes, one of the best-preserved Roman temples. It is a mid-sized Augustan provincial temple of the Imperial cult. In the early Imperial era, the princeps (lit. "first" or "foremost" among citizens) was offered genius-cult as the symbolic paterfamilias of Rome. His cult had further precedents: popular, unofficial cult offered to powerful benefactors in Rome: the kingly, god-like honours granted a Roman general on the day of his triumph; and in the divine honours paid to Roman magnates in the Greek East from at least 195 BC.Gradel, 32-52.Beard, 272-5.
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Among the influences on Dyer identified by critics have figured Claude Lorrain, Nicholas Poussin, and Salvator Rosa,Laurence Goldstein, Ruins and Empire: The Evolution of a Theme in Augustan and Romantic Literature, University of Pittsburgh 1977, p.31 the latter of whom was, like Dyer, both a poet and painter. The mellow light effects of Dyer's poem are certainly Claude's, but without the Classical trappings. As a vista, with the abrupt ascent rising from the river in the foreground, leading to a view of distant towers, it approximates more closely to Rosa's “Mountain Landscape”, now in Southampton Art Gallery.
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Philitas was the first writer whose works represent the combination of qualities now regarded as Hellenistic: variety, scholarship, and use of Homeric sources in non-epic works. He directly influenced the major Hellenistic poets Callimachus and Apollonius of Rhodes. His poetry was mentioned or briefly quoted by Callimachus and by other ancient authors, and his poetic reputation endured for at least three centuries, as Augustan poets identified his name with great elegiac writing. Propertius linked him to Callimachus with the following well- known couplet: The 1st-century AD rhetorician Quintilian ranked Philitas second only to Callimachus among the elegiac poets.
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Pliny, Natural History 36.26; Richardson, New Topographical Dictionary, p. 245. The Campus Martius continued to provide venues for equestrian events such as chariot racing during the Imperial period, but under the first emperor Augustus it underwent a major program of urban renewal, marked by monumental architecture. The Altar of Augustan Peace (Ara Pacis Augustae) was located there, as was the Obelisk of Montecitorio, imported from Egypt to form the pointer (gnomon) of the Solarium Augusti, a giant sundial. With its public gardens, the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit.
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A member of a family which originated from the Aequi who were enrolled in the tribe Claudia, and who first came to prominence during the reign of Tiberius, Vipstanus Gallus reached the office of praetor in AD 17, the year of his death.Ronald Syme, "Missing Persons III", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 11 (1962), pp. 149f He is known to have at least one relative, Marcus Vipstanus Gallus (suffect consul in AD 18), but it is unknown whether Marcus was a brother or cousin of Lucius.Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 241.
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A woodcut of Daniel Defoe The Augustan period showed less literature of controversy than the Restoration. There were Puritan authors, however, and one of the names usually associated with the novel is perhaps the most prominent in Puritan writing: Daniel Defoe. After the coronation of Anne, dissenter hopes of reversing the Restoration were at an ebb, and dissenter literature moved from the offensive to the defensive, from revolutionary to conservative. Defoe's infamous volley in the struggle between high and low church came in the form of The Shortest Way with the Dissenters; Or, Proposals for the Establishment of the Church.
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All of these works have in common a gesture of compassion. In Trivia, Gay writes as if commiserating with those who live in London and are menaced by falling masonry and bedpan slops, and The Shepherd's Week features great detail of the follies of everyday life and eccentric character. Even The Beggar's Opera, which is a satire of Robert Walpole, portrays its characters with compassion: the villains have pathetic songs in their own right and are acting out of exigency rather than boundless evil. Throughout the Augustan era the "updating" of Classical poets was a commonplace.
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In satire, Pope achieved two of the greatest poetic satires of all time in the Augustan period. The Rape of the Lock (1712 and 1714) was a gentle mock-heroic. Pope applies Virgil's heroic and epic structure to the story of a young woman (Arabella Fermor) having a lock of hair snipped by an amorous baron (Lord Petre). The structure of the comparison forces Pope to invent mythological forces to overlook the struggle, and so he creates an epic battle, complete with a mythology of sylphs and metempsychosis, over a game of Ombre, leading to a fiendish appropriation of the lock of hair.
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In the words of Ronald Syme, his name indicates he was "either an Apronius adopted by a Lucius Vipstanus, or a Vipstanus whose father had married an Apronia", then implies the woman's father could have been the consul of 39, Lucius Apronius Caesianus.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press: 1986), p. 242 His further relationship to other Vipstani is unknown. Apronianus was co- opted into the Arval Brethren in 57; he remained a member of the religious college until his death 34 years later, which made him one of the longest- serving members of the Brethren.
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Other finance came from Moravian congregations in England, Germany and America. The total cost was £6,000.Mellowes, 1977, p 19 On 9 June 1784, foundation stones of chapel and choir houses were laid. A declaration was placed in the stone of the chapel, in which the settlers expressed their desire 'to be separated from the world and its seductions ... and ... to enjoy true fellowship as children of God', to serve the 'propagation of His Gospel among Christians and the Heathen' and asserted their 'adherence to the Word of God as contained in the Old and New Testaments, and the Augsburg (or Augustan) Confession'.
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King Septimius Herodianus Odaenathus had another son, Hairan I, who appeared in different inscriptions dated from 251 AD onward. On a lead seal, the name of Septimius Herodianus, king of kings, appears; scholars argue whether Septimius Herodianus was Hairan I or II. The Augustan History mentions that Odaenathus had many sons, including one named Herodes (from an earlier marriage) and another named Herennianus. According to Henri Arnold Seyrig, Hairan II must be identical with Herennianus and he was an older brother of Vaballathus and did not reign. Seyrig distinguishes Hairan I from the Hairan on seal RTP 736.
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Inscription AE (1905) 14 records a campaign on the Hungarian Plain by the Augustan-era general Marcus Vinucius: > Marcus Vinucius...[patronymic], Consul [in 19 BC]...[various official > titles], governor of Illyricum, the first [Roman general] to advance across > the river Danube, defeated in battle and routed an army of Dacians and > Basternae, and subjugated the Cotini, Osi,...[missing tribal name] and > Anartii to the power of the emperor Augustus and of the people of Rome. Most likely, the Bastarnae, in alliance with Dacians, were attempting to assist the hard-pressed Illyrian/Celtic tribes of Pannonia in their resistance to Rome.
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Arch of Gallienus - Piranesi It still stands in the Via San Vito, the ancient Clivus Suburanus – the sequel, the Via S. Martino ai Monti, follows the course of the ancient Argiletum, the main road to the Roman Forum. Already in the Augustan period the Porta Esquilina was taken as included in the Esquiline Forum, which included the market called the Macellum Liviae. When these buildings were abandoned in late antiquity, the diaconia and monastery of San Vito took them over, as recorded in the Einsiedeln Itinerary. It is this church against which the arch's remains now rest.
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Imperial iconography increasingly identified Emperors with the gods, starting with the Augustan reinvention of Rome as a virtual monarchy (the principate). Sculpted panels on the arch of Titus (built by Domitian) celebrate Titus' and Vespasian's joint triumph over the Jews after the siege of Jerusalem, with a triumphal procession of captives and treasures seized from the temple of Jerusalem – some of which funded the building of the Colosseum. Another panel shows the funeral and apotheosis of the deified Titus. Prior to this, the senate voted Titus a triple-arch at the Circus Maximus to celebrate or commemorate the same victory or triumph.
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The Basilica's façade as it appeared after the Augustan restoration was two stories high and arcaded, with engaged Carrara marble columns decorating the piers between the arches on both levels. The Basilica housed the civil law courts and tabernae (shops), and provided space for government offices and banking. In the 1st century, it also was used for sessions of the Centumviri (Court of the Hundred), who presided over matters of inheritance. In his Epistles, Pliny the Younger describes the scene as he pleaded for a senatorial lady whose 80-year-old father had disinherited her ten days after taking a new wife.
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Floral Tribute for Venus (1690 or earlier), attributed to Abraham Brueghel At Pergamon, Rosalia seems to have been a three-day festival May 24–26, beginning with an "Augustan day" (dies Augusti, a day of Imperial cult marking a birthday, marriage, or other anniversary of the emperor or his family).Steven J. Friesen, Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John: Reading Revelation in the Ruins (Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 129. The three-day Rosalia was among the occasions observed by a group of hymnodes, a male choir organized for celebrating Imperial cult, as recorded in a Greek inscription on an early 2nd-century altar.
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Nisus and Euryalus (1827) by Jean-Baptiste Roman (Louvre Museum) Nisus and Euryalus are a pair of friends and lovers serving under Aeneas in the Aeneid, the Augustan epic by Virgil. Their foray among the enemy, narrated in Book nine, demonstrates their stealth and prowess as warriors, but ends as a tragedy: the loot Euryalus acquires (a glistening Rutulian helmet) attracts attention, and the two die together. Virgil presents their deaths as a loss of admirable loyalty and valor. They also appear in Book 5, during the funeral games of Anchises, where Virgil takes note of their amor pius, a love that exhibits the pietas that is Aeneas's own distinguishing virtue.
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"a status recognized by their privileged position in the assembly, and as eponymous officials."S. R. F. Price, Rituals and Power – The Roman imperial cult in Asia Minor, Cambridge 1984, pp. 62–63 It shows that the flaminate and the cult of Divus Iulius were quickly spread in the entire empire after Caesar's death, especially in the Caesarian and Augustan colonies like Ephesus, Corinth, Nicaea, Caesarea Maritima and elsewhere. However, especially for the eastern parts of the empire, it has to be noted that the Roman imperial cults were modeled on the dominant Greek culture, creating a strongly Hellenistic ritual character and including Roman elements only on the liturgical periphery.
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Towards the end of the 18th century, poetry began to move away from the strict Augustan ideals and a new emphasis on the sentiment and feelings of the poet was established. This trend can perhaps be most clearly seen in the handling of nature, with a move away from poems about formal gardens and landscapes by urban poets and towards poems about nature as lived in. The leading exponents of this new trend include Thomas Gray, George Crabbe, Christopher Smart and Robert Burns as well as the Irish poet Oliver Goldsmith. These poets can be seen as paving the way for the Romantic movement.
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The term columbarium, meaning “dovecote,” reflects the nesting of a pair of urns in a burial niche, and it is by the presence of these subterranean cremation urns that columbaria are most commonly identified. Columbaria are unique for a variety of reasons, including their location, collective nature, and relatively short lifespan. The columbaria at Vigna Codini are located along the Via Appia, which was the traditional placement of the monumental tombs of elite Republican families. Whereas these aristocratic burials were prominently displayed along the street, the nearby non-elite columbaria that arose in the Augustan period were almost entirely subterranean and therefore hidden from public view as people exited Rome.
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Although the Roman emperors accepted the royal succession, the assumption of Roman military rank antagonized the empire. Emperor Gallienus may have decided to intervene in an attempt to regain central authority; according to the Augustan History, praetorian prefect Aurelius Heraclianus was dispatched to assert imperial authority over the east and was repelled by the Palmyrene army. The account is doubtful, however, since Heraclianus participated in Gallienus' assassination in 268. Odaenathus was assassinated shortly before the emperor, and Heraclianus would have been unable to be sent to the East, fight the Palmyrenes and return to the West in time to become involved in the conspiracy against the emperor.
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Syme's The Augustan Aristocracy (1986) traces the prominent families under Augustus as a sequel to The Roman Revolution. Syme examined how and why Augustus promoted bankrupt patrician families and new politicians simultaneously to forge a coalition in government that would back his agenda for a new Rome. A posthumous work (edited for publication by A. Birley), Anatolica (1995), is devoted to Strabo and deals with the geography of southern Armenia and mainly eastern parts of Asia Minor. His shorter works are collected in the seven volumes of Roman Papers (1979–1991), the first two volumes of which are edited by E. Badian, and the remainder by Anthony Birley.
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William Hogarth depicted Wilks as a man busy making a pantomime play of a jail break while using scripts for Hamlet as toilet paper. The actor managers responded to the increasing move for "spectacle" plays (see Augustan drama for context) and quick productions with low costs, and thus the triumvirate, in particular, was frequently satirized for cheapening the stage. He died in 1732 in London and was buried in St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden. He had made an exceptional amount of money in his life, but, upon his death, he left his second wife virtually nothing except a share in the Drury Lane patent.
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The Roman Historians that mentions, discusses and informs us about Erato is Tacitus of the 1st and 2nd centuries, Cassius Dio of the 2nd and 3rd centuries and Sextus Rufus of the 4th century. At the National Library in Paris, currently have an image of her that appears on an ancient coin. Coinage has survived from her rule with Tigranes IV that they both issued together. Tigranes IV and Erato share issued coins with the inscription in Greek Έρατω βασιλέως Τιγράνου άδελφή (Erato, sister of King Tigranes).Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.
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Title page of a 1752–1761 edition of "The Poetical Works of John Milton with Notes of Various Authors by Thomas Newton" printed by J. & R. Tonson in the Strand John Dryden, an early enthusiast, in 1677 began the trend of describing Milton as the poet of the sublime. Dryden's The State of Innocence and the Fall of Man: an Opera (1677) is evidence of an immediate cultural influence. In 1695, Patrick Hume became the first editor of Paradise Lost, providing an extensive apparatus of annotation and commentary, particularly chasing down allusions.Joseph M. Levine, The Battle of the Books: History and Literature in the Augustan Age (1994), p. 247.
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The first mention of friendship between the Romans and the Jews in Graeco-Roman sources is to be found in Justinus' summary of a 44-volume work no longer extant called the Liber Historiarum Philippicarum et totius mundi origines et terrae situs by Pompeius Trogus, written during the Augustan Principate. In it, he writes: A Demetrio cum desciuissent, amicitia Romanorum petita primi omnium ex orientalibus libertatem acceperunt. [36.3.9] Justinus writes, "On revolting from Demetrius, and soliciting the friendship of the Romans, they were the first of all the eastern people that regained their liberty". Other ancient writers corroborate that the diplomatic relations at this time were in the form of amicitia.
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A member of the Patrician gens Cornelia, Cruscellio was the son of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus.Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), pg. 286 From September 20 through to October 23, 54 BC, he was the prosecutor who brought charges under the Lex Cornelia de maiestate against Aulus Gabinius, the ex-consul of 58 BC.Alexander, Michael C., Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC (1990), pg. 296 In 44 BC, he was possibly elected to the office of Praetor, and he was one of those who declared that the Senate’s allotment of provinces for the following year (during the meeting of November 28, 44 BC) was not binding.
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Narensi or Narensii or Narensioi (Greek: Ναρήνσιοι)Gaius Plinius Secundus' Historiae naturalis, Liber 3 or Naresioi or Naresii (Greek: Ναρήσιοι) was the name of a newlyThe Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 578 formed Illyrian tribeWilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, page 216, "...destination of one of the military roads constructed from Salona after the end of the war in AD 9. The Narensi (102) of the same conventus are likely to be named from the river Naron/Narenta..." from various peoples at the River Naron. The Narensi had 102 decuriae.
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Colapiani was the name of an Illyrian tribe.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, , page 81, "In Roman Pannonia the Latobici and Varciani who dwelt east of the Venetic Catari in the upper Sava valley were Celtic but the Colapiani of the Colapis (Kulpa) valley were Illyrians..." The Colapiani were created from the Pannonian BreuciThe Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, , 1996, page 579 along with the Osseriates and the Celtic Varciani. They lived in the central and southern White Carniola, along the Kupa river, and were mentioned by Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy.
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Pharasmanes II is mentioned on the Stele of Serapit. The Georgian royal annals describe Pharasmanes in the following way: The contemporary Classical authors, with more solid historical background, focus on Pharasmanes’ uneasy relations with Rome. He refused in 129 to come and pay homage to the emperor Hadrian. According to the Aelius Spartianus, one of the authors of Augustan History: Pharasmanes then went touring the East, and prompted the Alans to attack the neighboring Roman provinces by giving them a passage through his realm, even though the emperor had sent him greater gifts including a war elephant, than to any other king of the East.
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In fact his literary ability was mediocre, but he retained the friendship of such leading Augustan writers as Joseph Addison, Richard Steele and Alexander Pope. He was in the company of all these as a contributor to The Spectator, and also wrote essays for several other periodicals of the day. In one on "The Inventory of a Beau" he describes a picture of himself as a young man about town wearing "a well trimmed blue suit, with scarlet stockings rolled above the knee, a large white peruke, and a flute half an ell long".Henry R. Montgomery, Memoirs of the Art and Writings of Sir Richard Steele, New York 1865, p.
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304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122. No moral censure was directed at the man who enjoyed sex acts with either women or males of inferior status, as long as his behaviors revealed no weaknesses or excesses, nor infringed on the rights and prerogatives of his masculine peers. While perceived effeminacy was denounced, especially in political rhetoric, sex in moderation with male prostitutes or slaves was not regarded as improper or vitiating to masculinity, if the male citizen took the active and not the receptive role. Hypersexuality, however, was condemned morally and medically in both men and women.
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In response to the newly increased demand for reading matter in the Augustan period, Grub Street became a popular source of periodical literature. One publication to take advantage of the reduction of state control was A Perfect Diurnall (despite its title, a weekly publication). However it quickly found its name copied by unscrupulous Grub Street publishers, so obviously that the newspaper was forced to issue a warning to its readers. Toward the end of the 17th century authors such as John Dunton worked on a range of periodicals, including Pegasus (1696), and The Night Walker: or, Evening Rambles in search after lewd Women (1696-1697).
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Pope's edition of Shakespeare claimed to be textually perfect (although it was corrupt), but his desire to adapt led him to injudicious attempts at "smoothing" and "cleaning" Shakespeare's lines. In satire, Pope achieved two of the greatest poetic satires of all time in the Augustan period, and both arose from the imitative and adaptive demands of parody. The Rape of the Lock (1712 and 1714) was a gentle mock-heroic, but it was built upon Virgil's Aeneid. Pope applied Virgil's heroic and epic structure to the story of a young woman (Arabella Fermor) having a lock of hair snipped by an amorous baron (Lord Petre).
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The purpose of the sacrifice, as suggested by the Augustan poet Ovid in his elegiac calendar and by the 6th-century antiquarian John Lydus in his book On the Months,Ovid, Fasti 4.633f.; John Lydus, De Mensibus 4.49, drawing on Varro, as noted by Fowler, Roman Festivals, p. 71. was to assure the fertility of the planted grain already growing in the womb of Mother Earth in the guise of Tellus, to whom the sacrifice was offered. As with certain other rituals over which the Vestals presided, the unborn calf is a liminal or mediating being: not yet born, but living; not a full-fledged victim, but sacrificed.
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He also omitted such ancient Latin words as had long been obsolete; these he apparently discussed in a separate work now lost, entitled Priscorum verborum cum exemplis. Even incomplete, Festus' lexicon reflects at second hand the enormous intellectual effort that had been made in the Augustan Age to put together information on the traditions of the Roman world, which was already in a state of flux and change. Of Flaccus' work only a few fragments remain; of Festus' epitome only one damaged, fragmentary manuscript. The rest is further abridged in a summary made at the close of the 8th century, by Paul the Deacon.
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Southern, pg. 64 According to the Augustan History, he was a shepherd and bandit leader before joining the Imperial Roman army, causing historian Brent Shaw to comment that a man who would have been "in other circumstances a Godfather, [...] became emperor of Rome." In many ways, Maximinus was similar to the later Thraco-Roman emperors of the 3rd–5th century (Licinius, Galerius, Aureolus, Leo the Thracian, etc.), elevating themselves, via a military career, from the condition of a common soldier in one of the Roman legions to the foremost positions of political power. He joined the army during the reign of Septimius Severus,Potter, pg.
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Ovid twice told the story of Ino's sea-plunge with Melicertes in her arms.Ovid, Fasti 6.473ff, and Metamorphoses 4.416ff. Ovid's treatment in his Fasti is the earliest to identify the Isthmus as the location, though without literally naming it: In later Latin poets there are numerous identifications of Palaemon with the sanctuary at the Isthmus, where no archaeological evidence was found for a pre-Augustan cult. Hyginus states both that Ino cast herself into the sea with her younger son by Athamas, Melicertes, and was made a goddess, and that Ino, daughter of Cadmus, killed her son Melicertes by Athamas, son of Aeolus, when she was fleeing from Athamas.
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The Maison Carrée in Nîmes, one of the best-preserved Roman temples. It is a mid-sized Augustan provincial temple of the Imperial cult. The Temple of Hercules Victor, in the Forum Boarium in Rome; the entablature is lost and the roof later. Roman temple of Alcántara, in Spain, a tiny votive temple built with an important bridge under Trajan Temple of Augustus in Pula, Croatia, an early temple of the Imperial cult Ancient Roman temples were among the most important buildings in Roman culture, and some of the richest buildings in Roman architecture, though only a few survive in any sort of complete state.
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Bovillae, about twelve miles outside Rome, was the original site of a monument dating from the Augustan period and now located in the Capitoline Museum. The stone monument features scenes from the fall of Troy, depicted in low relief, and an inscription: ('Sack of Troy according to Stesichorus').I.G.14.1284 Scholars are divided as to whether or not it accurately depicts incidents described by Stesichorus in his poem Sack of Troy. There is, for example, a scene showing Aeneas and his father Anchises departing 'for Hesperia' with 'sacred objects', which might have more to do with the poetry of Virgil than with that of Stesichorus.
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Originally the church was named Sancta Maria in Capitolio, since it was sited on the Capitoline Hill (Campidoglio, in Italian) of Ancient Rome; by the 14th century it had been renamed. A medieval legend included in the mid-12th-century guide to Rome, Mirabilia Urbis Romae, claimed that the church was built over an Augustan Ara primogeniti Dei, in the place where the Tiburtine Sibyl prophesied to Augustus the coming of the Christ. "For this reason the figures of Augustus and of the Tiburtine sibyl are painted on either side of the arch above the high altar" (Lanciani chapter 1). A later legend substituted an apparition of the Virgin Mary.
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Rhodope, in love with Aesop; engraving by Bartolozzi, 1782, after Kauffman's original Sir John Vanbrugh's comedy "Aesop" was premièred at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, London, in 1697 and was frequently performed there for the next twenty years. A translation and adaptation of Boursault's Les fables d'Esope, Vanbrugh's play depicted a physically ugly Aesop acting as adviser to Learchus, governor of Cyzicus under King Croesus, and using his fables to solve romantic problems and quiet political unrest.Mark Loveridge, A History of Augustan Fable (hereafter Loveridge), pp. 166–68. In 1780, the anonymously authored novelette The History and Amours of Rhodope was published in London.
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Their main oppidum (16–20 hectares) at the end of the La Tène period and at the beginning of the Roman period, corresponding to the modern town of Vermand, was situated on a promontory east of the Omignon river. Fortifications and continuous occupation emerged relatively late on the site, just before or during the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), and it probably served only as a temporary refuge until the Roman invasion of Belgica. Some have proposed that it was erected as a military camp by Belgic auxiliaries serving in the Roman army. The site remained densely occupied from the Augustan era until the beginning of the 5th century AD.
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In another indication of Narbonese regard for Caesar, the poet Varro Atacinus,Varro Atacinus, or P. Terentius Varro, was a native of the Narbonensis, identified by his toponymic cognomen as associated with the Aude River (ancient Atax) and thus distinguished from the more famous Varro; whether he was an ethnic Celt or a Roman colonist can be debated. Though his work survives only in fragments, the Augustan poets regarded him highly. the contemporary of Troucillus, wrote an epic poem called the Bellum Sequanicum (Sequanian War), no longer extant, about the first year of Caesar's war in Gaul.Edward Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 235–253.
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The palace is located on the site of the Fortezza Augustan, the residence of condottiero Castruccio Castracani, where also was his palace, perhaps designed by Giotto. The large complex, which occupied some one fifth of the city, was destroyed by the populace in 1370. The fortress was restored and used as residence by Paolo Guinigi in 1401; after his fall in 1429 this was again partially dismantled and later became the Palazzo Pubblico ("Public Palace"). After a period as the residence of Duchess Elisa Baciocchi, it was the seat of the Lucchese state government until the Unification of Italy in 1861, when it was acquired by the province of Lucca.
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Milecastle 38 is notable for the joint inscription bearing the names of the emperor Hadrian and Aulus Platorius Nepos, the governor of Brittania at the time the Wall was built.Roger J.A.Wilson "A Guide to the Roman Remains in Britain" 2002 Constable, London p467 The left hand part was found c. 1715 and the right hand part was found in 1829.MONUMENT NO. 15229, Pastscape, retrieved 3 December 2013 The stone reads: ::IMP CAES TRAIAN ::HADRIANI AVG ::LEG II AVG ::APLATORIONEPOTELEGPRPR The first two lines identifies the emperor Hadrian, the third the Legion - Legio secunda Augusta (Second Augustan Legion) which erected the plaque, and the fourth the governor Aulus Platorius Nepos.
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In that year, Augustus arranged a system where the Senate designated three of its members as prime commissioners in charge of the water supply and to ensure that Rome's aqueducts did not fall into disrepair.Eck (2003), 79. In the late Augustan era, the commission of five senators called the curatores locorum publicorum iudicandorum (translated as "Supervisors of Public Property") was put in charge of maintaining public buildings and temples of the state cult. Augustus created the senatorial group of the curatores viarum (translated as "Supervisors for Roads") for the upkeep of roads; this senatorial commission worked with local officials and contractors to organize regular repairs.
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The temple's dedication originally consisted of bronze letters affixed by nails to the stones of the architrave. Only the attachment holes now remain and much of the text has been destroyed over time. However, it consisted of a standard dedication also found on other Augustan temples, which read: :ROMAE · ET · AVGVSTO · CAESARI · DIVI · F · PATRI · PATRIAE :To Roma and Augustus Caesar, son of the deity, father of the fatherland ::or :In honour of Rome and Augustus Caesar, son of the deified [Julius], father of his country. This indicates that the temple was originally also co-dedicated to the goddess Roma, the personification of the city of Rome.
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One of the most widely known hymns in Christian worship, "The Lord's my Shepherd", originated from the 1650 Scottish Psalter, itself a paraphrase of Psalm 23. Nicholas Brady and Nahum Tate (who was later named poet laureate) produced A New Version of the Psalms of David in 1696; their Augustan version shows somewhat more polish than the 17th century versions: :This spacious earth is all the Lord's, ::the Lord's her fullness is. :The world, and they that dwell therein, ::by sov'reign right are his. :He framed and fixed it on the seas, ::and his Almighty hand :Upon inconstant floods has made ::the stable fabric stand.
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As a consequence also of doctrinal differences, Hippolytus was elected as a rival bishop of Rome, the first antipope. The Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere was a titulus of which Callixtus was the patron. In an apocryphal anecdote in the collection of imperial biographies called the Augustan History, the spot on which he had built an oratory was claimed by tavern keepers, but Alexander Severus decided that the worship of any god was better than a tavern, hence the structure's name. The 4th-century basilica of Ss Callixti et Iuliani was rebuilt in the 12th century by Pope Innocent II and rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
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Historically, the mock-heroic style was popular in 17th-century Italy, and in the post-Restoration and Augustan periods in Great Britain. The earliest example of the form is the Batrachomyomachia ascribed to Homer by the Romans and parodying his work, but believed by most modern scholars to be the work of an anonymous poet in the time of Alexander the Great. A longstanding assumption on the origin of the mock-heroic in the 17th century is that epic and the pastoral genres had become used up and exhausted,Griffin,Dustin H. (1994) Satire: A Critical Reintroduction p.135 and so they got parodically reprised.
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Inside are rooms of square, square and by by . The distance from the apex of the dome to the base of the cellar is , making the whole pile fit within a perfect, invisible cube. However, the decorative cornice at Chiswick was derived from a contemporary source, that of James Gibbs's cornice at the Church of St Martin- in-the-Fields, London. On the portico leading to the Domed Hall is positioned a bust of the Roman Emperor Augustus. Augustus was regarded by many of the early 18th-century English aristocracy as the greatest of all the Roman Emperors (the early Georgian era was known as the Augustan Age).
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Blades 2002 p. 104 Keats varies this form by the employment of Augustan inversion, sometimes using a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable at the beginning of a line, including the first: "Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness"; and employing spondees in which two stressed syllables are placed together at the beginnings of both the following stanzas, adding emphasis to the questions that are asked: "Who hath not seen thee...", "Where are the songs...?" The rhyme of "To Autumn" follows a pattern of starting each stanza with an ABAB pattern which is followed by rhyme scheme of CDEDCCE in the first verse and CDECDDE in the second and third stanzas.
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239–169 BC), the leading figure in the Hellenization of Latin literature, considered Pluto a Greek god to be explained in terms of the Roman equivalents Dis Pater and Orcus.Pluto Latine est Dis pater, alii Orcum vocant ("In Latin, Pluto is Dis Pater; others call him Orcus"): Ennius, Euhemerus frg. 7 in the edition of Vahlen = Var. 78 = E.H. Warmington, Remains of Old Latin (Heinemann, 1940), vol. 1, p. 421. The Augustan poet Horace retains the Greek accusative form of the noun (Plutona instead of Latin Plutonem) at Carmen 2.14.7, as noted by John Conington, P. Vergili Maronis Opera (London, 1883), vol. 3, p. 36.
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Proclus, in his commentary on the Cratylus of Plato, provides passages from the Orphic Rhapsodies that give two different genealogies of the Eumenides, one making them the offspring of Persephone and Pluto (or Hades) and the other reporting a prophecy that they were to be born to Persephone and Apollo (Robertson, Religion and Reconciliation, p. 101). The Augustan poet Vergil says that Pluto is the father of Allecto the Fury, whom he hates.Vergil, Aeneid 7.327: odit et ipse pater Pluton ... monstrum. The lack of a clear distinction between Pluto and "chthonic Zeus" confuses the question of whether in some traditions, now obscure, Persephone bore children to her husband.
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One of these sanctuaries, the Tourette d'Enval temple in Orcines can be directly associated with the cult complex formed by the Puy de Dôme sanctuary and the agglomeration of the Ceyssat Pass. Dedicated to Mercury, it marks the beginning of the ascent of the mountain. A wider circle around Puy de Dôme also includes the sanctuaries of the Corent and Gergovie oppida, the first dating back to the 2nd century BCE and which remained active until the 3rd century CE, the second dating from the Augustan Age. A third fanum, that of La Sauvetat, below Puy de Corent to the south, can also be mentioned.
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Emilia takes its name from the Via Aemilia, a Roman road constructed by the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in 187 BCE to connect Rimini with Piacenza. The name was transferred to the district (which formed the eighth Augustan region of Italy) as early as the time of Martial, in popular usage. In the 2nd and 3rd centuries Aemilia was frequently named as a district under imperial judges (), generally in combination with Flaminia or Liguria and Tuscia. The district of Ravenna was, as a rule, from the 3rd to the 5th century, not treated as part of Aemilia, the chief town of the latter being Placentia (Piacenza).
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Professor John Rich is emeritus professor in the department of Classics at The University of Nottingham. He graduated with an MA and MPhil from Cambridge University, before gaining a PhD from Nottingham. His research has focused mainly on Roman history of the Republican and early imperial periods, and in particular on three aspects, namely war, imperialism and international relations; Roman historiography; and the transition from Republic to monarchy under Augustus. These themes have been explored in his monography on Declaring War in the Roman Republic (Brussels, 1976), his edition with translation and commentary of Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement (Roman History 53-55.9) (Warminster, 1990), and numerous articles and book chapters.
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William the Lion granted the charter to raise Dumfries to the rank of a royal burgh in 1186. Dumfries was very much on the frontier during its first 50 years as a burgh and it grew rapidly as a market town and port. Alexander III visited Dumfries in 1264 to plan an expedition against the Isle of Man, previously Scots but for 180 years subjected by the crown of Norway. Identified with the conquest of Man, Dumfries shared in the well being of Scotland for the next 22 years until Alexander's accidental death brought an Augustan era in the town's history to an abrupt finish.
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She was betrothed by Augustus and her father to Tiberius, the stepson of Augustus, before her first birthday. They were married around 19 BC.Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (1987), 314. Their son Drusus Julius Caesar was born in 14 BC. Despite Vipsania and Tiberius enjoying a happy marriage, Augustus ordered the two to divorce after the death of Vipsania's father, who was married to Augustus's daughter Julia the Elder.Suetonius, Tiberius 7 Even though Tiberius wished to remain with Vipsania and held disdain for Julia for her purported unfaithfulness, Augustus engaged him to Julia in order to link Tiberius's growing power to the Julian family.
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Memorial in Gloucester Cathedral Harvey's poems published during and immediately after World War I were highly acclaimed, and his status was acknowledged when a collection was published in 1926 in the Augustan Books of Modern Poetry series, edited by Edward Thompson. The lyricism of his poetry led to it being set to music by his friends Ivor Gurney, Herbert Howells and Sir Herbert Brewer, and others, including post-war composers such as Johnny Coppin. His work is noted particularly for its appreciation of the natural world and the landscape and traditions of West Gloucestershire. Harvey was commemorated by a slate memorial tablet in the south transept of Gloucester Cathedral in 1980.
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Born into an undistinguished family in the neighbourhood of Lanuvium, a Latin town near Rome, Quirinius followed the normal pathway of service for an ambitious young man of his social class. According to the Roman historian Florus, Quirinius defeated the Marmaridae, a tribe of desert raiders from Cyrenaica, possibly while governor of Crete and Cyrene around 14 BC, but nonetheless declined the honorific name "Marmaricus".Erich S. Gruen, "The Expansion of the Empire under Augustus" in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume X: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC – AD 69, (Cambridge University Press, 1996) page 168. In 12 BC he was named consul, a sign that he enjoyed the favour of Augustus.
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Augustan posts were named according to a formula containing the name of the rank and the unit commanded in the genitive case; e.g., the commander of a legion, who was a legate; that is, an officer appointed by the emperor, was the legatus legionis, "the legate of the legion." Those posts worked pretty much as today; a man on his way up the cursus honorum ("ladder of offices", roughly) would command a legion for a certain term and then move on. The posts of medicus legionis and a medicus cohortis were most likely to be commanders of the medici of the legion and its cohorts.
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Henry Carey was a Tory, or an anti-Walpolean, and he identified with Alexander Pope, in particular, in his stance on the 18th century's cultural polemic (see Augustan poetry for the issues behind Ambrose Philips and Alexander Pope's poison pen battle). Pope had been a consistent enemy of Ambrose Philips's, and Philips was a stand-in for an entire slate of Whig political views. Attacking Philips was attacking what Philips stood for, and Carey achieved fame first by satirizing Philips's second set of odes (which had been dedicated to Robert Walpole) with his Namby Pamby. Namby Pamby had made Carey one of the darlings of the Tory opposition to Walpole.
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They became known for their gladiatorial displays, but there is no evidence of any connection of those with Curtius. Cadastres A and B cover the territory to the east and west of Orange. Cadastre C must either overlap on those or be to the north. Salviat argues that it is on the extreme northern border, and the Fossa Augusta or “Augustan Canal” is not an irrigation ditch but is a major diversion of the Rhone intended to relieve the current at a confluence and provide a length over which boats could be towed. He picks therefore Valence as the best location of Cadastre C and Curtius’ home town.
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Severy, Beth (2002) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire. Routledge. p. 12. . As part of the Augustan programme to restore traditional morality and social order, moral legislation attempted to regulate the conduct of men and women as a means of promoting "family values". Adultery, which had been a private family matter under the Republic, was criminalized,Severy, Beth (2002) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire. Routledge. p. 4. . and defined broadly as an illicit sex act (stuprum) that occurred between a male citizen and a married woman, or between a married woman and any man other than her husband.
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Pompeian fresco of Venus Anadyomene, probably a copy of Apelles' depiction of Alexander the Great's mistress Campaspe as Venus, a work kept in the Temple of Divus Iulius after Augustus dedicated it to the shrine of Caesar. The frieze was a repetitive scroll pattern with female heads, gorgons and winged figures. The tympanum, at least during the first years, probably showed a colossal star, as can be seen on the Augustan coins. The cornice had dentils and beam type modillions (one of the first examples ever in Roman temple architecture) and undersides decorated with narrow rectangular panels carrying flowers, roses, disks, laurel crowns and pine-cones.
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The collegia were opened to plebs by the Lex Ogulnia of 300 BC. In reality, the patrician and to a lesser extent, plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and beyond."The change that comes about at the end of the republic and solidifies under Augustus is not political, but cultural". Galinsky, in Rüpke (ed), 72: citing Habinek, T., and Schiesaro, A., (eds.) The Roman Cultural Revolution. Princeton, New Jersey, 1997 & Wallace-Hadrill, A., "Mutatas formas: the Augustan transformation of Roman knowledge", in: Galinsky, K., (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus, Cambridge, 2005, pp 55 – 84: contra Syme, R., The Roman Revolution, 1939.
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Jewish ritual objects in 2nd-century gold glass from Rome For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion.
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The Bridgeness Slab in 1911, before repairs. The inscription in the centre panel reads "Imp CaesTito Aelio / Hadri Antonino Aug Pio p p legII Aug / per m p ĪĪĪĪ DCLII s / FEC", which when expanded reads as "Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) Tito Aelio Hadri(ano) Antonino/ Aug(usto) Pio p(atri) p(atriae) leg(io) II Aug(usta) per m(ilia) p(assuum) IIII(milia)DCLII s(emis)". In English this translates as "For the Emperor Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, Father of his Country, the Second Augustan Legion completed [the Wall] over a distance of 4652 paces". In addition to the Latin inscription the original has sculpted panels.
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Given Roman taste in the Augustan period, the caryatids could have been copied from the graceful female figures familiar to Diogenes at Athens. Plaster casts of the caryatids of the Erechtheion existed in Rome at the time, and were conceivably by Diogenes. Agrippa's temple was mostly demolished after suffering two fires, and was rebuilt under Hadrian.Edmund Thomas, "The Architectural History of the Pantheon from Agrippa to Septimius Severus via Hadrian", Hephaistos 15 (1997), p. 166. In the 7th century, the Pantheon was converted for use as a Christian house of worship, and Diogenes' sculptures have either not survived or not been identified as such.
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In philosophy, it was an age increasingly dominated by empiricism, while in the writings of political economy, it marked the evolution of mercantilism as a formal philosophy, the development of capitalism and the triumph of trade. The chronological boundary points of the era are generally vague, largely since the label's origin in contemporary 18th-century criticism has made it a shorthand designation for a somewhat nebulous age of satire. Samuel Johnson, whose famous A Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1755, is also "to some extent" associated with the Augustan period.J. A. Cuddon,A Dictionary of Literary Terms, London: Penguin, 1999, p. 61.
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The new Augustan period exhibited exceptionally bold political writings in all genres, with the satires of the age marked by an arch, ironic pose, full of nuance and a superficial air of dignified calm that hid sharp criticisms beneath. While the period is generally known for its adoption of highly regulated and stylised literary forms, some of the concerns of writers of this period, with the emotions, folk and a self-conscious model of authorship, foreshadowed the preoccupations of the later Romantic era. In general, philosophy, politics and literature underwent a turn away from older courtly concerns towards something closer to a modern sensibility.
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Vergil describes their love as pius, linking it to the supreme virtue of pietas as possessed by the hero Aeneas himself, and endorsing it as "honorable, dignified and connected to central Roman values".James Anderson Winn, The Poetry of War (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 162. By the end of the Augustan period Ovid, Rome's leading literary figure, was alone among Roman figures in proposing a radically new agenda focused on love between men and women: making love with a woman is more enjoyable, he says, because unlike the forms of same-sex behavior permissible within Roman culture, the pleasure is mutual.Ovid, Ars Amatoria 2.683–684; Pollini, "Warren Cup," p. 36.
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Andreas Alföldi also suggested that Septimius Herodianus is Herennianus; another seal associated with the seal of Septimius Herodianus represented a woman crowned with laurel leaf who, according to Alföldi, can only be Zenobia. Hence, Septimius Herodianus is the son of Zenobia and Odaenathus. In the view of Alföldi, Odaenathus's eldest son, Herodes of the Augustan History, would not have been called King of Kings during his father's lifetime and Septimius Herodianus briefly succeeded his father. Udo Hartmann argues that Septimius Herodianus is the same as Hairan I and that Herodianus is the Greek version of Hairan and that "Herodes" is a corruption of Hairan.
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The name Campanians, used by the Romans from the 5th century BC, apparently comes from that of Capua, the leading city of the Capuan League, one of the Oscan main polities. It was used to designate both the inhabitants of the city itself and those of the other federated cities. The surrounding territory was known as Ager Campanus. During the Roman imperial age, consequently to the Augustan administrative reorganization of the Italian peninsula, the concept of Campania (the "Land of the Campani") was extended far beyond its original limits up to encompassing a much larger territory enclosed inside the southern part of the Regio I Latium et Campania.
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Henry Carey wrote the libretto to a burlesque opera called The Dragon of Wantley in 1737. The opera, with music composed by John Frederick Lampe, punctured the vacuous operatic conventions and pointed a satirical barb at Robert Walpole and his taxation policies. This Augustan parody was a huge success and its initial run was 69 performances in the first season; a number which exceeded even The Beggar's Opera. The opera debuted at the Haymarket Theatre, where its coded attack on Walpole would have been clear, but its long run occurred after it moved to Covent Garden, which had a much greater capacity for staging.
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Ovid uses direct inquiry of gods and scholarly research to talk about the calendar and regularly calls himself a vates, a priest. He also seems to emphasize unsavory, popular traditions of the festivals, imbuing the poem with a popular, plebeian flavor, which some have interpreted as subversive to the Augustan moral legislation.Herbert-Brown, G. "Fasti: the Poet, the Prince, and the Plebs" in Knox, P. (2009) pp. 126ff. While this poem has always been invaluable to students of Roman religion and culture for the wealth of antiquarian material it preserves, it recently has been seen as one of Ovid's finest literary works and a unique contribution to Roman elegiac poetry.
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Schulten's version allowed Corocotta to be appropriated in Spain as a patriotic hero of resistance to Roman rule, comparable to the status of the Lusitanian anti-Roman resistance leader Viriatus in Portugal. Peter Michael Swan quotes F. Diego Santos describing him as "a Cantabrian guerrilla leader; his surrender possibly belongs to Augustus’ sojourn in Spain ca. 15–14 B.C."Peter Michael Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Books 55–56 (9 BC-AD 14), Oxford University Press, 2004, p.347-8 He is the hero of Paul Naschy's 1980 sword and sandal film Los cántabros (The Cantabrians), and has appeared as a resistance hero in several other works.e.g.
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In ancient Rome, the area belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circus Flaminius, that was a part of the Campus Martius. Nero built another bridge, that was called Neronianus or triumphalis because the Via Triumphalis, the Triumphal Way, passed over it: Starting with Titus, the victorious Emperors celebrating their Triumphs entered Rome marching through it. Nero's bridge was also called Pons Vaticanus (meaning "Vatican Bridge" in Latin), because it connected the Ager Vaticanus to the left bank, later Pons ruptus ("broken bridge"), because it was already ruined in the Middle Ages. In ancient Rome there was a port that was used to carry the materials for temples and great works to the Campus Martius.
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Another inscription attests that a few years after he stepped down from that office, Rufus was appointed president of the curatores riparum et alvei Tiberis, one of the officials responsible for public works inside the city, regulating the Tiber and the maintenance of Rome's sanitation system; this board was created in response to a severe flood the year prior to Rufus' consulship. Ronald Syme mentions the possibility that after he completed his duties on that board Rufus might have also been appointed ' between Gaius Fonteius Capito and Marcus Cocceius Nerva.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 225f Vibius Rufus and Publilia are known to have had at least one son, Gaius Vibius Rufinus, suffect consul in either the year 21 or 22.
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Religious disputes and battles prolonged themselves over the following centuries, as a large number of Roman Catholic communities founded specifically Protestant local churches -- the Reformed Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession --, while others adhered to the Unitarian Church of Transylvania.Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, p.95. The Diocese of Alba Iulia was disestablished in 1556. An unprecedented stalemate was reached in 1568, under John II Sigismund Zápolya, when the Edict of Torda sanctioned freedom of religion and awarded legal status to the Roman Catholic, Reformed, Lutheran and Unitarian churches alike (while viewing the majority Orthodox as "tolerated").
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This Written Scots drew not only on the vernacular, but also on the King James Bible, and was heavily influenced by the norms and conventions of Augustan English poetry. Consequently, this written Scots looked very similar to contemporary Standard English, suggesting a somewhat modified version of that, rather than a distinct speech form with a phonological system which had been developing independently for many centuries.McClure, J. Derrick (1985) "The debate on Scots orthography" in Manfred Görlach ed. Focus on: Scotland, Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 204 This modern literary dialect, 'Scots of the book' or Standard Scots,Mackie, Albert D. (1952) "Fergusson's Language: Braid Scots Then and Now" in Smith, Sydney Goodsir ed. Robert Fergusson 1750–1774, Edinburgh: Nelson, p.
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By contrast, the Augustan poet Ovid in Book 11 of the Metamorphoses speaks of a place "on Trojan soil ... close to the sea, to the right of Sigeion, to the left of Rhoeteum" which is not Ajax's tomb or the Aeantion promontory (as the description might suggest), but instead "an old altar of Jupiter the oracular, god of the thunder".Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.196–8, cf. Ovid, Ibis 283. The geographer Strabo, writing in the latter half of Augustus' reign, relates that the Emperor Augustus returned to the Rhoiteians a statue of Ajax which had adorned the top of his burial tumulus until Mark Anthony had stolen it to give to his lover Cleopatra.
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Another important poet in this period was John Clare (1793–1864), the son of a farm labourer, who came to be known for his celebratory representations of the English countryside and his lamentation for the changes taking place in rural England.Geoffrey Summerfield, in introduction to John Clare: Selected Poems, Penguin Books 1990, pp. 13–22. His poetry has undergone a major re-evaluation and he is often now considered to be among the most important 19th-century poets.Sales, Roger (2002) John Clare: A Literary Life; Palgrave Macmillan George Crabbe (1754–1832) was an English poet who, during the Romantic period, wrote "closely observed, realistic portraits of rural life [...] in the heroic couplets of the Augustan age".
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It probably also contained the Porta Pinciana and the modern Porta del Popolo. • The sixth region, called Biveretica, presumably named after the monastery of Saint Andrew known as Sant'Andrea de Biveretica, which was situated between the Santi Apostoli and the Column of Trajan, meaning it included at least part of the old Augustan seventh region, the Via Lata. This region included the church of Santa Maria in Trivio, so it was probably centered near the main output for the Aqua Virgo aqueduct, which is supported by the name of the region, a corruption of the Latin Bibere (to drink). This region was absorbed into the subsequent region of Trivii et Vie Late.
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Septimius Antiochus may have been Vaballathus' younger brother, or was presented in this manner for political reasons; Antiochus was proclaimed emperor in 273, when Palmyra revolted against Rome for a second time. If Antiochus was a son of Zenobia, he was probably a young child not fathered by Odaenathus; Zosimus described him as insignificant, appropriate for a five-year-old boy. On the other hand, Macurdy, citing the language Zosimus used when he described him, considered it more plausible that Antiochus was not a son of Zenobia, but a family relation who used her name to legitimize his claim to the throne. The names of Herennianus and Timolaus were mentioned as children of Zenobia only in the Augustan History.
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In successive building phases, additional shops were added on its west side and a peristyle (colonnaded porticus) was added to the garden. In the late Augustan period the house was converted into a hospitium, a hotel on a grand scale. A counter accessible both from the street and the atrium was constructed to encourage potential guests passing by as well as service existing visitors. Rooms were grouped into suites around the atrium and larger spaces 22 and 35 off the northeast corner of the atrium (see plan) provided indoor dining spaces while an outdoor masonry triclinium (25) covered by a pergola supported by two pilasters at the north end of the peristyle garden provided outdoor dining space.
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The other two periods (considered "classical") are left hanging. By assigning the term "pre-classical" to Old Latin and implicating it to post-classical (or post-Augustan) and silver Latin, Cruttwell realized that his construct was not accordance with ancient usage and assertions: "[T]he epithet classical is by many restricted to the authors who wrote in it [golden Latin]. It is best, however, not to narrow unnecessarily the sphere of classicity; to exclude Terence on the one hand or Tacitus and Pliny on the other, would savour of artificial restriction rather than that of a natural classification." The contradiction remains—Terence is, and is not a classical author, depending on context.
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Though he does use the term "Old Roman" at one point, most of these findings remain unnamed. Teuffel presents the Second Period in his major work, das goldene Zeitalter der römischen Literatur (Golden Age of Roman Literature), dated 671–767 AUC (83 BC – 14 AD), according to his own recollection. The timeframe is marked by the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix and the death of the emperor Augustus. Wagner's translation of Teuffel's writing is as follows: The Ciceronian Age was dated 671–711 AUC (83–43 BC), ending just after the death of Marcus Tullius Cicero. The Augustan 711–67 AUC (43 BC – 14 AD) ends with the death of Augustus.
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Augustus' reign saw the building of the Aqua Virgo, and the short Aqua Alsietina that supplied Trastevere with large quantities of non-potable water for its gardens and to create an artificial lake for staged sea-fights to entertain the populace. Another short Augustan aqueduct supplemented the Aqua Marcia with water of "excellent quality".The Aqua Alsietina was also known as "Aqua Augusta"; Frontinus distinguishes its "unwholesome" supply from the "sweet waters" of the Aqua Augusta that fed into the Aqua Marcia. On the one hand, he says the Naumachia's supply is "nowhere delivered for consumption by the people... [but the surplus is allowed] to the adjacent gardens and to private users for irrigation".
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The obscure local historian Daës of Kolonai () is the only literary figure from Kolonai who is known. As a writer of local history he can date no earlier than the late 5th century BC, and as a citizen of Kolonai he must date before c. 310 BC when Kolonai became synoecized with Alexandreia Troas; his floruit is therefore likely to have been in the 4th century BC.Schwartz (1901). The Augustan geographer Strabo provides the only information on Daës in a brief quotation from his work on the history of Kolonai: "Daës of Kolonai says that the temple of Apollo Killaios was first founded in Kolonai by the Aeolians who sailed from Greece".
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Bronze fountain statuette of Cybele on a cart drawn by lions 2nd century CE at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Augustan ideology identified Magna Mater with Imperial order and Rome's religious authority throughout the empire. Augustus claimed a Trojan ancestry through his adoption by Julius Caesar and the divine favour of Venus; in the iconography of Imperial cult, the empress Livia was Magna Mater's earthly equivalent, Rome's protector and symbolic "Great Mother"; the goddess is portrayed with Livia's face on cameosP. Lambrechts, "Livie-Cybele," La Nouvelle Clio 4 (1952): 251–60. and statuary.C. C. Vermeule, "Greek and Roman Portraits in North American Collections Open to the Public," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 108 (1964): 106, 126, fig. 18.
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Greek art, fragment of an Attic funerary stele with an athlete, 4th century B.C. Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna Here on display is the most representative find of the Palagi Collection: the head of Lemnia Athena, a marble copy of Augustan times of a bronze statue made by Fidia during the 5th century B.C. Also the other marbles finds on display are mainly Roman remakes of original Greek pieces. The Greek ceramics collection is very rich, most pieces are of Attic make and, along with others, of Magna Graecia make. Also valuable are the finds of jewellery and antique and modern gems. Two computer stations are available for the consultation of this section's database.
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314 Consent would have been an issue in rape cases only rarely; if the accused argued that the woman had consented, he could still be charged with committing the more general sex crime of stuprum against a citizen, since male sexual freedom was limited to prostitutes or slaves. If rape against a married woman could not be proven, the Augustan legislation criminalizing adultery would make the man liable to a charge of adulterium, criminal adultery, though a charge of either adultery or stuprum without force would implicate the woman as well.Gardner, pp. 120–121. An acquittal for rape, as with any other crime, would open the prosecutor to a retaliatory charge of calumnia, malicious prosecution.
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T.P. Wiseman, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge University Press, 1995) passim. During the Hellenization of Roman literature and culture, the Romans identified their own gods with those of the Greeks, adapting the stories told about them (see interpretatio graeca) and importing other myths for which they had no counterpart. For instance, while the Greek god Ares and the Italic god Mars are both war deities, the role of each in his society and its religious practices differed often strikingly; but in literature and Roman art, the Romans reinterpreted stories about Ares under the name of Mars. The literary collection of Greco-Roman myths with the greatest influence on later Western culture was the Metamorphoses of the Augustan poet Ovid.
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Jonathan Swift in his Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue, advocated an academy for regulating the English language. In the form of a call for a "national dictionary" to regulate the English language, on the French model, this conception had much support from Augustan men of letters: Defoe, Joseph Addison (The Spectator 135 in 1711) and Alexander Pope. At the end of Queen Anne's reign some royal backing was again possible, but that ended with the change of monarch in 1714. The whole idea later met stern opposition, however, from the lexicographer Samuel Johnson, invoking "English liberty" against the prescription involved: he predicted disobedience of an academy supposed to set usage.
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Temple of Mercury The site had occasionally revealed Roman sculptures. The Aphrodite of Baiae, a variant of the Venus de Medici, was supposedly excavated there sometime before 1803, when the English antiquary Thomas Hope began displaying it in his gallery on Duchess Street in London. The important archaeological remains were intensively excavated from 1941, revealing layers of buildings, villas and thermal complexes belonging to periods from the late Republican age, the Augustan, Hadrianic to the late empire. The lowering of the ground below sea level, due to bradyseism, seems to have occurred in two phases: between the third and fifth centuries, still in the late Imperial era, followed by a more substantial submersion a century later.
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The amphitheatre is located in the ancient suburb of Neapolis, in what is now an archaeological park, near the Greek theatre and the Altar of Hieron. The amphitheatre is on a different orientation to these other structures and probably follows the lines of an urban plan developed in the late classical period, which is reflected by the street discovered near the Sanctuary of Demeter in the suburb of Achradina. The main road from Achradina to Neapolis led up to the amphitheatre through an Augustan period , whose foundations are still in situ. Between the arch and the amphitheatre, there was a monumental fountain, fed by a large cistern which has not yet been identified.
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Titus Statilius Taurus (I) was a general and twice consul during the Triumviral and Augustan periods. This Taurus was a novus homo ("new man" or "self-made man") from the region of Lucania. Initially a partisan of Marcus Antonius, by whom he was chosen as suffect consul in 37 BC, he subsequently was sent by Antonius with a fleet to aid Octavian in his war against Sextus Pompeius. After Pompey was driven from Sicily, Taurus crossed the sea to the province of Africa, which he secured without any difficulty and for which he was awarded a triumph in 34 BC. He returned to Rome, where he began work on the city's first permanent amphitheatre.
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The building is oriented almost perfectly towards the south, differing from the orientation of the other neighbouring buildings, including the adjoining temple of Bellona. The Augustan phase of the temple was made up of a podium under the columns and the cella walls, with its supporting parts made up of travertine blocks to carry the weight and the non-supporting parts merely of tuff blocks and cement. The remains of the podium wall surviving beneath the cloisters of Santa Maria in Campitelli – 13 metres long, over 4 high and over 2 thick – were assumed by Delbrück to be unquestionably a part of the original structure.Delbrück, Apollotempel, Rome, 1903; HJ 535‑538; Wissowa, Rel. 294; Arch. f. Religionsw.
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What Hume found in these Italian writers of the 16th century was romances set in the darkest days of the crusades, featuring antiheroes, Christian or Muslim. He censured Shakespeare's "barbarism", but insisted that "...Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon, Jonson were superior to their contemporaries, who flourished in that kingdom (France). Milton, (Edmund) Waller, (John) Denham, (Benjamin) Cowley, (William?) Harvey were at least equal to their contemporaries. The reign of Charles II, which some preposterously represent as our Augustan age, retarded the progress of polite literature in this island, and it was then found that the immeasurable licentiousness, indulged or rather applauded at court, was more destructive to the refined arts, than even the cant, nonsense, and enthusiasm of the preceding period".
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The two side scenes help to integrate this interpretation; the scene on the left, with the matron that controls the temperature of the water in the basin, probably alludes to the ceremony of accepting the bride in her husband's house (aqua et igni accipi, acceptance of water and fire) according to the Roman tradition of deductio in domum mariti, while the scene on the right, is interpreted as a sacrifice for auspicious fortune, possibly in the presence of the recumbent god (Hymen) as the lyre plays the wedding song that accompanied the bride into her new home. The formal language and style of the work suggest the work dates to the early Augustan age.
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His step-brother became more politically active following his marriage to Octavia: he exempted the people of Ilium from all public burdens arguing that Rome was descended from Troy through Aeneas (the founder of the Julian line), procured funds for the colony of Bononia (modern Bologna, Italy) which had been devastated by fire, and the people of Rhodes had their freedom restored.Tacitus, The Annales, XII.58 Meanwhile, Britannicus himself was kept in reserve in case Nero died, with deaths of princes being recent (such as Tiberius Gemellus). Though Nero was clearly the heir-designate, he was not named princeps designate to avoid hurting both Republican sentiment and the Augustan compromise of a principate that lay between monarchy and magistracy.
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A consensus formed: Jonson was the first English poet to understand classical precepts with any accuracy, and he was the first to apply those precepts successfully to contemporary life. But there were also more negative spins on Jonson's learned art; for instance, in the 1750s, Edward Young casually remarked on the way in which Jonson's learning worked, like Samson's strength, to his own detriment. Earlier, Aphra Behn, writing in defence of female playwrights, had pointed to Jonson as a writer whose learning did not make him popular; unsurprisingly, she compares him unfavourably to Shakespeare. Particularly in the tragedies, with their lengthy speeches abstracted from Sallust and Cicero, Augustan critics saw a writer whose learning had swamped his aesthetic judgment.
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The concept of genius, in literary theory and literary history, derives from the later 18th century, when it began to be distinguished from ingenium in a discussion of the genius loci, or "spirit of the place." It was a way of discussing essence, in that each place was supposed to have its own unique and immutable nature, but this essence was determinant, in that all persons of a place would be infused or inspired by that nature. In the early nationalistic literary theories of the Augustan era, each nation was supposed to have a nature determined by its climate, air, and fauna that made a nation's poetry, manners, and art singular. It created national character.
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Almost nothing is known of Justin's personal history, his name appearing only in the title of his work. He must have lived after Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus, whose work he excerpted, and his references to the Romans and Parthians' having divided the world between themselves would have been anachronistic after the rise of the Sassanians in the third century. His Latin appears to be consistent with the style of the second century. Ronald Syme, however, argues for a date around 390, immediately before the compilation of the Augustan History, and dismisses anachronisms and the archaic style as unimportant, as he asserts readers would have understood Justin's phrasing to represent Trogus' time, and not his own.
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Tertullian names Nortia twice in Christian polemic.Once when he protests that the Romans permit freedom of religion to other people, but not to Christians, and gives the Volsinian cult of Nortia as an example of a freely practiced religion (Apologeticus 24; see also "Religio licita"). Elsewhere Nortia appears in a catalogue of deities Tertullian mocks because he finds them pointlessly obscure (Ad nationes 2.8). A name has been deciphered as possibly Nortia among those of other deities in an inscription found within an Umbrian sanctuary at the Villa Fidelia, Hispellum.Guy Bradley, Ancient Umbria: State, Culture, and Identity in Central Italy from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp.
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This was a satire directed against a piece of pro-Stuart propaganda and portrays the poet John Dryden (under the name of Bayes) proposing to elevate Horace's 'dry naked History' into a religious allegory (page 4ff). Part of the fun there is that in reality the Horatian retelling is far more sophisticated than the 'plain simple thing' that Bayes pretends it is, especially in its depiction of Roman town-life at the height of its power. It is this aspect of Horace's writing that is underlined by the two adaptations of his satire made by other Augustan authors. The first was a joint work by the friends Thomas Sprat and Abraham Cowley written in 1666.
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These containers were mainly used for the transportation of fruit and were used until the middle imperial times. At the same time, in central Italy, the so-called Spello amphorae, small containers, were produced for the transportation of wine. On the Adriatic coast the older types were replaced by the Lamboglia 2 type, a wine amphora commonly produced between the end of the 2nd and the 1st century BC. This type develops later into the Dressel 6A which becomes dominant during Augustan times. In the Gallic provinces the first examples of Roman amphorae were local imitations of pre-existent types such as Dressel 1, Dressel 2-4, Pascual 1, and Haltern 70.
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In the Aegean area the types from the island of Rhodes were quite popular starting from the 3rd century BC due to local wine production which flourished over a long period. These types developed into the Camulodunum 184, an amphora used for the transportation of Rhodian wine all over the empire. Imitations of the Dressel 2-4 were produced on the island of Cos for the transportation of wine from the 4th century BC until middle imperial times. Cretan containers also were popular for the transportation of wine and can be found around the Mediterranean from Augustan times until the 3rd century AD. During the late empire period, north-African types dominated amphora production.
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Augustan Arch, 8 B.C. Susa, Piedmont The chieftain called by Latins Donnus was the ruler of the Ligurian tribes inhabiting the mountainous region now known as the Cottian Alps during the 1st century BC. Although initially an opponent of Julius Caesar during the latter's conquest of Gaul, Donnus later made peace with him. Donnus' son and successor, Cottius, initially maintained his independence in the face of Augustus' effort to subdue the various Alpine tribes, but afterwards agreed to an alliance, and the family continued to rule the region as prefects of Rome, until Nero annexed the dominion as the province of Alpes Cottiae. His name was first cited in the Arch of Augustus of Susa engraving.
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J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 281 Oxford University Press 2006 portion of bearded satyr, emptying a wine-skin, Arretine ware, Roman, Augustan Period 31 B.C.–A.D. 14 The first mention of Roman interest in the Bordeaux region was in Strabo's report to Augustus that there were no vines down the river Tarn towards Garonne into the region known as Burdigala. The wine for this seaport was being supplied by the "high country" region of Gaillac in the Midi-Pyrénées region. The Midi had abundant indigenous vines that the Romans cultivated, many of which are still being used to produce wine today, including—Duras, Fer, Ondenc and Len de l'El.
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Illustration of an apex Detail of the relief from the Augustan Altar of Peace showing flamines wearing the pointed apex The apex (plural: apices) was a cap worn by certain priests, the flamines and Salii, in ancient Rome. The essential part of the apex, to which alone the name properly belonged, was a pointed piece of olive-wood, the base of which was surrounded with a lock of wool. This was worn on the top of the head, and was held there either by fillets only, or, as was more commonly the case, was also fastened by means of two strings or bands, which were called apicula,Festus, s.v. or offendices,Festus, s.v.
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W. Stamper, Cambridge University Press, 2005 or probably before the 4th century AD,Oxford Archaeological Guide or after Constantine I or Theodosius I, due to religious concerns about the pagan cult of the emperor. Richardson and other scholars hypothesize that the filled in niche may have not been the altar of Julius Caesar, but the Puteal Libonis, the old bidental used during trials at the Tribunal Aurelium for public oaths. According to C. Hülsen the circular structure visible under the Arch of Augustus is not the Puteal Libonis, and other circular elements covered in travertine near the Temple of Caesar and the Arcus Augusti are too recent to belong to the Augustan era.
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510 BC depicting a battle against Amazons (in the Museo Civico, Arezzo 1465) is unsurpassed. Roman pottery sherd from Arezzo, Latium, found at Arikamedu in India (1st century AD), an evidence of the role of the city in Roman trade with India through Persia during the Augustan period. Musée Guimet. Conquered by the Romans in 311 BC, Arretium became a military station on the via Cassia, the road by which Rome expanded into the basin of the Po. Arretium sided with Marius (157 – 86 BC) in the Roman Civil War, and the victorious Sulla ( 138 – 78 BC) planted a colony of his veterans in the half-demolished city, as Arretium Fidens ("Faithful Arretium").
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A second entrance leads to a courtyard with a fountain in the centre, the result of the transformation of an original small lobby, probably in the late 1st century AD. This leads to the main lobby and then the rectangular peristyle surrounded by columns on all four sides. At the north- eastern corner of the peristyle are stairs giving access to the upper storey which is lost. The rich floor mosaic which dates from the first phase of the domus is still preserved; the mosaics of the two rooms that open onto the porch are dated to the Augustan age. The porch overlooks an apsidal nympheum which includes a swimming pool probably built in Imperial times.
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Roman Villa of the Cryptoporticus In the north-western part are thermal baths that were reduced from four to three rooms in the restructuring of the Augustan age. They are composed of a dressing room (apodyterium), a Turkish bath (laconicum) and a room for hot water bath (calidarium), covered with intact mosaic floors supported on columns of bricks to allow the circulation of hot air. Areas immediately south of the baths were a general sector for services directly connected with the decumanus by a narrow private road. The underground part of the house, the cryptoporticus, is accessed via a corridor to the east of the peristyle covered by a well preserved barrel vault.
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Some Roman patrician families continued to use the realist style, perhaps as a muted gesture against the Augustan Principate; the style was also used by the wealthier freedman class in their tomb monuments.Walker & Burnett, 8, 36-37 In the Blacas Cameo the idealizing style is perhaps associated with one of the few Roman artists whose name we know, Dioscurides of Aegeae in Cilicia, who Pliny the Elder and Suetonius say carved Augustus's personal seal, which is now lost, though other gems apparently signed by him survive.Strong, 80-83, 93; Boardman, 275-276; Vermeule, 34 The existence of a "State workshop" producing these gems has been inferred, probably staffed by artists of Greek origin.
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After he entered the École normale supérieure in 1894, he obtained his agrégation in 1897, and defended his doctoral thesis in 1904. His principal thesis based on an analysis of the Augustan History was devoted to emperor Aurelian, and the book he published in 1904 still constitutes a reference. His secondary thesis dealt with Claudius Gothicus, the predecessor of Aurelian. A member of the École française de Rome from 1897 to 1900, he conducted archaeological excavations in 1900 on the site of Dougga in Tunisia.Homo Léon, « Rapport sommaire sur les fouilles de Thugga (Dougga) exécutées en 1900 », Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 44th year, N°. 4, 1900. pp. 388-395. .
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Henry Horwitz claimed that Holmes replaced Walcott's work with "a bold yet subtle analysis that puts Augustan politics in truer perspective than ever before". J. P. Kenyon said the book was the "crowning achievement of this new school (of late 17th- and early 18th-century historians), and the only work of political history of this century which can stand alongside Namier's Structure of Politics".Geoffrey Holmes, British Politics in the Age of Anne (London: Hambledon, 1987), back cover. Austin Woolrych said of British Politics in the Age of Anne: > No work of history in our time has won its author a more instant reputation, > or more decisively influenced the interpretation of the subject it treats.
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Sabinus is an ancient Roman cognomen originally meaning "Sabine"; that is, it indicated origin among the Sabines, an ancient people of Latium. It was used by a branch of the gens Flavia, of the gens Calvisia, and several others, and is by far the most common of the cognomina indicating ethnic origin that were in use during the Republican and Augustan eras. Sabine heritage carried a positive stereotype of traditional values and trustworthiness, and since the cognomen may have been appropriated by some politicians for its aura of uprightness, it should not always be taken as a mark of authentic Sabine origin.Gary D. Farney, Ethnic Identity and Aristocratic Competition in Republican Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 90ff. online.
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The literature of the 18th century, particularly the early 18th century, which is what "Augustan" most commonly indicates, is explicitly political in ways that few others are. Because the professional author was still not distinguishable from the hack-writer, those who wrote poetry, novels, and plays were frequently either politically active or politically funded. At the same time, an aesthetic of artistic detachment from the everyday world had yet to develop, and the aristocratic ideal of an author so noble as to be above political concerns was largely archaic and irrelevant. The period may be an "Age of Scandal", as authors dealt specifically with the crimes and the vices of their world.
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These were not translations, but rather they were imitations of Classical models, and the imitation allowed poets to veil their responsibility for the comments they made. Alexander Pope would manage to refer to the King himself in unflattering tones by "imitating" Horace in his Epistle to Augustus. Similarly, Samuel Johnson wrote a poem that falls into the Augustan period in his "imitation of Juvenal" entitled London. The imitation was inherently conservative, since it argued that all that was good was to be found in the old classical education, but these imitations were used for progressive purposes, as the poets who used them were often doing so to complain of the political situation.
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It is known from several building inscriptions that the defences of the fort at Benwell were built by soldiers from the Second Augustan Legion (Legio II Augusta). It is believed that it was built between 122 AD and 124 AD. Soldiers from the Twentieth Legion (Legio XX Valeria Victrix) were apparently responsible for some additional building or repair work at Benwell in the late-2nd century. The fort contained two granaries, and it is known that these were built by a detachment from the British Fleet, probably because the legionaries responsible for construction of the fort had been called away. It is likely that the detachment was sent from nearby Arbeia, in modern-day South Shields.
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Imitations of the Dressel 2–4 were produced in the island of Cos for the transportation of wine from the 4th BC until the middle imperial times.Bruno 2005, 374 Cretan containers were also popular for the transportation of wine and can be found in the Mediterranean from the Augustan times until the 3rd century AD.Bruno 2005, 375 During the late empire north- African types dominated the amphorae production. The so-called African I and II were widely used from the 2nd until the late 4th century AD. Other types from the eastern Mediterranean (Gaza), such as the so-called Late Roman 4, became very popular between the 4th and the 7th century AD, while Italic productions ceased to exist.
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In this film - based upon the writings of Ovid - Pierro plays Claudia, wife of the Roman commander Macarius (Michele Placido) in Augustan Rome. While her husband is in Gaul, Claudia takes as her lover Ovid's young student Cornelius (Philippe Taccini). The film's coda takes place in the present day, with Pierro playing Claudine Cartier, a young archaeologist en route from Rome to Paris. Doing publicity for the film, Pierro stated, “Art of Love gives women a true sensuality, at least equal to that of men... Macarius symbolizes moral order and I symbolize free love.”"Marina Pierro embodies free love: Borowczyk has just shot “Art of Love” by Ovid" by François Prasteau, France-Soir, September 16, 1983.
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Three permanent urban Cohorts, established by Augustus and reorganized by Tiberius, constituted the body in charge of maintaining public order in the city; they were under the command of Praefectus urbi (also in this case the term Praefectus takes the dative urbi, so the literal translation of the expression is "Prefect to the town"). Probably at the beginning they were also housed in the Castra Praetoria, since during the emergencies they were used as auxiliary troops of the praetorian cohorts for the defense of the Emperor. Later, starting at least from the time of the Emperor Septimius Severus, they had their own barracks: we know from sources that it was in the VII Augustan region (Via Lata), probably in the area of Piazza di Spagna.
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10th century Kannada writer Chavundaraya with Nemichandra, © Kamat's Potpourri Poetic Inscription in old Kannada by Jain poet Boppana (1180 CE) at Shravanabelagola The Jain age of literature in Kannada has been called as the "Augustan age" of Kannada literature with writings of nearly 200 authors considered important. Jain authors in Kannada are far more than in Tamil or Telugu languages. Kannada is the only language in which a Jain version of Ramayana and Mahabharata exists, in addition to Brahminical version of the same epics.Narasimhacharya (1988), p66 Famous among Jain writers were Adikavi Pampa, Sri Ponna, Chavundaraya, Ranna, Gunavarma I, Nagachandra, Nayasena, Nagavarma I, Aggala, Janna etc.Narasimacharya (1988), p65 Adikavi Pampa, widely regarded as one of the greatest Kannada writers, became famous for his purana, Adipurana (941).
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The legislation of the Kingdom of Hungary (Approved, Compiled, and Werböczi's Code) remained in force, and the privileges of the nobility, the Saxons, and the Szeklers were recognized by the emperor. In religious matters, the provisions of the Edict of Torda of 1568, which proclaimed freedom of conscience and religious tolerance, with four prescribed confessions, as opposed to the decisions of the Diet of Pozsony of 1608 and 1647 (valid in Hungary), where they were recognized only three confessions (the Roman, the Augustan and the Swiss denominations). In Transylvania there is the fourth received confession, namely that of the Unitarian Church in Transylvania. The practice of Greek religion, Zwinglianism, Anabaptism and Mosaic religion was tolerated in both Hungary and Transylvania.
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The citadel of Halabiye, renamed "Zenobia" after its renovation by the queen The extent of Zenobia's territorial control during her early reign is debated; according to the historian Fergus Millar, her authority was confined to Palmyra and Emesa until 270. If this was the case, the events of 270 (which saw Zenobia's conquest of the Levant and Egypt) are extraordinary. It is more likely that the queen ruled the territories controlled by her late husband, a view supported by Southern and the historian Udo Hartmann, and backed by ancient sources (such as the Roman historian Eutropius, who wrote that the queen inherited her husband's power). The Augustan History also mentioned that Zenobia took control of the East during Gallienus' reign.
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A possible depiction of Mark Antony being lured by Cleopatra, straddling a serpent, while Anton, Antony's alleged ancestor, looks on and Eros flies above The Portland Vase, a Roman cameo glass vase dated to the Augustan period and now in the British Museum, includes a possible depiction of Cleopatra with Antony. In this interpretation, Cleopatra can be seen grasping Antony and drawing him toward her while a serpent (i.e. the asp) rises between her legs, Eros floats above, and Anton, the alleged ancestor of the Antonian family, looks on in despair as his descendant Antony is led to his doom. The other side of the vase perhaps contains a scene of Octavia, abandoned by her husband Antony but watched over by her brother, the emperor Augustus.
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During the Augustan age, the area belonged to the regio Alta Semita (Latin for "high pathway"). Here were the Horti Sallustiani, which gave the rione its name, and the Temple of Venus Erycina, in the area between Via Piave and Via Calabria, no less important than the villa of Sallust, to the point that the golden mirror of the goddess on a blue background was chosen as the coat of arms of the rione. The famous Ludovisi Throne, found during the urbanization works in the area, was most likely part of the temple. Between Via Flavia and Via Servio Tullio stood the temple dedicated to the goddess Fortuna, while the circus of Flora was probably located between Via XX Settembre and Via Boncompagni.
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The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was written in both German and Latin and was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on 25 June 1530. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had called on the Princes and Free Territories in Germany to explain their religious convictions in an attempt to restore religious and political unity in the Holy Roman Empire and rally support against the Turkish invasion. It is the fourth document contained in the Lutheran Book of Concord.
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Ancient Rome knew many pretenders to the offices making up the title of Roman Emperor, especially during the Crisis of the Third Century. These are customarily referred to as the Thirty Tyrants, which was an allusion to the Thirty Tyrants of Athens some five hundred years earlier; although the comparison is questionable, and the Romans were separate aspirants, not (as the Athenians were) a Committee of Public Safety. The Loeb translation of the appropriate chapter of the Augustan History therefore represents the Latin triginta tyranni by "Thirty Pretenders" to avoid this artificial and confusing parallel. Not all of them were afterwards considered pretenders; several were actually successful in becoming Emperor at least in part of the Empire for a brief period.
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The temple – long considered lost – was identified with the remains of a podium recovered in the 1930s building works to enable the nearby Theatre to be seen in isolation. These remains belong to a reconstruction in the Augustan period which is not mentioned by the literary sources but is probably related to the transformation of the area during the construction of the Theatre at that time. Augustus (with links to the temple's founders via his Claudian wife) may have funded the rebuilding, or the dedicator may have been yet another Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul of 38 BC, conqueror of the Hirpini and loyal ally and father-in-law to Augustus). These podium remains are made up of the cement infill between the load-bearing structures.
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Desires are ranked as those that are both natural and necessary, such as hunger and thirst; those that are natural but unnecessary, such as sex; and those that are neither natural nor necessary, including the desire to rule over others and glorify oneself.A scholiast gives an example of an unnatural and unnecessary desire as acquiring crowns and setting up statues for oneself; see J.M. Rist, Epicurus: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 1972), pp. 116–119. It is within this context that Lucretius presents his analysis of love and sexual desire, which counters the erotic ethos of Catullus and influenced the love poets of the Augustan period.Philip Hardie, "Lucretius and Later Latin Literature in Antiquity," in The Cambridge Companion to Lucretius, p.
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In 56 , the prominent socialite Clodia was condemned by the defence at the trial of Marcus Caelius Rufus as living as a harlot in Rome and at the "crowded resort of Baiae", indulging in beach parties and long drinking sessions. An elegy by Sextus Propertius written in the Augustan Age describes it as a "den of licentiousness and vice". In the 1st century, "Baiae and Vice" formed one of the moral epistles written by Seneca the Younger; he described it as a "vortex of luxury" and a "harbour of vice" where girls went to play at being girls, old women as girls and some men as girls according to a first century BC wag. It never attained municipal status, being administered throughout by nearby Cumae.
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Eusebius in his Ecclesiastical history narrates an account wherein Pope Dionysius of Alexandria mentions Saracens in a letter while describing the persecution of Christians by the Roman emperor Decius: "Many were, in the Arabian mountain, enslaved by the barbarous 'sarkenoi'." The Augustan History also refers to an attack by Saraceni on Pescennius Niger's army in Egypt in 193, but provides little information as to identifying them. Both Hippolytus of Rome and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Taeni, the Saraceni, and the Arabes. The Taeni, later identified with the Arab people called Tayy, were located around Khaybar (an oasis north of Medina) and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates.
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The Blacas Cameo (early 1st century AD), depicting Augustus wearing an aegis The Augustalia, also known as the Ludi Augustales ("Augustan Games"), was a festival celebrated October 12 in honor of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. It was established in conjunction with an altar to Fortuna Redux to mark the return of Augustus from Asia Minor to Rome in 19 BC. The pontiffs and Vestals conducted sacrifices, and the date became a holiday (feriae) on the official religious calendar of Rome. The altar to Fortuna Redux was inaugurated on October 12, 19 BC, but dedicated on December 15. Until Augustus died in 14 AD, Fortuna Redux was the recipient of the day's religious honors, and the name Augustalia does not appear in sources before that time.
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The pamphlet's equation of effeminacy with homosexuality is identified by Michael Kimmel as distinctive for the period. Other scholars have identified the text's tone as satirical and mildly obscene, locating it among a movement of pamphlets influenced by a counter-trend promoting greater sympathy for prostitution. Linda Dowling interprets the pamphlet less a broadside against sodomites, and more as evidence of a strand in rhetoric that valorized Britain's martial past and saw lack of respect for it as a precondition for vice. Ian Bell considers the causality of this relationship between moral collapse and vice, characterizing the book as part of strand that saw vice as a product, not a cause, of a fundamental collapse in morality in Augustan London.
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Sextus Appuleius II was son of the above and Octavia Major, the elder half-sister of Augustus. The year of his birth is uncertain, but, based the date of his consulship, was probably very close to 60 BC. This Sextus Appuleius achieved a number of notable offices during the regime of his half-uncle. He was ordinary consul with Augustus in 29 BC. He then served as proconsul of Hispania in 28 BC, then as proconsul of Asia 23-22 BC. As a result of some unspecified event during this proconsulship he was granted a Roman Triumph in January 26 BC.Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p. 317 He seems also to have served as governor of Illyricum in 8 BC, succeeding Tiberius in that post.
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The 31.30-meter-long superstructure of the Ponte Nomentano has, in essence, preserved its medieval character, while the dimensions of the bridge, which measure 60 m in overall length and 7.35 m in width, have remained practically unchanged since antiquity. The 15-meter-wide central arch clearly dates back to ancient times, it is presumed from the late Republic or early Augustan Principate, as indicated by its semi-circular shape and the execution of the travertine stonework. Apart from this, only some further layers of travertine in the retaining walls can be assigned with certainty to the Roman period. The two lateral brick arches were built in the reign of Pope Innocent X (1644–1655) in lieu of stone vaults.
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This bloody event sullied Octavian's reputation and was criticized by many, such as Augustan poet Sextus Propertius. Sextus Pompeius, the son of Pompey and still a renegade general following Julius Caesar's victory over his father, had established himself in Sicily and Sardinia as part of an agreement reached with the Second Triumvirate in 39 BC.Scullard (1982), 162 Both Antony and Octavian were vying for an alliance with Pompeius. Octavian succeeded in a temporary alliance in 40 BC when he married Scribonia, a sister or daughter of Pompeius's father-in-law Lucius Scribonius Libo. Scribonia gave birth to Octavian's only natural child, Julia, the same day that he divorced her to marry Livia Drusilla, little more than a year after their marriage.
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They often found themselves leading their unit in the absence of a legate, and some legions were permanently commanded by a broad-stripe tribune, such as those stationed in Egypt, as an Augustan law required that no member of the Senatorial Order ever enter Egypt. In contrast to the broad-stripe tribune, the other five 'thin stripe' tribunes were lower in rank, and were called the tribuni angusticlavii. These 'officer cadets' were men of equestrian rank who had military experience, and yet had no authority: they were allowed to sit on a court martial but they held no power in battle. Most thin-stripe tribunes served the legionary legate, yet a lucky few (such as Agricola) were selected to serve on the staff of the provincial governor.
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Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus was born and raised in the city of Palmyra, an oasis settlement in the Syrian Desert in 259 to the king of kings of Palmyra, Odaenathus, and his second wife, queen consort of Palmyra, Zenobia. Vaballathus is the Latinized form of his Palmyrene name, Wahballāt, "Gift of Allāt". As the Arabian goddess Allāt came to be identified with Athena, he used Athenodorus as the Greek form of his name. He had a half-brother, Hairan I, born from his father and another woman, who reigned as co-king of kings with his father, and a lesser-known brother, Hairan II. He also might have had other brothers, who were mentioned in (and only known from) the Augustan History, Herennianus and Timolaus.
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The major primary sources on the early Franks include the , Ammianus Marcellinus, Claudian, Zosimus, Sidonius Apollinaris and Gregory of Tours. The Franks are first mentioned in the Augustan History, a collection of biographies of the Roman emperors. None of these sources present a detailed list of which tribes or parts of tribes became Frankish, or concerning the politics and history, but to quote : :A Roman marching-song joyfully recorded in a fourth-century source, is associated with the 260s; but the Franks' first appearance in a contemporary source was in 289. [...] The Chamavi were mentioned as a Frankish people as early as 289, the Bructeri from 307, the Chattuarri from 306–315, the Salii or Salians from 357, and the Amsivarii and Tubantes from c. 364–375.
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Lucan is heavily influenced by Latin poetic tradition, most notably Ovid's Metamorphoses and of course Virgil's Aeneid, the work to which the Pharsalia is most naturally compared. Lucan frequently appropriates ideas from Virgil's epic and "inverts" them to undermine their original, heroic purpose. Sextus' visit to the Thracian witch Erichtho provides an example; the scene and language clearly reference Aeneas' descent into the underworld (also in Book VI), but while Virgil's description highlights optimism toward the future glories of Rome under Augustan rule, Lucan uses the scene to present a bitter and gory pessimism concerning the loss of liberty under the coming empire. Like all Silver Age poets, Lucan received the rhetorical training common to upper-class young men of the period.
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29, 30.) From the circumstances here related, it is clear that they dwelt on the north slopes of the Apennines, towards the plains of the Padus (modern Po River), and apparently not very far from Clastidium (modern Casteggio); but we cannot determine with certainty either the position or extent of their territory. Their name, like those of most of the Ligurian tribes mentioned by Livy, had disappeared in the Augustan age, and is not found in any of the ancient geographers. Charles Athanase Walckenaer, Walckenaer, Géographie des Gaules, (1862) vol. i. p. 154. however, supposed the Eleates over whom the consul Marcus Fulvius Nobilior celebrated a triumph in 159 BC Fasti Capitolini noted in Jan Gruter Inscriptiones antiquae totius orbis Romani (Heidelberg, 1603), p. 297.
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From 12 to 1 BC, he led a campaign against the Homanades (Homonadenses), a tribe based in the mountainous region of Galatia and Cilicia, around 5–3 BC, probably as legate of Galatia. He won the campaign by reducing their strongholds and starving out the defenders.Erich S. Gruen, "The Expansion of the Empire under Augustus" in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume X: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC – AD 69, (Cambridge University Press, 1996) pages 153–154; see also Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution, (Oxford University Press, 1939, reissued 2002), page 399. Justin K. Hardin, Galatians and the Imperial Cult, (Mohr Siebeck, 2008) page 56, suggests that it is uncertain whether Quirinius actually served as legate; he may have served only as a military general.
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Clastidium (modern Casteggio), was a village of the Ligurian tribe of Anamares (Marici named also) in Gallia Cispadana, on the Via Postumia, 5 miles east of Iria (modern Voghera) and 31 miles west of Placentia. Here in 222 BC, Marcus Claudius Marcellus defeated the Gauls and won the spolia opima; in 218 BC, Hannibal took it and its stores of grain by treachery. It never had an independent government, and not later than 190 BC was made part of the colony of Placentia, founded in 219 BC. In the Augustan division of Italy, however, Placentia belonged to the 8th region, Aemilia, whereas Iria certainly, and Clastidium possibly, belonged to the 9th region, Liguria (see Theodor Mommsen in Corp. Inscrip. Lat. vol. v. Berlin, 1877, p. 828).
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Byron's plays, along with dramatizations of his poems and Scott's novels, were much more popular on the Continent, and especially in France, and through these versions several were turned into operas, many still performed today. If contemporary poets had little success on the stage, the period was a legendary one for performances of Shakespeare, and went some way to restoring his original texts and removing the Augustan "improvements" to them. The greatest actor of the period, Edmund Kean, restored the tragic ending to King Lear;Or at least he tried to; Kean played the tragic Lear for a few performances. They were not well received, and with regret, he reverted to Nahum Tate's version with a comic ending, which had been standard since 1689.
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Shards of broken glass or glass rods were being used in mosaics from the Augustan period onwards, but by the beginning of the 1st century small glass tiles, known as tesserae, were being produced specifically for use in mosaics. These were usually in shades of yellow, blue or green, and were predominantly used in mosaics laid under fountains or as highlights. Around the same time the first window panes are thought to have been produced. The earliest panes were rough cast into a wooden frame on top of a layer of sand or stone, but from the late 3rd century onwards window glass was made by the muff process, where a blown cylinder was cut laterally and flattened out to produce a sheet.
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Traditionally divided into two books, the collection features 26 letters written from March or April to July 43 BCE — a year after the assassination of Julius Caesar, and a year before the death of Brutus in 42. The authenticity of the letters was for a long time cast into doubt, but is now generally recognized, with the exception of the first book's letters 16 and 17. These two letters resemble the style of ' — exercises in rhetoric commonly used by students of the late Republic and Augustan eras. The second book of Cicero's letters to Brutus was first printed by Andreas Cratander of Basel in 1528 from a now lost manuscript obtained for him by Sichardus from the Abbey of Lorsch.
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Front view The Maison Carrée is a classic example of Vitruvian architecture as it is nearly an exact replica of a Tuscan style Roman temple described in the writings of the famous architect Vitruvius.A comparable podium temple of the Augustan period, "strikingly similar in decoration and in proportions" (Anderson 2001:72) still stands at Vienne. Raised on a 2.85 m high podium, and at 26.42 m by 13.54 m forming a rectangle almost twice as long as it is wide, the temple dominated the forum of the Roman city of Nîmes, in what is now southern France. The façade contains a deep portico or pronaos that is almost a third of the building's length and is richly decorated in terms of its columns and capitals.
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"Apollon/Apollo", 373f no. 38) called it an Antonine copy of a classicising Augustan original. Dredged from the bed of the Tiber in Rome, in making piers for the Ponte Garibaldi (1885, bridge completed 1888), it is conserved in the Museo Nazionale Romano in Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome.Inv. 608; its rusty staining are the result of its long immersion. The style of the sculpture reflects the school of Phidias, perhaps the young Phidias himself, as Jiří Frel suggested,Frel, "A Hermes by Kalamis and Some Other Sculptures" The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal, 1 (1974:55-60) p. 57, and again in a review of Ridgeway, The Severe Style in Greek Sculpture in The Art Bulletin 56.2, (June 1974:274).
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During its "golden age" Carsulae, supported by agricultural activity in the surrounding area, was prosperous and wealthy. Its bucolic setting, its large complex of mineralized thermal baths, theaters, temples and other public amenities, attracted wealthy and even middle class "tourists" from Rome.The Augustan theater While many of the other mentioned towns and cities on the two branches of the old Roman road continue to exist, nothing but ruins remains of Carsulae, which was abandoned, and never resettled. In the early Middle Ages, from the 4th or 12th century there is evidence that a small settlement continued, for example the church of San Damiano that still stands today, was built for a small community of nuns on the foundations of an earlier Roman building.
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An illustration from Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub showing the three "stages" of human life: the pulpit, the theatre, and the gallows The Augustan era is considered a high point of British satiric writing, and its masterpieces were Swift's Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal, Pope's Dunciads, Horatian Imitations, and Moral Essays, Samuel Johnson's The Vanity of Human Wishes and London, Henry Fielding's Shamela and Jonathan Wild, and John Gay's The Beggar's Opera. There were several thousand other satirical works written during the period, which have until recently been, by widespread consensus, ignored. The central group of "Scriblerians"—Pope, Swift, Gay, and their colleague John Arbuthnot—are considered to have had common satiric aims. Until recently, these writers formed a "school" of satire.
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According to Jean-Claude Golvin, the earliest known stone amphitheatres are found in Campania, at Capua, Cumae and Liternum, where such venues were built towards the end of the second century BC.Bomgardner, 59. The next-oldest amphitheatre known, as well as one of the best-researched, is the amphitheatre of Pompeii, securely dated to be built shortly after 70 BC.Bomgardner, 39. There are relatively few other known early amphitheatres: those at Abella, Teanum and Cales date to the Sullan era (until 78 BC), those at Puteoli and Telesia from the Augustan (27 BC–14 AD). The amphitheatres at Sutrium, Carmo and Ucubi were built around 40–30 BC, those at Antioch and Phaestum (Phase I) in the mid-first century BC.
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The origin of the Tazza Farnese is unknown, leaving archaeologists and art historians to theorize a date and purpose for its creation. While its size and the material used are usually considered, theories of origin are mainly arrived at via individual analysis of the iconography of the piece, and therefore vary from one analysis to the next. Many archaeologists and art historians attribute the Tazza to the Hellenistic Period, asserting that its blending of Greek and Egyptian cultural symbols, as well as the funds necessary to commission such a large gemstone cameo, tie it to the Ptolemaic court. Though not a widely held view, more recent analyses of the piece have assigned it a later date in the Augustan Period.
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At the time, Rome was a new monarchy, Augustus had assumed power, and there was a lot of animosity in the air between the people who were for and those who were against the monarchy that had taken over the Roman Empire. Continuously, people would go throughout the city of Rome and either publicly state or publish pamphlets with negative comments and accusations about the new emperor and monarchy. Titus Labienus eagerly joined the cause against the new monarchy, "flailing Augustan order" and vigorously supported Pompey the Great (106 BC to 46 BC), a statesman and general of the late Roman Republic and opponent of Julius Caesar for forming the monarchy.“Pompey the Great,” Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, Sacred Heart Schools, Lucas Family Library, Atherton, CA, 29 Nov.
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Eleanor Winsor Leach taught at Bryn Mawr (1962-66), Villanova University (1966-71), University of Texas at Austin (1972-74), Wesleyan University (1974-76), and Indiana University, Bloomington (1977-2018). When she joined the Department of Classical Studies at Indiana University, she was the only tenured woman. She was chair of the department between 1978-1985, and was the Director of Graduate Studies between 1997-2016. Leach published three books - Vergil's Eclogues: Landscapes of Experience (Ithaca, 1974); The Rhetoric of Space: Literary and Artistic Representations of Landscape in Republican and Augustan Rome (Princeton, 1988); The Social Life of Painting in Ancient Rome and on the Bay of Naples (Cambridge, 2004) - with another forthcoming - Epistolary Dialogues: Constructions of Self and Others in the Letters of Cicero and the Younger Pliny (University of Michigan Press).
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Vaballathus, Zenobia's son and successor of his father Odaenathus (on the obverse of an antoninianus, 272 AD) In the Augustan History, Maeonius was emperor briefly before he was killed by his soldiers, however, no inscriptions or evidence exist for his reign. At the time of Odaenathus' assassination, Zenobia might have been with her husband; according to chronicler George Syncellus, he was killed near Heraclea Pontica in Bithynia. The transfer of power seems to have been smooth, since Syncellus reports that the time from the assassination to the army handing the crown to Zenobia was one day. Zenobia may have been in Palmyra, but this would have reduced the likelihood of a smooth transition; the soldiers might have chosen one of their officers, so the first scenario of her being with her husband is more likely.
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The cult of Fortuna Redux was introduced to Roman religion in 19 BC, creating a new holiday (feriae) on October 12 that originally marked the return of Augustus to Rome from Asia Minor in 19 BC. From that time, she received annual sacrifices from the pontiffs and Vestals at an altar dedicated to her (Ara Fortunae Reducis). After the death of Augustus, the holiday was known as the Augustalia, and was a major development in the complex of religious observances involving Imperial cult.John Scheid, "To Honour the Princeps and Venerate the Gods: Public Cult, Neighbourhood Cults, and Imperial Cult in Augustan Rome," translated by Jonathan Edmondson, in Augustus (Edinburgh University Press, 2009), p. 288, and "Augustus and Roman Religion: Continuity, Conservatism, and Innovation," in The Cambridge Companion to Augustus (Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 190.
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He depicted the process as an honourable one, based on merit and mutual respect, eventually leading to true friendship, and there is reason to believe that his relationship was genuinely friendly, not just with Maecenas but afterwards with Augustus as well.R. Lyne, Augustan Poetry and Society, 599 On the other hand, the poet has been unsympathetically described by one scholar as "a sharp and rising young man, with an eye to the main chance."J. Griffin, Horace in the Thirties, 6 There were advantages on both sides: Horace gained encouragement and material support, the politicians gained a hold on a potential dissident.R. Nisbet, Horace: life and chronology, 10 His republican sympathies, and his role at Philippi, may have caused him some pangs of remorse over his new status.
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At least five reviews of The Antiquary, in the Quarterly Review, the Edinburgh Review, the Monthly Review, the Critical Review, and the British Lady's Magazine, agreed in considering Ochiltree a male version of Scott's eldritch gypsy Meg Merrilies in his previous novel Guy Mannering. The Quarterly 's reviewer, John Wilson Croker, thought the imitation improved on the original, while the Monthly thought him unforgettable and sometimes sublime, but Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh could give him only qualified approval. The Augustan Review could not accept the idea of a mere beggar expressing moral eloquence and poetic feeling, and it detected in this the influence of Wordsworth. William H. Prescott in the North American Review believed that such characters as Edie Ochiltree showed Scott to have a "worldly, good-natured shrewdness" surpassing that of Shakespeare himself.
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The development of European classical literature out of the common stock of oral tradition proved conducive to reworkings, revisions, and satires. Numerous writers of Greece's golden age revived and reworked stories of the Trojan War and Greek mythology, although they were not strictly continuators as, for the most part, they did not invent or even extrapolate much from the received stories, choosing to alter the tone and treatment rather than the stories. Latin literature, on the other hand, may be regarded as systematic continuators of Greek models. The pinnacle of Augustan literature, the Aeneid, is essentially a continuation of the Iliad: not only in that it follows a minor character from his imagined origins in Troy to his founding of Rome, but in that it continues a historical ethos.
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The Macellum Under the Romans after the conquest by Sulla in 89 BC, Pompeii underwent a process of urban development which accelerated in the Augustan period from about 30 BC. New public buildings include the amphitheatre with palaestra or gymnasium with a central natatorium (cella natatoria) or swimming pool, two theatres, the Eumachia Building and at least four public baths. The amphitheatre has been cited by scholars as a model of sophisticated design, particularly in the area of crowd control. Other service buildings were the Macellum ("meat market"); the Pistrinum ("mill"); the Thermopolium (a fast food place that served hot and cold dishes and beverages), and cauponae ("cafes" or "dives" with a seedy reputation as hangouts for thieves and prostitutes). At least one building, the Lupanar, was dedicated to prostitution.
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On it Mithras is accompanied by the two small figures of the torch-bearing celestial twins of Light and Darkness, Cautes and Cautopates, within the cosmic annual wheel of the zodiac. At the top left, outside the wheel, Sol–Helios ascends the heavens in his biga; at top right Luna descends in her chariot. The heads of two wind-gods, Boreas and Zephyros, are in the bottom corners. It bears the inscription which may be translated "Ulpius Silvanus, veteran soldier of the Second Augustan Legion, in fulfilment of a vow, makes this altar [as the result of] a vision" or "Ulpius Silvanus, veteran of the Second Legion Augusta, fulfilled his vow having become (a Mithraist) at Orange" [University of Edinburgh, Classics Department, teaching collection] (Collingwood and Wright 1965, No. 3).
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The Beggar's Opera is a ballad opera in three acts written in 1728 by John Gay with music arranged by Johann Christoph Pepusch. It is one of the watershed plays in Augustan drama and is the only example of the once thriving genre of satirical ballad opera to remain popular today. Ballad operas were satiric musical plays that used some of the conventions of opera, but without recitative. The lyrics of the airs in the piece are set to popular broadsheet ballads, opera arias, church hymns and folk tunes of the time. The Beggar's Opera premiered at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre on 29 January 1728 and ran for 62 consecutive performances, the second longest run in theatre history up to that time (after 146 performances of Robert Cambert's Pomone in Paris in 1671).
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Karen Eva Carr, Vandals to Visigoths: Rural Settlement Patterns in Early Medieval Spain, (Chicago: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 146. The Via Augusta linked Hispania Baetica in the south with the north of Hispania. The still extant Alcantarilla bridge, a double arched stone bridge over the River Salado in Utrera, about south of Seville, has an inscription on the cutwater of one of its pilings indicating that it was on the Via Augusta. The Romans built a fifteen-arched bridge over the River Baetis (the Guadalquivir) at Andújar on the Augustan road. In the second half of the 1st century, with the social stability brought by the Pax Romana, the Roman city of Carmo, now Carmona, became a major crossroads on the Via Augusta and an important outpost in the Roman empire.
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Perhaps the best known copy of the Doryphoros was excavated in Pompeii and now resides in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli [Naples, Museo Nazionale 6011]. Held in the same museum is a bronze herma of Apollonios [height 0.54 m, Naples, Museo Nazionale 4885], considered by many scholars to be an almost flawless replica of the original Doryphoros head. Receiving most attention in recent years has been the well- preserved, Roman period copy of the statue in Pentelic marble, purchased in 1986 by the Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia). Largely complete with the exception of the lower left arm and fingers of the right hand, the fine copy (height 1.96 m) has been variously dated to the period 120–50 BCE, as well as to the mid-Augustan period.
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Livy: History of Rome The Roman city was developed from the 2nd century BC with regular street plan, a city wall and public and private buildings. The Augustan period saw the transformation of Ercávica with the construction of sophisticated buildings such as a forum, basilica and temple(s), and the grant of status of municipium as shown by coins issued by its mint. It reached its apogee of prosperity during the first and second centuries AD. From the 3rd century the city began a slow decline that led to the abandonment of the site between the fourth century and the fifth century. Then the site appears to be reoccupied again, but under the name of Arcávica mentioned in the Councils of Toledo as an episcopal see, before it was moved to Cuenca.
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The novensiles are invoked in a list of deities in a prayer formula preserved by the Augustan historian Livy. The prayer is uttered by Decius Mus (consul 340 BC) during the Samnite Wars as part of his vow (devotio) to offer himself as a sacrifice to the infernal gods when a battle between the Romans and the Latins has become desperate. Although Livy was writing at a time when Augustus cloaked religious innovation under appeals to old-fashioned piety and traditionalism, archaic aspects of the prayer suggest that it represents a traditional formulary as might be preserved in the official pontifical books. The other deities invoked — among them the Archaic Triad of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, as well as the Lares and Manes — belong to the earliest religious traditions of Rome.
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While Carole E. Newlands wrote in 1995 that the poem had suffered by comparison with other works of Ovid, Fasti has since come to be "widely acclaimed as the final masterwork of the poet from Sulmo." One of the chief concerns that has occupied readers of the poem is its political message and its relationship with the Augustan household. The work contains much material on Augustus, his relatives, and the imperial cult, as signalled in the preface by his address to Germanicus that explains that he will find "festivals pertaining to your house; often the names of your father and grandfather will meet you on the page." (1.9–10) A current trend in Fasti scholarship has been towards a subversive and cynical reading of Ovid's voice in the poem.
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Four lines which probably once stood at the beginning of a poem pay homage to Julius Caesar shortly before his assassination, on the eve of his projected campaign against the Parthians: > Fata mihi, Caesar, tum erunt mea dulcia, quom tu / maxima Romanae pars eris > historiae / postque tuum reditum multorum templa deorum / fixa legam > spolieis deivitiora tueis. > 'I will count myself blessed by fortune, Caesar, when you become the > greatest part of Roman history; and when, after your return, I admire the > temples of many gods adorned and enriched with your spoils.' This obsequious compliment need not be taken seriously. Later Augustan poets tended to distance themselves from the world of high politics and often drew a humorous contrast between the martial ambition of their ruler and their own ignoble love affairs.
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R. O. Bucholz, The Augustan Court: Queen Anne and the Decline of Court Culture (Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp. 229–30. As a princess she was a patron of Purcell, Turner and Blow and from the early years of her reign she sponsored compositions for Royal processions and occasions including her coronation and the Acts of Union in 1707, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. Her successor George Elector of Hanover, king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1727 as George I, was perhaps the most musically minded monarch of the era, bringing German and Italian music and musicians with him when he acceded to the throne, among them George Frideric Handel.J. A. Sadie, Companion to Baroque Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 285.
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By the 20th century authenticity of the remaining texts ascribed to Tacitus was generally acknowledged, apart from some difference of opinion about the Dialogus. Tacitus became a stock part of any education in classical literature – usually, however, only after the study of Caesar, Livy, Cicero, etc., while Tacitus' style requires a greater understanding of the Latin language, and is perceived as less "classical" than the authors of the Augustan age. A remarkable feat was accomplished by Robert Graves: the major gap of text of the Annals that had gone lost regarded the end of Tiberius' reign, the whole of Caligula's reign, and the major part of Claudius' reign (the remaining part of Tacitus' manuscript only took up again at this Emperor's death, for the transition to the reign of Nero).
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In the area of the Convent Pasture, the excavations revealed, under a large domus of the Augustan era, the presence of an exceptional public monument, which was at the time unique in Gaul: a Roman basilica with three naves and an internal peristyle with a peripheral ambulatory, displaying four rows of eight columns or eight pilasters. It was connected on the east with a small square, 22 meters on a side, bordered to the north and south with porticos which were extensions of the walls of the annexes of the basilica. On the west it was connected to the main road of Bibracte with another square, 17 meters on the side. Some architectural elements have been found that attest the presence of limestone columns with Attic bases and Doric and Corinthian capitals.
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He notes the elegy about her follows another poem that is clearly dated to 16 BC, and that the rest of the poems in his collection are arranged in chronological order.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 250f But with the evidence of the Fasti Tauromenitani, it would be easier to accept that the poem about Cornelia is misplaced than to fit a hypothetical Cornelius Scipio into a consular list that is complete for these years. Based on Scheid's arguments, we can conclude Cornelia was born between 50 and 40 BC, and further surmise that she was of child-bearing age around 30 BC. Since her brother Cornelius Marcellinus was consul for the entire year of 18 BC, that was the year of her death, years before her husband Lepidus.
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Children sleeping in Mulberry Street, New York City, 1890 (Jacob Riis photo) The phenomenon of street children has been documented as far back as 1848. Alan Ball, in the introduction to his book on the history of abandoned children, And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930, states: > Orphaned and abandoned children have been a source of misery from earliest > times. They apparently accounted for most of the boy prostitutes in Augustan > Rome and, a few centuries later, moved a church council of 442 in southern > Gaul to declare: "Concerning abandoned children: there is general complaint > that they are nowadays exposed more to dogs than to kindness." In Tsarist > Russia, seventeenth-century sources described destitute youths roaming the > streets, and the phenomenon survived every attempt at eradication > thereafter.
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Ara Pacis Augustae Augustan and Julio-Claudian art is the artistic production that took place in the Roman Empire under the reign of Augustus and the Julio- Claudian dynasty, lasting from 44 BC to 69 AD. At that time Roman art developed towards a serene "neoclassicism", which reflected the political aims of Augustus and the Pax Romana, aimed at building a solid and idealized image of the empire. The art of the age of Augustus is characterized by refinement and elegance, adapted to the sobriety and measure that Augustus had imposed on himself and his court. During the principality of Augustus, a radical urban transformation of Rome began in a monumental sense. Suetonius recalls that: Still influential was the Greek sculpture from the 5th century BC, of which many works remained.
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