To his rivals and allies alike, he's Rasputin, Dear Leader, a Leninist (one might think that calling him both a Leninist and Rasputin is contradictory), an "entho-nationalist ideologue," Islamophobic, and more.
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Yeah, there's a debate on whether he said he's a Leninist.
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The party congress is derived from the old Marxist-Leninist system.
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Instead, he made his way to the apex of a Leninist state.
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HAYES: You're saying the Leninist model of… SARANDON: Some people feel that.
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The Russians, bred on Leninist cynicism, harnessed it to undermine American democracy.
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And who better to lead the charge against Mr Corbyn's Leninist-Lennonist troops?
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Meanwhile, North Korea, a dystopian Leninist monarchy with nuclear weapons, terrifies the world.
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Though he had declared himself a Marxist-Leninist-Maoist, he now preached reconciliation.
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Most university students, meanwhile, waste at least a year learning Marxist and Leninist theory.
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As with other Leninist systems, it is bedevilled by the problem of leadership succession.
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This really was a coronation on the part of a one-party Leninist state.
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After all, he is an alleged Leninist who wants to deconstruct the administrative state.
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For the general reader, Marxist-Leninist or not, their energy and erudition are evident today.
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Then consider the most glaring truth: Whatever Stalin perfected was rooted in the Leninist system.
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Months later, Castro declared himself a Marxist-Leninist and announced the government was adopting communist policies.
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He reorganised the KMT along Leninist lines, giving himself almost dictatorial powers (in Leninspeak: "democratic centralism").
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Yet both parties have survived against the odds, running Leninist dictatorships while overseeing rapid economic growth.
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Past administrations' attempts to engage China have been mistaken for weakness by the Marxist Leninist regime.
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The land value tax would essentially be, in a Leninist way, heightening the contradictions on this.
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"I'm a Leninist," he said in a conversation recounted by Ronald Radosh in The Daily Beast.
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Steve Bannon's stated purpose is he's a Leninist and he wants to burn the thing down.
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And the rest of his radical program was likewise justified by the threat of Leninist revolution.
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In the view of Carl Schmitt, a German political theorist, Leninist socialism unleashed a "global civil war".
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When voters were angry, they backed populists of the left, such as Podemos, a Leninist-Peronist outfit.
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"Le Duan was a hardcore communist, an old guard of the Leninist political and economic system," said Hiep.
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Clearly, Fritz's Leninist ideas remain, but his anger has adjusted focus to where Hitler placed his own rage.
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The left is today exhibiting a startling willingness to adopt the Leninist practice of closely enforcing ideological uniformity.
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It has been observed that today's conservative movement, to use the old Leninist vernacular, is a "vanguardist" movement.
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For decades, the country was under a Marxist-Leninist dictatorship that was out of tune with its needs.
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But today, for the first time, liberal democracies are confronted by an authoritarian Leninist state with a powerful economy.
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MAXIM SURAIKIN A self-described "Leninist-Stalinist," the 39-year-old wants to revive the USSR, per the BBC.
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That's even though those classifications are often just meant to be divisive and have roots in Marxist/Leninist ideology.
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"How can it, when in his 19th Party Congress speech, Xi stressed insistently China's Leninist state identity?" he said.
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Perhaps that is inevitable when dealing with something so alien as a hereditary despotism underwritten by Leninist police-state powers.
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The Cali Cartel had carted Christina off to the jungle, where FARC, the Colombian Marxist-Leninist guerrillas, had their outposts.
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The PKK, which was founded in 22019 as a student movement in universities, is based on the Marxist-Leninist ideology.
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The meeting's main purpose was to formalise the party's graduation from a traditional Marxist-Leninist dictatorship to a dynastic one.
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The Marxist-Leninist "Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas" stormed a military outpost in order to free previous captured guerrillas.
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In Marquetalia, a charismatic peasant named Manuel Marulanda organized a group of Marxist-Leninist partisans, dedicated to fighting the Front.
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Mr. Yuan, he added, was the ultimate "flexible Leninist apparatchik" who survived in a Communist bureaucracy by making enormous compromises.
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Communism itself, in its Marxist-Leninist form, had ceased to exist as a practical ideal for how to organize society.
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The regime also turned more toward the country's reigning dogma of Juche, or self-reliance, than traditional Marxist-Leninist doctrine.
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The group has said it wants to move away from the image – though not all the tenets – of Marxist-Leninist principles.
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A. I believe that the record shows that Leninist regimes possess fewer sources of legitimacy, power and longevity than liberal states.
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" Obviously, American capitalism won the Cold War and relegated the Soviets and their Marxist-Leninist ideology to "the dustbin of history.
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Bannon told a reporter for The Daily Beast at a party that he's a "Leninist" who wants "to destroy" the country.
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She led her husband's propaganda machine, becoming director of the Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies, and helped run Albania's secret police.
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The E.L.N., a Marxist-Leninist organization founded in the 1960s, is more ideological than the FARC and is considered less hierarchical.
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A vain hope; the regime of Daniel Ortega emerged as Marxist-Leninist, and the archbishop's sermons began to warn of tyranny again.
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"He's a compromise guy encircled by old-guard Leninist ideologues, the Tigray boys," says Beyene Petros, a veteran leader of the opposition.
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Q. Would it be fair to say that you believe that Leninist parties are incapable of maintaining power in the long run?
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Mr. Castro, the self-proclaimed Marxist-Leninist, was also willing to experiment with capitalism and free enterprise, at least for a time.
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It was reminiscent of Leninist or Stalinist propaganda, wrote the journalist Dmitry Kolezev in an opinion piece for Znak, a news website.
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Smith explained how the imposition of Marxist-Leninist dogma on top of the czarist-era feudal mindset created a different pattern of thinking.
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The Red Army Faction, originally called the Baader-Meinhof gang, followed a Marxist-Leninist ideology and initially targeted American interests in West Germany.
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She'd just broken up with a boyfriend when she first met members of The O., the fringe Marxist-Leninist cult based in Minneapolis.
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By contrast, the show blames the collapse of the Soviet bloc on reformist politicians like Mikhail S. Gorbachev who abandoned Marxist-Leninist orthodoxies.
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The bill also penalizes teachers of Marxist-Leninist ideology and women who have abortions in the absence of a medical emergency or rape.
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And the Maduro government, with a Leninist tenacity that sees struggle as the opportunity to consolidate its project, refuses to withdraw its plans.
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For the last few years China has been returning to parts of its old Marxist-Leninist ideological orthodoxy, after four decades of policy pragmatism.
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The word was also hijacked by the Bolsheviks and other communists to claim that Marxist prophecies and Leninist practice would inevitably deliver progress for humanity.
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Mr. Putin and his regime have adopted the Leninist tactics of "konspiratsia" and "dezinformatsiya," which have turned out to be ideally suited to today's technologies.
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The PFLP is considered a terrorist organization by countries like the US and the EU; its political leanings are usually described as secular and Marxist-Leninist.
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Resident gossip and self-identified Leninist Steve Bannon loves nothing more than throwing around words that make him seem like an intellectual: Jumos, globalists, force multipliers.
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Xi Jinping, China's president, seems intent on a model of "Leninist capitalism", reinforcing the Communist Party's political grip, while also strengthening the economy with market reforms.
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In the seventies, a Turkish university dropout, Abdullah Öcalan, founded the P.K.K. as a Marxist-Leninist movement committed to the creation of an independent Kurdish state.
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During the uncertain period that followed, Mr. Cabrita Reis became involved in a small Marxist-Leninist group and left art school to dedicate himself to politics.
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Following the increasingly unpopular Marxist-Leninist model will require an even more repressive state that will make a much more difficult transition to the 21st century.
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In the early 1920s, when Sun collaborated with the Soviet Politburo out of political convenience, it was Ching-ling who emerged the true believer and committed Leninist.
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Sun's Leninist party organisation—never one of his hallowed principles—had a far more profound impact on the two autocrats, and still does on China's rulers today.
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"All other conditions of the peace deal with the Maoists have been completed," Bishnu Rijal of the Unified Marxist Leninist (UML) party told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
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As a self-described Leninist who favors the "deconstruction of the administrative state," Bannon is the perfect advisor for a president more intent on destroying than creating.
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Moreover, as you note, the only Leninist-type regime that reached the status of a newly industrialized economy that China has today was Taiwan in the 21992s.
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The infamous 72-hour document showed definitively that these promises were intended to deceive Nicaraguans, as well as the United States, while brutal Leninist rule was imposed.
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Mr. Yalcin was arrested in 1979 by Turkey's military government because of his ties to a Marxist-Leninist group and received two life sentences for "revolutionary activities."
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In his remarks he exalted Marxist-Leninist principles and even quoted Friedrich Engels to make the case for promoting new forms of innovation in the 21st century.
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Kevin Rudd, a sinologist and former Australian prime minister, identifies the Communist party's key themes as Leninist politics, nationalist sentiment and an authoritarian and hierarchical neo-Confucian philosophy.
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" With China returning to a more Leninist system, "we still don't know what that will mean for global governance," she said, "especially with Trump abdicating and trashing it.
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Founded in 28503 as a Marxist-Leninist revolutionary organization by George Habash, the PFLP was known for a series of plane hijackings in the late sixties and seventies.
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China expert Bill Bishop describes the program, which entails using artificial intelligence for everything from punishing jaywalkers to predicting criminal behavior, as a "Leninist Panopticon" in the making.
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He has surrounded himself with advisers such as Stephen K. Bannon, who claims to be a Leninist and lauds villains and their thirst for power, including Darth Vader.
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North Korea practices its own brand of communist ideology called Juche, which propagates nationalist self-reliance as opposed to internationalism, which is a core principal of Marxist-Leninist communism.
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It is visibly split three ways between Pablo Iglesias, its Leninist leader; Iñigo Errejón, his more moderate deputy; and its big-city mayors, who take little notice of either.
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Thus the party, as Mr Pei points out, can only protect its interests with the full Leninist range of repressive instruments—and daily displays its willingness to do so.
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Mr McDonnell now has something else on his side which, as a veteran Marxist-Leninist, he can only relish—the sense that the world is running out of control.
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In an interview, he discussed China's internal weaknesses, its parallels with other Leninist states and the reasons behind a growing disenchantment with China among American policy makers and analysts.
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Mr. Xi called for revitalizing Marxist-Leninist doctrine, a reflection of the party's fears that it could lose its grip over a younger, increasingly wired and well-traveled generation.
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The letters were written to commemorate a half century since the 1917 revolution and the establishment a year later of the Komsomol, the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League.
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The bill also penalizes people who criticize the president's honor; teachers of Marxist-Leninist ideology; and women who have abortions in the absence of a medical emergency or rape.
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A. I argue in this book, as well as a previous one, "China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation," that political decline is an inevitable and protracted process in Leninist regimes.
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Unfortunately, no self-identified socialist regime in the world—all of which have been installed by professional revolutionists in the Marxist-Leninist tradition—has ever been the least bit democratic.
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"I have taken the Leninist view ... that until we have casualties and pain, our 'spark of the proletariat,' there is going to be no grounds for a revolution," Murphy says.
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Anupam Roy from New Delhi, a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation, papers a room with Expressionist drawings assailing the reactionary climate in his country today.
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A minor consular official, Carr meets up with the Dadaist Tristan Tzara, the novelist James Joyce and the Leninist Vladimir Lenin, all of whom actually traipsed through Switzerland in 1917.
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The revolution was born out of the lethal mix of despair and destruction brought about by World War I and the witches' brew of Leninist totalitarian ideology rooted in Marxism.
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The coup led to a civil war that lasted from 1960 to 1996, during which Marxist-Leninist guerrilla groups tried to topple a series of U.S.-backed governments and dictatorships.
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Given the security-obsessed mentality and the Marxist-Leninist roots of the ruling EPRDF coalition that he now leads, it is hard to say Abiy is not moving at lightning speed.
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"The irony here is Hong Kong courts, being common law courts, would be using common law techniques to interpret an interpretation handed down from a Leninist legal system," Professor Chan said.
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Joel H. CohenStaten Island To the Editor: After Marx's death in 1883, the socialist movement took two paths: one of Leninist central state planning, the other of the European welfare state.
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The basis of his worldview — which has been described as everything from Leninist to alt-right, an extremist fringe movement associated with white nationalism — is still shrouded in mystery and conjecture.
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In the interviews, the activists cited Marxist and Leninist ideals, as well as quotes from Mao Zedong and President Xi Jinping, as they spoke about their desire to address China's inequalities.
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The company sees a future in which the legal drug industry is controlled by the same kind of multinational corporations that the Marxist-Leninist guerrilla movement aimed to drive from the country.
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She loved the Party and she loved her husband, and later, when she was a powerful woman, she always stood up for people who fell out of favor, always defended their Leninist credentials.
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The show, produced with help from propaganda officials, is part of the party's strategy to persuade twenty-somethings that the Marxist-Leninist lessons they studied, or dozed through, in school still hold true.
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The latter force exploded in 1984 with the rise of the Kurdistan Workers' Party, known as the P.K.K. — a terrorist army that combined Kurdish nationalism with Marxist-Leninist ideology and Maoist guerrilla tactics.
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In making a "Leninist" comparison, Cramer was referring to Vladimir Lenin, the Russian revolutionary and leader, who created the Soviet Union and contributed to the concept and practice of a state-controlled economy.
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The Cuban-sponsored Tricontinental Conference of African, Latin American and Asian socialists in 1966 introduced a new wave of revolutions; by 19503, Marxist-Leninist states extended from Afghanistan to Angola, South Yemen to Somalia.
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Founded as a Marxist-Leninist independence movement in the late nineteen-seventies, the P.K.K., based in Turkey, has waged a decades-long insurgency against the Turkish government; the U.S. considers it a terrorist organization.
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Colombia is approaching the final throes of a half-century-long armed insurrection involving the Colombian government and the FARC, a Marxist-Leninist guerilla group, alongside the lesser-known National Liberation Army (ELN) rebel group.
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When I took up my assignment as chief of the U.S. Interests Section in Havana in 28503, my biggest question was how had Cuba survived as one of the world's last remaining Marxist Leninist systems?
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Beijing is an equal-opportunity oppressor: Buddhists and other Tibetans, Christians, Falun Gong are persecuted, imprisoned, have their organs removed, killed because they believe in something not dictated by the anti-religious Marxist-Leninist ideology.
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"Video testimonials from former cult members can be particularly persuasive," says Lalich, who spent a decade as part of a radical Marxist-Leninist group in the 1970s and '80s that she now considers a cult.
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The reason was that Erdoğan planned a massive incursion to wipe out those Kurds, all of whom he considers to be Marxist-Leninist terrorists, and whose destruction would be a feather in his populist cap.
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This repressive treatment gave rise to the PKK, which was founded in 1978 as a Marxist-Leninist separatist group (a philosophy it has since abandoned) by now-jailed leader Abdullah Ocalan along with Bayik and others.
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For more than 260 years, the country's tangle with FARC, a Marxist-Leninist-inspired revolution that has transformed into a powerful and irregular army, has roiled Colombia, leaving at least 2000 million victims in its wake.
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The protesters, with tacit Indian support, blocked the huge flow of supplies from the border to generate pressure on the new government led by K. P. Oli of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist).
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The West also saw a Marxist revival in the '60s, but its student radicals were ultimately more committed to individual autonomy, democracy in everyday life and cosmopolitanism than to Leninist discipline, class struggle and state power.
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Trump advisor Steve Bannon didn't set off too many alarm bells in August when a Daily Beast article quoted him self-describing himself as a "Leninist" who wanted to topple and smash the state and the establishment.
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Even as they celebrate Abiy, the Oromo youth are still frustrated with life under the EPRDF, a one-time Marxist-Leninist movement which has controlled nearly every aspect of Ethiopians' lives since seizing power 27 years ago.
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The Trotskyites sat in one alcove and the Leninists sat in another, and since the Trostkyites were smarter and won the debates, the leaders of the Leninist faction eventually forbade their cadres from ever talking to them.
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The comedy, created by Brian Gatewood and Alessandro Tanaka, with Rhys Thomas directing, purports to be found TV: a Romanian 1980s buddy-cop drama about two Bucharest officers fighting for truth, atheism and the Marxist-Leninist way.
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This particular contest pits the idealism and punishingly theoretical vernacular of leftism—Johnson introduces his partner, Luna, who is Vietnamese, as a "Marxist-Leninist of the Ho Chi Minh school"—against the prosaic reformism of liberal capitalism.
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Mao famously identified it as one of his Three Magic Weapons against the Republican government of Chiang Kai-shek, alongside a Leninist party and the Red Army, and he gave it a respectable name: the United Front.
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Prachanda, who goes by the nom-de-guerre he used in the insurgency that means "Fierce", will need the support of Oli's Unified Marxist-Leninist Party (UML) or other groups in a fragmented parliament to form a government.
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Q. What is the practical difference between governance in a Leninist, quasi-institutionalized model and governance by a strongman who seeks to rule by centralizing power in himself and appealing to nationalist ideology, such as the "China Dream"?
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Such concerns were unlikely to be assuaged by Mr. Suber, an adjunct professor of political science at Southern University, an avowed Marxist-Leninist, and an organizer of an anti-statue group called the Take 'Em Down NOLA Coalition.
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North Korea is a hereditary Asian dynasty (currently on its third Kim) — but one maintained by Marxist-Leninist police-state powers unimaginable to earlier epochs of Asian despots and supported by a recently invented and quasi-religious ideology.
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The group voted Thursday to keep its infamous acronym in its new incarnation as a political party, as the Marxist-Leninist rebel army transitions into mainstream politics following a historic peace deal made with the Colombian government last year.
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The 42-year-old took the helm of the once Marxist-Leninist EPRDF at a moment of crisis for the coalition that has ruled Ethiopia with an iron fist since toppling a military regime and taking power in 1991.
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The nine men and one woman face charges of organizing propaganda events, raising funds and recruiting for the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist-Leninist (TKP/ML), founded in 1972 and listed among a dozen active militant groups in Turkey.
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The system became even more rigid under the Derg military regime that overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974, and then under the Marxist-Leninist EPRDF that came to power in the early 1990s after the toppling of the generals.
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Bannon's "Leninist" desire to deconstruct the administrative state could be a slogan for a presidency that's happy to forgo the running of government in order to provide the ideological drama of an outsider president battling the saboteurs and subversives.
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Oli, of the leftist Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), promised to resolve simmering tensions in the southern plains and lift a blockade of the Indian border when he was voted in to power almost four months ago.
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As for the FARC's new party, "It's crazy that they have these benefits that parties which didn't kill don't get, when they haven't said sorry or renounced their Marxist-Leninist ideology," argues Rafael Nieto, a deputy justice minister under Mr Uribe.
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On Sunday, he warned India against "unnatural meddling" in Nepal's affairs, and said his party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), would fight any attempts to reverse agreements he had signed with China, including a transit and trade pact.
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The protesters on Thursday tried to attack a pro-Constitution rally organized by the youth wing of the governing Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist) in the town of Rangeli, said Toyam Raya, the chief district officer of Morang, which includes Rangeli.
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After both talks, a young Italian man named Alfredo, who described himself as a Marxist-Leninist, fulminated outside that the smartly suited men in the grand Belgravia building were trying, in his opinion, to present Gramsci as "some kind of centrist social democrat".
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It has to do with raw labor politics — and the disproportionate role played by the General Confederation of Labor, France's oldest union, which has ties to the once-powerful Communist Party, from which it has kept a Marxist-Leninist call to class struggle.
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Looking back through the chronoscope of religious history, then, the modern secular liberal is a Leninist: He watches Christendom tear itself apart and thinks, the worse the better, since only out of the wars of religion can his own society be born.
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Even more surprisingly, Communism is experiencing a resurrection in democratic Britain: Jeremy Corbyn, that quasi-Leninist comfortingly disguised as cuddly grey-beard, is the most extreme politician ever to lead one of Britain's two main parties, and he is inching toward power.
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" Russel described Trump's approach to Kim as "magical thinking, based on a narcissistic conviction that the tractor beam of Donald Trump's charisma was going to capture the Leninist dictator and pull him into some kind of condo-developing frenzy of good behavior.
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Mao was a Leninist — he adopted a kind of Marxist doctrine that held that the state should be held under the tight control of a vanguard party that would oversee the course of communist revolution as it shifted to a centrally planned economy.
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Instead, with seven of the nine tracks postdating the fall of the puritanical Marxist-Leninist Derg regime as well as the Selassie-era recordings documented on Buda Musique's Éthiopiques, these selections suggest a confident modernity‑-arrangements and sonics fuller, melodicism and harmonies defined and developed.
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Bannon, a former Navy officer obsessed with military and political discipline—he has described his vision of political power as "Leninist"—has found an improbable kindred spirit in a wastrel Fauntleroy president who can't make it to the end of his own intelligence briefings.
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Indeed, even though Kennan proclaimed that the United States was "not yet really ready to lead the world to salvation," China's Marxist-Leninist, one-party system had values so antithetical to America's that certain agencies in Washington had begun covert operations against Mao anyway.
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The guidelines are a document of the Cuban Communist Party proposed by himself and other top party leaders to rescue the Cuban economy from the Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy imposed by former president Fidel Castro that replicated the economic system of the former Soviet Union.
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" Mr. Bannon is in some ways a perplexing figure: a far-right ideologue who made his millions investing in "Seinfeld"; a former Goldman Sachs banker who has reportedly called himself a "Leninist" with a goal "to destroy the state" and "bring everything crashing down.
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Although Neruda affirmed "my general Marxist principles, my dislike of capitalism and my faith in socialism," and viewed the USSR as the lodestar of a rising proletarian international, his poetry bears little trace of either a Marxist theory of history or a Leninist politics of revolutionary strategy.
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Just as the Soviet authorities had hoped the 1980 Olympics would demonstrate the success of the great Marxist-Leninist experiment to the world, so Vladimir V. Putin, the Russian president, saw the World Cup as the perfect stage on which to show off the modern, dynamic Russia.
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And one does not have to regard liberals as the enemies of marriage, in some crude Leninist sense, to see that this gap matters for how our ideological factions regard the institution's importance, its future, its place in public policy, its continued diminishment or possible revival.
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"The Reform Party now includes a Klansman, Mr. Duke, a neo-Nazi, Mr. Buchanan, and a communist, Ms. Fulani," Mr. Trump said in a statement, referring to Pat Buchanan and Lenora Fulani, the former standard-bearer of the New Alliance Party and an advocate of Marxist-Leninist politics.
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The world has begun the process of acclimating to our new reality, and the fervent anti-Trump camps have pushed back, urging those disturbed by the notion of a president appointing a white supremacist and self-avowed "Leninist" to Cabinet positions to hold onto that sense of horror.
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Mugabe, a soft-spoken former teacher and self-styled Marxist-Leninist revolutionary who quoted Chairman Mao, led one of two guerrilla armies that fought against the white minority regime of Ian Smith and the short-lived black African government of Bishop Abel Muzorewa, which never won international recognition.
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Under the Obama administration, the U.S. backed then-Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos in his bid for political compromise with the once-powerful FARC — which had carried out a reign of terror in the South American nation since its emergence as a Marxist-Leninist grassroots protest force in the 85033s.
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Several analysts predicted that the pace of Vietnam's already sluggish economic liberalization may slow further after Mr. Dung retires this year, in part because he has a better understanding than Mr. Trong of how to communicate with foreign investors and has been more eager to shake off the party's Marxist-Leninist ideological mantle.
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This is somewhat akin to the way that Vladimir Lenin's tactical genius is admired by some on the right; Grover Norquist reportedly keeps a statue of Lenin in his home, and Stuart Butler and Peter Germanis, then of the nascent Heritage Foundation, wrote a "Leninist strategy" for achieving Social Security privatization in 1983.
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Go deeper: At the 19th Party Congress the CCP changed the "principal contradiction", an overarching guide in a Marxist-Leninist worldview, from "ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people versus backward social production" set in 1981 to "between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life".
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The team, to which OpenAI had granted early access to the full version of GPT-2, made three other ideology bots: One was conditioned on speeches from recently deceased ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, another on writings from Marxist-Leninist thinkers including Mao Zedong, and a third on anarchist books and magazine articles.
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"Malcolm and Leon had this kind of pedagogy that was integrated into organizing work and a Marxist/Leninist framework … then taking that and integrating it with black history and what it meant for black people to live under systemic oppression," Moore says, shaking his head as if he should have made the connection himself long ago.
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For example, in Karl Marx: Das Kapital, Erster Band, people from the former East Germany who had a deep personal relationship with Marxist-Leninist thought — some who dared to escape to the West, a university lecturer on Marxism, a nouveau capitalist — represented themselves on the stage in Berlin and spoke about their own, highly individual experiences.
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