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"Holy Roman Empire" Definitions
  1. an empire consisting primarily of a loose confederation of German and Italian territories under the suzerainty of an emperor and existing from the 9th or 10th century to 1806
"Holy Roman Empire" Synonyms
First Reich Federal Republic of Germany Germania Germanland German Reich East Francia Weimar Republic Second Reich North German Confederation German Confederation Dutchland Third Reich Confederation of the Rhine German Republic Weimar Germany Nazi Germany Austrasia German Empire Germany

1000 Sentences With "Holy Roman Empire"

How to use Holy Roman Empire in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "Holy Roman Empire" and check conjugation/comparative form for "Holy Roman Empire". Mastering all the usages of "Holy Roman Empire" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History.
Why did he need the Holy Roman Empire as well?
That would have been the H.R.E., or Holy Roman Empire.
" Or "The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire. Discuss!
Similar mechanisms exist in other thriving democracies, like the Vatican and the Holy Roman Empire.
Mysterious hordes of itinerant pirates have repeatedly attacked the monasteries of a sprawling quasi-Holy Roman Empire.
ON A map, the Holy Roman Empire resembles something closer to a Jackson Pollock painting than an empire.
BRANDENBURG used to be called the sandbox of the Holy Roman Empire for its poor soil and marginal geography.
This exhibition of "grand scale and heavy metal" plots the relentless rise of Emperor Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire.
The forces arrayed against the liberties of the Florentine Republic were formidable: the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the Papal States.
The Swiss Confederation got its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499, making it the oldest independent nation on this list.
IN THE EARLY 16th century a knight called Gottfried von Berlichingen spent decades marauding and feuding on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire.
Not the common variety used for kitchen counters, of course, but the ancient sort, the building blocks — literally — of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1980, she married the eccentric and bisexual nobleman, whose family made a fortune as the postal service for the Holy Roman Empire.
Kingdom Come: Deliverance, an open world medieval RPG set during the Holy Roman Empire, launched earlier this week, and it's already an enormous hit.
If it is too early to tell whether the Holy Roman Empire was a success, listen to one of Aesop's fables, dating back 2,500 years.
During Bosch's lifetime, Den Bosch was the northernmost city of the Duchy of Brabant, a part of the Holy Roman Empire, and a monastic city.
The Thirty Years' War, which began as a conflict between Catholic and Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire, eventually expanded to encompass all of Europe.
Along the way he covers the sackings of Rome by the Visigoths, the Ostrogoths, the Normans, the troops of the Holy Roman Empire and the French.
In the Holy Roman Empire, Frankish wines were favored over ones that were Heunisch ("from the Huns"), a pejorative describing anything from the eastern Slavic lands.
Martin Luther is celebrated for his heroic stance before Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, the supreme power of central Europe in the day.
Allen Lane; £283The Holy Roman Empire, on paper, looked more like a Jackson Pollock painting than a blueprint for modern Europe—and yet it worked well, nonetheless.
The first was a martial homage to Georg von Frundsberg, a German mercenary who fought for the Holy Roman Empire and was famed for his brilliant infantry maneuvers.
He tracks Smiley down to a library in Freiburg, where the elderly spy seems to be delving into some abstruse historical puzzle, maybe pertaining to the Holy Roman Empire.
One of the reasons for the outbreak in Milan was the invasion of northern Italy by troops from the Holy Roman Empire, who devastated the countryside and brought germs.
The modern world was born with the Protestant embrace of the principle of national self-determination, culminating in Henry VIII's renunciation of subservience to the Holy Roman Empire in 1534.
The third argument against variable geometry, again expressed by a senior Eurocrat, is that too much variation would turn the union into an ineffectual organisation reminiscent of the Holy Roman Empire.
She's sent by her mother, the domineering Empress Maria Theresa (Marianne Faithfull — herself a former major It Girl), to seal an alliance between the Holy Roman Empire and France by marriage.
Thus the idea of the Holy Roman Empire as a failed nation-state (as opposed to a successful multiethnic empire) has prevailed since—even Hitler condemned this era of his beloved Germany.
Kaiser Max, who ruled the Holy Roman Empire in the years around 19553, anchors the Met's largest show of arms and armor in decades: a gleaming showcase of heavy metal and Hapsburg propaganda.
Kaiser Max, who ruled the Holy Roman Empire in the years around 31, anchors the Met's largest show of arms and armor in decades: a gleaming showcase of heavy metal and Hapsburg propaganda.
She also made him prince of Tauris (modern day Crimea since he worked to annex it from the Turks) in 1783 and gave him the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
Kaiser Max, who ruled the Holy Roman Empire in the years around 903, anchors the Met's largest show of arms and armor in decades: a gleaming showcase of heavy metal and Hapsburg propaganda.
Then Pope Gregory IV and Emperor Louis the Pious extended the November 1 feast of All Saints to the Holy Roman Empire in the 9th century, and from there it spread throughout Europe.
Blaming the other and putting up walls to enforce homogeneity drove Charlemagne's vision to unite the German tribes under the new Christian religion; his creation was called the Holy Roman Empire for a reason.
You can ask the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire about that, or the gentle barbaric people who colonized us … Our history is an accumulation of barbaric events; civilization is destruction and construction.
He had five such portraits made during the 1530s to be hung in palaces across his vast territories, which included the Holy Roman Empire in Europe and the Spanish Empire that stretched to Asia and the Americas.
The town has been part of the Holy Roman Empire and of a league of city states; in the Thirty Years War it was briefly conquered by the Swedes before the Treaty of Westphalia gave it to France.
The Holy Roman Empire, as Voltaire pointed out, was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire; La Manche has no sartorial connections; the Mediterranean is not the centre of the Earth; there is no horticulture in the Big Apple.
"The reason I went back 500 years and crossed the Atlantic and settled in the Holy Roman Empire was I kind of needed a break from political satire," Buckley says in Episode 190 of the Geek's Guide to the Galaxy podcast.
The resting place of many rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, itself a Europe-spanning polity, Speyer Cathedral was seen by Kohl as a symbol of European unity — a place he showed to contemporary leaders including Gorbachev and Britain's Margaret Thatcher.
He was Emperor Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire, and out of an iffy inheritance in Austria he emerged as one of the most powerful leaders in Renaissance Europe, presiding over territories from the modern-day Netherlands all the way to Croatia.
"Simplicius Simplicissimus," the first great German novel, describes a peasant wandering the devastated Holy Roman Empire after the Thirty Years War; Goethe and his contemporaries imagined love-struck romantics killing themselves in dark forests; Wagner's Ring Cycle ends with Valhalla in flames.
Maurice was eventually named the patron saint of the Holy Roman Empire; medieval churches and cathedrals across Germany, Switzerland, and France were dedicated to him, and wealthy lords lavished funds on paintings of Balthazar in scenes of the Adoration of the Magi.
The end result of all this may be a country that feels less like the United States of the late-twentieth century, and more like the patchwork collection of German states that made up the Holy Roman Empire after the Protestant Reformation.
In many cases, like the Holy Roman Empire, the nature of the collapse is that one monarch uses his authority to ensure the election of his son, and then after a few rounds of this, the elective monarchy becomes a dynastic one.
The vision of a world of independent nations is central to the Bible, which opposed the imperialism that was the official ideology of the Pharaohs, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians — and later adopted by the Romans, the Catholic Holy Roman Empire, and the Muslim caliphate.
The church had a great deal of political as well as spiritual power; it had close alliances, for example, with many royal houses, as well as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, which at that time encompassed much of Central Europe, including present-day Germany.
It was really a proxy war between supporters of the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy, and before I get too far into the details here, what you really need to know is that it was started because some Modenese soldiers took the bucket from Bologna's town well.
Of course, such problems have bedeviled Europe since the dawn of civilization as new conquerors erased traces of their predecessors, leaving behind a patchwork of stone survivors from ancient Rome to the Holy Roman Empire whose subjects may not have been exemplars of human rights and modern morality.
The Peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555, which for a while established a truce between Catholics and Lutherans within the Holy Roman Empire, did not acknowledge other Protestant groups, who had little or nothing in the way of princely protection and who remained liable to prosecution as heretics by both Catholics and Lutherans.
I'm a historian of pre-modern Venice and often think about the efforts that medieval democracy undertook to maintain social order, protect their electoral systems, and thrive in a fraught space between different spheres of power (Rome, the Holy Roman Empire, Byzantium and then the Ottomans, Catholics versus Protestants, and more over the centuries).
Emperor Maximilian I, who ruled the Holy Roman Empire 1493 to 1519, is depicted in his autobiography as participating in what appears to be a kicking contest in which his Holiness eschewed rules or decorum by stomping on his opponent's calves, kicking them in the knee, standing on their feet, and punching one man in the face.
Even allowing for that, though, the European dark ages, during which Spain was occupied by the Visigoths, are clearly visible in the record—as is the point when civilisation starts to return with the rise of the Frankish state that, under Charlemagne, became the "Holy Roman Empire", and with the takeover of Spain by the Umayyad caliphate.
Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire commemorative coin The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire was selected as the main motif for a high value commemorative coin, the €100 Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire commemorative coin, minted in 2008. The obverse shows the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire. The reverse shows the Emperor Otto I with the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome in the background, where his coronation took place.
Lacy was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire.
The extensive territories ruled by the Habsburgs but outside of the Holy Roman Empire are not indicated on the map. 500px For maps depicting the Circles of the Holy Roman Empire, see Imperial Circle.
Sulzbach is first referred to in 1035. It was one of only a few Holy Roman Empire Imperial Villages and one of the five final ones when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1804.
For a more complete history of the empire, see Holy Roman Empire.
The Great Plague of Vienna struck the Holy Roman Empire in 1679.
The Annals are the source of Voltaire's much-quoted statement about the Holy Roman Empire: > This agglomeration which was called, and which still calls itself the Holy > Roman Empire is in no respect either holy, Roman or an empire.
This is a list of the Imperial Knights of the Holy Roman Empire.
Through its minor German principalities, the Swedish kings in their roles as princes and dukes, or Reichsfürsten, of the Holy Roman Empire took part in the German diets from 1648 until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
Many new churches were founded. In 1355, Charles was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Rome. Prague became the capital of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles wanted Prague to become one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
Birthdate: estimated between 1615 and 1675 Birthplace: Wangen, Duchy of Württemberg, Holy Roman Empire Death: Died in Bad Buchau, Tübingen, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg, Holy Roman Empire Immediate Family: Son of Moses Ainstein, Husband of Borichle Einstein, Father of Moyses Einstein.
The Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648 From the late 15th century, the Holy Roman Empire came to be known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. The Thirty Years' War, a series of conflicts fought mainly in the territory of modern Germany, weakened the coherence of the Holy Roman Empire, leading to the emergence of different, smaller German states known as Kleinstaaterei in 18th- century Germany. The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism. After the Congress of Vienna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors within the German realm.
The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine. The predominantly German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Archduchy of Austria was a principal polity and its archduke typically the Holy Roman Emperor. The French government considered the Holy Roman Empire as its principal continental enemy.Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648, Oxford University Press, 2012, vol.
Heraldic crown of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire Mantle and princely crown Princely crown Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (, , cf. Fürst) was a title attributed to a hereditary ruler, nobleman or prelate recognised as such by the Holy Roman Emperor.
Later, the Holy Roman Empire would be constituted largely, but not exclusively of these regions.
Anhalt's origins lie in the Principality of Anhalt, a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1542, war broke out between France and the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire supported Frederick II, Elector Palatine for the Danish crown, and Denmark participated in the war on the side of France. A year later, Denmark declared war on the Netherlands, at that time under Charles's rule. On 23 May 1544 the Treaty of Speyer was signed between Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire.
Baden gained territory during the Napoleonic Wars. As a result, Margrave Karl Friederich was elevated to the title of Prince-Elector within the Holy Roman Empire. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, he took the title Grand Duke of Baden.
Pappenheim-Gräfenthal was a statelet in the Holy Roman Empire that existed from 1444 until 1599.
58, Supplement: Politics and Society in the Holy Roman Empire, 1500–1806 (Dec., 1986), p. S66.
The bishopric continued defending this status until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
In Western Europe the Holy Roman Empire fragmented making it less of an empire as well.
Pappenheim-Schwindegg was a statelet in the Holy Roman Empire that existed from 1518 until 1568.
He later fought for Charles I and received a knighthood in 1639. He later returned to the Continent where he served the Holy Roman Empire and married a German baroness. He became an imperial general and was created baron of the Holy Roman Empire in 1649.
Empress Maria Theresa had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances. She intended to regain her ascendancy in the Holy Roman Empire and to reacquire Silesia.Peter H. Wilson, The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Siege of Visegrád was fought between the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire as part of the Great Turkish War. The Holy Roman Empire, led by Charles V, Duke of Lorraine captured the castle of Visegrád after a three-day siege.
In total, the three-year expedition of Henry XI to the Holy Roman Empire cost 32,000 talers.
The Electors of Saxony would head the Protestant body until the end of the Holy Roman Empire.
The treaty was guaranteed by France, the Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces (Netherlands) and Great Britain.
Conrad II then claimed the Burgundian Kingdom of Arles and incorporated it in the Holy Roman Empire.
Although nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, in practice it possessed a large degree of independence.
Courtyard of the Ducal palace at Ludwigsburg Boundary-Stone between Baden and Württemberg The Duchy of Württemberg () was a duchy located in the south- western part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was a member of the Holy Roman Empire from 1495 to 1806. The dukedom's long survival for nearly four centuries was mainly due to its size, being larger than its immediate neighbors. During the Protestant Reformation, Württemberg faced great pressure from the Holy Roman Empire to remain a member.
The Bishopric of Utrecht (1024–1528) was a civil principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, in present Netherlands, which was ruled by the bishops of Utrecht as princes of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1024 until 1528, it was one of the prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire, constituting, in addition to its ecclesiastical aspect, a civil state within the Empire. In 1528, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, secularized its civil authority and territorial possessions.
Luís de Alpoim (13th century) was a medieval Knight, ambassador to England, France and the Holy Roman Empire.
He prepared to head to Germany to take possession of his new domains in the Holy Roman Empire.
Bavaria-Ingolstadt ( or ') was a duchy which was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 1392 to 1447.
1005 He was also made a Count Palatine of the Holy Roman Empire by Rudolf II in 1609.
The Holy Roman Empire when the Golden Bull of 1356 was signed 1346–1353 spread of the Black Death in Europe map The Black Death was present in the Holy Roman Empire between 1348 and 1351.Harrison, Dick, Stora döden: den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa, Ordfront, Stockholm, 2000 The Holy Roman Empire, composed of today's Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands, was, geographically, the largest country in Europe at the time, and the pandemic lasted several years due to the size of the Empire. Several witness accounts do exist from the Black Death in the Holy Roman Empire, although they were often either written after the events took place, or are very short.
Nicolas PsaumePsaulme, Preaume, Psalmaeus. (1518, in Chaumont-sur-Aire - 10 August 1575, in Verdun) was a count-bishop of Verdun and prince of the Holy Roman Empire. The Bishopric of Verdun was then a French-speaking State of the Holy Roman Empire. Nicolas Psaume was originally from the Duchy of Bar.
Bavaria-Munich () was a duchy that was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1392 to 1505.
This is a list of all of the known Imperial Villages, the smallest subdivision of the Holy Roman Empire.
Later that year, on 6 August 1806, the last Emperor, Francis II, abolished (de facto) the Holy Roman Empire.
The Imperial election of 1257 was two imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire held to select the emperor.
Hungary was made a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire, though it was not to remain so for long.
The County of Königstein was an imperially immediate territory of the Holy Roman Empire within the Upper Rhenish Circle.
Guelders or Gueldres (, ) is a historical county, later duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the Low Countries.
The civil wars of medieval Scandinavia and the electorate of the Holy Roman Empire are part of its legacy.
The Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn () was an ecclesiastical principality (Hochstift) of the Holy Roman Empire from 1281 to 1802.
Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg (ruling 1493–1519) was the first truly Renaissance monarch of the Holy Roman Empire.
Western Europe in 1525, after the Battle of Pavia. Territories in yellow are ruled by Charles. Territories within the red boundary are of the Holy Roman Empire, which Charles had partial control over. France was pressured in the West, while the Ottoman Empire expanded on the eastern side of the Holy Roman Empire.
Double-headed eagle with coats of arms of individual states, the symbol of the Holy Roman Empire (painting from 1510) Before 1157, the realm was merely referred to as the Roman Empire.Peter Hamish Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806, MacMillan Press 1999, London, p. 2. The term sacrum ("holy", in the sense of "consecrated") in connection with the medieval Roman Empire was used beginning in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa ("Holy Empire"): the term was added to reflect Frederick's ambition to dominate Italy and the Papacy.Whaley 2011, p. 17 The form "Holy Roman Empire" is attested from 1254 onward.Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich & Zürich: Artemis 1977–1999, vol. 4, col. 2025–2028. In a decree following the 1512 Diet of Cologne, the name was changed to the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (, ),Peter Hamish Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806, MacMillan Press 1999, London, page 2.
Pappenheim-Allgäu was a statelet in the Holy Roman Empire that existed from 1444 until it was partitioned in 1494.
A replication of a baroque sandstone plate depicting the Double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire was later installed.
All other historic member states of the Holy Roman Empire were either dissolved or have adopted republican systems of government.
A few days later, on 6 August 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved after surviving for a thousand years.
Peter H. Wilson, Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, p. 715.
The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss was the last major law in the history of the Holy Roman Empire before its dissolution in 1806.
43 These movements became particularly popular in Southern France as well as Northern Italy and parts of Holy Roman Empire.
Menno Simons was born in 1496Menno's life. Menno Simons.net. Retrieved on 15 April 2009. in Witmarsum, Friesland, Holy Roman Empire.
Nevertheless, Harald's attempt to improve his relationship with the Holy Roman Empire in the early 960s contributed to his conversion.
Admiral of the Realm was a military and political title given to nobles in Denmark (), Sweden () and Holy Roman Empire ().
The Holy Roman Empire was founded centuries after the fall of Rome but brandished the name of the Roman people and honoured the king with the title "King of the Romans". Despite this, the Holy Roman Empire was largely a Germanic affair with German kings, although its territory was considerably greater than present-day Germany.
The Treaty of Ulm established the joint rule of Frederick the Fair and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor in the Holy Roman Empire. It was agreed on January 7, 1326. Under its terms, Frederick would administer the Holy Roman Empire as King of the Romans, and Louis would be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.
War flag of the Holy Roman Empire (13th–14th century) The Holy Roman Empire (800/962 – 1806, known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512) did not have a national flag, but black and gold were used as colours of the Holy Roman Emperor and featured in the imperial banner: a black eagle on a golden background. After the late 13th or early 14th century, the claws and beak of the eagle were coloured red. From the early 15th century, a double-headed eagle was used.
Witchcraft was formally categorized as a crime in the Holy Roman Empire in the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina in 1532. The Holy Roman Empire consisted of a number of autonomous states, both Protestant and Catholic who all had their own laws and regulations, and the witchcraft persecutions, therefore, varied considerably. Formally, however, all states within the Holy Roman Empire were under the jurisdiction of the Emperor. This made it possible for the accused and their next of kin to appeal any sentence of a local court to the Imperial court.
The Burgraviate of Rheineck was a burgraviate of the Holy Roman Empire. It was a member of the Upper Rhenish Circle.
The Lordship of Hanau was a territory within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1429 it was promoted to become a county.
The Concordat of Vienna was a treaty concluded on 17 February 1448 between the Holy Roman Empire and the Holy See.
Ministeriales were hereditary unfree knights tied to their lord, that formed the lowest rung of nobility in the Holy Roman Empire.
The imperial election of September 20, 1410 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
The imperial election of October 1, 1410 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Austria was now an independent dominion within the Holy Roman Empire, and Henry moved his official residence to Vienna that year.
The Schmalkaldic War () refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by the Duke of Alba and the Duke of Saxony, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.
An imperial count palatine (, ) was an official in the Holy Roman Empire with quasi-monarchical ("palatine") powers. In all, over 5,000 imperial counts palatine were created between the 14th and 18th centuries.John Flood (2002), "Neglected Heroines? Women Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire", Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 84(3): 25–47, at 29.
The Holy Roman Empire under the House of Habsburg instituted a similar non-sovereign Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen (Grand Principality of Transylvania) in 1765.
The empire would remain in continuous existence for over a millennium, as the Holy Roman Empire, a true imperial successor to Charles.
The principality, or county of Waldeck-Eisenberg was a principality in the Holy Roman Empire that belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle.
The County of Tecklenburg () was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
In 1742 he was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire as Charles VII and ruled until his death three years later.
It governed relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Holy See until the dissolution of the Empire on 6 August 1806.
Empires such the Holy Roman Empire also came together by electing the emperor with votes from member realms through the Imperial election.
The imperial count palatine gradually lost its importance, and the office ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Oxford University Press, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 250, 510, 532.Gagliardo, pp 6–7.
The new king still served as a Prince-elector until the Kingdom of Bavaria left the Holy Roman Empire (1 August 1806).
Following his death in 1985 without descent, his brother Antoine succeeded him as 13th Prince of Ligne and of the Holy Roman Empire.
Pandulf, meanwhile, fled to Constantinople. Conrad thus left the Mezzogiorno firmly in Guaimar's hands and loyal, for once, to the Holy Roman Empire.
The Crusaders originated from European kingdoms, mostly France, England and the Holy Roman Empire."Crusaders 'left genetic legacy'". BBC News. 27 March 2008.
The County of Valence (Valentinois) was a fiefdom of the Holy Roman Empire, which was first held by Odilon, a count in Valence.
For a general discussion of the impact of the Reformation on the Holy Roman Empire, see Holborn, chapters 6–9 (pp. 123–248).
This arrangement occurred in both territories despite Schleswig being a fief of Denmark and Holstein being a fief of the Holy Roman Empire.
With his coronation as King of Burgundy in 1365, he became the personal ruler of all the kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1512, the Holy Roman Empire changed its name to Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. The Habsburg House of Austria held the position of Holy Roman Emperors since the mid-1400s and for the entire Early modern period. Despite the lack of a centralized political structure in a period in which national monarchies were emerging, the Habsburg Emperors of the Early modern period came close to form a universal monarchy in Western Europe. The Habsburgs expanded their control within and outside the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the dynastic policy pursued by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
Imperial DietWhaley, J., Germany and the Holy Roman Empire (1493–1806) Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 353. Imperial abbeys in Swabia Weissenau abbey, circa 1625 Princely abbeys (, Fürststift) and Imperial abbeys (, Reichskloster, Reichsstift, Reichsgotthaus) were religious establishments within the Holy Roman Empire which enjoyed the status of imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbarkeit) and therefore were answerable directly to the Emperor. The possession of imperial immediacy came with a unique form of territorial authority known as Landeshoheit, which carried with it nearly all the attributes of sovereignty.Gagliardo, J. G., The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality 1763–1806, Indiana University Press, 1980, p. 4.
The Imperial Military Constitution (, also called the Reichskriegsverfassung) of the Holy Roman Empire, like the rest of the imperial constitution, grew out of various laws and governed the establishment of military forces within the Empire. It was the basis for the establishment of the Army of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsarmee), which was under the supreme command of the Emperor but was distinct from his Imperial Troops, as it could only be deployed by the Imperial Diet. The last Imperial Defence Order (Reichsdefensionalordnung), entitled Reichsgutachten in puncto securitatis, of 13/23 May 1681, completed the military constitution of the Holy Roman Empire.
Additionally, it rolled back the gains the Habsburg family had made in re-centralizing political power in the Holy Roman Empire in the hands of the Holy Roman Emperor. The Swedish invasion confirmed the role of Holy Roman Emperor as a ceremonial, de jure position within the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire. The new European great power of Sweden would last for a hundred years before being overwhelmed by numerous enemies in the Great Northern War. The long-term political consequences of the Protestant victory include the Holy Roman Empire emphasising decentralization of power to local magnates and dynasts.
In 1524, as part of his longtime battle against Emperor Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire, King François I of France completed a powerful new fort, the Tour Royale, Toulon, at the entrance of the harbour. However, a few months later the commander of the new fort sold it to the commander of an Army of the Holy Roman Empire, and Toulon surrendered. In 1543, Francis I found a surprising new ally in his battle against the Holy Roman Empire. He invited the fleet of Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa to Toulon as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance.
A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815.
In the German states east of Prussia Napoleon abolished many of the old or medieval relics, such as dissolving the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson, eds. The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). He imposed rational legal systems and demonstrated how dramatic changes were possible.
The town was part of Franconia, the heartland of East Francia. In the 1170s, the Count of Nassau, Walram I, received the area around Wiesbaden as a fiefdom. When Franconia fragmented in the early 13th century, Nassau emerged as an independent state as part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1232 Wiesbaden became a Reichsstadt, an imperial city, of the Holy Roman Empire.
The County of Württemberg was a historical territory with origins in the realm of the House of Württemberg, the heart of the old Duchy of Swabia. Its capital was Stuttgart. From the 12th century until 1495, it was a county within the Holy Roman Empire. It later became a duchy and, after the breakup of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom.
After Henry the Lion lost his internal struggle with Emperor Frederick I, Mecklenburg and Pomerania became fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire in 1181.
The army was half forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, mostly cavalry, and half forces of the Holy Roman Empire (German/Austrian), mostly infantry.
In 1794, the armies of the French Revolution annexed the Austrian Netherlands from the Holy Roman Empire and integrated them into the French Republic.
The District has roughly the same territory as the County of Bentheim, a state of the Holy Roman Empire that was dissolved in 1803.
Maurizio Ferrante Gonzaga's titles were Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Marquis of Vodice, Count of Villanova, Count of Cassolnovo and Patritian of Venice.
Another official sometimes referred to as a bailiff was the Vogt. In the Holy Roman Empire a similar function was performed by the Amtmann.
Groschen (; from "thick", via Old Czech ') was the (sometimes colloquial) name for a silver coin used in various states of the Holy Roman Empire.
Albert was an energetic and warlike prince, whose short reign as a triple king gave great promise of usefulness for the Holy Roman Empire.
Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (29 May 1594 - 17 November 1632) was a field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War.
Lamoral I received the titles of Prince of Ligne and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in the early seventeenth century from Emperor Rudolf II.
Zell's coat of arms, a black eagle on gold, is the crest of the Holy Roman Empire and symbolizes Zell's history as an imperial city.
Merchants in Holland successfully resisted a variety of export duties imposed by the Holy Roman Empire via Mary of Hungary.Burg (2004) op. cit. p. 162.
The County of Blankenburg () was a state of the Holy Roman Empire. Its capital was Blankenburg, it was located in and near the Harz mountains.
Sir Philip Hoby (also Hobby or Hobbye) PC (1505 – 31 May 1558) was a 16th- century English Ambassador to the Holy Roman Empire and Flanders.
In the following peace settlement, Valdemar definitively gave up the hope of ever regaining his former possessions in the northern Holy Roman Empire (Northern Germany).
In a few places, among them the Holy Roman Empire and Russia, the motif was further augmented to create the less prominent triple- headed eagle.
The imperial election of 1411 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place on July 21.
The imperial election of 1711 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place on October 12.
Karl Michael von Attems (Gorizia, 1 July 1711 – Gorizia, 18 February 1774) was an Austrian Catholic archbishop and a prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Crown of Bohemia within the Holy Roman Empire (1600). The Czech lands were part of the Empire in 1002–1806, and Prague was the imperial seat in 1346–1437 and 1583–1611. The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the Přemyslid dynasty. Bohemia was from 1002 until 1806 an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire.
Between 1803 and 1806, the final years of the Holy Roman Empire, the vast majority of the states of the Holy Roman Empire were mediatised. These states lost their imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbarkeit) and became part of other states. The number of states was reduced from about three hundred to about thirty. Mediatisation went along with secularisation: the abolition of most of the ecclesiastical states.
Herman de Lynden Herman de Lynden (Liège, 1547- June 5, 1603, Reckheim), baron of Reckheim and of the Holy Roman Empire, was a military leader serving the Prince-Bishopric of Liège and the Holy Roman Empire. He led troops during the Eighty Years' War and the Cologne War. He also held several high-ranking positions, notably Governor of Cologne and Grand-Mayor of Liège.
Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, kept in the Imperial Treasury at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire () was the hoop crown () of the Holy Roman Emperor from the 11th century to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. The crown was used in the coronation of the King of the Romans, the title assumed by the Emperor-elect immediately after his election. It was made in the late 10th or early 11th century. Unlike many other crowns, it has an octagonal rather than a circular shape, and is constructed from eight hinged plates.
When war broke out and peace negotiations were done, the Austrians (Holy Roman Empire) agreed to give up the use of the Caesar title according to the Treaty of Konstantiniyye 1533 (though they would continue to use it and the Roman imperial title until the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806). The Russians who also claimed as the Third Rome were sanctioned by the Ottomans by giving orders to the Crimean Khanate to raid Russia numerous times. The Ottomans would lose their political superiority to Holy Roman Empire in the Treaty of Sitvatorok in 1606 and to the Russians in the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774.
Bogusław Leszczyński, count of Leszno (1614-1659) from the Leszczyński Family of Holy Roman Empire counts, was a Polish noble (szlachcic) and politician from Wielkopolska region.
Mecklenburg-Güstrow was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in Northern Germany, that existed on three occasions ruled by the House of Mecklenburg at Güstrow.
Ursberg is a municipality in the district of Günzburg in Bavaria in Germany. Nearby is Ursberg Abbey, a former Imperial Abbey of the Holy Roman Empire.
The imperial election of May 22, 1400 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt.
The imperial election of August 21, 1400 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Rhens.
The Apostolic Vicariate of Saxony (Sachsen in German) was a Latin Catholic pre-diocesan missionary jurisdiction in northern Germany, within the Holy Roman Empire and surviving it.
Ferdinand Maria (31 October 1636 – 26 May 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and an elector (Kurfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire from 1651 to 1679.
The Lordship of Anholt was a small state of the Holy Roman Empire. It was an imperial estate and a member of the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle.
From J. Schmidhuber (2010), Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv:1009.2634v1 It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire.
During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Santa Maria dell'Anima became the national and religious centre as well as burial place in Rome of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Empire in 1705, map "L'Empire d'Allemagne" from Nicolas de Fer The Holy Roman Empire was dominated by the House of Habsburg throughout the Early Modern period.
The imperial election of 1273 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on October 1.
The imperial election of 1376 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on June 10.
The imperial election of 1438 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on March 18.
The imperial election of 1440 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on February 2.
The imperial election of 1486 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on February 16.
The imperial election of 1531 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Cologne on January 5.
The imperial election of 1562 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Regensburg on November 28.
The imperial election of 1575 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Regensburg on October 27.
The imperial election of 1619 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on August 28.
The imperial election of 1636 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Regensburg on December 22.
The imperial election of 1653 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Augsburg on May 31.
The imperial election of 1658 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on July 18.
The imperial election of 1690 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Augsburg on January 23.
The imperial election of 1745 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on September 13.
The imperial election of 1764 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on March 27.
The imperial election of 1790 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on September 30.
The figures originally represented the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire; since the post-War reconstruction, they represent eight representatives of the peoples of the world.
In 1929 it became a suburb of Essen. A Diet of the Holy Roman Empire was held here in the year 938 by the emperor Otto I.
Austrian claims on those German states were renounced without exception. On 12 July 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine was established, comprising 16 sovereigns and countries. This confederation, under French influence, put an end to the Holy Roman Empire. On 6 August 1806, even Francis recognized the new state of things and proclaimed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, as he did not want Napoleon to succeed him.
In 1548, Charles granted the Netherlands status as an entity in which many of the laws of the Holy Roman Empire became obsolete. The "Transaction of Augsburg." created the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, which comprised the Netherlands and Franche-Comté. A year later the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 stated that the Seventeen Provinces could only be passed on to his heirs as a composite entity.
Tsar was pleased upon hearing the news, and sent 5000 men and a number of canons to help Shah Abbas in reconquering Derbent. Mehdi Qoli Beg and von der Jabel left for Holy Roman Empire, and arrived in Prague on . Rudolf agreed to a triple alliance between Holy Roman Empire, Russia, and Persia against the Ottoman Turks, and assured Mehdi Qoli Beg that he will attack Ottoman Empire from the west.
The fate of the German auxiliaries that fought in the American revolution. During the American Revolution, many German-speaking states, such as Hesse-Kassel, were loosely unified under the Holy Roman Empire. Typically these were officially Lutheran, making them traditional allies of other Protestant nations. Importantly, this included the Kingdom of Great Britain, whose king, George III, was also the Prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire.
Map of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) divisions (c. 1512) Europe of the times Map of today's Germany where the dark green shows Thuringia (compare with Holy Roman Empire map above). The 1632 series began with Flint's stand alone novel 1632 (released February 2000). It is, excepting the lead novel and the serialized e-novel The Anaconda Project (2007), virtually all collaboratively written, including some "main works" with multiple co-authors.
Revolutionaries in Vienna with German tricolor flags, May 1848 In the German states west of Prussia, Napoleon abolished many of the old or medieval relics, such as dissolving the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson, eds. The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). He imposed rational legal systems and demonstrated how dramatic changes were possible.
Coat of arms of the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This article lists the Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg during the period of time that Brandenburg was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire. The Mark, or March, of Brandenburg was one of the primary constituent states of the Holy Roman Empire. It was created in 1157 as the Margraviate of Brandenburg by Albert the Bear, Margrave of the Northern March.
The castle of Guttenberg remains the main seat of the family. The family currently consists of two branches: the elder branch, von und zu Guttenberg, and the younger Steinhausen branch. In 1700, the family rose from the rank of Reichsritter (Imperial Knight) to Reichsfreiherr (Baron of the Holy Roman Empire). After the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, they were given the rank of Freiherr (Baron) of Bavaria (1814 and 1817).
Besançon became part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1034, along with the rest of Franche-Comté. In 1184, the city became the Archbishopric of Besançon, gaining autonomy as an imperial free city under the Holy Roman Emperor. The archbishop of Besançon was elevated to prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1288. Previous bishops, such as St Hugh I, had been referred to as princes of the Empire.
Indirectly, the religious conflict in Sweden led to the Swedish Empire as Gustavus and his generals became militant in the cause of Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire.
Michael Kelly, Count of the Holy Roman Empire (13 February 1850 – 8 March 1940) was an Irish-born Roman Catholic clergyman who became the fourth Archbishop of Sydney.
Rafał Leszczyński (1650–1703) from the Leszczyński family of Counts of the Holy Roman Empire, was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), father of King of Poland Stanisław I Leszczyński.
Alard du Gaucquier (c. 1534 – c. 1582) was a choirmaster at the Imperial Chapel of the Holy Roman Empire. He began composing noted Magnificats and masses in 1574.
After the 983 revolt of the Obodrites and Lutici, the area became independent again, yet remained under permanent military pressure, especially from Poland and the Holy Roman Empire.
The Margraviate of Meissen was a territorial state on the border of the Holy Roman Empire. The margravines of Meissen were the consorts of the margraves of Meissen.
The Burgundian treaty of 1548 (ratified on 26 June), also known as the Transaction of Augsburg, settled the status of the Habsburg Netherlands within the Holy Roman Empire.
The imperial election of 1792 was the final imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on July 5.
James Lockhart of Lee and Carnwath, Count Lockhart-Wishart (Wischeart) of the Holy Roman Empire (1727 – 6 February 1790) was a Scottish aristocrat with a successful military career.
Joseph understood the problems facing his multi-ethnic patrimony and the ambivalent position the Austrians held in the Holy Roman Empire. Although the Habsburgs and their successor house of Habsburg-Lorraine had, with two exceptions, held the position of Emperor since the early 15th century, the basis of 18th- century Habsburg power lay not in the Holy Roman Empire itself, but in Habsburg territories in Eastern Europe (where the family had vast domains), the Italian peninsula, and the Lowlands. For Joseph or his successors to wield influence in the German-speaking states, they needed to acquire additional German-speaking territories. Acquisition of Central European territories with German-speaking subjects would strengthen the Austrian position in the Holy Roman Empire.
The delegates to the peace conference affirmed the peace on oath on 15 May 1648 (though the delegate of Zeeland refused to attend, and the delegate of Utrecht suffered a possibly diplomatic illness).Israel (1995), pp. 596–7 In the broader context of the treaties between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire of 14 and 24 October 1648, which comprise the Peace of Westphalia, but which were not signed by the Republic, the Republic now also gained formal "independence" from the Holy Roman Empire, just like the Swiss Cantons. In both cases this was just a formalisation of a situation that had already existed for a long time.
She gave birth to Sviatoslav's fifth son, Yaroslav, who later became prince of Murom and Chernigov. After Sviatoslav's death, Oda and her son moved to the Holy Roman Empire.
Karl Kaspar von der Leyen (18 December 1618 – 1 June 1676) was Archbishop- Elector of Trier and a Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1652 to 1676.
Bentheim-Limburg was a short-lived County of the Holy Roman Empire, created as a partition of Bentheim-Steinfurt in 1606. It was remerged to Bentheim- Steinfurt in 1632.
Bentheim-Alpen was a short-lived County of the Holy Roman Empire, created as a partition of Bentheim-Steinfurt in 1606. It was remerged to Bentheim-Steinfurt in 1629.
The Habsburg Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan continued to be part of the Holy Roman Empire, but were also left in personal union with the King of Spain.
Maximilian III Joseph, "the much beloved", (28 March 1727 – 30 December 1777) was a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Bavaria from 1745 to 1777.
These were colonies unsuccessfully settled by Brandenburg-Prussia (part of the Holy Roman Empire realm), after 1701 Kingdom of Prussia, before the foundation of the German Empire in 1871.
This is a list of those who were granted the rank of Feldmarschall by the Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, 1512–1806.
Patriarch Jovan was accused by the sultan's court for collaborating with the Holy Roman Empire and sentenced to death. This occurred four years prior to the Thirty Years' War.
Furstbischof Maximilian, Reichsgraf von Hamilton (March 17, 1714 – October 31, 1776) was a Prince-Bishop of Olomouc, then in the Holy Roman Empire, now in present-day Czech Republic.
The imperial election of 1519 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on the 28th of June.
A lot of nations of the Holy Roman Empire saw the Thirty Years' War as a perfect opportunity to (re)gain their independencies. One of them was Hungary led by Gábor Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania. He joined Bohemia in the anti-Habsburg Protestant Union. In a short period of time, he conquered northern Hungary and Bratislava, and in November he started a siege of Vienna - the capital city of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire.
Members of the family Raitz von Frentz were Free Imperial Knights (also called: Knights of the Holy Roman Empire) (Reichsritterschaft). Since 1620 the family became hereditary treasurer (Erbkämmerer) of the Electoral Principality of Cologne, which was ruled by the Prince-Elector and Arch-Bishop of Cologne. In 1635 the branch "Raitz von Frentz zu Kendenich und Stolberg", was created hereditary Baron of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsfreiherrenstand). This branch became extinct in 1746.
The Imperial County of Rantzau () was an immediate state of the Holy Roman Empire. Its territory is more or less congruent with the present Amt Rantzau. In 1649, Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, sold his part of the Lordship of Pinneberg, which had formerly belonged to the County of Schauenburg, to Christian Rantzau, royal Danish governor of Holstein. In 1650 or 1651, Rantzau became an immediate county and state of the Holy Roman Empire.
Serfdom was abolished between 1781 and 1848. Several battles of the Napoleonic Wars took place on the current territory of the Czech Republic. The end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 led to degradation of the political status of Bohemia which lost its position of an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire as well as its own political representation in the Imperial Diet. Bohemian lands became part of the Austrian Empire.
In 1793 Kriechingen was occupied by France; this was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Treaty of Lunéville of 1801. The County was named after its capital, Kriechingen, today Créhange. At the end of its existence, it had an area of approximately 100 km² and a population of 4000. Between 1766, when Lorraine became a part of France, and 1793, Kriechingen formed two exclaves of the Holy Roman Empire surrounded by French territory.
The Council of Toul was held in 550. The diocese was located at the western edge of the Holy Roman Empire; it was bordered by France, the Duchy of Bar, and the Duchy of Lorraine. It was annexed to France by King Henry II in 1552, and that was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. It then was part of the province of the Three Bishoprics.
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor inherited the city and made it part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1032. In 843, the Treaty of Verdun divided up Charlemagne's empire. Besançon became part of Lotharingia, under the Duke of Burgundy. As part of the Holy Roman Empire since 1034, the city became an archbishopric, and was designated the Free Imperial City of Besançon (an autonomous city-state under the Holy Roman Emperor) in 1184.
Pope Gregory VII (in office 1073-1085) was the last Pope to submit to the interference of the Holy Roman Emperors. The breach between him and the Holy Roman Empire caused by the Investiture Controversy led to the abolition of the Emperor's role.Nelson, Lynn H. (1999) "The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy: 1000 – 1122" . In 1122 the Holy Roman Empire acceded to the Concordat of Worms, accepting the papal decision.
In 1805, while the Holy Roman Empire was still in existence, Napoleon, by now Emperor Napoleon I, claimed the crown of the new Kingdom of Italy for himself, putting the Iron Crown on his head at Milan on 26 May 1805. The Empire itself was abolished the next year on 6 August 1806. The Restoration of Habsburg power following Napoleon's defeat did not bring back the Holy Roman Empire nor the Kingdom of Italy.
Smith, Henry Preserved. The Age of the Reformation. p. 119. In 1545, the League gained the allegiance of the Electoral Palatinate, under the control of Frederick III, Elector Palatine.Smith, Henry Preserved. The Age of the Reformation. pp. 120–121. In 1544, Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire signed the Treaty of Speyer, which stated that during the reign of Christian III, Denmark would maintain a peaceful foreign policy towards the Holy Roman Empire.
Gane, pp. 94, 139–141 Murad III receiving ambassadors from the Holy Roman Empire. 1608 engraving to Salomon Schweigger's account of the visit Andronikos was born from Şeytanoğlu's first marriage.
Francis Louis of Palatinate-Neuburg (; 18 July 1664 – 6 April 1732) was bishop and archbishop of several dioceses, prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, and of the Teutonic Order.
Christian IV of Denmark had declared war on the Holy Roman Empire in 1625.Murdoch (2000), pp.202-225; Grosjean, (2003), pp.68-71; Murdoch in Mackillop & Murdoch (2003), p.
Baindt is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It was home to Baindt Abbey which ruled a secular principality in the Holy Roman Empire.
Wilderich von Walderdorff (14 January 1617, Würzburg – 4 September 1680, Vienna) from the Walderdorff family was Prince-Bishop of Vienna and Imperial Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire (1660-1669).
Coats of arms of prince electors surrounding the double-headed Reichsadler (1545). Over its long history, the Holy Roman Empire used many different heraldic forms, representing its numerous internal divisions.
Cologne passed to East Francia but was soon reconquered by Henry the Fowler, deciding its fate as a city of the Holy Roman Empire (and eventually Germany) rather than France.
Lazarus von Schwendi Lazarus von Schwendi, Barón de Hohenlandsberg (; 1522, Mittelbiberach – 28 May 1583) was an Austrian military commander and general in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire.
Palatinate-Sulzbach was the name of two separate states of the Holy Roman Empire located in modern Amberg-Sulzbach, Bavaria, Germany, ruled by a branch of the House of Wittelsbach.
Croce considered Canossa as the initial retreat from Italy of the Holy Roman Empire, starting the Italian Renaissance in which the Germans lost control of Northern Italy by the 15th century.
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire between 1152 and 1190, was the biggest figure of imperialism in the first stage of the dispute over Dominium Mundi.
Pace von Friedensberg is an Austrian noble family of Spanish and Italian origin. The family held the titles of Count of Pace and Baron of Friedensberg within the Holy Roman Empire.
The County of Ravensberg () was a historical county of the Holy Roman Empire. Its territory was in present-day eastern Westphalia, Germany at the foot of the Osning or Teutoburg Forest.
During this time, he served as General of the Danube fleet in the long Turkish war (1593-1606) between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire. He died in 1598.
Aremberg was originally a county. It became a state of the Holy Roman Empire (reichsunmittelbar) in 1549, was raised to a princely county in 1576, then became a duchy in 1645.
Maximilian of Hesse-Kassel (28 May 1689 - 8 May 1753) was a prince of Hesse- Kassel and a Generalfeldzeugmeister, Generalfeldmarschall and finally Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall in the army of the Holy Roman Empire.
Independence from Bavaria was secured in the late 14th century. The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an independent prince-bishopric and State of the Holy Roman Empire until German Mediatisation in 1803.
Modern Westphalia was a part of the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, which comprised territories of Lower Lorraine, Frisia and parts of the former Duchy of Saxony.
Just three years later, August 27, 1675, the French and the Holy Roman Empire concluded the Strasbourg Agreement, which included an article banning the use of "perfidious and odious" toxic devices.
This list of states which were part of the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordships, sous-fiefs and allodial fiefs. The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity that existed in central Europe for most of the medieval and early modern periods and was generally ruled by a German-speaking Emperor. The states that composed the Empire, while enjoying a unique form of territorial authority (called Landeshoheit) that granted them many attributes of sovereignty, were never fully sovereign states as the term is understood today.Gagliardo, G., Reich and Nation, The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806, Indiana University Press, 1980, p. 4-5.
This list includes all 47 German monarchs crowned from Charlemagne until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806). Several rulers were crowned King of the Romans (King of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: Conrad I of Germany and Henry the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Rudolf I, Adolf and Albert I during the interregnum of the late 13th century. Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although the term Sacrum Imperium Romanum was not in use before the 13th century).
The Battle of Leitzersdorf was a battle between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in 1484. Fuelled by the earlier conflicts of Matthias Corvinus and Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor it marked the end of anti- Ottoman preparations and initiations of a holy war. It was the only open field battle of the Austro-Hungarian War, and the defeat meant – in long terms – the loss of the Archduchy of Austria for the Holy Roman Empire.
This form of statehood, identified with the Holy Roman Empire, is described as the most complete form of medieval rule, completing conventional feudal structure of lordship and vassalage with the personal association between the nobility. But the applicability of this concept to cases outside of the Holy Roman Empire has been questioned, as by Susan Reynolds. The concept has also been questioned and superseded in German histography because of its bias and reductionism towards legitimating the Führerprinzip.
Charles's involvement in Germany would establish a role for Spain as protector of the Catholic Habsburg cause in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1526, Charles married Infanta Isabella, the sister of John III of Portugal. In 1556 he abdicated from his positions, giving his Spanish empire to his only surviving son, Philip II of Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, Ferdinand. Charles retired to the monastery of Yuste (Extremadura, Spain), and died in 1558.
As the result of Ostsiedlung, less-populated regions of Central Europe (i.e. the territory of today's Poland and Czech Republic) became German-speaking. Silesia became part of the Holy Roman Empire as the result of the local Piast dukes' push for autonomy from the Polish Crown. From the late 12th century, the Griffin Duchy of Pomerania became suscertains to the Holy Roman Empire and the conquests of the Teutonic Order made the Baltic region German- speaking.
The Elector declared himself to be king on 1 January 1806, officially changing the Electorate of Bavaria to being the Kingdom of Bavaria. On 15 March 1806 he ceded the Duchy of Berg to Napoleon. Shortly thereafter, the Confederation of the Rhine was formed and Maximilian, with the other princes who joined that body, announced his secession from the Holy Roman Empire. The King still served as an Elector until Bavaria left the Holy Roman Empire (1 August 1806).
Imperial and Royal Army The Imperial and Royal or Imperial Austrian Army () was strictly speaking, the armed force of the Holy Roman Empire under its last monarch, the Habsburg Emperor Francis II, although in reality, it was nearly all composed of the Habsburg army. When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, it assumed its title of the Army of the Austrian Empire under the same monarch, now known as Emperor Francis I of Austria.
Therefore, they had become prince-bishoprics in name only. Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Volume I, Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 89. which were assigned to Sweden, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg. On the other hand, Hildesheim and Paderborn – under Protestant administration for decades and given up for lost – were restored as prince- bishoprics.Peter Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806, Studies in European History, Second Edition (2011), pp. 94–95.
The many small city-states splintered, meanwhile. In the 18th century the Holy Roman Empire consisted of over 1800 separate territories governed by distinct authorities. This rivalry between Austria and Prussia culminated in the War of the Austrian Succession, and outlasted the French Revolution and Napoleon's domination of Europe. Facing the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the ruling House of Habsburg proclaimed the Austrian Empire in the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy instead, retaining the imperial title.
An engraving depicting the bombardment of Trarbach and the Grevenburg The Siege of Trarbach (10 April – 2 May 1734) was conducted during the War of the Polish Succession by French troops against a garrison of troops of the Holy Roman Empire in the fortress at Trarbach in the County of Sponheim, a small principality of the Holy Roman Empire (Trarbach is now in Rhineland- Palatinate, Germany). The French, led by Marshal Belle-Isle, were victorious, and destroyed the fortress.
Accordingly, in August 1498, Louis XII signed a treaty with Archduke Philip, son of Maximilian I, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire which secured the borders between the Holy Roman Empire and France.Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, the Italian Wars: 1494–1559, p. 43. In July 1498, Louis renewed the Treaty of Étaples of 1492 with Henry VII of England. In August 1498, the Treaty of Marcoussis was signed between Louis XII and Ferdinand and Isabel.
The Electorate of Württemberg was a short-lived state of the Holy Roman Empire on the right bank of the Rhine. In 1803, Napoleon raised the Duchy of Württemberg to the Electorate of Württemberg, the highest form of a princedom in the Holy Roman Empire. However, soon afterward, on 1 January 1806 the last Elector assumed the title of King of Württemberg. Later, the last Emperor, Francis II, abolished de facto the empire on 6 August 1806.
Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League In Northern Europe, the Hanseatic League was founded in the 12th century, with the foundation of the city of Lübeck in 1158–1159. Many northern cities of the Holy Roman Empire became Hanseatic cities, including Hamburg, Stettin, Bremen and Rostock. Hanseatic cities outside the Holy Roman Empire were, for instance, Bruges, London and the Polish city of Danzig (Gdańsk). In Bergen and Novgorod the league had factories and middlemen.
The final emperors were from the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, from 1765-1806\. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by Francis II, after a devastating defeat by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. The Emperor was widely perceived to rule by divine right, though he often contradicted or rivaled the Pope, most notably during the Investiture controversy. The Holy Roman Empire never had an empress regnant, though women such as Theophanu and Maria Theresa exerted strong influence.
The Archbishop of Mainz was an influential ecclesiastic and secular prince in the Holy Roman Empire between 780–782 and 1802. In Church hierarchy, the Archbishop of Mainz was the primas Germaniae, the substitute for the Pope north of the Alps. Aside from Rome, the See of Mainz is the only other see referred to as a "Holy See", although this usage became rather less common. This archbishopric was a substantial ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire.
The marriage was regarded as a major political gain, as Sigismund, formerly a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, now formed close ties with the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Rudolf II appointed Sigismund Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsfürst),Leopold Hassler: Geschichte des österreichischen Kaiserstaates, I. Klang, 1842, p. 253. and also secured the possession of Transylvania, if the couple remain without offspring. The agreement was signed on 16 January 1595 by the Hungarian parliament in Bratislava.
The County of Geneva, largely corresponding to the later Genevois province, originated in the tenth century, in the Burgundian Kingdom of Arles (Arelat) which fell to the Holy Roman Empire in 1032.
Coat of arms of the Margraves of Meissen, Ingeram Codex (1459) This article lists the margraves of Meissen, a march and territorial state on the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire.
Count Elliott (also spelled Count Eliot) was a hereditary title held by the Eliot family. The title encompassed Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Comte de Morhange, and Graf von Port Eliot.
Most princes of the Holy Roman Empire followed.Neugebauer (2006), p. 128 Charles XII of Sweden accepted Frederick as Prussian king in 1703. In 1713, France and Spain also accepted Frederick's royal status.
The Countship of Isenburg-Limburg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the 13th and 14th centuries, based around the city of Limburg an der Lahn in modern Hesse, Germany.
The 1757 raid on Berlin took place during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War). Cavalrymen of the Holy Roman Empire attacked and briefly occupied Berlin, the capital of Prussia.
Denmark, Great Britain, and Sweden had land holdings in Germany and so had representation in the Diet itself.Wilson, Peter H. The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806. Macmillan International Higher Education. 21 June 2011.
Initially, Holland was a remote corner of the Holy Roman Empire. Gradually, its regional importance increased until it began to have a decisive, and ultimately dominant, influence on the History of the Netherlands.
Störnstein is a municipality in the district of Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria, Germany. Störnstein was also the name of a former County in the Holy Roman Empire in the Bavarian Circle.
Ottoman Empire was engaged in a long and costly war against the Holy Roman Empire, so called Long war (1593–1606) and there were a series of revolts in Anatolia named Jelali revolts.
Ferdinand inserted this at the last minute, on his own authority.For a general discussion of the impact of the Reformation on the Holy Roman Empire, see Holborn, chapters 6–9 (pp. 123–248).
In 1637, Lipski was sent by king Władysław to Vienna to escort his future wife, Cecylia Renata. At that time Emperor Ferdinand of the Holy Roman Empire gave him the title of count.
After Austerlitz, Austria withdrew from the war. The French demanded a high indemnity, and Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor, releasing the German states from their allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire.
The Lordship of Heinsberg was a territory within the Holy Roman Empire, centred on the city of Heinsberg. The most notable member of the house of Heinsberg was Philip I, archbishop and archchancellor.
2012 she was crowned with him by Pope John XII in Rome on 2 February 962. She was regent of the Holy Roman Empire as the guardian of her grandson in 991–995.
Marko Stetner was a 16th-century politician in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1582. He was succeeded by Volk Guertner in 1584.
Volk Gebhardt was a 16th-century politician in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1544. He was succeeded by Janez Dorn in 1548.
Janez Dorn was a 16th-century politician in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1548. He was succeeded by Jurij Tiffrer in 1552.
Jurij Tiffrer was a 16th-century politician in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1552. He was succeeded by Mihael Frankovitsch in 1555.
Mihael Frankovitsch was a 16th-century politician in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1555. He was succeeded by Blaž Samerl in 1559.
Blaž Samerl was a 16th-century politician in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1559. He was succeeded by Marko Pregl in 1563.
Marko Pregl was a 16th-century politician in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1563. He was succeeded by Lenard Chroen in 1565.
Mihael Vodapiuez was a 16th-century politician in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1567. He was succeeded by Janez Phanner in 1571.
Janez Phanner was a 16th-century politician in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1571. He was succeeded by Gaspar Hoffstetter in 1574.
Among them – Voivod (Dukes) and Princes of Transylvania, Counts of Rhédey von Kis- Rhéde, Hereditary Count Palatines of the Holy Roman Empire, Papal Count Palatines of the Lateran Palace and Countess von Hohenstein.
Although the term Erblande was often extended to include Bohemia (which lay within the Holy Roman Empire) after 1627, it was never used to describe Hungary, even after 1687.Hochedlinger, Austria's Wars, xvii.
It is the only monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire that still exists. He was the 591st Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria. He died in Vienna in 1721.
Maurice of Hesse-Kassel () (25 May 1572 – 15 March 1632), also called Maurice the Learned, was the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) in the Holy Roman Empire from 1592 to 1627.
In 1804 Holy Roman Emperor Francis II foresaw the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, so he sought to preserve his family's imperial status by creating the new title "Hereditary Emperor of Austria".
On 7 September, the Holy Roman Empire joined the agreement by the Treaty of Baden; although Catalonia and Majorca were not finally subdued by the Bourbons until June 1715, the war was over.
The Elector of the Palatinate () ruled the Palatinate of the Rhine in the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire from 915 to 1803. Counts palatine of smaller states were not electors.
Berchtesgaden Provostry or the Prince-Provostry of Berchtesgaden () was an immediate (') principality of the Holy Roman Empire, held by a canonry, i.e. a collegiate foundation, of Canons Regular led by a Prince-Provost.
After the end of the Holy Roman Empire, the winner of the title in Austria have been recognized as Knights (May 14, 1817), the leadership title "Knight of the Holy Roman Empire" was banned (10 April 1816, October 6, 1847). The award was presented to the end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. In England, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries, a Knight Bachelor could be entitled "Eques auratus" (eq. aur.), for example, Thomas Bodley, Henry Spelman, Isaac Newton, and Christopher Wren.
Both sides attempted to charge the other with starting the feud in order to gather more sympathy from the princes and nobles who had power in the Holy Roman Empire. Neither story matched the events, as Schott's raid and the death of Herzog were not mentioned by Giech, and Nuremberg did not mention an attack on Giech. Each story would rally different parts of the Holy Roman Empire to the factions' standards, causing the significance of the feud to rise.
In the early years of the 16th century Tunisia was ruled by Hafsid dynasty of Berber origin. Although Tunis, the most important city of Tunisia was captured by Barbaros on behalf of the Ottoman Empire in 1534, next year during the reign of Charles V, a navy of the Holy Roman Empire took the city.Kinross, p. 214-216 In the year 1560, an Ottoman navy commanded by Piyale Pasha defeated a large navy of the Holy Roman Empire in the Battle of Djerba.
This resulted in the Strasbourg Bishops' War (1592–1604), with a dismal effect on Molsheim. In 1618 the Thirty Years' War broke out, ending with the Peace of Westphalia in which control of Molsheim was transferred from the Holy Roman Empire to France. Molsheim was part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648, when it found itself located on the French side of the border. Between 1871 and 1919 and again between 1940 and 1944, the German speaking city was part of Germany.
Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire took place in the spring of 1241 and again in the winter of 1241–42. They were part of the first great Mongol invasion of Europe. The Mongols did not advance far into the Holy Roman Empire and there was no major clash of arms on its territory. Rather, the army that had invaded Poland, after harassing eastern Germany, crossed the March of Moravia in April–May 1241 to rejoin the army that had invaded Hungary.
Prussia also agreed to accept the terms of the Treaty of Pressburg between France and the Holy Roman Empire, which had not yet been finalized. It was only signed on 26 December. The Convention of Schönbrunn did not contain the customary clause affirming previous treaties. Contemporaries saw it, together with Austerlitz and Pressburg, as an epochal event, marking the end of an era, since Napoleon had demonstrated no interest in maintaining the Holy Roman Empire in anything like its old form.
After the Imperial Reform and Reformation settlement, the German part of the Holy Roman Empire was divided into Reichskreise (Imperial Circles), which in effect defined Germany against imperial territories outside the Imperial Circles: imperial Italy, the Bohemian Kingdom, and the Old Swiss Confederacy.Bryce, p. 243 Brendan Simms called the Imperial circles as "an embryonic German collective-security system" and "a potential vehicle for national unity against outsiders". Nevertheless, there are relatively few references to a German kingdom distinct from the Holy Roman Empire.
Nonetheless, France occupied three French-speaking cities: Metz, Toul and Verdun.Albert Guérard, France: A Modern History, p. 136. Furthermore, the alliance with the Ottomans had reached its peak under Henri II of France with the Invasion of Corsica (1553) In 1556, during the course of the war, Charles V abdicated the Imperial throne as well as the throne of Spain. He abdicated the Imperial throne of the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, who became Ferdinand I of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Holy Roman Empire in 1789. Each of these states (different colours) on the map had a specific set of legal rights that governed its social, economic, and juridical relationships between the state and the emperor, and among the states themselves. The practical application of the rights of immediacy was complex; this makes the history of the Holy Roman Empire particularly difficult to understand, especially for modern historians. Even such contemporaries as Goethe and Fichte called the Empire a monstrosity.
The Prince- Bishopric of Speyer belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. One of the smallest principalities of the Holy Roman Empire, it consisted of more than half a dozen separate enclaves totalling about 28 German square miles (about 1540 km²) on both sides of the Rhine. It included the towns of Bruchsal (on the right bank) as well as Deidesheim, Herxheim bei Landau, and Lauterburg (on the left bank). Around 1800 the bishopric included about 55,000 people.
The peace was facilitated by the abdication of Charles V in 1556 and the division of the Habsburg empire between Spain and Austria: Philip II of Spain received the kingdoms of Spain, southern Italy (Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia) and the colonies in the Americas; and Ferdinand of Austria became ruler of the Holy Roman Empire extending from Germany to northern Italy, with suo jure control of the Danube monarchy. The Duchy of Milan and the Habsburg Netherlands were left in personal union to the King of Spain while continuing to be part of the Holy Roman Empire. With the end of the personal union of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain ("Habsburg encirclement"), France was open to peace talks. A truce was reached in Vaucelles around 1556, but it was broken shortly after.
White and red are the other colours (despite to Gold and black) of the Holy Roman Empire symbolizing Christ as the Saviour, who is still shown with a white flag with a red cross.
Nonetheless, both empires would be part of the anti-Napoleonic Coalitions as well as the Concert of Europe. The Holy Roman–Russian dispute ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
Dynastie und Kaiserreiche. . pp.30-35 With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Privilegium maius finally lost its meaning. In 1852, it was proven a forgery by historian Wilhelm Wattenbach.
He was also Patrizio Romano, Noble of Viterbo and Orvieto and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He died unmarried and without issue and was succeeded in the title by his cousin Cesare Ottoboni.
98 This is documented by the amount of silver tribute the Redarii were to pay to the Holy Roman Empire, and the failure of the latter to permanently subdue the area despite multiple campaigns.
Fürstenberg was a county (), and later a principality (Fürstentum), of the Holy Roman Empire in Swabia, which was located in present-day southern Baden- Württemberg, Germany. Its ruling family was the House of Fürstenberg.
2, Edinburgh, (1814), 489-490. Strozzi died in the siege of Scarlino, in Tuscany, during the unsuccessful defence of Republic of Siena against Florence and the Holy Roman Empire, shot by an arquebus ball.
The Volinians also played an important role.Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.31, They were at various times both ally and military target of the Holy Roman Empire and Poland.
The Princely Abbey of Kempten () was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire for centuries until it was annexed to the Electorate of Bavaria in the course of the German mediatization in 1803.
The Empire is the largest human civilization in the Old World. It is culturally, technologically, and geographically based on early modern Germany, with its name being an allusion to the historical Holy Roman Empire.
Werner von Urslingen (called in Italian: Guarnieri d'Urslingen or Duca Guarnieri; c. 1308 – 1354) was a mercenary of German-speaking origins in the Holy Roman Empire. He is also known as Werner of Urslingen.
The 18th century history of Germany sees the ascendancy of the Kingdom of Prussia and the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars which lead to the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
Yet Napoleon had agreed beforehand and therefore it happened.Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Oxford University Press, 2012, volume II, p. 632. Later he was dubbed the first Doppelkaiser (double emperor) in history.
James de Rothschild was born in Frankfurt-am-Main, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the fifth son and youngest child of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812) and Guttle Schnapper (1753–1849).
Joachim of Fürstenberg (1538–1598) was a Count of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, a vassalate of the Holy Roman Empire. His wife was Countess Anna of Zimmern. He was succeeded by his son, Frederick IV of Fürstenberg.
A debit commission (from the Latin debere "to owe") was in the Holy Roman Empire a means to resolve the problems of over-indebted states. These states were usually, but not always, sovereign Imperial States.
Alexandre Marie Eleonor of Saint-Mauris, count of Montbarrey, then prince of Montbarrey and of the Holy Roman Empire (1774), grandee of Spain of first class (1780), knight of the Holy Spirit, lieutenant general (1780).
The medieval European state of the Crown of Bohemia, which was an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, consisted of crown lands: Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, Duchies of Silesia, Upper and Lower Lusatia.
See James Allen Vann, The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975. Mack Walker.
Eugène François Charles Joseph Lamoral de Ligne d'Amblise et d'Epinoy (Brussels, 28 January 1804 – Brussels, 20 May 1880), 8th Prince of Ligne and of the Holy Roman Empire was a Belgian diplomat and liberal politician.
The Landgraviate of Hesse () was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. It existed as a single entity from 1264 to 1567, when it was divided among the sons of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.
Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg was a territory in Swabia, which was located in present-day southern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was ruled by the House of Fürstenberg in the Circle of Swabia during the Holy Roman Empire.
Circle is a type of administrative division of some countries. In Thailand the former monthon are translated as circle. The former Holy Roman Empire was organized into Imperial Circles (German: Reichskreise). Algerian daïras are circles.
Janez Lindauer was a politician in Slovenia during the early 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1509. He was succeeded by Volk Meditsch in 1511.
Volk Meditsch was a politician in Slovenia during the early 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1511. He was succeeded by Matevz Frang in 1513.
Matevz Frang was a politician in Slovenia during the early 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1513. He was succeeded by Jurij Tazel in 1514.
Jurij Tazel was a politician in Slovenia during the early 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1514. He was succeeded by Anton Lantheri in 1516.
Anton Lantheri was a politician in Slovenia during the early 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1516. He was succeeded by Janez Standinath in 1518.
Janez Standinath was a politician in Slovenia during the early 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1518. He was succeeded by Volk Posch in 1520.
Kristof Otto was a politician of the 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1634. He was succeeded by Gregor Khunstl in 1638.
Gregor Khunstl was a politician of the 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1638. He was succeeded by Marko Wiz in 1640.
Marko Wiz was a politician of the 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1640. He was succeeded by Fran Cirian in 1647.
Fran Cirian was a politician of the 17th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1647. He was succeeded by Ljudevit Schonleben in 1648.
Josip Pototschnig was a politician of the 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1782. He was succeeded by Peter Fister in 1788.
He is a member of the formerly sovereign princely House of Schönborn, several members of which held high offices of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church as prince-bishops, prince-electors and cardinals.
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire. It existed during two fairly short periods: 1572-1596 and 1633-1638. Its territory was part of the modern states of Bavaria and Thuringia.
Otto I (the Great) is crowned with the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire. Year 962 (CMLXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
The election as depicted on a contemporary engraving The imperial election of 1612 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on June 13.
A grand duchy is a country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess. Relatively rare until the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the term was often used in the official name of countries smaller than most continental kingdoms of modern Europe (e.g., Denmark, Spain, United Kingdom) yet larger than most of the sovereign duchies in the Holy Roman Empire, Italy or Scandinavia (e.g. Anhalt, Lorraine, Modena, Schleswig-Holstein).
The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III (Habsburg), the Kingdoms of Spain, France and Sweden, the Netherlands and their respective allies among the princes and the Republican Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress. Until 1806, the regulations became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire. The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ended the war between France and Spain and is often considered part of the overall accord.
Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart [u. a.] 1998, pp. 52–55. By the end of the 18th century, the term "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" had fallen out of official use. Contradicting the traditional view concerning that designation, Hermann Weisert has argued in a study on imperial titulature that, despite the claims of many textbooks, the name "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" never had an official status and points out that documents were thirty times as likely to omit the national suffix as include it.
Gambling was later outlawed by Prussian authorities in 1872. As a result of Napoleon's victory over Austria in the Battle of Austerlitz, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1805. On July 12, 1806, 16 states in present-day Germany, including the remaining counties of Nassau- Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg, formally left the Holy Roman Empire and joined together in the Confederation of the Rhine. Napoleon was its "protector". Under pressure from Napoleon, both counties merged to form the Duchy of Nassau on August 30, 1806.
Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire was a politico-economic system of relationships between liege lords and enfeoffed vassals (or feudatories) that formed the basis of the social structure within the Holy Roman Empire during the High Middle Ages. In Germany the system is variously referred to Lehnswesen, Feudalwesen or Benefizialwesen. Feudalism in Europe emerged in the Early Middle Ages, based on Roman clientship and the Germanic social hierarchy of lords and retainers. It obliged the feudatory to render personal services to the lord.
Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the 10th and 11th centuries: Germany (blue), Italy (grey), Burgundy (orange to the West), Bohemia (orange to the East), Papal States (purple). Sardinia's presentation as part of the Holy Roman Empire is debated. Henry was girded with a sword as a token of his coming of age in Worms on 29 March 1065. According to the contemporaneous account of Lampert of Hersfeld, Henry attacked Archbishop Anno of Cologne soon after the ceremony and only his mother could calm him down.
The Franconian Circle as at 1789, before the French Revolutionary Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. The Franconian Circle () was an Imperial Circle established in 1500 in the centre of the Holy Roman Empire. It comprised the eastern part of the former Franconian stem duchy — roughly corresponding with the present-day Bavarian Regierungsbezirke of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia — while western Rhenish Franconia belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle. The title of a "Duke of Franconia" was claimed by the Würzburg bishops.
Utendal was a native of Ghent, nowadays a Belgian city, but at the time part of Flanders and the Netherlands which were part of the Holy Roman Empire. Like many Flemish musicians and composers of his time, he served the Imperial family, the Habsburgs. He began already at a young age as a choirboy at the court of Mary of Hungary, sister of emperors Charles V and Ferdinand I of the Holy Roman Empire. She was given the position of Vogt (regent) of the Netherlands.
Otto I was selected as the main motif for a high value commemorative coin, the €100 Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire commemorative coin, issued in 2008 by the Austrian Mint. The obverse shows the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire. The reverse shows Emperor Otto I with Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome in the background, where his coronation took place. Among others, three exhibitions in Magdeburg, opening in 2001, 2006 and 2012, have documented Otto's life and his influence on medieval European history.
Just as Ludovico Sforza had invited Charles VIII into Italy in 1494, now in 1496, he invited Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire into Italy to resolve the conflict between Pisa and Florence.Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, The Italian Wars: 1494–1559, p. 39. In the conflict between the Florentines and the Pisans, Sforza had favored the Pisans. In the eyes of Maximilian I and the Holy Roman Empire, the Pisan War was causing distractions and divisions within the members of the League of Venice.
Johann Conrad Weiser was born in 1662 in Großaspach, Württemberg, Holy Roman Empire to Jacob Weiser, an innkeeper, and his wife, Anna Trefz. Weiser married Anna Magdalena Uebele and they had a total of fifteen children. He served as a corporal in the army of the Holy Roman Empire, and fought in the Nine Years' War of 1688 to 1697 between a coalition of European powers and France. He was a member of the Württemberg Blue Dragoons, and was stationed at Affstätt, Herrenberg, Württemberg in the 1690s.
In 1648, two Westphalian cities known as Münster and Osnabrück located in Germany as well the Holy Roman Empire signed several peace treaties that ultimately gave end to the Thirty Years' War. This war posed a religious conflict between Catholics Habsburgs and their counterpart Protestants. The end of this war allowed many nations to claim independence and gradually give birth to a new state system in nations. This was seen especially in the Holy Roman Empire, where several territorial states gained sovereignty and acquired new individual power.
Prospero Colonna. Prospero Colonna (1452–1523), sometimes referred to as Prosper Colonna, was an Italian condottiero in the service of the Papal States the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Spain during the Italian Wars.
"Illustrious Highness" is used to translate the Middle High German word Erlaucht () eventually borne by Imperial counts, similar to the later Durchlaucht ("Serene Highness") which was reserved for the Reichsfürsten (Princes of the Holy Roman Empire).
Within the Holy Roman Empire (962-1806), Rodach was part of the Duchy of Saxe- Coburg-Saalfeld (1699–1825). Within the German Empire (1871-1918), Rodach was part of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
The Electorate of Salzburg ( or '), occasionally known as the Grand Duchy of Salzburg, was an electoral principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803-05, the short-lived successor state of the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg.
The term is from the German language, derived from the Latin past participle dictātum. It arose from Dictatus Papae, which attempts to resolve the struggle of the priesthood and the Empire in the Holy Roman Empire.
Parker, pp. 87–88 The overturning of the Declaratio Ferdinandei and other religious persecution helped rekindle the Thirty Years' War, changing it from an internal conflict within the Holy Roman Empire into an international religious war.
Adolphus Frederick II (19 October 1658 – 12 May 1708), Duke of Mecklenburg, was the first Duke of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz, reigning from 1701 until his death. Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a part of the Holy Roman Empire.
The list of Austrian field marshals denotes those who held the rank of Feldmarschall in the Austrian or Austro-Hungarian armies. For earlier Austrian field marshals, see List of field marshals of the Holy Roman Empire.
Martino Martini () (20 September 1614 – 6 June 1661) was a Jesuit missionary, born and raised in Trent, a Prince-Bishopric in the Holy Roman Empire. As cartographer and historian he mainly worked on ancient Imperial China.
Reichsvogt was the term for a Vogt, that was nominated by the king as the representative of the Holy Roman Empire, and was especially in today's Switzerland in the High Middle Ages a very influential position.
Jakob Stettenfelder was a politician active in Slovenia during the early 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1507. He was succeeded by Janez Lindauer in 1509.
Mihael Preiss was a politician of the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1605. He was succeeded by Janez Vodapiuez in 1607.
Janez Vodapiuez was a politician of the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1607. He was succeeded by Janez Sonze in 1608.
Adam Eggich was a politician of the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1616. He was succeeded by Adam Weiss in 1619.
Jurij Viditsch was a politician of the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1624. He was succeeded by Horacij Carminelli in 1629.
Horacij Carminelli was a politician of the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1629. He was succeeded by Andrej Stropel in 1631.
Andrej Stropel was a politician of the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1631. He was succeeded by Kristof Otto in 1634.
Jurij Wertatsch was a politician of the mid 17th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1650. He was succeeded by Janez Steringer in 1657.
Janez Steringer was a politician of the 17th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1657. He was succeeded by Janez Maria Pisckhon in 1663.
Andrej Falkh was a politician of the late 16th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1592. He was succeeded by Venturin Thrauison in 1593.
Venturin Thrauison was a politician of the late 16th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1593. He was succeeded by Mihael Rosen in 1595.
Mihael Rosen was a politician of the late 16th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1595. He was succeeded by Anton Feichtinger in 1598.
Anton Feichtinger was a politician of the late 16th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1598. He was succeeded by Andrej Kroen in 1599.
Anton Janeshitsh was a politician of the early 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1712. He was succeeded by Jakob Herendler in 1716.
Anton Raab was a politician of the 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1738. He was succeeded by Jurij Ambrož Kappus in 1742.
Fran Gamba was a politician of the 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1764. He was succeeded by Janez Mihael Kuk in 1766.
Janez Mihael Kuk was a politician of the 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1766. He was succeeded by Matija Bertolloti in 1770.
Matija Bertolloti was a politician of the 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1770. He was succeeded by Janez Jurij Pilgram in 1772.
Janez Friderik Egger was a politician of the 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1782. He was succeeded by Josip Pototschnig in 1786.
Peter Fister was a politician of the late 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1788. He was succeeded by Anton Podobnik in 1796.
Anton Podobnik was a politician of the late 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1796. He was succeeded by Josip Kokail in 1797.
The decentralisation of the Holy Roman Empire continued, with Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony increasingly acting as independent states. Combined with victories over the Ottomans, this meant the Austrian Habsburgs increasingly switched their focus to southern Europe.
Treitschke, Heinrich. History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century, vol. 5, p. 344. Most preparations were aimed toward France, from where several wars of occupation had been launched in earlier times against the Holy Roman Empire.
Toolse castle () was a crusader castle belonging to the Teutonic Order. It was completed in 1471. At one point of time, it was reportedly the northernmost outpost of the Holy Roman Empire. Aerial view of Toolse.
Archbishops of Trier were simultaneously princes and prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. According to Walter Alison Phillips, writing in the Encyclopædia Britannica, he had plentiful opportunity, in his capacity, to study the effect of the interference of the Roman Curia in the internal affairs of the Holy Roman Empire, notably in the negotiations that preceded the elections of Holy Roman Emperors Charles VII and Francis I in which Hontheim took part as assistant to the electoral ambassador. It appears that it was the extreme claims of the Papal Nuncio on these occasions and his interference in the affairs of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire that first suggested Hontheim's critical examination of the basis of the papal pretensions; he published the results under his pseudonym. This book aroused a vast amount of excitement and controversy at the time.
First page of the February Patent of 1861 with the grand title of the emperor Empress Maria Theresa, on her right are the crowns of the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary and Bohemia (by Martin van Meytens, 1752/1753) The grand title of the emperor of Austria was the official list of the crowns, titles, and dignities which the emperors of Austria carried from the foundation of the empire in 1804 until the end of the monarchy in 1918. After the House of Habsburg established itself in the 11th century, it grew in power. Various domains were added to its empire in central, eastern and western Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs between 1438 and 1740, and again between 1745 and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
Bohemia would remain a largely autonomous state under the Holy Roman Empire for several decades. The jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire was definitively reasserted when Jaromír of Bohemia was granted fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia by Emperor King Henry II of the Holy Roman Empire, with the promise that he hold it as a vassal once he re-occupied Prague with a German army in 1004, ending the rule of Boleslaw I of Poland. The first to use the title of "King of Bohemia" were the Přemyslid dukes Vratislav II (1085) and Vladislav II (1158), but their heirs would return to the title of duke. The title of king became hereditary under Ottokar I (1198). His grandson Ottokar II (king from 1253–1278) conquered a short-lived empire which contained modern Austria and Slovenia.
The territory of Luxembourg has been ruled successively by counts, dukes and grand dukes. It was part of the medieval Kingdom of Germany, and later the Holy Roman Empire until it became a sovereign state in 1815.
The Piasts intermarried with several noble lines of Europe, and possessed numerous titles, some within the Holy Roman Empire. The Jagiellonian kings after John I Albert were also descended in the female line from Casimir III's daughter.
Notker Hammerstein (born 3 October 1930) is a German historian. His research interests are mainly in the field of and history of science as well as the history of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
Influenced by Dutch humanism, his methodical analysis of the constitutional law of the Holy Roman Empire focused no longer on Roman law but on Imperial sources of public law, such as Imperial basic laws and electoral capitulations.
His place of birth is unknown. According to John Burke, he changed his name from Hockstetter (see Höchstetter) to Heckstetter and his family were accorded great honour in Germany by Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire.
Baden was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and later one of the German states along the frontier with France primarily consisting of territory along the right bank of the Rhine opposite Alsace and the Palatinate.
Ferdinand Albert (German Ferdinand Albrecht; 29 May 1680 (O.S.), Bevern - 2 September 1735 (O.S.), Salzdahlum), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an officer in the army of the Holy Roman Empire. He was prince of Wolfenbüttel during 1735.
Franz Kessler's diving harness Franz Kessler (c. 1580–1650) was a portrait painter,Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (General German Biography): Kessler, Franz. scholar, inventor and alchemist living in the Holy Roman Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Janez Sonze was a politician of the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1608. He was succeeded by Janez Krstnik Gedenelli in 1610.
Janez Krstnik Gedenelli was a politician of the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1610. He was succeeded by Adam Eggich in 1616.
Adam Weiss was a politician of the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1619. He was succeeded by Janez Krstnik Verbetz in 1623.
Janez Krstnik Verbetz was a politician in the early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1623. He was succeeded by Jurij Viditsch in 1624.
Janez Krstnik Dolnitscher was a politician of the 17th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1672. He was succeeded by Janez Jernej Bosio in 1679.
Janez Dolnitscher was a politician of the late 17th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1692. He was succeeded by Matija Di Georgio in 1697.
Volk Guertner was a politician of the late 16th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1584. He was succeeded by Jakob De Curtoni in 1588.
Jakob De Curtoni was a politician of the late 16th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1588. He was succeeded by Andrej Falkh in 1592.
Matija Di Georgio was a politician of the late 17th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1697. He was succeeded by Janez Graffenhueber in 1699.
Jakob Herendler was a politician of the early 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1716. He was succeeded by Florijan von Grafflieiden in 1720.
Florijan von Grafflieiden was a politician of the early 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1720. He was succeeded by Matija Christian in 1726.
Janez Jurij Pilgram was a politician of the 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1772. He was succeeded by Janez Nepomuk Mikolitsch in 1774.
Carl Rudolf Carl Rudolf (Neuenstadt am Kocher, 29 May 1667 - Neuenstadt am Kocher, 17 November 1742) was third and last Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt, army commander in Danish service and Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire.
Baden was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and later one of the German states along the frontier with France, primarily consisting of territory along the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Alsace and the Palatinate.
Plan of the farm. The barn. One of the stables of the 17th century. In the seventeenth century, the count of Holy Roman Empire Conrad d'Ursel, owner of the Castle of Hermalle, renovated and expanded his property.
Johan Severin Holten (11 July 1770 – 30 December 1805) was a Danish zoological author, brother of Nicolai Holten, who was to become a Geheimrat, a high- ranking advisor at the imperial courts of the Holy Roman Empire.
The German Crown Jewels encompass the Imperial Regalia of the German Kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire until 1806. From 1871 until 1918 the Prussians kings redenominated the Prussian Crown Jewels as Crown jewels of the German Emperors. Formally the German Empire had no physical Crown jewels, though a model of a German State Crown was created and used in emblems. The term may also be used in reference to regalia of the various constitutive German monarchies that sprang from the Holy Roman Empire and later were unified in the German Empire.
In the face of aggressions by Napoleon I, who had been proclaimed "Emperor of the French" (French: Empereur des Français), by the French constitution on 18 May 1804, Francis II feared for the future of the Holy Roman Empire and wished to maintain his and his family's Imperial status in the event that the Holy Roman Empire should be dissolved. Therefore, on 11 August 1804 he created the new title of "Emperor of Austria" for himself and his successors as heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.Allerhöchste Pragmatikal-Verordnung vom 11. August 1804.
Coat of arms of Eglofs The Lordship of Eglofs was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire, in the Württemberg Allgäu, located around the village of Eglofs, now in Argenbühl in the rural district of Ravensburg in southern Baden- Württemberg, Germany. From 1668 it was an Imperial Estate in the Holy Roman Empire with a seat on the Bench of Counts of Swabia. It was owned by Abensperg und Traun until 1804, when they sold it to Windisch-Grätz. Two years later, Eglofs was mediatised to the Kingdom of Württemberg.
It was too close to the Kingdom of France frontier to be safe, and too far from the Holy Roman Empire to be convenient as a capital city. In 1562 the Imperial election and Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II took place at Frankfurt, a precedent followed until the end of the Holy Roman Empire. The Protestant Reformation brought trouble to Aachen. In 1580 Protestantism got the upper hand; an Imperial ban resulted and was imposed in 1598 by Ernest of Bavaria, archbishop-elector of Cologne.
The Congress of Vienna met in 1814–15. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Austria later became engaged in a war with Revolutionary France, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier,Lonnie Johnson 34 the Empire of Austria was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties.
A deed from 1130 mentions Berthold von Pagin, ministerialis of Lothair III, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who gave his name to the town in the form of Peine. The castle, Burg Peine, no longer existing today, dated to this era or before. The 1201 Hildesheim Chronicle describes a feud between the bishop Hartbert von Hildesheim and the brothers Ekbert and Gunzelin von Wolfenbüttel. Earl Gunzelin von Wolfenbüttel was the commander-in-chief of the German army and seneschal in attendance of Otto IV, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Bernd Schneidmüller, Die Welfen. Herrschaft und Erinnerung (819–1252). Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, 82–83. Burchard's rule as duke was acknowledged as such by the newly elected king Henry the Fowler, and in the 960s the duchy under Burchard III was incorporated in the Holy Roman Empire under Otto I. The Hohenstaufen dynasty, which ruled the Holy Roman Empire in the 12th and 13th centuries, arose out of Swabia, but following the execution of Conradin, the last Hohenstaufen, on October 29, 1268, the duchy was not reappointed during the Great Interregnum.
The Holy Roman Empire in 1789, showing Austrian territories (brown) and Prussian territories (blue). Throughout the Middle and Early-modern Ages, the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) encompassed all of the present territories of Germany, Austria, Bohemia (Czech Republic), Slovenia, northern Italy and the western part of modern-day Poland. The House of Habsburg became the ruling family of the Empire in 1440; the family would remain so until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. Austria has been the Habsburg's seat of power and the dominant state within the realm.
He was unable to compel the newly converted Lutherans to return to the fold of the Roman Catholic Church through force, and was obliged to guarantee that every prince in the Holy Roman Empire was allowed to determine the faith of his fiefdom. A principle that is known as Cuius regio, eius religio. This principle, when respected, prevented the outbreak of hostilities between Catholics and Protestants in Germany prior to the Thirty Years' War. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the Protestant powers of the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century.
From around 1520 to 1750, European politics was dominated by the rivalry between France and the Habsburgs, rulers of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. During the 1620s, France was divided by renewed religious wars and Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister from 1624 to 1642, avoided open conflict with the Habsburgs. Instead, he financed their opponents, including the Dutch, the Ottomans, and Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. Map of the Holy Roman Empire, 1648 Richelieu also tried to create an alternative power centre by backing the Wittelsbachs, rulers of Bavaria, Cologne, Jülich and Berg.
Pope Alexander VIII died in 1691 and the College of Cardinals assembled to hold a conclave to select his successor. Factions loyal to the Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Spain and the broader Holy Roman Empire failed to agree on a consensus candidate. After five months, Cardinal Pignatelli emerged as a compromise candidate between the cardinals of France and those of the Holy Roman Empire. Pignatelli took his new name in honour of Pope Innocent XI and was crowned on 15 July 1691 by the protodeacon, Cardinal Urbano Sacchetti.
Imperial Chamber Court building in Wetzlar, Germany The Reichskammergericht (, Imperial Chamber Court; ) was one of two highest judicial institutions in the Holy Roman Empire, the other one being the Aulic Council in Vienna. It was founded in 1495 by the Imperial Diet in Worms. All legal proceedings in the Holy Roman Empire could be brought to the Imperial Chamber Court, except if the ruler of the territory had a so-called privilegium de non appellando, in which case the highest judicial institution was found by the ruler of that territory. Another exception was criminal law.
While it was within the Holy Roman Empire it was considered the capital of the province of Flanders. In 1046, Aalst was transferred to the Countship of Imperial Flanders, and absorbed a portion of Brabant, and in 1173 it was united with the remainder of the Flanders province. Its frontier position on the border of the Holy Roman Empire allowed the town to keep a certain degree of independence. Its relation with Brabant has been preserved in the city's white and red coat of arms, the colours of Lotharingia.
Reduction in population of Holy Roman Empire compared to pre-war. Historians often refer to the 'General Crisis' of the mid-17th century, a period of sustained conflict in states such as China, the British Isles, Tsarist Russia and the Holy Roman Empire. In all these areas, war, famine and disease inflicted severe losses on local populations. While the Thirty Years War ranks as one of the worst of these events, precise numbers are disputed; 19th century nationalists often increased them to illustrate the dangers of a divided Germany.
Napoleon In the early nineteenth century France, with Napoleon in charge, was at war against the Second Coalition formed by the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, Portugal, the kingdom of Naples, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Spain and France remained a military alliance since the signing of the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1796. Ferdinand IV of Naples. After the victories of Napoleon's army in the campaign of 1800 in Marengo, Höchstädt and Hohenlinden, on 9 February 1801 the Holy Roman Empire made peace with France by the Treaty of Lunéville.
Naples, that until Marengo had help from the Holy Roman Empire, was at the mercy of the powerful French army. Ferdinand IV, King of Naples and (III of) Sicily, was the brother of Charles IV of Spain, but their relationship was no obstacle to oppose the Franco-Spanish alliance. The influence of his wife, Queen Maria Carolina of Austria, of the Austrian royal family, led to the alignment of Naples with the Second Coalition and the Holy Roman Empire. Maria Carolina was the sister of Marie Antoinette, queen consort of France.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz (; ) is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France. In the Middle Ages it was a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire, a de facto independent state ruled by the prince- bishop who had the ex officio title of count. It was annexed to France by King Henry II in 1552; this was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. It formed part of the province of the Three Bishoprics.
Maria Josepha at the Zwinger Palace in Dresden, 1719 On 20 August 1719, Augustus married Maria Josepha Habsburg in Vienna. She was the daughter of the deceased Emperor Joseph I and niece of Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire, whose coronation young Augustus attended. This marriage wasn't coincidental; Augustus II the Strong orchestrated it to maintain the might of the Saxons within the Holy Roman Empire. The alliance with Catholic Charles would prove fruitful in case of hostile or armed opposition from the Protestant states within the Empire.
Already established and recognized for centuries and highly esteemed within the Holy Roman Empire, Mathias Franz together with his equally eminent brothers were each venerated for their own exceptional services to the Bohemian Crown and elevated as the first Counts of Chorinsky on 12 December 1761 by Empress of the Holy Roman Empire and Archduchess Maria Theresa in her sovereignty as Queen regnant of Bohemia. On 3 April 1798 the House of Chorinsky-Ledske were named chief banner-bearers (German Oberst-Erblandpanier- Träger) of the peerage of Bohemia.
The Hohenstaufen-ruled Holy Roman Empire (c. 1138–1254) and the Kingdom of Sicily. Imperial and directly held Hohenstaufen lands in the Empire are shown in bright yellow. This was the greatest territorial extent the HRE ever reached.
Urseolo regained the throne, but Hungary became a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire, though it was not to remain so for long. However, his second reign would prove to be even more short-lived than his first.
His brother, Andrew, and their kinsman, Tamás Nádasdy, took charge of Christopher's education. Christopher visited England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire in his youth. He also served as a page in Emperor Charles V's court.
Gregor von Burtscheid (c. 940 - 4 November 999), also known as Gregor von Calabria or Gregory of Cassano, was the first abbot of the Burtscheid Abbey, founded on order of Otto III, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Alt URL The name stems from the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) in the middle ages. Christians in nearby communities sometimes referred to schulklopfers as campanatores (a Latin term meaning bell-strikers) or as Glöckner (German for bell-striker).
Historic view of Minden around 1647 The Bishopric of Minden was a Roman Catholic diocese () and a state, the Prince-Bishopric of Minden (), of the Holy Roman Empire. Its capital was Minden which is in modern-day Germany.
Jakob ben Chajim (died 1574) was a rabbi in Worms, and appointed by Emperor Ferdinand I as Reichsrabbiner (Rabbi of the Empire) of the Holy Roman Empire in 1559. He was the uncle of Judah Loew ben Bezalel.
The Landstände (singular Landstand) or Landtage (singular Landtag) were the various territorial estates or diets in the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages and the early modern period, as opposed to their respective territorial lords (the Landesherrn).
In 1493, Saint-Pol was transferred to the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Senlis. In 1537, Emperor Charles V destroyed the city. The county was annexed to France in 1659 by the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
In 1276 the Archbishops of Embrun were made Princes of the Holy Roman Empire. The see was suppressed in the French Revolution, being transferred to the diocese of Gap, and the cathedral church became a mere parish church.
Pongrac Lustaller was a politician in Slovenia during the first half of the 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1526. He was succeeded by Primoz Huebman in 1528.
Primoz Huebman was a politician in Slovenia during the first half of the 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1528. He was succeeded by Peter Reicher in 1529.
Peter Reicher was a politician in Slovenia during the first half of the 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1529. He was succeeded by Krištof Stern in 1530.
Krištof Stern was a politician in Slovenia during the first half of the 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1530. He was succeeded by Viljem Praunsperger in 1531.
Viljem Praunsperger was a politician in Slovenia during the first half of the 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1531. He was succeeded by Veit Khisl in 1533.
Jurij Gering was a politician in Slovenia during the first half of the 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1524. He was succeeded by Pongrac Lustaller in 1526.
355; Koenigsberger, p. 304. At the same time, the County of Burgundy and the wealthy Burgundian Netherlands came into the Holy Roman Empire under Habsburg control, setting up conflict for centuries to come.Allmand (1998), p. 455; Hollister, p.
The County of Schaumburg (), until ca. 1485 known as Schauenburg, was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of Lower Saxony. Its territory was more or less congruent with the present district .
The County of Regenstein was a mediaeval statelet of the Holy Roman Empire. It was ruled by the Saxon comital House of Regenstein, named after their residence at Regenstein Castle near Blankenburg north of the Harz mountain range.
The Duchy of Saxe-Merseburg was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, with Merseburg as its capital. It existed from 1656/57 to 1738 and was owned by an Albertine secundogeniture of the Saxon House of Wettin.
When the Holy Roman Empire declared war on France, a so-called Reichskrieg, Brandenburg-Prussia again changed sides and joined the imperial forces. France pressured her ally Sweden to relieve her by attacking Brandenburg-Prussia from the north.
On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gammelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage. This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke.
In continuance of the conflict of the House of Wittelsbach with the House of Luxemburg, the Wittelsbach family returned to power in the Holy Roman Empire in 1400 with King Rupert of Germany, a great-grandnephew of Louis.
The first mention of the city dates back to the ninth century, when it became part of the Holy Roman Empire. Neufmanil returned to France in 1769. The city was occupied during World War I and World War II.
The Margraviate of Landsberg () was a march of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the 13th to the 14th century under the rule of the Wettin dynasty. It was named after Landsberg Castle in present-day Saxony-Anhalt.
The Principality of Salm-Salm was a state of the Holy Roman Empire. It was located in the present-day French départements of the Bas-Rhin and the Vosges and was one of a number of partitions of Salm.
For the first time, the permanent nature of the division between the Christian Churches of the empire was more or less assumed.Whaley (2012), vol. I, p. 624–625. In addition, a Jewish minority existed in the Holy Roman Empire.
Bianca was, by marriage, Empress of the Holy Roman Empire. Bianca Maria Sforza died at Innsbruck on 31 December 1510. She was buried at Stams. Her husband did not attend her funeral or even dedicate a gravestone to her.
The County of Montbéliard (; ), was a feudal county of the Holy Roman Empire seated in the city of Montbéliard in the present-day Franche-Comté region of France. From 1444 onwards it was held by the House of Württemberg.
Frederick argued that Prussia had never been part of the Holy Roman Empire, and he ruled over it with full sovereignty. Therefore, he said, there was no legal or political barrier to letting him rule it as a kingdom.
When the Bishopric of Havelberg was founded in 948, the constitution document mentions the area between Peene and Oder among the bishopric's belongings. In 983, the Holy Roman Empire lost control over the region due to a Slavic uprising.
Count Karl Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein Karl Wilhelm Reichsgraf Finck von Finckenstein (11 February 1714 - 3 January 1800) was a Count of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, a Prussian diplomat, and later Prime Minister of Prussia.
Kasper D(o)enhoff (, , 1587-1645) was a Baltic-German noble (Reichsfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire; a noble (szlachcic) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Governor of Dorpat Province; and a courtier and diplomat of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Janez Kristof Pucher pl. Puechenthall was a politician of the early 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1710. He was succeeded by Anton Janeshitsh in 1712.
He was employed for many years by Prince Eugene of Savoy, a very successful general and statesman of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian monarchy.Heeresgeschichtliches Museum (Hrsg.), Prinz Eugen von Savoyen 1663-1736. Ausstellung zum 300. Geburtstag 9.
Graeme Dunphy, Cristian Bratu (Brill). Consulted online on 30 October 2019. Vincent was in the entourage of Bishop Daniel of Prague between 1154 and 1160. He was thus an eyewitness to many important events in the Holy Roman Empire.
Two minor works of Lupold's have also been preserved, one in praise of the devotion of the old German princes to the Church,In Schard, ut sup. the other a lament over the condition of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Holy Roman Empire in 1789 The 39-state German Confederation (1815–1866) still included several microscopic states. A German cartoon from 1834 poking fun at the microscopic size of the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, one of the many tiny states of the German Confederation Early 19th century anti- Kleinstaaterei cartoon calling for the elimination of the myriad custom barriers between statelets The hyper-fragmented Principality of Ansbach The ancient Prince-Bishopric of Liège, with its tormented geography, was the French-speaking counterpart of German Kleinstaaterei. Liège was part of the Holy Roman Empire for 800 years. ' (, "small-state-ery") is a German word used, often pejoratively, to denote the territorial fragmentation in Germany and neighboring regions during the Holy Roman Empire (especially after the end of the Thirty Years' War), and during the German Confederation in the first half of the 19th century.
Arms of the Schönborn family The Schönborn family is a noble and mediatised formerly sovereign family of the former Holy Roman Empire. Various members of the family have held high offices of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire over the course of centuries, including as bishops, prince bishops, cardinals and prince-electors. In addition to several family members having been elected rulers of ecclesiastical principalities — the Electorate of Mainz, the Princely-Bishopric of Würzburg, the Princely-Bishopric of Worms, the Princely-Bishopric of Speyer, the Electorate of Trier, and the Princely- Bishoprice of Bamberg — the family possessed a fief in Franconia that held imperial immediacy as a county within the Holy Roman Empire, the state of Schönborn. The House of Schönborn, especially its ruling prelates of the Roman Catholic Church, were among the most important builders of Southern German baroque architecture.
The Imperial Diet of Constance opened on 27 April 1507;History of the Reformation in Germany, page 70, by Leopold von Ranke. it recognized the unity of the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Imperial Chamber, the empire’s supreme court.
This forced both sides to look for outside help, such as the emperor, nobles, and knights of the Holy Roman Empire, in order to bring the feud to an end.Zimora, Hillay. State and nobility in early modern Germany. pp 28.
In 1478 he negotiated with cities of Tournai and Cambrai, episcopal lordships of the Holy Roman Empire then under French protection. He played a very important role in negotiating the Treaty of Arras (1482). He died on 18 March 1493.
Palatine Zweibrücken (), or the County Palatine of Zweibrücken, is a former state of the Holy Roman Empire. Its capital was Zweibrücken (). Its reigning house, a branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was also the Royal House of Sweden from 1654 to 1720.
The imperial election of 1208 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on November 11. As a result of the election, Otto IV was unanimously named Holy Roman Emperor.
Jean Charles Joseph, Count of Merode, Marquess of Deynze was a noble of the Austrian Netherlands, born in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. He was Lieutenant-Feldmarschall of the Holy Roman Empire, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
The retail trade in its territory was ruined, and the citizens and peasants were badly damaged. The unanimous election Rudolf I of Habsburg to the Roman-German King in 1273 actually meant Alfons' deposition as king of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Great Interregnum of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1254 to 1273, was a period of great instability in Alsace. The hospital gave asylum to a large influx of refugees from the countryside, where feuding lords burnt a number of villages.
The County of Metz stood little time later under the high dignity of the Bishopric of Metz, to which it then integrated itself. From 1189 the city of Metz was a Free Imperial City of the German Holy Roman Empire.
The papacy had suffered a major loss of church lands through secularizations in the Holy Roman Empire following the Peace of Lunéville (1801), when a number of German princes were compensated for their losses by the seizure of ecclesiastical property.
Emanuele Francesco Maria dei Principi Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Poggio SuasaSenato della Repubblica (in Italian). (December 30, 1837 - November 29, 1899) was an Italian and a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire who twice served as the Mayor of Rome.
Hülphers, German-Swedish family originating from Schmalkalden, Thuringia, Holy Roman Empire. Hans and Jannich Hilper immigrated to Sweden circa 1626, engaging in Swedish iron works. A great-grandson of Hans Hilper was the early industrialist Abraham Hülphers the Older (1704–1770).
Poland and Lithuania began preparations for a war. Švitrigaila sought allies against Poland and envisioned a grand alliance of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Holy Roman Empire, Teutonic Knights, Moldavia, and Golden Horde. Securing Teutonic support was of paramount importance.
These activities preceded the declaration of war which occurred on 15 May. In fact the Holy Roman Empire was not officially at war until 6 October. Louis of Baden was named commander of all troops on the Rhine on 18 June.
Faced with competing plans for general reform offered by various nations, Martin V submitted a counter-scheme and entered into negotiations for separate concordats, for the most part vague and illusory, with the Holy Roman Empire, England, France and Spain.
"Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."Harshav, Benjamin (1999). The Meaning of Yiddish. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6.
The cathedral chapter of Mainz Cathedral elected him to also be Archbishop of Mainz in 1626. As Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, Georg Friedrich authored the Edict of Restitution in 1627. He died in Mainz on 6 July 1629.
Saxe-Eisenach () was an Ernestine duchy ruled by the Saxon House of Wettin. The state intermittently existed at three different times in the Thuringian region of the Holy Roman Empire. The chief town and capital of all three duchies was Eisenach.
Duchy of Bohemia, the early form of the Czech state pictured in the 11th century within the Holy Roman Empire. The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of Slavic, Celtic and Germanic origin.Bohemia and Poland. Chapter 20.
Josip Tschauller was a politician of the late 16th century and early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1600. He was succeeded by Andrej Sallitinger in 1601.
Andrej Sallitinger was a politician of the late 16th century and early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1601. He was succeeded by Mihael Preiss in 1605.
Janez Graffenhueber was a politician of the late 17th century and early 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1699. He was succeeded by Gabriel Eder in 1702.
Janez Nepomuk Mikolitsch was a politician of the 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1774. He was succeeded by Anton Fran Wagner in 1775.
It is possible that the founding of the union was helped by the Bohemian king Charles IV of Luxembourg, then ruler of the Holy Roman Empire as King of the Romans, as a counterbalance to the power of the landed gentry.
The Kettle War () was a military confrontation between the troops of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of the Seven Netherlands on 8 October 1784. It was named the Kettle War because the only shot fired hit a soup kettle.
The Last Medici. London: Macmillan. . Rights to the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza were also granted to the Spanish Bourbons. The catch being these duchies would remain fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, and not be independent of Imperial affairs.
The County of Savoy (, ) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged, along with the free communes of Switzerland, from the collapse of the Burgundian Kingdom in the 11th century. It was the cradle of the future Savoyard state.
Leuchtenberg is a municipality in the district of Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria, Germany, essentially a suburb of nearby Weiden in der Oberpfalz, and a larger historical region in the Holy Roman Empire governed by the Landgraves of Leuchtenberg.
16, pp. 608seq., here p. 608. Conrad strove for a clerical career. He sided already early with Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, ruling the Holy Roman Empire since 1376, on whose instigation Conrad was provided with a number of prebends.
In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800 such territories, the majority being tiny estates owned by the families of Imperial Knights.Gagliardo, p. 12-13. This page does not directly contain the list, but it discusses the format of the various lists, and offers some background to understand the complex organisation of the Holy Roman Empire. The lists themselves can be accessed via the alphabetical navigation box at the top of this page; each letter will lead the reader to a page where states of the Empire which began with that letter are listed.
Schubert statesErnst Schubert, Königsabsetzungen im Mittelalter, Göttingen 2005, p.18 that the history of the Holy Roman Empire is not to be confused with the , which can only be seen as a result of the concept of German identity, developing in the Romanticism of the late 18th century, reinforced by the Napoleonic Wars in which Germany was under French occupation. Previous events, especially those of the Holy Roman Empire,as attempted by Timothy Reuter, in: Anne Duggan, Kings and Kingship in Medieval Europe, London 1993, p.179-211 cannot be related to the evolution of Nazism.
The territory of Schönburg overlapped into Saxony, Bohemia, and eventually Thuringia and all of it fell under the legal jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Consequently, the lords of Schönburg had different status in different areas under their possession, depending on whether there was over-lordship, and to whom. They were counted among the noble estates of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, and to the landed estates in the Kingdom of Saxony. For their estates in the Kingdom of Bohemia, the counts of Schönburg were members of the Imperial College.
On 12 July 1806, on signing the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine () in Paris, 16 German states joined together in a confederation (the treaty called it the ', with a precursor in the League of the Rhine).For the treaty (in French), see here The "Protector of the Confederation" was a hereditary office of the Emperor of the French, Napoleon. On 1 August, the members of the confederation formally seceded from the Holy Roman Empire, and on 6 August, following an ultimatum by Napoleon, Francis II declared the Holy Roman Empire dissolved. Francis and his Habsburg dynasty continued as emperors of Austria.
The complicated political history of the Holy Roman Empire during Middle Ages led to the division or disestablishemt of most early medieval duchies. Frederick Barbarossa in 1180 abolished the system of stem duchies in favour of more numerous territorial duchies. The duchy of Bavaria is the only stem duchy that made the transition to territorial duchy, eventually emerging as the Free State of Bavaria within modern Germany. Some of the other stem duchies emerged as divisions of the Holy Roman Empire; thus, the Electorate of Saxony, while not directly continuing the duchy of Saxony, gives rise to the modern state of Saxony.
The Königswahl was the election of royal candidates in the Holy Roman Empire and its predecessors as king by a specified elective body (the Gremium). Whilst the succession to the throne of the monarch in most cultures is governed by the rules of hereditary succession, there are also elective monarchies. There were elective monarchies in several Germanic successor states after the collapse of the Roman Empire during the Migration Period, the Early Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Poland from 1573 to 1795 (see History of Poland, period of the Aristocratic Republic).
Changes shaping the nature of the Holy Roman Empire took place during conferences in Rastatt (1797–1799) and Regensburg (1801–1803). On 24 March 1803, the Imperial Recess () was declared, which reduced the number of ecclesiastical states from 81 to only 3 and the free imperial cities from 51 to 6. This measure was aimed at replacing the old constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, but the actual consequence of the Imperial Recess was the end of the empire. Taking this significant change into consideration, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II created the title Emperor of Austria, for himself and his successors.
In the public articles, the Emperor ceded his "Belgian Provinces" (the Austrian Netherlands), and in the secret articles, he ceded his Italian states (Lombardy) in exchange for the Italian mainland possessions of the Republic of Venice, which had not yet been conquered. Except for these personal losses to the ruling Habsburgs, the treaty preserved the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire unlike in the amplified Treaty of Campo Formio of 17 October 1797. No final peace between the Holy Roman Empire and France was reached before the outbreak of the War of the Second Coalition in 1799.
Lutheranism as a religious movement originated in the early 16th century Holy Roman Empire as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. The movement originated with the call for a public debate regarding several issues within the Catholic Church by Martin Luther, then a professor of Bible at the young University of Wittenberg. Lutheranism soon became a wider religious and political movement within the Holy Roman Empire owing to support from key electors and the widespread adoption of the printing press. This movement soon spread throughout northern Europe and became the driving force behind the wider Protestant Reformation.
Although the Peace of Westphalia would create a new electoral title for Frederick V's son, with the exception of a brief period during the War of the Spanish Succession, Maximilian's descendants would continue to hold the original electoral dignity until the extinction of his line in 1777. At that point the two lines were joined in personal union until the end of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1805, after the Peace of Pressburg, the then-elector, Maximilian Joseph, raised himself to the dignity of King of Bavaria, and the Holy Roman Empire was abolished the year after.
In Northern Europe, the Hanseatic League, a federation of free cities to advance trade by sea, was founded in the 12th century, with the foundation of the city of Lübeck, which would later dominate the League, in 1158–1159. Many northern cities of the Holy Roman Empire became hanseatic cities, including Amsterdam, Cologne, Bremen, Hanover and Berlin. Hanseatic cities outside the Holy Roman Empire were, for instance, Bruges and the Polish city of Gdańsk (Danzig), as well as Königsberg, capital of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. In Bergen, Norway and Veliky Novgorod, Russia the league had factories and middlemen.
The summer of 1683 was the peak of War of the Holy League, in which the eastern flank of the Holy Roman Empire came under the largest offensive ever by the Ottoman Empire.Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (Morrow Quill Paperbacks: New York, 1977) pp. 343-347. The war on the eastern front of the Holy Roman Empire broke the momentum of Louis' confrontation with the Empire over Luxembourg. Louis decided that it would be impolitic for him to attack another Christian kingdom while that kingdom was under attack from the infidel Turk.
Although the Seven Years' War was a global conflict, it took a specific intensity in the European theater based on the recently concluded War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle gave Frederick II of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, the prosperous province of Silesia. Empress Maria Theresa of Austria had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances; she was intent upon regaining ascendancy in the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Silesian province.Peter H. Wilson, The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.
Beginning in the sixteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire was organized loosely into ten "circles", or regional groups of ecclesiastical, dynastic, and secular polities that coordinated economic, military and political actions. During times of war, the Circles contributed troops to the Habsburg military by drafting (or soliciting volunteers) among their inhabitants. Some circles coordinated their efforts better than others; the Swabian Circle was among the more effective of the imperial circles at organizing itself and protecting its economic interests. See James Allen Vann, The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715. Vol.
Saxony wanted nothing to do with the defensive alliance against France formed between Austria and Prussia. Nonetheless, a proclamation of the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire issued in March 1793, obliged Frederick Augustus to take part. There was great concern in Saxony in April 1795 when Prussia suddenly concluded a separate peace with France in order to facilitate the partition of Poland. Saxony dropped out of the coalition against France in August 1796 after France had advanced east into the German lands and additional conditions for the Holy Roman Empire to conclude a separate peace were agreed.
Recruiters could be forced to pay losses due to desertion or loss of equipment. Recruiting from outside the Holy Roman Empire required the permission of Joseph II, so recruiters largely enlisted Soldiers from within the Empire. This put officers from one allied state in direct competition with officers from other states allied with Great Britain, as well as recruiters from Great Britain who also recruited from within the Holy Roman Empire. Americans were alarmed at the arrival of German-speaking auxiliary troops, on American soil, hired by King George III, viewing it as a betrayal by the King.
A territorial lord () was a ruler in the period beginning with the Early Middle Ages who, stemming from his status as being immediate (unmittelbar), held a form of authority over a territory known as Landeshoheit. This authority gave him nearly all the attributes of sovereignty.John G. Gagliardo, Reich and Nation, Indiana University Press, 1980, p. 4. Such a lord had authority or dominion in a state or territory, but this fell short of sovereignty since as a ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, he remained subject to imperial law and supreme authority,Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, vol.
On 11 March 1486, Sophia's father-in-law Albrecht III Achilles died. Her husband Frederick and brother-in-law Siegmund inherited the Franconian domains of the Hohenzollern dynasty. Siegmund took Kulmbach,The Principality of Bayreuth (de: Fürstentum Bayreuth) or Brandenburg-Bayreuth was a reichsfrei principality in the Holy Roman Empire centered on the Franconian city of Bayreuth. Until 1604 his capital was the city of Kulmbach; then the Margraves used their palaces in Bayreuth as their residence. Until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Margraviate was called the Principality of Kulmbach (de: Fürstentum Kulmbach) or Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
The city has returned to the fold of the Holy Roman Empire > and the protection of the Emperor, who is at the same time the lord of the > land. During the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1713, the fortress, manned by a strong Austrian force, was once again besieged and taken by French troops under the command of Marshall Louis Héctor de Villar. The restitution of the fortress to the Holy Roman Empire was negotiated in Rastatt and implemented in 1715. And yet again there was a war – this time the Austrian War of Succession.
Field marshal (German: Generalfeldmarschall) was the highest military rank in the German Empire and, after 1918, Germany, for seventy-five years. Although the rank had existed in northern German states since 1631 under a different name, it was re-created in 1870 for Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia and Emperor Frederick III for the purpose of making them senior to other generals. It became the most prestigious and powerful rank an officer could reach until it was abolished in 1945. For field marshals in the earlier Holy Roman Empire, see List of field marshals of the Holy Roman Empire.
Map of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789. The map is dominated by the Habsburg Monarchy (orange) and the Kingdom of Prussia (blue), besides a large number of small states (many of them too small to be shown on the map). Prior to 1803, German-speaking Central Europe included more than 300 political entities, most of which were part of the Holy Roman Empire or the extensive Habsburg hereditary dominions. They ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Prussia.
Cologne was one of the seven electorates of the Holy Roman Empire (Codex Balduini Trevirorum, c. 1340) The Archbishop of Cologne is an archbishop representing the Archdiocese of Cologne of the Catholic Church in western North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany and was ex officio one of the electors of the Holy Roman Empire, the Elector of Cologne, from 1356 to 1801. Since the early days of the Catholic Church, there have been ninety-four bishops and archbishops of Cologne. Seven of these ninety- four retired by resignation, including four resignations which were in response to impeachment.
Before the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), the Low Countries was a patchwork of different polities created by the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). The Dutch Republic in the north was independent; the Southern Netherlands was split between the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of LiègeS Marteel, The Intellectual Origins of the Belgian Revolution (2018) p. 23 \- the former being part of Habsburg Monarchy, while both were part of the Holy Roman Empire. In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the War of the First Coalition broke out in 1792 and France was invaded by Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire.
Starting with Charlemagne, the territory of modern Germany was within the realm of the Holy Roman Empire. It was a union of relatively independent rulers who each ruled their own territories. This empire was called in German Heiliges Römisches Reich, with the addition from the late Middle Ages of Deutscher Nation (of (the) German nation), showing that the former idea of a universal realm had given way to a concentration on the German territories. In 19th and 20th century historiography, the Holy Roman Empire was often referred to as Deutsches Reich, creating a link to the later nation state of 1871.
The County of Waldeck (later the Principality of Waldeck and Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and its successors from the late 12th century until 1929. In 1349 the county gained Imperial immediacy and in 1712 was raised to the rank of Principality. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 it was a constituent state of its successors: the Confederation of the Rhine, the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, the German Empire and, until 1929, the Weimar Republic. It comprised territories in present-day Hesse and Lower Saxony (Germany).
17–34 As the German Protestant Princes who traded Metz (alongside Toul and Verdun) for the promise of French military assistance, had no authority to cede territory of the Holy Roman Empire, the change of jurisdiction wasn't recognised by the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Under French rule, Metz was selected as capital of the Three Bishoprics and became a strategic fortified town.Vigneron B. (2010) Le dernier siècle de la république de Metz. Eds. du Panthéon. With creation of the departments by the Estates-General of 1789, Metz was chosen as capital of the Department of Moselle.
At the beginning of the modern age, some circles redubbed the HRE into the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" ('), a symptom of the formation of a German nation state as opposed to the multinational state the Empire was throughout its history. Resistance against the French revolution with its concept of the state brought a new movement to create a German "ethnical state", especially after the Napoleonic wars. Ideal for this state was the Holy Roman Empire; the legend arose that Germany were "un-defeated when unified", especially after the Franco-Prussian War (', lit. "German-French war").
This was made possible by the Duchy of Prussia's sovereign status outside the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, and approval by the Habsburg emperor and other European royals in the course of forming alliances for the War of the Spanish succession and the Great Northern War. From 1701 onward, the Hohenzollern domains were referred to as the Kingdom of Prussia, or simply Prussia. Legally, the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia continued until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. However, by this time the emperor's overlordship over the empire had become a legal fiction.
Schmalkaldic League military treaty, extended in 1536 The Schmalkaldic League (; ; ) was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Although originally started for religious motives soon after the start of the Reformation, its members later came to have the intention that the League would replace the Holy Roman Empire as their focus of political allegiance.Merriman, p. 110. While it was not the first alliance of its kind, unlike previous formations, such as the League of Torgau, the Schmalkaldic League had a substantial military to defend its political and religious interests.
The Přemyslids secured their frontiers from the remnant Asian interlocurs, after the collapse of the Moravian state, by entering into a state of semi-vassalage to the Frankish rulers. The alliance was facilitated by Bohemia's conversion to Christianity, in the 9th century. Continuing close relations were developed with the East Frankish Kingdom, which devolved from the Carolingian Empire, into East Francia, eventually becoming the Holy Roman Empire. After a decisive victory of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia over invading Magyars in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld, Boleslaus I of Bohemia was granted the Moravia by German emperor Otto the Great.
The Free Imperial City of Besançon was a self-governing city that was part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1184 until 1654 the City of Besançon was a free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt) as shown by the coat of arms until today and called Bisanz. The city was first separated from the governance of the County of Burgundy in 1034 as a prince-bishopric, an ecclesiastical state in the Holy Roman Empire. The city was governed by the Prince-Archbishopric of Besançon, although later most of his power would devolve to a council within the town.
Despite some successes, such as the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the Siege of Paris (1590), the Anglo- Spanish War and the Long Turkish War questioned the Catholic ambitions. Ultimately, the Papacy lost its status and influence with the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and many Protestant states experienced a golden age: the Netherlands (having obtained independence from both the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Habsburgs) formed the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia; Sweden formed an empire in northern Europe; and England began the colonization of North America. By the Treaty of Westphalia at the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Empire became a more decentralized entity in which constituent states, such as Prussia (which also had lands outside the Empire), were allowed to pursue their own foreign policy independent of that of the Austrian Habsburg Emperor. The Austrian Habsburgs also controlled some states outside of the Holy Roman Empire.
The County of Zweibrücken () was a territory in the Holy Roman Empire named for Zweibrücken in the contemporary Land Rhineland-Palatinate. It was created in between 1182 and 1190 from an inheritance division of the county of Saarbrücken and lasted until 1394.
The Diet of Regensburg was a meeting of the Prince-Electors of the Holy Roman Empire (or Kurfürstentag) which occurred at Regensburg from July to November 1630. It resulted in a major loss of power for the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
Leopold Wilhelm of Baden (by Wallerant Vaillant 1656, today in the Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe) Margrave Leopold Wilhelm of Baden-Baden (; 16 September 1626 in Baden-Baden; 1 March 1671 in Warasdin) was Field Marschal of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
Kiaupa (2005), p. 107 All three treaties concerned the relation between the Livonian estates and Sigismund.Tiberg (1984), p. 90 The first two treaties were the result of a mediation by envoys from the Holy Roman Empire, and were drafted on 5 September.
The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer V) was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire which took place in 1570 in the Imperial City of Speyer (also known as Spires, in present-day Germany).
Often, there was a plea for the life of the heretic, so as to avoid the appearance of "irregularity" and blood guilt. Frederick II, (1194–1250) incorporated the execution of heretics into his civil and criminal code of the Holy Roman Empire.
Sachsenspiegel depicting the Ostsiedlung. A Lokator receives the foundation charter from the landlord and acts as village judge. Settlers clear forests and build houses. Ethnic Germans in Central/Eastern Europe, 1925 The majority of the settlers were Germans of the Holy Roman Empire.
Portrait of Ottavio Piccolomini by Anselm van Hulle, Collezione Luca Cristini Ottavio Piccolomini (11 November 1599 – 11 August 1656) was an Italian nobleman whose military career included service as a Spanish general and then as a field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire.
Anhalt-Aschersleben was a short-lived principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania with its residence at Aschersleben in present- day Saxony-Anhalt. It emerged as a subdivision from the Principality of Anhalt from 1252 to 1315.
The second Battle of Nördlingen (or Battle of Allerheim) was fought on August 3, 1645 southeast of Nördlingen near the village of Alerheim. France and its Protestant German allies defeated the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and its Bavarian Catholic league allies.
Bryce, Viscount James. The Holy Roman empire, Pg 27. The emperor was somewhat hesitant to give Odoacer what would be relative autonomy, citing that his wife's nephew Julius Nepos, still alive and recognized as caesar in Dalmatia, should be restored to the throne.
Preinfalk, Miha. 2005. Auerspergi: po sledeh mogočnega tura. Ljubljana: ZRC, p. 230. Because he died without an heir in 1673, the county passed to his brother Johann Weikhard of Auersperg, who had become a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1653.
Isenburg-Grenzau was the name of several states of the Holy Roman Empire, seated in the Lordship of Grenzau, in modern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The first state called Isenburg-Grenzau existed 1158–1290; the second 1341–1439; and the third 1502–1664.
Edwards, David Lawrence 1997. Christianity: the first two thousand years. p. 197. Probably the last pope visit of the Holy Roman Empire was in 1782, when the pope Pius VI visited Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, in Vienna, and Munich in Bavaria.
From 1618 to 1648, Denmark and the Ottoman Empire fought together against the Holy Roman Empire as allies, from 1618 to 1629.1625-1629. Aligned with the Catholic Powers 1643-1645. In 1643, Denmark aligned with the Catholic powers against Ottoman Empire and Sweden.
At this point, in July, the French had conquered most of the southern states of the Holy Roman Empire, forcing them into separate peace agreements. The French extracted large amounts of coin (hard specie) and materials to feed and clothe the troops.
The Prussian Landtag and parliament assembled in Königsberg, where envoys embraced both the new Duke and the Protestant Reformation. Thereupon, the Teutonic Order lost its importance as a military order in Prussia and retreated to the Holy Roman Empire where it became secluded.
The Duchy of Styria (; ; ) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria–Hungary until its dissolution in 1918.
Constantino Mario dei Principi Ruspoli (born 29 June 1971), son of Marcantonio Mario Dimitri Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Poggio Suasa, and his second wife Gleide Portela Chagas (1935-2002), is the 4th Principe di Poggio Suasa and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Troubles at Frankfurt was a name given retrospectively to internal quarrels of the Marian exiles in Frankfurt am Main in the mid-1550s, involving also the Scottish reformer John Knox. Politically, Frankfurt was a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire.
Historian J. Whaley defines as "A (pejorative) term coined in the early 19th century to denote the extreme territorial fragmentation of the Reich". J. Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire (1493–1806), Oxford University Press, 2011, vol. 2, p. 653 (Glossary).
Toul Cathedral The Diocese of Toul was a Roman Catholic diocese seated at Toul in present-day France. It existed from 365 until 1824. From 1048 until 1552 (de jure until 1648), it was also a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
The 1541 Algiers expedition occurred when Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire attempted to lead an amphibious attack against the Ottoman Empire's stronghold of Algiers, in modern Algeria. Inadequate planning, particularly against unfavourable weather, led to the failure of the expedition.
Maria Theresia Ahlefeldt (16 January 1755 in Regensburg, Free Imperial City of Regensburg, Holy Roman Empire – died 20 December 1810 in Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austrian Empire), was a Danish (originally German) composer. She is known as the first female composer in Denmark.
Sobieski Sending Message of Victory to the Pope, by Jan Matejko. The actions of Louis XIV of France furthered French–German enmity; in the following month, the War of the Reunions broke out in the western part of the weakened Holy Roman Empire.
Přemysl was very rich and famous thanks for his wealth and power. He wanted the crown of the Holy Roman Empire but he was unsuccessful. He is a founder of many Czech cities called royal dowry towns. One of them is Vysoké Mýto.
Anno II ( – 4 December 1075) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1056 until his death. From 1063 to 1065 he acted as regent of the Holy Roman Empire for the minor Emperor Henry IV. Anno is venerated as a saint of the Catholic Church.
In the struggles between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, when factions supported either the Papacy or the Holy Roman Empire respectively, the 13th and 14th century Montefeltro lords of Urbino were leaders of the Ghibellines of the Marche and in the Romagna region.
Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016 From 1180, the bishops or administrators of Halberstadt ruled a state within the Holy Roman Empire, the prince-bishopric of Halberstadt (German Hochstift Halberstadt). The diocesan seat and secular capital was Halberstadt in present-day Saxony-Anhalt.
Birthdate: 1690 Birthplace: Fellheim, Bavarian Swabia, Electorate of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire Death: Died 1732 Immediate Family: Son of Baruch Moses Ainstein and Borichle Einstein; Husband of Judith Einstein; Father of Joseph Einstein, David Veit Einstein, Abraham Einstein, Daniel Einstein and 1 other.
Emperor Henry VII ratified the Soldin Treaty in 1313, and, though he could not assert any feudal claims to the territory of the extinct Samboride dukes, the now Brandenburgian Lands of Schlawe and Stolp finally were incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.
Kesterska Sergescu, p. 261 In Kesmark, they received a delegation of Moldavian boyars, which included representatives of the Orthodox Metropolis. These figures asked for the Holy Roman Empire, and Maximilian specifically, to depose Lăpușneanu, declaring their support for Heraclid's crowning as Prince.Crăciun, pp.
Martin Helwig's map of Silesia (south direction on top edge), 1685 reprint Martin Helwig () (5 November 1516 – 26 January 1574) was a German cartographer of and from Silesia and pedagogue. He was born in Neisse and died in Breslau, Holy Roman Empire.
In the tower, behind the organ, there is a monument to Sir Jacob Wolff, 1st Baronet who was also a Baron of the Holy Roman Empire. He and his wife resided in Mellifont Abbey (now a care home) next to the church.
Location of Diocese of Verdun Verdun Cathedral The Bishopric of Verdun was a state of the Holy Roman Empire. It was located at the western edge of the Empire and was bordered by France, the Duchy of Luxembourg, and the Duchy of Bar.
When the 1st Duke was made a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1705, two unusual features were added: the Imperial Eagle and a Princely Coronet. His estates in Germany, such as Mindelheim, were represented in his arms by additional quarterings.
Charles's involvement in Germany would establish a role for Spain as protector of the Catholic, Habsburg cause in the Holy Roman Empire; the precedent would lead, seven decades later, to involvement in the war that would decisively end Spain as Europe's leading power.
Andrej Kroen Andrej Kroen was a politician of the late 16th century and early 17th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1599. He was succeeded by Josip Tschauller in 1600.
Veit Khisl (Slovenized as Vid Khissel) was a politician in Slovenia during the first half of the 16th century, when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1533. He was succeeded by Janez Weilhammer in 1536.
In 1459, the members of the family became counts of the Holy Roman Empire; and afterwards, they were mentioned as counts even in documents issued by the Kings of Hungary although this title was not recognised in the kingdom at that time.
Matilda of Ringelheim (c. 89214 March 968), also known as Saint Matilda, was a Saxon noblewoman. Due to her marriage to Henry I in 909, she became the first Ottonian queen. Her eldest son, Otto I, restored the Holy Roman Empire in 962.
The Capitulation of Franzburg () was a treaty providing for the capitulation of the Duchy of Pomerania to the forces of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.Langer (2003), p.402 It was signed on 10 November (O.S.) or 20 November (N.
Their former estates became imperial property of the Holy Roman Empire. Like many other cities in Swabia, at the end of the 13th century Ravensburg became an Imperial Free City in 1276. Ravensburg landscape showing local landmarks: 23. Weinberge with Torkeln; 24.
Tombstone with a representation of Anna, Mindelheim, Germany. Anna of Poland (1366–1425) from the House of Piast was countess consort of Celje (Cilli), a medieval feudal dynasty within the Holy Roman Empire; she was an influential woman in politics of Poland.
Werdenberg Castle is a castle in the municipality of Grabs of the Canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. It was the original seat of the County of Werdenberg in the Holy Roman Empire.
Lausanne Cathedral. Model of Lausanne Cathedral. The Bishop of Lausanne (French: Évêque de Lausanne) was a Prince-Bishop of the Holy Roman Empire (since 1011) and the Ordinary of the diocese of Lausanne, Switzerland (Latin: Dioecesis Lausannensis). Bern secularized the bishopric in 1536.
Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg (8 February 1744 – 10 February 1817) was Prince-Archbishop of Regensburg, Arch-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, Bishop of Constance and Worms, prince-primate of the Confederation of the Rhine and Grand Duke of Frankfurt.
Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy (, , full name in , ) (Arras, 9 January 1571 – Nové Zámky, 10 July 1621) was a military commander who fought for the Spanish Netherlands during the Eighty Years' War and for the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.
Sankt Aposteln in Cologne, founded by Pilgrim, c. 1023 Pilgrim (; c. 985 – 25 August 1036) was a statesman and prelate of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1016 he took charge of the chancery of the Kingdom of Italy, and became the first archchancellor in 1031.
Nevertheless, by his dynastic entitlement to Hungary as well as by the Burgundian inheritance, he laid the foundations for the later Habsburg Empire. Mocked as "Arch-Sleepyhead of the Holy Roman Empire" () during his lifetime, he is today increasingly seen as an effective ruler.
Box 2 and 3: A black bar in silver, covered with 3 golden blackbirds. Red-blue divided, a silver, gold- crowned lion above. The heart shield was also added on the occasion of the awarding of the title of Baron of the Holy Roman Empire.
Johann Rudolf Wettstein (27 October 1594 – 12 April 1666) was a Swiss diplomat and one-time mayor of Basel, who achieved fame through his diplomatic skills, culminating in Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1648. He was born and died in Basel.
From the 13th century, the Archbishop of Trier was one of the three ecclesiastical Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. The arms of Weimar, since the 14th century, has depicted a black lion rampant upon a semy of red hearts on a gold shield.
Reichsvogt (; Imperial Advocate) was the term for the office of a Vogt that was nominated by the king of the Holy Roman Empire as his representative. Especially in what is now Switzerland, the Reichsvogt was a very influential position in the High Middle Ages.
The architecture was that of the Holy Roman Empire. The new cathedral had a massive westwork, two choirs at opposite ends, two transepts, each with a tower over the crossing, adding to the monumentality of the structure, and a cloister at the east end.
The County of Sargans was a state of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1458 until the French Revolutionary War in 1798, Sargans became a condominium of the Old Swiss Confederacy, administered jointly by the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Lucerne, Zürich, Glarus and Zug.
St. Henry's Church is a Roman Catholic church on Avenue C between 28th.and 29th. Street in Bayonne, New Jersey. The parish was founded in 1889 by 50 German immigrant families from Bavaria and was named after Emperor Henry II of the Holy Roman Empire.
Steinway was born Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg in Wolfshagen im Harz, Duchy of Brunswick in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (modern Germany).Biography at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie His childhood was marked by many tragedies and twists of fate.Ratcliffe, Ronald V. (2002). Steinway & Sons.
The archaeological evidence does not support continuous use after the early Holy Roman Empire,Jan Bemmann, "Mitteldeutschland im 5. und 6. Jahrhundert. Was ist und ab wann gibt es archäologisch betrachtet typisch Thüringisches? Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme", in Die Frühzeit der Thüringer: Archäologie, Sprache, Geschichte, ed.
The Principality or Margraviate of (Brandenburg-)Ansbach ( or ) was a principality in the Holy Roman Empire centered on the Franconian city of Ansbach. The ruling Hohenzollern princes of the land were known as margraves, as the principality was a margraviate (but not a march).
The Electoral Palace, from the south The Electoral Palace in Mainz () is the former city Residenz of the Archbishop of Mainz, who was also Prince-Elector of his electoral state within the Holy Roman Empire. It is one of the important Renaissance buildings in Germany.
Coat of arms of the Counts of Henneberg, Scheiblersches Wappenbuch, 1450-1480 Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild (1442–1504) was Archbishop of Mainz and Prince- elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1484, imperial chancellor from 1486, and leader of the reform faction within the Empire.
Friedrich Karl von Schönborn Friedrich Karl von Schönborn (or Friedrich Carl, 1674–1746) was the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg and Prince-Bishop of Bamberg from 1729 to 1746. He also served as Reichsvizekanzler (Vice-Chancellor) of the Holy Roman Empire from 1705 to 1734.
Frederich Christopher Trampe Adam Frederik Trampe Trampe (German: v. Trampe, Danish: af Trampe, Norwegian: av Trampe) is an ancient noble family of German origin. The family became Imperial Counts (Reichsgraf) of the Holy Roman Empire in 1736 and Counts of Denmark and Norway in 1743.
Charles Alexandre Marc Marcelin de Hénin-Liétard d'Alsace (1744–1794), prince of Henin and count of Beaumont, was a prince of the Holy Roman Empire who took French nationality. During the French Revolution he was executed by guillotine on charges of counter-revolutionary conspiracy.
He was Nobile di Viterbo e di Orvieto, Patrizio Romano and Prince of Holy Roman Empire. In 1859, Emanuele was volunteer military in the Kingdom of Sardinia and received the Silver Medal of Military Valor. His military grade was Officer.Carlo Emanuele Ruspoli. Retratos. Madrid.
Jabach by Rigaud Everhard or Eberhard Jabach (10 July 1618 – 9 March 1695) was a French businessman, art collector and director of the French East India Company. He was born in Cologne in the Holy Roman Empire but later naturalised as a French subject.
Prince Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski (1648-1706) was a Polish noble (szlachcic), magnate, politician and famed military commander. He was a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire SRI. Son of Grand Marshal and Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Konstancja Ligęza. He married Konstancja Bokum c. 1694.
The majority of their troops were trained to fight on horseback. The battle of Lechfeld, also known as the Battle of Augsburg in 955, in which Otto the Great and his army of the Holy Roman Empire defeated the Magyars, brought peace to Europe.
Pirro Gonzaga (1490 - 22 January 1529) was an Italian nobleman and condottiero during the Italian Wars of 1494–1559. He was accused of treason against the Holy Roman Empire, sided with France, and was eventually defeated and imprisoned in Lombardy. Portrait of Pirro Gonzaga.
The Pope also anointed Otto's wife Adelaide of Italy, who had accompanied Otto on his Italian campaign, as empress. With Otto's coronation as emperor, the Kingdom of Germany and the Kingdom of Italy were unified into a common realm, later called the Holy Roman Empire.
Europa regina is a young, graceful woman.Werner (2009), p. 244 Her crown, Portugal, placed on her head, Spain, is shaped after the Carolingian hoop crown. France and the Holy Roman Empire make up the upper part of her body, with Bohemia being the heart.
Smith, A. (1979) The Newspaper: an international history. Thames and Hudson Ltd, London. as the world's first newspaper. Carolus published the German-language newspaper in Strasbourg, which had the status of a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
Werner V (c. 899 – c. 935) was a Rhenish Franconian count in the Nahegau, Speyergau and Wormsgau. He is one of the earliest documented ancestors of the Salian dynasty that provided German kings and emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1024 to 1125.
Some sources place the wedding in February 1589. They had a son in 1590.David Scott Gehring, Diplomatic Intelligence on the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark during the Reigns of Elizabeth I and James VI, Camden Fifth Series, 49 (2016), p. 147, 167-8.
Some of the knights converted to Lutheranism in order to retain their property and then married into the Prussian nobility, while others returned to the Holy Roman Empire, and remained Catholic.Seward, Desmond. The Monks of War: The Military Religious Orders. Penguin Books. London, 1995.
His elder brother Mario, last commander of the Corsican Guard in Rome, continued the branch of the family in Siena. His brother Augusto continued the line in Rome. Augusto's son Agostino was made Reichsfurst (prince of the Holy Roman Empire) by Leopold I in 1659.
The Battle of Vác was fought on June 27, 1684, near the city of Vác in central Hungary, between the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and the forces of the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Great Turkish War. The Austrian army was victorious.
Ruins of the castle of Esch In the 10th through 13th centuries, the Lords of Esch (French seigneurs d'Esch) were the holders of the castle of Esch-sur-Sûre in the Ardennes region of Lower Lorraine, then a part of the Holy Roman Empire.
Friedrich Wilhelm Opelt (9 June 1794 – 22 September 1863) was a musicologist, a mathematician, and an astronomer. At one point, he held the title of Geheimrat (the title of the highest advising officials at the Imperial, royal or principal courts of the Holy Roman Empire).
In 1792 Francesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri was created Prince of the Holy Roman Empire by the Emperor Francis II. Today Prince Francesco Ruspoli, 10th Prince of Cerveteri is the head of the House of Ruspoli and resident in Palazzo Ruspoli in Rome.
Stephen Lesieur (fl. 1575 –1640) was an English ambassador to Denmark, Florence, and the Holy Roman Empire. Lesieur was born in Geneva, came to England in 1575, and was first employed as a servant of Sir Philip Sidney.Roger Kuin, Correspondence of Sir Philip Sidney, vol.
Waldsassen Abbey (German: Abtei Waldsassen) is a Cistercian nunnery, formerly a Cistercian monastery, located on the River Wondreb at Waldsassen near Tirschenreuth, Oberpfalz, in Bavaria, Germany, close to the border with the Czech Republic. In the Holy Roman Empire it was an Imperial Abbey.
Retrieved February 29, 2016 which was founded around 800. It should not be confused with the smaller Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück – an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire until 1803 – over which the bishop, as prince-bishop, exercised both temporal and spiritual authority.
The title "King of the Romans", used under the Holy Roman Empire, is (from this point onwards) considered equivalent to King of Germany. A king was chosen by the German electors and would then proceed to Rome to be crowned emperor by the pope.
The title "King of the Romans", used under the Holy Roman Empire, is (from this point onwards) considered equivalent to King of Germany. A king was chosen by the German electors and would then proceed to Rome to be crowned emperor by the pope.
The Holy Roman Empire would dissolve on 6 August 1806, after the French Revolution and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Napoleon. Byzantine Empire (yellow), and Holy Roman Empire at greatest extent and tied states (pink, green, purple, orange) in AD 1261, after the restoration of the Byzantine emperor. Decline of the Byzantine Empire (13th–15th centuries) began with the Latin Christian Fourth Crusade in AD 1202–04, considered to be one of the most important events, solidifying the schism between the Christian churches of Greek Byzantine Rite and Latin Roman Rite. An anti-Western riot in 1182 broke out in Constantinople targeting Latins.
The Ewige Landfriede (Perpetual Public Peace) ruling of 1495 banned the medieval right of vendetta (Fehderecht) in the Holy Roman Empire (which encompassed what is now Germany). It passed at the Diet of Worms and was enacted by the German king and emperor Maximilian I. In the Holy Roman Empire claims were henceforth no longer to be decided in battle, but through legal process. It established a certain monopoly of the state in the use of organized armed force. The German nationalist movement asked for Volksbewaffnung, a militia system according to the Swiss role model, but failed with those requests in the German revolutions of 1848–49.
During the campaign he won a decisive victory against the Czechs at the Battle of Trutina on 8 October 1110;Tomasz Ga̜sowski, Jerzy Ronikier, Zdzisław Zblewski: Bitwy polskie. Leksykon, Editorial Znak, 1999. however, following this battle he ordered his forces to withdraw further attack against Bohemia. The reason for this is speculated to be the unpopularity of Soběslav I among Czechs as well as Bolesław's unwillingness to further deteriorate his relations with the Holy Roman Empire. In 1111 a truce between Poland and the Holy Roman Empire was signed which stipulated that Soběslav I would be able to return to Bohemia while Zbigniew would be able to return Poland.
The Slovaks, on the other hand, never became part of the Holy Roman Empire in the medieval period, being incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary. For this reason, the history of the closely related Czech and Slovak peoples took a significantly different course during the later medieval period, the Czechs being associated with the Holy Roman Empire and the Slovaks being affected by the history of Eastern Europe (the history of Hungary and the Mongol invasion). In the 16th century, however, they were once again united under Habsburg rule, and after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy sharing their own country of Czechoslovakia during 1918-1993\.
These soldiers were part of the Army of the Holy Roman Empire ("Reichskontingent") and fought in the wars of the 17th and 18th century, including the wars against revolutionary France, when the small force was almost completely wiped out in combat. The tradition of these troops is preserved as a military persiflage by Cologne's most outstanding carnival society, the Rote Funken. The Free Imperial City of Cologne must not be confused with the Electorate of Cologne which was a state of its own within the Holy Roman Empire. Since the second half of the 16th century the majority of archbishops were drawn from the Bavaria Wittelsbach dynasty.
Coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire. At the top are the coats of arms of the prince electors The Electoral College (; ) of the Holy Roman Empire was the gathering of prince electors for an imperial election, where they voted for the next King of the Romans and future Emperor. The German name of this gathering, Kur, is derived from the Middle High German kur or kure ("election"). Initially all the so-called "great ones of the Empire" (Große des Reiches) were entitled to vote, but by the second half of the 13th century, only the prince electors were entitled to participate in the royal election.
Old New Synagogue, Prague where he officiated Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague The Maharal was probably born in Poznań, Poland,—though Perels lists the birth town mistakenly as Worms in the Holy Roman Empire—to Rabbi Bezalel (Loew), whose family originated from the Rhenish town of Worms. His birth year is uncertain, with different sources listing 1512, 1520 and 1526. His uncle Jakob ben Chajim was Reichsrabbiner ("Rabbi of the Empire") of the Holy Roman Empire, his brother Chaim of Friedberg a famous rabbinical scholar. There is no documented evidence of his having received formal religious education, leading scholars to conclude that he was an extremely gifted autodidact.
Born in Nafplion in the Peloponnese, Mercurio was the son of Peter Bua ( 1450s), who belonged to the Albanian noble family of Bua that settled in Peloponnese, and who was the leader of the Albanian community of the region after the fall of the Despotate of the Morea. His uncle Constantine Arianiti, a nobleman of the Holy Roman Empire, was the Count of Montferrat. Due to his martial prowess, he was eventually made Count of Aquino and Roccasecca (of the Holy Roman Empire). In 1519, he married Maria Boccali, the daughter of Niccolò Boccali. Maria died in 1524 leaving one son with the name Flavio.
Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The term France–Habsburg rivalry (; ) describes the rivalry between France and the House of Habsburg. The Habsburgs headed an expansive and evolving Empire that included, at various times, the Holy Roman Empire, the Spanish Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire from the Diet of Augsburg in the High Middle Ages until the dissolution of the monarchy following the World War I in the Late modern period. In addition to holding the Austrian hereditary lands, the Habsburg dynasty ruled the Low Countries (1482-1794), Spain (1504–1700) and the Holy Roman Empire (1438–1806).
The Austrian Empire laid claim to be the heir of the Holy Roman Empire as Austria's Habsburgs attempted to unite Germany under their rule. The German Empire, established in 1871, also claimed to be a successor of Rome through the lineage of the Holy Roman Empire. Both of these empires used the imperial title Kaiser (derived from the Latin word "Caesar"), the German word for emperor. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary, successor of the Austrian Empire, would both fall in the aftermath of the First World War along with the Russian and Ottoman Empires who had both claimed succession from the Eastern Roman Empire.
Etching of the expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt on August 23, 1614: The text says, "1,380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate." The legal and civic status of the Jews underwent a transformation under the Holy Roman Empire. Jewish people found a certain degree of protection with the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who claimed the right of possession and protection of all the Jews of the empire. A justification for this claim was that the Holy Roman Emperor was the successor of the emperor Titus, who was said to have acquired the Jews as his private property.
The Swiss Confederacy formally remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire, as shown by this stack of crests from 1596 on the main gate of castle Lenzburg: the Imperial eagle of the Holy Roman Empire tops the bears of Bern. At the bottom, the coat of arms of the von Erlach family. After 1648, the practice of placing the imperial insignia atop the confederate emblems was gradually abandoned and used less and less frequently and mainly for traditional reasons until the early 18th century.Meles, B.: Das Entschwinden des Reichsadlers, pp. 147 - 162 in Jorio, M.: 1648: Die Schweiz und Europa: Aussenpolitik zur Zeit des Westfälischen Friedens, Chronos Verlag, Zürich 1999; .
Although the Seven Years' War was a global conflict, it took a specific intensity in the European theater based on the recently concluded War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle gave Frederick II of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, the prosperous province of Silesia. Empress Maria Theresa of Austria had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances; she was intent upon regaining ascendancy in the Holy Roman Empire as well as recovering the Silesian province.Peter H. Wilson, The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.
Since 1216, the full title Magister Hospitalis Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum Hierosolymitani ("Master of the Hospital House of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Germans of Jerusalem") was used. The offices of Hochmeister and Deutschmeister (Magister Germaniae) were united in 1525. The title of Magister Germaniae had been introduced in 1219 as the head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy, raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of Hoch- und Deutschmeister.
Seating order of the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg (1663 engraving) Map of the Holy Roman Empire in 1400 An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (; , plural: ') was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet ('). Rulers of these Estates were able to exercise significant rights and privileges and were "immediate", meaning that the only authority above them was the Holy Roman Emperor. They were thus able to rule their territories with a considerable degree of autonomy. The system of imperial states replaced the more regular division of Germany into stem duchies in the early medieval period.
Battle of Nicopolis (1396) While the Habsburgs were occasionally the Kings of Hungary and Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (and almost always that of the Holy Roman Empire after the 15th century), the wars between the Hungarians and the Ottomans included other Dynasties as well. Naturally, the Ottoman Wars in Europe attracted support from the West, where the advancing and powerful Islamic state was seen as a threat to Christendom in Europe. The Crusades of Nicopolis (1396) and of Varna (1443–44) marked the most determined attempts by Europe to halt the Turkic advance into Central Europe and the Balkans.Colin Imber, The Crusade of Varna, 1443–45 (2013).
The armies of the Holy Roman Empire continued to suffer defeats; the second greatest battle was at the town now called Bratislava, in 1052. Before 1052 Peter Orseolo, a supporter of the Holy Roman Empire, was overthrown by king Samuel Aba of Hungary. The Holy Crown of Hungary along with other regalia This period of revolts ended during the reign of Béla I. Hungarian chroniclers praised Béla I for introducing new currency, such as the silver denarius, and for his benevolence to the former followers of his nephew, Solomon. The second greatest Hungarian king, also from the Árpád dynasty, was Ladislaus I of Hungary, who stabilized and strengthened the kingdom.
He entered the Order of Saint Benedict early in life and first entered the monastery of S. Paolo fuori le mura, Rome. He was created cardinal in 1078, elected abbot of Saint-Victor de Marseille (1079–1106), appointed papal legate, then Archbishop of Narbonne (1106–1121), he was a major player in papal policy to regain control of the hierarchy the Church, between Toulouse and Marseille. He was involved in the investiture quarrel between the papacy and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire between 1075 and 1122. Much of which revolved around the Provençal lands in the Kingdom of Burgundy, attached to the Holy Roman Empire.
Santa Maria dell'Anima () is a Roman Catholic church in central Rome, Italy, just west of the Piazza Navona and near the Santa Maria della Pace church. It was founded during the course of the 14th century by Dutch merchants, who at that time belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. In the course of the 15th century, it became the national church of the whole Holy Roman Empire in Rome and henceforth the so-called German national church and hospice of German- speaking people in Rome. According to tradition, the church received its name, from the picture of Our Lady which forms its coat of arms (the Blessed Virgin between two souls).
The Austrian Empire was formed in 1804 to anticipate the dissolution in 1806 of the ancient and maligned Holy Roman Empire by Napoleon. Austria, home of the Habsburg dynasty, had been the central part of the Holy Roman Empire. In the aftermath of Waterloo, Austria was one of the strongest nations in Europe and its foreign minister Metternich became the architect of the Concert of Europe which was able to maintain peace in a divided continent for several decades. Hungary, the land of the Magyars that lies to the east of Austria, was part of the Austrian Empire at that time but it constantly sought control of its own affairs.
The imperial title in the West generated what historians have called the problem of two emperors. The emperors of the Holy Roman Empire sought in many ways to make themselves accepted by the Byzantines as their peers: with diplomatic relations, political marriages or threats. Sometimes, however, they did not obtain the expected results, because from Constantinople they were always called "King of the Germans", never "Emperor." The Holy Roman Empire survived Byzantium, but was eventually dissolved in 1806 owing to pressure by Napoleon I. In Eastern Europe, firstly the Bulgarian, then the Serbian and ultimately the Russian czars (Czar derived from Caesar) proclaimed being Emperors.
The Prince-Bishopric of Strassburg (; ) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th century until 1803. During the late 17th century, most of its territory was annexed by France; this consisted of the areas on the left bank of the Rhine, around the towns of Saverne, Molsheim, Benfeld, Dachstein, Dambach, Dossenheim-Kochersberg, Erstein, Kästenbolz, Rhinau, and the Mundat (consisting of Rouffach, Soultz, and Eguisheim). The annexations were recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697. Only the part of the state that was to the east of the Rhine remained; it consisted of areas around the towns of Oberkirch, Ettenheim, and Oppenau.
The Hohenstaufen ( , ,"Hohenstaufen" (US) and ), also called Staufer, was a noble dynasty of unclear origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079 and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254. The most prominent kings Frederick I (1155), Henry VI (1191) and Frederick II (1220) ascended the imperial throne and also ruled Italy and Burgundy. The non-contemporary name is derived from a family castle on the Hohenstaufen mountain at the northern fringes of the Swabian Jura near the town of Göppingen. Under Hohenstaufen reign the Holy Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent from 1155 to 1268.
This See was independent of the German Archbishopric of Magdeburg, which had tried to claim jurisdiction over the Polish church. Following the Congress of Gniezno, bishoprics were also established in Kraków, Wrocław, and Kołobrzeg, and Bolesław formally repudiated paying tribute to the Holy Roman Empire. Following the death of Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in 1002, Bolesław fought a series of wars against the Holy Roman Empire and Otto's cousin and heir, Henry II, ending in the Peace of Bautzen (1018). In the summer of 1018, in one of his expeditions, Bolesław I captured Kiev, where he installed his son-in-law Sviatopolk I as ruler.
Von Daun zu Sassenheim und Callenborn was born on 11 June 1720 in Vienna, then the de facto capital of the Holy Roman Empire. He was ordained a deacon of the Diocese of Passau on 31 May 1749, and was ordained a priest on 10 August 1755.
The Battle of Klingenthal was a battle fought between Swedish troops and forces of the Holy Roman Empire on November 11, 1642, during the Thirty Years' War. The purpose was to cement Swedish control of all parts of Saxony following the decisive Battle of Breitenfeld (1642).
Coat of Arms The Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek (; ; Low German: Bisdom Ösel–Wiek; contemporary ) was a Roman Catholic diocese and semi-independent prince- bishopric (parto of Terra Mariana, i.e. Livonia) in the Holy Roman Empire, covering what are now Saare, Hiiu and Lääne counties of Estonia.
By the Treaty of Campoformio signed on 17 October 1797, part of the Venetian mainland was handed over to Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire and a western part was annexed to the French backed Cisalpine Republic. The territory soon reverted to Napoleon in 1801.
Charles IV was emperor at the time. At this point in time, the Holy Roman Empire was the geographically largest nation in Europe, though the population of France was bigger. It was a personal union under the King of Bohemia, who was also the Holy Roman Emperor.
Brabant was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. The social origins of the Brabançons are uncertain. Some were the younger sons of the knightly class who had received formal military training. Others were drawn from the lower classes and had little or no such training.
The Prince-Bishopric of Chur () was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, and had Imperial immediacy. They were the leader of the League of God's House. The Prince-Bishopric of Chur controlled contiguous land from the city of Chur, to Engadin, and to Vinschgau.
Their victory found most of the Mezzogiorno loyal to the Holy Roman Empire. During the return journey to Germany, an epidemic (possibly malaria) broke out among the Imperial troops, which claimed many victims. Duke Herman IV of Swabia and Gunhilda were among the casualties.Fuhrmann, H., trans.
Elector Frederick Augustus III (1763–1827) was formally the last Elector of Saxony. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, he clung to office and became the first monarch of the short-lived Kingdom of Saxony, under the title of Frederick Augustus I of Saxony.
Franz von Waldeck Count Franz von Waldeck (1491 - 15 July 1553) was Prince- Bishop of Münster, Osnabrück, and Minden in the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. He suppressed the Münster Rebellion, a millenarian Anabaptist theocratic insurrection which occupied the fortified city of Münster.
The Archbishops were elevated to Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1288. The close connection to the Empire is reflected in the city's coat of arms. In 1290, after a century of fighting against the power of the archbishops, the Emperor granted Besançon its independence.
In the Russian treaty, the title was Padischag (in Italian).Mehmet Sinan Birdal, The Holy Roman Empire and the Ottomans: From Global Imperial Power to Absolutist States (I. B. Tauris, 2011), p. 6. The treaty explicitly included the Crimean Khanate, as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
Gradually the rivalry subsided. During the wars of Louis XIV, the "Sun King" of France, the two Margraviates were ravaged by the French troops. The forces of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Margrave of Baden-Baden, "Turkish Louis" William (reigned 1677–1707) fought against France.
The Principality of Halberstadt () was a state of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by Brandenburg-Prussia. It replaced the Bishopric of Halberstadt after its secularization in 1648. Its capital was Halberstadt. In 1807, the principality was made a state or regional capital of the Kingdom of Westphalia.
24 Kartouwe is of Dutch origin, in the Holy Roman Empire the gun was called Kartaune in German or cartouwe in contemporary Latin,Adelung (1796), p. 1506 in the Swedish Empire Kartow, spelling variants include kartouw, kartouve,Peterson (2007), p.95 cartow, cartaun, courtaun and others.
Pawin von Hemberg, was born ca. 1350 in the town of Bornheim, Rhein-Sieg- Kreis, in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the first in the noble von Hemberg family to be given the hereditary title of "Erbkämmerer", a sort of chamberlain to the archbishop of Cologne.
The Diet of Metz () was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the imperial city of Metz from 17 November 1356 to 7 January 1357, with Emperor Charles IV presiding. It is most memorable for the promulgation of the Golden Bull of 1356.
Under Otto II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, several marches were created along the border with West Francia (this border coincided with the river Scheldt). Originally the mark was restricted to the borders of the Scheldt, in 994 Ansfried of Utrecht added Toxandria to the mark.
This List of Diplomats from the United Kingdom to other German States deals with diplomatic representation in Germany before German unification in the late 19th century. In that period, Germany consisted of many small sovereign states within the Holy Roman Empire (until 1805) then the German Empire.
The Imperial Crown, Orb, Cross, and Holy Lance of the Holy Roman Empire are also highlights. The first five parts are also called the (secular/worldly treasury) and the ecclesiastical part the (spiritual treasury). The is under the administration of the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Art History).
As a son-in- law of Margrave Dietrich, he gained an ally in one of the most influential politicians of the Holy Roman Empire. As the Margrave was a distant relative of the Emperor, Mieszko became a member of the circle connected to the imperial ruling house.
Derek Croxton, Anuschka Tischer, The Peace of Westphalia, Greenwood Press, 2002, p. 228. Daniel Patrick O'Connell, Richelieu, World Publishing Company, 1968, p. 378. subject of the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet. From the 16th century, Savoy belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle.
The eastern rim of the Palatinate forest has been densely populated since the Middle Ages. Several medieval castles show the significance of the region during the early Holy Roman Empire. The district was established in 1969 by combining portions of the former districts of Neustadt and Frankenthal.
The Battle of Oldendorf ( Schattkowsky (2003), p.241) on 8 July 1633 was fought as part of the Thirty Years' War between the Swedish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire near Hessisch-Oldendorf, Lower Saxony, Germany. The result was a decisive victory for the Swedish Army.
Francesco Maria, Principe Ruspoli (November 30, 1839 - January 23, 1907) was the 6th Principe di Cerveteri, 6th Marchese di Riano, 11th Conte di Vignanello and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Giovanni Nepomucene Ruspoli, 5th Prince of Cerveteri and wife Barbara dei Principi Massimo.
W. Scott Jessee, Robert the Burgundian and the Counts of Anjou, Ca. 1025-1098 (USA: The Catholic University of America Press. 2000), p. 15 The duchy then corresponded to the diocese of Besançon in the Holy Roman Empire. By 990 Otto-William was the Count of Nevers.
Johann Georg Schneider was born as the son of a wine grower and his wife in Wipfeld am Main, a place which belonged to the Prince- Bishopric of Würzburg (a Hochstift, an area ruled by a prince-bishop during the Holy Roman Empire). He had ten siblings.
The religious toleration upon which visitors to the Dutch Republic frequently commented during the so-called "Dutch Golden Age" was particularly striking after his earlier travels across various parts of the Holy Roman empire in which the more conservative precept "Cuius regio, eius religio" was seldom challenged.
In the area around Nuremberg there are still numerous references to an earlier flourishing honey hunting tradition such as the castle of Zeidlerschloss in Feucht. Honey was important for Nuremberg's gingerbread production; the Nuremberg Reichswald ("The bee garden of the Holy Roman Empire") provided plenty of it.
Beginning of the Republic of Metz. Election of the first Head-Alderman in 1289, by Auguste Migette. Metz was then a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Emperor. In the more loosely governed Holy Roman Empire, 51 of the largest towns became free imperial cities.
In March 1797, the French army of Massena entered the towns putting an end to Venetian rule. By the Treaty of Campoformio, the area passed to the rule of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1805 until 1814 Ceneda and Serravalle were incorporated into Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy.
The Treaty of Trausnitz, signed at Trausnitz Castle by Frederick the Fair, duke of Austria and Styria, and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, on March 13, 1325 ended the dispute between the two men over the rule of the Holy Roman Empire.
Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states, numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation.
The Duchy of Pomerania capitulated and Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, and his councillors negotiated the Treaty of Stettin with Adolphus. In 1632, Mansfeld was appointed General of the Infantry. The following year, on 16 November 1633 Mansfeld was appointed, Feldmarschall of the Holy Roman Empire.
Michael Toxites, born Johann Michael Schütz (19 July 1514, Sterzing, South TyrolSterzing has been a part of Italy since the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en- Laye (1919) and is now known as Vipiteno. – 1581, Haguenau, Alsace) was a doctor, alchemist and poet of the Holy Roman Empire.
In the Holy Roman Empire, emperor Charles IV outlawed any such conjurationes, confederationes, and conspirationes in his Golden Bull of 1356. Albrecht von Bonstetten (1479) called the Swiss Confederacy Superioris Germaniae Confoederatio, i.e. "Confederation of Upper Germany". This was translated into German in 1480 as Obertütscheit Eidgnosschaft.
German kingdom (blue) in the Holy Roman Empire around 1000 This is a list of monarchs who ruled over East Francia, and the Kingdom of Germany (Regnum Teutonicum), from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 until the collapse of the German Empire in 1918.
The Electorate of Baden was a State of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803 to 1806. In 1803, Napoleon bestowed the office of Prince-elector to Charles Frederick, but in 1806, Francis II dissolved the Empire. Baden then achieved sovereignty, and Charles Frederick became Grand Duke.
Residence of the Prince-Primate von Dalberg in Regensburg The Principality of Regensburg () was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire created in 1803; following the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, it was part of the Confederation of the Rhine until 1810. Its capital was Regensburg.
These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, with the Habsburgs (rulers of Austria and Spain) and their Catholic allies on one side, battling the Protestant powers (Sweden, Denmark, and certain Holy Roman principalities) allied with France, which was Catholic but strongly anti- Habsburg under King Louis XIV. Joachim Whaley, a leading English-language historian of the Holy Roman Empire, mentions that later commentators such as Leibniz, Rousseau, Kant and Schiller eulogized the Peace of Westphalia as the first step towards a universal peace, but he points out that "their projections for the future should not be mistaken for descriptions of reality".Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia 1493–1648, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 637 Scholars of international relations have identified the Peace of Westphalia as the origin of principles crucial to modern international relations, including the inviolability of borders and non-interference in the domestic affairs of sovereign states.
Tiradentes Quartered, Pedro Américo (1893) In the Holy Roman Empire emperor Charles V's 1532 Constitutio Criminalis Carolina specifies how every dismemberment (quartering) should ideally occur:German original "Zu der Viertheylung: Durch seinen gantzen Leib zu vier stücken zu schnitten und zerhawen, und also zum todt gestrafft werden soll, und sollen solche viertheyl auff gemeyne vier wegstrassen offentlich gehangen und gesteckt werden" Thus, the imperially approved way to dismember the convict within the Holy Roman Empire was by means of cutting, rather than dismemberment through ripping the individual apart. In paragraph 124 of the same code, beheading prior to quartering is mentioned as allowable when extenuating circumstances are present, whereas aggravating circumstances may allow pinching/ripping the criminal with glowing pincers, prior to quartering. The fate of Wilhelm von Grumbach in 1567, a maverick knight in the Holy Roman Empire who was fond of making his own private wars and was thus condemned for treason, is also worthy of note. Gout-ridden, he was carried to the execution site in a chair and bound fast to a table.
The University of Naples Federico II was founded by emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Frederick II on 5 June 1224. It is the world's oldest state-supported institution of higher education and research. One of the most famous students was Roman Catholic theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas.
Also in 1919, the family's Holy Roman Empire title was no longer recognised by the socialist Austrian Government, along with all other Austrian noble titles. In any case, with the death of the 12th Viscount's heir in 1967, all these titles, and any claims to them, are now dormant.
Cardinal Lang von Wellenburg, oil on parchment, Danube school, early 16th century Coat of arms of Cardinal Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg (1469 – 30 March 1540) was a statesman of the Holy Roman Empire, a Cardinal and Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1519 to his death.
Arms of the office of Arch-Treasurer of the Empire, showing the imperial crown An Arch-Treasurer (, ) is a chief treasurer, specifically the great treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire. The title of Arch-Treasurer was only ceremonially significant, as it was only used in the coronation of Emperors.
In subsequent years, he took steps toward the conquest of Pomerania. The resolution of the conflict with the Holy Roman Empire allowed Bolesław to subordinate Western Pomerania and incorporate Gdańsk Pomerania. The military expeditions, carried out in three stages, ended in the 1120s with military and political successes.
The mini-state Hesse-Wanfried existed from about 1700 to 1731. It was a principality (Landgraviate) of the Holy Roman Empire in the area of the today's Land of Hesse. Governed by a cadet line of the House of Hesse under the sovereignty of the land of Hesse-Kassel.
The Battle of Renty was fought on 12 August 1554, between France and the Holy Roman Empire at Renty, a northern French secondary theatre of the Italian Wars. The French were led by Francis, Duke of Guise, while the Imperial forces were led by Emperor Charles V of Habsburg.
As the couple was devoted to each other, there is reason to believe that they might even have married in a secret ceremony. In 1742, the Holy Roman Emperor made Razumovsky a Count of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1756, Elizabeth made him a Prince and Field Marshal.
Prior to his embarkment to northern Germany, Gustavus urged the Swedish nobility to follow the example of conquests set by their Gothic ancestors. Had he lived longer, it would have been likely that Gustavus had reached out for the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire. Abstract in German.
Addison (2003), pp.57ffPiskorski (1999), pp.35ffTheologische Realenzyklopädie (1997), pp.40ff From the late 12th century, the Griffin Duchy of Pomerania stayed with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Rugia with Denmark, while Denmark, Brandenburg, Poland and the Teutonic Knights struggled for control in Samboride Pomerelia.
After the fall of the Holy Roman Empire, arms were no longer granted to burghers except in the Kingdom of Saxony, where such grants continued from 1911 until 1918. Elsewhere burgher arms were assumed. Such family heraldry is still alive in Germany and burgher arms are protected by law.
On the River Oude Rijn there was an outpost of the Arnhem office of the Amsterdam Admiralty. The Rhine customs officer, however, whose jurisdiction extended as far as Lobith on the border with the Holy Roman Empire (since 1648), was under the authority of the Admiralty of Rotterdam.
These contribution rates remained unchanged until the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806.Die Reichs-Matrikel aller Kreise Nebst den Usual-Matrikeln des Kaiserlichen und Reichskammergerichts, Ulm 1796, p. 89. Elisabeth of Hohen-Geroldseck was elected to rule the Imperial Abbey of Buchau on May 28, 1523.
Marshall Dill. Germany: A Modern History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1970, pp. 49–50. On paper, many heads of state and, most importantly, the rulers of the German states of the Holy Roman Empire, accepted the Pragmatic Sanction and the idea of Francis as the next emperor.
Over the centuries, several further seceded territories in the territory of the former stem duchy, such as the County of Tyrol or the Archbishopric of Salzburg, gained Imperial immediacy. From 1500, a number of these Imperial states were members of the Bavarian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.
Austria also did relatively well.Whaley, vol. II, p. 621. In addition, the two Habsburg archdukes who had been dispossessed of their Italian realms (the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena) were also compensated even though their realms were not part of the Holy Roman Empire.
Capture of Strasbourg. Most territory seized came from the Spanish Netherlands and the western parts of the Holy Roman Empire, especially Alsace. Two of these territories seized by Louis as part of the Reunions were Strasbourg and Luxembourg. Officially, Strasbourg was intended to remain a neutral and independent city.
Derived in Italian from trarre, meaning 'to treat' (from the Latin tractare/trahere, 'to draw'), its etymology has also been linked to the Latin term, littera tractoria, which referred to a letter ordering provision of food and drink for officials traveling on the business of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Bishopric of Lebus (; ) was a Roman Catholic diocese of Poland and later an ecclesiastical territory of the Holy Roman Empire. It existed from 1125 until 1598. The diocese encompassed areas on both sides of the Oder River around the town of Lebus/Lubusz later called Lubusz Land.
When fighting the Czechs in 990, Mieszko was helped by the Holy Roman Empire. By about the year 990, when Mieszko I officially submitted his country to the authority of the Holy See (Dagome iudex), he had transformed Poland into one of the strongest powers in central-eastern Europe.
Fane de Salis MSSDe Salis Family : English Branch, by Rachel Fane De Salis, Henley-on-Thames, 1934.From Home Office notes made 21 May 1930 by A. J. Eagleston: 'Count de Salis, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, created 12th March, 1748. Date of Licence.—4th April, 1809. Grantee.
During the Renaissance secular political philosophy began to emerge after about a century of theological political thought in Europe. While the Middle Ages did see secular politics in practice under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, the academic field was wholly scholastic and therefore Christian in nature.
Sava Temišvarac (, "Sava of Timișoara"; 1594–1612) was a Serb military commander (vojvoda) in the service of the Transylvania and then the Holy Roman Empire, active during the Long Turkish War, having led the Uprising in Banat (1594) and then joined the Transylvanian Army with other notable Serb leaders.
Wiesensteig was first mentioned in 861 in a document, as there was founded a Benedictine monastery. The town has the town privileges since 1356. It was then under the House of Helfenstein. Since 1512 the rule Wiesensteig was assigned to the Swabian Circle within the Holy Roman Empire.
The Killing Tree (sometimes abbreviated as TKT) was a hardcore punk band from Chicago, Illinois. They were a side project of Tim McIlrath during the early days of Rise Against and featured former Rise Against guitarist Todd Mohney and bassist Geoff Reu of Baxter and Holy Roman Empire.
Most of the civilizations represented are anachronistic: Rome is set in the Holy Roman Empire, while Great Britain is independent, the Ottoman Empire reigns in Turkey, Southeast Asia resembles ancient Indian kingdoms before Western colonization and Islamic influence, and North America is caught up in the Industrial Revolution.
The castle in Bracciano was originally an Orsini family fortress until it was sold to pay debts. The Princely family is currently represented by Prince Carlo Odescalchi, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Duke of Syrmium, etc. (b.1954), whose heir is his son Prince Baldassare Odescalchi (b.1993).
Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. Britain's sphere was the rest of the world, especially the seas.Zamoyski, pp. 100–115. This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states, not their consolidation.
Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities which were earlier part of the Holy Roman Empire, (such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and other historically-tied countries like Luxembourg), most often subscribe to their own national identities and may or may not also self- identify as ethnically German.
Ludwig Schönleben (1590 – August 26, 1663; ) was a politician of the mid-17th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. Schönleben was born in Heilbronn.Slovenski biografski leksikon: Ludvik Schönleben. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1648, and was succeeded by Jurij Wertatsch in 1650.
Martin Bucer was born in Sélestat (Schlettstadt), Alsace, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. His father and grandfather, both named Claus Butzer, were coopers (barrelmakers) by trade. Almost nothing is known about Bucer's mother. Bucer likely attended Sélestat's prestigious Latin school, where artisans sent their children.
Niccolò Jommelli Niccolò Jommelli (; 10 September 1714 - 25 August 1774) was an Italian composer of the Neapolitan School. Along with other composers mainly in the Holy Roman Empire and France, he was responsible for certain operatic reforms including reducing ornateness of style and the primacy of star singers somewhat.
In 1096, the Comtat was part of the Margraviate of Provence that was inherited by Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse from William Bertrand of Provence. These lands in the Holy Roman Empire belonged to Joan, Countess of Toulouse, and her husband, Alphonse, Count of Poitiers.Madaule, Jacques. The Albigensian Crusade.
The stem duchies were the constituent duchies of the kingdom of Germany at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (the death of Louis the Child in 911) and the transitional period leading to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire later in the 10th century.
Jovan Monasterlija (; fl. 1683–1706) was a Serbian vice-voivode (podvojvoda) and Austrian (Holy Roman Empire) imperial officer that led a Serbian Militia against the Ottoman Empire and other enemies of the Austrian Emperor. He was titled leader of the Serbian nation by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.
King (1991), p.35. By the 11th century, castles were built throughout the Holy Roman Empire, which then spanned central Europe. They now typically took the form of an enclosure on a hilltop, or, on lower ground, a tall, free-standing tower (German Bergfried).Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p.109.
Worms Cathedral (St. Peter) Burchard of Worms ( 950/65 – August 20, 1025) was the bishop of the Imperial City of Worms, in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the author of a canon law collection of twenty books known as the Decretum, Decretum Burchardi, or Decretorum libri viginti.
The inhabitants probably were connected with people who fled into the near woods and defied the plundering troops, the Harzschützen movement. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the Napoleonic Wars, the Counts of Counts of Stolberg-Wernigerode became mediatized princes in the Prussian province of Saxony.
Following Louis's death, she secretly married Suffolk, with Francis I's assistance, which prevented another marriage alliance. As Mary was the only princess Henry could use to secure marriage alliances, this was a bitter blow. Wolsey then proposed an alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire against France.
German and since 2011 For the situation in Germany compare . Each administrative district consists of an elected council and an executive, and whose duties are comparable to those of a county executive in the United States, supervising local government administration. Historically, counties in the Holy Roman Empire were called .
As a result of her exclusion, Maria Theresa did not accept the legitimacy of the election until after the death some three years later of Charles VII.Mack Walker, Johann Jakob Moser and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.
In 1080, in order to improve the relations between Poland and Bohemia, Władysław married Judith, the daughter of Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia, a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire. After this, the foreign policy of Władysław gravitated strongly towards appeasement of the Holy Roman Empire and he accepted overlordship of Emperor Henry IV. While Vratislaus was declared a king in 1085 by Emperor Henry, Władysław never pursued kingship. Soon after, he was forced by the barons of Poland to recall from exile in Hungary his nephew Mieszko Bolesławowic. Mieszko accepted the overlordship of his uncle and gave up his claim to Poland in exchange for becoming first in the line of succession.
The Papacy regained its authority, and undertook a long struggle against the Holy Roman Empire. Marco Polo at the court of Kublai Khan (painting by Tranquillo Cremona, 1863). The Investiture controversy, a conflict over two radically different views of whether secular authorities such as kings, counts, or dukes, had any legitimate role in appointments to ecclesiastical offices such as bishoprics, was finally resolved by the Concordat of Worms in 1122, although problems continued in many areas of Europe until the end of the medieval era. In the north, a Lombard League of communes launched a successful effort to win autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire, defeating Emperor Frederick Barbarossa at the Battle of Legnano in 1176.
Ulrich III Ulrich III (after 1286 - 11 July 1344) Count of Württemberg from 1325 until 1344. Ulrich was already strongly involved in politics during the reign of his father Eberhard I. In 1319 he handled a treaty with King Frederick I, the Handsome. He renewed this treaty after assuming reign in 1325, when Württemberg had temporarily joined sides with Louis IV. Both Louis and Frederick claimed power in the Holy Roman Empire at this time. After their reconciliation it was possible for Ulrich to be bound closely to the Holy Roman Empire, even after the death of Frederick I. This and his regional policy of pacts and acquisitions helped strongly to enlarge Württemberg's territory substantially.
Members of the family served in the Imperial and Royal Austrian military. On 10 December 1675 Carl Maria Conte de Pace (1635–1701) and his brothers Johann de Pace and Andreas de Pace were elevated to the rank of Baron of the Holy Roman Empire (Freiherr) as Pace Freiherr von Friedensberg by Emperor Leopold I. The family held estates in Styria, granted to them on 12 March 1686. In 1690 the Pace von Friedensberg were granted the title of Count of the Holy Roman Empire (Graf) and were given hereditary lands in Austria. The comital branches of the family died out, and the Austrian earldom was inherited by Karl Maria Joseph de Pace of Gorizia.
Holy Roman Empire about 1000: Duchy of Carinthia shown in brown with the marches of Verona, Istria, Carniola and Styria, according to William Robert Shepherd, 1923 The March of Styria (), originally known as Carantanian march (Karantanische Mark, marchia Carantana after the former Slavic principality of Carantania), was a southeastern frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire. It was broken off the larger March of Carinthia, itself a march of the Duchy of Bavaria, around 970 as a buffer zone against the Hungarian invasions.Thompson, 600. Under the overlordship of the Carinthian dukes from 976 onwards, the territory evolved to be called Styria, so named for the town of Steyr, then the residence of the Otakar margraves.
Germanic pre-Romanesque art during the 120-year period from 936 to 1056 is commonly called Ottonian art after the three Saxon emperors named Otto (Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III) who ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 936 to 1001. After the decline of the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire was re-established under the Saxon (Ottonian) dynasty. From this emerged a renewed faith in the idea of Empire and a reformed Church, creating a period of heightened cultural and artistic fervour. It was in this atmosphere that masterpieces were created that fused the traditions from which Ottonian artists derived their inspiration: models of Late Antique, Carolingian, and Byzantine origin.
The ' or 'Confederation of the Rhine' was founded in 1806, when several German states seceded from the Holy Roman Empire and allied themselves with Emperor Napoleon of France, who assumed the position of the Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. Its highest office was held by , first Archbishop of Mainz and then of Regensburg. He had been the first among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire and styled its Archchancellor, and as such was given the first rank among the princes of the new Confederation and the title of ', 'Prince Primate'. As such he presided over the College of Kings and the of the Confederation, a senate-like assembly which never actually assembled.
The Army of the Danube () was a field army of the French Directory in the 1799 southwestern campaign in the Upper Danube valley. It was formed on 2 March 1799 by the simple expedient of renaming the Army of Observation, which had been observing Austrian movements on the border between French First Republic and the Holy Roman Empire. It was commanded by General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Comte Jourdan (1762–1833). The formation of the army was part of the French Directory's long term strategy to undermine Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and, conversely, to strengthen French hegemony in central Europe after the wars of the First Coalition and the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797.
Courts gradually applied Byzantine law—as taught in Bologna (and soon elsewhere)—first as law in subsidium to be applied when there was no local statute or custom in point, and later because judicial officers (judges, magistrates, assessors) felt that its refined legal concepts were more apt to solve complex cases than the customary laws of western and central Europe. This process, referred to as reception, took place in the Holy Roman Empire and the Mediterranean in the 13th-14th centuries, but was much slower to come to northern Europe (e.g., Saxony, Northern France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia). In the 15th century, reception in complexu reached the Netherlands while it was associated with the Holy Roman Empire.
This support included explicitly promising the "Kingdom of Vienna" to the Hungarians if it fell into Ottoman hands. Yet before the siege, a state of peace had existed for 20 years between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Peace of Vasvár. The Ottoman Empire in 1683. In 1681 and 1682 clashes between the forces of Imre Thököly and the Holy Roman Empire (the border of which was then northern Hungary) intensified, and the incursions of Habsburg forces into central Hungary provided the crucial argument of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in convincing Sultan Mehmed IV and his Divan to allow the movement of the Ottoman army.
Although the Seven Years' War was a global conflict, it was particularly intense in the European theater based on the recently concluded War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle gave Frederick II of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, the prosperous province of Silesia as a consequence of the First and Second Silesian Wars. Empress Maria Theresa of Austria had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances; she was intent upon regaining ascendancy in the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Silesian province.Peter H. Wilson, The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Penguin, 2016, pp. 478–479.
It is often considered to be an independent conflict by most historians. After several attempts by the Holy Roman Empire to prevent and contain the spread of Protestantism in Europe, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden led an invasion of the Holy Roman Empire. Although he was killed in battle at Lützen, southwest of Leipzig, the Swedish armies managed to successfully defeat their Catholic enemies and established Sweden as one of the great powers of Europe for the next 100 years. His leadership of the Protestant powers of Germany and Europe was critical to the establishment of an alternative branch of Christianity recognized in Germany, and ensconced it in some forms of international law and custom.
Barons who received their title from the Holy Roman Emperor are sometimes known as "Barons of the Holy Roman Empire" ('), in order to distinguish them from other barons, although the title as such was simply '. Since the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, ' do not at present belong to the noble hierarchy of the realm. By a decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, their titles were nonetheless officially recognised. From 1806 the then independent German monarchies, such as Bavaria, Württemberg and Lippe could create their own nobility, including ' (although the Elector of Brandenburg had, as king of the originally exclusively extraterritorial Prussia even before that date, arrogated to himself the prerogative of ennoblement).
Both the peace agreement with France and Saxony's participation in the Congress of Rastatt in 1797 served to demonstrate Frederick Augustus' loyalty to the conventional constitutional principles of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress of Rastatt was supposed to authorize the surrender to France of territories on the left bank of the Rhine in return for compensation for the rulers relinquishing territory. However, at Rastatt and again in 1803 at the issuance of the Final Report of the Empire Delegation [the law of the Holy Roman Empire that laid out the new order of the Empire], Saxony refused to agree to territorial adjustments, since these were designed to benefit Bavaria, Prussia, Württemberg, and Baden.
The first Austrian Emperor was the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. In the face of aggressions by Napoleon, Francis feared for the future of the Holy Roman Empire. He wished to maintain his and his family's Imperial status in the event that the Holy Roman Empire should be dissolved, as it indeed was in 1806 when an Austrian-led army suffered a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz. After which, the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old Reich by severing a good portion from the empire and turning it into a separate Confederation of the Rhine. With the size of his imperial realm significantly reduced, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor became Francis I, Emperor of Austria.
300x300px Valais formed part of the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy, which fell to the Holy Roman Empire in 1032. It became part of the duchy of Burgundia Minor, which was held from the emperors by the house of Zähringen (which became extinct in 1218). In 999, King Rudolph III of Burgundy gave all temporal rights and privileges to the Bishop of Sion, who was later styled praefect and count of Valais and is still a prince of the Holy Roman Empire. The count-bishops then struggled to defend their area against the Zähringer and then the dukes of Savoy, so that the medieval history of Valais is inextricably linked with that of the diocese of Sion.
Kasper Doenhoff was a Polish noble (szlachcic) of the Denhoff coat-of-arms; he was born a member of the Denhoff family, a Polish noble family of Prussian origin (the German family name is Dönhoff). He became titularly 'Governor of Dorpat' (1627–34) (although already in 1625 the town had capitulated to Sweden and was never reobtained by the Poles); from 1633, Count of the Holy Roman Empire (along with Ernst and Gerhard Dönhoff); Governor of Sieradz (1634–45); Court Marshal of the Queen (from 1639); and starosta of Wieluń, Lauenburg (Lębork), Radomsko, Bolesławiec, Sokal, Małoszyce, Sobowidze and Klonowo. In the Holy Roman Empire, he was a noble (Reichsfürst); count (from 1635); prince (from 1637); and court marshal.
Voltaire wrote of the Empire as something neither Holy nor Roman, nor an Empire, and in comparison to the British Empire, saw its German counterpart as an abysmal failure that reached its pinnacle of success in the early Middle Ages and declined thereafter.James Bryce (1838–1922), Holy Roman Empire, London, 1865. Prussian historian Heinrich von Treitschke described it in the 19th century as having become "a chaotic mess of rotted imperial forms and unfinished territories". For nearly a century after the publication of James Bryce's monumental work The Holy Roman Empire (1864), this view prevailed among most English-speaking historians of the Early Modern period, and contributed to the development of the theory of the German past.
The wars were largely ended by the Peace of Westphalia (1648), establishing a new political order now known as Westphalian sovereignty. The conflicts began with the minor Knights' Revolt (1522), followed by the larger German Peasants' War (1524–1525) in the Holy Roman Empire. Warfare intensified after the Catholic Church began the Counter- Reformation in 1545 against the growth of Protestantism. The conflicts culminated in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which devastated Germany and killed one-third of its population, a mortality rate twice that of World War I. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) broadly resolved the conflicts by recognising three separate Christian traditions in the Holy Roman Empire: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism.
Imperial Count () was a title in the Holy Roman Empire. In the medieval era, it was used exclusively to designate the holder of an imperial county, that is, a fief held directly (immediately) from the emperor, rather than from a prince who was a vassal of the emperor or of another sovereign, such as a duke or prince-elector. These imperial counts sat on one of the four "benches" of Counts, whereat each exercised a fractional vote in the Imperial Diet until 1806. In the post-Middle Ages era, anyone granted the title of Count by the emperor in his specific capacity as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (rather than, e.g.
MA: M. Borgolte (Hg.): Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren - H-Soz-u-Kult / Rezensionen / Bücher The Bohemians established the Duchy of Bohemia in the 9th century, which was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire in the early 11th century. At the end of the 12th century the duchy was raised to the status of kingdom, which was legally recognised in 1212 in the Golden Bull of Sicily. Lusatia, the homeland of the remaining Sorbs, became a crown land of Bohemia in the 11th century, and Silesia followed suit in 1335. The Slovaks, on the other hand, never became part of the Holy Roman Empire, being incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary.
Upon Francis I's death on 18 August 1765, Maria Josepha became Empress of the Holy Roman Empire following her husband's accession to the throne. Her mother-in-law, however, remained the most powerful and important Power figure in the Empire and at court in Vienna and Holy Roman Empire. Maria Josepha and Joseph's short-lived marriage did not produce any children, but for much of the two years of her marriage, Josepha's state of health led her and others to suppose that she was pregnant. In October 1765, in sentences delicately omitted by Arneth from a published version of a letter to his younger brother Leopold, Joseph wrote: 'As for my empress, there is no change.
Despite remaining neutral in the wars between France and the Holy Roman Empire, Antoine sent his son Francis to the French court and by 1527 was attempting to marry him to Anne of Cleves. In an effort to improve his relations with German lords, Antoine sent a few hundred soldiers to fight against the Ottomans at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. Antoine dispatched legal envoys to the Imperial diet, in 1532, seeking clarification of the duchy of Lorraine's legal status within the Holy Roman Empire to no avail. In 1538, Antoine claimed the titles of Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen upon the death of Charles of Egmond, but was unable to gain possession of them.
Debrett's, People of Today, 2014 Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) arms of the Counts de Salis, as seen on the base of a now dismembered statue put up in Chiavenna in honour of Peter, 3rd Count de Salis, a popular 1770s Governor of the Valtelline. (Photo: Chiavenna, 2009). A Count of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsgraf), (created by letters patent dated Vienna, 12 March 1748 for Envoy Peter de Salis-Soglio (1675-1749), of Chur and Chiavenna, and his son Jerome (Naturalized British in 1731), by Emperor Francis I), John de Salis was the only child of Lt. Colonel John Eugène, 8th Count de Salis (1891-1949),Burke's Irish Family Records, ed. Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, Burke's Peerage Ltd, London, 1976.
The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive. The Danes and then Swedes intervened at various points to protect their interests. A portrait of Christian IV The Danish intervention began when Christian IV (1577–1648) the King of Denmark-Norway, himself a Lutheran, helped the German Protestants by leading an army against the Holy Roman Empire, fearing that Denmark's sovereignty as a Protestant nation was being threatened.
White and some of his brothers (notably his brother Richard, alias Don Ricardo White) were acting as spies for various European governments by the mid-1650s and raising troops for the Spanish army. Ignatius White also performed some diplomatic services for the British government. In 1679 he and his father were created Count of Alby and Marquis of Albeville by Emperor Leopold I, for themselves and their descendants. The titles of Count and Marquis were added to titles in the Holy Roman Empire inherited from their direct ancestor, another Dominick White, who was knighted upon the field of battle by Maximilian I and created a Baron (Freiherr) of the Holy Roman Empire in 1513.
The Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg () was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the 12th century until it was secularized during the second half of the 16th century. It should not be confused with the larger Diocese of Brandenburg () established by King Otto I of Germany in 948, in the territory of the Marca Geronis (Saxon Eastern March) east of the Elbe river. The diocese, over which the prince-bishop exercised only spiritual authority, was a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Magdeburg, its seat was Brandenburg an der Havel. The Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg was an imperial estate of the Holy Roman Empire for some time, probably starting about 1161/1165.
The so-called Rittersturm ("Assault on the Knights") was the seizure of the hitherto imperially immediate territories of the Imperial Knights within the Holy Roman Empire by the major powers in 1802–03. In 1803, under the new political structures imposed by the final resolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, the Imperial Knights or Reichsritterschaften should have remain untouched, unlike the ecclesial prince-bishoprics which were forcibly secularised. But by the winter of 1802/1803, the territorial states of Bavaria, Hesse-Kassel and Württemberg attempted to take possession of the tiny and fragmented estates belonging to the neighbouring Imperial Knights through a combination of Surrender and Transfer Edicts (Abtretungs- und Überweisungspatenten) and military force.Whaley 2012, p.
The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states, from the early Stone Age to the present state. The name Ostarrîchi (Austria) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy (later archduchy) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Heiliges Römisches Reich 962–1806). Austria was dominated by the House of Habsburg and House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Haus Österreich) from 1273 to 1918. In 1808, when Emperor Francis II of Austria dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, Austria became the Austrian Empire, and was also part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
King Francis I of France was defeated at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525 by the troops of the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. After several months in prison, Francis I was forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid. In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis formed a formal Franco-Ottoman alliance with Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent as an ally against Charles V. The French- Ottoman strategic, and sometimes tactical, alliance lasted for about three centuries.Merriman, p.132 To relieve the Habsburg pressure on France, in 1525 Francis asked Suleiman to make war on the Holy Roman Empire, and the road from Turkey to the Holy Roman Empire led across Hungary.
Riga had turned to the Holy Roman Empire and became a Free imperial city.Rabe (1989), p. 308 Hard-pressed by Ivan IV of Russia, the remnant of the Livonian Confederation concluded a treaty with Poland-Lithuania on 28 November 1561, subordinating themselves to the Sigismund II Augustus.De Madariaga (2006), pp.
The Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt was a treaty between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire. It was preceded by the Truce of Radkersburg and followed by the Peace of Pressburg. It deals with succession issues and ascertains the territory mortgages in Moson, Sopron and Vas counties.
Prince Bartholomeus Welser (25 June 1484 in Memmingen28 March 1561 in "Amberg im Unterallgäu") was a German banker. In 1528 he signed an agreement with Charles V, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, granting a concession in Venezuela Province, which became Klein-Venedig until the concession was revoked in 1546.
Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016 It was a diocese from its foundation in 799 until 1802, and again from 1821 until 1930. In 1930, it was promoted to an archdiocese. From 1281 until 1802, the Bishopric of Paderborn (German: Fürstbistum Paderborn) was also a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
She was beatified by Pope Pius IX in 1848. At this time, a rivalry began with the pro-papal Orsini family, leaders of the Guelph faction. This reinforced the pro-Emperor Ghibelline course that the Colonna family followed throughout the period of conflict between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.
Several days later, the Prince-Bishop fled to the city of Trier in modern Germany. The Holy Roman Empire condemned the Liège revolution and demanded the restoration of the Ancien régime in the prince- bishopric. The radical mood in Liège led to the proclamation of a republic, two years before France.
Mehdi Qoli Beg (; ? - ) was a Chagatai ruler in Khorasan and a courtier at the court of Shah Abbas I of Safavid dynasty. He was named Amir-e Akhour (person in charge of the royal stable,) and was sent on a diplomatic mission to Tsardom of Russia and Holy Roman Empire.
Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa (also spelled Mazeppa; , ; ) served as the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host in 1687–1708. It is claimed that he was awarded a title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1707 for his efforts for the Holy League.ПРО МАЗЕПУ У ВІДНІ (About Mazepa in Vienna). Nataliya Tsirka, Vienna.
The Colloquy of Regensburg, historically called the Colloquy of Ratisbon, was a conference held at Regensburg (Ratisbon) in Bavaria in 1541, during the Protestant Reformation, which marks the culmination of attempts to restore religious unity in the Holy Roman Empire by means of theological debate between the Protestants and the Catholics.
The statute drew legal influence from previous measures, including those undertaken by the Holy Roman Empire and Prussian states. It was amended several times. The Nazis broadened the law in 1935; in the prosecutions that followed, thousands died in concentration camps as a widespread social persecution of homosexuals took place.
Via Regia and Via Imperii Via Regia between Fulda and Neuhof in Hesse, Germany The Via Regia (Royal Highway) - is a European Cultural Route following the route of the historic road of the Middle Ages. There were many such viae regiae associated with the king in the medieval Holy Roman Empire.
There were cases of serfs becoming clerics in the Holy Roman Empire,DEVAILLY, Le Berry du X siècle au milieu du XIII siècle, p. 201; CHEDEVILLE, Chartres et ses campagnes, p.336. though from the Carolingian era, clergy were generally recruited from the nobility.PERROY, E., Le Monde carolingien, Paris, SEDES, 2.
Tommaso Michele Francesco Saverio Traetta (30 March 1727 – 6 April 1779) was an Italian composer of the Neapolitan School. Along with other composers mainly in the Holy Roman Empire and France, he was responsible for certain operatic reforms including reducing ornateness of style and the primacy of star singers somewhat.
Bad Windsheim is a small historic town in Bavaria, Germany with a population of almost 12,000. It lies in the district Neustadt an der Aisch-Bad Windsheim, west of Nuremberg. In the Holy Roman Empire, Windsheim held the rank of Imperial City (until 1802). Since 1810 Windsheim is part of Bavaria.
Established in 1559 as Apostolic Prefecture of Lausitz on territories within the Holy Roman Empire, split off from the Diocese of Meißen (Meissen). In 1581 it gained territory from its suppressed mother Diocese of Meißen On 1921.06.24 it was suppressed, its territory being reassigned to re- establish a Diocese of Meißen.
Coat of Arms of the Counts of Castell Castell-Rüdenhausen was a County in the region of Franconia in northern Bavaria of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by a branch of the Counts of Castell. It was created as a partition of Castell and in 1806, it was mediatised to Bavaria.
Zeiller, Martin, Itinerarium Magnae Britanniae, 2nd ed. (1674) Zeiller's account is based on the travels of an anonymous Count of the Holy Roman Empire in 1609, p. 232. Quoting the 4th-century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus,Travels to Terra Incognita: The Scottish Highlands and Hebrides in Early Modern Travellers' Accounts c.
Waldburg is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is the home of Waldburg Castle, a medieval castle that sits atop the large hill in the town. The castle dates from the twelfth century, when Waldburg was a County of the Holy Roman Empire.
The March of Zeitz (red) around the start of the 11th century. The March of Zeitz () was a march of the Holy Roman Empire. It was created by Emperor Otto I in the division of the marca Geronis in 965, following the death of Gero the Great. Its capital was Zeitz.
The first territorial unity of Trentino dates back to 1027, when emperor Conrad II officially gave the rule of the area to the Bishopric of Trent. This entity survived for some eight centuries and granted Trentino a certain autonomy, first from the Holy Roman Empire and then from the Austrian Empire.
Bertha of Savoy (21 September 1051 – 27 December 1087), also called Bertha of Turin, a member of the Burgundian House of Savoy, was Queen consort of Germany from 1066 and Empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire from 1084 until 1087 as the first wife of the Salian emperor Henry IV.
Sargans is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Sargans is known for its castle, which dates from before the founding of the Swiss Confederation in 1291. Sargans was also a County of the Holy Roman Empire; see County of Sargans.
The wedding took place one year later, in 1142. His ties with the Kievan Rus' benefited him during 1142-1143, when Władysław decided to fight against the districts of his brothers. Władysław's victory was beyond dispute, being backed by his alliances with the Rus', Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire.
The imperial election of March 8, 1198 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Mühlhausen. It was the first election during the Great German Throne Dispute. As a result of the election, Philip of Swabia was named Holy Roman Emperor.
138 Eventually he settled for a mission to the Prussians, who killed him on 23 April 997. Also in 997, Otto III mounted a last campaign into the areas held by the Lutici, targeting the Hevelli. Afterwards, Otto III instead focussed on plans to re-organize the Holy Roman Empire.
So the Ebringen area mainly acquired its present shape.Schott/Weeger: Ebringen, Herrschaft und Gemeinde, Volume 1, p.125 In 1582 Austria adopted the Gregorian calendar like most other catholic territories in the Holy Roman Empire, so the new calendar was introduced in Ebringen. The Protestant territories still used the Julian calendar.
It was the 5th university established in the Holy Roman Empire. The university has been associated with five Nobel laureates. Famous alumni include Nobel laureates: Albrecht Kossel, Karl von Frisch, and Otto Stern; theoretical physicists: Pascual Jordan and Walter H. Schottky. It is a member of the European University Association.
In the 10th century it briefly became the capital of the duchy of Lower Lorraine. During the 12th century the town flourished culturally. The provosts of the church of Saint Servatius held important positions in the Holy Roman Empire during this era. The two collegiate churches were largely rebuilt and redecorated.
Sázava has appeared as one of the accessible towns in the 2018 video game Kingdom Come: Deliverance. It takes place in the early 15th century, in the Kingdom of Bohemia, as part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire in what is now the Czech Republic.
As noted earlier in this article, it appears early Bossongs were Huguenots or Walloons. In Europe today, variations of the name can be found in several countries from the western and southern parts of the former Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation - Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, and England.
Janez Weilhammer was a sixteenth-century politician in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1536 and was the first mayor to serve a term of eight years, double the previous longest term. He was succeeded by Volk Gebhardt in 1544.
After finishing his studies in the High School of Kolozsvár (today Cluj Napoca, Romania) he went to the Holy Roman Empire to study Catholic theology first at the University of Wittenberg and then later at the Alma Mater Viadrina (University of Frankfurt an der Oder) where he became a Catholic parson.
Engraving of Henry IV Demi-écu coin of Henry IV, Saint Lô (1589) During the reign of Henry IV, rivalry continued among France, the Habsburg rulers of Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire for the mastery of Western Europe. The conflict was not resolved until after the Thirty Years' War.
The Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions consider the Man of Sin to come at the End of the World, when the katechon, the one who restrains, will be taken out. Katechon is also interpreted as the Grand Monarch or a new Orthodox Emperor, inaugurating a rebirth of the Holy Roman Empire.
MacMillan & Co. 1893. and principality of the Holy Roman Empire. To promote a permanent military presence, territorial ownership was divided between the Church and the Order, with the Church taking Riga and two- thirds of all lands conquered and granting the Order a third.Palmieri, A. Catholic Origin of Latvia, ed.
Politically, Gregory V acted consistently as the Emperor's representative in Rome and granted many exceptional privileges to monasteries within the Holy Roman Empire. One of his first acts was to crown Otto III emperor on 21 May 996.Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia, Ed. John M. Jeep, (Garland Publishing, Inc., 2001), 961.
Under his reign Palermo became the effective capital of the Holy Roman Empire. Palermo's court anticipated Renaissance courts and hosted some of the best intellectuals, artists and scholars of the period. The first Italian poetical school was born in Palermo. Frederick died in 1250 and was buried in the cathedral.
Reconstruction of the Königsstuhl (King's Chair) at Rhens The Declaration of Rhens or Treaty of Rhens () was a decree or Kurverein of the Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire issued in 1338 and initiated by Baldwin of Luxembourg, the Archbishop of Trier and brother of the late Emperor Henry VII.
Altogether, hundreds of monasteries and other Catholic religious foundations were closed. It has been said that the Final Recess of 1803 did to German land ownership what the Revolution had done to France.Whaley, J., Germany and the Holy Roman Empire (1493–1806), Oxford University Press, 2011, vol. 2, p. 623.
There had been attempts to convince magnates from the Holy Roman Empire to join the alliance, but they did not want to enter the war against Spain. The alliance, along with other things, agreed to help maintain their respective armies. The alliance was in effect for only a few years.
The Wolf of Ansbach, chased into a well and displayed on a gibbet The Wolf of Ansbach The Wolf of Ansbach was a man-eating wolf that attacked and killed an unknown number of people in the Principality of Ansbach in 1685, then a part of the Holy Roman Empire.
After their successes in 983 the Wends came under increasing pressure from Germans, Danes and Poles. The Poles invaded Pomerania several times. The Danes often raided the Baltic shores (and, in turn, the Wends often raided the raiders). The Holy Roman Empire and its margraves tried to restore their marches.
For Johann Joachim Becher, education also had the mandate to support the replacement of the Holy Roman Empire with a more republican commonwealth. His school would have had the task of creating education and teaching an organized state structure. His ideal was the artisan, the educated scholar, the universal scientist.
Francis was elected with the support of seven of the electors. Frederick the Great and Charles Theodore, opponents of Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession, abstained.Mack Walker, Johann Jakob Moser and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.
31 Meanwhile, Nicolae obtained an imperial monthly pension worth 100 Goldgulden. He was also assigned to the retinue of Ferdinand Habsburg, the Archduke of Austria, which required his presence in Graz ca. 1603,Mârza, p. 82 and, on May 30, 1606, was made Cup-bearer (Mundschenk) of the Holy Roman Empire.
It premiered in Townsville with Opera Queensland in July 2013. FUGUE FUGUE premiered in Melbourne in June 2012. It combined ideas from the Dancing Plague of 1518 in Strasbourg (then part of the Holy Roman Empire), and the structure of a Spanish Bullfight. MASS MASS premiered in Townsville in 2011.
In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of the French. In 1805, the French victory over an Austrian-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz ended the War of the Third Coalition. As a result of the Treaty of Pressburg, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved. Later efforts were less successful.
Karl von Harrach (1570 – 16 May 1628) was a nobleman, statesman and diplomat in the Holy Roman Empire. Over the course of his career he became involved in the internal power struggle over the Holy Roman crown. In 1627, he received the Spanish version of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
BBC News. 21 July 2007. In response to papal corruption, particularly the sale of indulgences, Luther wrote The Ninety-Five Theses. A number of theologians in the Holy Roman Empire preached reformation ideas in the 1510s, shortly before or simultaneously with Luther, including Christoph Schappeler in Memmingen (as early as 1513).
Since 1562, the postal route also encompassed Vienna and cities in the Holy Roman Empire, which enabled continuous correspondence with the Habsburgs. In 1573, the first permanent bridge over the Vistula River in Warsaw and also the longest wooden bridge in Europe at the time was named in Sigismund's honour.
Or a reigning monarch might have sole power to elect a relative. Many late-medieval countries of Europe were officially elective monarchies, but in fact pseudo-elective; most transitioned into officially hereditary systems in the early modern age. Exceptions such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth prove the rule.
According to tradition, Giordano was born at Padua in 1158. His family, the Forzatè branch of the Tanselgardi (or Transelgardi),. belonged to the upper ranks of the aristocracy of the Trevisan March, part of the Kingdom of Italy in the Holy Roman Empire. They were probably vassals of the bishop of Padua.
The League of Nymphenburg was an Anti-Austrian Alliance in the Silesian Wars. It included Prussia, Spain, Savoy, Saxony, France, and Bavaria. It was an important factor in the leadup to the First Silesian War. Its goal was to minimize Austrian power, especially in the German States of the Holy Roman Empire.
22 By that moment, Michael the Brave had rebelled against the Ottomans, leading Wallachia into the Long Turkish War, part of a Holy League headed by the Holy Roman Empire. In 1596, the Wallachian military assisted the Bulgarian rebels, with Băleanu directing the raid on Nikopol.Stoicescu, p. 100. See also Lecca, pp.
The following year, Charlemagne died and Louis was made ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. He brought Claudius to Aachen, the empire's capital city. There Claudius gave exegetical lectures to the emperor and the court and was even urged to put his lectures in writing by the emperor himself.M. Gorman 1997, p. 281.
Burleson, III, Major Willard M. Mission Analysis During Future Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain. Thesis. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College: Fort Leavenworth, KS: 2000. . Originally submitted 1988. p. 29.During the eighth century, Charlemagne made Aix, later Aix-la- Chappelle, and later still Aachen, the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.
Rechberg and Rothenlöwen was a country in the Holy Roman Empire. Rechberg and Rothenlöwen was a renaming of Osterberg, and it inherited Osterberg in 1767. Rechberg and Rothenlöwen was mediatised to Württemberg in 1806. The family of the Grafen von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen would be an important one in the 19th century.
When Charlemagne arrived in the area, it was ruled by Avars. Charlemagne, after conquering the area, annexed it to the Holy Roman Empire. It belonged to the Diocese of Salzburg. A document written in Salzburg in 871 is the first document mentioning the early medieval city under the name Quinque Basilicae (see above).
The breakdown of central royal authority and the dynastic changes broke the Holy Roman Empire and Frankish Kingdom apart. The Carolingian polity which empowered the counts at the beginning of the century was nonexistent by the end; the Counts were de facto independent—especially in the outlying regions, like the Marca Hispanica.
The last papal coronation took place in 1530. Although the Holy Roman Empire is perhaps the best-known example of an elective monarchy, from 1438 to 1740, a Habsburg was always elected emperor, the throne becoming de facto hereditary. During that period, the emperor was elected from within the House of Habsburg.
Wettstein participated in the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia in 1646/47 as a delegate for the Old Swiss Confederacy, without having been invited, and initially also without accreditation by the Confederacy. After long, hard, and skilful mediation he achieved official recognition of Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1648.
Anyone who helped Romani was to be punished by doing forced labor for half a year. The result was mass killings of Romani across the Holy Roman empire. In 1721, Charles VI amended the decree to include the execution of adult female Romani, while children were "to be put in hospitals for education".
Wenceslas I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg ( – 15 May 1388, in Celle) from the House of Ascania ruled from 1370 to 1388 and was a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire as well as Prince of Lüneburg. He was the son of Rudolf I and his 3rd wife, Agnes of Lindow-Ruppin.
Géza ( 940 – 997), also Gejza, was Grand Prince of the Hungarians from the early 970s. He was the son of Grand Prince Taksony and his OrientalKhazar, Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarianwife. He married Sarolt, a daughter of an Eastern Orthodox Hungarian chieftain. After ascending the throne, Géza made peace with the Holy Roman Empire.
The kingdom of Croatia also appeared in the Balkans. The subsequent period, ending around 1000, saw the further growth of feudalism, which weakened the Holy Roman Empire. In eastern Europe, Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in 921, after Almış I converted to Islam under the missionary efforts of Ahmad ibn Fadlan.
Lübeck remained a Free Imperial City even after the German Mediatisation in 1803 and became a sovereign state at the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. During the War of the Fourth Coalition against Napoleon, troops under Bernadotte occupied neutral Lübeck after a battle against Blücher on 6 November 1806.
He laid claim to Hungary after Coloman's firstborn and successor, Stephen II of Hungary, died in 1131. Boris made several attempts to assert his claims against kings Béla II and Géza II with the assistance of Poland, the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, but failed and was killed in a battle.
Minor disputes with King Eric VI continued during the following years. On a whole, however, the Duke was hence on friendly terms with the King and supported him in his wars in Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire. In 1311 he participated in the magnificent tournament held by King Eric in Rostock.
Thus the family held a dual status as patricians or members of the Daig of the burgher republic of Basel, and as nobles of the Holy Roman Empire. As of 1659, the Faesch family was the richest family of Basel with a fortune of nearly 250,000 florins. Their family foundation still exists.
Walter Leslie Count Walter Leslie (Fetternear House, Aberdeenshire, 1607 – Vienna, 4 March 1667) was a Scottish soldier and diplomat. He gained the positions of Imperial Field Marshal, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Governor on the Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier, Imperial Ambassador to Naples, Rome in 1645 and to Constantinople in 1665–1666.
Arms of the d'Aguilar Barons Ephraim Lópes Pereira d'Aguilar (1739 in Vienna - 1802 in London) was the second Baron d'Aguilar, a Barony of the Holy Roman Empire. D'Aguilar, merchant, late of Broad Street Buildings, &c;, 1802. Baron D'Aguilar of Starvation Farm, engraved by B. Page, published by J. Robins & Co., London, 1821.
Within the Holy Roman Empire, mesne fiefs were known as Afterlehen, which became inheritable over time and could have up to five "stations" between the actual holder of the fief and the overarching liege lord.Despotism and capitalism: a historical comparison of Europe and Indonesia by Tilman Schiel (1985). Retrieved 8 Feb 2014.
Friedrich, Karin (2006). The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1589-1772. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 163. His royalty was, in any case, limited to Prussia and did not reduce the rights of the Emperor in the portions of his domains that were still part of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet (Reichstag). The clergy was represented by the independent prince-bishops, prince-archbishops and prince-abbots of the many monasteries. The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers: secular prince-electors, kings, dukes, margraves, counts and others. Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities.
Replica of an escort revenue collection point (Geleitsgeldeinnahme) and a Saxon post half-milestone at a pub in Grumbach The Geleitrecht ("right of escort") in the Holy Roman Empire was the escorting of travellers or goods guaranteed by the right holder (Geleitherr or "escort lord") within a specified territory or on specific routes.
"The chief hereditary character of Beethoven was Flemish, and all else was what we now label German." his father Lodewijk was the last Beethoven to be fully Flemish. Most of his most recent family came from the German-speaking Rhineland region and the Electorate of the Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire.
The land of Spigno was owned by the Count of Sales, an illegitimate brother of Victor Amadeus II of Savoy. It had previously been a fiefdom of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1730 he married morganatically to Anna Canalis di Cumiana, who was created the Marchioness of Spigno in her own right.
Balthasar Walther (1558 – c. 1631) was a Silesian physician and Christian Kabbalist of German ethnicity. Born in Liegnitz in modern Poland, Walther was a significant influence on the thought of the German theosopher Jakob Böhme. As an itinerant Paracelsian enthusiast, Walther was active throughout the Holy Roman Empire, in Poland, Transylvania and elsewhere.
Franz Egon von Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (10 April 1626, Heiligenberg1 April 1682) was a German count in the Holy Roman Empire. He was prime minister for the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, and at the same time worked for Louis XIV of France influencing affairs in the Empire. Franz eventually became Prince- Bishop of Strassburg.
Tara E. Nummedal. Alchemy and Authority in the Holy Roman Empire. University of Chicago Press, 2007. p. 49 Dante, Piers Plowman, and Chaucer all painted unflattering pictures of alchemists as thieves and liars. Pope John XXII's 1317 edict, Spondent quas non-exhibent forbade the false promises of transmutation made by pseudo-alchemists.
At some point he visited Malta. For his valor he received the title count of the Holy Roman Empire (in 1636). In 1632 he returned to Poland. As part of Poland's royal army he fought in the Smolensk War (1633-1634), The Deluge, Russo-Polish War (1654-67) and the Chmielnicki Uprising.
The Principality of Rügen () was a Danish principality consisting of the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland from 1168 until 1325. It was governed by a local dynasty of princes of the Wizlawiden (House of Wizlaw) dynasty. For at least part of this period, Rügen was subject to the Holy Roman Empire.
Swiss condominiums in the 18th century Former Amthaus in Rüti ZH A Vogt (plural Vögte) was a title and office in the Old Swiss Confederacy, inherited from the feudal system of the Holy Roman Empire, corresponding to the English reeve. The German term Vogtei is ultimately a loan from Latin [ad]vocatia.
Charles VII, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany and of Bohemia, Duke in the Upper and Lower Bavaria as well as the Upper Palatinate, Count-Palatine of the Rhine, Archduke of Austria, Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg, etc. etc.
Matthias Jakob Schleiden was born in Hamburg, a city of the Holy Roman Empire, on 5 April 1804. His father was the municipal physician of Hamburg. Schleiden pursued legal studies graduating in 1827. He then established a legal practice but after a period of emotional depression and an attempted suicide, he changed professions.
Germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across mountain passes. Tolls were used in the Holy Roman Empire in the 14th century and 15th century. In some European countries payment of road tolls is made using stickers which are affixed to the windscreen. Germany uses a system based on satellite technology for large vehicles.
House of the Dukes of Brabant, 1729. Compare its uniformity to the other guildhalls. After the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1701, Max Emanuel quit his post as governor. Formerly having been allied with Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, he allied Bavaria with France in the conflict.
The Imperial Villages (Reichsdörfer, singular Reichsdorf) were the smallest component entities of the Holy Roman Empire. They possessed imperial immediacy, having no lord but the Emperor, but were not estates. They were unencircled and did not have representation in the Imperial Diet. In all these respects they were similar to the Imperial Knights.
Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic- German (Volksdeutsche) people.
Alessandro, Principe Ruspoli (January 14, 1869 - September 28, 1952), Grand Master of the Sacred Apostolic Hospice, was the 7th Principe di Cerveteri, 7th Marchese di Riano, 12th Conte di Vignanello and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Francesco Maria Ruspoli, 6th Prince of Cerveteri and wife Egle dei Conti Franchesi.
Janez Maria Pisckhon was a politician of the 17th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1663 and served for nine years, making him one of the longest serving in the city's history. He was succeeded by Janez Krstnik Dolnitscher in 1672.
The Lordship or Principality of Rostock () was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the 13th and early 14th centuries. It arose from the first partition of Mecklenburg after the death of Henry Borwin II in 1227.Karge, Wolf & Münch, Ernst & Schmied, Hartmut: Die Geschichte Mecklenburgs. Hinstorff Verlag, Rostock 1993, p29.
The titles of Margrave of Brandenburg and Elector of Brandenburg were abolished along with the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and Brandenburg was formally integrated into Prussia. Despite this, the Prussian kings still included the title "Margrave of Brandenburg" in their royal style. From 1871 to 1918 the Hohenzollerns were also German Emperors.
Ruprecht von Eggenberg (1546 - 7 February 1611, Graz, Styria) was an Austrian colonel-general from the Duchy of Styria in Inner Austria, part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was a member of the Eggenberger family and cousin of Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg.Kaiser, B. Schloss Eggenberg. Graz: Christian Brandstätter Verlag, 2006.
One band of marauders even styled themselves as "Werewolves". Huge damage was done to monasteries, churches and other religious institutions. The war had proved disastrous for the German-speaking parts of the Holy Roman Empire. Germany lost population and territory, and was henceforth further divided into hundreds of largely impotent semi-independent states.
Coat of arms : du Bernad or Dubernad Armand Joseph Dubernad was born 23 November 1741, in Bayonne. He died 9 May 1799, in Morlaix. Armand Joseph Dubernad was a merchant, a French and Spanish financier, Consul general of the Holy Roman Empire, deputy, mayor, and cofounder of the first Jacobin Club of Brittany.
The Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim () was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the Middle Ages until its dissolution in 1803. The Prince-Bishopric must not be confused with the Diocese of Hildesheim, which was larger and over which the prince-bishop exercised only the spiritual authority of an ordinary bishop.
120ff After the death of the last Pomeranian duke in 1637, forces of the Holy Roman Empire invaded Pomerania to enforce Brandenburg's claims on succession, but they were defeated by Sweden in the ensuing battles.Heitz (1995), pp.223-229 Some of the Pomeranian nobility had changed sides and supported Brandenburg.Heitz (1995), p.
He was voivode of Volhynia from 1713 and Starosta of Krzepice from 1677 and Lutsk from 1681. He was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire in 1683. He participated in several battles, among others at the Battle of Chocim, Battle of Żurawno, Battle of Párkány and the Battle of Vienna.
Prince William of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (German: Wilhelm Carl Christian von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg; 12 March 1701, Gotha - 31 May 1771, Tonna) was a German prince of the Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg house, a junior line of the Ernestine Wettins. He served as a Generalfeldzeugmeister in the armies of the Holy Roman Empire.
This formation combined soldiers armed with pikes (pikemen) with soldiers using early firearms ("shot"), called either arquebusiers or musketeers. The formation was developed further in the 16th century by the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Spain, and later by Dutch and Swedish forces in the 17th century.
Allegorical depiction of the 1742 coronation The imperial election of 1742 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on January 24. The result was the election of Charles Albert of Bavaria, the first non-Habsburg emperor in hundreds of years.
He beat his servant so badly he had to purchase him a new suit of clothes on top of paying compensation.Wallenstein his life narrated by Golo Mann. In February 1600, Albrecht left Altdorf and travelled around the Holy Roman Empire, France and Italy, where he studied at the universities of Bologna and Padua.
Anthony I, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst (150522 January 1573) was a member of the House of Oldenburg and was the Imperial Count of the Counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst within the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation. His parents were John V, Count of Oldenburg (1460-1525) and Anna of Anhalt-Zerbst.
Austria followed the same pattern as the German-speaking states within the Holy Roman Empire, and Lutheranism became the main Protestant confession among its population. Lutheranism gained a significant following in the eastern half of present-day Austria, while Calvinism was less successful. Eventually the expulsions of the Counter- Reformation reversed the trend.
Hohenzollern Castle near Hechingen was built in the mid-19th century by Frederick William IV of Prussia. Alpirsbach Abbey, founded by the Hohenzollerns Zollern, from 1218 Hohenzollern, was a county of the Holy Roman Empire. Later its capital was Hechingen. The Hohenzollerns named their estates after Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps.
Prior to the 16th century, the Catholic Church had been the sole official Christian faith in the Holy Roman Empire. Martin Luther's initial agenda called for the reform of the Church's doctrines and practices, but after his excommunication from the Church his ideas became embodied in an altogether separate religious movement, Lutheranism. Initially dismissed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V as an inconsequential argument between monks, the idea of a reformation of the Church's doctrines, considered infallible and sacrosanct by Catholic teaching, accentuated controversy and competition in many of the territories of the Holy Roman Empire and quickly devolved into armed factions that exacerbated existing social, political, and territorial grievances. These tensions were embodied in such alliances as the Protestant Schmalkaldic League, through which many of the Lutheran princes agreed to protect each other from encroachment on their territories and local authority; in retaliation, the princes that remained loyal to the Catholic Church formed the defensive Holy League. By the mid-1530s, the German-speaking states of the Holy Roman Empire had devolved into armed factions determined by family ties, geographic needs, religious loyalties, and dynastic aspirations.
The tax was collected through a system that reflected the divided, corporate nature of the Holy Roman Empire. Though the local territorial powers recognized the need for a common purse to protect and preserve the Empire, they were simultaneously unwilling to surrender power to the Emperor.Mehmet Birdal, The Holy Roman Empire and the Ottomans: From Global Imperial Power to Absolutist States, (London: I.B.Tauris, 2011), 94. Thus, instead of a direct tax collected by the Emperor, obligations were set through the Worms Reichsmatrikel on the individual Electors, Bishops, Princes, Prelates, Counts, Lords, Imperial Towns, and other political structures to provide a set number of horse and footmen, or a set amount of money based on the wages of the requested troops.
McIlrath has played in his metalcore side project The Killing Tree along with former Rise Against guitarist Todd Mohney and former Baxter and Holy Roman Empire bassist, Geoff Reu. During the early years of the band, all members used pseudonyms (Tim's being James Kaspar) out of concern for it. The Killing Tree has not produced any music or toured since 2004, but contributed their previously unreleased song "Dressed to Fuck" on the 2006 Thick Records compilation album Hair: Chicago Punk Cuts, which featured Emily Schambra (of Holy Roman Empire) as guest vocals on the song. Schambra also contributed backing vocals on Rise Against's album The Sufferer & the Witness for the songs "The Approaching Curve", "Roadside", and the b-side "But Tonight We Dance".
The Imperial Free City of Trieste and its Suburbs was a Holy Roman Empire possession from the 14th century to 1806, called in German as Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest und ihr Gebiet and in Italian as Città Imperiale di Trieste e Dintorni. In 1719 it was declared a free port by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor; the construction of the Austrian Southern Railway (1841–57) turned it into a bustling seaport, through which much of the exports and imports of the Austrian Lands were channelled. Trieste was part of the Holy Roman Empire and, later, of the German Confederation and the Austrian Littoral. The city administration and economy were dominated by the city's Italian population element; Italian was the language of administration and jurisdiction.
Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843 and the Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern portion. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies. In 996 Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the Investiture controversy. Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east (Ostsiedlung).
During Josef Fiala's tenure in the court of Friedrich Wilhelm II, The king honored Josef by giving him his own family crest, which still exists today. The heritage of this particular Fiala family stems back to Bohemia (currently the Czech Republic), which at the time of Stefan Antoni Fiala was concurrently moved to Poland. Bohemia was a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire and subsequently a province in the Habsburgs’ Austrian Empire. As Prague was the capital city of the Holy Roman Empire at that time, it is believed that one of the Habsburg members of the Royal family made a decree and named a small rural street after Josef Fiala's family name (Fialova), due to the services of Josef Fiala as Kapellmeister.
The Duchy of Luxembourg was formed when the counties of Luxembourg, Durbuy, Laroche and Vianden (a vassal county since 31 July 1264), the Marquisat of Arlon, and the districts of Thionville, Bitburg and Marville were combined. Luxembourg was an independent fief of the Holy Roman Empire until 1353, when the Luxembourg emperor Charles IV elevated it to the status of a duchy for his half-brother, Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg. Upon the extinction of the Luxembourg dynasty, the duchy passed to the House of Valois-Burgundy in 1443, and then to the Archduchy of Austria in 1482. It was integrated into the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, by Emperor Charles V in the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549.
The Truce of Ratisbon, or Truce of Regensburg, concluded the War of the Reunions between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire on one hand and France on the other hand. The Truce was signed on 15 August 1684 at the Dominican convent in Ratisbon (now in Bavaria) between Louis XIV, the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, and the Spanish King, Charles II. The Spanish were involved as the owners of the Spanish Netherlands, which were part of the Holy Roman Empire. The final agreements allowed Louis to retain Strasbourg, Luxembourg, and most other Reunion gains, but he had to hand back Courtrai and Dixmude. Luxembourg, Courtrai, and Dixmude were in the Spanish Netherlands, whereas Strasbourg had been a free imperial city.
In 962, Otto I became the first Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the medieval German state. In the Late Middle Ages, the regional dukes, princes, and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin Luther led the Protestant Reformation within the Catholic Church after 1517, as the northern states became Protestant, while the southern states remained Catholic. The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians living in both parts. The Thirty Years' War brought tremendous destruction to Germany; more than 1/4 of the population and 1/2 of the male population in the German states were killed by the catastrophic war.
The House of Nassau-Weilburg, a branch of the House of Nassau, ruled a division of the County of Nassau, which was a state in what is now Germany, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1344 to 1806. On July 17, 1806, on the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the counties of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg both joined the Confederation of the Rhine. Under pressure from Napoleon, both counties merged to become the Duchy of Nassau on August 30, 1806, under the joint rule of Prince Frederick August of Nassau-Usingen and his younger cousin, Prince Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg. As Frederick August had no heirs, he agreed that Frederick William should become the sole ruler after his death.
The prince-bishoprics on the eve of secularisation While no actual secularisation took place during the century and a half that followed the Peace of Westphalia, there was a long history of rumors and half-baked plans on possible secularisations. The continued existence of independent prince-bishoprics, an anomalous phenomenon unique to the Holy Roman Empire, was increasingly considered an anachronism especially, but not exclusively, by the Protestant princes, who also coveted these defenseless territories. Thus, secret proposals by Prussia to end the War of the Austrian Succession called for increasing the insufficient territorial base of the Wittelsbach Emperor Charles VII through his annexation of some prince-bishoprics.John Gagliardo, The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806, Indiana University Press, 1980, p. 196.
The kings of Francia Occidentalis successfully opposed this claim and managed to preserve Francia Occidentalis as an independent kingdom, distinct from the Holy Roman Empire. The Battle of Bouvines in 1214 definitively marked the end of the efforts by the Holy Roman Empire to reunify the old Frankish Empire by conquering France. Since the name Francia Orientalis had disappeared, there arose the habit to refer to Francia Occidentalis as Francia only, from which the word France is derived. The French state has been in continuous existence since 843 (except for a brief interruption in 885-887), with an unbroken line of heads of states since the first king of Francia Occidentalis (Charles the Bald) to the current president of the French Republic.
The cities of Ghent and Bruges had previously operated virtually as city-states, and upon the death of duke Charles the Bold attempted to re-assert this position by means of the Great Privilege that they wrested from Mary of Burgundy, Charles' daughter and successor. In 1482 this last Burgundian ruler died, making her young son Philip I of Castile of the House of Habsburg the new count, and her husband Maximilian I of Austria the regent. The Flemish cities staged two more revolts, but these were ultimately subdued by the armies of the Holy Roman Empire. The 1493 Treaty of Senlis established peace between France and the Habsburgs; per the terms of the treaty, Flanders would henceforth be a territory of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Principality of Anhalt () was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, located in Central Germany, in what is today part of the federal state of Saxony-Anhalt. Under the rule of the House of Ascania, the Anhalt territory was split off the German stem duchy of Saxony in 1212 and granted to Count Henry I, who was raised to the rank of a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1218. Ruled by Ascanian princes from the High Middle Ages to the Early modern period, Anhalt was divided several times amongst various lines of the dynasty until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, when Napoleon elevated the remaining states of Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen to duchies.
The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine. In particular, the states involved in late 1796 included, for example, the Breisgau (Habsburg), Offenburg and Rottweil (free cities), the territories belonging to the princely families of Fürstenberg and Hohenzollern, the Duchy of Baden, the Duchy of Württemberg, and several dozen ecclesiastic polities. The light cream-colored territories are so subdivided they cannot be named. The German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire.Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648 Oxford University Press, 23012, vol.
He was probably born in the Holy Roman Empire at Cologne about 1269 and probably died at Toledo, then in the Kingdom of Castile, about 1343.Translated from Hebrew biography in Bar Ilan CD-ROM He was the third son of the Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel (known as the "Rosh"), a Rabbi of the Holy Roman Empire who moved to Castile, due to increasing persecution of Jews in his native Germany. Besides his father, who was his principal teacher, Jacob quotes very often in the Turim his elder brother Jehiel; once his brother JudahSee Tur Orach Chaim, § 417 and once his uncle Rabbi Chaim.ib. § 49 According to many, Jacob moved to Castile with his father and was not born there.
From 1503 to 1522 Doria commanded a Genoese squadron in the Mediterranean against the Ottomans and the Barbary states. He fought against the Holy Roman Empire on behalf of France in 1522 before leading the Genoese fleet into Genoa and expelling the French in 1528. Doria then came into the service of Emperor Charles V of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and was granted the office of Imperial Admiral. Doria incorporated the Genoese navy into the Imperial navy and went on to defend the fortress of Koroni from the Ottomans and capture the city of Patras. A major victory over the Ottomans in the Battle of Girolata by the Genoese navy resulted in the capture of 11 galleys and Admiral Dragut.
Ecclesiastical provinces and episcopal sees in Central Europe, A.D. 1500 In medieval times, Catholicism was the only official religion within the Holy Roman Empire. (There were resident Jews, but they were not considered citizens of the empire.) Within the empire, the Catholic Church was a major power. Large parts of the territory were ruled by ecclesiastical lords. Three of the seven seats in the council of electors of the Holy Roman Empires were occupied by Catholic archbishops: the Arch- chancellor of Burgundy (archbishop of Trier), the Arch-chancellor of Italy (archbishop of Cologne), and the Arch-chancellor of Germany (archbishop of Mainz). Charlemagne, crowned Roman Emperor in 800 AD, is sometimes considered as a forerunner of the Holy Roman Empire.
It was originally intended to indicate soldiers of the lowlands of the Holy Roman Empire as opposed to the Swiss mercenaries. As early as 1500 the misleading spelling "Lanzknecht" became common because of the phonetic and visual similarity between Land(e)s ("of the land/territory") and Lanze ("lance"). Following a rebellion by towns of the Upper Rhine against his tyranny, Hagenbach was put on trial for the atrocities committed during the occupation of Breisach, found guilty of war crimes, and beheadedAn Introduction to the International Criminal Court William A. Schabas, Cambridge University Press, Third Edition at Breisach. His trial by an ad hoc tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire in 1474 was the first “international” recognition of commanders’ obligations to act lawfully.
Sarcophagus of emperor Karl VI (detail with the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire) He also worked on the sarcophagi of emperor Karl VI (with the famous skull with the crown of the Holy Roman Empire), his wife the empress Elisabeth Christine, and emperor Joseph I. He decorated numerous Austrian churches, palaces and castles with statues, bas-reliefs and crucifixes. He also participated at the decoration with statues of the Triumphal Arch for Emperor Leopold II at Innsbruck. He produced the 1781 equestrian statues of that emperor Franz II that stands in the Burggarten and of field marshal Joseph Wenzel Fürst Liechtenstein. The marble statue of emperor Franz Stephan von Lotharingen in the Belvedere is also attributed to him.
1 page 526 by describing the controversy about the Chapter 5 of the "Aurea Bulla", the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire. A large number of public law teachers of Estor's time, who were adherents of the Roman Law, thought that the authors of this constitution must have been insane, because this chapter deals with the case, when the Kaiser is discharged and is going to be accused of a crime. These romanists thought that the impeachment of an emperor had to be considered as a contradictio in adiecto, a contradiction in itself. But to Estor's point of view this chapter 5 was typical for the democratic character of the Holy Roman Empire and for the role of the Kaiser as the first Representative of the Reichsversammlung.
After a few years of peace, the Ottoman Empire attacked the Habsburg Empire again. The Ottomans almost captured Vienna, but king of Poland John III Sobieski led a Christian alliance that defeated them in the Battle of Vienna which shook the Ottoman Empire's hegemony in south- eastern Europe.Polish-Ottoman War, 1683–1699 and Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683–1699 at History of Warfare, World History at KMLA A new Holy League was initiated by Pope Innocent XI and encompassed the Holy Roman Empire (headed by Habsburg Austria), the Venetian Republic and Poland in 1684, joined by Tsarist Russia in 1686. Ottomans suffered two decisive defeats against the Holy Roman Empire: the second Battle of Mohács in 1687 and a decade later, in 1697, the battle of Zenta.
Afterwards the Dukes of Pomerania were independent, and later were vassals of the Duchy of Saxony from 1164 to 1181, of the Holy Roman Empire from 1181 to 1185, of Denmark from 1185 to 1227 and the Holy Roman Empire again from 1227 to 1806 (including periods of vassalage to the Margraves of Brandenburg). Most of the time, the duchy was ruled by several Griffin dukes in common, resulting in various internal partitions. After the last Griffin duke had died during the Thirty Years' War in 1637, the duchy was partitioned between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden. The Kings of Sweden and the Margraves of Brandenburg, later Kings of Prussia, became members as Dukes of Pomerania in the List of Reichstag participants.
In the 18th century, the simpler form with the yellow and black bars started to appear in the Habsburg Monarchy. With the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1804, this flag was approved for use as a civil flag. The black-yellow flag was used in a way similar to a modern national flag of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy within the Holy Roman Empire, the later Austrian Empire and the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, sometimes still even used for the entire empire, until 1918. Beginning in the reign of Emperor Joseph II, the Austrian, later Austro- Hungarian Navy used a Naval Ensign (Marineflagge) based on the red-white-red colours, and augmented with a shield of similar colours.
Already during the life of her husband, Isabella Clara, relying on the advice of her lover, controlled the political situation in the Duchy. Becoming a Regent on behalf of her minor son, she appointed Count Bulgarini as her First Minister and took a neutral position between the Spanish and French Kingdoms, and also kept a cautious policy to achieve the independence of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat from the Holy Roman Empire. In November 1666 she received for her son the Ducal investiture from the Holy Roman Empire, which confirmed his ownership over the fiefs of Reggiolo and Luzzara, since 1631 under the control of the Dukes of Guastalla. During her regency Isabella Clara increased the Duchy of Mantua's territory, strengthening his defenses.
The First Italian War, sometimes referred to as the Italian War of 1494 or Charles VIII's Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Charles VIII of France, who had initial Milanese aid, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI.
It was one of the first buildings within the Holy Roman Empire constructed in this new style. The main entrance was located in the valley in front of the castle. There the Karlsberger Hof (Karlsberg grange), a farm building, was constructed. This is the only building of the castle complex that is still intact.
According to Bornstedt Bornstedt, Wilhelm (ed), Aus der Geschichte von Rautheim an der Wabe, pp. 28 ff. serfdom in the state was abolished with the "Recess of 17 May 1433" by Henry the Peaceful. According to Bornstedt, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was therefore the first principality in the Holy Roman Empire to do away with feudalism.
The Peace of Nikolsburg or Peace of Mikulov, signed on 31 December 1621 in Nikolsburg, Moravia (now Mikulov in the Czech Republic), was the treaty which ended the war between Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania and Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire. Nikolaus Esterházy de Galántha was one of the treaty's chief negotiators.
The crossing beyond Rhone, which for a long time remained the frontier, did not begin until the 14th century, with the purchase of the Dauphiné. Louis XI regained his inheritance of the two most powerful prerogatives granted to cadet branches of the dynasty: Burgundy and Anjou including Provence in the Holy Roman Empire (1481–1482).
Agnes of Poitou, also called Agnes of Aquitaine or Empress Agnes ( - 14 December 1077), a member of the House of Poitiers, was German queen from 1043 and Holy Roman Empress from 1046 until 1056. From 1056 to 1061 she acted as Regent of the Holy Roman Empire during the minority of her son Henry IV.
Portrait of a Gentleman, Alessandro dal Borro was known for his obesity. Marchese Alessandro dal Borro (22 April 1600 — 2 December 1656, Corfu) was a Tuscan nobleman and general. He became a Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire. He was well known for his obesity (which in his time was considered a status symbol).
The entry reads "Nobel House and Family of Gosteli. Nobel House of the Holy Roman Empire." The Swiss origin of the Gosteli name lies within the Bolligen, Bern region of Switzerland. The ruins of Gosteli Castle were also located in this region along the road to Krauchthal, though its exact location is all but lost.
Matthæi Parisiensis Monachi Sancti Albani Chronica Majora, Vol. V, 1254, p. 448. Among the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, Henry is numbered only in parentheses, as he did not exercise the sole kingship. He is not to be confused with the later emperor Henry VII who actually ruled the Empire from 1308 onwards.
In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire ended when Napoleon dictated its dissolution. Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated his title. He became Francis I, Emperor of Austria. At the same time as the Industrial Revolution was developing, the Czechs were also going through the Czech National Revival movement: political and cultural changes demanded greater autonomy.
In 1516, aged only 18, Croÿ was elected bishop of Cambrai in succession to his uncle Jacques.Fisquet, pp. 228-230. This appointment made him duke of Cambrai, count of Cambrésis, and a prince of the Holy Roman Empire. On 1 April 1517, Pope Leo X appointed him cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Aquiro.
In 1521, the Edict of Worms condemned Martin Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas.Fahlbusch, Erwin, and Bromiley, Geoffrey William, The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2003. p. 362. This split within the Roman Catholic church is now called the Reformation.
MayerElon, p.108. The Germanic form "Mayer" was used from 1802 instead of the original "Meyer". Amschel Rothschild was born in 1744 in the Judengasse, the Jewish ghetto of Frankfurt am Main, Holy Roman Empire, one of eight children of Amschel Moses Rothschild (d. 1755) and his wife Schönche Rothschild (née Lechnich, d. 1756).
Great Chancellor Costache Conachi, maternal grandfather of Mario. Mario dei Principi Ruspoli (October 16, 1867 – January 16, 1963) was an Italian prince, son of Emanuele Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Poggio Suasa and first wife Princess Caterina Vogoride-Conachi.Vogoride (in Romanian). He was the 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
Marcantonio Mario Dimitri dei Principi Ruspoli (November 28, 1926 - August 1, 2003) was the 3rd Principe di Poggio Suasa and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Costantino Ruspoli (Costantino is an eldest son of Mario Ruspoli, 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa), and wife Elisabeth Catherine Adrienne Marie Anne Comtesse van der Noot d'Assche.
The great majority of these religious bodies however were secularized during the brief period that included the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, and their aftermath, especially as a result of the German mediatization (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss) of February 1803. Any that survived lost their Imperial status when the Holy Roman Empire was wound up in 1806.
The Spanish Inquisition begins in 1480, sodomites were stoned, castrated, and burned. Between 1540 and 1700, more than 1,600 people were prosecuted for sodomy. In 1532 the Holy Roman Empire made sodomy punishable by death. The following year King Henry VIII passed the Buggery Act 1533 making all male- male sexual activity punishable by death.
Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski (20 January 1616 - 31 December 1667) was a Polish noble (szlachcic), magnate, politician and military commander. Lubomirski was a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire SRI. He was the initiator of the Lubomirski Rebellion of 1665-1666\. Lubomirski was the son of voivode and starost Stanisław Lubomirski and Princess Zofia Ostrogska.
Isenburg-Neumagen was the name of a state of the Holy Roman Empire, seated in Neumagen-Dhron in modern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Isenburg-Neumagen was created on the partition of Lower Isenburg in 1502. There were only two counts of Isenburg-Neumagen, and at their extinction it passed to the Counts of Sayn- Homburg.
Parishioners of Our Lady's were identified in old documents as belonging to the Familia Sancti Lamberti.Bosman, p. 21 It is clear that the chapter of Saint Servatius was the more powerful institution in Maastricht, with strong ties to the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, but throughout the Middle Ages the two churches remained rivals.
Europe was largely regionalized, with wars fought either in the West, the North, or the Southeast. By 1700, there were five major states, Britain, France, Spain, Russia, and the Habsburg monarchy (also called Austria, or the Holy Roman Empire). Prussia was emerging primarily because of its aggressive leadership and its advances in the military arts.
The Holy Roman Empire was founded in 1512 and it ended in 1806 after Napoleon conquered most of Europe. Geographically it was called the Empire Circle. All of the European countries which were part of the Empire were called Circles. Each Circle was further divided into Regions, Provinces, Districts, which were also called Circles.
Amsterdam 1938–1940, p. 150. (Dutch, at DBNL.org). William was also selected to carry the insignia of the Holy Roman Empire to Charles's brother Ferdinand, when Charles resigned the imperial crown in 1556. In 1559, Philip II appointed William stadtholder (governor) of the provinces of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht, thereby greatly increasing his political power.
He was Sweden's ambassador in France from 1679–1682 and 1684–1687, he took part in Emperor Leopold I's Great Turkish War. He was created Reichsgraf in the Holy Roman Empire. Charles XI of Sweden later allowed him comital rank in Sweden. Nils Bielke was dissatisfied with Charles XI's despotic policy towards the old aristocracy.
He was born on 13 October 1556 at Segeberg, the son of Heinrich Rantzau, and the older brother of Gert Rantzau (1558-1627).David Scott Gehring, Diplomatic Intelligence on the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark during the Reigns of Elizabeth I and James VI: Three Treatises, Camden Fifth Series, 49 (Cambridge, 2016), p. 146.
On the death of the Emperor, the Council was dissolved and had to be reconstructed by his successor. When Napoleon I's gains after the Battle of Austerlitz and the Peace of Pressburg culminated in the end of the Holy Roman Empire, the Aulic Council likewise ceased to exist in 1806 as an imperial institution.
Maurice-Jean Madeleine de Broglie (Broglie, Eure, 5 September 1766 - 20 June 1821, Paris) was a French aristocrat and bishop. He was the son of Marshal of France Victor-Francois, Duc de Broglie, created, by Emperor Francis I, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, a title which was to be hereditary in the family.
Influenza spread to 302x302px Influenza reached the Iberian Peninsula early after Italy, due to the highly interconnected trade and pilgrimage routes between Spain, Portugal, and the Italian kingdoms. Cases began to appear in Portugal around the same time the disease entered the Holy Roman Empire. Spanish cities were reportedly "dispopulated" by the 1510 flu.
The political and religious center was Radgosc (also referred to by several other names, e.g. Riedegost or Rethra). The Lutici were first recorded by written sources in the context of the uprising of 983, by which they annihilated the rule of the Holy Roman Empire in the Billung and Northern Marches. Hostilities continued until 997.
Harmersbach (below its confluence with the Nordrach: Erlenbach) is a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It passes through Zell am Harmersbach, and flows into the Kinzig in Biberach. Until 1806, the Harmersbach valley held the unique distinction of being the only Reichstal of the Holy Roman Empire, a free peasant republic immediate to the Emperor.
The ancient king Solomon could be the Karl V himself, the emperor of Holy Roman Empire. The Netherlands, the country where the original tapestries were made, belonged to Catholic Emperor Karl at that time. Tallinn had become Lutheran during the Reformation. Five and a half centuries later the dream of Karl V come true.
Namur () was a county of the Carolingian and later Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries. Its territories largely correspond with the present-day Belgian arrondissement Namur plus the northwestern part of the arrondissement Dinant, both part of the modern province of Namur, and previously part of the French Republican department of Sambre-et-Meuse.
Both marriages were childless. Shortly before his death about 1374, Albert bequested his vast Istrian and Carniolan possessions to the Habsburg duke Rudolf IV of Austria. The remaining Gorizia estates were inherited by his surviving half-brother Meinhard VI, who was elevated to a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Charles IV.
Soon other powers, including the Holy Roman Empire, joined the war against France.John Lynn, The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714 (London, New York: Longman, 1999), 105-122. While the main campaign of 1674 was being fought in the Netherlands, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, sought to open a second front against France in Alsace.
Gottfried van Swieten. Photograph of an engraving thought to be by Johann Georg Mansfeld, based on a drawing by Lakner. Archive of Beethoven House, Bonn. Gottfried Freiherr van Swieten (29 October 1733 – 29 March 1803) was a Dutch-born Austrian diplomat, librarian, and government official who served the Holy Roman Empire during the 18th century.
Several different principalities of the House of Reuss which had previously existed had by the time of the formation of the German Confederation become part of the two remaining lines (the Elder and the Younger lines). Before then, they had been part first of the Holy Roman Empire, and then the Confederation of the Rhine.
In 1544 the Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster) was published, which used "Germany" (Teütschland) as synonymous with the empire as a whole. Johann Jacob Moser also used "German" as a synonym for "Imperial". This conflated definition of "German" even included non-German speakers.Wilson, Peter, Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire (2016), p.
Austrian-Prussian dualism lay firmly rooted in old Imperial politics. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire, this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century.Jean Berenger.
In medieval Europe, within the Holy Roman Empire, a Hofmeister (literally "court-master" or "house-master" in German; ; , , , ; ; ) was an official who acted as an aide to royalty or to a senior nobleman or cleric. Later it became a term for a schoolmaster who looked after the welfare of students in addition to their education.
Janez Jernej Bosio was a politician of the 17th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1679 and served for a period of nine years, making him one of the longest serving mayors of the city. He was succeeded by Gabriel Eder in 1688.
Charles de Lorraine, Prince de Commercy (11 July 1661 - 15 August 1702), was a French field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire and a military adivisor to Prince Eugene of Savoy. He acquired military prominence after leading imperial troops in the Great Turkish War, in the Nine Years' War, and the War of Spanish Succession.
Matija Christian was a politician of the early 18th century in Slovenia, when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1726 and was one of the longest serving mayors in the history of the city with term of 12 years. He was succeeded by Anton Raab in 1738.
The Erblande (Hereditary Lands) of the House of Habsburg formed the Alpine heartland of the Habsburg Monarchy.Kann, Habsburg Empire, 1–4. They were the hereditary possessions of the Habsburgs within the Holy Roman Empire from before 1526. The Erblande were not all unified under the head of the dynasty prior to the 17th century.
In 1371, Matteo and the Corsinis were granted the title of Count Palatine by the Charles IV, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Matteo's cousin, Giovanni, became Seneschal of Armenia and Governor of Rodi. Another cousin, Filippo (1334–1421), was a law expert, an active diplomat, and was five times Gonfaloniere of Justice, in Florence.
Montbéliard is mentioned as early as 983 as . The County of Montbéliard or Mömpelgard was a feudal county of the Holy Roman Empire from 1033 to 1796. In 1283, it was granted rights under charter by Count Reginald. Its charter guaranteed the county perpetual liberties and franchises which lasted until the French Revolution in 1789.
The Deeds was the work of several authors over two centuries. The earliest part was written towards the end of the episcopate of Hildeward (968–995). It may have initially been no more than a list of bishops. Eventually historical information on the bishops' acts and events in the Holy Roman Empire were added.
The peace settlement was part of the comprehensive 1648 Peace of Westphalia, which formally separated the Dutch Republic from the Holy Roman Empire. In the course of the conflict, and as a consequence of its fiscal-military innovations, the Dutch Republic emerged as a Great Power, whereas the Spanish Empire lost its European hegemonic status.
Alpoim was born in the Kingdom of Portugal, son of Luis de Alpoim, ambassador in the Holy Roman Empire and England. He was married to Elvira or Genebra Lopes, daughter of a noble family from the region of the Guarda. Diniz d' Alpoim is buried in the monastery São Jorge, in the vicinity of Coimbra.
Plan of the Jewish quarter on Rathausplatz During the Middle Ages, the Jewish community had been settled in a quarter near the Rathaus. Still now the name "Judengasse" testifies its existence. During the First Crusade in 1096 there were several pogroms. Although the Crusade started from France, assaults happened through the Holy Roman Empire.
At the beginning of the 17th century a plague epidemic wreaked havoc. More than 8,000 people perished, thus depopulating Abbeville. On 21 December 1620, King Louis XIII visited the town. His sister Henrietta went there several times. In 1635 and 1636 the town suffered from the war against the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
Count von Rumpff was born on 10 January 1789 in Hamburg, Germany, then a part of the Holy Roman Empire. His paternal grandfather was Vincent Rumpff (1701–1781), a Senator who served as Mayor of Hamburg in 1765. Rumpff studied at the University of Heidelberg and the University of Göttingen, receiving a law degree.
In 1197, he had supported Duke Philip of Swabia's candidature for the kingship of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, but, after Philip's death in 1208, he moved over to the side of Duke Otto of Brunswick, upon whose excommunication in 1211, he finally transferred his support to the Hohenstaufen heir, Frederick I of Sicily.
Italian aristocrats and clergy held high positions. The Imperial court was, thanks to her, dominated by Italian fashion. The enormous influence of Italian culture was also noted in the local literature, music, theater, architecture and painting. From the beginning her married life Eleonora accompanied her husband during his trips to the Holy Roman Empire.
Alfonso VI of Castile Empress Agnes, German Queen who became regent of the Holy Roman Empire Basil II of the Byzantine Empire. Angels crowning Canute the Great as he and his wife Ælfgifu of Northampton present the Winchester Cross to the church, dated 1031 The Atlantes – columns in the form of Toltec warriors in Tula.
Hossein Ali Beg Bayat was a Safavid diplomat from the Turkoman Bayat clan, who served as the ambassador to the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Tsardom, Habsburg Spain and several other royal and noble courts during the reign of king Abbas I (r. 1588–1628), and was part of the first Safavid embassy to Europe.
The last member was Felix Jakob von Graben; the family died out in 1776. The Dutch family De Graeff claimed descent from Wolfgang von Graben, a member of the Graben family. Andries de Graeff and his son Cornelis became Free Imperial knights of the Holy Roman Empire. That diploma dates from 19 July 1677.
With Duke Otto III of Lower Bavaria, who was a maternal grandson of Béla IV of Hungary and was elected anti-king of Hungary and Croatia as Bela V (1305–1308) the Wittelsbach dynasty came to power outside the Holy Roman Empire for the first time. Otto had abdicated the Hungarian throne by 1308.
The defeat meant the end of the old Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon's satellite states in southern and Western Germany seceded from the Empire in the summer of 1806, forming the Confederation of the Rhine, and a few days later Francis proclaimed the Empire dissolved, and renounced the old imperial crown on 6 August 1806.
The Interim went further in making significant statements on other matters of dogma such as justification by faith, the veneration of the saints, and the authority of the Scriptures. Even such details as the practice of fasting was breached upon.Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Oxford University Press, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 321-324.
Boiling as an execution method was also used for counterfeiters, swindlers and coin forgers during the Middle Ages. In the Holy Roman Empire, for example, being boiled to death in oil is recorded for coin forgers and extremely grave murderers. In 1392, a man was boiled alive in Nuremberg for having raped and murdered his own mother.
Coat of arms of the von Grumbach noble family, Scheiblersches Wappenbuch, 1450-1480 Wilhelm von Grumbach (1 June 150318 April 1567) was a German adventurer, chiefly known through his connection with the so-called "Grumbach Feud" (), the last attempt of the Imperial Knights to prevail against the power of the territorial Princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
Martin van Mytens, Portrait of Victor Amedeus II (1728/29), Reggia di Venaria Victor Amadeus in 1720 was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important kingdom of Sardinia after objections from an alliance of four nations, including several of his former allies. The duke was a marquis and Prince and Perpetual Vicar in the Holy Roman Empire.
Galler is one of the rarest German surnames, occurring mainly in Germany (90%), the United States (3%), and Switzerland (7%). Its origins predate medieval times in Germany. The first known mention of this name was in Nürburg (a tribal area), during the Holy Roman Empire. It would be classified as a protestant name, although it predates the Protestant Reformation.
Historic map of the left bank of the Rhine in 1692 - including the County of Sponheim The County of Sponheim (, former spelling: Spanheim, Spanheym) was an independent territory in the Holy Roman Empire that lasted from the 11th century until the early 19th century. The name comes from the municipality of Sponheim, where the counts had their original residence.
In either 1473 or 1474 he became the rector of Basel University. He earned his doctorate in theology in 1475. The cathedral chapter of Basel elected von Utenheim as its new bishop on 1 December 1502. Most bishops in the Holy Roman Empire at this time were members of the landed aristocracy, and von Utenheim was no exception.
The inclusion of Charlemagne and the "IMP" (signifying Imperator, i.e. Emperor) raises doubts as to the level of Bonaparte's involvement with the addition of the inscriptions. Was it coincidence or a hint of his ambitions? There is however, the possibility that it was just an indication of Charlemagne's status as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
He was also a member of many academies and probably the first scholar to have been created hereditary Baron of the Holy Roman Empire on the basis of his academic work. His school, the Wolffians, was the first school, in the philosophical sense, associated with a German philosopher. It dominated Germany until the rise of Kantianism.
Alcuin might not have been involved in the creation of the script. He was most likely responsible for copying and preserving the manuscripts and upkeep of the script. It was used in the Holy Roman Empire between approximately 800 and 1200. Codices, pagan and Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the Carolingian Renaissance.
Denmark repeatedly tried to reintegrate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom. Holstein, just on the other side of the Danish border from Schleswig, was in medieval times a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1460 on, the two had been ruled together by a common Duke -- who was also the King of Denmark.
Mikołaj Radziwiłł, also known as Mikołaj Radziwiłł The Seventh (1546-1589) was Reichsfürst of the Holy Roman Empire and a Polish–Lithuanian noble (szlachcic), Great Chamberlain of Lithuania in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Voivode of Nowogródek Voivodeship, starost mozyryski and merecki. Member of the Radziwiłł family. He was a Calvinist.
Oxford University Press, 2005, . but repeatedly questioned by Poles, resulting in the Polish-Teutonic Wars. In the Treaty of Kalisz (1343), the Polish king finally recognized the territorial changes. The treaty gave the Teutonic Order control of the lower Vistula, a direct access to the Baltic Sea through Danzig, and a continuous route into the Holy Roman Empire.
The Holy Roman Empire is perhaps the best-known example of an elective monarchy. However, from 1440 to 1740, a Habsburg was always elected emperor, the throne becoming unofficially hereditary. During that period, the emperor was elected from within the House of Habsburg by a small council of nobles called prince-electors. The secular electoral seats were hereditary.
Thorn Abbey or Imperial Abbey of Thorn was an imperial abbey of the Holy Roman Empire in what is now the Netherlands. The capital was Thorn. It was founded in the 10th century and remained independent until 1794, when it was occupied by French troops. The abbey was reichsunmittelbar and belonged to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle.
Portraits of Hans and Margarethe Luther by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1527 St Augustine's Monastery, Erfurt Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther)Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 1. and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, County of Mansfeld in the Holy Roman Empire.
A. Śmiech: Testament Bolesława Krzywoustego (in Polish) [retrieved 22 July 2014]. The senior duke's prerogatives also included control over Pomerania, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. Sources showed a discrepancy in terms of the power exercised by the senior duke. Pope Innocent III wrote about primogeniture, while Wincenty Kadłubek refers to both seniority and primogeniture.
373-389, here pp. 373seq. Dithmarschen shook off Danish supremacy and returned to a very loose overlordship by the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, paving the way for its de facto autonomy as a peasant republic until 1559. The Principality of Rügen was the only possession in the Holy Roman Empire left to Valdemar after the battle.
Dreuschendorf was first mentioned in the year 1116; it was at that time named Druskendorf (or "village of the companions"). In 1492, it was completely destroyed during a feud between Bamberg's Prince-Bishop and a Baron of the Holy Roman Empire from Buttenheim. During the Thirty Years' War, Dreuschendorf was again destroyed.Markt Buttenheim - Information , Page 11.
Together with the Archduchy of Austria "hereditary lands" and the Hungarian kingdom, they formed the Habsburg Monarchy. During the reign of King Ferdinand I from 1526, the lands of the Bohemian Crown became a constituent part of the Habsburg Monarchy, which in the following centuries grew out of the Holy Roman Empire into a separate European power.
The Holy Roman Empire, which is represented in the modern world by Germany, sank into political chaos during the 13th century. This opened the way to all sorts of encroachment. Philip IV joined the town of Lyon to his realm again (1312). It was a former capital of the Gauls and an important crossroads in European commerce.
The County of Zweibrücken-Bitsch (, ) was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation that was created between 1286 and 1302 from the eastern part of the old County of Zweibrücken and the Barony of Bitche () in Lorraine. It continued to exist until 1570 and was then divided amongst its heirs when the counts died out.
The duchies of Franconia and Swabia, on the other hand, disintegrated and correspond only vaguely to the contemporary regions of Swabia and Franconia. The Merovingian duchy of Thuringia did not become a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Empire but was demoted to landgraviate within Saxony in 908, and the modern state of Thuringia was established in 1920.
Odo (or Hodo) I (also Huodo or Huoto) (c. 930 – 13 March 993) was margrave in the Saxon Eastern March of the Holy Roman Empire from 965 until his death. Odo was, if the onomastics are correct, a son (or maybe a nephew) of Christian (d. 950), a Saxon count in the Nordthüringgau and Schwabengau of Eastphalia.
Sometimes the emperor himself assumed the title of Vogt in application to particular parts of his eminent domain. In the German-ruled Holy Roman Empire, the term can refer to two different offices: church or imperial . Imperial are further subdivided into land and city . In addition, the term was used for administrative officers of territorial rulers, such as bailiffs.
Reuss-Ebersdorf was a county and from 1806 a principality located in Germany. The Counts of Reuss-Ebersdorf belonged to the Reuss Junior Line. Reuss was successively a part of the Holy Roman Empire, Confederation of the Rhine, German Confederation, North German Confederation, German Empire and Weimar Republic before becoming a part of Thuringia in 1920.
Templar chapel from the 12th century in Metz, France. Once part of the Templar commandery of Metz, the oldest Templar institution of the Holy Roman Empire. The Templars were organized as a monastic order similar to Bernard's Cistercian Order, which was considered the first effective international organization in Europe. The organizational structure had a strong chain of authority.
Between 1698 and 1772, the various lines were raised to Reichsfreiherr (Barons of the Holy Roman Empire). In later times, the family spread to the Austrian Empire, the British Empire, and the United States. According to Wagenhöfer, the Bibra family is the most researched family of the low nobility in Franconia after the Guttenberg and Seckendorff families.
In France, the hereditary knighthood existed in regions formerly under Holy Roman Empire control. One family ennobled with that title is the house of Hauteclocque (by letters patents of 1752), even if its most recent members used a pontifical title of count. Italy and Poland also had the hereditary knighthood that existed within the nobility system.
Pontremoli was a French territory from 1508 until 1522 as several northern Italian areas were conquered. In 1526, Pontremoli was captured by Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. Pontremoli was controlled by Spain until 1647, when it was bought by the Republic of Genoa. Three years later, Pontremoli was made part of the (Medici) Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
Rhodes, p. 147. Newspapers in occupied Ukraine printed articles about antecedents of German rule over Ukraine, such as Catherine the Great and the Goths.Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule, p. 192. Heim ins Reich in Nazi terminology and propaganda also referred to former territories of the Holy Roman Empire.

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