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830 Sentences With "German Reich"

How to use German Reich in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "German Reich" and check conjugation/comparative form for "German Reich". Mastering all the usages of "German Reich" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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But the mighty German Reich refused to restore his citizenship.
In a first, the federal government banned two clubs with allegiance to the old German Reich.
"We are loyal Germans and stand behind the high kaiser and the mighty German Reich," he insisted.
Its members say they owe allegiance only to the German Reich, or state, despite its abolition in 1945.
Some of this art was later sold through dealers or auction houses in Poland under the control of the German Reich.
Police said he is a member of the Reichsbuerger movement (Reich citizens) which maintains that the World War Two German Reich continues to exist.
It would, among other things, punish anyone, domestic or foreign, who publicly ascribes responsibility to the Polish nation or state for "crimes committed by the Third German Reich", even inadvertently.
When France was defeated by Germany in the war of 19143-71, and its provinces of Alsace and Lorraine annexed to the newly created German Reich, France became a republic again.
" To that end, he suggests collaborate with the German's "war efforts," and establish a Jewish state on a "national and totalitarian basis," which will be "bound by treaty with the German Reich.
It originated in the offense of lèse-majesté—meaning an insult to the dignity of a reigning sovereign—which was included in the penal code of the German Reich at its foundation in 1871.
BERLIN (Reuters) - Membership in a network of far-right groups that claim allegiance to the pre-war German Reich surged in 2017, Germany's domestic intelligence service said, fuelling concerns about the threat of extremist violence.
Interior Minister Horst Seehofer said he had banned "United German Peoples and Tribes", the first such action against a group with links to the Reichsbuerger - "Reich Citizens" - network that claims allegiance to the pre-war German Reich.
One of the groups associated with the movement first gained noticed in the 1980s, when a member named Wolfgang Gerhard Günter Ebel falsely claimed that the Western allies had appointed him acting head of a German Reich.
Von Mises mentored Hayek, who was a cousin of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who went to school with Adolf Hitler, who stood at the Heldenplatz in 1938 to welcome "the entry of my homeland into the German Reich".
Initially, when I was still a member of the Völkischer movement, I wanted to see the restoration of the German Reich to its 1936 borders, the overthrow of the financial sector, and the destruction of so-called Masonic lodges.
The report, by German military intelligence and seen by Reuters, showed that in addition to the eight people categorized as "right-wing extremists", a further two were members of a network that claims allegiance to the pre-war German Reich.
NUREMBERG, Germany (Reuters) - A right-wing extremist member of a group that claims allegiance to Adolf Hitler's World War Two-era German Reich was convicted of murder on Monday for shooting and killing a police officer and sentenced to life in prison.
Tribes seeking damages are pressing on despite a U.S. court's dismissal of one case.. During its 1904-08 campaign in what was then German South West Africa, the German Reich sent reinforcements to put down an uprising by tribespeople over their expulsion from land and recruitment into forced labor.
"Whoever accuses, publicly and against the facts, the Polish nation, or the Polish state, of being responsible or complicit in the Nazi crimes committed by the Third German Reich … shall be subject to a fine or a penalty of imprisonment of up to three years," reads an article of the draft.
The Holocaust law, which was passed last month, includes provisions for fines as well as up to three years in prison for anyone who attributes "responsibility or co-responsibility for the crimes perpetrated by the Third German Reich to the Polish nation or the Polish state," where many of the Nazi death camps were located.
He noted similar concerns about far-right sympathizers among the country's police force, with police announcing last year they were investigating into their own ranks for members of the Reichsbürger movement ­— a fringe and increasingly violent right-wing movement that rejects the legitimacy of the Federal Republic of Germany and holds that the German Reich continues to exist according to its 1937 borders.
Berthe died in relative obscurity in Vienna, Greater German Reich, aged 76.
W. W. Norton & Company Inc., New York. The Greater German Reich (red) and its allies in 1942, with Reichskommissariats A Führer Decree of 17 July 1941 provided for this move. It established Reichskommissariats in the east, as administrative units of the Greater German Reich.
In 1871, Württemberg became a state of the German Reich, a significant limitation on its sovereignty.
These territories included the Reichsgaus of the German Reich; these included Wartheland (Posen) and Danzig- West Prussia (Danzig).
On December 31, 1871, the entire postal system of Baden changed hands to the German Reichspost and since then the postal history of Baden is part of the German Reich. Baden's stamps could only be used until the end of 1871, but Baden stamps could be exchanged for stamps of the German Reich until February 25, 1872.
60 years after the start of construction, and only when the respective national railways were under the sovereignty of the German Reich.
Later, Andrae co-founded the German Reich Party.Forkmann, Daniela and Schlieben, Michael. Die Parteivorsitzenden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1949-2005, VS Verlag 2005; .
Following the First Republic, Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich. Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that most Austrians were German and Austrian, but wanted Austria to remain independent from Germany. In 1938, Austrian-born Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to the German Reich with the Anschluss, which was supported by a large majority of the Austrian people.Austria: A Country Study.
By the end of 1916 the integration progressed further, resulting in the creation of a secret Headquarters of Scouts in the German Reich (territory).
Hoegner mentions astonishing claims in this chapter, e.g. that 500,000 communists had voted for Hitler in the election for president of the German Reich in 1932.
Entrance of the Camp memorial Fuhlsbüttel In 1871, at the declaration of the German Reich the village of Fuhlsbüttel was given to the State of Hamburg.
After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich March 13, 1938 the town belonged to Gau Oberdonau. After 1945 followed the restoration of Upper Austria.
In 1806, the city of Neuenburg was incorporated into the 1806 newly founded Grand Duchy of Baden, which became a state of the German Reich in 1871.
The women's 100 metres at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 17 September 1938.
The women's 200 metres at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 18 September 1938.
The women's high jump at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 18 September 1938.
The women's long jump at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 17 September 1938.
The women's shot put at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 17 September 1938.
The women's discus throw at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 18 September 1938.
The women's javelin throw at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 18 September 1938.
Likewise the German Reich in 1942. The idea was popularised by Yale University historian Paul Kennedy in his 1987 book The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.
The women's 80 metres hurdles at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 17 September 1938.
File:Franz Marc-The Franz Marc: Animal Destinies, 1913. The painting was offered by the German Reich in 1939 as “degenerate art” and purchased by the city of Basel.
Jutta Jol (4 February 1896 – 26 October 1981) was a German actress. Born Justine Jutta Blanda Hermine Gehrmann in Metz, Lothringen German Reich (now, Lorraine, France), she died in Berlin.
Borzoi statuette Fraureuth Christmas plate (about 1920) The Porcelain factory Fraureuth Joint-stock company () in Fraureuth was one of the biggest and best standard porcelain factories of the German Reich.
The women's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 18 September 1938.
On 1 September 1939, the German Reich attacked Poland beginning World War II in Europe. Operating with 2. Staffel (2nd Squadron) he claimed his first aerial victory on this day.
During WWII, the government assigned Hermes new missions. The company insured importers against the political risks arising from the war as well as other risks in the export business as guarantees of the German Reich. This almost led Hermes to bankruptcy, but the military governments then intervened and ordered that no court could initiate a proceeding against an insurance company of the claims involved contracts reinsured by the German Reich and claims losses resulting from the war.
He warned of Hitler's aggressive expansion plan. He was formally expatriated in 1939 by the German Reich and at the outbreak of war went to Canada where he worked as a farmer.
' (German: "German Reich beer") is a German beer brewed by Tommy Frenck. It is a pilsner with a 4.9% alcohol volume. The brand generated controversy for its use of Nazi-style imagery.
With Calcutta-based German Consulate becoming the most important Consulate of the German Reich, the Madras and the Bombay consulates were placed under the jurisdiction of the German Consulate in Calcutta in 1886.
A national assembly created in 1919 a new, republican constitution: the Weimar Constitution, which has the same title in German as its predecessor (Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches, or 'Constitution of the German Reich').
The Seyss-Inquart Government (also called the Anschluss government) was the last federal government of Austria before the annexation of Austria into the German Reich, and existed only from 11 to 13 March 1938.
The Americans have also launched two human starships. The Soviet Union, the United States, and the Greater German Reich have established a moon base, and Germany then the US put a man on Mars.
The design of this stamp has the title "Gunters Drachenschiff auf dem Weg nach Island" (Gunter's Dragon Boat on the Way to Iceland). This stamp has a nominal value of 8+2 g (Groschen). After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich and the occupation of Poland he designed several other stamps of the so-called Generalgouvernement and a few of the German Reich. He also made the designs for several Austrian stamps after World War II, among them the so-called Homecomer series.
The embassy occupies part of 51 Jägerstraße. This building was built by the Mendelssohn family in 1789. In 1939 it was, along with a number of other buildings on Jägerstraße, forcibly sold to the German Reich.
The town became part of Germany after that date until the end of the First World War, when it was given back to France. During the Second World War, it was annexed by the Third German Reich (-).
The Hitler Jugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel are compulsory for children in the German Reich, the Nazi gender roles having changed little. At the end of the novel, the Hitler Jugend implements changes towards preparing boys into becoming responsible, adult citizens, rather than army conscripts. The Reich education system is only for Germany; allied states and occupied territories control their own education systems. In the US, American children continue to have long summer holidays from school, a fact that German teachers emphasize as one of the reasons for its defeat to the German Reich.
The German Nationals strived for a close political connection to the German Reich, and partially even aimed at complete dissolution of the monarchy of the Habsburgs and the annexation of the parts that were populated by the Germans to the German Reich. One of the leading advocates of this political direction was Georg Ritter von Schönerer. In the program of Linz in 1882, the German Nationals established the slogan “not liberal, not clerical, but national”, and opposed to the Jews, as well as to the political and societal influence of the Roman Catholic Church.
The official German records for the late summer of 1944 listed 7.6 million foreign civilian workers and prisoners of war in the territory of the "Greater German Reich", who for the most part had been brought there by force.Ulrich Herbert (16 March 1999), The Army of Millions of the Modern Slave State: Deported, used, forgotten: Who were the forced workers of the Third Reich, and what fate awaited them? Universitaet Freiburg. Thus, they represent roughly a quarter of all registered workers in the entire economy of the German Reich at that time.
The Weimar Republic ( ), officially the German Reich (), also referred to as the German People's State () or simply the German Republic (), was the German state from 1918 to 1933. As a term, it is an unofficial historical designation that derives its name from the city of Weimar, where its constituent assembly first took place. The official name of the republic remained the German Reich as it had been during the German Empire because of the German tradition of substates. The Reich was changed from a constitutional monarchy into a republic.
Being the western border of the German Reich, the area became a battleground in 1944/45, and the area was evacuated en masse twice. After World War II, Wallerfangen belonged to the newly independent, but French-controlled, Saarland.
After the empire's defeat in World War I the empire, called in German Reich, had a president as head of state instead of an emperor. The use of the word Reich was abandoned after the Second World War.
German Reich patent 736,575 filed July 12, 1938 and issued May 13, 1943. An exhibit at the 1939 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin displayed a prototype of Flechsig's color television receiver.Wikipedia, “Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin,” 2018, access on May 22, 2020.
Stalag Luft VI was a German prisoner-of-war camp during World War II located near the town of Heydekrug, Memelland (now Šilutė in Lithuania). It was the northernmost POW camp within the confines of the German Reich.
Peter Bell (15 July 1889 in Metz ; † 22 September 1939 in Neuburg an der Donau ) was a German teacher and politician ( NSDAP ). He was a deputy in the Reichstag of the German Reich and in the Prussian Landtag.
The book has since been translated into English – with the title "I was Hitler's Pilot" – and is an insider's account of Hitler's life and doings as leader of the German Reich. Baur died in Germany on 17 February 1993.
The region was de facto annexed to the German Reich (with the addition of the province of Belluno) until the end of the war. This status ended along with the Nazi regime, and Italian rule was restored in 1945.
In 1875, the feuding Radziwill heirs sold the Palais to the German Reich. It became the Reichskanzlerpalais, the Chancellery of Otto von Bismarck and subsequent German Chancellors, the last being Adolf Hitler.Hermann Pünder. Zur Geschichte des Reichskanzlerpalais und der Reichskanzlei.
Louis Rudolph Franz Schlegelberger (23 October 187614 December 1970) was State Secretary in the German Reich Ministry of Justice (RMJ) who served as Justice Minister during the Third Reich. He was the highest-ranking defendant at the Judges' Trial in Nuremberg.
Marie ("Mimi") Baroness (from 1879: Countess) von Schleinitz (from 1886: Schleinitz-Wolkenstein) (22 January 1842, Rome – 18 May 1912, Berlin) was an influential salonnière of the early German Reich in Berlin and one of the most important supporters of Richard Wagner.
Registered by the German Reich patent office, patent no. 574085. In the USA, RCA engineer Randall C. Ballard patented the same idea in 1932.U.S. patent 2,152,234. Reducing flicker is listed only fourth in a list of objectives of the invention.
Theodor Lewald (18 August 1860 – 15 April 1947) was a civil servant in the German Reich and an executive of the International Olympic Committee. He was the President of the Olympic organising committee for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
Arbeitsfront der Volksdeutschen in der Slowakei ('Labour Front of the Volksdeutsche in Slovakia', abbreviated A.d.V.) was an organization of ethnic German workers in World War II Slovakia. A.d.V. was modelled after the German Labour Front (D.A.F.) in the German Reich. A.d.
Erwin Konrad Eduard Bumke (7 July 1874 – 20 April 1945) was the last president of the Reichsgericht, the supreme civil and criminal court of the German Reich, serving from 1929 to 1945. As such, he should according to the Weimar Constitution have succeeded Paul von Hindenburg as the President of Germany upon the latter's death in August 1934 and thus the Head of State of Nazi Germany. The Law on the Head of State of the German Reich, passed by the Nazi- controlled Reichstag, prevented that unconstitutionally by combining the presidency with the chancellorship, making Adolf Hitler the undisputed Führer of Germany.
While Reich Chancellor Bismarck described the German Reich as "saturated" in order to be able to insert the new power factor in Europe's center into the Concert of the Powers, Kaiser Wilhelm II. (German Reich) demanded (Kaiser from 1888) later "a place in the sun" for the Germans. As part of its world power policy, Germany also came into conflict with Spain, even though it had already lost most of its colonies anyway. The 1899 forced Spain to relinquish the Carolines, the northern Mariana Islands and Palau to Germany. The South Pacific areas in Pacific then formed part of New Guinea.
The initial wave of deportees were routed mainly to Theresienstadt and the Warsaw Ghetto while later rail transports were dispatched directly to Auschwitz-Birkenau.Alfred Gottwaldt, Diana Schulle: The Deportation of Jews from the German Reich 1941-1945 - An Annotated Chronology, Wiesbaden, 2005, .
120 The majority of the Bavarian government was taken hostage. The criminal procedure of the German Reich specified a people's court in Bavaria as well as the Reichsgericht in Leipzig as competent, but the Bavarian government prevented the from taking the case.
Hans Hoff, in: Judith Bauer Měřínský: The impact of the annexation of Austria by the German Reich on the medical faculty of the University of Vienna in 1938: biographies of dismissed professors and lecturers . Vienna: Diss., 1980, pp. 103–106b. Jantsch, Marlene: Hoff, Hans.
Max Winkler (7 September 1875 – 12 October 1961) was a politician and senior political appointee in the local government of West Prussia, the national government of the German Empire, the Nazi government of the German Reich, and the post-war government of West Germany.
The Free State of Brunswick () was a state of the German Reich in the time of the Weimar Republic. It was formed after the abolition of the Duchy of Brunswick in the course of the German Revolution of 1918–19. Its capital was Braunschweig (Brunswick).
In Germany, strict liability does not exist today since it is not consistent with the "nulla poena sine culpa" principle (no punishment without guilt).Rogall, ZStW 1986 (98), 579 Strict liability existed in the German Reich, e.g. § 18 Wechselstempelgesetz, § 95 Reichsstempelgesetz.Rogall, ZStW 1986 (98), 579.
Its declared goal was the restoration of the German Reich and rejected the cession of German areas in Eastern Europe following World War II and all immigration to Germany, claiming that there were already too many foreigners in the country.Verfassungsschutzbericht 1990. Verfassungsschutz. ISSN 0177-0357.
The history of the Jews in Königsberg reaches back to the 1530s. By the 20th century Königsberg had one of the larger Jewish communities within the German Reich. The city's Jewish community was eliminated by emigration and then The Holocaust during World War II.
During the Second World War, Nazi Germany and fascist Italy were initially allies. On 8 September 1943 Italy withdrew from the alliance. The German Wehrmacht then captured the Italian soldiers and officers. About 650,000 Italians were transported to the German Reich and the occupied territories.
Akkulturation – Antisemitismus – Zionismus. Böhlau Verlag, Wien/Köln/Weimar 2009, , S. 79, 81. With the annexation of Austria to the German Reich in 1938, the Nuremberg laws were adopted overnight. The aggressive policy of expulsion by the Nazis, allowed the emigration to a foreign refuge.
From 1906, subsidized by the German Reich, only trucks were built. Purchasers had to establish that the army would have access to them in case of war. The Ehrhardt truck years had eleven types. Its gross vehicle weight ranged from 2.5 to 6 tons.
After the German Reich occupation during the Second World War, housing cooperatives developed allowing the palace, which had become the town hall, to be converted into a museum. From 1975 to the present, with the regional reorganization in Poland, Dobrzyca belongs to the Voivodeship Kalisz.
Retrieved 2016-03-16. Since 1931, Arauner was Chief of the Office of Agricultural Policy. Furthermore, he was a member of the German Reich Farm Council. Since his entry into the SS, he became officer in the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA).
He re-established the organization he led, transforming it into the Sports governing body of the Third Reich, Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (DRL) "Sports League of the German Reich". In 1937 it was renamed Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen "National-Socialist Sports League of the German Reich". von Tschammer held the high-profile post of Reichssportführer until his death in 1943. The name of today's DFB-Pokal, Deutscher Fußball-Bund-Pokal "German Football-Federation Cup", first contested in the 1934-35 season during von Tschammer's tenure as Reichssportführer, was known as Hans von Tschammer und Osten-Pokal ("Tschammerpokal") until it was last played in Nazi Germany in 1943.
Due to the declaration of war by China against the German Reich, he returned as a refugee in 1918, passing through Manchuria, Siberia and Russia to Germany. In the light railway service he was active in the management of the Transcaucasian SFSR railways. In 1919 he became departmental head with German Reich Railways (Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen) in the Stettin district. From 1922 to 30 September 1924 he was a president in the Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen in the Oppeln district, and from 1 October 1924 to 1925 he was president in the Ruhr district; due to his comprehensive experience in light railways, Dorpmueller was consulted as part of the Dawes plan.
"The System" (German: Das System) was a derogatory term used by the National Socialists to denote contemptuously the Weimar Republic, whose official name was German Reich (Deutsches Reich), and its institutions.Cornelia Schmitz- Berning: Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus. 2. durchges. u. überarb, Aufl. Berlin 2007, , pp. 597-598.
An employment record book is an official personal document recording the employment status of its owner over time. Some European countries issue such documents, others did earlier. The first employment record books are said to have been issued in German Reich in 1892 in the mining industry.
After his refusal to sign a declaration of loyalty to the German Reich and an escape from the Germany occupied Netherlands via Switzerland, France and England, he found asylum with the U.S. Army. He completed the unfinished part of his studies medicine after the Second World War.
Finally, Hitler and the party realized the possibilities of controlling Germany's youth as a means of continuing the Reich as they wanted the generation of Germans to follow to be dedicated to the strengthening and preservation of the German Volk and of the "Greater German Reich".
The VDBL formed after the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, and advocated for the integration of Liechtenstein into the Greater German Reich. The organization disseminated its ideology through its newspaper, Der Umbruch. A slogan associated with the party was Liechtenstein den Liechtensteinern! (Liechtenstein for the Liechtensteiners!).
Johannes Zürn, a Protestant pastor of the German Reich Party, put forward the hypothesis that "children arising from mixed marriages [develop] towards the bad side." He invoked "healthy, national race- consciousness" and condemned "any facilitation of racial mixing in our colonies."Reichstagsprotokolle, 19112,14,3, pp. 1732 C ff.
Kaas at the signing of the Reichskonkordat. Ludwig Kaas (23 May 1881 - 15 April 1952) was a German Roman Catholic priest and politician of the Centre Party during the Weimar Republic. He was instrumental in brokering the Reichskonkordat between the Holy See and the German Reich.
The Generalforstmeister (Director General of Forests) was the second highest forestry official in the Prussian civil service and in the German Reich. He was subordinate to the Reichsforstmeister, the head of the Reich Forestry, and was his deputy. The title of Generalforstmeister corresponded to the former Oberlandforstmeister.
Hácha was appointed president of the protectorate the same day. The Protectorate was a nominally autonomous Nazi-administered territory which the German government considered part of the Greater German Reich. The state's existence came to an end with the surrender of Germany to the Allies in 1945.
He is buried in the Hansemann mausoleum at the Matthaeus Kirchhof in the Schöneberg district of Berlin. His son Adolph von Hansemann became one of the richest and most important entrepreneurs of the German Reich, although in contrast to his father, he was not a liberal.
The town declined as a result. In 1939 after the Invasion of Poland (1939) it was incorporated into the German Reich. Most of the Polish inhabitants were deported. A Prisoner-of-war camp, Stalag XXI-A was located in some of the town buildings in 1940.
1929 (dj. 1.11); he became its leader. On June 17, 1933 the DF together with other member organizations of the Großdeutscher Bund was prohibited by Baldur von Schirach, who was appointed Jugendführer des Deutschen Reiches (Youth Leader of the German Reich) shortly before.Werner Kindt:Die Deutsche Jugendbewegung 1920 bis 1933.
In the referendum held on January 13, 1935, he spoke in favor of reincorporation of the Saarland into the German Reich. In 1946 he founded the Christian People's Party of the Saar (CVP) together with Johannes Hoffmann and others. Unlike Hoffmann, Ney supported a connection of Saarland to Germany.
The German Youth in Slovakia (, abbreviated D.J.) was a youth organization in the Second World War Slovak Republic. The organization functioned as the youth wing of the German Party. DJ was modelled after the Hitler Youth in the German Reich. The leader (Landesleiter) of DJ was F. Klug.
Simultaneously the President of the German Reich Friedrich Ebert issued a proclamation, countersigned by the chancellor, Konstantin Fehrenbach, to the effect that the Allies had occupied areas of Germany in defiance to the Treaty of Versailles and that they would not object to outside help in the matter.
National socialist propaganda proclaimed the realisation of Großdeutschland; and in 1943 the German Reich was officially renamed Großdeutsches Reich. However, these expressions became neither common nor popular. In National Socialist propaganda Austria was also called Ostmark. After the Anschluss the previous territory of Germany was called Altreich (old Reich).
On 18 May 1940 Adolf Hitler ordered that the area be re-annexed by the German Reich and the Vennbahn was returned to service as a wholly German line on 2 June 1940. However, after the defeat of Germany in 1945, the pre-war situation was re-instated.
After the banking crisis in 1931 the German Reich owned 66% and Deutsche Golddiskontbank owned 22% of Dresdner Bank shares. Its deputy director was Dr Schacht, Minister of Economy under Nazism. The Bank was reprivatised in 1937. During World War II, Dresdner Bank controlled various banks in countries under German Occupation.
Like all parts of the German Reich, Franconia was badly affected by Allied air raids. Nuremberg, as a major industrial centre and transportation hub, was hit particularly hard. Between 1940 and 1945 the city was the target of dozens of air raids. Many other places were also affected by air raids.
The charges stated that the accused had "willfully, deliberately, and wrongfully, encouraged, aided, abetted, and participated in a violation of the laws of war by the killing of and by assault upon the named seven person who were then surrendered prisoners of war in the custody of the then German Reich".
Today's Bundesstraße 15 has its origins in the Reichsstraße 15. The Reichsstraßen were created in 1934 for the German Reich. The R 15 began in Gera and went through Schleiz, Hof, Wunsiedel and Marktredwitz to Mitterteich. From Mitterteich, it followed today's route to the connection to the Inntalautobahn near Rosenheim.
No documents remain from the March 1933 elections, but it is assumed that Lindau voted along customary lines. At first the Lindau population remained sceptically opposed to the new ruling powers. However, the concordat between the German Reich and the Vatican encouraged many Catholic voters. Gradually national socialism became acceptable among them.
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Januar 1975, p. 23, footnote 79. After the end of World War I he was since 1919 representative of the German Reich in the Reparation in Paris. In July 1919 he was next to Stephan Moesle undersecretary in the Finance Ministry and also chairman of the war load commission.
As a result of the Nazi's rise to power, Leipzig's Jewish population decreased. The German Reich completed a population census on May 19, 1939, in which they determined that 0.5% of Leipzig's citizens were Jewish, where 4,470 were Jews by descent and 4,113 by religion.Blau, Bruno. The Jewish Population 1939–1945 Vol.
Adolph Schwarzenberg (18 August 1890 – 27 February 1950) was a notable landowner, entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the eldest son of Johann (Czech: Jan) and Therese Schwarzenberg, née Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg. An outspoken opponent of the Nazi regime, his property was stolen by the German Reich and later confiscated by the Czechoslovak government.
Marie von Schleinitz stands as a symbolic figure of the little-known liberal-aristocratic opposition against Bismarck's conservative politics during the foundation of the German Reich, as well as for a short, intense blossoming of culture and intellectuality in Germany historically located between the downfall of romanticism and the beginning of modernity.
Each of the independent states issued their own money. In 1870, a law was passed that forbade the formation of further central banks. In 1874, a draft banking law was introduced in the Reichstag (“The Diet of the Reich”, lit.: “The Diet of the Realm” – the federal parliament of the German Reich).
After the referendum of 1935 Dillingen returned to the German Reich, but without again becoming part of Prussia. In 1936 Pachten was incorporated. During the Second World War, especially during the fierce fighting in the winter of 1944/1945, war between the German Wehrmacht and the United States Army caused heavy destruction.
No sooner had the company arrived at the pinnacle of success than it faced a major setback. On August 1, 1914, the German Reich declared war on Russia. The ramifications of the war dealt industry a serious blow. Notably, the draft of a great many workers posed a problem – for Peter Klöckner, too.
Hugo Friedrich Fries (; ; 9 January 1818 – 25 March 1889). sometimes spelt Frieze, was a German judge, and son of Jakob Friedrich Fries. Before and after the founding of the German Reich, he was a member of the Reichstag. His son, Otto Fries (1849–1905), a forester, was also a member of the Reichstag.
Shandruk: 28. The 1st Ukrainian Division. On 8 May 1945, Wächter informed General Shandruk of the unconditional surrender of the German Reich with the following words: "Now, General, you are the central figure in the action of saving the Division, and possibly of all of us who are with you."Shandruk: 29.
He said that the German Reich is very happy to have the opportunity to show its friendship towards the Imperial Iranian government through holding these ceremonies in honor of Ferdowsi and to show how well the German Reich respects the Iranian culture. He said that, we know the National Socialism is misunderstood by many people, but I want to reaffirm once again that the National Socialist government of Germany has no hostility with the foreign cultures and we deeply respect other cultures as long as they respect our German culture. All children of the oriental countries are welcome in Germany to study in our universities and to learn about German culture. We want them to feel at home while they are studying in our country.
Schmidt, Rainer F. (2002) Die Aussenpolitik des Dritten Reiches 1933–1939 Klett-Cotta He used the title Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor), highlighting the positions he already held in party and government, though in popular reception, the element Führer was increasingly understood not just in reference to the Nazi Party, but also in reference to the German people and the German state. Soldiers had to swear allegiance to Hitler as "Führer des deutschen Reiches und Volkes" (Leader of the German Reich and People). The title was changed on 28 July 1942 to "Führer des Großdeutschen Reiches" (Leader of the Greater German Reich). In his political testament, Hitler also referred to himself as Führer der Nation (Leader of the Nation).
In 1917, an explicit authorization for domestic education was adopted. The secret IIIb was developed under its last head, Walter Nicolai, as war increased the need for a secret police force. Never before had a German intelligence group held such influence in the German Reich. At the end of the war, the division was disbanded.
At its high point the Reichsbund had 55,000 members. The Reichsbund regarded the German Reich as the mother country of all German Jews. Its activities were outlawed by the Nazi government in 1936, and in 1938 it was dissolved. The RJF sees the basis of its work as complete allegiance to the German homeland.
On the south (right) side of Voßstrasse, the sole-surviving pre-war building, part of the German Reich Railway Co. offices (Voßstraße 33), can be seen, mostly surrounded by the empty sites of the Wertheim department store and the rest of the Transport Ministry. Note also the concrete "lid" over the U-Bahn line.
The Americans counted 367 different German Luftwaffe aircraft attacking the bridge over the next 10 days. The Americans claimed to have shot down nearly 30% of the aircraft dispatched against them. The German air offensive failed. On 14 March, German Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler ordered Schutzstaffel (SS) General Hans Kammler to fire V2 rockets to destroy the bridge.
Weichmann was born in Landsberg, Upper Silesia, then part of the German Reich, to a Jewish family of physicians. In 1914 he began to study medicine, but volunteered at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. After the war Weichmann studied law at the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University, Breslau, and graduated (Dr. iur.) in 1922.
This project was squelched due to the antisemitic and nationalistic sentiment that pervaded the German Reich at that time. Herter studied at the Academy of Arts in Berlin and later also as apprentice of Ferdinand August Fischer, Gustav Blaeser and Albert Wolff. In 1869 he created his own studio. In 1875, he made a study trip to Italy.
The Baltic National Committee in Jelgava, in Courland (now in Latvia) issued numbered warrants for the award. A total of 21,839 Baltic Crosses were awarded. The Cross was accepted as a state-approved decoration of the German Reich on 16 May 1933 and was allowed to be worn. State approval was continued by the Federal Republic of Germany.
The law was challenged in the Supreme Court of the German Reich ('), but its 5th Senate ruled, on November 4, 1925, that the law was constitutional, even according to the Bill of Rights and Duties of Germans (Articles 109, 134, 152 and 153 of the Constitution). III, 325 The case set a precedent for judicial review in German jurisprudence.
Ernst Gennat's grave Ernst August Ferdinand Gennat (1 January 1880 - August 20, 1939) was director of the Berlin criminal police. He worked under three political systems in his 30 year career as one of the most gifted and successful criminologists in the German Reich. Among other things, he worked on the cases of Fritz Haarmann and Peter Kürten.
He threw into battle every available weapon as the German Reich collapsed. Dönitz supported the use of Human torpedoes; the Neger, Marder, Seehund and Biber were all used in suicide missions on his orders, perhaps inspired by the Japanese Kamikaze. On 30 April 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide. Dönitz succeeded him as head of state and Führer.
The "Nisko Plan" initially intended to remove 80,000 Jews from the so-called Greater German Reich, was scrapped in April 1940. By that time 95,000 Jews chiefly from Poland were already deported to this area. They were pressed to work in the RSHA camps of Generalplan Ost. By mid-October however, the idea of a "Jewish reservation" was revived.
The Gauliga Sudetenland, was the highest football league in the Sudetenland, the predominately German-speaking parts of Czechoslovakia that were awarded to the German Reich on 30 September 1938 through the Munich Agreement. Shortly after the completion of the occupation on 10 October 1938, the Nazis reorganised the administration in the region, forming the Reichsgau Sudetenland.
Unofficial relations between the German Reich and Iran date to the early 19th century. Goethe's dedication of his West-östlicher Divan (West-Eastern Divan) to Hafez in 1819 is an illustration of how far back such cultural tiesThe Influence of India and Persia on the Poetry of Germany. Arthur Frank Joseph Remy. 1901. Columbia University Press. MacMillan. went.
The Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire in 1871. As Prussia was the legal predecessor of the united German Reich of 1871–1945, and as such a direct ancestor of the present-day Federal Republic of Germany, Brandenburg is one of the earliest linear ancestors of present-day Germany.
The NSDAP/AO was the foreign organization branch of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). AO is the abbreviation of the German compound word (). Although it would be correctly written in one word, the Nazis chose an obsolete spelling with a hyphen. The party members who lived outside the German Reich were pooled in this special NSDAP department.
Maritime empires, such as the European colonial empires, are examples of discontinuous empire. A hybrid empire had both adjacent ruled territories and far-flung ruled territories. An example might be the German Reich, which had imperial possessions in Europe as well as overseas in Africa. He discussed the Russian example also in his earlier book, The Post Soviet Nations.
In April 1928, Asmis concluded the "Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Kingdom of Siam and the German Reich", which set up a new era of diplomatic relations between Siam and Germany and coincided with the official end of various 'unequal treaties' imposed on Siam by the various foreign powers in the 19th century.
The village had its own church, but was served by priests from Welperschitz (Erpužice). After the Munich Agreement the village was annexed by the German Reich and belonged to the district of Mies until 1945. In 1939 324 people lived in Kscheutz. Between 1 July 1980 and 1 January 1992 Kšice was a district of Stříbro .
Werner OnckenWerner Oncken, p. 31. cites 14 cities in the German Reich that had exchange stations of the Wära currency agency. Hans- Joachim WernerHans-Joachim Werner, p. 42. also reports of Norden, Lower Saxony and the island of Norderney, where Wära banknotes were even accepted by the Commerzbank, the East Frisian bank, the Vereinsbank and the Social Democratic stores.
In late April 1945, the Allied Powers entered Austria and removed the country from the Third German Reich. A provisional Austrian government, led by Karl Renner, declared the country's regained independence. Austria's democratic constitution was reinstated and elections in late 1945 paved the way for a new federal government. Leopold Figl became the first Chancellor of Austria.
The first consisted of protecting German military targets in France and the Low Countries from Allied air power, the second the "Defence of the Reich", the air defence of the Greater German Reich. During the year, at least 69 of Fighter Command's losses, plus seven damaged, can be attributed to JG 2. The fighting proved costly.
He joined the Nazi Party in 1939. In 1941 he flew to Baghdad with Fritz Grobba when Haj Amin al-Husseini and Rashid Ali al-Gaylani organized a brief, pro-German coup supported by weapons shipments from the German Reich. Afterward he was employed by the German foreign service in Turkey. Nothing is known about his de-nazification.
A large part of the lighting and the telephone system for the direction and lighting instructions were provided by the armed forces (Wehrmacht). In 1938, the passionate amateur filmmaker with his innovative use of light was able to shoot the event on Kodachrome. It was probably the first color film shot at night in the German Reich.
The Deutsche Reichspartei (DRP, German Reich Party, German Imperial Party or German Empire Party) was a nationalist, far-right and later Neo-Nazi political party in West Germany. It was founded in 1950 from the German Right Party (), which had been set up in Lower Saxony in 1946 and had five members in the first Bundestag.
During the annexation, Metz was a German garrison of between 15,000 and 20,000 men at the beginning of the periodRené Bour, Histoire de Metz, 1950, p. 227. and exceeded 25,000 men just before the First World War,Philippe Martin, L'Express, no. 2937, 18–24 October 2007, Metz en 1900. gradually becoming the first stronghold of the German Reich.
When the Republic of Austria was formed in 1918, Gosau became part of the federal state of Upper Austria. In 1938 the area was annexed by the German Reich along with the rest of Austria, and Gosau became part of the "Gau Oberdonau," returning to Upper Austria when the Republic of Austria was reconstituted in 1945.
Its code name is The Divide. The division is both geographical and cultural. Germany has integrated the eastern part of defeated America into the Greater German Reich while the western part is occupied by Japan, as part of the Greater Co-prosperity Sphere and more a colony than anything else. In both cases, the subjugation is almost complete.
Vienna, Albern harbour mural, 2010-2013 In 2010 Blu was invited to Vienna to paint a mural at the Danube River harbour near Albern in the city district of Simmering. First suggested in 1923 as one possibility for the expansion of Vienna's harbour facilities, Albern was selected for realisation by the German Reich Ministry of Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium) in 1939, a year after the "Anschluss" of Austria to Nazi Germany. The project was to serve as a logistic node of a future geo- and biopolitical order, designated for the transshipment of grain from the annexed or economically colonized regions of eastern and south-eastern Europe to the heartlands of the German Reich. For the construction of the harbour basin and its five granaries between 1939 and 1942 the Nazi regime employed forced labour.
His name, like other Gaulish language names (Ambiorix, Orgetorix, Vercingetorix) contains a -rix suffix which is etymologically related to the Latin rex, Gaelic rí, Sanskrit rāja- and German Reich, indicating kingship or rule; it is probably an aristocratic suffix. Dumno- is etymologically related to the Gaelic domhan "world", indicating that the name may be translated as "king of the world".
Travel to Finland was very difficult as the German Reich forbade transit of armaments and war equipment across its territory (including the occupied Polish territories). Therefore, volunteers had to travel across Yugoslavia, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden to make their ways to Finland. They travelled without any weapons by a special train, officially classified as "tourists going to ski-camp".
They traveled across the German Reich by a special train with a German guard. The volunteers arrived at Budapest on 28 May. Besides the Hungarian Volunteer Detached Battalion, other Hungarian volunteers fought in the Winter War in the Finnish army, travelling to Finland individually. 2nd Lieutenant Mátyás Pirityi served in the Finnish Air Force and took part in more than 20 sorties.
Hassan Esfandiary and Mussa Nuri Esfandiari, Iranian ambassador to the German Reich meeting Adolf Hitler Mirza Hassan Khan Esfandiary, also known Hassan Esfandiary (1867–1945), was an Iranian politician and 12th chairman of the Iranian parliament. He became Member of Parliament from Tehran and Mazandaran from 1934 to 1945. He was a minister in several cabinets of Iranian Prime ministers.
On 23 March 1954, the Soviet Union declared that it would establish diplomatic relations with the German Democratic Republic. This was seen as giving the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) a degree of legitimacy as a separate state. The West German government in Bonn rejected this, claiming that the Federal Republic of Germany was the legitimate heir of the German Reich.
The count was also the founder, in 1897, of a glass works. In September 1939, the Army stopped the Nazi invaders in the line of the Narew, defended by an army of Modlin. The occupation led to a further administrative divisions with the area being subordinate to the Governor General of the German Reich. An offensive resulted in destruction in 1944.
There were three pair of trains between Jägerndorf–Olmütz and Mährisch Schönberg. These train connections are available between Ziegenhals and Freiwaldau or Hannsdorf today as well.Fahrplan 1918 After World War I line was transferred from Austria to Czechoslovakia and the line was operated by Czechoslovak State Railways (ČSD). After Nazi Germany annexed Sudetenland, the line was transferred to German Reich Railway.
Die Wehrmacht was a German military magazine, which was published from 1936 to 1944 to serve German Reich propaganda purpose. It promoted the newly formed Wehrmacht, official editor was the new Oberkommando der Wehrmacht from February 1938 onwards. Aimed at young readers, the price was only 25 Reichspfennig, and illustrated in colour, mainly by Theo Matejko. In September 1944 it was cancelled.
Typically, there are about 6,000 exhibitors and 200,000 visitors. The Hannover Messe started in 1947 to boost the economic advancement of post-war Germany. At first, almost everyone was skeptical about Hannover’s chances of overtaking Leipzig – the former "exhibition capital" of the defunct German Reich. But in the years that followed, the Hanover Fair became a symbol of Germany’s economic miracle.
With the March 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, Austria initially became a state (Land) of the German Reich. In May, Vienna was expanded to create Greater Vienna (Groß-Wien), absorbing another four districts. Two weakly populated rural districts were discontinued as well. In October, Burgenland was dissolved, its northern half being attached to Lower Austria and its southern half to Styria.
Bond of the Municipality Heilbronn, issued 10. April 1923 Ruins in Heilbronn in 1945. With the dissolution of monarchy in the German Reich as a result of World War I, Heilbronn became part of the Free People's State of Württemberg in 1918. After almost a century of economic boom and growth of the local industry Heilbronn's citizenry included many labourers.
And further > "It will be necessary to radically burn out the plague, because these > animals will always be a danger..."German soldiers see the Soviet Union. > Field letters from the East. Berlin: Limpert, 1941, p. 43. This brochure, too, was distributed in millions of copies and was recommended to all journalists of the German Reich via instructions from the Reich Press Conference.
In 1868 he published the novel Hermann Stark, deutsches Leben, and in 1871 Das Lied vom neuen deutschen Reich ("Song of the New German Reich", which contains several hundred patriotic sonnets). In 1872 he took up his residence at Meran, but passed the last years of his life at a sanatorium for nervous disorders near Bayreuth, where he died on 6 July 1891.
Klempner, The Heart Has Reasons. The "largest concentration camp for women in the German Reich," according to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Ravensbrück was located roughly 50 miles north of Berlin, and was "second in size only to the women's camp in Auschwitz-Birkenau."Ravensbrück, in Holocaust Encyclopedia. Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, retrieved online April 14, 2018.
From there they were transferred to the barracks in Fort V in Müngersdorf. The ghettoisation was the preparation for the deportation to exterminations camps. In September 1941 the "Police order about the identification of Jews" obliged all Jewish people in the German Reich more than six years old to wear a yellow badge sewed to the left side of the garment.
The former German name of the settlement is of Baltic origin. Before 1945, Schirwindt was a small border town in the German province of East Prussia. It was notable for being the easternmost settlement in the old German Reich. A toll booth and checkpoint operated on the German border with Russia (then later interwar Lithuania and, briefly, the Soviet Union).
Axel Feuß: Das Theresienstadt-Konvolut. Hamburg/München 2002, S. 117f. The books had been confiscated from private individuals as well as from libraries, with 75% originating in Czechoslovakia and the rest coming from the German Reich. After the war, the holdings of the library were largely transferred to the Jewish Museum in Prague and, secondarily, to the Jerusalem National Library.
From 1914 to 1915 Hermann Röchling was Rittmeister of the 7th Dragoon Regiment. He was a nationalist, and during World War I (1914–18) he advocated westward expansion of the German Reich. The Völklingen Ironworks provided 90% of the special steel used for army helmets. The Völklingen plant also made two sizes of shells for the German army and navy.
All orders from the military > commanders must be strictly adhered to and without question ... any > resistance to the occupation forces will be suppressed with force of > weaponry. Any attempt to fraternize with the enemy or to hinder the German > Reich and its allies in any form will be dealt with harshly; perpetrators > will be shot.'Willem Ridder (2007). Countdown to Freedom. AuthorHouse. pp.
The Soviet Navy launched the Soviet submarine Baltic Sea campaign in 1942 to harass the strategic iron-ore traffic from neutral Sweden to Nazi Germany during World War II. The Soviet Union and the German Reich fought each other on the Eastern Front (1941-1945) during the war. The Allies also launched other operations - especially involving the Royal Navy - against the traffic.
In 1862 he contracted architect Friedrich Hitzig to design a mansion for his family on Bellevuestr. 8 in the new Tiergarten district. After the founding of the German Reich in 1871, Manheimer gained a foothold on the international market, competed with manufacturers from Paris, and delivered to the USA. In terms of clothing industry sales, Manheimer's company ranked second after Herrmann Gerson's.
In this year he was involved in the foundation of the German Seismological Society. In 1924 he became an extraordinary professor. After Hecker's retirement in 1932, Sieberg became provisional director of the Reichszentrale für Erdbebenforschung, in June 1936 he became its director. At his suggestion and according to his plans the Reich Ministry of Science established the German Reich Earthquake Service.
Subsequently, the term German Reich continued to be applied both as identifying with the national people, and also as denoting German state territory, but increasingly the application of the term to the German national people came to be seen as primary. Following the Second World War, the term 'German Reich' fell out of use in constitutional formulations, being replaced by the term nation as a whole, as applied to denote the state as a totality of the German national people; and the term Germany as a whole, as applied to denote the state as a totality of German national territory. Nevertheless, it remains fundamental to German constitutional understanding that the legal status of Germany is a function of the unified German people, and is not constrained by the boundaries of territories falling under the jurisdiction of the German state at any one time.
In the lead up to the war, the Donbass was racked by poverty and food shortages. War preparations resulted in an extension of the working day for factory labourers, whilst those that deviated from the heightened standards were arrested. German Reich leader Adolf Hitler viewed the resources of the Donbass as critical to Operation Barbarossa. As such, the Donbass suffered under Nazi occupation during 1941 and 1942.
In late 1938 and early 1939, the German government under Hitler was carrying out some of its plans for territorial changes in Europe, which gave the German Reich more land for economic expansion. As part of that process, Czechoslovakia was overrun on 15 March 1939. In addition, the German government coveted the oil-fields of Romania, and desired to secure Romanian military cooperation in case of war.
Rumpelhardt was born 19 June 1920 in Nordhalden near Konstanz, at the time in the Republic of Baden of the German Reich during the Weimar Republic. He was one of three sons of the teacher Emil Rumpelhardt and his wife Rosa. Both his twin brothers were killed in action as Luftwaffe pilots during the war. Rumpelhardt attended the Gymnasium, a secondary school, in Singen.
Unlike the territories incorporated into the Reich, the Generalgouvernement had a different administrative structure. All branches of the administration were to be directed by the Governor General rather than by parallel Reich ministries from Berlin. No interferences by the reich was the goal. Polish law was to remain in place unless it diverged from the taking over of the administration by the German Reich.
On 22 October 1940 he reported to Berlin, > Baden ist als erster Gau judenfrei. — Baden is the first district to be free > of Jews. After the defeat of France in World War II, Germany incorporated Alsace (Elsaß) into the Greater German Reich and on 2 August 1940 Wagner became Chief of Civil Administration for the region. On 22 March 1941, his Gau was renamed Gau Baden-Elsaß.
Yugoslavia was largely surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the German Reich. From late 1940 Hitler sought a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia. In February 1941, Hitler called for Yugoslavia's accession to the Tripartite Pact, the Yugoslav delayed. In March, divisions of the German army arrived at the Bulgarian-Yugoslav border and permission was sought for them to pass through to attack Greece.
Konvikt) and hence were called Konviktisten those seminary pupils were known as Seminaristen. After Austria's incorporation into the German Reich (Anschluss), by March 13, 1938, Principal Fr. Wilhelm Schier was deposed and replaced by the Nazi-affiliated Fr. Coelestin Schoiko. In late 1938 the school was closed down completely and later converted into a National Political Institute of Education (commonly known as Napola).Emmerich, Klaus.
Memorial plaque on one of the houses Streeruwitz lived in during his years in Vienna Streeruwitz did not stand for election to the National Council again; his tenure as a legislator thus ended with the 1930 legislative elections. Nevertheless, Streeruwitz remained politically active. He traveled, lectured, and campaigned for the integration of Austria into the German Reich. He also continued to hold political office.
Buk () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobra, within Police County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, on the border with Germany. It lies approximately north-west of Dobra, west of Police, and north-west of the regional capital Szczecin. Before 1945 the area was part of the German Reich. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
Since 1927, the Library has published the National Bibliography of Latvia. There were significant additions in 1939 and 1940, when the State Library took over many of the libraries and collections of the Baltic Germans. Most resettled to the Nazi German Reich. Among these collections was a large part of the collection of the Society for History and Archaeology of Russia's Baltic Provinces, est.
"" (citations omitted) The ' do not, however, cite the Court's further holding that the Federal Republic is not a successor state to the Reich, but, as a West German state at that time partially, and—since 1990—fully identical to it."" Instead they claim to have restored the governmental bodies of the German Reich and to be capable of acting on the basis of the Weimar Constitution.
Spy, 1900. After the founding of the German Reich in 1871, German Chancellor Bismarck created the 1873 League of the Three Emperors, or Dreikaiserbund, between Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany. In 1878, the League collapsed due to competing Austrian and Russian aims in the Balkans, with Germany and Austria-Hungary forming the 1879 Dual Alliance. This became the Triple Alliance in 1882 with the addition of Italy.
The total amount of Mefo bills issued was kept secret. Essentially, Mefo bills enabled the German Reich to run a greater deficit than it would normally have been able to. By 1938, there were 12 billion Reichsmark of Mefo bills, compared to 19 billion of normal government bonds. This enabled the German government to re-inflate their economy, which culminated in its eventual rearmament.
The Race's initial invasion has benefited the technology of humanity. With the end to the second round of fighting, alien technology is being rapidly absorbed by humanity. Although the Race remains superior in technology, it is swiftly losing ground as human technology advances. By the end of Colonization: Aftershocks, the United States and the Greater German Reich already have spacecraft floating among the asteroid belt.
Charles, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg () (May 21, 1834, Haid, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austrian Empire - November 8, 1921, Cologne, German Reich) was a German nobleman, the Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (1849–1908), Catholic politician and later a Dominican friar. He was the first President of the Catholic Society of Germany (1868), and a member of the Reichstag from 1871 for the Catholic Centre Party.
On 15 March 1939, the German army paraded through Prague, and Hitler, at Prague castle, declared lands of the former Czechoslovakia to be part of the Greater German Reich as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Mucha's role as a Slav nationalist and Freemason made him a prime target. He was arrested, interrogated for several days, and released. By then his health was broken.
Ideologically it promoted the Piast Concept, calling for a Polish-speaking Catholic Poland with little role for minorities. In the German Reich, the majority of Poles were represented by the legal Polish Party ("Polenpartei"). It participated in elections and regularly returned members to the Reichstag. Its best showing was in the 1907 German federal election, when it took 4% of the vote and 20 seats.
Klepper receives news from an unfathomable process in the German Reich: Hindered are murdered. All called events weaken taken together the creativity of the sensitive Klepper so much that he manages the next novels (Katharina von Bora) no more. The vitality, however, he wants to keep. And thus he struggles dogged, tenaciously and, in the end, successfully for an entry permit for Renate to Sweden.
The Nazi government intended to continue its incorporation of pre-war Polish territory into the Third Reich. The rump General Government region of occupied Poland already under complete German civil control was merely seen as a transitional form of government, before the area's complete future integration into the Greater German Reich (Grossdeutsches Reich).Rich, Norman (1974). Hitler's War Aims: The Establishment of the New Order.
Here, women had been able to obtain academic degrees since the 1860s. Nevertheless, women were not admitted to the Grandes écoles. These elite educational institutions remained restricted to women well into the 20th century. In these countries, the full access with equal rights to an academic education was granted about the same time as in the German Reich, where women had been granted equal access right away.
Siegfried Kasche (18 June 1903 – 7 June 1947) was an ambassador of the German Reich to the Independent State of Croatia and Obergruppenführer of the Sturmabteilung (SA), a paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. Kasche was the proposed ruler of the Reichskommissariat Moskowien, but the Reichskommissariat failed to materialize.Kay (2006), pp. 181-182. He was hanged for war crimes in Yugoslavia on 7 June 1947.
After the end of the war, Kinau became a customs officer again; His last rank was customs inspector. From 1920 to 1934 he was president of the union of water customs officials of the German Reich. From 1924 to 1944 he was literary and editor-in-chief; his works dealt exclusively with issues of seafaring. In 1925 he published the complete works of his brother Gorch Fock.
These developments contrasted with Antonescu's own statement of December 7: "I am an ally of the [German] Reich against [the Soviet Union], I am neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and Germany. I am for America against the Japanese."Deletant, p.92 A crucial change in the war came with the Battle of Stalingrad in June 1942 – February 1943, a major defeat for the Axis.
The fictional backstory describes that after it achieved victory, Germany reorganises Europe east of Poland into Reichskommissariats. After the signing of the Treaty of Rome, Western Europe and Scandinavia are corralled into a pro-German trade bloc, the European Community. By 1964, the United States and the Greater German Reich are involved in a Cold War. The only exception is Switzerland, which retains its neutral status.
By 1913, the Port of Hamburg was the third-largest in the world behind the ports of London and New York. During World War I (1914–1918), the Royal Navy blocked the seaports of the German Reich. This brought business in Hamburg and its port to a complete standstill. In the Treaty of Versailles, the allied powers forced Germany to give up the majority of its merchant navy.
Expulsion of Poles from villages in the Zamość Region by the SS in December 1942. Expulsion from Reichsgau Wartheland. Poles are led to trains under German army escort, as part of the ethnic cleansing of western Poland annexed to the German Reich following the invasion. During the occupation of Poland following the German invasion of the country, Nazi expansionist policies were enacted upon its Polish population on an unprecedented scale.
Heinrich Brauns (front row, left) as a member of the Marx cabinet, 1927 Heinrich Brauns (3 January 1868 – 19 October 1939) was a German politician and Roman Catholic theologian, who for the German Center Party was a long-serving Minister of Labour of the German Reich from 1920 to 1928. Serving in a total of 13 cabinets, Brauns was a major influence on social policy in the Weimar Republic.
The office of the RLM/Forschungsamt emerged with the events of the Reichstag Fire Decree. With Adolf Hitler's seizure of power by the Enabling Act of 1933, all postal, telegraph and telephone democracy was suspended. The Reichstag Fire Decree Articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124 and 153 of the Constitution of the German Reich were suspended until further notice. The article inter alia stated the secrecy of correspondence.
Born in Königsberg, Strich was a student of Franz Muncker and became a lecturer at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in 1910. In 1915 he was appointed extraordinary professor in Munich and in 1929 professor at the University of Bern. In this way he escaped the persecution of Jews in the German Reich. In 1941 Strich was awarded the Swiss nationality and worked as a professor until his emeritus in 1953.
After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich in March 1938, he was forced to leave the country. He traveled to Shanghai by sea with his brother Egon. There he learned Chinese through self-study, while he worked as a physical education teacher. Occasionally he stayed in Buddhist monasteries. In 1945, he worked in Nanjing as a translator; in 1946–47 he taught English literature at the university there.
Prisoners during the harvest in 1915 "The State may utilize the labour of prisoners of war according to their rank and aptitude, officers excepted. The tasks shall not be excessive and shall have no connection with the operations of the war." A huge number of prisoners were used to work for the German Reich. Of 1,450,000 prisoners, 750,000 were employed in agricultural labour and 330,000 in industry.Oltmer (2006), p. 71.
The Hungarian battalion was embarked at Turku on 20 May 1940, from where a steamboat sailed to Stettin, German Reich (now Szczecin, in Poland). In Turku the Order of the White Rose of Finland was given to the Hungarian officers. They travelled across Nazi Germany by a special train with a German guard. The German government gave them special permission to use the German railway lines in order to reach Hungary.
The question of the South Tyrol was largely and pragmatically dealt with by Hitler and Mussolini: this region of Austria's Tyrol, which was annexed by Italy after 1919, would not become a constituent district of Ostmark (present- day Austria). Ethnic Germans who lived in the South Tyrol were given the option of either migrating back to the German Reich or remaining in the South Tyrol where they would undergo forced Italianization.
Koch observed the phenomenon of acquired immunity. On December 26, 1900, he arrived as part of an expedition to German New Guinea, which was then a protectorate of the German Reich. Koch serially examined the Papuan people, the indigenous inhabitants, and their blood samples and noticed they contained Plasmodium parasites, the cause of malaria, but their bouts of malaria were mild or could not even be noticed, i.e. were subclinical.
It wasn't until 1 July 1929 that Moys was incorporated back into the city. At the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Lusatia was divided, and its northeastern part including Görlitz and Moys was awarded to the Kingdom of Prussia, which since 1871 became part of the German Reich. The Berlin–Wrocław railway, which ran past Moys and opened on 1 September 1847, sped up the development of the suburb.
XVIII. Armeekorps was formed in Salzburg, Austria, on 1 April 1938, following the Anschluss of Austria into the German Reich. During the life of the XVIII. Armeekorps, they took part in the Polish campaign, Fall Weiss, and the campaign in the West 1940 (Fall Gelb and Fall Rot), and performed occupation duties in France. On 30 October 1940, the Corps gave up some elements to newly forming XXXXIX.
When under Nazi Germany administration during the Second World War, being in the area called Galicia since ancient times, it was not considered occupied but a part of the German Reich. The currency at that time was the Reichsmark, whereas in occupied territories German administration was using Ostmark. German armed forces included a number of SS divisions, considered to be elite units. And there was a division SS Galicia.
In 1934 he was therefore dismissed as editor-in- chief in an act of anticipatory obedience. He then founded the New Saar Post and struggled in his articles against the National Socialist regime and against the connection of the Saarland into the German Reich. After the Saar status referendum on January 13, 1935, he emigrated first to France, then to Luxembourg. In 1936 his German citizenship was revoked.
Following the war, Dahl became a member of the Deutsche Reichspartei (DRP—German Reich Party) In the West German federal election of 1961 he unsuccessfully ran as a candidate for the DRP. On 8 May 1961, Dahl founded the "Reichsverband der Soldaten" (RdS—lit. "Reich Association of Soldiers"). Among others, the founding meeting was attended by Adolf von Thadden and Erich Kern, the honorary president was Hans-Ulrich Rudel.
Four weeks later, 99% of Austrians voted in favour of the annexation (Anschluss) of their country Austria to the German Reich. After Austria, Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia, where the 3.5 million- strong Sudeten German minority was demanding equal rights and self- government.Donald Cameron Watt, How war came: the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939 (1989).R.J. Overy, The Origins of the Second World War (2014).
The Märzfeld (literally: March Field, relating to the Roman god of war, Mars) was to be a representation and parade ground for the Wehrmacht. It was located at the southern end of the "Große Straße" (Great road). Its dimensions were or bigger than 80 football fields. The name of the huge deployment area was supposed to recall the recovery of military sovereignty of the German Reich in March 1935.
While a valuable coin during the Middle Ages, it lost its value through the years and was the minor coin of the Mark currencies in the German Reich, West and East Germany, and the reunified Germany until the introduction of the euro. Pfennig was also the name of the subunit of the Danzig mark (1922–1923) and the Danzig gulden (1923–1939) in the Free City of Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland).
The core of the Regiment was maintained to the end of the war by the returning German Austrian dragoons. It was now called the 2nd Regiment of Dragoons (Field Marshal Montecuccoli's). The regimental staff were based in Enns. After the Austria's Anschluß to the German Reich, the Regiment was disbanded in 1938 and its members formed part of the 11th Cavalry (Kavallerie-Regiments 11) within the German Wehrmacht.
The Zf.Ger.38 is a machine gun of German origin. The weapon is a blank firing training weapon also used for static defence. When the Allies examined the weapons discovered in the German Reich after World War II, they came across a device which was classified as a “spring gun” or “trip wire activated static defense machine gun”. It was a practice device with the name “Zielfeuergerät 38″.
Jewish cemetery in Chełm In late 1940, Jews were confined to a small portion of Chełm, living in very overcrowded conditions, up to several dozen a room. Jews were conscripted for forced labor near Chełm and in other locations. The German Reich established 16 forced labor camps in the new Lublin district. Locals from neighboring villages and towns of Chełm also were forced to work in these camps.
In 1927, he opened his own law office. In 1937, he helped win an acquittal for pastor Martin Niemöller. During World War II, he developed contacts with Claus von Stauffenberg and the 20 July plot conspirators, including Carl Goerdeler. In the 20 July plot, once the Nazis had been routed, Koch was slated to become the presiding judge of the Reichsgericht, the highest court in the German Reich.
Early Nazi Party insignia from 1930, showing the first badge of rank for Gauleiter (centre-left, red background). The first use of the term Gauleiter by the Nazi Party was in 1925 after Adolf Hitler refounded the Nazi party following the failed Beer Hall Putsch. The name derives from the German word Gau and Leiter (meaning leader). The word Gau is an old term for a region of the German Reich.
Eugen Schuhmacher was born in Stuttgart, Germany. His career began in the early 1930s with educational and cultural shortfilms about the wildlife in South America and the German Reich. In the next four decades he made documentaries (feature length and shortfilms) about animals, the Inca culture, and the indigenous people from North America, South America and Papua New Guinea. This movies were awarded at festivals in Berlin, Venice and in Cannes.
Following the abdication of the last emperor in 1918, the province was included in the newly established Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic; in 1920 it was made part of the League of Nations protectorate known as the Saargebiet, until a plebiscite returned the territory to the German Reich in 1935. From the fall of the Reich in 1945, the area was part of the French occupied zone.
With a staff of 900 (80 per cent of whom were recruited from the Austrian police), it was the largest Gestapo office outside of Berlin. An estimated 50,000 people were interrogated or tortured there. Thereafter, the people would be deported to concentration camps throughout the German Reich. The Gestapo in Vienna was headed by Franz Josef Huber, who also served as chief of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna.
During World War II, Kopkow served in German National Security Headquarters (Reichssicherheitshauptamt) in Berlin. He was responsible for counter-sabotage and counterespionage. In May 1942 SS general Reinhard Heydrich extended his responsibilities to include the capture of Soviet parachute agents in Czechoslovakia and Poland. After Heydrich's death following a British-directed Czech resistance attack, Kopkow's responsibilities were extended to include all allied parachute agents in the German Reich.
Brauner was born in Vienna. At work he instigated his colleagues to disobey the orders for air-raid protection and to extort benefits for heavy labour through a strike. He also claimed that World War II was caused ″by the fault of the Germans″. Therefore in January 1940 he was arrested with the accusation of ″subversive activities″ against the German Reich, interrogated by Gestapo and finally deported to the KZ Ravensbrück.
The German Reich rejected the testimony of the embassy employee Graf Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg in the process and he was released again. Graves was arrested in 1917 for being in a restricted zone for foreigners in Kansas City and interned until the end of the war in November 1918. He remained in the USA after the war. He was sentenced to 3 years in prison in 1934 for stealing $1,500 ($ in ).
"Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran" published by Alavi and Associates, Legal Counsels, Islamic Republic of Iran.), which is inherited through the father (or descent). The still existing German-Iranian agreement of 1929 Settlement Agreement between the German Reich and the Empire of Persia from 1929 regulates in no. II of the Final Protocol that government approval is required prior to the naturalization of nationals of the other State.
Koch was the daughter of the businessman Carl August Koch and his wife, the piano teacher Lina Koch. She attended a private girls' school. In 1904 she founded the local chapter of the German Association for women's suffrage (Deutscher Verband für Frauenstimmrecht) and was from 1904 to 1919 chairwoman of the Bremen association (). In 1916 she was elected to the board of the German Reich Association for Women's Suffrage.
Western Allied Air Forces held air supremacy over the German Reich and remaining German-occupied territory. German industrial cities were now subjected to intensive bombardment which inflicted enormous damage on the German war effort. The United States Army Air Forces attacked by day, while RAF Bomber Command operated by night. Allied armies had also reached the pre- war German territorial borders and now occupied some German towns and cities.
The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 prohibited the German Reich to have her own air force. To get around this prohibition, the Nazi Party founded the Deutscher Luftsportverband (DLV or "German Air Sports Association") in 1933 as a disguise to accelerate the building of an air force. Therefore, throughout Germany possible locations for air bases were sought. One of these locations was close to the Celle district of Wietzenbruch.
In his position as Director Kreil followed by outstanding scientists, including Julius Hann (1839–1921) and Felix Maria von Exner (1876–1930). Hanns was important in climatology and a worldwide began to be in his era as one, meteorologists Austrian school — Hann also wrote the Comprehensive Textbook of Meteorology (1901) talking about — that one remembers Exner as a great theorist and his work of Dynamic Meteorology (1925). Many other researchers such as Max Margules (1856–1920), founder of theoretical meteorology and Victor Conrad (1876–1962), discoverer of the discontinuity in the middle of the crust named after him, worked at the Institution. Only once did the tradition of the Central Institution was cut short after the annexation of Austria into the German Reich in climate and weather had to be relocated to Berlin, where it to the German Reich Meteorological were placed, and the Central Institution in Vienna in order to be transformed into a research institution.
The German plans of annexation were more advanced for the Low Countries than for the Nordic states, due in part to their geographical proximity as well as cultural, historical and ethnic ties to Germany. Luxembourg and Belgium were both formally annexed into the German Reich during World War II, in 1942 and 1944 respectively, the latter as the new Reichsgaue of Flandern and Wallonien (the proposed third one, Brabant, was not implemented in this arrangement) and a Brussels District. On April 5, 1942, while having dinner with an entourage including Heinrich Himmler, Hitler declared his intention that the Low Countries would be included whole into the Reich, at which point the Greater German Reich would be reformed into the Germanic Reich (simply "the Reich" in common parlance) to signify this change. In October 1940 Hitler disclosed to Benito Mussolini that he intended to leave the Netherlands semi-independent because he wanted that country to retain its overseas colonial empire after the war.Rich 1974, p. 469, note 110.
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich until 1943 and Greater German Reich in 1943–45, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country which they transformed into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazis' conceit that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years, when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe. On 30 January 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, the head of government, by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, the head of State.
The Nazis sought to legitimize their power historiographically by portraying their ascendancy to rule as the direct continuation of an ancient German past. They adopted the term ' ("Third Empire" - usually rendered in English in the partial translation "the Third Reich"), first used in a 1923 book entitled Das Dritte Reich by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, that counted the medieval Holy Roman Empire (which nominally survived until the 19th century) as the first and the 1871–1918 monarchy as the second, which was then to be followed by a "reinvigorated" third one. This ignored the previous 1918–1933 Weimar period, which the Nazis denounced as a historical aberration, contemptuously referring to it as "the System". In the summer of 1939 the Nazis themselves actually banned the continued use of the term in the press, ordering it to use expressions such as nationalsozialistisches Deutschland ("National Socialist Germany"), Großdeutsches Reich ("Greater German Reich"), or simply Deutsches Reich (German Reich) to refer to the German state instead.
Eastern side of Königsberg Castle, ca. 1900. Königsberg Castle was one of the city's most notable structures. The former seat of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights and the Dukes of Prussia, it contained the Schloßkirche, or palace church, where Frederick I was crowned in 1701 and William I in 1861. It also contained the spacious Moscowiter-Saal, one of the largest halls in the German Reich, and a museum of Prussian history.
The third verse of the poem was, however, excluded from the official status as national anthem. The song remained in use in both the First Republic and the Federal State of Austria but became obsolete in 1938, when Austria joined the German Reich. It was not the only proposal for a new Austrian national anthem. Anton Wildgans asked Richard Strauss to set one of his poems, Österreichisches Lied ("Austrian Song"), to music.
She was raised by her mother and grandmother. The father left the family when she was two years old. In the summer of 1940, when Nargang was eleven years old, the Soviet Union entered into northern Bukovina as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and agreed with the German Reich to resettle the population of German origin. With mother and grandmother, Nargang first moved to Lower Silesia, then to Upper Silesia.
Construction began on the kaserne in 1934. In 1935 it was named in honor of Paul von Hindenburg, a field marshal who commanded the German army in World War I and who was elected as President of the German Reich in 1925. In 1935 the kaserne was given over to the Wehrmacht. Hindenburg Kaserne was occupied by the II Abteilung des Artillerie- Regiments 93 (English: 2nd Battalion (Heavy), 93rd Artillery Regiment) on 12 October 1937.
All pre-war international treaties to which the German Reich had been a party were renounced in respect Germany from 1945 (subject to specific continuation agreements negotiated through the ACC). International legitimation resulted from Allied occupational supremacy, and neutral countries were invited to recognise the Allied Control Council as the sole sovereign authority in Germany. Nevertheless, German nationality continued to be recognised, and a German national territory was considered still to exist.
An office was established in New York City to handle claims and payments. Hugo Princz first applied for compensation in 1955 for his. His claim was rejected that November Germany claimed that he was "An American citizen at the time of your persecution and the further reason that on Jan. 1, 1947, you were not a resident within the territory of the German Reich, you are not entitled to a claim for compensation".
Hassan Esfandiary, and Mussa Nuri Esfandiari Iranian ambassador to the German Reich meeting Adolf Hitler The shelling of Iran's parliament by the Russians, and the signing of the 1919 Treaty, firmly planted the roots of suspicion against Britain and Russia. This was while many people were aware of Wilhelm II's speech in Damascus in 1898 calling on all Muslims to rely on him as a true friend.Sidelights on Germany. Michael A. Morrison. 1918. p.
The first recorded mention of Munster was in 1252. An Imperial German battalion under the command of future President of the German Reich Paul von Hindenburg started the use of this area as a training ground in 1893. The Bundeswehr re-opened its garrison in Munster in 1956 which was expanded in 1990, and again during the transformation process of the Bundeswehr. Today, Munster is the largest garrison of the German Army.
The state of the Teutonic Order became Prussia in 1525 and the concept Lithuania Minor has appeared around that time (1517–26). Lithuania Minor was part of Prussia until 1701, the Kingdom of Prussia until 1871, the German Empire until 1918 and the German Reich until 1945. The political border set by the Treaty of Melno had been the same since the treaty to 1923, when the Klaipėda region (Memelland) was incorporated into Lithuania.
Since 1700, two calendar variants were in force in the German Reich: the Gregorian Calendar in the catholic, the Verbesserter Reichskalender (improved Reich calendar) in the Protestant regions, however the latter differed from the former solely in respect of calculation of the date of Easter. The crater Kirch on the Moon and the asteroid 6841 Gottfriedkirch are named after him. Kirch studied the double star Mizar. He died at Berlin at the age of seventy.
It was occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France under a League of Nations mandate. However, Bechhofen together with a few other municipalities remained in the German Reich and was assigned to the Zweibrücken district. Thus Bechhofen became a border area until the Saar Territory was restored to Germany in 1935. After World War II, Saarland was separated from Germany, annexed to the French customs territory and placed under French protectorate.
The majority of Slovene victims during the war were from the northern Slovenia, i.e. Lower Styria, Upper Carniola, Central Sava Valley, and Slovenian Carinthia. However, their formal annexation to the "German Reich" was postponed because of the installation of the new "Gauleiter" and "Reichsstatthalter" of Carinthia first, and later the Nazis dropped the plan because of the Slovene Partisans, with which they wanted to deal first. Only Meža valley initially became part of "Reichsgau Carinthia".
Now Schur's wife had inherited a mortgage on a house in Lithuania, which because of the Lithuanian foreign exchange determination could not be repaid. On the other hand, Schur was forbidden to default or leave the mortgage to the German Reich. Thus the Schurs lacked cash and cash equivalents. Finally, the missing sum of money was somehow supplied, and to this day it does not seem to be clear who were the donors.
As a reaction, a resistance movement developed. The Germans who wanted to proclaim their formal annexation to the "German Reich" on 1October 1941, postponed it first because of the installation of the new gauleiter and reichsstatthalter of Carinthia and later they dropped the plan for an indefinite period because of Slovene partisans. Only Meža valley became part of Reichsgau Carinthia. Around 80,000 Slovenes were forcibly deported to Eastern Germany for potential Germanisation or forced labour.
Generally prohibited were unionist activities between 1878 and 1890 through the Bismarck's Socialist Law ("Bismarcksches Sozialistengesetz"). Only with the Halbergerstadter Congress in 1892, the unions gained power and influence again. On March 14, 1892, Carl Legien convened the Charter Conference of the General Commission of Unions in Germany ("Gründungskonferenz der Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands"). The unions with the largest numbers of members were thereby joining an umbrella organization in the German Reich.
Kąty Rybackie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sztutowo, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Sztutowo, north-east of Nowy Dwór Gdański, and east of the regional capital Gdańsk. Bodenwinkel belonged to the Teutonic state and from 1466 to Polish Royal Prussia a part of Poland. 1773 the area became part of Prussia and belonged since 1871 to the German Reich.
The Day of the founding of the German Empire () was an annual celebration on the anniversary of the proclamation of the German Empire on 18 January 1871 in the Palace of Versailles. The North German Confederation had already officially adopted the name "German Reich" in its Constitution by 1 January 1871, so constitutionally speaking, 18 January was not the day of the founding. Berlin Castle, based on a painting of William Pape.
Oflag XXI-C was a German Army World War II prisoner-of-war camp for officers (Offizierlager) located in Warthegau, a western province of Poland that had been incorporated into the German Reich in 1939. It held Norwegian officers arrested in 1942 and 1943. Originally most soldiers and officers had been released after the end of the Norwegian campaign, but as resistance activities increased, the officers were rearrested and sent to POW camps.
Freiburg University where Paul Ehrlich, as a medical student in the winter semester 1875/76, discovered the mast cells. Since antiserums were an entirely new type of medicine whose quality was highly variable, a government system was established to guarantee their safety and effectiveness. Beginning 1 April 1895, only government-approved serum could be sold in the German Reich. The testing station for diphtheria serum was provisionally housed at the Institute of Infectious Diseases.
On 20 June 1922, the division according to the plan of the Conference of the Ambassadors became effective. The German Reich had to accept the loss of its coal-bearing land and was left with the economically unimportant West Upper Silesia. The Silesian coal was highly relevant to the German economy during that time. The major part of Silesia remaining in Germany, was reorganised into the two provinces of Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia.
On 12 March, Nazi Germany annexed Austria. The Germans established Länderbank Wien by merging the Dresdner Bank–owned Merkurbank in Vienna, the Austrian business of the Zentral-Europäische Länderbank of Paris, and ZIBA's branch in Vienna. On 29 September, as a result of the Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia had to hand over the Sudetenland regions to the German Reich. Dresdner Bank took over ZIBA's Liberec, Ústí nad Labem, Karlovy Vary and Teplice branches.
Februar 2015. This office did exist until 1945. It is the basis of the "" (Court of Auditors of the North German Confederation) founded in 1868, which was soon to become the "" (Court of Auditors of the German Reich) in 1871. It was reestablished in 1948 as the "" (Court of Auditors of the United Economic Area), and with the foundation of the West-German Federal Republic it became the "" (Federal Court of Auditors).www.bundesrechnungshof.
The party claimed Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was a United States puppet and that Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz was the last legitimate President of the German Reich appointed by Adolf Hitler.Martin A. Lee, The Beast Reawakens (Warner Books, 1998), p. 50. It denied the existence of the Holocaust, claimed that the United States built the gas ovens of the Dachau concentration camp after the War and that films of concentration camps were faked.Lee, p. 50.
In his prison cell in the Nuremberg war criminals' prison, Backe wrote two treatises: a so- called big report about his life and his work on National Socialism, and also on 31 January 1946, a testament outline for his wife Ursula and his four children. Because of his fear that he was to be delivered to the Soviet Union,"Arrest German Reich Heads: To Face Trial." Lodi News-Sentinel, 24 May 1945.
After the First World War the German Empire had to agree to a strong reduction of its military forces due to the Treaty of Versailles. Despite this signature the government and the Reichswehr tried systematically to undermine the provisions of the treaty. Pacifist and anti-militarist circles in the Weimar Republic saw therefore on the behavior of the army a threat to the foreign policy consolidation of the German Reich and to inner peace.
On February 19, 1918, the company was registered in the Berlin trade registry. In 1926, the German Ministry of Economy entered into an agreement for export credit insurances with Hermes and Frankfurter Allgemeinen Versicherungs-AG, also called the FAVAG. Both companies were supposed to issue credit insurance contracts for export transactions with private sector companies, with the German Reich acting as a reinsurer and assuming 100% of the political and catastrophic risk.
Instituted on 1 May 1938, the medal commemorated the annexation of Austria by the German Reich, the so-called Anschluss. German troops crossed the Austrian border on 12 March 1938 without any resistance. The medal, known as the "Anschluss medal", was awarded to those, both military and civilian, who contributed to or participated in the annexation. This included German State officials and members of the German Wehrmacht and SS who entered Austria.
The state of North Rhine-Westphalia was established by the British military administration's "Operation Marriage" on 23 August 1946, by merging the province of Westphalia and the northern parts of the Rhine Province, both being political divisions of the former state of Prussia within the German Reich. On 21 January 1947, the former state of Lippe was merged with North Rhine-Westphalia. The constitution of North Rhine-Westphalia was then ratified through a referendum.
Herwart and Thassilo von der Decken, Stammtafeln der Familie von der Decken (The Pedigrees of the Family von der Decken), 1994 p. 34-35 Before 1890 count von der Decken was attaché at the Hanoverian Embassy in Paris. Here he had the opportunity to deepen his technic in painting. He was party leader of the German-Hanoverian Party since 1890 and distinguished as a political opponent of Otto von Bismarck and the Prussian supremacy in the German Reich.
Volume 5 part 1. Martinus Nijhoff, p. 245. (in Dutch) In addition it was intended to revert the western borders of Germany with France to those of the late-medieval Holy Roman Empire. A strip of eastern France from the mouth of the Somme to Lake Geneva (the so-called "closed" or "forbidden" zone of German occupied France) was prepared to be annexed to the German Reich as Reichsgau Burgund, with Nancy (Nanzig) as the capital.
The Reichsfilmkammer (RFK; ) was a statutory corporation controlled by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda that regulated the film industry in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945. Membership in the association was obligatory for everyone in the German Reich who wanted to work on films in any capacity; lack of membership meant in effect a ban on employment. Based in Berlin, the establishment of the RFK was an important element of the Gleichschaltung process and Nazi film policy.
After the First World War, the city of Bentschen (Polish Zbąszyń) fell from the German Reich to Poland. Subsequently, the German Reichsbahn established the station Neu Bentschen, which functions as a border station and as a junction for three lines leading to the west. Since there was no larger town near the new station, the Deutsche Reichsbahn had a railway settlement built, which subsequently grew into a town. It was given the name Neu Bentschen (Polish Zbąszynek).
The legal status of Germany concerns the question of the extinction, or otherwise continuation, of the German nation state (i.e., the German Reich created in the 1871 unification) following the rise and downfall of Nazi Germany, and constitutional hiatus of the military occupation of Germany by the four Allied powers from 1945 to 1949. It became current once again when the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1990.
The First Republic ended with the Anschluss (annexation) to Nazi Germany in 1938. Following the defeat of the German Reich in 1945 Austria resumed its republican government, after it fully regained its independence from the occupying Allied Powers. Austria's political system after re-establishment of democracy and self-determination is referred to as the Second Republic. The beginning of the 21st century marked, for Austria, a half-century of a stable government under a constitutional federal republican system.
Simon van den Bergh (October 26, 1819 in Geffen – April 6, 1907 in Rotterdam) was a Dutch businessperson. He founded a margarine factory in the Netherlands that became world-famous. In 1888, the same year his son Samuel joined the company, he opened a factory in Kleve, the Van den Bergh Margarine Works. By announcing it was for the industrial manufacture of margarine, he was able to circumvent the high tariffs of the German Reich on butter and margarine.
The Ruhleben barracks () is part of the German naval establishment located in Plön, Holstein, Germany. From 1940 to 1945 it was home to the III U-Boat Training Division (III Untersee-Boot Ausbildungsabteilung). On April 22, 1945 Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz moved the headquarters of the Naval High Command (Oberkommando der Marine) there. As of April 30, 1945 until May 2, 1945, following Dönitz being named head of the German Reich, it was the de facto capital of Germany.
The first Nazi Party rallies took place in 1923 in Munich and in 1926 in Weimar. From 1927 on, they took place exclusively in Nuremberg. The Party selected Nuremberg for pragmatic reasons: it was in the center of the German Reich and the local Luitpoldhain (converted parkland) was well suited as a venue. In addition, the Nazis could rely on the well- organized local branch of the party in Franconia, then led by Gauleiter Julius Streicher.
On Saturday August 26, 1939, Hitler was threatening Poland and demanding Danzig. At 4:15 13 seconds that morning the Regimental Adjutant in British Columbia, Canada received a call from the Canadian capital instructing him to call out the British Columbia Regiment. Soldiers fanned out in the city to guard vulnerable points. On September 10, 1939, the Parliament of Canada declared war against the German Reich, which had invaded Poland on the first of the month.
Princess Maria Carolina Giuseppina Ferdinanda of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, full Italian name: Maria Carolina Giuseppina Ferdinanda di Borbone, Principessa delle Due Sicilie (21 February 1856, Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - 7 April 1941, Warsaw, Greater German Reich) was a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and a member of the House of Zamoyski and Countess Zamoyska through her marriage to Polish nobleman Count Andrzej Przemysław Zamoyski.
Until 1918, Heinrichsgrün was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), in the Graslitz (Kraslice) district, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967 In 1938, it was annexed by German Reich following Munich Agreement as one of the municipalities in Sudetenland. The German-speaking population was expelled in 1945 (see the Beneš decrees) and partially replaced by citizens of Czechoslovakia.
From the foundation of the Bavarian dukedom the city belonged to Bavaria until 1780. Together with the Innviertel (former known as "Innbaiern") it was ceded to Austria after the Treaty of Teschen. During the French Revolutionary Wars it became Bavarian again, then in 1814 it became part of Upper Austria to whom it has belonged up to the present day. After the Anschluß to the German Reich on 13 March 1938 the city was part of the "Gau Oberdonau".
From the foundation of the Bavarian dukedom the city belonged to Bavaria until 1780. Together with the Innviertel (former known as "Innbaiern") it was ceded to Austria after the Treaty of Teschen. During the French Revolutionary Wars it became Bavarian again, in 1814 it became part of Upper Austria to whom it has belonged up to the present day. After the Anschluß to the German Reich on 13 March 1938 the city was part of the "Gau Oberdonau".
From the foundation of the Bavarian dukedom the city belonged to Bavaria until 1780. Together with the Innviertel (formerly known as "Innbaiern") it was ceded to Austria after the Treaty of Teschen. During the French Revolutionary Wars it became Bavarian again, in 1814 it became part of Upper Austria to whom it has belonged up to the present day. After the Anschluß to the German Reich on March 13, 1938 the city was part of the "Gau Oberdonau".
The President of the German Reich Karl Dönitz directed all U-boats to cease attacks on 4 May, ahead of Germany's surrender. While most commanding officers obeyed this order, some either did not receive it or chose to ignore it. On 5 May, U-853 was lying in wait off Point Judith when she sighted the SS Black Point. Two torpedoes from the U-Boat struck the Black Point, one blew off the stern of the ship.
The lack of combat action was in contrast to JG 2 and JG 26 battled RAF Fighter Command's Circus offensive over France and Belgium, which were no threat to the German Reich. For the most part, JG 1 operated over an area considered a backwater. The Stabsschwarm operated alone, since it had no component gruppe of its own; the semi-autonomous I. Gruppe which had never been under Schumacher's command became III./JG 27 in July 1940.
Under Nazi supervision Edward VIII assumes the throne in the UK while Wallis Simpson becomes his queen. Winston Churchill also goes into exile in Canada and lives there until his death in 1953. Germany corrals the rest of Europe (except neutral Switzerland as well as Vatican) into the Greater German Reich, abbreviated as "Germania". German society is largely clean and orderly, at least on the surface, with the SS reorganised into an elite, peacetime police force.
The Rhine Province (), also known as Rhenish Prussia (Rheinpreußen) or synonymous with the Rhineland (Rheinland), was the westernmost province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia, within the German Reich, from 1822 to 1946. It was created from the provinces of the Lower Rhine and Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Its capital was Koblenz and in 1939 it had 8 million inhabitants. The Province of Hohenzollern was militarily associated with the Oberpräsident of the Rhine Province.
There has been growing concern by some about the potential danger to cause crop or building fires and even harm animals that may eat their remains. Some places have banned them for these reasons. The city of Sanya in China banned sky lanterns as hazardous towards aircraft and airspace navigation. In 1936 sky lanterns were made illegal in the Gau Thuringia, German Reich based on the (State police regulation on fuel powered paper balloons of 30 November 1936).
He was also appointed Reichsminister für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion ("Minister for Armament and War Production"). The transfer of ownership was a gesture of gratitude by Hitler and was to be one of only a few major Nazi laws that survived the fall of the regime. During the war, Alfried Krupp was responsible for the transfer of factories in the occupied territories to the German Reich. He was awarded the War Merit Cross, Second and First Class.
After 1936, Hitler and Mussolini forged a closer relationship in preparation for Germany's expansionist ambitions. Hitler used the Nazi Party of Austria to influence public opinions and staged a coup against the Austrian Fascist government in 1938. When Hitler decided to refrain from reclaiming South Tyrol, Mussolini abandoned his pledge to protect Austria's independence. Subsequently, the Anschluss of the Third German Reich and Germany-Austria occurred in 1938, reuniting both countries for the first time since the 1870s.
They were relatively wealthy, which allowed their son to attend a private secondary school. This school made students aware of the Jewish tradition to mediate and was therefore an early target of anti-Semitic attacks. After the Anschluss (annexation of Austria to the German Reich) in 1938, the family lost their home and Moses Pollak was dismissed. The family was able to let Pollard leave with the Kindertransport programme to the UK, but his parents had to stay behind.
De Jong 1974, pp. 199–200. He had wanted to address Hitler as Führer aller Germanen ("Führer of all Germanics"), but Hitler personally decreed the former style. Historian Loe de Jong speculates on the difference between the two: Führer aller Germanen implied a position separate from Hitler's role as Führer und Reichskanzler des Grossdeutschen Reiches ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the Greater German Reich"), while germanischer Führer served more as an attribute of that main function.
The Heinkel company began the He 280 project on its own initiative after the He 178 had been met with indifference from the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (German, Reich Aviation Ministry, RLM). The head designer was Robert Lusser, who began the project under the designation He 180 in late 1939. It had a typical Heinkel fighter fuselage, elliptical wings and a dihedralled tailplane with twin fins and rudders. It had a tricycle undercarriage landing gear with very little ground clearance.
Amelia Earhart experienced landing problems and nosed her aircraft in the soft sand, destroying her propeller. A new propeller and mechanics were flown in from Los Angeles to make repairs so she could continue in the race. Fly Field experienced a downturn during the depression; but in the late 1930s it became clear that the United States faced a threat of conflict with the German Reich. The War Department needed facilities to train combat pilots and crews.
Heinrich Himmler intervened on his behalf, after two years of arguments between Globočnik and the authorities. His first documented activity for the NSDAP occurred in 1931, when he was documented as distributing propaganda for the party. By this point he had nearly abandoned his work as a building tradesman, and attached himself very closely to the NSDAP. He was assigned to develop a courier and intelligence service for the NSDAP, which channeled funds from the German Reich into Austria.
This information is crucial to the Third Reich as it contains proof that Adolf Hitler has Jewish blood. A member of the Nazi Party living in Japan named Wolfgang Kaufmann is ordered to find the documents. He expects his son, Japanese-German Adolf Kaufmann, to become a strong supporter of Adolf Hitler and the German Reich. However, Adolf Kaufmann is reluctant to follow his father's wishes, as his best friend Adolf Kamil is the son of German Jews.
Franz Josef Huber (in doorway) with Heinrich Himmler, August Eigruber and other SS officers, at Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, June 1941. In March 1938, after the annexation of Austria into the German Reich, Huber was appointed head of the State Police. This appointment made him chief of the SiPo, Gestapo and SD for Vienna, the "Lower Danube", and "Upper Danube" regions. He worked out of the Hotel Metropole which was transformed into Gestapo headquarters in Vienna in April 1938.
The current location of Katowice Airport was initially used by German soldiers. In 1940, the Luftwaffe began construction of an airbase in the meadows around Pyrzowice. The Germans built three stone and concrete airstrips, with runway lengths varying from 1,000 to 1,500 meters, all of which around 50 meters wide. The airbase was used for handling of military aircraft flying from the inner part of the German Reich, carrying supplies to troops on the Eastern Front.
In order to survive the boy had to work in a galvanization factory which produced for the German Reich. After the invaders were defeated at the Battle of Stalingrad in February 1943, liquidations and deportations began in the ghetto. First the family tried to hide themselves, but they were detected and deported to Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944. Leon was separated from his mother and his sisters and ought to be killed in the gas chambers.
Werner Lorenz (October 2, 1891 – March 13, 1974) was an SS functionary during the Nazi era. He was head of the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VOMI) (Main Office for Ethnic Germans), an organization charged with resettling ethnic Germans in the "German Reich" from other parts of Europe, as well as colonising the occupied lands during World War II. After the war, Lorenz was sentenced to prison for crimes against humanity in 1948. He was released in 1955 and died in 1974.
In April 1945, the German Reich in the final stages of collapse and Fascism in both its German and its Austrian incarnation thoroughly discredited, Austria's pre-1933 political parties began reconstituting themselves. On April 27, leaders of the three major factions issued a Proclamation on the Independence of Austria. In Article 1, the Proclamation stated that Austria was to be rebuilt "in the spirit of the constitution of 1920."Proklamation über die Selbständigkeit Österreichs; SGBl. 1/1945.
Cilli Wang in 1961 Zäzilie Wang (1 February 1909, Vienna — 10 July 2005, Vienna), stage name Cilli Wang, was an Austrian-born Dutch dancer, performer and theatre maker. Wang initially was known as a dancer and later as a comedian in Austria and Germany. When Austria merged into the Greater German Reich, she fled to the Netherlands and asked for asylum. After World War II she played in several Dutch cabaret groups and made solo performances into the 1970s.
In 1932, the city council of Freiburg decided on the construction of a suburb settlement at the former western border of the city, the Mooswald, after the government of the German Reich decided on an unemployment programme in 1931, in times of high unemployment. The houses were mostly built independently by the settlers and could be purchased as leasehold estates. After 1933 the project was continued as "Nationalsozialistisches Siedlungswerk" (Nazi settlement). In 1934, a settler union was established.
On 23 April he became deputy to Josef Bürckel, the Reichskommissar for the Reunification of Austria with the German Reich. Then, on 22 May he again was named Gauleiter of Gau Carinthia, and also became deputy to Bürckel in his capacity as Reichsstatthalter of Ostmark. Along with all this, he also attained, as of 1 June 1938, the office of Landeshauptmann of Carinthia. He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdiction.
In the years 1898 and 1899, Paul Wallot led the competition for the construction of Bismarck monuments in the German Reich, which had proclaimed the German Student Union. In 1911 he resigned all offices and retired. He retired to his retirement home in Biebrich on the Rhine. During a stay at the spa, Paul Wallot died at the age of 71 on August 10, 1912 in Langenschwalbach, today the county seat of the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis Bad Schwalbach.
On 15 February 1938 Karl Schenker was expelled from the German Reich for "improper conduct in public (road) traffic". The family emigrated to London, where he opened a photo studio on Regent Street for fashion, portrait and colour photography, retouching, drawing and advertising in 1938. Inge Ader worked as a trainee in his studio. His customers also included numerous celebrities in London, including the rally-driver Jacqueline Evans de Lopez and Australian Prime Minister John Curtin.
The Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV bought the building in 1858. Henceforth it housed the and thus among other things the private wealth management of the House of Hohenzollern. House ministers who resided in the palace included Alexander von Schleinitz (1862–1885) and (1914–1918). In 1919 the German Reich acquired the property from the abdicated German Emperor Wilhelm II, who at that time was urgently in need of funds for the purchase of the Dutch manor Huis Doorn.
In 1937, the nationalized shares were then transferred back to private shareholders. In 1940, the name Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft, which had already been used in public, was adopted and the logo changed to "C" with side wings. Through Aryanization of the property of Jews displaced or murdered during the Holocaust, Commerzbank participated and benefited mostly through brokerage commissions. From 1940 to 1944, Commerzbank opened several subsidiaries in countries occupied by the German Reich, including the Netherlands, Belgium, Estonia and Latvia.
From 1937 the German Reich Chancellery maintained a second seat in the nearby village of Bischofswiesen with Hitler receiving numerous guests of state at the Berghof. With the outbreak of war extensive anti-aircraft defences were installed, including smoke generating machines to conceal the Berghof complex from hostile aircraft. Further, the nearby former Hotel zum Türken was turned into quarters to house the Reichssicherheitsdienst (RSD) SS security men who patrolled the grounds of the Berghof.Hoffmann, Peter. (2000).
After the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, the survival of Jews became problematic there. To save the lives of their daughters, the parents in 1939 sent them off with a Kindertransport from Vienna to England. Renate, born in 1929, emigrated to Australia much later, Vera became one of England's most successful entrepreneurs in the 1970s and was named Dame Stephanie in 1980. Arnold Buchthal and his wife Grete (née Schick), born in Krems, Austria, separated.
At the Potsdam Conference (17 July to 2 August 1945), after Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945, the Allies divided Germany into four military occupation zones — France in the southwest, Britain in the northwest, the United States in the south, and the Soviet Union in the east, bounded eastwards by the Oder-Neisse line. At Potsdam these four zones in total were denoted as 'Germany as a whole', and the four Allied Powers exercised the sovereign authority they now claimed within Germany in agreeing 'in principle' the future transfer of lands of the former German Reich east of 'Germany as a whole' to Poland and the Soviet Union. These eastern areas were notionally placed under Polish and Soviet administration pending a final peace treaty (which was not formalized until 1990, 45 years later); but in actuality were promptly reorganized as organic parts of their respective sovereign states. In addition, under the Allies' Berlin Declaration (1945), the territory of the extinguished German Reich was to be treated as the and area within its borders as of 31 December 1937.
Based on the reorganizational convention of 1926 in Hanover, Germany, the statutes were adapted under the guidance of the Order's Governor, Count Bernhard zu Stolberg-Stolberg, to consolidate the life within the Order. From then on it was called the Ancient Chivalric Order of St. George, also referred to as the Order of the Four Roman Emperors, with bailiwicks of Wendland (along the river Elbe), Lower Saxony, North-Rhine-Westphalia and Austria-Hungary. As a visual expression of the renewal of the Order and in the spirit of its founders and patrons, the image of St. George the dragon slayer was incorporated into the Order's insignia. Because of the political situation in the German Reich, in 1935 the seat of the Order was transferred to Salzburg in the bailiwick of Austria-Hungary, from where it engaged actively against the National Socialism, for an independent Austria and for the reinstatement of its archducal House of Habsburg. Three years later, following the so-called “Anschluss” (Austria's annexation by the German Reich), the Order was prohibited for political reasons by the Nazis.
Following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the various German states gained nominal sovereignty. However, the reunification process that culminated in the creation of the German Empire in 1871, produced a country that was constituted of several principalities and dominated by one of them, the Kingdom of Prussia after it had ultimately defeated its Austrian rival. Its territory covered some 60 percent of the territory that was to become the German Reich.
The school was to become part of the construction of a modern air force in the course of the war preparations of the German Reich. In order to conceal the activities in Halle, the planning of the buildings was initially carried out under the guise of the construction of a pasta factory.Schautafel am Eingang zum nördlichen Schulbau, gelesen am 8. März 2014 In 1935, the old Reichswehr cipher training academy, which had been stationed in Jüterbog, moved to the site.
The term was invented by Albert Brackmann, a leader of the Ostforschung, which was a research organization that investigated the character and the attitudes of people (the so-called "Verhalten") living in areas east of the German Reich, e.g. in Poland, Ukraine, Slovakia and Romania. There was a plan to conquer almost the whole of Eastern Europe and process the "Umvolkung", so that all the former German people who had slowly assimilated and mixed with the other ethnicities, would become more German again.
In the last days of March, Field Marshal Mannerheim visited Lapua where he met the Hungarian battalion. He expressed his thanks to the volunteers for coming to Finland and he promoted Lieutenant Imre Kémeri Nagy to Captain. From 17 April to 19 May, the Hungarian battalion served in Karelia, at the new state border in Lappeenranta. The Hungarian battalion was embarked at Turku at 20 May 1940, from where a steamboat sailed to Stettin, German Reich (now Szczecin, in Poland).
Part of the team fled to the eastern territories: after arriving to Kaunas area, the equipment fell into the hands of soviet authorities. Several firefighters returned to Bydgoszcz, and some emigrated abroad. With Bydgoszcz re-incorporated to German Reich, German forces organized the fire Brigade by their standards, as a Police Fire department (), subordinated to Gdańsk authority. 36 Polish firefighters were forced to work in this new unit and cars were painted green since the brigade belonged to the police.
During World War II, Włocławek was occupied by German troops, which entered the city on 14 September 1939. Under the Nazi German occupation Włocławek was again renamed Leslau, annexed by decree to the German Reich on 8 October 1939 and administered from 26 October as a part of Reichsgau Posen (renamed on 29 January 1940 Reichsgau Wartheland). Already in September 1939, Germans committed a massacre of a group of local JewsMaria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce.
He announced a referendum on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place.Lonnie Johnson 112–3 On 13 March 1938, the Anschluss of Austria was officially declared. Two days later, Austrian-born Hitler announced what he called the "reunification" of his home country with the "rest of the German Reich" on Vienna's Heldenplatz.
The verification procedure varied in different territories and was changed several times. Initially, the applicants had to prove their past membership in a Polish minority organization of the German Reich, and in addition needed a warrant where three Polish locals testified their Polishness.Philipp Ther, Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in SBZ/DDR und in Polen 1945-1956, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, p.305, In April 1945, the Upper Silesian voivode declared the fulfillment of only one of these requirements to be sufficient.
Driven by persecutions, thousands of Persian Jews emigrated to Palestine in the late 19th and early 20th century.Littman (1979), p. 5. Many Jews who decided to stay in Iran moved to Tehran to be close to the Shah and enjoy his protection. Hassan Esfandiary, and Mussa Nuri Esfandiari Iranian ambassador to the German Reich meeting Adolf Hitler Signed Photograph of Adolf Hitler for Reza Shah Pahlavi in Original Frame with the Swastika and Adolf Hitler's (AH) Sign - Sahebgharanie Palace - Niavaran Palace Complex.
Whereas Austrian independence had gradually become one of the Christian Social Party's defining platform planks, Streeruwitz continued to support the integration of Austria into the German Reich. Whereas Catholic clericalism was another one of the party's defining platform planks, Streeruwitz, like most Austrian pan-Germans and like his father before him, was hostile to political Catholicism. Streeruwitz also was a poor fit socially. He looked down on the that was the Christian Socials' core constituency and that the faction mainly recruited from.
The Führer of the Greater German Reich is the world's most powerful political leader. Besides the Reich itself, the "Greater Germanic Empire" includes countries that are occupied (but not annexed) and others that are allied. The occupied countries have their own governments but limited sovereignty; the Nazis interfere in their internal affairs, especially in applying racist ideology. The allies, though technically independent, are subject to heavy Nazi influence; most of them represent the local varieties of racist, fascist, and radical nationalist forces.
Wessel's name was frequently invoked by the Nazis to bolster core tenets of National Socialist ideology during the remaining existence of Nazi Germany. For example, a wartime article from the Nazi-owned Völkischer Beobachter newspaper called Wessel "the hero of the Brown Revolution" and referred to his "sacrificial death" that "passionately inflamed millions who followed". The paper further referred to Wessel as "the driving force behind the struggle for freedom of the armed services and the homeland of the Greater German Reich".
From August 1941 to January 1942 he served as head of the civil administration in Bezirk Bialystok and as Deputy to the East Prussian Gauleiter, Erich Koch. Finally on February 14, 1942 he was appointed the General Commissioner for the General District of Kiev of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine and SA-Oberführer in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. After 1945 Magunia was a manager at a firm in Oldenburg in Holstein. In 1957, Waldemar Magunia was a Bundestag candidate for the German Reich Party.
Białostocczyzna i Łomżyńskie w polityce radzieckiej w czasie II wojny światowej (IX 1939 – VIII 1944). Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN. 2005. pp. 115–116. In the aftermath of the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, this western portion of then-Belarus, which until 1939 belonged to the Polish state was placed under German Civil Administration (Zivilverwaltungsgebiet). As Bezirk Bialystok, the area was under German rule from 1941 to 1944/45, without ever formally being incorporated into the German Reich.
A memorial stone near the entrance to the cemetery commemorates the now vanished Jewish community of Buttenhausen. Between 1940 and 1943 elderly Jews from the whole of the German Reich were forcibly sent to the so-called Jüdisches Altersheim ("Jewish Retirement Home"), namely the vacated quarters of Buttenhausen’s Jews. From there, they were despatched to death camps. They are commemorated by a sculpture in the cemetery made from sections of railway track by the Swabian poet and singer-songwriter Thomas Felder.
Wilamowitz was an initiator of the memorandum Erklärung der Hochschullehrer des Deutschen Reiches ("Declaration by the University Teachers of the German Reich"), in which 3,016 signatories supported German participation in the First World War. Shortly after, he also signed the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, from which he distanced himself later. In 1914, his son, Tycho von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, who was also active as a classical philologist, fell in the battle of Ivangorod. The memorandum appeared a few days later.
Morgenstern wrote a letter to his former associate, Hitler, on 10 August 1939 addressed to "His Excellency the Chancellor and leader of the German Reich". It was apparently intercepted by bureaucrats as it has markings, such as underlines and "Jew!" added to the margin. In his letter, Morgenstern asked that the authorities, in exchange for the transfer of his landed property, pay compensation for the confiscation of his property (in foreign currency, so that he could emigrate). The letter went unanswered.
After the unification of Saarland with the German Reich in 1935, Schneider was threatened several times and his doctor's office was boycotted because of his disparaging remarks about Adolf Hitler, among other things. He once expressed his view on the "German greeting" Heil Hitler in a letter to the Leipzig "Ärztekasse" (doctors' cash collection agency) in 1934: "I am not a neurologist and thus am unable to heal your Hitler. I am an ophthalmologist and open eyes." Despite this, Schneider stayed in Saarland.
Gustav Stresemann Robert Schmidt The First Stresemann cabinet (German: Erstes Kabinett Stresemann) was the eighth democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Gustav Stresemann and took office on 13 August 1923 when it replaced the Cuno cabinet under Wilhelm Cuno. The cabinet resigned late on 3 October 1923 and was replaced on 6 October by another cabinet formed by Stresemann.
The Austrian authorities deported him into the German Reich in 1937 where he would be drafted into the Wehrmacht however because of the Wehrkraftzersetzung (subversion of military strength) he was quickly sent to the Military Prison Torgau. With the breakout of World War II, he received casual work at the so- called Frontbewährung (Front Probation). Jobst participated as a soldier of the Wehrmacht at the Eastern Front and would be imprisoned in Heiligenbeil, East Prussia as a Soviet prisoner of war.
It was clear that the Rhine Bridge was no longer able to cope with the heavier locomotives. For this reason, a new railway bridge was built immediately adjacent to the 1867 bridge; it was opened in 1932. From 1933, the Communist resistance to Nazism used the Homburg (Saar) West customs station in particular for their purposes. With the reabsorption of the Saar area into the German Reich in 1935, the Reichsbahn was responsible for the whole route and the customs controls were removed.
Peter Robert KaimHonorary degree welcome speech at NUI was born in Breslaudeath notice in The Irish Times to a middle- class German Jewish family on 14 December 1916. In 1933 he left the increasingly anti-semitic German Reich for England, where he studied economics at the LSE.He graduated in 1939 and went to work in business. During World War II he was interned for fifteen months as an enemy alien, at first in the Isle of Man and later in Canada.
Nameplate 2010–2011 Portrait of the company founder In 1856 the Bremer Bank was founded by tradesmen and ship- owners and with a significant contribution of Hermann Henrich Meier (founder of Norddeutscher Lloyd). Forerunner of the Bremer Bank is the Bremer Discontokasse, founded in 1817. Until the foundation of the German Reich in 1871 the Bremer Bank was a private bank for Bremen. In 1895 negotiations for a merger with Eugen Gutmann from the Dresdner Bank were also led by Hermann Henrich Meier.
On 9 and 10 December 1870, the Reichstag voted to offer the Emperor's title to the Prussian king. In addition, the country was to be renamed "German Reich". This became effective on 1 January 1871 with a new constitution. As a day for the imperial proclamation to take place, 18 January was chosen to coincide with the royal coronation of Frederick III von Brandenburg's coronation of Frederick I in 1701, which led to the founding of the Kingdom of Prussia.
As early as January 1941 the British refugees left the hospice and the sisters were allowed to enter the house again. In order to ascertain the possible damage, Franz Haider was brought to Jerusalem from the internment camp in Haifa, where he had been transferred in the meantime. Afterwards the pilgrims' house was converted into a camp for 150 nuns from the German Reich. The German director of the Schmidt School, Father Johannes Sonnen, served as rector during this time.
The First World War, the Occupation Period and inflation also had a serious impact on the economy of the Hunsrück and its inhabitants, but there were not the political tensions that arose in many places in the German Reich. A pioneer of industrialisation in the Hunsrück was entrepreneur, Michael Felke. In 1919 he founded the Felke Möbelwerke, a company that produced and sold furniture in Central Europe until the late 1990s. It was one of the first major employer in the region.
Pp. 62. Der Stahlhelm propaganda car in Berlin promoting DNVP nominee Theodor Duesterberg for president of the German Reich in the 1932 election Although Der Stahlhelm was officially a non-party entity and above party politics, after 1929 it took on an anti-republican and anti-democratic character. Its goals were a German dictatorship, the preparation of a revanchist program, and the direction of local anti-parliamentarian action. For political reasons its members distinguished themselves from the Nazi Party (NSDAP) as "German Fascists".
Miklas, for his initial refusal, ended up under house arrest but was protected from Nazi mistreatment by the future Waffen-SS Colonel Otto Skorzeny during the days of the Anschluss. With the promulgation of a "law concerning the re-unification of Austria with the German Reich" by Seyss- Inquart on 13 March, the offices of both the Austrian chancellor and of the Austrian president were terminated. While Schuschnigg was imprisoned, Miklas abandoned the political sphere and retired, receiving his pension unmolested.
Hitler's pan-German ideas envisioned a Greater German Reich which was to include the Austrian Germans, Sudeten Germans and other ethnic Germans. The annexing of Austria (Anschluss) and the Sudetenland (annexing of Sudetenland) completed Nazi Germany's desire to the German nationalism of the German Volksdeutsche (people/folk). The Generalplan Ost called for the extermination, expulsion, Germanization or enslavement of most or all Czechs, Poles, Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians for the purpose of providing more living space for the German people.Snyder, Timothy (2010).
Governor Lindequist Friedrich von Lindequist (born 15 September 1862 in Wostevitz on Rügen; died 25 June 1945 at Macherslust near Eberswalde, Germany) was a high colonial official of the German Reich. He served as Governor of German South West Africa from November 1905 until 20 May 1907. During his tenure as Governor he introduced Karakul breeding to the white settlers of the German colony. Lindequist later served in the Reichskolonialamt of Imperial Germany, as Undersecretary of State from 1907 to 1910.
Achern was first mentioned in 1095 as Acchara and developed later into Oberachern and Niederachern. Eventually, Niederachern was referred to only as Achern. During the High Middle Ages the town became part of the German Reich, courtesy of the Staufenberger and Zähringer families, and was included in the Landsvogtei of Ortenau. In 1334, together with Ortenau Achern became part of Baden, in 1351 it went to Strasbourg, in 1405 to the Electorate of the Palatinate, and in 1504 to Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg.
Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 158f On 11 July 1939 the "law concerning the Deutsche Reichsbahn" (German Reich Railway) was issued and Dorpmüller was confirmed as transport minister and also General Manager of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. According to Albert Speer, Dorpmüller confessed that "The Reichsbahn has so few cars and locomotives available for the German area that it can no longer assume responsibility for meeting the most urgent transportation needs." Speer then convinced Hitler to name Albert Ganzenmüller state secretary under Dorpmüller.
For example, during the time of the Holy Roman Empire up to 1806, the Ortler in present-day South Tyrol, at 3,905 m, was the highest German mountain. During the colonial period to 1918 Mount Kilimanjaro in the colony of German East Africa, at 5,895 m, was officially the highest mountain of the German Reich. During the Nazi era from 1938 to 1945 this title went to the Großglockner which, at 3,797 m, is today the highest mountain in Austria.
At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided between the Western and Eastern blocs. Germany was divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and a divided Berlin. Initially, the FRG claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany, identifying as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871–1945 German Reich. It took the line that the German Democratic Republic (GDR), commonly referred to as East Germany, was an illegally constituted puppet state controlled by the Soviet Union.
Despite the strong regulations, there were protests against the establishment of Helenenstraße; as early as 1879, a petition with 2,200 signatures against this facility was submitted, but this did not lead to any change. Helenenstraße was the first controlled street of prostitution in the then German Reich. The Senate and State Councillors of Bremen were proud of this unique facility. The Senate even made a wooden model of Helenenstraße and presented it at international health fairs in Paris, New York and Moscow.
The SS-Baubrigaden were a type of subcamp of Nazi concentration camps that were first established in Autumn 1942. These units were usually made up of male non-Jewish prisoners—most were Poles or Soviets. Chances of survival were higher in these mobile units than the main camps they were attached to. The deployment of the Baubrigaden to major cities within the German Reich was the first time the German public became aware of the living conditions in concentration camps.
Paper tag attached to Volksempfänger devices as a warning that listening to foreign radio stations is punishable Feindsender ('Enemy radio station') was a term used in Nazi Germany to describe radio stations broadcast by enemies of the German Reich before and during World War II, such as the United Kingdom or the United States. It also referred to radio stations in Germany which broadcast anti-Nazi material. The term has not been in general use since the downfall of the Third Reich.
As reactionary forces gained the upper hand by late 1849, a wave of investigations and press trials began. The government censored the magazine in 1851, particularly because of a sharp-tongued supplement called Lantern, which Keil kept giving new names to escape the censors: German Reich- brake, Spitz balls, Wasp and eventually Sentinel. Following the ban of Lighthouse, Keil began work for the magazine published by his friend Ferdinand Stolle in Dresden. With Keil's involvement, the paper's circulation increased to 22,000.
Rudel surrendered to US forces in 1945 and emigrated to Argentina. An unrepentant Nazi, he helped fugitives escape to Latin America and the Middle East, and sheltered Josef Mengele, the former SS doctor at Auschwitz. He worked as an arms dealer to several right- wing regimes in South America, for which he was placed under observation by the US Central Intelligence Agency. In the West German federal election of 1953, Rudel was the top candidate for the far-right German Reich Party but was not elected.
Thus, an unknown but extremely high number of dead rest in Soviet war graves in Germany. Nonetheless, with a few exceptions, all Soviet POWs were in fact registered on so-called staff cards in the POW camps as soon as they were brought into the German Reich. On these cards, all their personal and military data (places of work, illnesses and hospitalizations, vaccinations, escapes, punishments, etc.) was recorded. This information was submitted in the form of acquisition lists to the Wehrmacht Information Office (WASt) in Berlin.
Dönitz thus became the sole representative of the collapsing German Reich. On 2 May, the new government of the Reich fled to Flensburg-Mürwik where he remained until his arrest on 23 May 1945. That night, 2 May, Dönitz made a nationwide radio address in which he announced Hitler's death and said the war would continue in the East "to save Germany from destruction by the advancing Bolshevik enemy." Dönitz knew that Germany's position was untenable and the Wehrmacht was no longer capable of offering meaningful resistance.
Hans Luther Gustav Stresemann, 1925 Otto Gessler Karl Stingl Wilhelm Marx The Second Luther cabinet (German: Zweites Kabinett Luther) was the 13th democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Hans Luther and was in office for not quite four months. On 20 January 1926 it replaced the First Luther cabinet which had resigned on 5 December 1925. Luther resigned as chancellor on 13 May 1926.
The Battle of Schleswig occurred near Dannevirke on Easter morning, 23 April 1848 as the second battle of the First Schleswig War of 1848–1850.Battle of Schleswig Prussia had just entered the war and had sent almost 12,000 troops to Schleswig-Holstein. Counting reserves, General Wrangel commanded in total more than 18,000 men – almost three times the size of the Danish forces. The German Reich troops did not participate in the battle, but their presence forced the Danes to fight defensively against the Prussians.
Meanwhile, the Belgian Resistance, formed in late 1940, expanded vastly. From 1944, the SS and Nazi Party gained much greater control in Belgium, particularly after the military government was replaced in July by a Nazi civil administration, the . In September 1944, Allied forces arrived in Belgium and quickly moved across the country. That December, the territory was incorporated de jure into the Greater German Reich although its collaborationist leaders were already in exile in Germany and German control in the region was virtually non-existent.
Many of their supporters fled to Germany where they were conscripted into the Waffen-SS to participate in the final military campaigns of the Third Reich. In December 1944, Belgium (theoretically including the two French departments) was split into a Reichsgau Flandern, a Reichsgau Wallonien, and a Distrikt Brüssel, all of which were nominally annexed by the Greater German Reich (therefore excluding the proposed Brabant province).Lipgens, Walter. Documents on the History of European integration: Volume 1 – Continental Plans for European Integration 1939–1945, p. 45.
After the troupe fell apart during mid-1897, the couple formed the 'James and Bella' duo, touring across Russia and Austria-Hungary. From 1900 to 1901, the couple toured Netherlands, United Kingdom and France as the 'American Jubilee Troubadours'. During her time with this troupe, Dutch newspapers began advertising Fields as the 'Black Nightingale'. In July 1902, after the troupe disbanded, James and Bella traveled to Berlin where Fields promptly left her husband and began working in theaters and cabarets around the German Reich.
By the founding of the North German Confederation in 1867, the Zollverein covered states of approximately 425,000 square kilometres, and had produced economic agreements with several non-German states, including Sweden- Norway. After the founding of the German Empire in 1871, the Empire assumed the control of the customs union. However, not all states within the Empire were part of the Zollverein until 1888 (Hamburg for example). Conversely, though Luxembourg was a state independent of the German Reich, it remained in the Zollverein until 1919.
Italy's empire is around the Mediterranean Sea, including the parts of Africa granted by the Reich. The Nazis compel the Italians to carry out large-scale massacres of Arabs in their territories in the Middle East. The nation is controlled by the House of Savoy (headed by King Umberto) and the Duce of the Italian Empire. While much of Africa is divided up among Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, an "Aryan- dominated" Union of South Africa remains as an independent ally of the German Reich.
508, 510. In the outbreak of the Second World War Salazar’s dislike of the Nazi regime in Germany and its imperial ambitions was tempered only by his view of the German Reich as a bastion against the spread of communism. He had favoured the Spanish nationalist cause, fearing a communist invasion of Portugal, yet he was uneasy at the prospect of a Spanish government bolstered by strong ties with the Axis. Salazar's policy of neutrality for Portugal in World War II thus included a strategic component.
Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko was born on 23 February 1954, in Khoruzhivka, Sumy Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, into a family of teachers. His father, Andriy Andriyovych Yushchenko (1919–1992) fought in the Second World War, was captured by German forces and imprisoned as a POW in a series of concentration camps in the German Reich, including Auschwitz-Birkenau. He survived the ordeal, and after returning home, taught English at a local school. Viktor's mother, Varvara Tymofiyovna Yushchenko (1918–2005), taught physics and mathematics at the same school.
In 1910, Bier was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. The title of Geheimrat was bestowed upon Bier by German Emperor Wilhelm II. On 24 November 1936, Bier received the Eagle Shield of the German Reich. On 30 January 1938, Bier became one of only nine people to ever receive the German National Prize for Art and Science, an award created by Adolf Hitler that year as a replacement for the Nobel Prize, which he had forbidden Germans to accept.
The Soim met once on March 15, 1939. The inaugural session had been scheduled for March 2, 1939, but the Czecho-Slovak president Emil Hácha opted not to convene the assembly. In response to the Slovak declaration of independence on March 14, 1939, the regional government of Avgustyn Voloshyn called for an independent Carpatho- Ukrainian state under the protection of the German Reich. Whilst the session was in progress the time Hungarian troops were on the offensive in Carpatho- Ukraine and Czecho-Slovak forces were retreating westward.
Johann Hermann Schein composed in 1618 for four choirs and two instrumental groups ("Capellen"); and in 1627 a setting for four-part choir and continuo. Johann Sebastian Bach used parts of the text and melody in cantatas for New Year's Day, , and . Felix Mendelssohn composed a setting Herr Gott, dich loben wir (TeDeum) for solo voices, double chorus, four trombones, strings, and organ, first performed at the Berlin Cathedral on 6 August 1843, to mark "the millennium of the founding of the German Reich".
65 He also aimed to create a block of Balkan countries (the junior Axis partners Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria) led by Italy who could act as a counterbalance to the excessive power of the German Reich in Europe. On 14 April, the Duce substituted the chief of police, Carmine Senise (a man of the King), with Lorenzo Chierici. Five days later he replaced the young and inexperienced secretary of the Party, Aldo Vidussoni, with Carlo Scorza. Mussolini wanted to galvanize the Party with the appointment of Scorza.
Occupation, 1938 In 1918, Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia became constituent parts of the newly-created Czechoslovakia (which was confirmed by the Treaty of St. Germain), along with a large border area inhabited predominantly by Germans. Local Germans tried to join German Austria (which in turn aimed to join post-war German Reich), but Czechoslovak troops prevented this. Known under the informal name of the Sudetenland, the region became the subject of political controversy in the following years. Slavs settled there again, but remained a minority.
Albert Reuss in 1915 Albert Reuss (2 October 1889 – 4 November 1975) was an Austrian-born British painter and sculptor. He was born in Vienna and fled to Britain in 1938 following the Anschluss, Adolf Hitler’s annexation of Austria to the German Reich. In the process, Reuss lost many members of his family, and the reputation he had built up as an artist in Vienna. He continued to work as an exiled artist, but his style changed dramatically, reflecting the trauma he had suffered.
An early Rex-type cat from Germany was Kater Munk, a cat of the family of one Erna Schneider, that was born 1930 or 1931 in a village near then-Königsberg, German Reich (today's Kaliningrad, Russia). Munk was the son of a mahogany Angora cat and a Russian Blue. There were one (some sources say two) other curly cat(s) in the litter which was castrated early. Munk spread his genes plentifully among the village's cat population till his death in 1944 or 1945.
She was remanded in Düsseldorf in 1973, until her husband posted bail. The West German court rejected Ryan's arguments that it lacked jurisdiction, because she was not a German national but Austrian, and that the offenses alleged had occurred outside Germany. It ruled she had been a German citizen at the time and more importantly had been a German government official acting in the name of the German Reich. She stood trial in West Germany with 15 other former SS men and women from Majdanek.
The States of the Weimar Republic were the first-level administrative divisions and constituent states of the German Reich during the Weimar Republic era. The states were established in 1918 following the German Revolution upon the conclusion of World War I, and based on the 22 constituent states of the German Empire that abolished their local monarchies. The new states continued as republics alongside the three pre-existing city-states within the new Weimar Republic, adopting the titles Freistaat ("Free State") or Volksstaat ("People's State").
The Race has taken over half of the planet. With the exception of the Greater German Reich, the Soviet Union, the Japanese Empire, the British Isles, the US, and some nations that are allied to the major powers, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, the Race rules most of the Earth. The Race spends its time trying to adapt to conditions on Earth (for example, the aliens release species from Home on Earth, causing environmental trouble). The Soviet Union supplies weapons to Mao Zedong's Communist Party.
According to Schwerin von Krosigk, the Reich Minister of Finances, until February 1944, Reich Government receiving in concept of occupation costs and taxes (in million of RM) 753,6 RM. The German Ministry of East Affairs required Lohse and the Reichskommissar in Ukraine to deliver immediately slave labor from the occupied territories to Germany: 380,000 farm workers and 247,000 industrial workers. The Germans viewed the Slavs as a pool of slave work labor for use by the German Reich; if necessary they could be worked to death.
Since the time of Counterreformation among the Habsburgs, Austria was an almost exclusively Roman Catholic country. The Protestants only formed a vanishing minority. Only since emperor Joseph II’s enactment of the Patent of Tolerance in 1781, the exercise of religion was granted again to Reformed Christians and Lutherans. After the foundation of the German Reich in 1871, causing the “lesser German solution”, that is the unification of Germany under the control of Prussia excluding Austria, many Austrians still remained devoted to “Greater German ideas”.
Of these the Meuse and the Adige were parts of the German Confederation during the time when the song was composed. The Belt (strait) and the Neman later became actual boundaries of Germany (the Belt until 1920, the Neman between 1920 and 1939), whereas the Meuse and Adige were not parts of the German Reich as of 1871. Today, no part of any of the four places mentioned in the "" lies in Germany. In an ethnic sense, none of these places formed a distinct ethnic border.
The dictator had placed Speer in charge of this plan. The centerpiece of the scheme was a grand boulevard, long, dubbed by Speer as the Prachtstrasse (Street of Magnificence) or "North–South Axis", for which the main design responsibility was delegated to Wolters. Wolters was also responsible for transport rings in the new Berlin, for museums, and for the GBI's press office. In 1939, Wolters became responsible for the architecture portion of the magazine, Die Kunst im Deutschen Reich (Art in the German Reich).
Schönerer's völkisch and racist German nationalism was an inspiration to Hitler's ideology. In 1933, Austrian Nazis and the national-liberal Greater German People's Party formed an action group, fighting together against the Austrofascist regime which imposed a distinct Austrian national identity. Whilst it violated the Treaty of Versailles terms, Hitler, a native of Austria, unified the two German states together "(Anschluss)" in 1938. This meant the historic aim of Austria's German nationalists was achieved and a Greater German Reich briefly existed until the end of the war.
This was done to emphasize Hitler's professed leadership of what the Nazis described as the "Nordic-Germanic master race", which was considered to include peoples such as the Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, Dutch, and others in addition to the Germans, and the intent to annex these countries to the German Reich in 1933. Waffen-SS formations from these countries had to declare obedience to Hitler by addressing him in this fashion.Bramstedt, E. K. (2003). Dictatorship and Political Police: the Technique of Control by Fear, pp. 92–93. Routledge.
He probably died the same night trying to escape from the . In the Flensburg Government of Hitler's appointed successor as Karl Dönitz, the depositions of Albert Speer and Franz Seldte were ignored (or the two ministers quickly reinstated). Neither former incumbent Joachim von Ribbentrop nor Hitler's appointee, Seyß-Inquart, held the post of Foreign Minister. The post was given to Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, who after Goebbels' suicide also became Leading Minister of the German Reich (Head of Cabinet, post equivalent to Chancellor).
The Jewish Military Organization was an outgrowth of the Betar movement in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe. After Menahem Begin fled to Soviet Union territory, Jewish veterans of the Polish Army and the National Military Organisation networked with Polish military officers to prepare for the insurgency against the Third German Reich. The military background of the organization was a useful attribute in an environment of tyranny and genocide. The Jewish Military Union, a branch of the Jewish Military Organization, was effective at fighting Axis forces in Warsaw, Poland.
The term "Sweden Swedish" (sverigesvenska) is sometimes used instead, as a parallel to the term Finland Swedish. There is, however, no common agreement on how rikssvenska should sound. What appears as rikssvenska to one Swede may appear dialectal to another. (Etymologically, "riks-" is a compound form that is a cognate of the German Reich.) National Swedish television and radio news broadcasts that are often produced in Stockholm have historically preferred commentators who speak what is seen as rikssvenska, but that has gradually been relaxed.
Once the perpetrators were caught he wrote a letter to the Governor, John Peter Altgeld demanding that the prisoners be put to death.Raster's wife and three children in 1896 He blamed the recent German "immigrant radicals" for the issues at hand and suggested immigration reforms be made, stating, "Unfortunately it is from the German Reich that these bloody scoundrels, these socialists, communists, and anarchists have come."Hirsch, Eric L. Urban Revolt: Ethnic Politics in the Nineteenth-century Chicago Labor Movement. N.p.: University of California, 1990. Print.
Among the large quarrying concerns operating before the Second World War in 1938 were the firms of Zureck in Wernigerode (100 to 110 employees), Hannoversche Basaltwerke mbH with its branch, the Wernigerode Granite Quarries (Granitsteinbrüche Wernigerode, 60 to 70 employees), and Braunlager Granit- und Schotterwerke G.m.b.H. (45 employees). There were also 5 to 7 medium and 15 to 17 small businesses with a combined total of 600 employees. Their market at that time comprised the entire territory of the German Reich, Belgium and the Netherlands.
Upon conclusion of the Polish campaign, the 7th infantry division was transferred to the western border of the German Reich. From there it took part in the Western campaign and on May 10, 1940, attacked through Löwen and Tournai in the Schelde sector, where it participated in the battle on the Schelde. Afterwards, the 7th infantry division crossed the Lys and took part in the fighting around Lille. Following the truce in June, the division remained stationed in northern France as an occupation troop.
In 1871 at the declaration of the German Reich the State of Hamburg consisted of the city of Hamburg with Altstadt (Old city), Neustadt (New city) and St. Georg (Hamburg since 1868). A suburb called St. Pauli and several directly named outskirts and the other land. In the north former parts of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein with its municipalities Rotherbaum, Harvestehude, Eimsbüttel, Eppendorf, Winterhude, Uhlenhorst, Barmbeck, Eilbek, Hohenfelde, Borgfelde, Hamm, Horn, Billwärder-Ausschlag, Steinwärder mit Grevenhof and the Kleiner Grasbrook. Rural areas have been e.g.
The region was de facto annexed to the German Reich (with the addition of the province of Belluno) until the end of the war. This status ended along with the Nazi regime and Italian rule was restored in 1945. Italy and Austria negotiated the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement in 1946, put into effect in 1947 when the new republican Italian constitution was promulgated, that the region would be granted considerable autonomy. German and Italian were both made official languages, and German-language education was permitted once more.
Airfield construction began, after much debate, as a Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte military airfield during World War I in 1916 It consisted of 8 Hangars, a maintenance hangar, a fuel depot, and a railway connection. In 1917 it was completed and leased to the German Reich at no cost. A provision was made however that the land would be returned to its original civilian owners if the airfield did not exist anymore in 30 years time. The provision ran from 1 April 1916 until 31 March 1945.
In 1930, aged 18, Honecker entered the KPD, the Communist Party of Germany. His political mentor was Otto Niebergall, who later represented the KPD in the Reichstag. After returning from Moscow in 1931 following his studies at the International Lenin School, he became the leader of the KJVD in the Saar region. After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Communist activities within Germany were only possible undercover; the Saar region however still remained outside the German Reich under a League of Nations mandate.
However, that ruling was heavily qualified by a reassertion of the claim that the German Reich continued to exist as an 'overall state' such that the duty to strive for future German unity could not be abandoned, albeit that without any institutional organs of itself the Reich was currently not capable of action. The Federal Republic was indeed identical with the German Reich; but this was a 'partial identity' that stopped at the boundaries of the Federal Republic and did not extend retrospectively to the period 1945-1949 before the Federal Republic had come into being. The Western Allies took this as their cue to repudiate any support for the former claims of the Federal Republic to an exclusive mandate for Germany, and at that point all recognised the GDR as a separate, sovereign state and supported the admission of both German states as members of the United Nations with equal status. In 1975 both German states participated in the Helsinki Final Act under which the existing post-war boundaries of Europe, including the separation of East and West Germany and the border between East Germany and Poland, were confirmed as legitimate in international law.
This raised a further complex of constitutional issues, as a number of private individuals challenged the constitutionality of the reunification treaties, specifically in respect of the levels of compensation and restitution offered to persons whose property had been expropriated between 1945 and 1949 under Soviet authority. The plaintiffs argued that, as the Federal Republic had historically claimed its sovereignty to be a continuation of that of the former governments of the German Reich, so post-1990, so should it provide restitution in favour of expropriated property owners (or their heirs) for actions in the period when German sovereign power had been dormant. The cases were eventually heard before the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in 2005, which found consistently in favour of the post-1990 actions of the Federal Republic - hence rejecting arguments that claimed that the sovereignty of the Federal Republic maintained that of a continuing but dormant post-war German Reich - declaring that the four Allied Powers had, in the years 1945-1949, exercised "an occupation sui generis following a war and unconditional capitulation, which conferred powers of 'sovereignty' on the occupying forces".
Furthermore, the German Government agrees to forgo compensation within regard to the expenditure incurred by it on behalf of members of the Red Army interned in Germany. The Russian Government agrees to forgo the restitution of the proceeds of the sale carried out in Germany of the army stores brought into Germany by the interned members of the Red Army mentioned above. Article 2 Germany waives all claims against Russia which may have arisen through the application, up to the present, of the laws and measures of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic to German nationals or their private rights and the rights of the German Reich and states, and also claims which may have arisen owing to any other measures taken by the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic or by their agents against German nationals or the private rights, on condition that the government of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic does not satisfy claims for compensation of a similar nature made by a third Party. Article 3 Diplomatic and consular relations between the German Reich and the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic shall be resumed immediately.
Decisions of the Supreme Court in Civil Matters. 116, Appendix p. 24 In 1927, a case was brought before the Supreme Court of the German Reich between Württemberg and Prussia as the ruler of the Hohenzollern Province on the one hand, and the state of Baden on the other hand, to decide the smoldering controversy over the quantitative impact of the Danube sinkhole, which is known as the Danube Sinkhole case ().The Court rendered an interim decision and left the final settlement to an agreement between the parties.
Reproduction of the seal of Scout headquarters on the German Reich territory - signed by Węcławski, the secretary Around the end of 1914 and the beginning of 1915, the Scout movement resumed, but continued in hiding. The temporary interruption was not exactly caused by the imposed martial law, but mainly the absence of the mature leadership, who were mobilized in the German Army. In January 1915, Henryk Śniegocki came back from the front on sick leave and managed to extend his leave. A few weeks later the wounded Wierzejewski turned up for treatment.
The hall was also used as a storage hall for unused locomotives. Small container crane at the level of Wallensteinstraße, dismantled in 2015 After the "Anschluss" of Austria, Hermann Göring held propaganda speeches on 26 March 1938 and Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels and other leading Nazi politicians on 9 April 1938, the day before the "referendum" on the integration of Austria into the German Reich, in the station hall. The anti-Semitic exhibition "The Eternal Jew" shown in the station was intended to legitimize the persecutions of Jews that had begun.
Rudel, through La Estrella, was also in contact with Otto Skorzeny, who had his own network of former SS and Wehrmacht officers. Rudel returned to West Germany in 1953 and became a leading member of the Neo-Nazi nationalist political party, the German Reich Party (Deutsche Reichspartei or DRP). In the West German federal election of 1953, Rudel was the top candidate for the DRP, but was not elected to the Bundestag. According to Josef Müller-Marein, editor-in-chief of Die Zeit, Rudel had an egocentric character.
With the Anschluss of Austria to the German Reich in 1938, he attended the Kriegsschule of the Wehrmacht in Hanover, where he took his officer's examination and became a lieutenant in 1939. During World War II he served in the army press service on the western front, later in the Army Group South on the eastern front. After the war he became a master radio mechanic in 1947 and worked in a workshop in Salzburg. After leaving the Werkschulheim Felbertal school management in 1958, he joined Simca in manufacturing.
Retrieved March 21, 2010 Following the Nazis' seizure of power in 1933 Vogt and his family moved to the Saarland, which was not then in the German Reich. However, shortly afterwards, Saarland was reintegrated into the Reich, causing Vogt to flee again, this time to the Netherlands. In Amsterdam, he was a member of the German exile group, the Freie Presse ("Free Press") and published the Bergarbeiter-Mitteilungen ("Mine Workers' Newsletter") and Bergarbeiter- Zeitung ("Mine Workers' Newspaper"). He became a member of the executive committee of the Miners' International Federation (MIF) in 1938.
Rahel Hirsch was born on 15 September 1870 in Frankfurt am Main, one of eleven children of Mendel Hirsch (1833–1900). Mendel Hirsch was the director of the girls' school of the Jewish religious community in Frankfurt am Main. Mendel's father, Rahel's paternal grandfather, was the eminent rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch From 1885 to 1889, Rahel Hirsch studied for her degree in education in Wiesbaden; she then worked until 1898 as a teacher. The German Reich did not permit women to study medicine so she studied in Zurich, Switzerland.
DeVlag saw Dutch or Flemish nationalism as provincialism, and supported the outright annexation of Flanders into the Greater German Reich. The VNV also had partly clerical roots, while the SS ideology endorsed by DeVlag held anti-Christian notions. While DeVlag was supported by the SS, the VNV received support from the Wehrmacht military occupation (Militärverwaltung) and from the head of the military government, Alexander von Falkenhausen. Both groups competed to recruit members for the Waffen-SS although the VNV rapidly secured dominance within the Flemish Legion established in 1941.
This paragraph re-worked from German Wikipedia. Schmidt's worsening health forced his retirement from the Academy in early 1937. In the last year of his life Austria was brought into the German Reich by the Anschluss, and Schmidt was feted by the NSDAP authorities as the greatest living composer of the so-called Ostmark. He was given a commission to write a cantata entitled The German Resurrection, which, after 1945, was taken by many as a reason to brand him as having been tainted by National Socialist sympathy.
Above the church was the 83 m long and 18 m high Moscowiter-Saal, one of the largest halls in the German Reich. Until the latter part of World War II, the apartments of the Hohenzollerns and the Prussia Museum (north wing, ) were open to the public daily. Among other things, the museum accommodated 240,000 exhibits of the Prussian collection, a collection of the Königsberg State and University Library, as well as many paintings by the artist Lovis Corinth. In 1926, Friedrich Lahrs led an excavation of the castle courtyard.
1 (NJG 1) was a German night fighter-wing of World War II. NJG 1 was formed on 22 June 1940 and comprised four (groups). NJG 1 was created as an air defence unit for the Defence of the Reich campaign; an aerial war waged by the against the bombing of the German Reich by RAF Bomber Command and the United States Air Force. In 1941 airborne radar was introduced with radar operators, and standardised in 1942 and 1943. Consequently a large number of German night fighter aces existed within NJG 1\.
The Reich had pulled out of the commission in November 1936, with an announcement that it was assuming "full sovereignty" over all German watercourses. After the Anschluss in 1938, Austria's membership also came to a close.New York Times, May 4, 1938 Early in 1940, German sources were quoted in the Times that Germany was attempting "through innuendo and informal suggestions"New York Times, April 13, 1940 to take over control of the river, and late that year a conference was held in Vienna (then part of the German Reich) to dissolve the upriver commission.
The Christian Socials were in favor of the treaty, but their remaining coalition partner, the Greater German People's Party, was vehemently opposed. Ardently pan-German, the People's Party had been hoping that Austria would, sooner or later, defy the Treaty of Saint-Germain and would seek accession to the German Reich. The party had also been hoping that the unification of all Germans would extend to the Sudeten Germans, the German-speaking former Habsburg subjects living in what used to be Bohemia. Schober, whom the party had considered an ally, was renouncing both these goals.
Reports indicate that the Gestapo was caught unaware of this plot as they did not have sufficient protections in place at the appropriate locations nor did they take any preventative steps. Stauffenberg and his group were shot on 21 July 1944; meanwhile, his fellow conspirators were rounded up by the Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp. Thereafter, there was a show trial overseen by Roland Freisler, followed by their execution. In Austria, there were groups still loyal to the Habsburgs, who unlike most across the greater German Reich, remained determined to resist the Nazis.
Siegfried Eifrig carrying the Olympic Flame at the end of the relay Adolf Hitler saw the link with the ancient Games as the perfect way to illustrate his belief that classical Greece was an Aryan forerunner of the modern German Reich. The event was designed to demonstrate the growing influence and power of the Third Reich. It was internationally viewed as a great success, sufficient for it to be replicated in all Games thereafter. Leni Riefenstahl, a film-maker admired by Hitler, filmed the relay for the 1938 release Olympia.
The Reich Chancellery () was the traditional name of the office of the Chancellor of Germany (then called Reichskanzler) in the period of the German Reich from 1878 to 1945. The Chancellery's seat, selected and prepared since 1875, was the former city palace of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833) on Wilhelmstraße in Berlin. Both the palace and a new Reich Chancellery building (completed in early 1939) were seriously damaged during World War II and subsequently demolished. Today the office of the German chancellor is usually called Kanzleramt (Chancellor's Office), or more formally Bundeskanzleramt (Federal Chancellor's Office).
Gustav Stresemann Robert Schmidt The Second Stresemann cabinet (German: Zweites Kabinett Stresemann) was the ninth democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Gustav Stresemann and took office on 6 October 1923 when it replaced the First Stresemann cabinet which had resigned on 3 October. Stresemann's second cabinet resigned on 23 November 1923 and was replaced on 30 November by the first cabinet under chancellor Wilhelm Marx.
The sailors' actions and the lack of response of the government to them, fuelled by an increasingly critical view of the Kaiser, sparked a revolution which caused the abolition of the monarchy and the creation of the Weimar Republic. German cruiser Admiral Scheer capsized in the docks at Kiel after being hit in an RAF raid on the night of 9/10 April 1945. During the Second World War, Kiel remained one of the major naval bases and shipbuilding centres of the German Reich. There was also a slave labour camp for the local industry.
This task was transferred to him, because he was known in the previous years, due to many articles and memoirs as a connoisseur of the geography and peoples of the profiled regions. The division was first installed in the Ukraine, where they and Niedermayer were responsible for the training of the so-called "Ostlegionen", until February 1943, and from then to autumn of 1943 they were reinstalled in Neuhammer German Reich. There the Legion was reclassified as a Division, but it was still made of Caucasian, Georgian and Turkotartari soldiers.
Because of this, volunteers had to travel across Yugoslavia, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden to make their way to Finland. They travelled without any weapons by a special train, officially classified as "tourists going to ski-camp". The battalion was embarked at Edinburgh to Bergen as a part of a convoy. This convoy had to be protected by air and naval cover because the United Kingdom and the German Reich were in a state of war and there was great fear of German attacks ("Phony War").
Lidia also left Vienna and appeared in the camp of displaced persons in Bavaria which was occupied by Americans. Wilhelm and Roman decided to stay risking to fall into hands of the Soviet SMERSH. But soon the city was divided into occupation zones and their house appeared under British. Also during the war Habsburg received from the German Reich a big monetary compensation for confiscated by Nazis a family property in Zywiec and on these funds he founded three small companies in production of paint, varnish, and synthetic resin.
In 1919 the First Austrian Republic became the legal successor of Austria. In 1938, the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler, who became the Chancellor of the German Reich, achieved the annexation of Austria by the Anschluss. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and an extended period of Allied occupation, Austria was re-established as a sovereign and self- governing democratic nation known as the Second Republic. Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a directly elected Federal President as head of state and a Chancellor as head of the federal government.
After establishing the "Rome-Berlin axis" with Benito Mussolini, and signing the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an attempted Nazi coup had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered Vienna, he was greeted by loud cheers. Four weeks later, 99% of Austrians voted in favour of the annexation (Anschluss) of their country Austria to the German Reich.
Though most Jews were traveling merchants, in 1935 – less than a century after its establishment – the Jewish community in Leipzig consisted of 11,564 members,AJC Archives making it the sixth-largest Jewish community in Germany and the largest one in Saxony. Although Antisemitism was still prevalent, the community was thriving and uninfluenced by Nazi policies. The effect of Nazi policies in Leipzig is reflected in the significant decrease in Jews living in Leipzig from 1935 to 1939. The German Reich completed a population consensus on May 19, 1939.
Flag of the modern Free State of Bavaria In Germany, the term free state (in German, Freistaat) comes from the 19th century as a German word for republic. After the German Revolution of November 1918, when Imperial Germany became a democratic republic, most of the German states within the German Reich called themselves a Free State. Others used expressions like Republik or Volksstaat (people's state) – though unpopular, as that term was associated with the enemy France. According to the Versailles Treaty, Danzig was split off from Germany in 1919, becoming the Freie Stadt Danzig.
In December 1944, Belgium (and, theoretically, the two French departments) was split up into a Reichsgau Flandern, a Reichsgau Wallonien, and the Distrikt Brüssel, all of which were nominally annexed by the Greater German Reich (therefore excluding the proposed Brabant province).Lipgens, Walter: Documents on the History of European integration: Volume 1 – Continental Plans for European Integration 1939–1945, page 45. Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1974. In Flanders, the DeVlag party under the leadership of Jef van de Wiele became the sole political party; in Wallonia, the Rexist Party under the leadership of Léon Degrelle.
The Province of Hohenzollern was the only Prussian province where the district president had the same legal power as the Oberpräsident. During the time of the German Reich especially the larger federal states had district presidents as administrative middle level authorities. Sometimes the designation of the allocated regional entity was a different one: In Bavaria and Württemberg they were called Kreise (districts), Provionzen (provinces) in Hesse, Landeskommissärbezirk in Baden and Kreishauptmannschaften in Saxony. In Nazi Germany the official title of the head of the authority was unified to Regierungspräsident, following the Prussian denomination.
On September 17, 1939 the Red Army entered Polish territory, acting on the basis of a secret clause of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Soviet Union would later deny the existence of this secret protocol, claiming that it was never allied with the German Reich, and acted independently to "protect" the Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities in the disintegrating Polish state.Anna M. Cienciala (2004). The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II (lecture notes, University of Kansas). Retrieved 15 March 2006.
A few days after the beginning of World War II, being along the border of Prussia and due to the routing of the Ostbahn this strategically important county was occupied by German troops. On 26 October 1939, German administration as a Landkreis began under the old name Wirsitz. Contrary to international treaties, the county and its province were annexed unilaterally by the German Reich. With the invasion of the Soviet Red Army in January 1945, the county was returned to Polish administration under the old name powiat Wyrzyski.
School is the way with which the German Reich indoctrinates and controls the citizenry, starting in its youth. Corporal punishment is practiced in schools against actions such as disrespecting a superior, not doing one's school work, and for not knowing the correct answers to teachers' questions in the classroom. The school year occupies most of the calendar year, with the only major holidays being the two-week holiday between Christmas and the New Year, and the week-long break after Easter. The remainder of the year is school work though one-day holidays occur infrequently.
Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Walter Simons Otto Karl Gessler Wilhelm Groener (in 1928) The Fehrenbach cabinet (German: Kabinett Fehrenbach) was the fourth democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich. It was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Constantin Fehrenbach and took office on 25 June 1920 when it replaced the First Müller cabinet. The cabinet was formed after the June elections to the new Reichstag which replaced the Weimar National Assembly. It was the first government since the German Empire ended in 1918 which did not include the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
The support of the local Catholic authorities for a return also helped, as did concerns about Bolshevism, against which Hitler was seen as a bulwark.Kershaw, Ian, Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris (1998) pp.546-547 With a voter participation of 98%, the result of the plebiscite was that the overwhelming majority, 90.8%, voted to re-join the German Reich, with only 8.8% wanting to retain the status quo, primarily as they did not wish to be ruled by Nazis. A third option of joining France received 0.4% of the vote.
After establishing the "Rome-Berlin axis" with Benito Mussolini, and signing the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an attempted Nazi coup had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered Vienna, he was greeted by loud cheers. Four weeks later, 99% of Austrians voted in favour of the annexation (Anschluss) of their country Austria to the German Reich.
Wilhelm Marx, probably in 1923 Gustav Stresemann, 1925 Hans Luther Otto Gessler The First Marx cabinet (German: Erstes Kabinett Marx) was the tenth democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Wilhelm Marx and took office on 30 November 1923 when it replaced the Second Stresemann cabinet which had resigned on 23 November. Marx' first cabinet resigned on 26 May 1924 and was replaced on 3 June by another cabinet under his chancellorship.
Wilhelm Cuno Heinrich Albert Hans Luther Wilhelm Groener The Cuno cabinet (German: Kabinett Cuno) was the seventh democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Wilhelm Cuno and took office on 22 November 1922 when it replaced the Second Wirth cabinet under Joseph Wirth. The Cuno cabinet was forced to resign on 12 August 1923 and was replaced the next day by the first cabinet of Gustav Stresemann.
In that vein, Himmler published the pamphlet (The Subhuman), which featured photographs of ideal racial types, Aryans, contrasted with the barbarian races, descended from Attila the Hun and Genghis Khan, to the massacres committed in the Soviet Union dominated by Jewish Bolshevism.Koon, Claudia. The Nazi Conscience, p. 260. With the Polish decrees (8 March 1940), the Nazis ensured that the racial inferiority of the Poles was legally recognized in the German Reich, and regulated the working and living conditions of Polish laborers ().Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich at War: 1939–1945, p. 351.
The artistic obsession that the Viennese golden youth nurtured was to the detriment of their sleep, their physical health (the sporting wave from Anglo-Saxon countries had not yet swept over Europe), their relations with sex. opposite, and politics. During this time, the first mass movements began to affect Austria, starting with the socialist movement, then the Christian Democratic Movement, and finally, the movement for the unification of the German Reich. The anti- Semitic trend began to gain momentum, although it was still relatively moderate in its early stages.
In 1937, he published a book entitled Como se Levanta um Estado (How to Raise a State), in which he criticised the philosophical ideals behind Nazi Germany's Nuremberg laws.Salazar, António de Oliveira – 'Como se Levanta um Estado', In 1938, he sent a telegram to the Portuguese Embassy in Berlin, ordering that it should be made clear to the German Reich that Portuguese law did not allow any distinction based on race, and that therefore, Portuguese Jewish citizens could not be discriminated against.Dez anos de Política Externa, Vol. 1, p. 137.
Lehr completed his Abitur in 1904 and began studying jurisprudence in Marburg, Berlin, and Bonn. In 1907 he passed his first Staatsexamen in Cologne and received his doctorate from the University of Heidelberg in 1908 with a dissertation on legal liability laws within the German Reich. After completing his referendary and final Staatsexamen Lehr decided to pursue a career in local administration because of the personal autonomy and variety such a position offered. He began working as an assessor for the municipality of Düsseldorf in 1913Kaff, Brigitte (2004).
Müller advanced to become one of the world's most distinguished philatelists. The Austrian government gave him the task of organising the International Philatelic Exhibition in Vienna (WIPA 1933), one of the largest philatelic exhibitions in the world before World War II. Because of the great success of the WIPA, he was even awarded honours by the state. In the same year, Müller became the president of the Fédération Internationale de la Presse Philatélique. After the Anschluß of Austria with the German Reich in 1938, Müller took refuge in the United States.
In 1871 Bismarck had the Pulpit Law implemented into the German Strafgesetzbuch Penal Code, prohibiting any public statement of priests in political affairs. The Gniezno archbishop Mieczysław Halka Ledóchowski was sentenced to two years in prison for violation. The "Jesuits' Law" of 1872 banned any branch establishment of the Society of Jesus on the territory of the German Reich. On 11 March 1872, Minister Adalbert Falk by law abolished any Catholic or Protestant administration of schools in Prussia and assigned the supervision solely to the ministry of education.
The Germanic SS () was the collective name given to paramilitary and political organisations established in parts of German-occupied Europe between 1939 and 1945 under the auspices of the Schutzstaffel (SS). The units were modeled on the Allgemeine SS in Nazi Germany and established in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway whose populations were considered in Nazi ideology to be especially "racially suitable". They typically served as local security police augmenting German units of the Gestapo, Sicherheitsdienst (SD), and other departments of the German Reich Main Security Office.
The railway line was conceived as the shortest link between Prague and Munich, but because of the steep inclines and tight curves, especially on the Bohemian side, it never attained its intended importance. There was no cross-border traffic until 2006, even after the forced annexation of the Sudetenland into the German Reich in 1938. Only around the turn of the 20th century, in 1900, did through coaches run along the route for a few years from Munich to Prague. Through goods traffic restricted itself to the region.
Some 1,000 Hiwis are known to have run away during field operations. Although the majority of Trawniki men or Hiwis came from among the prisoners of war, there were also Volksdeutsche from Eastern Europe among them,. valued because of their ability to speak Russian, Ukrainian and other languages of the occupied territories. All the officers at the Trawniki camp were Reichsdeutsche (citizens of the German Reich), and most of the squad commanders were Volksdeutsche (people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship).
A SS guard who allegedly abused prisoners was identified on 14 April 1945 by a former Soviet Buchenwald prisoner at Buchenwald. On 27 May 1945, a former Buchenwald inmate shows American soldier Jack Levine a container with human organs that nazi physicians removed from camp inmates. American congressmen visited Buchenwald on 24 April 1945. When American troops reached the concentration camps of the German Reich in the final stages of World War II, they were unprepared, partly because they were in the middle of combat, to face and trail the atrocities in the concentration camps.
In 1937/38, 211 plots of land on the Schoenberg were bought up by a middleman for the German Reich and a military training area of 1.5 km2 was set up for the Wehrmacht. Since 1960 Talhausen gets its water supply from Ebringen, the main road was asphalted in the same year. But only the houses east of the Nussbach were also connected to the sewage system. In 1980, the houses west of the Nussbach were connected to the sewage system - the last ones in Ebringen, which were not connected.
When Himmler took over Police functions in 1936 in the German Reich, he removed Gisevius from office. Throughout his time working for the Gestapo Gisevius described himself as living in constant fear, entering and exiting through the back door, clutching a pistol at his side – all resultant from his misgivings with the terror apparatus to which he was assigned, since according to him, it was like "living in a den of murderers".Blandford (2001) SS Intelligence: The Nazi Secret Service, pp 30–31. Gisevius later transferred to the Reich Ministry of the Interior.
Despite that setback, Raeder backed Boehm's efforts to give the Kriegsmarine as great as role in running Norway as possible. Raeder, Boehm and Terboven all shared the same goal as incorporating Norway into Germany, but Boehm backed by Raeder often clashed with Terboven over the correct way of ruling Norway.Thomas pp. 197-198. Raeder and Boehm believed that Terboven was too brutal, callous and tactless and that if only a more gentle policy towards the Norwegians was followed, then the Norwegians could be won over to be willingly incorporated into a greater German Reich.
The most profound cause of anti-Japanese sentiment outside of Asia had its beginning in the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese attack propelled the United States into World War II. The Americans were unified by the attack to fight against the Empire of Japan and its allies, the German Reich and the Kingdom of Italy. The surprise attack at Pearl Harbor prior to a declaration of war was commonly regarded as an act of treachery and cowardice. Following the attack many non-governmental "Jap hunting licenses" were circulated around the country.
The Greater German Reich under Nazi Germany in 1943 Ideally, the border of a nation state extends far enough to include all the members of the nation, and all of the national homeland. Again, in practice some of them always live on the 'wrong side' of the border. Part of the national homeland may be there too, and it may be governed by the 'wrong' nation. The response to the non-inclusion of territory and population may take the form of irredentism: demands to annex unredeemed territory and incorporate it into the nation state.
From 1926 to 1930 he was a German delegate to the League of Nations.Biographie: Ludwig Kaas, 1881-1952 Lebendiges Museum Online Kaas considered himself a "Rhenian Patriot" and advocated the creation of a Rhineland state within the framework of the German Reich. In 1923, a year of crisis, he – just like Konrad Adenauer, then mayor of Cologne – fought the separatists that wanted to break away the Rhineland from Germany. Despite French occupation, he sought reconciliation with France and voiced this desire in a famous Reichstag speech on 5 December 1923.
Raimund Pretzel (27 December 1907 – 2 January 1999), better known by his pseudonym Sebastian Haffner, was a German journalist and author. He wrote mainly about recent German history. His focus was specifically on the history of the German Reich (1871–1945); his books dealt with the origins and course of the First World War, the failure of the Weimar Republic, and the subsequent rise and fall of Nazi Germany under Hitler. His most known work is The Meaning of Hitler (German: Anmerkungen zu Hitler, 1978), a short biography and analysis of Hitler.
This threatened to encircle the Red Army units in the city, which then hastily withdrew. Reinhard Heydrich, the chief of the German Reich Security Main Office (), flew several fighter missions in his private modified Bf 109 from the Bălţi-City Airport in July 1941. Heydrich was shot down by Soviet anti-air fire over Ukraine and barely escaped capture after having to swim for his life. Upon the Axis capture of the city, a 20-strong unit of the German SS Einsatzkommando D murdered about 200 Jews in the city over three days.
Arthur Milchhöfer Arthur Alexander Johann Milchhöfer (March 21, 1852 – December 7, 1903) was a German archaeologist born in Schirwindt, East Prussia, a village in the easternmost corner of the German Reich. He specialized in studies of Greek Antiquity, and is remembered for his topographical research of ancient Attica. He studied in Berlin and at the University of Munich, where he was a student of Heinrich Brunn (1822–1894). Subsequently, he became an assistant to Ernst Curtius (1814–1896) in Berlin, and in 1883 was habilitated for archaeology at the University of Göttingen.
This was followed by studies in the US from 1934 to 1935. Jost Henkel joined the Industrie-Club Düsseldorf in 1938. He was later appointed Wehrwirtschaftsführer in the National Socialist German Reich. From 1938, he became managing director of the company together with Carl August Bagel and Werner Lüps, and on 11 July 1942, he was elected "Betriebsführer der Henkel-Werke" as successor to the late Werner Lüps. In 1945, Jost Henkel was imprisoned by the Allies and returned to the company together with other family members in November 1947.
As an avid supporter of the Nazi Party, Ringel strongly encouraged the union of Austria with the German Reich and after the Anschluss enthusiastically joined the Wehrmacht with the 3rd Mountain Division.Thomas & Wegmann 1994, p. 216. On 1 February 1939, Ringel was promoted to colonel. When World War II began, he was assigned to the 268th Infantry Division as a regimental commander and he took part in the campaign in the West. On 7 June 1940, Ringel returned to the 3rd Mountain Division, becoming its commander on 14 July 1940.
The Nazis' position to football and its clubs in the occupied territories varied greatly. Local clubs in Eastern Europe, such as Polish and Czech clubs, were not permitted to compete in the Gauligen. The situation was different in Western Europe, where clubs from Alsace, Lorraine, and Luxembourg took part in the Gauliga system under Germanised names. Clubs with a Czech majority, while part of the German Reich, played out their own national, Bohemia/Moravia championship in this time, parallel to the German Gauliga Böhmen und Mähren, but were racially segregated.
The National theater housed the People's Parliament in 1940 Demonstration in Riga on November 7, 1940 Poster of the Latvian SSR Supreme Soviet Election on January 12, 1941 In the following months of 1940 the Soviet Constitution and criminal code (copied from Russian) were introduced. The sham elections of July 1940 were followed by elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union in January 1941. The remaining Baltic Germans and anyone who could claim to be one emigrated to the German Reich. On August 7, 1940 all print media and printing houses were nationalized.
After the National Socialists came to power in 1933, so many plays and other works were written about Widukind that there were complaints that he was becoming a cliché. Alfred Rosenberg praised him as a hero of German freedom, who finally joined with the founder of the German Reich (Charlemagne). Two important plays about the Saxon leader were produced in 1934, Der Sieger ("The Victor") by Friedrich Forster and Wittekind by Edmund Kiss. The first celebrated the conversion of Widukind, but the second caused controversy because of its explicit anti- Christian message.
In 1941 the town finally received city rights. During World War II, the Stalag Luft VI prisoner-of-war camp was located near Heydekrug; it was the northernmost POW camp within the confines of the German Reich. There remain many old buildings in Šilutė: an old post office (1905), a fire station (1911), a court building and prison (1848), a bridge across the Sziesze (Šyša) (1914), an estate of H. Scheu (1818), an old market square, a harbor, railway station and a bridge (1875), and the Vydūnas gymnasium.
292 Where the DAP had been avowedly a "class" party, Riehl sought to distance the group from any such consideration, instead tying it in to the wider Völkisch movement. Riehl was aware from early on of the existence of the German Workers' Party in Germany itself and maintained correspondence with its early leader Anton Drexler. He was not a supporter of union with Germany but nonetheless he accepted a subservient role to Adolf Hitler at an early stage, referring to him "unseren reichsdeutschen führer" (our German Reich leader) in 1922.
The exception is that during the Cold War, the East German railway incongruously continued to use the name Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Reich Railways), which had been the name of the national railway during the Weimar Republic and the Nazi era. Even after German reunification in October 1990, the Reichsbahn continued to exist for over three years as the operator of the railroad in eastern Germany, ending finally on 1 January 1994 when the Reichsbahn and the western Deutsche Bundesbahn were merged to form the privatized Deutsche Bahn AG.
In the 1918 revolution, Ebert controversially sided with the Imperial Army command against communists, while the Reichstag elected him as head of the new government. A revolutionary government met for the first time in November 1918. Known as the Council of People's Commissioners, it consisted of three Majority Social Democrats (Friedrich Ebert, Philipp Scheidemann, and Otto Landsberg) and three United Social Democrats (Emil Barth, Wilhelm Dittman, and Hugo Haase). The new government faced a social crisis in the German Reich following the end of the First World War, with Germany threatened by hunger and chaos.
In 1931 Erich Vagts became chairman of the DNVP and two years later he was elected to the position of a senator for the health resort in the city state of Bremen. On September 30, 1933 Vagts left the Senate of Bremen and became President of a supervising body for the villages in Bremen. He expanded his influence in 1938 as a representative of the region of Oldenburg in the German Reich. On May 5, 1945 the allied forces appointed Vagts to provisional mayor, on June 6 to the Mayor of Bremen.
Hitler killed himself in the Führerbunker, a little further north, on 30 April 1945. From 7 October 1949, Voßstrasse was located in East Berlin, which did little to develop the Potsdamer Platz area as it was in the sensitive border zone, along which the Berlin Wall would eventually divide the city. By 1956 there was only one surviving building in the entire length of Voßstrasse - part of the German Reich Railway Co. offices (Voßstrasse 33). When the Berlin Wall went up in August 1961, much of Voßstraße became stranded in no-man's-land.
As the war continued the big bands had to commit to a special repertoire in order to be allowed to perform before an audience. Each big band had to be a member of the “Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer”, the Dutch equivalent of the German Reich Chamber of Culture, a government agency in Nazi Germany that was extended to the occupied territories. A rejected inscription resulted in an occupational ban. The “Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer” played an important role in the Nazi oppression of modern art and music that was considered "degenerate art", such as American jazz and swing music.
The SRP also advocated Europe, led by a reunited German Reich, as a "third force" against both capitalism and communism. It demanded the re-annexation of the former eastern territories of Germany and a "solution of the Jewish question". According to Karl Dietrich Bracher, "SRP propaganda concentrated on a vague 'popular socialism' in which the old Nazis rediscovered well-worn slogans, and also on a nationalism whose championship of Reich and war was but a thinly disguised continuation of the Lebensraum ideology".Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship.
Hartmann was a member of the Österreichische Freiheitsbewegung (Austrian freedom movement, a nonviolent conservative catholic resistance group), whose goal was the liberation from National Socialism and the detachment of Austria from the German Reich. He collected Information about this group and other resistance groups and assembled lists of their members. He gave this information to the Gestapo, leading to the arrest of 450 members of the resistance movement, some of which were subsequently sentenced to death, others to long terms in prison.Hans Schafranek: Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im anitfaschistischen Untergrund 1938–1945.
After the war, the site was rehabilitated, after the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949. Initially a sanatorium, then in 1953 a camp for refugees was established, mainly German expellees from the former eastern territories of the German Reich. The Bundeswehr built some barracks 1957 in the area, which were initially called Haid Barracks and in 1965 renamed to Eberhard Finckh Barracks. Until their closure at the end of 1993, there was also an American unit (84th Field Artillery Detachment) stationed next to the Rocket Artillery 250.
One railway connection between West Berlin and Oebisfelde (E)/Wolfsburg (W) was reserved for freight trains only. In July and August 1945, the three Western Allies and the Soviet Union decided that the railways, previously serviced by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Reich Railways), should continue to be operated by one railway administration to service all four sectors. So West Berlin had – with the exception of a few small private railway lines – no separate railway administration. Furthermore, the operation of the Reichsbahn's Berlin S-Bahn electric metropolitan transport network, consisting of commuter trains, was also maintained.
280px The Jesuits were banned in the German Reich from 1872 to 1917. Then in 1925, at the suggestion of Bishop Josef Deitmer and through the initiative of Bernhard Lichtenberg "the establishment of a private Catholic higher educational institution for male youth" was established. However, the Ministry of Culture forbade using the name Canisius College, so the college officially received its name from its location in Berlin-Charlottenburg: Gymnasium at the Lietzensee. Beginning of the 1930s, the school had about 500 students, making it the second largest boys' school in Germany.
The two defining platform planks of the People's Party were Antisemitism on the one hand and pan-Germanism on the other hand. The party had been hoping that Austria would, sooner or later, defy the Treaty of Saint-Germain and would seek accession to the German Reich. The party had also been hoping that the unification of all Germans would extend to the Sudeten Germans, the German-speaking former Habsburg subjects living in what used to be Bohemia. Schober, whom the party had considered a reliable ally, was renouncing both these goals.
Passavant, a journalist of the German East African Rundschau, researched that in 1899 a punishment had been imposed on Roy in a Bagatellsache. As a result, the German East African Newspaper reported that von Rechenberg had a homosexual relationship with one of his servants.The Rechenberg Scandal and Homosexuality in German East Africa Roy was sentenced in November 1910 by a court for [halitosis] to half a year in custody and deportation to the German Reich. Wilhelm II lifted the prison sentence, but not the expulsion from German East Africa.
Following administrative changes in 1848, Schönau became its own self-governing community. Since 1918 the village has belonged to the nation of Austria. The village released its own emergency currency in 1920, to help lessen the economic hardship of the area, following the end of World War I. The day after the Anschluss on March 12, 1938 (in which Germany annexed Austria into the German Reich), Schönau was incorporated into the Reichsgau Oberdonau (Gau Oberdonau). Following the end of World War II in 1945, the town lay in the Soviet Occupation zone.
According to the 1 December 1900 population census this new district of Malmedy had only a minority of 28.7% Walloon-speaking inhabitants. The smaller but more populous district of Eupen was almost entirely German- speaking, with Walloon and French speaking minorities making up less than 5 percent.'Foreign-language minorities in the German Reich according to the population census of 1 December 1900 (German) At the beginning of World War I, most of the inhabitants of the Eupen and Malmedy districts considered themselves German and fought for the German Empire during the war.
Ardently pan-German, the People's Party had been hoping that Austria would, sooner or later, defy the Treaty of Saint-Germain and would seek accession to the German Reich. The party had also been hoping that the unification of all Germans would extend to the Sudeten Germans, the German-speaking former Habsburg subjects living in what used to be Bohemia. Schober, whom the party had considered an ally, was renouncing both these goals. In the final days of December 1921, the People's Party staged protest rallies against the treaty all over the country.
During the years 1912-1938 Hermann Schreiber lived in Potsdam. He wrote articles in newspapers (incl. Israelitisches Familienblatt), translated the Torah from Hebrew into German, for many years was the rabbi in the synagogue in Potsdam. He was the chairman of the Jewish Liberal Youth Association, which was established in Potsdam in 1921; he was also an active member of the Association of Schrimmers (Verein der Schrimmer), an organization established in Berlin in 1902 by Jews descending from Śrem (Schrimm) who later emigrated to other provinces of the German Reich.
Wilhelm Marx, probably in 1923 Gustav Stresemann, 1925 Otto Gessler The Second Marx cabinet (German: Zweites Kabinett Marx) was the 11th democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Wilhelm Marx and took office on 3 June 1924 when it replaced the First Marx cabinet which had resigned on 26 May. Marx' second cabinet resigned on 15 December 1924 and was replaced on 15 January 1925 by a cabinet led by Hans Luther.
The Reichsgericht building in Leipzig The Reichsgericht (, Reich Court of Justice) was the supreme criminal and civil court in the German Reich from 1879 to 1945. It was based in Leipzig, Germany. The Supreme Court was established when the Reichsjustizgesetze (Imperial Justice Laws) came into effect and it built a widely regarded body of jurisprudence during the period of the German Empire and Weimar Republic."Federal Court of Justice Celebrates 50th Anniversary", German Law Journal, November 2000 During the rise of the Third Reich, the Reichsgericht became deeply embroiled in the National Socialist agenda.
Neckar-Staustufe Hirschhorn with weir and double barrage Navigation on the Neckar near Bad Wimpfen in 1988 with the passenger ship Neckarbummler of the Personenschifffahrt Stumpf In order to provide the rising industrial area around Stuttgart a waterway connection for fully rigged ships, first plannings for channelling oft he Neckar between Mannheim and Plochingen began already in 1904. The goal was to be mostly independent from natural impacts as for example low waters or floating ice. With the württembergian side Otto Konz (1875–1965) was assigned who remained connected to the Neckar upgrading the rest of his life. A memorandum from 1910 allowed for ships up to a 1000 tons, according to plans from 1919 the transportation was planned for the 1200-t-ship. Because the Neckar was earmarked as a Reichswasserstraße (literally:“realm waterway“) in the Weimar Constitution in 1919 (officially from 1. April 1921), Neckarbaudirektion (literally: „Neckar construction department“) was introduced in 1920 whose head Otto Konz became. The department was directly subordinated to the German Reich (often called “Weimar Republic”). In 1921 the German Reich, the Neckar adjoining states Würtemberg, Baden and Hesse agreed in a state treaty the upgrading of the Neckar to a heavy shipping waterway.
Hans von Tschammer und Osten (25 October 1887 – 25 March 1943) was a German sport official, SA leader and a member of the Reichstag for the Nazi Party of Nazi Germany. He was married to Sophie Margarethe von Carlowitz. Hans von Tschammer und Osten led the German Sports Office Deutscher Reichsausschuss für Leibesübungen (DRA) "German Reich Commission for Physical Exercise" after the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. In July the same year Hans von Tschammer took the title of Reichssportführer, "Reich Sports Leader", and the whole sports sphere in Germany was placed under his control.
However, propaganda for elections was allowed to go with a German translation from 1919 to 2008. In order not to antagonize the Alsatians, the region was not subjected to some legal changes that had occurred in the rest of France between 1871 and 1919, such as the 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State. Hindenburg marked with "Elsaß" (1940) Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although it was never formally annexed, Alsace- Lorraine was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgau.
Europe after the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the forming of the German Reich and the French loss of Alsace-Lorraine French foreign policy was based on a hatred of Germany—whose larger size and faster-growing economy could not be matched—combined with a popular revanchism that demanded the return of Alsace and Lorraine. There were some moderate leaders who wanted to forget the past, but Berlin ignored their overtures.E. Malcolm Carroll, French public opinion and foreign affairs, 1870–1914 (1964) pp 47, 109.J. F. V. Keiger. France and the World Since 1870. (2001) pp 114–116.
This was exercised by Goebbels, who in 1944 took over the office of Stadtpräsident from Steeg. During the last months of the war Steeg was eclipsed by Goebbels in preparing the defences of Berlin against the approaching Red Army. He does not seem to have played any significant role in these events: he is not mentioned in any of the histories of Berlin at this time, such as Cornelius Ryan's The Last Battle or Anthony Reid and David Fisher's The Fall of Berlin. Nevertheless, his post as Oberbürgermeister made him the symbolic head of the capital of the German Reich.
In December 1901 Hausdorff was appointed as adjunct associate professor at the University of Leipzig. The often repeated assertion that Hausdorff got a call from Göttingen and rejected it cannot be verified and is probably wrong. When applying in Leipzig, Dean Kirchner had been led to very positive vote of his colleagues, written by Heinrich Bruns, still accompanied by the following words: This quote emphasizes the undisguised anti-Semitism present, which especially took a sharp upturn after the Gründerkrach in 1873 throughout the German Reich. Leipzig was a center of anti-Semitic movement, especially among the student body.
Here, above all, the Hamburg merchant, Oscar Louis Tesdorpf, was instrumental in driving forward their naturalisation. The first specimens were released into the Göhrde State Forest in 1903, the next ones in Harzgerode in 1906, followed by further releases in the Taunus and the Solling. In all cases, the mouflon favoured level or low-lying plains with forest cover and not, as expected, rocky, mountainous areas. Gradually they were mixed with varieties of domestic sheep, especially crossbreeding with the racka. After the European mouflon population declined during the First World War, in the German Reich alone about 2,500 were counted in 1938.
The new Reichstag, the last of the German Reich, convened for the first time on 30 January 1939, electing a presidium headed by incumbent President of the Reichstag Hermann Göring. It convened only a further seven times, the last on 26 July 1942. On 25 January 1943, Hitler postponed elections for a new Reichstag until after the war, with the inaugural to take place after another electoral term, subsequently on 30 January 1947—by which point the body, and the Nazi state, had ceased to exist. They were the final elections held in a united Germany prior to 1990 after German reunification.
During World War II, her son, Stanley Carter Pace, a fighter pilot and first lieutenant, was taken as a prisoner of war by the German Reich. Upon returning from the war, Stanley C. Pace put his aerospace engineering degree to work and rose to the chairmanship of TRW. After being pulled from retirement in the 1980s, he assumed the position of restoring the giant defense contractor, General Dynamics, to credibility after grievous ethical lapses brought the company to near dissolution. Through Pearl Carter Pace's activism in the Republican Party, she became a tireless supporter and friend of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
In 1937 the Nazi party assembled, from art that they had removed from German museums, the Degenerate Art Exhibition, an exhibition of mostly modern art that toured Germany until early 1939. The exhibition was intended to show the deterioration in art brought about by Jewish and Bolshevik influences. The creation of the exhibition was followed up by a far larger exercise to collect "degenerate art" from throughout Germany. On the instructions of Joseph Goebbels, German Reich Minister of Propaganda, attempts were made to sell some of the more valuable "degenerate" works abroad to raise foreign currency to help the war effort.
The signing of the Reichskonkordat on 20 July 1933 in Rome. (From left to right: German prelate alt= The Reichskonkordat ("Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany. It was signed on 20 July 1933 by Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII, on behalf of Pope Pius XI and Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of President Paul von Hindenburg and the German government. It was ratified 10 September 1933 and it has been in force from that date onward.
Operation Barbarossa opened in June 1941, with striking initial German successes.Hermann Plocher, The German Air Force Versus Russia, 1941–1943 (1968) In the air, many of the Soviets' aircraft were inferior, while the disparity in pilot quality may have been even greater. The purges of military leadership during the Great Terror heavily impacted command and control in all services. At the outbreak of the war, VVS (Soviet Airforce) had just been purged of most of its top officers and was unready. By 1945 Soviet annual aircraft production outstripped that of the German Reich; 157,000 aircraft were produced.
When Julius Curtius, foreign minister of the German Reich, visited Vienna on March 3, 1931, Schober and Curtius negotiated a customs union between the two neighbors. The idea had already been floated in 1917 and then in 1927, and it still made eminent sense for both sides. Austria's manufacturing sector would gain better access to the German market. Germany would gain access to Southeast Europe and would economically encircle both Czechoslovakia and Poland; in the long term, Czechoslovakia and Poland might choose to realign themselves away from France, their preferred partner in 1931, and towards the great power they actually bordered.
Ignaz Seipel, the leader of the Christian Social Party and Schober's eventual main antagonist Mayr's term as a chancellor lasted less than a year. The Republic of German-Austria had been proclaimed with the understanding that it would eventually join the German Reich, a vision shared by a clear majority of its population at the time. The treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain prohibited a union of the two countries, but unification remained popular. Several provincial governments hatched plans to break away from Austria and join Germany on their own; preparations for local referendums were made.
Most enemy aliens living elsewhere in Palestine—comprising Gentile Germans,Jewish Germans living in Palestine had mostly given up their German citizenship or were successively denaturalised by the Nazi government. Even if they were still German citizens, the Britons did not regard them as potential supporters of Nazi Germany. All Jewish Germans living outside the extended Greater German Reich still holding German citizenship were denaturalised by ordinance (Elfte Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz), decreed on 25 November 1941. Hungarians and Italians—were interned in one of the settlements, while the inhabitants of the settlements simply stayed where they were.
Duke Jan II the Mad had his older brother Balthasar imprisoned and starved to death at the castle's tower in 1472, shortly before he sold his duchy to Duke Albert III of Saxony. With Żagań, Przewóz fell back to the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1549, until in 1742 the bulk of Silesia was conquered and annexed by Prussia upon the First Silesian War. From 1871 on the area was part of the German Reich and by the implementation of the Oder-Neisse line in 1945 it fell to the Republic of Poland (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).
Adolf Hitler called on Reichstag members to vote for the Enabling Act on 24 March 1933, completing his rise to power from 1919 through the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 to Chancellor ('Reichkanzler') of the German Reich. During the nationalisation of the German film industry in 1935, the interests of Intertobis and Ufa were clandestinely transferred to Cautio GmbH. Cautio was personally set up in 1929 by Max Winkler, its sole owner and shareholder, as a front company for the secret transfer of funds from the NSDAP regime. In 1935 Winkler was named by Hitler as "Reich Plenipotentiary for the German Film Industry".
On 6 April 1941, the German Reich invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During the Invasion of Yugoslavia, Ustaše, a Croat fascist and ultranationalist organization aboard, proclaimed the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) on 10 April 1941, supported by Germany and Italy. By May 1941, the Ustaše formed the Jadovno concentration camp in Lika where they incarcerated and executed thousands of ethnic Serbs and other prisoners, which led to the rebellion. The Serbs were the majority in the Croatian Partisans until September 1943, and were absolute majority in the Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland, better known as Chetniks.
The goal of the framers was to create a German- dominated Austrian state. They proposed ceding the regions of Galicia, Bukovina and Dalmatia to Hungary or giving the regions complete autonomy, and they wanted Austria's ties to Hungary to be only of a personal nature, with no administrative or legislative consequences. Additionally, German was to become the official language of Austria, and a proposed Customs union, which would be added to the monarchy's constitution, would provide strengthened ties to the German Reich. Rather than being a blueprint for a political movement, the proposal was more rhetorical.
They served their apprenticeships with their father and studied at technical colleges in Breslau and Berlin; they were made partners in 1936. The rebuilt firm was again a success; in the year 1938/1939, the Jägerndorf factory accounted for 66% of all organ exports from the German Reich. Egon von Glatter-Götz took a particular interest in the tonal and artistic design of the organs, while his brother Josef von Glatter-Götz focused on the technical aspects of organ building. During this time, both Romantic organs and classical instruments were built, influenced by the organ reform movement.
During the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony, Hitler promoted Göring to the rank of Reichsmarschall des Grossdeutschen Reiches (Reich Marshal of the Greater German Reich), a specially-created rank which made him senior to all field marshals in the military, including the Luftwaffe. As a result of this promotion, he was the highest-ranking soldier in Germany until the end of the war. Göring had already received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 30 September 1939 as Commander in Chief of the Luftwaffe. The UK had declared war on Germany immediately after the invasion of Poland.
The absorption of Austria into the German Reich in March 1938 made the Supreme Court superfluous and, in fact, inconvenient. For one thing, the German judiciary used the same four- tier hierarchy as its Austrian counterpart. The judicial districts served by German and Austrian local, regional, and higher regional courts, respectively, were roughly comparable in size. Decisions of Germany's 28 higher regional courts were appealed to the Reichsgericht in Leipzig; there was no strong reason for an extra appeals court intermediating between the Reichsgericht and the paltry 3 higher regional courts of the Reich's new province, the State of Austria ().
The "proclamation" of George VI "declaring that a State of War with the German Reich exists and has existed in Our Dominion of Canada as and from the tenth day of September, 1939". The Great Seal of Canada is affixed above the Attorney General's signature and the signature of the Governor-General Lord Tweedsmuir is at the top as a witness. A recommendation for a Declaration of war by Canada on Nazi Germany was announced in a speech made by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King on 3 September 1939.1939 Canada at the Side of Britain. CBC. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
Emil Jaeger (aka Emil Jäger) (1892 – 1947) was a professional soldier in the Wehrmacht, attaining the rank of Oberst. In 1933 he joined the Nazi Party in Austria and later authored a brochure about the actions of local SA Brigade 6 („SA-Brigade Jäger“). In April 1944 he was appointed as the Territorial Commander of the Island of Corfu and is probably best known for attempting to prevent the deportation of the island's Jewish population to Auschwitz. In the spring of 1944, the German Commanders began to deport the Jews of occupied Greece to concentration camps throughout the German Reich.
Hans Humann (born 1878 in Smyrna; died October 7, 1933) was a German officer, diplomat (Naval Attaché) and businessman. Humann became famous as one of the main representatives of the German Reich in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, as well as the publisher of the widely circulated Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung since 1920, when industrialist Hugo Stinnes bought the paper. Humann was a key German witness of the Armenian genocide. As a personal friend and during the war key associate of Enver Pasha, he even defended the genocide in newspaper articles for DAZ during the Weimar republic.
In 1916, attempting to increase Polish support for the Central Powers and to raise a Polish army, the German and Austrian emperors declared that a new state called the Kingdom of Poland would be created. The new Kingdom in reality was to be a puppet regime under military, economical and political control by the German Reich. Its territory was to be created after the war of only a small part of the old Commonwealth, i.e. the territory of Kingdom of Poland (Privislinsky Krai), with around 30,000 square kilometers of its western areas to be annexed by Germany.
Further, he claimed that the Nationalities Congress was little more than a cloak for the extension of German influence. On the opposite side, he saw that the inability of poorer minorities to achieve cultural autonomy would lead to their assimilation.Neighbours Or Enemies?: Germans, the Baltic and Beyond by John Hiden, Martyn Housden Rodopi, 2008 p 47 During his struggle for the minorities rights in 1930s in the German Reich, in April 1936 he published two articles in "Slavonic and East European Review", the organ of School of Slavic and East European Studies in the University of London, under his Sorabicus pen-name.
The new explosive was marketed under the name of security powder. In 1874, in order to ensure a better supply of the main buyers, the mines of the region of Ruhr, the company took over the Schlebusch factory in Manfort (since 1930 a district of Leverkusen; Nobel was involved in its construction since 1872 and supervised the production on a temporary basis. In 1876, Nobel's company became a limited liability company and was renamed Dynamit AG, i.e. DAG). The company started manufacturing defense equipment, and soon afterwards became the biggest manufacturer of powder and ammunitions of the German Reich.
That policy was intended to exacerbate internal Belgian conflicts and foster support for the German occupiers in the north of Belgium. Implementation was made easier by the fact that in 1938 the Belgian army had been divided into Flemish and Walloon regiments. The German regime decided to take the next step for the wartime Flamenpolitik in 1944 by initiating the total annexation of both the Flemish and Walloon sections of Belgium as full-fledged provinces of the German Reich: the Reichsgaue Flandern and Wallonien. The bicultural capital of Brussels was maintained as special district under the authority of a Reichskommissar.
Before 1772 the area was part of Western or Royal Prussia; reunited with Eastern Prussia from 1772 in Kingdom of Prussia, since 1871 German Reich. After World War II the region was placed under Polish administration by the Potsdam Agreement under territorial changes demanded by the Soviet Union. Most Germans fled or were expelled and replaced with Poles expelled from the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union or Ukrainians forced to settle in the area through Operation Vistula in 1947. At time of Soviet-Polish Communist take-over in 1945 the village had a population of about 350.
In September 1917 Narutowicz joined the Council of Lithuania (Lietuvos Taryba), a Lithuanian governing body established by the Germans as part of their Mitteleuropa plan, yet largely independent and striving for establishment of Lithuania as an independent state. As a member of that body, Narutowicz became one of twenty signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania. However, following the conflicts within the Taryba he took a more anti-German stance than most of his colleagues. After the body asked the government of Germany for protection and help and vowed for a stable and strong alliance with the German Reich, Narutowicz protested.
The Reichsmark is the dominant world currency and is legal tender in the Greater German Reich, but most of the Reich's member states, territories, and allies (including the Empire of Japan, Latin America, Britain, and America) have national currencies. Since the Reich dictates favorable exchange rates, the Reichsmark is readily accepted (and apparently welcome) even in places in which it is not legal tender. Britain continues to use its pre-decimal pound sterling currency, but the five-shilling Crown coin is struck in cheap aluminum, not silver, as "silver" coins were at least partly made of before World War II and briefly afterward.
Pp. 167, 209. The concept of the Slavs in particular being Untermenschen served the Nazis' political goals; it was used to justify their expansionist policy and especially their aggression against Poland and the Soviet Union in order to achieve Lebensraum, particularly in Ukraine. Early plans of the German Reich (summarized as Generalplan Ost) envisioned the displacement, enslavement, and elimination of no fewer than 50 million people, who were not considered fit for Germanization, from territories it wanted to conquer in Europe; Ukraine's chernozem ("black earth") soil was considered a particularly desirable zone for colonization by the Herrenvolk ("master race").
With the occupation of Alsatia, Robert Wagner became chief of the Alsatian Civilian Administration and had complete political freedom. It was his main objective to ensure that Alsatia become "German" again, in particular that Strasbourg become the "preeminent first cultural center of the German Reich".Rosebrock: "Kurt Martin", P. 30–34 He pursued this goal in the performing arts by founding several theatres and establishing German libraries.Lothar Kettenacker: "Nationalsozialistische Volkstumspolitik im Elsaß", Stuttgart 1973, P. 180–183 (Nazi Nation Politics in Alsatia) Moreover, he prohibited the use of the French language in public and Germanized all toponyms.
The Izbica ghetto was a Jewish ghetto created by Nazi Germany in Izbica in occupied Poland during World War II, serving as a transfer point for deportation of Jews from Poland, Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia to Bełżec and Sobibór extermination camps. The ghetto was created in 1941, although the first transports of Jews from the German Reich started arriving there as early as 1940. Izbica was the largest transit ghetto in the Lublin reservation, with death rate almost equal to that of the Warsaw ghetto. SS-Hauptsturmführer Kurt Engels, known for his exceptional cruelty, served as its only commandant.
At the Munich Conference of September 1938, Hitler, the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by Czechoslovakia. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smouldering quarrel between Slovaks and Czechs as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In the same month, he secured the return of Memel from Lithuania to Germany.
In addition, France was able to achieve considerable reparations from Germany after the first World War. If the German Reich could not meet the requirements of the reparations, the negotiation terms of the Londoner Zahlungsplan threatened to divide the Ruhr through forced occupation. At this time, the Ruhr was known as the Rhine-Westphalian coal and industrial area, including Lippe in the north, Dortmund in the east, and Düsseldorf in the south. Germany defaulted on reparations, causing France and Belgium to occupy the cities of Düsseldorf, Duisburg, and Ruhrort in 1921 and the remaining Ruhr area stretching east to Dortmund in 1923.
This memorandum stated that the separation of the Rhineland and Westphalia, including the Ruhr area of the German Reich, as "indispensable for the protection of the frontier and an essential prerequisite for the security of Europe and the world." Rolf Steininger: Reform und Realität. Ruhrfrage und Sozialisierung in der anglo-amerikanischen Deutschlandpolitik 1947/48. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Heft 2 (April 1979), S. 168 (PDF) An important consideration was that France and neighboring Western European countries had their economies supplied with coal and steel from the Ruhr and Saar regions for the purpose of postwar reconstruction.
Overy 1995, p. 207. Evidence suggests that in 1939 and 1940 the German Reich was preparing the war economy for a war of attrition, not a quick war of manoeuvre, although there was no total economic mobilisation for the war. Hitler's miscalculations in 1939 forced him into war before the war economy was ready and under these circumstances, the German General Staff reverted Vernichtungsgedanke, attempting to win a war quickly, with swift attacks on the flanks and rear of opposing armies, leading to their destruction before the economic and material superiority of the Allies became overwhelming.Frieser 2005, p. 26.
Brook-Shepherd's two most influential books on Austrian history are Dollfuss, his eponymous 1961 biography of the interwar Austrofascist dictator, and Anschluss, his 1963 account of the incorporation of Austria into the German Reich. Dollfuss was hailed as "overdue". Anschluss was compared favorably with earlier studies on the subject by Ulrich Eichstädt and Jürgen Gehl; Brook-Shepherd received praise for his "intimate, personal knowledge of places and people" and for his "psychological insight linked with critical detachment". While Gehl described the Anschluss mainly as the result of Hermann Göring's forceful personality and Hitler's vacillating indecision, Brook-Shepherd took a more systemic view.
From the "hereditary hostility" to France and a "moral inferiority" of England, Claß advocated a speedy war, which was to lead the German Reich to "world power" and territorial expansion. Also in 1911 he was one of the founding members of the (German Army Society), trying to push the armament of Germany. Claß is commonly known for his books about far-right policy, written under the pseudonym Daniel Frymann or Einhart. The most famous of these was his 1912 book Wenn ich der Kaiser wär (If I Were the Kaiser), in which he agitates for imperialism, Pan-Germanism and Antisemitism.
The attempted assassination of Hitler at the Wolf's Lair was part of Operation Valkyrie, a covert plan to take control and suppress any revolt in the German Reich following Hitler's death. News arrived from Wolf's Lair that Hitler was still alive, and troops loyal to the Nazi regime quickly re-established control of key government buildings. Von Stauffenberg, his adjutant Werner von Haeften, and several co-conspirators were arrested and shot the same evening outside the Bendlerblock in Berlin. On 20 August 1944, Hitler personally presented survivors of the bomb blast with a gold "20 July 1944 Wound Badge".
However, propaganda for elections was allowed to go with a German translation from 1919 to 2008. In order not to antagonize the Alsatians, the region was not subjected to some legal changes that had occurred in the rest of France between 1871 and 1919, such as the 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State. Hindenburg marked with "Elsaß" (1940) Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although it was never formally annexed, Alsace- Lorraine was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgau.
The host stadium in Paris The 2nd European Athletics Championships was a continental athletics competition for European athletes which was held in two places in 1938. The men's event took place in Paris, France between 3–5 September while the women's events were in Vienna, Austria (at the time part of German Reich) on 17 and 18 September. A total of 32 events were contested at the two competitions, comprising 23 events for men and 9 for women. This was the first time that events for women were held and the only occasion on which the competition was held in two separate locations.
The "Physiocratic money", Wära's predecessor After long preparations, Helmut Rödiger and Hans Timm founded the "Wära circulation agency" in Erfurt in October 1929, almost coinciding with Black Friday and the Great Depression that followed. Three years earlier, a Wära test had been conducted in the Physiocratic League, to which Rödinger and Timm belonged. The first success of the privately organised Wära currency agency was notable: in 1931, over 1,000 businesses from all over the German Reich were members of the agency. Wära exchange stations were opened in several cities, where Reichsmark currency could be exchanged for Wära banknotes.
The firm Robert Lienau issued the works of leading composers such as Anton Bruckner, Jean Sibelius, Leopold Godowsky and Alban Berg. In 1875 he also acquired the Vienna-based publishing company Haslinger, originally founded by Tobias Haslinger, which also brought many works by Beethoven, Liszt, Spohr, Hummel, and Johann Strauss senior and junior into the business. Robert Lienau withdrew from the management of the company in 1898 (he died in 1920 in Berlin) and inherited it to his son Robert Heinrich Lienau (1866–1949), whose lobbying on the issue of musical copyright influenced the new copyright laws of the German Reich of 1901.
Territorially speaking, this encompassed the already-enlarged German Reich itself (consisting of pre-1938 Germany proper, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Alsace- Lorraine, Eupen-Malmedy, Memel, Lower Styria, Upper Carniola, Southern Carinthia and German-occupied Poland), the Netherlands, the Flemish part of Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, at least the German- speaking parts of Switzerland and Liechtenstein.Rich 1974, pp. 401–402. The most notable exception was the United Kingdom, which was not projected as having to be reduced to a German province but to instead become an allied seafaring partner of the Germans.Strobl 2000, pp. 202–208.
Emperor Frederick III As a result, Prussia and the German Empire were something of a paradox. Bismarck knew that his new German Reich was now a colossus out of all proportion to the rest of the continent. With this in mind, he declared Germany a satisfied power, using his talents to preserve peace, for example at the Congress of Berlin. Bismarck had barely any success in some of his domestic policies, such as the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf, but he also had mixed success on ones like Germanisation or expulsion of Poles of foreign nationality (Russian or Austro-Hungarian).
Its incorporation of "Red Berlin" and the industrialised Ruhr Area, both with working class majorities, ensured left- wing dominance.Clark, Iron Kingdom, pp 620–624 From 1919 to 1932, Prussia was governed by a coalition of the Social Democrats, Catholic Centre and German Democrats; from 1921 to 1925, coalition governments included the German People's Party. Unlike in other states of the German Reich, majority rule by democratic parties in Prussia was never endangered. Nevertheless, in East Prussia and some rural areas, the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler gained more and more influence and popular support, especially from the lower middle class starting in 1930.
Historians believe the moment when American radio made its debut as the preeminent means of foreign news was the Munich Crisis in September 1938. Early that month, Hitler began implementing his plans to dominate Europe by demanding self-determination for Germans living in a region of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland. He left few doubts that he meant to annex the Sudetenland as part of an enlarged German Reich. High-level negotiations ensued, during which Britain’s Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, journeyed to Germany three times in less than three weeks in a desperate attempt to save the peace.
3P 4507, Dortmund city archive After the war, in 1919, women were allowed to vote for the first time in the German Reich. She joined the German Democratic Party DDP, became its Deputy in Dortmund and on 27 October 1919 (elected on 22 September 22) she became an unpaid member of the Municipal Authority, sworn in on 20 April 1920 by the Lord Mayor and again on 4 May 1921, this time according to Article 78 of the Prussian Constitution. Until 1925, she was the only woman on the city council. She was re-elected in 1925, for the final time.
On 31 March 1920, the state railways (Länderbahnen) were formally merged into the new 'imperial' railway company, the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the branch line network in Bavaria, less a few privately run lines, transferred to the ownership of the German Reich and thereby became part of the Reichsbahn railway network. But the aftermath of World War I, the state of the economy and rampant inflation brought a halt to any significant further expansion. Of the 52 routes envisaged in 1920, only the stub from Zwiesel to Bodenmais in 1928 and the link from Kinding to Beilngries in 1929 were built.
Leipzig in 1948 Leipzig in 1950 During World War II, Leipzig was repeatedly attacked by British as well as American air raids. The most severe attack was launched by the Royal Air Force in the early hours of 4 December 1943 and claimed more than 1,800 lives. Large parts of the city center were destroyed, while factories experienced temporary shortfalls in production, had to move production facilities or even were decentralized. At the outbreak of the war, Leipzig had more than 700,000 inhabitants and was therefore the sixth-largest city of the “Greater German Reich” (including Vienna).
Petropoulos, Art as Politics, pp. 105–06. The artworks were classified into three grades: the top grade, Wahl I, were photographed and stored as reserved for the German Reich; the second grade, Wahl II, classified as "not necessarily worthy of the Reich, but of good quality", were stored either in Poland (primarily in the Jagellonian Library) or at the Deutsche Bank in Berlin; works of the third grade, Wahl III, were usually retained by the occupation administration or the SS, "for representational purposes", that is, for Germans' homes and offices.Petropoulos, Art as Politics, p. 107.Nicholas, p. 68.
German occupation of France during World War II. A memorandum written on 14 June 1940 by Stuckart or someone in his vicinity in the Interior Ministry discusses the annexation of certain areas in Eastern France to the German Reich. The document presents a plan to weaken France by reducing the country to its late mediaeval borders with the Holy Roman Empire and replacing the French populace of the annexed territories by German settlers. This memorandum formed the basis for the so-called "north-east line" (also called the "black line" and the "Führer line"Jäckel, E. (1966). Frankreich in Hitlers, Deutsche Vlg. p.
Children found to be biologically valuable for the German Reich are to be Germanized." By 1943 these programs had expanded to include the outright abduction of both children and adults. In an eight-page report to Himmler, dated 25 March 1943, Creutz outlined the operations and gave details as to the measures he had ordered: "The selection of persons is to be made by the branch office of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA) in Litzmannstadt (Łódź). Persons found suitable for being Germanized are to be turned over to the individual Higher SS and Police Leaders in Germany proper.
A memorial slab marks the location of the original railcar at Armistice Clearing. A memorial site called Clairière de l'Armistice ("Glade of the Armistice", or "Armistice Clearing") covers the historic treaty area. Additions include a statue of Marshal Foch and the large Alsace-Lorraine Memorial, which depicts an Allied sword pinning down an Imperial German eagle. A famous memorial tablet placed at the precise location of the cease-fire signing reads (in French), Here on the eleventh of November 1918 succumbed the criminal pride of the German Reich... vanquished by the free peoples which it tried to enslave.
Czechs formed the leading class in the new state emerging from the remnants of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe. However, in 1938 the Munich Agreement severed the Sudetenland, with a considerable Czech minority, from Czechoslovakia, and in 1939 the German Nazi regime established the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia for Resttschechei (the rump Czech stateGruner, Wolf. 2015. Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In: Wolf Grüner & Jörg Osterloh (eds.), The Greater German Reich and the Jews: Nazi Persecution Policies in the Annexed Territories 1935–1945, pp. 99–135. Transl.
There is an inscription over the passageway on both the city side and the field side. On the city side it reads, "SPQL" and is framed by the years 1477 and 1871, the former being the supposed date of construction (the correct date is, however, now known to be 1478), the latter being the date of the gate's restoration and the founding of the German Reich. This inscription was modeled on the Roman "SPQR" (Latin Senatus populusque Romanus - the Senate and People of Rome) and stands for Senatus populusque Lubecensis. It was, however, affixed only in 1871.
Five days later, on April 14, Endre, Baky, and Adolf Eichmann, the SS officer in charge of organising the deportation of Hungarian Jews to the German Reich, decided to deport all the Jews of Hungary. Although from 1943, the BBC Polish Service broadcast about the exterminations, the BBC Hungarian Service did not discuss the Jews. A 1942 memo for the BBC Hungarian Service, written by Carlile Macartney, a British Foreign Office adviser on Hungary, said: "We shouldn't mention the Jews at all." Macartney believed that most Hungarians were antisemitic, and that mentioning the Jews would alienate much of the population.
Corresponding offices were opened in Patras and Volos. From 15 October 1942 it was controlled by Hermann Neubacher, the former mayor of Vienna and Reich plenipotentiary in the Balkans, and particularly "Reich Special Envoy for Economic and Financial Issues in Greece".Susanne Heim: Geschichte der Kaiser- Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus,p. 219 The company began operations on 28 November, and a few days later the Bank of Greece was forced to hand over its foreign exchange reserves to the German Reich in the form of a compulsory loan; by the end of the war, the loan amounted to 476 million Reichsmark.
On 21 November the territory of the county 'Römerstadt' was formally integrated into the German Reich and became the administrative district of the Sudeten areas under the national commissioner Konrad Henlein The County administration office was located in the town Römerstadt. After 15 April 1939 the 'law on the construction of the administration in the Reich Sudetetenland (Sudetengaugesetz)' was created. After that, the county of Römerstadt became part of Reichsgau Sudetenland, which was assigned to the new administrative district Opava. On 1 May 1939 a restructuring of the partially determined counties in the Sudetenland was decreed.
Wilhelm Marx, probably in 1923 Gustav Stresemann, 1925 Otto Gessler Karl Stingl The Third Marx cabinet (German: Drittes Kabinett Marx) was the 14th democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Wilhelm Marx and was in office for only seven months. On 17 May 1926 it replaced the Second Luther cabinet after the resignation of Hans Luther on 13 May 1926. Marx resigned with his cabinet on 17 December 1926 but remained in office as caretaker.
Due to his political activities he was sentenced to eleven months of prison and excluded from the high school even before he passed his final exit exam. From 1938 to 1941, he was employed as a journalist at the national liberal daily newspaper Večernik in Maribor. In 1941, after the Nazis invaded Yugoslavia and annexed northern Slovenia to the German Reich, Portč was interned to Mathausen concentration camp, from where he returned in 1943 and joined the Yugoslav Partisans. During and after World War II he worked as editor and journalist for the newspapers Domovina, Borba, and Ljudska pravica.
Nietzsche broke with Wagner following the first Bayreuth Festival, believing that Wagner's final phase represented a pandering to Christian pieties and a surrender to the new German Reich. Nietzsche expressed his displeasure with the later Wagner in "The Case of Wagner" and "Nietzsche contra Wagner".Magee (1988) 52 The poets Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine worshipped Wagner.Magee (1988) 49–50 Édouard Dujardin, whose influential novel Les Lauriers sont coupés is in the form of an interior monologue inspired by Wagnerian music, founded a journal dedicated to Wagner, La Revue Wagnérienne, to which J. K. Huysmans and Téodor de Wyzewa contributed.
In a prisoner of war camp for Germans near Naples, efforts were made to recruit the first candidates for the mission. At the same time, suitable leaflets were developed which referred to the attempted coup on July 20 and were then to be smuggled into German territory. Thus, for example, it was claimed that Walther von Brauchitsch had taken over the command in Germany, or German troops were called upon to carry out revolutionary measures against the Nazi regime. An extra issue of the magazine Das Neue Deutschland was also produced, which pointed to alleged opposition groups within the German Reich.
Anton von Schmerling from Austria: on July 15th 1848 he belonged to the first three men that the Reichsverweser installed as German Reichsminister.Ralf Heikaus: Die ersten Monate der provisorischen Zentralgewalt für Deutschland (Juli bis Dezember 1848). 1997, p. 61–63. Reichsminister (in German singular and plural; 'minister of the realm') was the title of members of the German Government during two historical periods: during the March revolution of 1848/1849 in the German Reich of that period, and in the modern German federal state from 1919 to the end of the National Socialist regime in 1945.
SS-GB is a 2017 British drama series produced for the BBC and based on the 1978 novel of the same name by Len Deighton. It is set in a 1941 alternative timeline in which the United Kingdom is occupied by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. Europe as described in the show nine months after the Royal Air Force lost the Battle of Britain to the German Luftwaffe. The southern part of Great Britain is controlled by the German Reich while the northern part is an unoccupied zone even though there is still conflict in the area.
The first fortified belt of Metz consists of forts Fort Saint-Privat (1870), Fort de Queuleu (1867), Fort Bordes (1870), Fort de Saint-Julien (1867), Fort Gambetta, Fort Déroulède, Fort Decaen, Fort de Plappeville (1867) and Group Fortifications of Saint-Quentin (1867), most of them unfinished in 1870, when the Franco-Prussian War broke out. During the Annexation Metz, oscillated between a German garrison of 15,000 and 20,000 men at the beginning of the period, and will exceed 25,000 men just before the First World War. Gradually Metz becomes the premier stronghold of the German Reich.
The first fortified belt of Metz consists of forts de Saint-Privat (1870), of Queuleu (1867), des Bordes (1870), Saint-Julien (1867), Gambetta, Déroulède, Decaen, Plappeville (1867) and St. Quentin (1867), most of them unfinished in 1870, when the Franco-Prussian War bursts out. During the Annexation following this war, Metz, which oscillates between a German garrison of 15,000 and 20,000 men at the beginning of the period, overtakes 25,000 men in the garrison by the time of the First World War. Gradually Metz becomes the first stronghold of the German Reich. It is therefore necessary to finish the fortifications there.
Department VI. (Agriculture) was added in 1872. Two of the university's long-standing requests were met by the state after the beginning of the 20th century: it was granted the right to award doctorates in 1901, and in 1902 the election of the principal by the teaching staff was approved. With an average of about 2,600 to 2,800 students, the TH München ranked ahead of the TH Berlin as the largest German technical college for a while. The first female undergraduate matriculated in architecture in 1905, after the Bavarian government officially allowed women to study at a technical college in the German Reich.
In November 1937 Adolf Hitler openly declared - according to the Hossbach Memorandum - his intention to separate the Sudetenland from the Czechoslovak state. The SdP officially coordinated this policy with Nazi leaders in order to integrate the German-speaking parts of Bohemia and Moravia into the German Reich. Karl Hermann Frank speaking at the Carlsbad convention of April 1938 After the Austrian Anschluss Henlein first met Hitler on 28 March 1938. His policy was the so-called "Grundplanung OA" (Basic planning) of summer 1938 and later in the interior policy of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
In 1938 Franz Burda and partners acquired a major printing facility, Großdruckerei, Papiergroßhandlung und Papierwarenwerk Akademiestraße Gebrüder Bauer in Mannheim. It was one of the largest and most modern printing companies in the German Reich, with some 250 employees. Its owner Berthold Reiss and fellow shareholders were Jews, meaning that they were forced to sell the business under the "Aryanization" laws relating to all Jewish-owned businesses in Nazi Germany. As a forced seller, Berthold Reiss was obliged to find a buyer for the firm or face the appropriation of its assets and his personal destitution.
Adding to Hitler's worries, German financial advisers warned the Nazi government that a mass exodus of Jewish laborers from the German workforce would badly damage Germany's economic stability. The Nazis needed a convenient solution to rid themselves of Jews without a political or economic backlash. In 1933, Arlosoroff and German Reich officials viewed the British Mandate of Palestine as a land of opportunity for very different reasons. In the eyes of the Nazi leadership, the remote British-controlled territory appeared to be a "dumping-ground" suitable to isolate thousands of anti-Hitler Jewish refugees from the world's political arena.
After Emil Hetzka's death in 1932, Yella Hertzka joined the board of directors of the public company Universal Edition and continued to support Maria Hofer's career. After the National- socialists came into power in Austria both women had to leave Vienna. Yella Hertzka gained a Czech passport by marrying Egdar Taussig in order to emigrate to England, while Maria Hofer made her home in Kitzbühel after having been expelled from England as citizen of the German Reich. Along with her friend Elsa Welwart, Maria Hofer was arrested due to the denunciation of a neighbour in July 1941.
With the start of World War I, she called on the 600 members of the Association to engage in war work less for their own rights and more for the needs of family and country. In 1916, Koch was elected to the board of the German Reich Association for Women's Suffrage. In 1917, she protested against "the forthcoming reform of the Bremer suffrage [...] that the right to vote in one direction referring only to the male sex". In 1918, she was a member of the new group Women in Bremen, and represented them in both women's suffrage associations and the Social Democrats.
Stamp of Germany overprinted for use in New Guinea, issued in 1897. In German New Guinea, in the Bismarck Archipelago and the North Solomon Islands, the first German post offices opened in 1888 and used some stamps of the German Reich, issued between 1875 and 1887 (denomination in an oval or imperial eagle series)."Deutsch-Neuguinea", Michel Deutschland-Spezial 2002, volume 1, 1849 bis April 1945, éditions Schwaneberger, , 2002, pages 529–532. On the mail, they were cancelled with a round datestamp bearing the name of the town in the upper part and a five arm star in the lower.
The coffered dome rests on this zone. The design and size of the external decoration of this Volkshalle, are all exceptional and call for explanations that do not apply to community halls planned for Nazi fora in other German cities.Scobie 114. The temple-like nature of the domed building was noted by Speer, who surmised that the building was ultimately intended for public worship of Hitler, his successors and the German Reich, that is, it was to be a dynastic temple/palace complex of the kind Augustus built on the Palatine, where his modest house was connected to the temple of Apollo.
Translated into English, the inscription on the monument reads as follows: Here in Hinterschellenberg, on the night of 2 May 1945, the asylum- seeking remainder of the "1st Russian National Army of the German Wehrmacht" under Major General A. Holmston-Smyslowsky,Count Borys Smyslowsky, a.k.a. Artur Holmston, was born in Terijoki, Russian Empire in 1897, died 1988 in Vaduz. with about 500 fully equipped men, crossed the border of the Greater German Reich into Liechtenstein. The first negotiations took place in the "Wirtschaft zum Löwen" tavern, which led to the granting of asylum by the Principality of Liechtenstein.
Joseph Wirth Gustav Bauer (1920) Robert Schmidt (before 1919) Otto Karl Gessler Wilhelm Groener (in 1928) Walther Rathenau The First Wirth cabinet (German: Erstes Kabinett Wirth) was the fifth democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich. It was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Joseph Wirth and took office on 10 May 1921 when it replaced the Fehrenbach cabinet. The cabinet was once again based on the "Weimar Coalition" of Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Catholic Zentrum and the German Democratic Party (DDP). Fehrenbach's cabinet had been based on the Zentrum, DDP and the German People's Party (DVP).
In 1927 the Deutschen Afrika-Dienst-Vertrag of 1907 was continued for a further 20 years and in the following years the corporate structure stabilised. In 1928 the 9,552-ton "Watussi" and "Ubena" were introduced as the first two-funnel turbine steamers of the company sporting the DOAL label, employed on the 'Rund-um-Afrika' route. A year after the NSDAP Nazi Party seized power, German shipping was reorganized in 1934, in which the large shipping groups were divided. HAPAG and Norddeutscher Lloyd had to surrender their shares in the Woermann Line and the Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie to the German Reich.
Deutscher Volksverband was most active in the Łódź and Tomaszów area. The German Foreign Ministry aggressively supported the DVV Party through its own consulate in Poland for a number of reasons, one of them being the presence of the explicitly pro-Polish Deutscher Kultur– und Wirtschaftsbund (DKWB) organization in Łódź, which was critical of the revisionist Weimar government. DVV members denounced the "Lodzer Mensch" from the DKWB as puppets of the Polish government collaborating with the Jews and committing high treason against the German Reich. In 1935 August Utta was replaced by Ludwig Wolff, a committed Nazi.
Hillgruber in Der Zusammenbruch im Osten 1944/45 was also concerned with the "justified" last stand of the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front in 1944-45 as Hillgruber gave a lengthy account of Red Army war crimes against German civilians. Hillgruber wrote the Wehrmacht in 1944-1945 was fighting "for a centuries-old area of German settlement, for the home of millions of Germans who lived in a core of the German Reich - namely in eastern Prussia, in the provinces of East Prussia, West Prussia, Silesia, East Brandenburg and Pomerania".Evans, Richard In Hitler's Shadow (1989), pp. 50–51.
Unlike in other states of the German Reich, majority rule by democratic parties in Prussia was never endangered. Nevertheless, in East Prussia and some industrial areas, the National Socialist German Workers Party (or Nazi Party) of Adolf Hitler gained more and more influence and popular support, especially from the lower middle class. Otto Braun, a Social Democrat from East Prussia, served as Prussian minister-president almost continuously from 1920 to 1932. A capable leader, he implemented several trend-setting reforms together with his minister of the interior, Carl Severing, which were also models for the later Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).
This plan entailed the transformation of Burgundy into a model-state nominally located outside of the Greater German Reich, but nevertheless ruled by a National Socialist government, and which would also have its own army, laws, and postal services. It was supposed to encompass French Switzerland (Romandy), Picardy with Amiens, the Champagne district with Reims and Troyes, the Franche-Comté with Dijon, Chalons, and Nevers, Hainaut and Luxembourg (Belgium). It was also to have a connection to both the Mediterranean Sea as well as the English Channel. The capital and administrative seat was tentatively proposed as either Dijon or Nancy (Nanzig) as its capital.
Büchi's patent, No. 204630 received from the Imperial Patent Office of the German Reich on November 6, 1905, describes a "highly supercharged compound engine" with a solution to capture such heat using an "axial compressor, radial piston engine and axial turbine on a common shaft". The idea was simple, however the materials and fuels required for it to function were not yet available. While a later patent (1925) describing "pulse operation for low-pressure supercharging" is considered his landmark, due to Büchi's invention the year 1905 is thus acknowledged as the birth of the turbocharging era. Büchi's principles from 1905 remain the same for turbocharging today.
In 1934, Ronge was posted to the Bundeskanzleramt ("chancellery") in the Dollfuss regime; his counter-espionage staff was however unable to prevent the assassination of Dollfuss by Nazi agents in the same year. Registration card of Maximilian Ronge as a prisoner at Dachau Nazi Concentration Camp When Ronge refused to join the SS after Austria’s Anschluss to the German Reich in 1938, he was arrested and deported to the Dachau concentration camp. From prison, Ronge wrote a “declaration of loyalty“ to Wilhelm Canaris when the latter was promoted to vice admiral, upon which he was released in August 1938. During World War II, Ronge lived in Vienna.
Even censorship of radio and the press was administered by the Danish government, rather than by the occupying German civil and military authorities. During the early years of the occupation, Danish officials repeatedly insisted to the German occupation authorities that there was no "Jewish problem" in Denmark. The Germans recognized that discussion of the "Jewish question" in Denmark was a possibly explosive issue, which had the potential to destroy the "model" relationship between Denmark and Germany and, in turn, cause negative political and economic consequences for Germany. In addition, the German Reich relied substantially upon Danish agriculture, which supplied meat and butter to 3.6 million Germans in 1942.
Those classified as "racially valuable" were sent from to the German Reich to be adopted and raised as Germans, while those who failed the tests would be used as slaves or murdered in medical experiments. Nordicist anthropometrics was used to "improve" the racial make-up of the Germanized section of the population, by absorbing individuals into the German population who were deemed suitably Nordic. Germanization also affected the Sorbs, the minority Slav community living in Saxony and Brandenburg, whose Slavic culture and language was suppressed to absorb them into German identity. Tens of thousands suffered internment and imprisonment as well, to become lesser-known victims of Nazi racial laws.
The Germans occupied present-day Lithuania, western Latvia, and north eastern Poland, an area almost the size of France. Ludendorff demanded Germanization of the conquered territories and far-ranging annexations, offering land to German settlers; see . Far-reaching plans envisioned Courland and Lithuania turned into border states ruled by German military governors answerable only to the Kaiser.Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler, page 102, Shelley Baranowski, Cambridge University, Press 2010 He proposed massive annexations and colonization in Eastern Europe in the event of the victory of the German Reich, and was one of the main supporters of the Polish Border Strip.
By this time, the Allied conspirators had organized a broad network of agents and saboteurs throughout Soviet Russia whose overarching ambition was to disrupt the nation's food supplies. Coupled with the planned military uprising in Moscow, they believed a chronic food shortage would trigger popular unrest and further undermine the Soviet authorities. In turn, the Soviets would be overthrown by a new government friendly to the Allied Powers which would renew hostilities against Kaiser Wilhelm II's German Reich. On 28 August, Reilly informed Hill that he was immediately leaving Moscow for Petrograd where he would discuss final details related to the coup with Commander Francis Cromie at the British consulate.
In the wake of the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and the turmoil of World War I, Estonia declared its independence from Russia on February 24, 1918 and Latvia on November 18, 1918 as republics. Attempts by the German Empire to bring the Baltic politically under German sovereignty with the creation of the United Baltic Duchy failed in November 1918 finally. The Livonian Knighthood was subsequently dissolved as statutory corporation. In 1920, the Livonian Non-profit Association was founded in Riga, and the members of the Knights, who had emigrated to the German Reich, founded the Association of the Livonian Stammadel in Rostock.
In Germany, the National Socialists quickly recognized the opportunity to make political capital out of the situation. The Olympic Games in Berlin were just around the corner and the German Reich wanted to show itself to the world as a strong but friendly and benevolent state. Thus the official account adopted Keast's thesis of an unforeseeable disaster that had befallen the group and the heroic rescue of their teacher. The rescue operation from Hofsgrund as well as all indications that suggested misconduct on the part of the teacher fell by the wayside (although the Freiburg public prosecutor's office initially pursued this line of investigation).
Nazism, the German variant of twentieth century fascism, classified inhabitants of the country into three main hierarchical categories, each of which would have different rights in relation to the state: citizens, subjects, and aliens. The first category, citizens, were to possess full civic rights and responsibilities. Citizenship was conferred only on males of German (or so-called "Aryan") heritage who had completed military service, and could be revoked at any time by the state. The Reich Citizenship Law of 1935 established racial criteria for citizenship in the German Reich, and because of this law Jews and others who could not "prove German racial heritage" were stripped of their citizenship.
Routes taken by the Volunteer Detached Battalion to Finland (red line) and back to Hungary (blue line) during and after the Winter War. Travel to Finland was very difficult, because the German Reich forbade transit of armaments and war equipment across its territory (including the occupied Polish territories). This was in one respect a simple honoring of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, but was also because Teleki had not given the Wehrmacht permission to use Hungarian railway lines for attacking Poland. The German government was also unhappy that Teleki's government had harbored thousands of Polish refugees after the German and Soviet invasion of Poland because of the Hungarian–Polish friendship.
The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland, on 5–16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return for normalizing relations with the defeated German Reich (the Weimar Republic). It also stated that Germany would never go to war with the other countries. Locarno divided borders in Europe into two categories: western, which were guaranteed by Locarno treaties, and eastern borders of Germany with Poland, which were open for revision.
In 1941 the Nazi authorities decreed the dissolution of all monasteries and abbeys in the German Reich, many of them effectively being occupied and secularized by the Allgemeine SS under Himmler. However, on 30 July 1941 the Aktion Klostersturm (Operation Monastery Storm) was put to an end by a decree from Hitler, who feared that the increasing protests by the Catholic segment of the German population might result in passive rebellions and thereby harm the Nazi war effort on the eastern front.Mertens, Annette, Himmlers Klostersturm: der Angriff auf katholische Einrichtungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg und die Wiedergutmachung nach 1945, Paderborn; München ; Wien; Zürich : Schöningh, 2006, pp. 33, 120, 126.
After Austria, Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia, where the 3.5 million- strong Sudeten German minority was demanding equal rights and self-government. At the Munich Conference of September 1938, Hitler, the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by Czechoslovakia. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smoldering quarrel between Slovaks and Czechs as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
While the attempts to normalize the situation were ongoing, there was vocal protest by a number of West German citizens who rejected any solution that acknowledged the French claim. In the 1960s one objector pressed criminal charges, a retired appellate court president drew public comparisons to the Soviet occupation zone, and a law journal published criticism.Hans-Joachim Noack: Tausche Pariser Kirche gegen deutschen Wald. Die Zeit. 10 March 1967. In 1988 a retired notary requested that a local court appoint him to represent the interests of the German Reich against the Federal Republic of Germany.Landgericht Landau: Beschluß vom 15.11.1988 (4 T 68/88), AVR 27 (1989), 110 (ZaöRV 50 [1990], 133) .
Although he quickly became disillusioned with the views expounded by Marxists, his flirtation with the ideology led him to distance himself from those who believed that spilling blood for the sake of a revolution was necessary. He then took the view that when it came to sacrificing human lives, one was to think and act with extreme prudence. The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure since events after the Anschluss (the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938) forced him into permanent exile.
For nearly all of the 41 years that Germany was split into two countries, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) claimed to be the sole legitimate successor to the German Reich that existed from 1871 to 1945. This claim was initially based solely on the government's mandate by virtue of free elections. To that end, it claimed Berlin, capital of united Germany from 1871 to 1945, as its capital, with the provisional capital in Bonn. In a statement made before the Bundestag, German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer asserted this mandate as early as October 21, 1949, in response to the constitution of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) coming into effect.
He remained in that position until the end of the war. On May 5, 1945, as the German surrender was approaching, Stahmer was handed an official protest by Japanese Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo, accusing the German government of betraying its Japanese ally.Togo Shigenori, The Cause of Japan, translated and edited by Togo Fumihiko and Ben Bruce Blakeney, (New York, 1956) p. 275 After the surrender of the German government, the Japanese government broke off diplomatic relations with the German Reich on May 15, 1945, and Stahmer was interned and kept under arrest in a hotel near Tokyo until the Japanese surrender in August 1945.
The Chinese government declared war on the German Reich on August 14, 1917, thus becoming one of the Allied Powers of the First World War. On June 28, 1919, a peace treaty between the Allied governments and the German government was signed in Paris, but the Chinese delegation was instructed by the government in Beijing not to sign the treaty, since it granted the Japanese Empire control over areas in China. As a result, the diplomatic state of war between Berlin and Beijing was not terminated. On September 15, 1919, the Chinese President Xu Shichang issued a decree lifting enemy state restrictions from the German government.
Many clandestine organizations (often known as resistance movements) operated in the countries occupied by German Reich during the Second World War. These organizations began forming as early as 1939 when, after the defeat of Poland, the members of what would become the Polish Home Army began to gather. In March 1940, a partisan unit of the first guerrilla commanders in the Second World War in Europe under Major Henryk Dobrzański "Hubal" completely destroyed a battalion of German infantry in a skirmish near the village of Huciska.Marek Szymanski: Oddzial Majora Hubala, Warszawa 1999, A guerrilla movement in Ethiopia was formed to rout out Italian forces as early as 1935.
After Austria, Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia, where the 3.5 million-strong Sudeten German minority was demanding equal rights and self-government. At the Munich Conference of September 1938, Hitler, the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by Czechoslovakia. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smoldering quarrel between Slovaks and Czechs as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
In 1923, the Province of Belluno obtained Cortina d'Ampezzo, Saint Lucia and Livinallongo Colle del Col di Lana which had been part of Austria- Hungary (the County of Tyrol). In 1943, when the Italian government signed an armistice with the Allies, the province was occupied by Nazi Germany, which reorganised it as the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills and put it under the administration of Gauleiter Franz Hofer. The region was de facto annexed to the German Reich (with the addition of the region of Trentino-Südtirol) until the end of the war. This status ended along with the Nazi regime and Italian rule was restored in 1945.
In 1828, 18-year-old Frédéric Chopin visited the town and gave an improvised concert.Sulechów - Internetowy Serwis Miejski - Fryderyk Chopin w Sulechowie Between 1871 and 1945 Züllichau was part of the German Reich. During World War II the Germans established two forced labour camps in the town, mainly for the Soviets. The territory was conquered by Red Army forces during the Vistula- Oder Offensive in the final stage of World War II. In accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, the town was incorporated into the Republic of Poland by the implementation of the Oder–Neisse line in 1945, while the remaining German population was expelled.
Examples of this are Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Under Benito Mussolini, Italy purported to establish an empire as the second incarnation of the Roman Empire, while Adolf Hitler's regime purported itself to be the third palingenetic incarnation of the German "Reich" - beginning first with the Holy Roman Empire ("First Reich"), followed by Bismarck's German Empire ("Second Reich") and then Nazi Germany ("Third Reich"). Moreover, Griffin's work on palingenesis in fascism analysed the pre-war Fin de siècle Western society. In doing so he built on Frank Kermode's work The Sense of an Ending which sought to understand the belief in the death of society at the end of the century.
Wrought iron gate of the Oslo Municipal Power Station, 1932 The headquarters of the Oslo Municipal Power Station was designed by architects Bjercke and Eliassen in 1928–31. Swastikas adorn its wrought iron gates. The architects knew the swastika as a symbol of electricity and were probably not yet aware that it had been usurped by the German Nazi party and would soon become the foremost symbol of the German Reich. The fact that these gates survived the cleanup after the German occupation of Norway during WW II is a testimony to the innocence and good faith of the power plant and its architects.
According to the historian Doris Bergen, Adolf Hitler coined the definition of Volksdeutsche which appeared in a 1938 memorandum of the German Reich Chancellery. That document defined Volksdeutsche as "people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship". After 1945, the Nazi citizenship laws of 1935 () - and the associated regulations that referred to the National Socialist concepts of blood and race in connection with the concept of volksdeutsch - were rescinded in Germany. For Hitler and the other ethnic Germans of his time, the term "Volksdeutsche" also carried overtones of blood and race not captured in the common English translation "ethnic Germans".
Schröder was born in Blomberg, Lippe, Greater German Reich. His father, Fritz Schröder, a lance corporal in the Wehrmacht, was killed in action in World War II in Romania on 4 October 1944, almost six months after Gerhard's birth. His mother, Erika (née Vosseler), worked as an agricultural laborer to support herself and her two sons. Schröder completed an apprenticeship in retail sales in a Lemgo hardware shop from 1958 to 1961 and subsequently worked in a Lage retail shop and after that as an unskilled construction worker and a sales clerk in Göttingen while studying at night school for a general qualification for university entrance (Abitur).
Such views were later repeated in the German ideas of Lebensraum and exploited by the Nazis. German academics between the 18th and 20th centuries attempted to project, in the difference between Germany and Poland, a "boundary between civilization and barbarism; high German Kultur and primitive Slavdom" (1793 racist diatribe by J.C. Schulz republished by the Nazis in 1941). Prussian officials, eager to secure Polish partition, encouraged the view that the Poles were culturally inferior and in need of Prussian tutelage. Such racist texts, originally published from the 18th century onwards, were republished by the German Reich prior to and after its invasion of Poland.
Two main parts were important for the development of the Stühlinger district: for one the demographic growth in the second half of the 19th century, and second the new Baden mainline between Offenburg and Basel in 1845, with a stop in Freiburg. The transportation of cargo benefited from this newly built train station. The end and recovery from the Franco-Prussian war and the foundation of the German Reich in 1871 pushed the development further. As a result, the city of Freiburg designated three streets parallel to the tracks of the railsroad and five crossroads as a new building site named " Hinterm Bahnhof" ("Behind the train station").
Paul Schwarzkopf in Reutte (late 1950s) Paul Schwarzkopf (born 13 April 1886), an industrial entrepreneur and pioneer in the powder metallurgy field, founded Metallwerk Plansee GmbH in 1921. Schwarzkopf, who was searching for a suitable production site close to a hydropower station at the time by placing a newspaper advertisement, ultimately decided in favour of Reutte. Between 1929 and 1931, the company started to produce carbides and hard materials using new and specially developed approaches. In 1938, Schwarzkopf was expropriated following the annexation of Austria to the German Reich, as he was considered to be Jewish under the Nuremberg laws and decided to flee from the National Socialists to the USA.
Wolfgang Graf: Österreichische SS-Generäle. Himmlers verlässliche Vasallen, Hermagoras- Verlag, Klagenfurt/ Ljubljana/ Wien 2012, p. 308 Achamer-Pifrader joined the Austrian Nazi Party on 10 November 1931 (membership number 614,104). In June 1935, he fled to the German Reich because of the Nazi ban in Austria, where he entered the service of the Bavarian Political Police immediately. In early September 1935, he joined the SS (membership number 275,750) and rose steadily in this Nazi organization. In April 1936, he was transferred to the Gestapo in Berlin, where he worked on "Austrian affairs".Wolfgang Graf: Österreichische SS-Generäle. Himmlers verlässliche Vasallen, Hermagoras-Verlag, Klagenfurt/ Ljubljana/ Wien 2012, p.
After D-Day, attacks on the German oil industry assumed top priority which was widely dispersed around the Reich. Vast fleets of B-24s and B-17s escorted by P-51Ds and long-range P-38Ls hit refineries in Germany and Czechoslovakia in late 1944 and early 1945. Having almost total air superiority throughout the collapsing German Reich, Eighth Air Force hit targets as far east as Hungary, while Fifteenth Air Force hit oil industry facilities in Yugoslavia, Romania, and northeastern Italy. On at least eighteen occasions, the Merseburg refineries in Leuna, where the majority of Germany's synthetic fuel for jet aircraft was refined, was hit.
The relationship between the missionaries and the board of trustees of the FMS were strained, mainly because the board chose to believe in all kinds of rumours and did not make attempts to find out what was going on in the mission field. Rainio also was perplexed about the fact that the missionaries were not allowed to write in public about the tightening grip of the German Reich on Ovamboland. This was due to the fact that Germany and Russia had become more and more hostile towards each other during the years leading up to World War I, but this was not known to the missionaries.Ojala 1990, p.
The Fürstenenteignung was the proposed expropriation of the dynastic properties of the former ruling houses of the German Empire during the period of the Weimar Republic. These princes had been deposed in the German Revolution of 1918–19. Dispute over the proposed expropriation began in the months of revolution and continued in the following years in the form of negotiations or litigation between individual royal houses and the states (Länder) of the German Reich. The climactic points of the conflict was a successful petition for a referendum in the first half of 1926, followed by the actual referendum for expropriation without compensation, which failed.
Back in court, Martha Marek faked seizures and blindness, and had to be carried to the courtroom in a specially- constructed chair. She was sentenced to death on May 19, 1938 by the jury, with the court assuming that Marek, as a woman, following the Austrian tradition, would be pardoned by the Federal President for life imprisonment. In the meantime, however, Austria had been attached to the German Reich and Adolf Hitler rejected the petition for clemency. Marek was executed on December 6, 1938, as the first delinquent on the recently brought from Berlin to Vienna guillotine, in the Vienna Regional Court by the executioner Johann Reichhart.
Unlike its former Hungarian partner, Austria had never been a nation in the true sense of the word. While the Austrian state had existed in one form or another for over 700 years, it had no unifying force other than loyalty to the Habsburgs. As the Austrian national identity did not exist and develop prior to 1945, people had German national consciousness. Article 88 of the treaty required Austria to refrain from directly or indirectly compromising its independence, which meant that Austria could not enter into political or economic union with the German Reich without the agreement of the council of the League of Nations.
In March 1938, a few days after the Anschluss of Austria into the German Reich, the administration of both the Hagenbund and the Secession were brought into in to line with the thinking of the Nazi party by existing members of the respective organisation. In the case of the Hagenbund the leading figure was Leopold Blauensteiner and the art of the Hagenbund was described as Verfalstkunst or decadent art. Many of the Jewish members of the Hagenbund were to flee from Austria at this point and the assets of the Hagenbund were re-allocated to the Association of Visual Artists. It was declared defunct on 29 September 1938.
The Reichstag has unanimously enacted the following law, which is promulgated herewith: ;Article 1 # A subject of the state is a person who enjoys the protection of the German Reich and who in consequence has specific obligations toward it. # The status of subject of the state is acquired in accordance with the provisions of the Reich and the Reich Citizenship Law. ;Article 2 # A Reich citizen is a subject of the state who is of German or related blood, and proves by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the German people and Reich. # Reich citizenship is acquired through the granting of a Reich citizenship certificate.
On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared: On 3 October, Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, the German ambassador in Moscow, informed Joachim Ribbentrop that the Soviet government was willing to cede the city of Vilnius and its environs. On 8 October 1939, a new Nazi–Soviet agreement was reached by an exchange of letters between Vyacheslav Molotov and the German ambassador.. The Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were given no choice but to sign a so-called "Pact of Defence and Mitual Assistance", which permitted the Soviet Union to station troops in them.
The German Reich ordered troops to occupy the Okaukuejo, Namutoni and Sesfontein in 1886 in order to kill migrating wildlife to stop spread of rinderpest to cattle. A fort was built by the German cavalry in 1889 at the site of the Namutoni spring. On 28 January 1904, 500 men under Nehale Mpingana attacked Imperial Germany Schutztruppe at Fort Namutoni and completely destroyed it, driving out the colonial forces and taking over their horses and cattle. The fort was rebuilt and troops stationed once again when the area was declared a game reserve in 1907; Lieutenant Adolf Fischer of Fort Namutoni then became its first "game warden".
Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.58"Before 1931 all such messages [encyclicals] were written in Latin. The encyclical Non abbiamo bisogno of June 29, 1931, which condemned certain theories and practices of Italian Fascism, particularly in the realm of education, and denounced certain treaty violations of Signor Mussolini's Government, was the first document of that kind that appeared in a language other than Latin." The Catholic Herald, "First Encyclical in German", PAGE 3, 9 April 1937 The encyclical condemned breaches of the 1933 Reichskonkordat agreement signed between the German Reich and the Holy See.
Reichsleiter was the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. He was also elected to the Reichstag that year. After the Nazi seizure of power, he was made Jugendführer of the German Reich on 17 June 1933 with responsibility for all youth organizations, including the Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend) and given an SA rank of Gruppenführer.Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale, Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches; ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk. Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, (1997) pp. 299-300, . He was made a state secretary in 1936. Schirach appeared frequently at rallies, such as the Nuremberg rally of 1934, when he appeared with Hitler in rousing the Hitlerjugend audience.
The collection of the German Federal Archives today includes older documents from Germany's imperial past, Nazi Germany,Bundesarchiv - German Reich: National Socialism (1933-1945) (English version) civilian and military records from East Germany (including East German political parties and mass organizations), and the documents inherited from West Germany's Federal Archive. In addition to state records, the Archives also contain material from political parties, associations, and societies of national prominence as well as historical collections. Besides the text documents, the Archives also keeps photographs, films, maps, posters, and electronic data in its collection. This section adopts the form of a list that may be confusing to non-experts.
Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler was born on 29 May 1880 in Blankenburg, Duchy of Brunswick, German Reich, the oldest surviving child of Bernhard Spengler 1844–1901), an official in the post office, and Pauline Spengler (1840–1910), née Grantzow, the descendant of an artistic family. Oswald's elder brother was born prematurely (eight months) in 1879, when his mother tried to move a heavy laundry basket, and died at the age of three weeks. Oswald was born ten months after his brother's death.Koktanek, Anton Mirko, Oswald Spengler in seiner Zeit, Beck, 1968, p. 10 His younger sisters were Adele (1881–1917), Gertrud (1882–1957), and Hildegard (1885–1942).
The Soviet Union would later deny the existence of this secret protocol, claiming that it was never allied with the German Reich, and acted independently to protect the Ukrainian and White Ruthenian (modern Belarusian) minorities in the disintegrating Polish state.Anna M. Cienciala (2004). The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II (lecture notes, University of Kansas). Retrieved 15 March 2006. Composed of mostly ethnic Ukrainian Soviet troops under the command of Marshal Semyon Timoshenko, the Soviet forces occupied the eastern areas of Poland within 12 days, capturing the regions of Galicia and Volhynia with little Polish opposition, and occupying the principal city, Lwów, by September 22.
On 13 January 1935, a plebiscite held in the territory at the end of the 15-year term, resulted in 90.7% of voters casting their ballot in favour of a return to Germany, and 0.4% voting for union with France. Others (8.9%) favoured the third option of a continued British–French occupation government. After political agitation and maneuvering by Chancellor Adolf Hitler for the re-union of the Saarland with the German Reich (Rückgliederung des Saarlandes) it was reincorporated in 1935. Its area was not redivided among the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Palatinate, but united with the latter as the Gau of Saar-Palatinate (Saarpfalz).
After 1925 the board of directors of the German Reich Railway (Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft) created a position entitled Permanent Representative of the general manager (Head of the Railway), as general manager Rudolf Oeser was seriously ill; Dorpmueller was appointed to this post on 3 July 1925. In December 1925 RWTH Aachen, in acknowledgment of his services to railways awarded him a doctorate in engineering. On 3 June 1926, the day of Rudolf Oeser's death he was selected by the board of directors to become the German railway's general manager. Due to political considerations it was only confirmed on 18 October 1926 by the President of Germany.
In 1917, the Balfour Declaration by the British in establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine, promised the possibility of legal immigration (Aliyah), was limited in the 1920s, by the introduction of a quota system with certificates of different categories. from In the 1930s, Zionist organizations responded with the implementation of illegal transports (Aliya Bet). At the turn of 1938/1939, within the Zionist movement, Haganah in Palestine, Mossad LeAliyah Bet was set up for the organization of illegal shipments. Between the annexation of Austria to the German Reich and the beginning of the Second World War, 17,000 people in 50 illegal transports Europe left Europe.
Because of the incipient action Heim in the German Reich, Kladovo became as a focal point for ships, for the refugees that finally had to leave. However, not in the desired direction: On 17 September 1940, they were, moored with a tugboat, brought in some 300 kilometers upstream on the Sava to Sabac, where they arrived on 22 September. In Sabac, couples and older people were housed with locals, all over the city in 380 private furnished rooms, while the majority of young people moved in an abandoned three-story flour mill. Various Zionist youth associations lived in another building, the religious Zionist Mizrachi in a smaller house.
In German New Guinea, in the Bismarck Archipelago and the North Solomon Islands, the first German post offices opened in 1888 and used some stamps of the German Reich, issued between 1875 and 1887 (denomination in an oval or imperial eagle series)."Deutsch-Neuguinea", Michel Deutschland-Spezial 2002, volume 1, 1849 bis April 1945, éditions Schwaneberger, , 2002, pages 529–532. On the mail, they were cancelled with a round datestamp bearing the name of the town in the upper part and a five arm star in the lower. The "DEUTSCH- / NEU-GUINEA" mention appeared in the middle of datestamps some years after, and there can be two or three stars.
Following the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (, NDH) in April 1941, Alajbegović left his role as professor of Islamic studies at the University of Zagreb and became a diplomat. In August 1941, he became a secretary in the NDH Foreign Ministry. On 27 January 1942, Alajbegović was named Consul to the German Reich in Munich. He held this position until 11 October 1943, when Poglavnik Ante Pavelić made him Minister of Welfare for Perished Lands. In this position, he was responsible for securing more than 300,000 mostly Muslim refugees from various parts of the NDH in eastern Bosnia, Herzegovina and Sandžak; most of these were fleeing the Chetniks.
Though committed to ethnic nationalism and cultural conservatism, Pușcariu embraced Europeanism during his stint at the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. He radicalized himself during the 1920s and '30s, first by seeking to impose a Jewish quota at his university, and then by more openly supporting fascist politics. Throughout much of the interval, he chaired the Romanian Orthodox Fraternity, which identified with the mainstream church and sometimes clashed with Transylvanian Greek Catholics. With the onset of World War II, he moved to Berlin, where he led a propaganda institute meant to promote Romanian culture in the German Reich, as well as counter Hungary's justifications for absorbing Northern Transylvania.
Guillaume indicated that he had modelled the Statistical Yearbook of Switzerland on the Statistical Yearbook of Finland (a thin bilingual booklet) and the Statistical Yearbook of the German Reich (a more comprehensive volume with coloured maps). On 18 October 1890, Guillaume presented an outline of the Yearbook's chapters as well as a draft chapter to the Conference of Swiss statisticians for consultation. The first Statistical Yearbook of Switzerland, weighing in at 270 pages, was published on 8 April 1891. Apparently the response was mostly positive and the first edition seemed to live up to the expectations that might be made upon such a publication.
The karbovanets replaced the Soviet ruble at par and was in circulation between 1942 and 1945. It was pegged to the Reichsmark at a rate of 10 karbovantsiv = 1 Reichsmark. The Reichskommissariat Ukraine paid Occupation taxes and funds to the German Reich until February 1944 in the amount of 1.246 billion Reichsmark (equivalent to billion €) and 107.9 million Soviet rubles, in accord with information composed by Lutz von Krosigk, the Reich Minister of Finances. The Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ordered Koch and Hinrich Lohse (the Reichskommissar of Ostland) in March 1942 to supply 380,000 farm workers and 247,000 industrial workers for German work needs.
Herbert Gerigk (2 March 1905, Mannheim – 20 June 1996, Dortmund) was a German musicologist, notable for his co-authoring of the Nazi Lexicon of Jews in Music. After graduation in 1928, Herbert Gerigk published in 1932 a thesis on Giuseppe Verdi. It was the first important musicological overall presentation of Verdi in Germany and appeared in the series "The Great Masters of Music." Gerigk joined the Nazi Party in 1932 and joined the SA in 1933. From 1935 he worked in the National Socialist German Reich as "head the music section for the monitoring of the intellectual and ideological training and education of the Nazi Party".
Lewald was born in 1860; his aunt was Jewish novelist Fanny Lewald. Lewald became a civil servant in Prussia in 1885, and became the acting Reich Commissioner in 1903. In that role, Lewald attended the 1904 Worlds Fair (held along with the Olympic Games), where he disagreed with Kaiser Wilhelm II over whether the Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund, of which he was the President, should be politically independent. After Berlin won the right to stage the 1916 Summer Olympics (which were later cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I), Lewald encouraged the German Reich to invest in the games, arguing that it was comparable to a World Trade Exhibition.
Austria relied on foreign loans to keep buying Czechoslovak food and coal and to generally just keep running; it would require even more foreign loans, drastically larger ones, to reform its currency and to actually restructure. These loans would not be forthcoming, however, as long as the Allies of World War I could not be thoroughly certain that Austria would obey the provisions of the Treaty of Saint-Germain. There were still fears among the Allies that Austria might try to join the German Reich in defiance of the treaty; these fears had to be laid to rest. The Allies paid close attention to Austria's relationship with Czechoslovakia.
Seipel, however, was reluctant to assume the chancellorship because of the difficult decisions and general hardship he knew still lay ahead; he wanted someone else to do the dirty work. The Republic of German-Austria had been proclaimed with the understanding that it would eventually join the German Reich, a vision shared by a clear majority of its population at the time. The treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain prohibited a union of the two countries, but unification remained popular. In early 1921, several provincial governments hatched plans to break away from Austria and join Germany on their own; preparations for local referendums were made.
The Duchy of Bavaria owned the area until 1780 when the Peace of Teschen awarded the entire Innviertel, then called "Innbaiern", to Austria. For a short period of time, during the Napoleonic Wars, it returned to Bavaria, but in 1814 it was definitively incorporated into Upper Austria. Maria Schmolln didn't exist yet. The community established itself only in the years from 1860 to 1863 by settling around the shrine and growing with it until, by the end of 1898, Maria Schmolln became an independent municipality. After the “Anschluss”, the annexation of Austria to the German Reich on 13 March 1938, the village belonged to the "Upper Danube" entity.
Although hostile to the Guard's new leader, Horia Sima, he became involved in the January 1941 confrontation between Sima's Legionnaires and Ion Antonescu. In early 1941, the conflict for power turned into an Iron Guard-led failed rebellion and a pogrom against the Jewish population in Bucharest where over one hundred Jews and Romanians were massacred. Known as the Legionnaires' Rebellion, the event was partly motivated by the killing of a German Reich resident and local Abwehr chief, Major Döring -- which was probably accomplished with assistance from the British Intelligence Service. In this context, Trifa issued several statements which played a part in instigating the riots.
Germany was ruled by monarchs from the beginning of division of the Frankish Empire in August 843 to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806. During most of 19th century, independent German principalities were organized into various confederations, such as the Confederation of the Rhine dominated by Napoleon (1806-1913) and the German Confederation created by the Congress of Vienna (1814-1866). The Prussian-led North German Confederation (1866-1871) subsequently morphed into a modern nation state, the German Reich, which was ruled by emperors from 1871 to the collapse of all German monarchies in 1918. The President of Germany replaced the monarch in 1919.
During the debate of what was then called the German Question (die deutsche Frage) in the 19th century prior to the unification of Germany (1871), the term Großdeutschland, "Greater Germany", referred to a possible German nation consisting of the states that later comprised the German Empire and Austria. The term Kleindeutschland "Lesser Germany" referred to a possible German state without Austria. The term was later used by Germans referring to Greater Germany, a state consisting of pre–World War I Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland. A main point of Nazi ideology was to reunify all Germans either born or living outside of Germany to create an "all-German Reich".
Towards the end of the 19th century, tensions among the major European powers were rising, leading to increased activities of intelligence services. Mirroring political interests, attention of Austro-Hungarian services was primarily directed east- and southward (Russia and the Balkans); conversely, Russia was chiefly interested in affairs of Austria-Hungary and the German Reich. The bureau collected intelligence of military relevance from various sources into daily reports to the Chief of Staff (Generalstabschef) and weekly reports to Emperor Franz Joseph; until 1913, the reports to the Emperor had to be submitted in longhand. The core Bureau at the time consisted of 20 officers, a fraction of the numbers employed in the German or Russian services.
The America Line was originally the central element of direct links from Magdeburg and, most importantly, Berlin to the North Sea ports. It was given its colloquial name because many emigrants from East and West Prussia, Silesia and the provinces of Posen and Pomerania travelled on the line to Bremerhaven, where there was a connexion to emigration ships sailing to America on the Columbus Quay (Columbuskaje). In the opposite direction, many goods trains laden with fresh fish ran from Bremerhaven to the capital of the German Reich. Because Kaiser Wilhelm II occasionally travelled on this route from Berlin to the naval bases on the North Sea, it is sometimes also called the Emperor Line (Kaiserlinie).
In 1943, when the VNV started its youth wing De Nationaal-Socialistische Jeugd in Vlaanderen ("National- Socialist Youth in Flanders"), DeVlag responded by setting up the Flemish wing of the Hitler Youth. DeVlag reached the peak of 50,000 members in 1943. In late 1944, the Nazi leadership answered the demands of DeVlag by annexing Flanders and Wallonia into the German Reich, but this was more theoretical than actual, as Belgium was soon liberated by the advancing Allied forces. Van de Wiele was, however, given the title "National Leader of the Flemish people" (Landsleider van het Vlaamsche volk) and DeVlag was deemed by the Germans as the sole party representing the Nazi unity in Flanders.
Beside these church states and areas the very small place of Wertheim which was to the north, reigned by a Count, This political administration played a role, but never regained control over Bronnbach and Reicholzheim after the loss of the villages in Thirty Year War. In 1803 the Old German Reich ceased to exist, the church states were extinguished, and Wertheim and Reicholzheim after three years of interregnum both came to the grand duke of Baden. Up to 1927 the village had had only ten wells, which then were replaced by a modern water supply system. From the 1950s to 1970s, the agricultural character of the village changed into a more and more industrially structured area.
More alarmingly, Gloder's Nazis also had a head start on the research and development of nuclear weapons, which led to the destruction of Moscow and Leningrad, eliminating Joseph Stalin and his Politburo in this alternative 1938. The Greater German Reich annexes Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland, and Turkey, and invades the remnants of the former Soviet Union. In 1939, France, the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, and the Benelux nations capitulate, although Britain rebels in 1941, leading to the execution of several dissidents, among them the Duke of York (the historical King George VI) and George Orwell. Jews are exiled to a "Jewish Free State" within the former Yugoslavia, where most of this world's Holocaust occurs.
Those that swore the oath (even under duress) were tacitly complicit in the dismissal of those who refused the oath. Although the legal personality of the German Reich was considered to have survived into that of the Federal Republic, all of the organs and institutions of the Reich had long since been extinguished by the actions of the Nazi Regime, and their post-1949 successor state institutions were in no sense their continuators. The entire German federal state apparatus had been newborn, "rebuilt from the ground up" since 1949. It followed that the Nazi civil state should be considered to have been a 'criminal state' (Verbrecherstaat), a criminal enterprise masquerading as a state.
Germany's political objective in the expected conquest of Switzerland was to regain the bulk of the "racially suitable" Swiss population for the German people, and aimed at direct annexation into the German Reich of at least its ethnic German parts. With this purpose in mind, Heinrich Himmler in September 1941 discussed with his subordinate, Gottlob Berger, the suitability of various people for the position of Reichskommissar for the 'reunion' of Switzerland with Germany.Jürg Fink, Die Schweiz aus der Sicht des Dritten Reiches, 1933–1945 (Zurich: Schulthess, 1985), 71–72. This yet-to-be-chosen official would have had the task of facilitating the total amalgamation (Zusammenwachsen) of the Swiss and German populations.
The treaty guarantees the rights of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany. When bishops take office Article 16 states they are required to take an oath of loyalty to the Governor or President of the German Reich established according to the constitution. The treaty also requires all clergy to abstain from working in and for political parties. Nazi breaches of the agreement began almost as soon as it had been signed and intensified afterwards leading to protest from the Church including in the 1937 Mit brennender Sorge encyclical of Pope Pius XI. The Nazis planned to eliminate the Church's influence by restricting its organizations to purely religious activities.Coppa, Frank J. Editor Controversial Concordats, 1999, p.
Emblem of the Icelandic Base Command Lockheed P-38F-5-LO Lightning 42-12596 of the 50th Fighter Squadron in Iceland, 1942 After gaining independence from Denmark in 1918 with the signing of the 25-year Danish-Icelandic Act of Union, Iceland followed a policy of strict neutrality. In 1939, with war imminent in Europe, the German Reich pressed for landing rights for Lufthansa's aircraft for alleged trans-Atlantic flights. The Icelandic government turned them down. A British request to establish bases in Iceland for the protection of the vital North Atlantic supply lines after German forces occupied Denmark and Norway in April 1940 also was turned down in accordance with the neutrality policy.
The Deutsche Reichsbahn or DR (German Reich Railways) was the operating name of state owned railways in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), and after German reunification until 31 December 1993. In 1949 occupied Germany's railways were returned to German control after four years of Allied control following World War II. Those in the Soviet occupation zone (which became the German Democratic Republic or GDR on 7 October 1949) continued to run as the Deutsche Reichsbahn, the name given to the German national railways in 1937. In West Germany, the Reichsbahn was succeeded by the Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB). Both the Reichsbahn and the Bundesbahn continued as separate entities until 1994, when they merged to form the Deutsche Bahn.
Another reason why the victorious Allies decided to dissolve the Central-European great power, Austria-Hungary, a strong German supporter and fast developing region, was to prevent Germany from acquiring substantial influence in the future.Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, From Wilson to Roosevelt The Western powers' main priority was to prevent a resurgence of the German Reich and they therefore decided that her allies in the region, Austria and Hungary, should be "contained" by a ring of states friendly to the Allies, each of which would be bigger than either Austria or Hungary. Compared to the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, post-Trianon Hungary had 60% less population and its political and economic footprint in the region was significantly reduced.
In late January 1938, Adolf Hitler officially assigned his favourite architect Albert Speer to build the New Reich Chancellery around the corner on Voßstraße, a western branch-off of Wilhelmstraße, requesting that the building be completed within a year. Hitler commented that Bismarck's Old Chancellery was "fit for a soap company" but not suitable as headquarters of a Greater German Reich. It nevertheless remained his official residence with its recently refurbished representation rooms on the ground floor and private rooms on the upper floor where Hitler lived in the so-called Führerwohnung ("Leader apartment"). The Old and New Chancellery shared the large garden area with the underground Führerbunker, where Hitler committed suicide at the end of April 1945.
Joseph Wirth Gustav Bauer (1920) Robert Schmidt (before 1919) Otto Karl Gessler Wilhelm Groener (in 1928) Walther Rathenau The Second Wirth cabinet (German: Zweites Kabinett Wirth) was the sixth democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Joseph Wirth and took office on 26 October 1921 when it replaced the First Wirth cabinet. The cabinet was based on a coalition of Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Catholic Zentrum. The DDP supported it and its Reichswehrminister Otto Gessler remained in office, to be later joined by industrialist Walther Rathenau.
65 Hitler planned to remove a large portion of the French population to make way for German settlement. The Zone interdite of eastern France was set aside and planned to be made part of the German Reich after the rest of France was fully subdued. The French residents of the zone, some 7 million people accounting for nearly 20% of the French population at the time, were to be deported, and the land then occupied by at least a million German settlers. The plan was either postponed or abandoned after Operation Barbarossa in favor of expediting the settlement of the east instead, and was never put into place owing to the German defeat in the Second World War.
From 1959 Seebohm acted as spokesperson of the Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft (Sudeten German Homeland Association) of German expellees from Czechoslovakia, where he held his so-called "weekend speeches". In line with West German government policy at the time, he questioned the borders of Germany, referring to the borders of the 1937 German Reich as base of any border revision and stating that Germans should also never forget about the eastern territories lost after World War I according to the resolutions of the Treaty of Versailles, while at the same time even demanding restoration of the 1938 Munich Agreement. Seebohm died a few months after his retirement and is buried in the Bad Pyrmont cemetery.
Retrieved May 27, 2010 These experiments were conducted on living prisoners or sometimes on prisoners who were executed for the purposes of the particular research project.Vivien Spitz, Doctors from hell: the horrific account of Nazi experiments on humans, foreword by Elie Wiesel. pp. 232-233. Sentient Publications (2005) Along with this were manifold relationships throughout the German Reich with National Socialist professors at medical faculties and institutions, such as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (now the Max Planck Institute), also the pharmaceutical industry and medical organizations. When the local registrar's office required a death certificate for one of these dead prisoners, it was falsified with regard to doctor's name and cause of death.
On May 1, 1931 the new organizational unit was founded on the initiative of Reich Organization Leader () and its management was assigned to . But resigned from office on May 8, 1933, because he had become head of the Hamburg police authority, and later, a member of the Hamburg provincial government, whereupon Ernst Wilhelm Bohle was appointed director of the "AO", which served as the 43rd and only non-territorial of the NSDAP. Only actual citizens of the German Reich – () – with a German passport could become members of the AO. Persons of German descent, ethnic Germans (), who possessed the nationality of the country in which they lived, were refused entry to the National Socialist Party.
This history is also significant because it shows the importance of terminology used in Nazi histories. Although the massive arrests of Berlin Jews beginning on February 27, 1943 is commonly known as the "Fabrikaktion", or "Factory Action", this term was never used by the Gestapo but was invented after the war. The Gestapo code names for this action were "Elimination of Jews from the German Reich" and "Final roundup of Jews in Berlin". Using the Gestapo terms in this case is important because Jews were not just arrested at their factory workplaces, but were also arrested at home, and persons seen on the streets wearing the Jewish star were chased down and carted off to be dispatched from Berlin.
Yugoslavian Germans were divided between four different occupation zones and puppet states. While local chapters of the Kulturbund continued to operate throughout occupied Yugoslavian territory during the war, Sepp Janko's centralized Kulturbund saw its jurisdiction drastically shrink. Novi Sad, the location of the organization's headquarters, was occupied by Hungary, and the Janko received instructions from Berlin to move his headquarters to Banat, where the Kulturbund was tasked with organizing Volksdeutsche collaborators among the region's 130,000 ethnic Germans. In 1944, when the Axis was losing the war in the Balkans, members of the Kulturbund were some of the loudest voices calling for ethnic Germans to abandon their land, evacuate Yugoslavia and head to safer areas of the German Reich.
Heinrich Himmler made an effort to ban the hunting of animals. Göring was a professed animal lover and conservationist, who, on instructions from Hitler, committed Germans who violated Nazi animal welfare laws to concentration camps. In his private diaries, Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels described Hitler as a vegetarian whose hatred of the Jewish and Christian religions in large part stemmed from the ethical distinction these faiths drew between the value of humans and the value of other animals; Goebbels also mentions that Hitler planned to ban slaughterhouses in the German Reich following the conclusion of World War II. The current animal welfare laws in Germany are diluted versions of the laws introduced by the Nazis.
Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten months, completely empty, with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers. The Jews of Strasbourg had been evacuated to Périgueux and Limoges, the University had been evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand. After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940, Alsace was annexed by Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner.
Aided by the economic upturn after the founding of the German Reich and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, several streets were built to the west of Rempartstraße, a name still existing today. They were named after the Siege of Belfort, the Battle of Sedan, General Field Marshall Helmuth von Moltke and the German Kaiser Wilhelm I. Rempartstraße itself became part of Werderstraße. This street, named after the Prussian general August von Werder, was built in 1876 to link the Gartenstraße bridge (later replaced by Friedrich's Bridge and Kronen Bridge) with Berholdstraße, which replaced a wooden bridge over the Dreisam in 1869. A memorial to the General also has been reminiscent of the former Villa Klehe since 1874.
In order to finance the construction project they founded the Neckar AG with a construction loan from the German Reich, the three States and several municipalities in the same year. As compensation the AG received the right to use the simultaneously expanded hydropower until 2034 and to redeem the construction loan with the profits; this right transferred to the Federal Republic of Germany. As chairman of the Neckar AG were elected Otto Hirsch from the Württembergian ministry of internal affairs and Otto Konz. In consideration of the world famous cityscape of Heidelberg and in order to bring the further barrages in unison with nature and landscape, the architect Paul Bonatz worked for the project (1877–1956).
Relaciones bilaterales México - Austria (in Spanish) In 1938, Mexico became the only country to protest against the anschluss of Austria at the League of Nations.Joint communiqué by Austria and Mexico on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Mexican protest against the "Anschluss" of Austria by Nazi Germany During World War II, Austria was part of the German Reich and in May 1942 Mexico declared war on Germany after the destruction of two Mexican oil tankers in the Gulf of Mexico by German U-boats.Historia de la diplomacia entre México y Alemania (in Spanish) After the war, normal relations were restored between the two nations. Over the years, diplomatic relations between the two nations have strengthened.
The road from the Prussian capital Berlin to the royal castles in Potsdam was rebuilt in 1792 and extended to Brandenburg an der Havel until 1799. After Napoleonic Wars and the Empire's dissolution in 1806, the Prussian monarchs systematically expanded the road network, completing the chaussee between Berlin and Magdeburg in 1824, and between Berlin and Königsberg in 1828, reaching the East Prussian terminus at Gumbinnen (present- day Gusev, Russia) in 1835. In 1932 the major highways of the German Reich were numbered and two years later the Fernverkehrsstraße 1 was incorporated into the Reichsstraßen system. After 1945 the former Reichstraße 1 was split into Bundesstraße 1 in West Germany and Fernverkehrsstraße 1 in East Germany until 1990.
After the Franco- Prussian War of 1870/1871 and the foundation of the German Reich under Prussia's leadership, the so-called Gründerzeit began. Its success did not impact the Hunsrück until later, which is why many job seekers and even entire families went looking for work in the Ruhr area and migrated there. The Protestant pastor, later Prussian Landtag MP, Richard Oertel, founder of the Hunsrück Farmers' Union in 1892, and Albert Hackenberg, acting pastor in Hottenbach from 1879 to 1912, successfully worked to improve the economic, social and technological conditions in the Hunsrück region. They achieved this through the creation of dairy cooperatives, postal agencies and, in particular, through adult education.
In 2012, wolves were once again sighted in the training area. Old village road in the former village of Ettenbostel Old cattle shed of an evacuated village The first plans for establishing the military training area were laid in August 1934 as part of the military re-armament of the German Reich. Due to the sparse population and the varied landscape this area was selected for creating the largest exercise area for Germany's armed forces, the Wehrmacht. On 15 September 1934 the news of the establishment of a training area reached the farmers resident there. On 1 October 1934 the farmers affected by the relocation assembled at the Sieben Steinhäuser for a counsel.
The encyclical Mit brennender Sorge issued by Pope Pius XI was the first papal encyclical written in German. Mit brennender Sorge ( , "With burning concern") On the Church and the German Reich is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI, issued during the Nazi era on 10 March 1937 (but bearing a date of Passion Sunday, 14 March)."Church and state through the centuries", Sidney Z. Ehler & John B Morrall, pp. 518–519, org pub 1954, reissued 1988, Biblo & Tannen, 1988, Written in German, not the usual Latin, it was smuggled into Germany for fear of censorship and was read from the pulpits of all German Catholic churches on one of the Church's busiest Sundays, Palm Sunday (21 March that year).
When asked whether the planned Alpine railway should lead through the Gotthard or the Splügen, he could not intervene directly as a representative of the federal government, as the railway was a matter for the cantons and private companies. In negotiations, however, he was able to convince Italy and the German Reich to support the Gotthard project and to subsidize it. He guaranteed the federal government a right of supervision and codetermination, since he did not want to leave this project of national importance to the private sector alone. In 1878, when the company threatened to fail due to increasing costs, it was able to supply additional subsidies in parliament despite fierce opposition.
The reconstruction was under the direction of the architect Helmut Goldschmidt, with minor changes on the outside and a simplified interior (with new leadlight windows by Lammers & Warzager), and was reopened on September 20, 1959. On Christmas Eve of that year, the Synagogue was smeared with anti-Jewish slogans by members of the far-right German Reich Party. West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who had been mayor of Cologne from 1917 until removed by the Nazi government in 1933, made the desecration the subject in his New Year's speech. Since then it has been center of Jewish community of Cologne, and consists of a community center, a small display of items associated with Cologne Jewry, and a kosher restaurant.
Leading up to the German invasion, the National Socialist Movement spent much of the 1930s loudly denouncing the government's inability to protect the Dutch people from economic suffering, social chaos, and the expanding influence of Marxism-Bolshevism. The group separated itself as an internal force, gaining a small degree of importance during that mid-1930s, and eventually contributing to the German efforts to nazify the occupied Netherlands. The NSB began to admire the "achievements" of the German Reich by 1936 and broadcast their own warnings that "International Jewry" had taken a hold of the Netherlands and would conquer Europe. As the Germans gained power in the Netherlands, the NSB believed it could influence occupation policy and German behavior.
French ancien regime for monarchical France) is sometimes used to refer to the Holy Roman Empire. The term ' was also used after the Anschluss to denote Germany with its pre-1938 post-World War I borders. Another name that was popular during this period was the term Tausendjähriges Reich ("Thousand-Year Reich"), the millennial connotations of which suggested that Nazi Germany would last for a thousand years. The Nazis also spoke of enlarging the then-established Greater German Reich into a "Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation" (Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation) by gradually annexing all the historically Germanic countries and regions of Europe (Flanders, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden etc.) directly into the Nazi state.
After the German invasion of Poland, the Reichsbank decided not to introduce German currency there, as it did not want to increase the money supply. Instead, it introduced a system of Reichskreditkassen (credit offices of the German Reich), which issued temporary bonds. This system, intended to be temporary from the beginning, was to be replaced by a new German controlled currency and central banks in occupied territories.Andrzej Go—jski, Etapy i cele niemieckiej polityki bankowej w GG. Plany niemieckie wobec Generalnego Gubernatorstwa w latach 1939-1945, BANK I KREDYT, August 2004, pdf In the meantime, various Polish banks and credit institutions were temporarily closed, while some of their assets were nationalized by the German government.
At the end of World War I, the Second Polish Republic reclaimed its sovereignty following the disintegration of the occupying forces of three neighbouring empires. Imperial Russia was amid the Russian Civil War after the October Revolution, Austria-Hungary split and went into decline, and the German Reich bowed to pressure from the victorious forces of the Allies of World War I known as the Entente Powers. The Allied victors agreed that an independent Polish state should be recreated from territories previously part of the Russian, the Austro-Hungarian and the German empires, after 123 years of upheavals and military partitions by them. The Supreme War Council tasked the Commission on Polish Affairs with recommending Poland's eastern border.
According to biographer Heinz Höhne, Canaris subscribed to most of Hitler's views. Hitler's nationalism, his social- Darwinist beliefs, his opposition to the Versailles Treaty, his belief in rebuilding a Greater German Reich, and his anti-Semitic ideology appealed to the Abwehr chief. Prompted by anti-Semitism, Canaris first suggested the use of the Star of David to identify Jews during 1935–1936, setting them apart from German citizens within the Reich, heralding their isolation, presaging their compulsory resettlement, and ultimately leading to their physical annihilation. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939, Germany signed an international agreement to embargo arms to the warring factions, the Nationalists of Francisco Franco and the Republicans.
Feldmeijer had many conflicts with other members of the NSB because of his strong dedication to the SS. The SS wanted a complete integration of the Netherlands in the Greater German Reich. On the other hand, Mussert wanted a German League of Nations, with Germany as a leading member of the European union of states. The German occupation authorities saw in Feldmeijer a willing tool to keep Mussert's ambitions in check. The conflict between the SS and the NSB came to a boil in May 1943, and while Feldmeijer and Mussert made a public appearance together to show their good relations, in practice all ties between the NSB and the German SS were severed.
On November 17, 1926, a German commercial mission was organized by the Pilot, Engineer and General-Director of Condor Syndikat Fritz W. Hammer, with the presence of Dr. Hans Luther, a former chancellor of the German Reich, at the time of the Weimar Republic took off from Buenos Aires. Though officially an enterprise of Condor Syndikat, in reality it was heavily subsidized by the German Government via Deutsche Luft Hansa. This commercial mission flew first from Buenos Aires to Porto Alegre via Montevideo and then on to Rio de Janeiro, where it arrived on November 27, 1926. On January 1, 1927 the aircraft flew back to Florianópolis with a few illustrious guests aboard.
From 1818–1945, it was administered within Landkreis Lyck in East Prussia. In a plebiscite after World War I to determine if the village would remain in the German Reich or become part of the Second Polish Republic, the majority of voters chose to remain in German East Prussia. Stradaunen was largely untouched by fighting during World War II. Because the church's rectory was used by Wehrmacht staff, it was destroyed shortly before the arrival of the Soviet Red Army on 18 January 1945. The Wehrmacht destroyed three nearby bridges over the River Lyck in order to impede the Red Army; two of the bridges were rebuilt by German prisoners of war after hostilities ended.
During the Battle of France in the summer of 1944, a small grass airstrip north of the town was used for light liaison aircraft by the United States Army Air Forces. The Twelfth Air Force headquartered several fighter wings in Vittel during their drive east into Germany. In 1945, that flat, grassy area of land (now a racetrack for horses) was used as a holding area for captured Luftwaffe aircraft before their shipment to England and the United States for evaluation (Operation Lusty). Vittel served as an internment camp for enemy aliens of the German Reich during World War II. Hundreds of American and British families were interned there from September 1942.
German Empire, 1871-1918 East Elbia () was an informal denotation for those parts of the German Reich until World War II that lay east of the river Elbe. The region comprised the Prussian provinces of Brandenburg, the eastern parts of Saxony (Jerichower Land) and the Kingdom of Saxony (Upper Lusatia), Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia, West Prussia and Posen (from 1922 Posen-West Prussia) as well as the states of Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The urban area of Berlin was not included. East Elbia was noted for its historic manorialism and serfdom, as well as for political conservatism, combined with the predominantly Protestant confession of the local population.
Wealthy Jewish citizens received preferential treatment though the Gildemeester Organization. This was not actually intended to bestow any kind of "privilege", but rather used as a pseudo-legal form for the Nazi state to rob Jewish assets directly, in contrast to the standard "aryanization" procedure, whereby mostly individuals with the Nazi Party benefitted. The organization and effectiveness of the Vienna "Central Agency", which was located in the Palais Albert Rothschild, quickly became a model example within the SS for the establishment of the German "Reich Central Agency for Jewish Emigration" (German: Reichszentrale für jüdische Auswanderung) in Berlin. Later, based on the so-called "Vienna Model", Central Agencies for Jewish Emigration were also established in Amsterdam and Prague.
The German Empire lasted from 1871 to 1918 with the successful unification of all the German states under Prussian hegemony; this was due to the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The war united all the German states against a common enemy, and with the victory came an overwhelming wave of nationalism which changed the opinions of some of those who had been against unification. In 1871, Germany unified into a single country, minus Austria and Switzerland, with Prussia the dominant power. Prussia is considered the legal predecessor of the unified German Reich (1871–1945) and as such a direct ancestor of today's Federal Republic of Germany.
As M. A. Poltavsky wrote, the Allies pursued the aim to "create a conglomeration of regions in Europe that would have become a constant seat of conflicts". There are two points of view on the motives of British politicians in the contemporary western historiography. The traditional one considers their actions solely as an instrument to protect British concerns and to oppose the USSR in the postwar German break up. According to the alternative point by R. Keyserling, the British were mainly guided by erroneous utopian plans to foment a mass resistance against the Nazi regime in Austrian lands, to disrupt German Reich from the inside and to create a convenient springboard for attack from the South.
In May–June 1945 the Provisional Government recorded this proposition in an official "doctrine of the occupation" (). All the guilt and responsibility for the crimes of the occupation regime was laid at the door of Germany – the only successor of the Hitlerite Reich. The position of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Austria on the Jewish question became a practical consequence of this doctrine: as there had not been Austrians to persecute Jews, but German occupiers, then "according to the international law Austrian Jews should submit their claims for reparations not to Austria, but to German Reich". The Foreign Minister of Austria Karl Gruber organized the compilation and publishing of "" in order to persuade the victorious Allied Powers.
The Rudel Scandal of 1976 () was a political scandal in Germany which concerned the way the German Armed Forces dealt with the traditions of the Wehrmacht. In the spring of 1976, businessman and former Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Ulrich Rudel, who had returned from Paraguay was invited by high-ranking Bundeswehr officers to a veterans' reunion of the Aufklärungsgeschwader 51 "Immelmann". Rudel had earlier been a leading member of the German Reich Party, and was considered persona non grata by the Ministry of Defense because of his undiminished admiration of Adolf Hitler. He was invited only after an intervention by the opposition's spokesman for Defense, Manfred Wörner, and attended as the last commander of Schlachtgeschwader 2 "Immelmann".
In occupied Poznań, 1939 Reviewing the troops in Poznań, November 1939. Greiser is on the right with Wilhelm Frick (center) and Generalmajor Walter Petzel (left). Immediately following the German invasion of Poland, Greiser was transferred from Danzig and appointed Chef der Zivilverwaltung im Militärbezirk Posen or Chief of Civil Administration in the military district of Posen, which was annexed to the German Reich on 8 October 1939. The military administration ended and he was then appointed Gauleiter (21 October) and Reichsstatthalter für den Reichsgau Posen (2 November). On 29 January 1940, the region was renamed Reichsgau Wartheland. On 30 January 1942, Greiser was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer and on 16 November he was named Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau.
From 1938, the term was adopted officially by the Swiss Federal Council. Federal Councillor Philipp Etter in a pivotal paper placed his primary emphasis upon the affiliation of Switzerland to the three dominant European cultural spheres: cultural diversity, the federal nature of democracy and the reverence accorded to the dignity and freedom of man. The Swiss National Exhibition held in Zurich in 1939 is regarded as the most effective expression of spiritual defence. The so-called “Landigeist” (homeland spirit) flooded through the land and – coming shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War – gave people a feeling of an unbroken national will for independence against all the demands of Germany and the annexation of the German-speaking cantons into a Greater German Reich.
In October 1944, Born appointed Brunschweiler, a Swiss national who had been living in Budapest, to take charge of the operation, on behalf of the ICRC. Brunschweiler managed to arrange a meeting with the German Reich plenipotentiary for Hungary, Edmund Veesenmayer, concerning arrangements for the shelter of the refugees there. According to Arieh Ben-Tov's research, Veesemeyer accepted that Jewish children would be sheltered in the archabbey but insisted that the percentage of Jewish refugees should not exceed those of half-Jewish refugees (Arieh Ben-Tov, p333). At the time, those Hungarian Jews who had not been sent on train transports to extermination camps were being force-marched West ahead of the Soviet advances and many died on these journeys.
Helmut Hirsch (; January 27, 1916 in Stuttgart – June 4, 1937 in Berlin) was a German Jew who was executed for his part in a bombing plot intended to destabilize the German Reich. Although a full and accurate account of the plot is unknown, his targets were understood to be the Nazi party headquarters in Nuremberg, (Germany), and/or the plant where the antisemitic weekly propaganda newspaper Der Stürmer was printed.The day after his execution, the New York Times put the story on its front page. The 2000-word article, datelined Berlin, June 4, gives a detailed summary of the case. "Germans Execute Hirsch, U. S. Citizen; Youth of 21 Guillotined Despite Repeated American Appeals to Hitler for Clemency." New York Times, June 5, 1937, page 1.
Four sectors of occupied Berlin The museum shows an important part of the military and political scenery of the Cold War in Berlin, from immediately after World War II and the final disengagement of the Allied forces in the 1990s. The early period of partition plans evolved by the European Advisory Commission is documented. When in February 1945, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union decided to split the former German Reich in occupation zones at the Yalta Conference, including a fourth area assigned to the French, the German capital likewise was divided into four sectors. In late April, Soviet Red Army troops fought their way into the city during the Battle of Berlin and enforced the unconditional surrender by the German Wehrmacht armed forces.
The note demanded that criminal charges be made against the German troops involved in the killings, and that the Chetniks involved be handed over to the NDH authorities. The Germans refused to accept the note, and instead had a note of protest read to the NDH Prime Minister advising him that any future communications should reflect the relative positions of the NDH and the Greater German Reich. When the NDH authorities arrested 70 Chetniks in connection with the killings, the Gestapo attempted to have them released, but broke off their attempt when they were threatened with machine guns. This incident was the last in a long list of incidents where Perić had irritated the Axis powers, and he was forced to resign on 28 April 1944.
By trying to comply with the Allied demands, the Wirth government attempted to show that it was impossible for the German Reich to satisfy all the reparation demands. The extreme right reacted to Wirth's policy by calling for his assassination. After the assassination of Erzberger on 26 August 1921, the conflict between the Berlin government and the Bavarian government of Gustav Ritter von Kahr came to a head, the latter showing the same recalcitrancy against carrying out the special ordinances against plots as he had previously exhibited in regard to the dissolution of the illegal volunteer force, the Einwohnerwehr. Wirth stood his ground, and von Kahr was compelled by his own party in Bavaria to resign and make way for a more conciliatory Ministerpräsident.
In Habsburg Austria- Hungary, "German-Austria" was an unofficial term for the areas of the empire inhabited by Austrian Germans.Alfred D. Low, The Anschluss Movement, 1918–1919, and the Paris Peace Conference, pp. 135–138 The desire for Anschluss (annexation of Austria to Germany) was a popular opinion shared by all social circles in both Austria and Germany.Alfred D. Low, The Anschluss Movement, 1918–1919, and the Paris Peace Conference, pp. 3–4 On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor. On the same day it drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2).
Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: the 'fascist' style of rule By Alexander J. De Grand During its existence, it controlled most of the literary and radio channels in Italy.Ezra Pound: the tragic years, 1925-1972 By James J. Wilhelm It was the Italian analogue of the German Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. The Ministry famously outlawed the importation and translation of all American comic books, with the lone exception of Mickey Mouse, in 1938."Eccetto topolino" di F. Gadducci, L. Gori, S. Lama - Il Foglio.it › Una fogliata di libri The Ministry was officially suppressed by the Kingdom of Italy on July 3, 1944, having remained vacant ever since the overthrow of Benito Mussolini in the 25 Luglio coup a year earlier.
In 1884, similar to other European countries, the biggest German powder manufacturers agreed to form a cartel known as named Deutsche Union (or "Interessensgemeinschaft") which was led by Dynamit Nobel for five years. All the largest manufacturers of powder of the German Reich abided by this union which prevented them from competing against each other due to their cooperation and agreement upon the export prices. In 1886, they approached the English powder cartel, the Nobel Dynamite Trust Co and managed to establish the General cartel made up of both the German and English powder factories. Due to the high demand for defense equipments for the First World War, the manufacturers of powder made very high profits, which were reinforced due to their cartel organization.
The game is set in an alternate historical setting of 1949 and onward, albeit with many fantastical elements. Instead of the events that played out during the First World War, the conflict has raged on beyond the normal timeline of events, including the Second World War. In this war the Western European and North American nations have formed the "Union" that under the inventive direction of Thomas Edison have developed new forms of weaponry, along with new discoveries of secret alien technology. The German "Reich" meanwhile have mastered the use of occult powers, including the creation of new demonic soldiers through the excavation of one of four Cardinal Points, gateways to hellish dimensions with the new discoveries led by the Marquis General, Hermann Von Heïzinger.
On 10 May 1941, Rudolf Hess, a leading official in the government of Nazi Germany, parachuted into a field near Eaglesham on a secret mission to meet Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton for peace negotiations, and was instead arrested by a farmhand with a pitchfork and imprisoned. It is believed Hess was privately distressed by the war with the United Kingdom as he had hoped that Britain would accept Germany as an ally. Hess may have hoped to score a diplomatic victory by sealing a peace between the German Reich and British Empire. Following the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, Renfrewshire was incorporated into the Strathclyde region and divided amongst three districts: Renfrew District, Eastwood District and Inverclyde District.
Starting with an exhibition of Fauves and Der Blaue Reiter, followed by the introduction in Germany of Cubism and Italian Futurism."Herwarth Walden. Ein Essayist der Moderne", Paleari, Moira, Amsterdamer Beiträge zur neueren Germanistik, 2010 En Canot was exhibited in 1930 at the Kronprinzenpalais, National Gallery, Berlin, along with works by Willi Baumeister, Oskar Schlemmer, Rudolf Belling and others (works later found in Entartete Kunst).Gallery in the Kronprinzer-Palais, Nationalgalerie, Berlin, 1930. Photograph showing Metzinger's En Canot (Im Boot) in situ, Figure 92 It was subsequently confiscated by the German Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda, RMVP or Propagandaministerium) in 1936 or 1937 and displayed at the Degenerate Art exhibition (Entartete Kunst) in Munich.
To this end, a central committee or preparatory groups in the event of a collapse of the German Reich and a future independent state of Germany with a monarchical form of government were planned, which, in addition to Austria, should also include Bavaria and South Tyrol. Helene Sokal and her later husband, the chemist Theodor Legradi, who had international connections to the communist resistance, among others, included the doctor Josef Wyhnal and the student Hermann Klepell. Klepell had relationships with socialist circles, while another member, the communist Pawlin, made connections with the KPÖ. Leaflets were written in which Hitler was described as the "traitor of the German people" or "greatest curse-laden criminal of all time" and militarism as "the shame of our century".
After World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the German nationalist and "German-Liberal" camp, which was fragmented into many splinter parties and factions, formed the largest group in the Provisional National Assembly of German Austria with 102 representatives, ahead of the Socialists and the Catholic Christian Socials. In 1919, the 17 different groupings and clubs formed a federation, the Greater German Association (Großdeutsche Vereinigung), led by the former Linz mayor Franz Dinghofer. As delegate of the Provisional Assembly, Dinghofer had been elected one of its three presidents on 21 October 1918, together with the Socialist Karl Seitz and the Christian Social politician Jodok Fink. Under his presidency, the assembly voted for the accession to the German Reich and declared German Austria a republic.
Two days later, all her property was confiscated "for the benefit of the German Reich." The next day, 5 November 1942, the Gestapo arrested her and she was deported to Theresienstadt, a notably advanced date for the commencement of internment, in comparison to the fate of most Jews. Within the internment town she continued her work as a rabbi, and Viktor Frankl, the well-known psychologist, asked her for help in building a crisis intervention service to improve the possibility of surviving by helping to prevent suicide attempts. Her particular job was to meet the trains at the station and screen disoriented newcomers, arriving at the increasingly overcrowded ghetto with a questionnaire on the topic of suicide, designed by Viktor Frankl.
The demolished steles as a monument to the children murdered in National Socialism in Yad Vashem. Logo of the memorial Yad Vashem The five candles in the mirrored hall in Yad Vashem Pictures of the murdered children in Yad Vashem Monument to the children in Yad Vashem is located at Yad Vashem which was erected in 1987 in remembrance of children murdered during the reign of the NSDAP in the German Reich. In the entrance area to this memorial there are first of all several white, broken off stelae of different heights as a symbol for the lives broken off by the murder madness of the National Socialists. The main room of the memorial is completely mirrored and reflects the light of five candles.
From 1935 to 1936 he acted as a representative of Germany at the Supreme Court vote in Saarland, which was to monitor the referendum on the membership of the Saarland. Then he served until 1945 as Chief Prosecutor at the Higher Regional Court in Zweibrücken. During this period he was also 1938-1940 Special Representative with the authority of the Reich Commissioner for the reunion of Austria with the German Reich and from 1940 to 1945 head of the German justice administration in occupied Lorraine. Even after the war Welsch took numerous functions: From 1948 to 1957 he was president of the National Insurance Office and the country's supply Court of Saarland and 1950 Chairman of the Board of the Railways of the Saarland.
Martin Wolff, the son of Wilhelm Wolff and Lehna Wolff (née Ball) was born in Berlin on 26 September 1872, into the family of a Jewish businessman and brought up in the Jewish faith. He attended the Collège Français in Berlin and studied Law in Berlin. In 1894, he was awarded a doctorate from the law faculty based on a dissertation on The beneficium excussionis realis. In 1900, he obtained his habilitation in Berlin, with the thesis Der Bau auf fremdem Boden, insbesondere der Grenzüberbau nach dem Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuche für das deutsche Reich auf geschichtlicher Grundlage [Building on the Property of Another, in Particular Building that Encroaches on Adjoining Land According to the Civil Code for the German Reich on a Historical Basis].
In 1930 the Zeugmeistereien were subordinated to Franz Xaver Schwarz in his position as Reichsschatzmeister ("national treasurer") of the NSDAP. When the Heimtückegesetz ("insidiousness law") of 1934 secured its exclusive right to license manufacturers and tradesmen, the Reichszeugmeisterei became the Hauptamt VIII ("main office VIII") of the Beschaffungsamt der NSDAP ("NSDAP procurement office"), and given responsibility for the coordination of all procurement of uniforms and equipment projects. The RZM office defined design, manufacturing and quality standards, and published an authoritative colour chart for textiles. A RZM licence could be bought and by the middle of 1934 there were about 15,000 licensed manufacturing factories and craft producers, 1,500 tradesmen, 75,000 master tailors and 15,000 so-called "brown shops" in the German Reich.
Following the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria to the German Reich in March 1938, the Reusses packed up all their possessions, including Reuss's artworks, into 38 crates and left these in storage, but almost everything was confiscated by the Nazis. With the help of Cornishman and Quaker, John Sturge Stephens (1891–1954), they escaped from Vienna to England, where they arrived in Dover penniless and empty-handed in August 1938. They had with them 10 Reichsmark (equivalent at the time to about £1 sterling), the maximum cash allowed to emigrants by the German authorities. Some members of the Reiss family were not so fortunate: Albert's brother Julius and his family and his sister Ernestine and her husband Roman Torn were murdered in the Holocaust.
The jury courtroom in 1947 during the Dresden Doctors' Trial for the crimes committed at Sonnenstein During the summer of 1942 the euthanasia institute of Sonnenstein was dissolved and the gas chamber and crematorium dismantled. After careful removal of the traces of the crime, the building was used from the end of 1942 as a military hospital by the Wehrmacht. In the so- called Dresden Doctors' Trial in the summer of 1947 some of the participants in the killings at Sonnenstein were held to account. The Dresden jury sentenced to death Hermann Paul Nitsche, who from spring 1940 was one of the medical directors in charge of the extermination of patients in the German Reich, as well as two of the Sonnenstein nurses.
The canal finally was abandoned in 1950, after a decision was made to not repair damage it had suffered during World War II. In 1917, the Landtag of Bavaria passed a law calling for the development of a major shipping route "between Aschaffenburg and Passau", with the capacity to carry the 1,200-ton ships used on the Rhine. On 13 June 1921, Bavaria and the German Reich concluded an agreement to build the "Main-Donau- Wasserstraße"."Ein Traum wird Wirklichkeit" Die Fertigstellung des Main-Donau- Kanals ('"A Dream Becomes Reality": the Completion of the Main-Danube Canal'), Siegfried Zelnhefer, July 1992. Under this plan, in addition to the expansion of the Main and Danube, a completely new channel linking the rivers was to be created.
In 1935, the German Reich Air Ministry (RLM, Reichsluftfahrtministerium) produced a requirement for a twin engined general purpose floatplane, suitable for patrol and for anti-shipping strikes with bombs and torpedoes. Proposals were received from Heinkel Flugzeugwerke and from the Blohm & Voss aircraft subsidiary Hamburger Flugzeugbau. On 1 November 1935, orders were placed with Heinkel and Hamburger Flugzeugbau for three prototypes each of their prospective designs, the He 115 and the Ha 140.Air International February 1987, p.97.Donald 1994, p.108. The first prototype Heinkel flew in August 1937, testing was successful and the He 115 design was selected over the Ha 140 early in 1938, leading to an order for another prototype and 10 pre-production aircraft.
As Minister of Economics, Walther Funk accelerated the pace of rearmament and as Reichsbank president banked for the SS the confiscated gold rings of Buchenwald prisoners Nazi gold in Merkers Salt Mine The seizure and consolidation of power by the Nazis during the years of the Third Reich also greatly affected the Reichsbank. A 1937 law re-established the Reich Government's control of the Reichsbank, and in 1939, the Reichsbank was renamed the Deutsche Reichsbank (“Bank of the German Reich”, lit.: “Bank of the German Realm”) and placed under the direct control of Adolf Hitler, with Walther Funk as the last president of the Reichsbank, from 1939 to 1945.Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.
As historians point out, Reinhard Heydrich and Himmler had always been trying to expand their powers—physically and politically—beyond the confines of the German Reich. In accordance with Hitler’s notion of Lebensraum, active persecution against Polish people in the Reich, and long-term goals of “conquering extensive territories in the Soviet Union”, Hitler and other top Nazi leadership started preparing for a war, marked by the invasion of Poland. In preparation for the invasion of Poland, Heydrich expressed his ambition of having mobilized killing units, a “fighting administration” as he put it. The Einsatzgruppen would be in charge of securing German political position and occupation in Poland, furthering the ideology of ethnic cleansing and Lebensraum via deportations out of the occupied territory and mass executions within.
Occupation of the whole country had begun in 1939, and the initial betrayal, with the subsequent terror of the German Reich seemed to break the will of the Czechs for a period. The German invasion of the Soviet Union had stimulated acts of sabotage by Czech communists, leading to Heydrich's appointment. As well as terrorizing the opposition and establishing the Theresienstadt ghetto/concentration camp, he had overseen a progressive policy of good wages (equivalent to those in Germany) for industrial workers and farmers, which had a pacifying effect (acts of sabotage dropped by three-quarters in 6 months), and helped cooperative production of war materials. Heydrich was thought to be scheduled to transfer to occupied northern France and Belgium, with the intent to implement similar policies there.
The flag of Nazi Germany, officially the flag of the German Reich, featured a red flag with the swastika on a white disc. This flag came into use initially as the banner of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) after its foundation. Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, the flag was adopted as the one of the nation's dual national flags, the other being the black-white-red horizontal tricolour of the German Empire. One year after the death of President Hindenburg in 1934, this arrangement ended and the swastika flag became the national flag of Germany in 1935, which it remained until the end of World War II and the fall of the Third Reich.
In 1981 Wolfgang Benz analysed Diewerge's booklet on the Kaufman Plan in the Quarterly Magazines for Contemporary History. In his book of 2010 Kristian Buchna has evaluated numerous archive sources on the "National Collection" of the FDP North Rhine-Westphalia and can therefore present Diewerges' activities in this context in great detail. The book by journalist Hans Leyendecker remains an important source for Diewerge's role in the Flick affair. Contemporary reports such as Cuno Horkenbach's handbook The German Reich from 1918 to the present day from 1935 or the press reports, especially those of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung on the Essen perjury trial, provide material for the phases of life that are not or hardly touched by these scientific publications.
Though suspending its activities in the Greater German Reich, the ONT survived in Hungary until around the end of World War II. It went underground in Vienna after 1945, but was contacted in 1958 by a former Waffen-SS lieutenant, Rudolf Mund, who became Prior of the Order in 1979. Mund also wrote biographies of Lanz and Wiligut. The term "Ariosophy" (wisdom concerning the Aryans) was coined by Lanz von Liebenfels in 1915, with "Theozoology" describing its Genesis and "Ario-Christianity" as the label for the overall doctrine in the 1920s. This terminology was taken up by a group of occultists, formed in Berlin around 1920 and referred to by one of its main figures, Ernst Issberner-Haldane, as the 'Swastika-Circle'.
Castle The town of Quedlinburg is known to have existed since at least the early 9th century, when there was a settlement known as Gross Orden on the eastern bank of the River Bode. It was first mentioned as a town in 922 as part of a donation by King Henry the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler). The records of this donation were held by the abbey of Corvey. According to legend, Henry had been offered the German crown at Quedlinburg in 919 by Franconian nobles, giving rise to the town being called the "cradle of the German Reich". After Henry's death in 936, his widow Saint Matilda founded a religious community for women (Frauenstift) on the castle hill, where daughters of the higher nobility were educated.
They could not comply except in the short term because of the shortage of coal. On 18 June 1942 Röchling was also given charge of the iron and steel industry in the occupied territories at the recommendation of Goering. Röchling, Alfried Krupp and Walter Rohland now had almost absolute power over heavy industry. The Reich Iron Association held its first presidium meeting in August 1942, attended by Röchling, Krupp, Rohland, Friedrich Flick, Wilhelm Zangen, Paul Pleiger and Alfred Pott as well as representatives from the German Labour Front and from Saxony and Austria. On his 70th birthday on 12 November 1942, Röchling received the Adlerschild des Deutschen Reiches (Eagle Shield of the German Reich), a reward for the civil personalities of the Third Reich.
After the death of Emperor William I in 1888, his grandson William II wished to spark a nationalist cult around the "founder of the German Reich". In the following years the privately funded Kyffhäuser Monument was erected and an Emperor William Monument was inaugurated in Porta Westfalica, both designed by the Leipzig architect Bruno Schmitz. Several other cities had also applied as installation sites and in 1891 William II decided upon the confluence of the Rhine and Mosel rivers at Koblenz. Inauguration ceremony, 31 August 1897 After further landfills at the site and a large-scale collection campaign, the official "Emperor William Monument of the Rhine Province" was erected and solemnly inaugurated in the presence of the emperor on 31 August 1897.
Sculptures by the woodcarver Benedikt Dreyer were also lost in the fire: the wooden statues of the saints on the west side of the rood screen and the organ sculpture on the great organ from around 1516–18 and Man with Counting Board. Also destroyed in the fire were the mediaeval stained glass windows from the , which were installed in St. Mary's Church from 1840 on, after the St. Mary Magdalene Church was demolished because it was in danger of collapse. Photographs by Lübeck photographers like give an impression of what the interior looked like before the War. The glass window in one of the chapels has an alphabetic list of major towns in the pre-1945 eastern territory of the German Reich.
In the 1990s, she said of her father in an interview: In 2010, Edda said of her uncle Albert Göring for an article in The Guardian, "He could certainly help people in need himself financially and with his personal influence, but, as soon as it was necessary to involve higher authority or officials, then he had to have the support of my father, which he did get." The governments of West Germany and the reunited Germany denied Edda Göring the pension normally given to the children of government ministers of the old German Reich. As of 2015, she was reported to be still living in Munich. In that year, she unsuccessfully petitioned the Landtag of Bavaria for compensation with respect to the expropriation of her father's legacy.
Ignaz Seipel, the Christian Social leader who first installed, then unseated Schober The Christian Social Party held the plurality but not the majority of the seats in the National Council. A grand coalition of Christian Socials and Social Democrats had already been tried and failed; unable to reconcile their fundamentally different visions for the future of the country, Christian Social and Social Democratic leaders had achieved little but mutual deadlock. The failure of the grand coalition left the Greater German People's Party as the only plausible coalition partner. The Republic of German-Austria had been proclaimed with the understanding that it would eventually join the German Reich, a vision shared by a clear majority of its population at the time.
Coat of Arms of the Royal Bavarian State Railways The Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königliche Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen or K.Bay.Sts.B.) was founded in 1844. The organisation grew into the second largest of the German state railways (after that of the Prussian state railways) with a railway network of 8,526 kilometres (including the Palatinate Railway or Pfalzbahn) by the end of the First World War. Following the abdication of the Bavarian monarchy at the end of the First World War, the 'Royal' title was dropped and on 24 April 1920 the Bavarian State Railway (Bayerische Staatseisenbahn), as it was now called, was merged into the newly formed German Reich Railways Authority or Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen as the Bavarian Group Administration (Gruppenverwaltung Bayern).
Review of a book anti-Soviet conspiracy along the Biebrza, X 1939 – VI 1941 by Tomasz Strzembosz Skirmishes with the NKVD were common, mostly around Jedwabne, where the anti-Soviet feelings were the strongest. Ruined buildings under German occupation In the aftermath of the June 1941 Battle of Białystok–Minsk, part of the German attack on the Soviet Union, Białystok was placed under German Civilian Occupation (Zivilverwaltungsgebiet) as Bezirk Bialystok. The area was under German rule from 1941 to 1944/45, without ever formally being incorporated into the German Reich. It has been established that at the beginning on 22 June 1941 the withdrawing Soviet troops, that were forced out by the German army, committed regular crimes against the inhabitants of Białystok and its area.
After the founding of the German Reich in 1871, the emperor's hymn Heil Dir im Siegerkranz became part of the Zapfenstreich, but only when the emperor was present at the ceremony. Following the German Revolution the new national anthem, the "Deutschlandlied" by Hoffmann von Fallersleben, replaced the old imperial hymn in 1922. When foreign heads of state or military units are honored, their respective national anthems are played. The German Democratic Republic reinstated the Großer Zapfenstreich in 1962 in an updated version, supplementing the traditional German ceremony with music based on "elements of the progressive military inheritance" including the song "For the Peace of the World" by Soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich and a medley of songs and marches drawn from the German and international working-class movements.
On 12 March 1938 German troops rolled into Austria and the next day Austria was officially annexed into the German Reich. On the recommendation of Königsgarten, Henry had already moved to London in 1930. Hugo (who had returned to Vienna in 1933) fled Vienna on 13 March and joined Henry in London. Lisi had also moved back to Vienna in 1933 and in August 1938 managed to join her two sons in London, even taking some of her furniture with her. On 20 November 1938 Königsgarten too left Vienna, and perceiving Czechoslovakia to be safe, moved back to the family home in Dornichgasse 55 (now Dornych) in Brno, where his widowed brother Ludwig had taken over the family business after the death of his brother Fritz.
Langoth was a strong supporter of the Anschluss and he argued that "the election on 10 April 1938 in Austria had been an example of a true, democratic plebiscite and would be recorded as a pure and clean vote in future history".On an 11 March Following the Anschluss Langoth became head of the Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt for Austria and the Upper Danube. He also served as a judge in the Volksgerichtshof where he passed 41 death sentences and obtained the rank of Brigadeführer in the Schutzstaffel.Career in the "Großdeutsches Reich" (Greater German Reich) Towards the end of the Second World War he also served as Mayor of Linz and as the Allies advanced Langoth sought out the Austrian resistance and negotiated with them the transfer of Linz to their administration.
An American propaganda poster - "Death-trap for the Jap." An American propaganda poster from World War II produced under the Works Progress Administration urging civilians to collect and recycle scrap metal in order to contribute to the war effort. The most profound cause of anti-Japanese sentiment outside of Asia had its beginning in the attack on Pearl Harbor, as it propelled the United States into World War II. The Americans were unified by the attack to fight against the Empire of Japan and its allies, the German Reich and the Kingdom of Italy. The bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan on the neutral United States without warning and the deaths of almost 2,500 people during ongoing U.S./Japanese peace negotiations was presented to the American populace as an act of treachery, barbarism, and cowardice.
On 1 September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland, home at that time to the largest Jewish community in the world, precipitating the start of World War II. Salazar reacted by sending a telegram to the Portuguese Embassy in Berlin ordering that it should be made clear to the German Reich that Portuguese law did not allow any distinction based on race, and therefore Portuguese Jewish citizens could not be discriminated against.Dez anos de Politica Externa, Vol 1, pag 137. Edicao Imprensa Nacional 1961 The German invasion of Poland led France and the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany. The number of refugees trying to make use of Portugal's neutrality as an escape route increased, and between the months of September and December approximately 9,000 refugees entered Portugal.
It was not until Sunday that most of them learned of the death of some of their fellow pupils, The German Reich also took over the return journey of the survivors to England and the transfer of the dead with downright military honours and a personal wreath of Adolf Hitler. Before that, a true cult of the dead was staged in the media from the fate of the fatally injured. Thus a press photograph, in which members of the Hitler Youth hold "honour guard" at the coffins of the "fallen heroes and mountain comrades", was also printed in several English daily newspapers. In the following years the Hitler Youth revered the students who died in the accident as "fallen mountain comrades" who had given their lives in the fight for peace and international understanding.
The 1940 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement (also known as Economic Agreement of February 11, 1940, Between the German Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was an economic arrangement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed on February 11, 1940. In it the Soviet Union agreed in the period from February 11, 1940 to February 11, 1941, in addition to the deliveries under German–Soviet Commercial Agreement, signed on August 19, 1939 to deliver commodities (oil, raw materials and grain) to the value of 420 to 430 million Reichsmarks. A policy on the transit through Soviet territory of third countries' commodities purchased by Germany was later agreed. The countries followed up the agreement and resolved other issues with the January 10, 1941 German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement.
Concurrent with annexations were the beginnings of attempts to ethnically cleanse non-Germans both from Germany and from the areas intended to be part of a "Greater Germany". Alternately, Hitler also made attempts to Germanize those who were considered ethnically or racially close enough to Germans to be "worth keeping" as part of a future German nation, such as the population of Luxembourg (officially, Germany considered these populations to actually be German, but not part of the Greater German Reich, and were thus the targets of propaganda promoting this view in order to integrate them). These attempts were largely unpopular with the targets of the Germanization, and the citizens of Luxembourg voted in a 1941 referendum up to 97% against becoming citizens of Nazi Germany.Paul Dostert, Luxemburg unter deutscher Besatzung 1940-45.
In 1934, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society published a letter entitled "Declaration of Facts".Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (1934) "1934 Year Book of Jehovah's Witnesses p. 131, Brooklyn, NY " In this personal letter to then Reich Chancellor Hitler, J. F. Rutherford stated that "the Bible Researchers of Germany are fighting for the very same high ethical goals and ideals which also the national government of the German Reich proclaimed respecting the relationship of humans to God, namely: honesty of the created being towards its creator". However, while the Jehovah's Witnesses sought to reassure the Nazi government that their goals were purely religious and non-political and they expressed the hope that the government would allow them to continue their preaching, Hitler still restricted their work in Nazi Germany.
A body lies in the Via Rasella during the roundup of civilians by Italian soldiers and German troops after the partisan bombing on 23 March 1944. On 23 March 1944, a column of the German 11th Company, 3rd Battalion, SS Police Regiment Bozen, was attacked by an ambush of Partisans while marching and singing on a prescribed route that led through the Piazza di Spagna into the narrow street of Via Rasella. Organised by the Nazis to intimidate and suppress the Resistance, the battalion had been raised in October 1943 from ethnic German-speakers of the northern Italian province of South Tyrol, a territory that Hitler had annexed to the German Reich after the September "betrayal" by the Italian government. Many of its citizens had since opted for German citizenship.
" Nazi ideology focused on a racial struggle, rather than the class struggle at the center of Marxist ideology. While Nazi ideology opposed both the communism of the Soviet Union and capitalism, associating Jews with both systems,Lee, Stephen J. and Paul Shuter, Weimar and Nazi Germany, Heinemann, 1996, , page 33Bendersky, Joseph W., A History of Nazi Germany: 1919-1945, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, , page 159 the German Reich moved toward a command economy closer to the Soviet system under Hitler, which comported with the anti-capitalism of both Stalin and Hitler. Nazi criticism of capitalism shared similarities with that of Marxists in that they both focused upon excessive financial concentration, declining exports, shrinking markets and overproduction. Hitler later boasted that the best means to beat inflation "was to be sought for in our concentration camps.
Hans Luther From left to right (first row): Gustav Stresemann, Hans Luther, Martin Schiele, Josef Frenken; (second row) Gerhard von Kanitz, Heinrich Brauns, Albert Neuhaus, Karl Stingl, Rudolf Krohne, Otto von Schlieben Gustav Stresemann, 1925 Otto Gessler Karl Stingl The First Luther cabinet (German: Erstes Kabinett Luther) was the 12th democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Hans Luther and was in office for only a year. On 15 January 1925 it replaced the Second Marx cabinet which had resigned on 15 December 1924. Luther resigned with his cabinet on 5 December 1925 following the signature of the Locarno treaties but remained in office as caretaker.
On September 17, 1893, a statue of Emperor Wilhelm I on horseback was erected in the center of the square: it was erected "in memoriam" of the deceased emperor, as a tribute to the creator of the German Reich and the father of the nation.MATERIAlY DO DZIEJOW KULTURY I SZTUKI T4:BYDGOSZCZY I REGIONU, MAREK ROMANIUK-Pomnik konny cesarza Wilhelma I w Bydgoszczy The monument was funded partly by the city, partly by donation from wealthy citizens, like among others, Lewin Louis Aronsohn or Heinrich Dietz. This monument was short lived: after Bydgoszcz returned to Polish territory in 1919, the statue was dismantled and moved to the city of Meseritz (Międzyrzecz). Later, in 1904, on the fringe of the Municipal Park (now the Park Casimir the Great) was established the monumental sculpted fountain "The Deluge".
Globke and Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick in Bratislava, Slovak State, September 1941 At the beginning of the war, Globke was responsible for the new German imperial borders in the West that were the responsibility of the Reich Ministry of the Interior. He made several trips to the conquered territories. The historian Peter Schöttler suspected that Globke was probably the author of a memorandum to Hitler in June 1940 discussing the idea of State Secretary Wilhelm Stuckart proposing a far-reaching annexation of the East French and Belgian territories, which would have involved the deportation of about 5 million people. At the beginning of September 1941, Globke accompanied Interior Minister Frick and State Secretary Stuckart on an official visit to Slovakia, which at that time was a client state of the German Reich.
Because of the violation of the ban on work, he feared the so- called "Sippenhaft" for his siblings who remained in the German Reich, especially after his brother Eduard had been arrested there. Meanwhile, Ilsabe Dieck had repeatedly travelled to the Netherlands to send Berend foreign currency regularly via fake addresses. Later his fiancée suffered a nervous breakdown and followed Berend to Florence. After Benito Mussolini had also enacted Italian racial laws in the fall of 1938, similar to Adolf Hitler, and Berend was now threatened with persecution and expulsion in Italy as well, the artist left the country by means of a visa after the forced payment of the "Reich Flight Tax" in the amount of 1,917 Reichsmark - for which he had to sell his concert piano - and reached England on 18 March 1939.
Prussia first set foot on the Rhine in 1609 by the occupation of the Duchy of Cleves and about a century later Upper Guelders and Moers also became Prussian. At the peace of Basel in 1795 the whole of the left bank of the Rhine was resigned to France, and in 1806 the Rhenish princes all joined the Confederation of the Rhine. The congress of Vienna assigned the whole of the lower Rhenish districts to Prussia, which had the tact to leave them in undisturbed possession of the liberal institutions they had become accustomed to under the republican rule of the French. In 1920, the Saar was separated from the Rhine Province and administered by the League of Nations until a plebiscite in 1935, when the region was returned to the German Reich.
Himmler discussed plans with his subordinates to integrate at least the German-speaking parts of Switzerland completely with the rest of Germany, and had several persons in mind for the post of a Reichskommissar for the 're-union' of Switzerland with the German Reich (in analogy to the office that Josef Bürckel held after Austria's absorption into Germany during the Anschluss). Later this official was to subsequently become the new Reichsstatthalter of the area after completing its total assimilation.Fink 1985, pp. 71–72. In August 1940, Gauleiter of Westfalen-South Josef Wagner and the Minister President of Baden Walter Köhler spoke in favor of the amalgamation of Switzerland to Reichsgau Burgund (see below) and suggested that the seat of government for this new administrative territory should be the dormant Palais des Nations in Geneva.
After the elections, a bitter Clausen joined the German Army and saw active service on the Eastern Front as a surgeon, although he did not resign his position as chief of the DNSAP. Clausen returned to Denmark in the spring of 1944, after which time his political career was terminated. Clausen's failure in the elections and his unwillingness to actively assist in forming a Danish branch of the Schutzstaffel alienated his German supporters, and as such SS Obergruppenführer Dr. Werner Best, the Plenipotentiary of the German Reich for Denmark, convinced Clausen to step down as leader of the party and replaced him with a three-man committee shortly after his return to Denmark. After Germany's occupation of Denmark ended in May 1945, Clausen was captured and sent to Frøslev Prison Camp.
New post office vans in 1952 With the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, the Allied Control Council succeeded the former Nazi regime in Germany; as part of this action, the Deutsche Reichspost (the postal service of the German Reich) was absorbed by the occupation authorities. Germany was divided into four occupation zones, and Berlin into four sectors; the territories east of the Oder-Neisse rivers were placed under Polish and Soviet authority. One of the first tasks of restoring civil government in Germany involved the restoration of postal and telecommunications services. The German Central Administration for Communication Services (Deutsche Zentralverwaltung für das Nachrichtenwesen) began its work in the Soviet occupation zone under the jurisdiction of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany on 27 July 1945.
The failure of the 20 July Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler with a briefcase bomb at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia, to whose concrete planning, going by statements that he made before the Volksgerichtshof, Lejeune-Jung was not privy, brought all plans for a democratic government in the German Reich to an abrupt end. Like thousands of others who were to a greater or lesser extent involved in the 20 July resistance movement as a whole, Lejeune-Jung became a victim of the Nazi rulers' barbaric revenge operation, which was unparalleled in German history. After being arrested on 11 August 1944, he was brought to the Gestapo prison on Lehrter Straße in Berlin. On 3 September, the Volksgerichtshof chief prosecutor Lautz laid charges of high treason and treason against him.
During the convention, the 3,800-word Declaration of Facts was presented to the crowd and accepted by many in attendance. A "large number" of those attending, however, refused to adopt it and left the convention disappointed, viewing it as weaker than they expected. A 1974 Watch Tower Society publication claimed Balzereit had weakened the German translation of the Declaration, softening criticism of the Nazis, but in 1998 the society repudiated that statement. Some 2.5 million copies of The Declaration, reproduced as a four-page pamphlet, were distributed publicly and a day after the convention, the declaration was sent to Hitler with a seven- page cover letter written by Balzereit in which he assured the Chancellor that the IBSA "was not in opposition to the national government of the German Reich".
The Intelligenzaktion (), or Intelligentsia mass shootings, was a, not always secret, mass murder conducted by Nazi Germany against the Polish intelligentsia (teachers, priests, physicians, et al.) early in the Second World War (1939–45). The operations were conducted to realise the Germanization of the western regions of occupied Poland, before territorial annexation to the German Reich. The mass murder operations of Intelligenzaktion killed 100,000 Polish people; by way of forced disappearance, the Nazis imprisoned and killed selected citizens of Polish society, identified before the war as enemies of the Reich; they were buried in mass graves at remote places. To facilitate the depopulation of Poland, the Nazis terrorised the general populace with the public, summary executions of selected intellectuals and community leaders, before effecting the expulsions of the general population from occupied Poland.
A new chapter for Jews in Portugal was marked by World War II. From 1929 Portugal was under the nationalist regime of António de Oliveira Salazar, but Portuguese nationalism was not grounded on race or biology. In 1934 Salazar made it clear that Portuguese nationalism did not include pagan anti-human ideals that glorified a race, and in 1937, he published a book where he criticized the ideals behind the Nuremberg laws.Salazar, António de Oliveira – “Como se Levanta um Estado”, In 1938, he sent a telegram to the Portuguese Embassy in Berlin ordering that it should be made clear to the German Reich that Portuguese law did not allow any distinction based on race and therefore Portuguese Jewish citizens could not be discriminated against.Dez anos de Politica Externa, Vol 1, pag 137.
Registration card of Maximilian Hohenberg as a prisoner at Dachau Nazi Concentration Camp In March 1938, Austria became part of the German Reich as a result of the Anschluss. Having spoken out for the independence of Austria and against the Anschluss, Maximilian and his brother were arrested by the Reich authorities and interned in Dachau concentration camp, where they were chiefly employed in cleaning the latrines. According to Leopold Figl (who served as Chancellor of Austria after World War II), they did so cheerfully and maintained comradely relations with fellow prisoners. Maximilian was released after six months (Ernst was transferred to other concentration camps and released only in 1943) and was then compelled to stay at Artstetten Castle; the Reich authorities also expropriated the family's other properties in Austria.
The Völkisch movement emerged in the late 19th century, drawing inspiration from German Romanticism and the history of the Holy Roman Empire, and what many saw as its harmonious hierarchical order. The delayed unification of the German-speaking peoples under a single German Reich in the 19th century is cited as conducive to the emergence of the Völkisch movement. Despite the previous lower-class connotation associated to the word Volk, the Völkisch movement saw the term with a noble overtone suggesting a German ascendancy over other peoples. Thinkers led by Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882), Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936), Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927), Ludwig Woltmann (1871–1907) or Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) were inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution in advocating a "race struggle" and a hygienist vision of the world.
Hermann Göring had been the second most-powerful man in the Nazi Party for some time before Hitler came to power in 1933. During the early years of the Hitler regime, Göring continued to pile on titles at will, including President of the Reichstag, Minister-President and acting Reichsstatthalter (governor) of Prussia and Reich Minister of Aviation and commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe. On 1 September 1939, on the outbreak of World War II with Germany's invasion of Poland, Hitler made a speech stating that Göring would succeed him "if anything should befall me". That status was underscored in a 1940 decree, naming Göring as Reichsmarschall des Grossdeutschen Reiches (Reich Marshal of the Greater German Reich), a specially created rank that was second only to Hitler's position of Supreme Commander.
The founding of the German Reich in 1871, as a "Kleindeutsche Lösung" under Prussian domination, only fulfilled part of the German nationalists' objectives, wishing and struggling as they did for the unification of all German speakers in a single nation state. The more Volkstum concept was now part of a nationalist ideology and political propaganda. It often served as a patriotic or visionary binding- agent to cover over or overcome the real contradictions inside and outside the German empire: for example, by providing a "Volkstumskampf", it summoned a corporate-agrarian Volksgemeinschaft or ideal community as the key features of Volkstum, though these did not actually exist. It was the term of choice for every figure wishing to turn to an irrational feeling and definition of unity, against both enemies inside and outside the Reich.
The 1918 Armistice with Germany was signed in CIWL #2419 ('). Returned to CIWL service afterwards, it was retired later to join the French presidential train before being withdrawn in 1921 and placed on display in the Cour des Invalides, Paris until 1927, when it was moved to Compiègne for display. It remained on display in its own building, the Clairiere de l'Armistice until 1940, when it was removed by the German army and used to receive the 1940 Armistice with France between France and Nazi Germany. Following this, the carriage itself was taken to Berlin as a trophy of war, along with pieces of a large stone tablet which bore the inscription (in French): :Here on the Eleventh of November 1918 Succumbed the Criminal Pride of the German Reich.
German eagle impaled by a sword, in 1940 covered with the Third Reich flag and guarded by a German soldier A replica of the railway carriage where the 1918 and 1940 armistices were signed, at the Clairière de l'Armistice (Rethondes) museum Site of the railway carriage where the 1918 Armistice was signed in the Clearing of the Armistice, also called Rethondes clearing. The museum of the Armistice in the background houses an identical carriage. The Armistice site was demolished on Hitler's orders three days after the signing of the 1940 armistice. The carriage itself was taken to Berlin as a trophy of war, along with pieces of a large stone tablet which bore the inscription (in French): :HERE ON THE ELEVENTH OF NOVEMBER 1918 SUCCUMBED THE CRIMINAL PRIDE OF THE GERMAN REICH.
Riezler ended his diary noting that Bethmann Hollweg was "determined and taciturn", and quoted his former Foreign Minister Kiderlen-Waechter who "had always said we must fight". On 21 July, the German government told Jules Cambon, the French Ambassador in Berlin, and Bronewski, the Russian chargé d'affaires, that the German Reich had no knowledge of what Austrian policy was towards Serbia. In private, Zimmermann wrote that the German government "entirely agreed that Austria must take advantage of the favourable moment, even at the risk of further complications", but that he doubted "whether Vienna would nerve herself to act". Zimmermann ended his memo that "he gathered that Vienna, timid and undecided as it always was, was almost sorry" that Germany had given the "blank cheque" of 5 July 1914, instead of advising restraint with Serbia.
In May 1986, a book by Andreas Hillgruber, Zweierlei Untergang Die Zerschlagung des Deutschen Reiches und das Ende des europäischen Judentums (Two Kinds of Ruin The Smashing of the German Reich and the End of European Jewry), was published in Berlin. The book consisted of two essays by Hillgruber, in which he argued the end of Germany as a great power in 1945 and the Holocaust were morally equivalent tragedies.McKale, Donald, Hitler's Shadow War, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2002, p. 445 Much of the controversy generated by Zweierlei Untergang was due to the essay Der Zusammenbruch im Osten 1944/45 (The Collapse in the East 1944/45) in which Hillgruber presented an account of the Eastern Front in 1944-45 and mourned the end of "the German east".
Hillgruber had been born and grew up in the town of Angerburg (modern Węgorzewo, Poland) in what was then East Prussia and often wrote nostalgically about his lost Heimat. Hillgruber expressed much anger in Zweierlei Untergang about the Oder-Neisse line, the expulsions of the Germans from Eastern Europe and the partitioning of Germany, all of which he used to argue that the policies of the Allies towards the Germans during and after World War II were just as horrific as the Holocaust. Evans, Richard In Hitler's Shadow (1989), pp. 50-51. In particular, Hillgruber accused Winston Churchill and the rest of the British government of being obsessed with anti-German and anti-Prussian prejudices going back to at least 1907, and maintained it was always Britain's goal to "smash" the German Reich.
Following Hitler's suicide on April 30, 1945, the successor regime appointed in his political testament resigned during the cabinet's May 2 session. Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, appointed Reich President in Hitler's testament, gave the task of forming a political administration to Leading Minister Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk; however, the consequent Flensburg Government did not possess any de facto central governmental authority within Germany, nor was it recognised by any Axis, Allied or neutral government. These incidents preceded the unconditional surrender of the German armed forces (Wehrmacht), signed by nominated representatives of the three German armed services and of the military High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht) on May 8 in Berlin- Karlshorst; from which, as it was a purely military capitulation, no direct consequences for the legal status of the civil authority of the German Reich could arise.Frotscher/Pieroth: Verfassungsgeschichte, Rn 641.
By the General Treaty of 1955, the western allies recognized the full sovereignty of West Germany. However, in so far as the Allied High Commission was acting outside the authority of the dormant Allied Control Council, it was highly uncertain what, if any, sovereign authority it could claim over western Germany; or whether it could validly convey any sovereign authority to the new West German government. From the 1950s, the claim that there was a single continuing German Reich whose legal status was wholly untouched by the institutions established by the Allied Powers, and that the Federal Republic was the sole legal successor of that Reich, was adopted both by the Federal Government itself and by the Federal Constitutional Court. On this basis, the Federal Republic claimed an exclusive mandate for the entire postwar territory of Germany.
Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) announced on 19 November 2015 that Xavier Naidoo would represent Germany in the contest. However, his selection was criticised due to his history of expressing far-right political views in his actions and lyrics, including a speech made at a protest in 2014 supporting the assertion that the German Reich continues to exist within its pre-World War II borders, his propagation of conspiracy theories surrounding the September 11 attacks and the 2008 financial crisis, and a song in which he referred to Baron Rothschild as "Baron Deadschild" and a "schmuck", as well as a collaboration with Kool Savas titled "Wo sind sie jetzt?", which contained homophobic lyrics which were interpreted as associating homosexuality with paedophilia. Critics of his selection included Johannes Kahrs, who branded the decision "unspeakable and embarrassing", the Amadeu Antonio Foundation and Bild.
An International University Games () was an international multi-sport event held between 20–27 August 1939 in Vienna, German Reich (now Vienna, Austria), which had originally been scheduled as the official 1939 staging of the Summer International University Games awarded to Vienna by the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants (CIE) in January 1938, prior to Austria's absorption into Nazi Germany by the Anschluss. The National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB) withdrew from the CIE in May 1939, and the CIE at short notice moved its version of the 1939 International University Games to Monte Carlo. The formal opening was by Bernhard Rust, the Reich Minister of Science, Education and Culture, on 20 August in the Prater Stadium, the main venue of the games. The NSDStB invited many nations to the Vienna games, but most entrants were nations affiliated with the Axis powers.
Jean-Baptiste Victor Chazelas (born 23 April 1885 in Bussière-Galant; died 29 December 1953 in Nice) was a French colonial administrator. He served as acting lieutenant governor of Mauritania from August 1934 to 1 November 1934 and from 15 April 1935 to 10 November 1935. Victor Chazelas was the son of innkeepers Eusèbe and Marguerite Chazelas. He served as a in 1906/1907 in the 63rd Infantry Regiment. In 1912 he began his career in the French colonial administration. In 1914, he was chef de cabinet of the governor of Martinique. During the First World War Chazelas served in 1915 as a second lieutenant of the 63rd Infantry Regiment at the front against the German Reich. In August 1916 he was sent to Cameroon displaced and from August 1918 to March 1919 he was one of the Armée française d'Orient.
Deutschlandsender I at first was the name of a powerful transmitter situated at Königs Wusterhausen in Brandenburg near Berlin, put into operation on 7 January 1926. The station was run by the Deutsche Welle GmbH, a commercial company - unconnected to today's similarly named international broadcaster - which had been set up by the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (RRG) network for nationally relaying programmes from Germany's nine regional broadcasting stations. Broadcasting on long wave (182 kHz) from what was then a central position in the German Reich, the Deutschlandsender I transmitter enabled programmes from these stations to be heard throughout the country and its name was adopted as a station identification. The first programme broadcast was a concert from the RRG Berlin regional station, the Funk-Stunde AG. With effect from 1 January 1933, the Deutsche Welle company was renamed Deutschlandsender GmbH.
German abortion legislation was first codified in sections 181 and 182 of the Penal Code for Prussia (1851), which formed the basis for the Penal Code (Strafgesetzbuch) of the North German Federation (1870). On 15 May 1871, following the Proclamation of the German Empire, the latter code was incorporated into paragraphs 218-220 of the Penal Code for the German Reich, taking effect on 1 January 1872. Section 218 outlawed abortion, requiring a penal term for both the woman and the doctor involved. Legalization of abortion was first widely discussed in Germany during the early 20th century. During the Weimar Republic, such discussion led to a reduction in the maximum penalty for abortion, and in 1926 a court's decision -similar to the UK’s ’’R v Bourne’’ - decriminalized abortion in cases of grave danger to the life of the mother.
His passion for things political remained after he immigrated to America, and he continued to develop the political clout of the Staats-Zeitung after he became editor in 1858. From 1860 to 1864, Franz Umbscheiden – who also participated in the German Revolution of 1848 – was on the staff. Front page of the New Yorker Staats- Zeitung und Herold (May 3, 1944) Leading up to World War II, the paper had an evolving view of Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich. In 1934, the Staats-Zeitung opposed the "mock trial" of Hitler to be held at Madison Square Garden, calling Nazi Germany a "friendly nation" and asking the U.S. to respect "the laws and deeds of the statutory regime of the German Reich; the laws and deeds of the lawful administration of government of a friendly power".
However, ' visiting the Russian Baltic governorates in the late 19th century, for instance, resented the claims of the Baltic Germans to be German — for the Germans from the Reich, to be German meant to be a German citizen, while for the Baltic Germans, it meant cultural-historical belonging. It was however not until the German nationality law (') of 1913 finally established the citizenship of the German Reich, whereas earlier political rights (including the claim to receive identity papers and passports) derived from one's citizenship of one of the States of the German Empire. The citizens of some German states comprised also autochthonous or immigrant ethnic minorities of other than German ethnicity, which is why citizens of the German Empire always also comprised people of other ethnicity than the German (e.g. Danish, French, Frisian, Polish, Romani, Sorbian etc.).
The only place where any notable gain was made in re-establishing Reich authority occurred in parts of southern Wallonia during the Ardennes Campaign. The collaborators merely achieved a Pyrrhic victory since when the Allied tanks had rolled into Belgium several months before, this already signalled the end of their personal domains in the Reich. Many of their supporters fled to Germany where they were conscripted into the Waffen-SS to participate in the final military campaigns of the Third Reich. In December 1944, Belgium (theoretically including the two French departments) was split up into a Reichsgau Wallonien, a Reichsgau Flandern, and a Distrikt Brüssel, all of which were nominally annexed by the Greater German Reich (therefore excluding the proposed Brabant province).Lipgens, Walter: Documents on the History of European integration: Volume 1 - Continental Plans for European Integration 1939-1945, page 45.
In addition, there were numerous co-operative societies (for example, apartment co-ops, shop co-ops, etc.), and other organizations directly linked to the SPD and the labor unions, or else adhering to Social Democratic ideology. Other notable parties in the Reichstag of 1912 were the Catholic Centre Party (91 seats), the German Conservative Party (43), the National Liberal Party (45), the Progressive People's Party (42), the Polish Party (18), the German Reich Party (14), the Economic Union (10), and the Alsace-Lorraine Party (9). At the congresses of the Second Socialist International, the SPD had always agreed to resolutions asking for combined action of Socialists in case of a war. Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, the SPD, like other socialist parties in Europe, organised anti-war demonstrations during the July Crisis.
Approximate location of South-east wall fortifications, 1944/45 The South-east wall (German: Südostwall) (also known as Reichsschutzstellung) was a system of fortifications planned by Nazi Germany in the late stages of World War II to extend along the Little Carpathians and Lake Neusiedl southwards to the River Drau. Not a wall in the true sense of the word, the South-east wall was rather a series of German batteries and anti-tank ditches built at strategic locations alongside the southeastern border of the German Reich in 1944/45 with the intention of stopping the Red Army. The defensive line was only partly finished when the Red Army reached the line in March 1945, and merely slowed the speed of their offensive. The Red Army broke through the line at the beginning of the Vienna Offensive.
Hitler firmly believed that the force of "will" was decisive in determining the political course for a nation and rationalized his actions accordingly. Given that Hitler was appointed "leader of the German Reich for life", he "embodied the supreme power of the state and, as the delegate of the German people", it was his role to determine the "outward form and structure of the Reich". To that end, Hitler's political motivation consisted of an ideology that combined traditional German and Austrian antisemitism with an intellectualized racial doctrine resting on an admixture of bits and pieces of social Darwinism and the ideas—mostly obtained second-hand and only partially understood—of Friedrich Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer, Richard Wagner, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Arthur de Gobineau and Alfred Rosenberg as well as Paul de Lagarde, Georges Sorel, Alfred Ploetz and others.
The Hitler cabinet was the government of Nazi Germany between 30 January 1933 and 30 April 1945 upon the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of the German Reich by president Paul von Hindenburg. It was originally contrived by the national conservative politician Franz von Papen, who reserved the office of the Vice-Chancellor for himself. Originally, Hitler's first cabinet was called the Reich Cabinet of National Salvation, The Brown Plague: Travels in Late Weimar & Early Nazi Germany which was a coalition of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and the national conservative German National People's Party (DNVP); it became an exclusively Nazi cabinet when the DNVP was intimidated into dissolving itself. The Enabling Act of 1933, passed two months after Hitler took office, gave the cabinet the power to make laws without legislative consent for four years.
Austrian Requiem, p. 33 On the following day, 14 February, Schuschnigg reorganised his cabinet on a broader basis and included representatives of all former and present political parties. Hitler immediately appointed a new Gauleiter for Austria, a Nazi Austrian army officer who had just been released from prison in accordance with the terms of the general amnesty stipulated by the Berchtesgaden agreement.Austrian Requiem, p. 35 On 20 February, Hitler made a speech before the Reichstag which was broadcast live and which for the first time was relayed also by the Austrian radio network. A key phrase in the speech was: "The German Reich is no longer willing to tolerate the suppression of ten million Germans across its borders." In Austria, the speech was met with concern and by demonstrations by both pro and anti-Nazi elements.
During World War II, some proponents of "Cossackia" rallied behind Germany and attempted to establish a notionally independent Cossack state. Alfred Rosenberg, the Minister of the East (Ostministerium), favored an approach called "political warfare" in order to "to free the German Reich from Pan-Slavic pressure for centuries to come". Under Rosenberg's "political warfare" approach, the Soviet Union was to be broken up into four nominally independent states consisting of the Ukraine; a federation in the Caucasus; an entity to be called Ostland which would comprise the Baltic states and Belorussia (modern Belarus); and a rump Russian state. Rosenberg was a fanatical anti-Semite and a Russophobe, but he favored a more diplomatic policy towards the non-Russian and non-Jewish population of the Soviet Union, arguing that this was a vast reservoir of manpower that could be used by the Reich.
Then there was a need to adapt the statutes of the order to modern conditions. On February 7, 1926, a constitutional reorganization council in Hanover issued a new order, whereby the nobility was no longer required for admission and the order was given the name "Old St. George Knightly Order, also known as the Order of the Four Roman Emperors". The order continued to claim that the unity and interests of the Central European peoples and nations were guaranteed for centuries by the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy.Archduke Otto von Habsburg In 1935, due to the political situation in the German Reich, the seat of the order was moved to Salzburg, from where he stood up against National Socialism, for Central Europe independent of Nazi Germany and for the re- establishment of the House of Habsburg.
Oder–Neisse line between Germany and Poland In the Potsdam Agreement of 1945, the Allies of World War II had defined the Oder–Neisse line as the line of demarcation between the Soviet occupation zone in Germany and Poland, pending the final determination of Poland's western frontier in a later peace settlement. This transferred extensive regions to Poland, some of which had been under German control for centuries, reducing Germany to approximately three quarters of the territory as of 1937. The Treaty of Zgorzelec of 1950 between East Germany and the People's Republic of Poland confirmed this border as final. West Germany, which saw itself as the only legal successor to the German Reich and did not recognize East Germany, insisted that final settlement on the Polish–German border could only be accepted by a future reunited Germany.
Later, with the imminent collapse of Habsburg Austria- Hungary at the end of First World War, areas of Bohemia with an ethnic German majority began to take action to avoid joining a new Czechoslovak state. On 27 October 1918, the Egerland declared independence from Bohemia and a day later the independence of Czechoslovak Republic was proclaimed in the Bohemian capital of Prague. On 11 November 1918, Emperor Charles I of Austria relinquished power and, on 12 November, the ethnic German areas of the empire were declared the Republic of German Austria, with the intent of unifying with the German Reich. The Province of German Bohemia was formed from the part of Bohemia that contained primarily ethnic Germans (however, ethnic German areas of southwestern Bohemia in the Bohemian Forest were added to Upper Austria instead of German Bohemia).
During his youth Alfons Benedikter experienced the Italian fascist oppression and discrimination policy towards the German national minority in his home village of Schlanders. He was educated in law and Russian at the University of Naples from which he graduated in 1940. During the tragic period of the so-called “Option” in 1939 (the agreement stipulated by Hitler and Mussolini to transfer all Germans living in South Tyrol into the German “Reich”) his family decided to remain living in the province, which had been annexed by Italy in 1918. Consequently, Alfons Benedikter, served five years in the army, first in the Italian army, later in the German Wehrmacht, deployed on many battlefields between Russia and Southern Italy during World War II. At the end of the war his knowledge of the Russian language saved his life.
On May 6, 1945, Vlasov received a request from the commander of the first ROA division, General Sergei Bunyachenko, for permission to turn his weapons against the Nazi SS forces and aid Czech resistance fighters in the Prague uprising. Vlasov at first disapproved, then reluctantly allowed Bunyachenko to proceed. Some historians maintain it was the bitterness of the ROA against the Germans which caused them to switch sides once again, while other historians believe the sole purpose of this action was to win favor from the western Allies and possibly even the Soviet side, in the light of the nearly completed military annihilation of the German Reich. Two days later, the first division was forced to leave Prague as Communist Czech partisans began arresting ROA soldiers in order to hand them over to the Soviets for execution.
Map of the Greater German Reich with administrative divisions set by the Nazi Party, 1944 As a result of their defeat in World War I and the resulting Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine, Northern Schleswig, and Memel. The Saarland became a protectorate of France under the condition that its residents would later decide by referendum which country to join, and Poland became a separate nation and was given access to the sea by the creation of the Polish Corridor, which separated Prussia from the rest of Germany, while Danzig was made a free city. Germany regained control of the Saarland through a referendum held in 1935 and annexed Austria in the Anschluss of 1938. The Munich Agreement of 1938 gave Germany control of the Sudetenland, and they seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia six months later.
He took over the editorship of Der Vormarsch from Jünger in 1928, a post he abandoned in the summer of 1929 in order to launch a journal of his own, titled Das Reich, which appeared from 1930 until 1933. Hielscher's concept of Reich was inspired by Stefan George's belief in a "Secret Germany" (Geheimes Deutschland), a mystical and ethnic essentialist argument for a spiritual and cultural potential held by the German people and a German nation which existed in potentia but which had been prevented from realization in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. Hielscher published his vision of an ethnic German Reich in a monograph in 1931. Here he argues against a racial or biologist definition of the German nation, emphasizing the cultural and spiritual character of his vision in contrast to the Blut und Boden ideology in völkisch nationalism.
The origins of the publishing house lie in the Leipzig steam bookbinding Theodor Knaur, which dates back to 1846. After many individual publications, the Theodor Knaur publishing house had its first regular program in 1884. The publishing house was sold to the Berlin bookseller Gabriel Hendelsohn in 1901, and renamed the Theodor Knaur Nachf. Verlag. In 1902 Adalbert Droemer came to the publisher as publishing representative. In 1934 the Jewish Hendelsohn brothers fled Nazi persecution and emigrated to the United States and Droemer took over the publishing house. Two years later, Droemer's son Willy Droemer, became part of the publisher's management and succeeded his father after Adalbert Droemer's death in 1939. In October 1939 Theodor Knaur Nachf. published its Knaurs Welt-Atlas with maps that represented the greater German Reich and the lands recently annexed and conquered by the Nazis.
An emergency decree as declared by Paul von Hindenburg on an advertising column in Berlin. Prussian government officials, including Carl Severing, Albert Grzesinski, Bernhard Weiss and Magnus Heimannsberg, were all arrested during the coup by military authorities. German Foreign Minister Julius Curtius, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson, German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning, British Prime Minister James Ramsay MacDonald and (later dismissed) Ministerpräsident of Prussia Otto Braun. The photo was taken during a ship excursion on the Wannsee, Berlin. The Preußenschlag of 1932 (, Prussian coup), also known in English as the coup in Prussia or the putsch in Prussia, was the takeover of the Free State of Prussia, the largest State of the German Reich, by Chancellor Franz von Papen, using an emergency decree issued by President Paul von Hindenburg under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution on July 20, 1932.
An example of that was the German Reich Postzentralamt (post office) video telephone network serving Berlin and several German cities via coaxial cables between 1936 and 1940."German Postoffice To Use Television–Telephone For Its Communication System", (Associated Press) The Evening Independent, St. Petersburg, Fl, September 1, 1934Peters, C. Brooks, "Talks On 'See-Phone': Television Applied to German Telephones Enables Speakers to See Each Other...", The New York Times, September 18, 1938 The development of video conferencing as a subscription service started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States, spurred notably by John Logie Baird and AT&T;'s Bell Labs. This occurred in part, at least with AT&T;, to serve as an adjunct supplementing the use of the telephone. A number of organizations believed that videotelephony would be superior to plain voice communications.
Under this revised version of the pact the territory concerned was exchanged for the inclusion in the Soviet sphere of Lithuania, which had originally fallen within the ambit of Germany. With the new agreement the entire central part of Poland, including the core ethnic area of the Poles, came under exclusively German control. Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland, signed in Moscow by Stalin and Ribbentrop during the Second Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact known as the Frontier Treaty of September 28, 1939 Hitler decreed the direct annexation to the German Reich of large parts of the occupied Polish territory in the western half of the German zone, in order to increase the Reich's Lebensraum."Erlaß des Führers und Reichskanzlers über die Gliederung und Verwaltung der Ostgebiete" Germany organized most of these areas as two new Reichsgaue: Danzig-West Prussia and Wartheland.
Wilhelmstraße today: anti-car bomb bollards at the British embassy Wilhelmstrasse (, see ßFor the spelling, see, inter alia, Paul Seabury: The Wilhelmstrasse, Joachim Joesten, The "New" Wilhelmstrasse, and the works of George Frost Kennan. The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary gives only this spelling; so do the Second Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, and all five of its quotations.) is a major thoroughfare in the central Mitte and Kreuzberg districts of Berlin, Germany. Until 1945, it was recognised as the centre of the government, first of the Kingdom of Prussia, later of the unified German Reich, housing in particular the Reich Chancellery and the Foreign Office. The street's name was thus also frequently used as a metonym for overall German governmental administration: much as the term "Whitehall" is often used to signify the British governmental administration as a whole.
German and Soviet troops fraternizing in the area of the Yaselda River, February 1918 Treaty of Rapallo, Joseph Wirth with Leonid Krasin, Georgy Chicherin and Adolf Joffe, 1922 The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both German Reich and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin had no option except recognize the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Leon Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,Text of the 3 March, 1918 Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which ceded large swathes of western Russian territory to the German Empire. On 11 November 1918, the Germans signed armistice with the Allies, ending the First World War on the Western Front.
Two 45mm cannons were salvaged from Soviet tanks that had been destroyed in June 1941 and mounted on carriages. A train driver with AK contacts also delivered arms to the Polish railwaymen at Kiwerce, which were then transported to Przebraze. To avoid clashes with the Germans, a weapon permit from local German authorities in Kiwerce was obtained.After the massacre of the population of Ostrow, a weapons permit was issued by the Kreislandwirt of Kiwerce for 15 captured Russian rifles, which were obtained from the German arsenal According to the memoirs of Henryk Cybulski, the German commander of Kiwerce was bribed with a pig and gold jewelry, after which he signed a document that stated: "Hereby authorized inhabitants of the village of Przebraże are allowed to use weapons to fight forest gangs, which harm [the] interests of the German Reich".
This line of Emperors lasted until 1806 when Francis II dissolved the Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. Despite the existence of later potentates styling themselves "emperor", such as the Napoleons, the Habsburg Emperors of Austria, and the Hohenzollern heads of the German Reich, this marked the end of the Western Empire. Although there is a living heir, Karl von Habsburg, to the Habsburg dynasty, as well as a Pope and pretenders to the positions of the electors, and although all the medieval coronation regalia are still preserved in Austria, the legal abolition of all aristocratic prerogatives of the former electors and the imposition of republican constitutions in Germany and Austria render quite remote any potential for a revival of the Holy Roman Empire. : For rulers of Italy after Romulus "Augustulus" and Julius Nepos, see list of barbarian kings.
During the First World War he was a member of several central economic war. As a liberal economist, he sat down firmly committed to the idea of an economic alliance between the German Reich and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. In 1917 Gratz was appointed chief of the trade section in the Common Foreign Ministry. From June to September 1917 he held the office of the Hungarian Finance Minister, in turn, he served as section chief of the monarchy from the trade negotiations at Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest, which won him great political prestige. After the October Revolution of 1918 in Hungary, he went to Vienna and joined the Hungarian anti-Bolshevik Committee. From November 1919 to January 1921 he was the Hungarian ambassador in Vienna, after which he took until April 1921 the post of Hungarian foreign minister.
Opposition was generally left to fragmented and largely individual efforts. Historian Karl Dietrich Bracher has called 'the idea that the Catholic Church almost universally opposed Nazism, 'as questionable as the contrary thesis of a Communist mass movement against Hitler', and attributed the Centre Party's paralysis to Catholicism's 'flirtation with the new regime'. Mary Fulbrook wrote that when politics encroached on the church, Catholics were prepared to resist, but that the record was otherwise patchy and uneven, and that, with notable exceptions, "it seems that, for many Germans, adherence to the Christian faith proved compatible with at least passive acquiescence in, if not active support for, the Nazi dictatorship". Pinchas Lapide wrote that in 1939 close to half the population of the Greater German Reich was Catholic and despite pressure to leave 22.7% of the SS were Catholics.
Fatherlands 1964 Europe The first few pages of the novel feature two maps: one of the city centre of Berlin and another of the extent of the massively-expanded Greater German Reich, which stretches from Alsace-Lorraine ("Westmark") in the west to the Ural Mountains and lower Caucasus in the east. The Reich has retained Austria (now "Ostmark"), Slovenia, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Luxembourg (now "Moselland"). In the East, Poland is still ruled as a colony by the General Government, and Soviet territory west of the Urals has been divided into five Reichkommissariats: Ostland (Belarus and the Baltic states), Ukraine with Odessa, Muscovy (from Moscow to the Urals), and Caucasus, along with Generalkommissariat Taurida (Southern Ukraine and the Crimea). There is also mention of a German naval base in Trondheim, Norway, where the Reich's nuclear submarines are based.
In 1805, an Austrian-led army suffered a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz and the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old Reich (which at this time was only a powerless confederation) by motivating or pressuring several German princes to enter the separate Confederation of the Rhine with their lands in July. This led Francis II/I on 6 August 1806 to declare the Reich dissolved and to lay down the Imperial Crown created in the second half of the 10th century (today displayed at the Treasury of Hofburg Palace in Vienna).Erklärung des Kaisers Franz II. über die Niederlegung der deutschen Kaiserkrone, in: Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der Deutschen Reichsverfassung in Mittelalter und Neuzeit (Collection of Sources to the History of the Constitution of the German Reich), edited by Karl Zeumer, p. 538–539 (full text on Wikisource) From 1806 onwards, Francis was Emperor of Austria only.
Although the Federal Constitutional Court maintained that the pre-war German Reich was continuing within the organs and institutions of the Federal Republic post-1949, it differed strongly from both German academic constitutional lawyers and other Federal courts in its interpretation of that principle. This conflict came to a head over the claim from members of the Nazi-era judiciary, civil service, and academic professorships, for a right to reinstatement into their former jobs in the new Federal Republic. Under Article 131 of the Basic Law, the re-employment of these public servants, or otherwise their entitlement to severance payments or pensions, had been specified to be subject to federal law. When a law was enacted in 1951, providing limited redress in employment and partial back-payment of pension entitlements, it was challenged by many former public servants and their cases were strongly supported by the Federal Court of Justice (FCJ).
This article lists battles and campaigns where the number of U.S. soldiers killed was higher than 1,000. The battles and campaigns that reached that number of deaths in the field are so far limited to the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, Korean War and one campaign during the Vietnam War (the Tet Offensive of January 30 to September 23, 1968). The campaign that resulted in the most U.S. military deaths was the Battle of Normandy (June 6 to August 25, 1944) where 29,204 soldiers were killed fighting against the German Reich. The bloodiest single–day battle in American history was the Battle of Antietam when 22,654 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded on September 17, 1862. However, for the United States military specifically, the bloodiest single day is June 6, 1944 with 2,500 soldiers killed during the Invasion of Normandy on D-Day.
Reichskommissariat Ukraine, one of the reichskommissariats that was set up by Germany during the war. Reichskommissariat () is the German designation for a type of administrative entity headed by a government official known as a Reichskommissar (). Although many different such offices existed primarily throughout the Imperial German and Nazi periods in a number of different fields (ranging from public infrastructure and spatial planning to ethnic cleansing) it is most commonly used to refer to the quasi-colonial administrative territorial entity established by Nazi Germany in several occupied countries during World War II. While officially located outside the German Reich in a legal sense, these entities were directly controlled by their supreme civil authorities (the Reichskommissars), who ruled their assigned territories as German governors on behalf of and as direct representatives of Adolf Hitler.Rich, Norman: Hitler's War Aims: The Nazi State and the Course of Expansion, p. 217.
Already in 1932 the State Council lost its power by the Preußenschlag of July 20, when Reich President Paul von Hindenburg by emergency decree ceded executive powers to the German Reich government under Chancellor Franz von Papen ruling by Reichskommissar deputies. In 1933 the State Council, along with all other political and state institutions in Prussia were abolished with the Machtergreifung of the Nazi Party, taking direct control in the succeeding process of Gleichschaltung (coordination). Though Landtag President Hanns Kerrl (Nazi Party) at first could not enforce its dissolution, he and Papen as Reichskommissar irrespective of Adenauer's vote declared the State Council dissolved. Upon the federal election of 5 March 1933, the State Council under its new president Robert Ley was re-established as an assembly of confidants of Minister President Hermann Göring, among them several Nazi officials and war criminals, who received the honorific title of a Prussian Staatsrat.
The Bilateral Compensation Agreements for Victims of the Nazi Regime () between the Federal Republic of Germany, colloquially referred to as West Germany, which the West German government concluded between 1959 and 1964 with twelve Western European countries, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, to compensate victims of Nazi prosecution. In the bilateral agreements Germany settled on paying DM 876 million in what Germany considered voluntary compensation, without any legal obligation. No agreements were concluded with any of the Eastern European countries which had suffered from Nazi occupation because of the political situation during the Cold War. East Germany did not participate in any of these bilateral agreements as it did not consider itself a successor state of the German Reich but it did, in the 1980s, conduct settlement agreements with Austria, Finland and Sweden.
The Ukrainian foreign ministry stated that there is no general anti-Polish sentiment in Ukraine., UNIAN In 2018, novelized Article 2a of the Polish Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, which from then on discusses the "crimes of Ukrainian nationalists and members of Ukrainian organizations collaborating with the Third German Reich", again caused criticism from the Ukrainian side. In Ukraine, the Amendment has been called "the Anti-Banderovite Law"."Ukraińskie media o oświadczeniu prezydenta Dudy: słowo Ukraina nawet nie padło""Польські депутати вночі прийняли закон про заборону 'бандерівської ідеології' " [Tonight Polish Parliamentaries Passed the Law on the Ban of the "Banderovite Ideology"] ZN.UA, September 1, 2018, In August 2019, President Volodymyr Zelensky promised to lift the moratorium on exhuming Polish mass graves in Ukraine after the previous Ukrainian government banned the Polish side from carrying out any exhumations of Polish victims of the UPA-perpetrated Volhynian massacres.
Following the October Revolution, the newly established communist government lacked any diplomatic recognition from other governments, since they all still hoped for the return of the old Tsarist government, or a milder version of it. The new government's first mission in the diplomatic field was to get the country out of the First World War then raging, and this was achieved in the Peace Treaty of Brest Litovsk, signed with the German Reich and its allies on 3 March 1918, which was also the first international treaty signed by the Soviet state. Following the end of the First World War, the Soviet state found itself in multi frontal war with most of its territorial neighbours, a war which came to a gradual end in 1920-1921. the end of the foreign war also led to a gradual process of diplomatic recognition of the Soviet state.
Only when operating in concert with conventional Allied units were the resistance groups to prove indispensable. Australian guerillas during the Battle of Timor All the clandestine resistance movements and organizations in the occupied Europe were dwarfed by the partisan warfare that took place on the vast scale of the Eastern Front combat between Soviet partisans and the German Reich forces. The strength of the partisan units and formations cannot be accurately estimated, but in Belorussia alone is thought to have been in excess of 300,000. This was a planned and closely coordinated effort by the STAVKA which included insertion of officers and delivery of equipment, as well as coordination of operational planning with the regular Red Army forces such as Operation Concert in 1943 (commenced 19 September) and the massive sabotage of German logistics in preparation for commencement of Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944.
However, despite Bismarck's initial scepticism, the foundations of the German colonial empire were already laid during his tenure from 1884 onwards, when the government began to place the privately acquired properties of colonisers like Adolf Lüderitz, Adolph Woermann, Carl Peters and Clemens Denhardt under the protection of the German Reich, necessitating costly action such as in the 1888 Abushiri revolt. According to the German historian Hans- Ulrich Wehler, German colonial policy in the 1880s was an example of a "pragmatic" social imperialism, a device that allowed the government to distract public attention from domestic problems and preserve the existing social and political order.Eley, Geoff "Social Imperialism" pages 925-926 from Modern Germany Volume 2 New York, Garland Publishing, 1998 page 925. Under Weltpolitik, despite a two-front war still being at the forefront of Germany's concerns as proven through the Schlieffen Plan, Kaiser Wilhelm II was far more ambitious.
Poland's allegiance to the papacy gave its plight an international dimension, of which both the Nazi and Soviet occupying powers were aware. In Poland, the Church was well organised, and clergy were respected. Garlinski wrote that the Polish Church's "thousand year link with Rome afforded it some protection. The German Reich contained 30 million Catholics, who recognised the Pope's authority... and [each German ruler], however strongly opposed to Rome, had to take account of this..."Jozef Garlinski; Poland and the Second World War; Macmillan Press, 1985; p 60-61 Pope Pius XII succeeded Pius XI in March 1939, on the eve of World War II. The new Pope faced the aggressive foreign policy of Nazism, and perceived a threat to Europe and the Church from Soviet Communism, which preached atheism – "each system attacked religion, both denied freedom and the victory of either would be a defeat for the Church", wrote Garlinski.
At the end of October 1939, Germany enacted the death penalty for disobedience to the German occupation.. Germany began a campaign of "Germanization", which meant assimilating the occupied territories politically, culturally, socially and economically into the German Reich.. 50,000–200,000 Polish children were kidnapped to be Germanised. mass execution in Palmiry, 1940 The elimination of Polish elites and intelligentsia was part of Generalplan Ost. The Intelligenzaktion, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the German invasion of Poland and lasted from fall of 1939 to the spring of 1940. As the result of the operation, in ten regional actions, about 60,000 Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed... It was continued in May 1940, when Germany launched AB-Aktion,. More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone.
Following several wars, most notably the German war in 1866 between Austria and Prussia, with the latter being victorious, the German Empire ("Second Reich") was created in 1871 as "Little Germany" without Austria following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule. The creation of the multi-ethnic Austria-Hungary empire created strong ethnic conflict between the different ethnicities of the empire. German nationalism in Austria grew among all social circles of the empire, many wanted to be unified with the German Reich to form a Greater Germany and wanted policies to be carried out to enforce their German ethnic identity rejecting any Austrian pan-ethnic identity. Many German Austrians felt annoyed that they were excluded from the German Empire since it included various non-German ethnic groups.
There is, > unfortunately, no hope that the German Reich will come back to a full > respect of its Concordat obligations and that the Nazis will give up those > of their doctrines which have been condemned by the Pope in the new > Encyclical. But it is well possible that a definite denunciation of the > Concordat and a rupture of diplomatic relations between Berlin and the Holy > See will be avoided, at least for the time being."First Encyclical in > German", Catholic Herald, 9 April 1937 The Catholic Herald reported on 23 April: > It is understood that the Vatican will reply to the note of complaint > presented to it by the German Government in regard to the Encyclical Mit > Brennender Sorge. The note was not a defence of Nazism, but a criticism of > the Vatican's action at a time when negotiations on the relations between > the Vatican and Germany were still in being.
Nine-O-Nine, 323rd BS B-17G, displaying 1st Combat Bomb Wing tail markings The 91st Bomb Group won its second DUC as part of the six-group task force attacking the AGO Flugzeugwerke assembly factory (license-building the Focke-Wulf Fw 190A) at Oschersleben, Germany, on 11 January 1944. This attack marked the renewal of the heavy bomber offensive against targets in all areas of the German Reich. Although losses were heavy (34 from the Oschersleben task force and 60 overall), three targets were struck by over 600 bombers and a group of P-51 Mustangs was part of the escort force. From 20 to 25 February 1944, known as "Big Week", the United States Strategic Air Forces conducted Operation Argument, a campaign against the German aircraft industry with the goal of achieving air superiority over Europe by drawing the German fighter force into combat.
Upper Silesia with its mixed Polish and German population was a province of Prussia and a part of the German Reich prior to World War I. In the Treaty of Versailles, after the defeat of Imperial Germany and Austria- Hungary in World War I, it was decided that the population of Upper Silesia should hold a plebiscite to determine the division of the province between Poland and Germany, with the exception of a area around Hlučín (Hultschiner Ländchen), which was granted to Czechoslovakia in 1920 despite its German- speaking majority. The plebiscite, organised by the League of Nations, was held in 1921. In Teschen Silesia there was an interim deal between the Polish and Czechoslovakian local self-government councils about the partition of past lands of the Duchy of Teschen along ethnic lines. However, that deal was not approved by the Czechoslovak government in Prague.
In Fischer's view, the Imperial German state saw itself under siege by rising demands for democracy at home and looked to distract democratic strivings through a policy of aggression abroad. Fischer was the first German historian to support the negative version of the Sonderweg ("special path") interpretation of German history, which holds that the way German society developed from the Reformation (or from a later time, such as the establishment of the German Reich of 1871) inexorably culminated in the Third Reich. In Fischer's view, while 19th-century German society moved forwards economically and industrially, it did not do so politically. For Fischer, German foreign policy before 1914 was largely motivated by the efforts of the reactionary German elite to distract the public from casting their votes for the Social Democrats and to make Germany the world's greatest power at the expense of France, Britain and Russia.
Admiral Tirpitz used the office for promotion of his ambitious naval expansion plans According to the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire, the federal states were responsible for the German land forces and the imperial government for the navy. So while there were Prussian, Bavarian, Saxon and Württemberg armies, there was a single Imperial Navy, the only formation under the direct authority of the German Reich beside the colonial Schutztruppe forces. The head of the Naval Office was a Secretary of State who reported directly to the Imperial Chancellor (Reichskanzler). While the operational management of the Navy was the responsibility of the Imperial Naval High Command and under the direct command of Emperor Wilhelm II from 1899, the tasks of the Office were mainly administrative, such as planning naval construction and maintenance programs, directing the procurement of naval supplies, and advising the Reichstag parliament on naval matters.
On the protection declaration of the German Reich over the New Kingdom archipelago (November / December 1884, renamed after that afterwards in Bismarck archipelago) reacted Hernsheim & Co with a restructuring of their company possession. The branches of the Marshall Group and the Yap group were merged with those of the German Trading and Plantation Society of the South Sea Islands of Hamburg (DHPG) to Jaluit Society (December 1887). In contrast, the Matupi branch was outsourced, taken over by Eduard Hernsheim in sole responsibility and converted into the Hernsheim & Co OHG (1888/89). Following individual deliveries to SMS Habicht, Carola, Hyäne and Albatros, as well as to HMS Espiègle and Dart on the English side, Hernsheim & Co OHG was able to get a coal supply contract with the Imperial Navy signed by the Hamburg parent company Robertson & Hernsheim (see below) with the Royal British Navy and extend the former repeatedly until 1914.
Allied-occupied Germany (, literally: "Germany in the occupation period") was the state of Germany () upon defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, when the victorious Allies asserted joint authority and sovereignty over Germany as a whole, defined as all territories of the former German Reich west of the Oder–Neisse line, having declared the destruction of Nazi Germany at the death of Adolf Hitler (see 1945 Berlin Declaration). The four powers divided "Germany as a whole" into four occupation zones for administrative purposes under the United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union, respectively. This division was ratified at the Potsdam Conference (17 July to 2 August 1945). The four zones were as agreed in February 1945 by the United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union meeting at the Yalta Conference; setting aside an earlier division into three zones (excluding France) proposed by the London Protocol.
Bonn, April 2002, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation pp. 33-42. After 1871 Masurians who expressed sympathy for Poland were deemed "national traitors" by German nationalists (this increased especially after 1918) According to Wojciech Wrzesinki Masurians didn't receive any assistance or help from Polish movement at the timeZ księgi pieśni człowieka niemczonego Wojciech Kętrzyński Pojezierze, 1968, page 111 - According to Stefan Berger after 1871 the Masurians in the German Empire were seen in a view that while acknowledging their "objective" Polishness (in terms of culture and language) they felt "subjectively" German and thus should be tightly integrated into the German nation-state; to Berger this argument went directly against the German nationalist demands in Alsace where Alsacians were declared German despite their "subjective" choice. Berger concludes that such the arguments of German nationalists were simply aimed at gathering as much territory as possible into the German Reich.
Austria relied on foreign loans to keep buying Czechoslovak food and coal and to generally just keep running; it would require even more foreign loans, drastically larger ones, to reform its currency and to actually restructure. The list of potential creditors was short and consisted essentially of the Allies of World War I and of Czechoslovakia itself. None of these countries would loan the necessary amounts to Austria, however, as long as there were still worries that Austria might try to join the German Reich or to restore the Habsburgs to power in defiance of the Treaty of Saint-Germain. In late 1921, the first Schober government negotiated the Treaty of Lana, an agreement with Czechoslovakia in which Austria promised to honor the Treaty of Saint-Germain, to refrain from interfering in Czechoslovak internal affairs, and to remain neutral in the event on an attack on Czechoslovakia by a third party.
Möller defended Hillgruber by arguing that: > Hillgruber comes to the conclusion, on the basis of British files that have > come to light in the meantime, that the destruction of the German Reich was > planned before the mass murder of the Jews became known - and that the mass > murder does not explain the end of the Reich ... It is hardly disputable > that the attempt to hold the Eastern Front as long as possible against the > Red Army meant protection for the German civilian populace in the eastern > provinces against murders, rapes, plundering and expulsions by Soviet > troops. It was not simply Nazi propaganda against these "Asiatic hordes" > that caused this climate of fear. It was the concrete examples of > Nemmersdorf in October 1944, mentioned by Hillgruber, that had brought the > horror of the future occupation into view.Möller, Horst "What May Not Be, > Cannot Be" pp.
Januar 2012 Hamer also believed that the denial of recognition of his theories and the revocation of his practitioner's licence is due to a Jewish conspiracy.Germanisch gegen Krebs, TAZ 30 January 2006 In 2008, Hamer presented a document where one "Chief Rabbi" "Esra" Iwan Götz confirmed the existence of a conspiracy among Jewish oncologists to use the "torture" of chemotherapy on all non-Jewish patients, while Jewish patients were to receive the "correct" treatment of GNM. Götz, a German holocaust denier active in the German Reich revivalism scene, has been repeatedly convicted by German courtsHe received a suspended eight-month sentence for Volksverhetzung from an Anklam court in 2009. Acht Monate auf Bewährung für Leugnen des Holocaust (mirrored Nordkurier article of 27 January 2009) for fraud, defamation, misuse of academic titles (the title "Chief Rabbi" is not legally protected in Germany), and the falsification of documents, among others.
Gas chamber in Hadamar Euthanasia Centre Widmann became involved with Action T4 from its inception. Along with August Becker and Helmut Kallmeyer, he was one of the three chemists primarily involved with the program. Although Widmann was not directly employed by Action T4, he and his KTI office provided the program with the needed support services. Widmann took part in the early discussions about killing methods, participated in the first Brandenburg gassing experiment, tested gassing and dynamiting in the occupied parts of the Soviet Union and, through KTI, obtained the necessary gas and poisons for T-4. Widmann submitted the paperwork and obtained the carbon monoxide gas needed for the T4 killing centers to operate, as well as the "medicines" needed for killings in children's wards and "wild" euthanasia hospitals within the T-4 program. These wards were established in selected hospitals, eventually at least 22 throughout the German Reich, where doctors were recruited to kill infants sent to them.
Consequently, the Potsdam Agreement envisaged that an eventual self-governing state would emerge from the wreckage of WW II covering 'Germany as a whole', reuniting Berlin and the four Allied control zones; but that this state would derive its sovereignty solely from that then being assumed by the Allied Powers, and its constitution would require the approval of all the Allies through the Council of Foreign Ministers. From the 1950s onward however, a school of German legal scholars developed the alternative view that the Allies had only taken custody of German sovereignty while the former German state had been rendered powerless to act; and that consequently, once a freely constituted German government had come into being in the form of the Federal Republic, it would resume the identity and legal status of the former German Reich without requiring any formal devolution of sovereignty from the institutions of the Allied Control Council (which was by then, defunct).
Meeting of the Cabinet Bauer in 1919 (from left to right): Gustav Noske, Ulrich Rauscher (chief press officer), Wilhelm Mayer, Gustav Bauer (standing), Johannes Bell, Heinrich Albert (Secretary of State of the Reichskanzlei, concealed), Matthias Erzberger, Alexander Schlicke, Hermann Müller (partially concealed), Rudolf Wissell, Johannes Giesberts, Erich Koch-Weser Gustav Bauer (1920) Matthias Erzberger (1919) Hermann Müller (1928) Eduard David (1919) Rudolf Wissell, 1930 (left) Robert Schmidt (before 1919) Gustav Noske Johannes Bell (1908) Otto Karl Gessler The Bauer cabinet (German: Kabinett Bauer) was the second democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich. It was named after Reichsministerpräsident (head of government) Gustav Bauer and took office on 21 June 1919 when it replaced the Cabinet Scheidemann. Although the Weimar Constitution was not in force yet, it is generally counted as the second government of the Weimar Republic. It was initially based on a coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Zentrum.
The Free Conservative Party (, FKP) was a moderate right-wing political party in Prussia and the German Empire which emerged from the German Conservative Party in the Prussian Landtag in 1866. In the federal elections to the Reichstag parliament from 1871, it ran as the German Reich Party (, DRP). The Free Conservative Association achieved party status in 1867, comprising German nobles and East Elbian Junkers (land owners) like Duke Victor of Ratibor and Karl Rudolf Friedenthal, industrialists and government officials like Johann Viktor Bredt, Hermann von Hatzfeldt, Hermann von Dechend, Prince Karl Max von Lichnowsky or General Hans Hartwig von Beseler and scholars like Hans Delbrück and Otto Hoetzsch. It was distinguished from the German Conservative Party established in 1876 by its unqualified support of German unification and was seen as the political party which beside the National Liberals was closest in views to those of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, including his Anti-Socialist Laws and Kulturkampf policies.
After Pokrov, Nazarenko toured the countryside dressed in a uniform combining aspects of the traditional Cossack dress such as wearing a gazyr and a papakha while carrying a shashka together with the German uniform, praising Hitler as a "liberator". Alfred Rosenberg, the Minister of the East (Ostministerium), favored an approach called "political warfare" in order to "to free the German Reich from Pan-Slavic pressure for centuries to come". Under Rosenberg's "political warfare" approach, the Soviet Union was to be broken up into four nominally independent states consisting of the Ukraine; a federation in the Caucasus; an entity to be called Ostland which would comprise the Baltic states and Belorussia (modern Belarus); and a rump Russian state. Rosenberg was a fanatical anti- Semite and a Russophobe, but he favored a more diplomatic policy towards the non-Russian and non-Jewish population of the Soviet Union, arguing that this was a vast reservoir of manpower that could be used by the Reich.
The Allies then maintained that the former German Reich no longer existed in fact; so, as the 'highest authority' for Germany, they were entitled to assume all sovereign powers without limitation of duration or scope, and could legitimately impose whatever measures on the German people within German national territory as any government could legally do on its own people—including validly ceding parts of that territory and people to another country. They argued furthermore that international conventions constraining occupying powers in wartime from enforcing fundamental changes of governmental system, economic system or social institutions within the territory under their control—the Hague Regulations of Land Warfare and the Geneva Conventions—did not apply, and could not apply, as the termination of Nazi Germany and the total Denazification of German institutions and legal structures had been agreed by the Allied Powers as absolute moral imperatives.Breven C. Parsons, (2009), Moving the law of occupation into the twenty-first century , Naval Law Review, publisher: U.S. Naval Justice School. pp.
Politically he was a member of the inner circle surrounding the later German Reich defence minister and Reich Chancellor General Kurt von Schleicher, and also had close contact with the supreme army commander, Colonel General Kurt Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, von Alvensleben belonged to the conservative opposition. He refused to swear the oath of allegiance to Hitler prescribed by law as he was a captain of the reservists. Prior to the "Night of the Long Knives" (a/k/a Rőhm Putsch), a hunting companion of earlier times, Graf von Helldorft , a member of the SA and one of the organizers of the Putsch (who eventually turned against Hitler and was executed after the 20th of July) warned von Alvensleben to spend the coming weekend at his hunting lodge, as he then did, escaping certain assassination; it was thereupon that he was first condemned to death.
Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich, Macmillan (New York and Toronto), 1970, Prior to 1939, Hitler wore a brown paramilitary uniform, considered the uniform of the Oberste SA-Führer (Supreme Storm Trooper Commander). Upon the outbreak of World War II, Hitler adopted a grey army style uniform, without any particular insignia, with Hitler pledging that he was the “first soldier” of the German Reich and would wear his army style uniform until "victory has been achieved or I will not survive the outcome". Heinrich Himmler was a senior member of the Nazi Party and is most well known as the Reichsfuhrer-SS; as a result, most of Himmler's attire is connected to his SS uniform. In addition to being Reichsführer-SS and a Reichsleiter, towards the end of World War II he held numerous high level positions including Commander of the Replacement Home Army and General Plenipotentiary for the entire Reich's administration (Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung).
Pre-war Polish Consulate, today a museum After the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, and after much protest by the German majority of its population, Schneidemühl was not included in the Polish Second Republic after World War I. After the Greater Poland Uprising, the new Polish-German border ran south of the city. On 21 July 1922 Schneidemühl became the administrative centre of the new Frontier March of Posen-West Prussia Province, a body of self-rule encompassing those three disconnected parts of the former Province of Posen and the western most parts of the Province of West Prussia, which were not ceded to Poland and of the Posen-West Prussian Schneidemühl Region, a body of central government supervision comprising the same provincial area. In 1925, with the sudden influx of the Optanten, inhabitants of areas annexed by Poland who opted not to become Polish citizens and left for the reduced German Reich. Schneidemühl's population swelled by about 10,000 to 37,518, creating considerable publicity in Germany.
General Korechika Anami, Minister of War The War Ministry knew the decision of the conference and stirred up a fierce reaction from many officers who intended continued resistance. At 9 o'clock, in the session held at the Ministry of War, the staff officers complained to the Minister Korechika Anami, and not all of them heeded Anami's explanations. After midnight on 12 August a San Francisco radio station (KGEI) relayed the reply from the Allies, and there was a suggestion that the Allies had decided, against the requisition for the protection of the Kokutai from the Imperial Japanese government, that the authority of the sovereignty of the Japanese government and the Emperor would be subordinated to the headquarters of the Allies, a military occupational system that was also applied to the fallen German Reich. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs interpreted this sentence as restricting sovereignty, but the Japanese Army interpreted it more as enslavement.
Propaganda leaflet dropped from Hindenburg during the Deutschlandfahrt, quoting Adolf Hitler's March 7 Rhineland speech in the Reichstag March 29, 1936 plebiscite ballot Although designed and built for commercial transatlantic passenger, air freight, and mail service, at the behest of the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda or Propagandaministerium), Hindenburg was first pressed into use by the Air Ministry (its DLZ co-operator) as a vehicle for the delivery of Nazi propaganda."Propaganda 'attack' made by Zeppelins." The New York Times, March 29, 1936. On March 7, 1936, ground forces of the German Reich had entered and occupied the Rhineland, a region bordering France, which had been designated in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles as a de-militarized zone established to provide a buffer between Germany and that neighboring country. In order to justify its remilitarization—which was also a violation of the 1925 Locarno Pact"Belgium Insistent on Locarno Terms", The New York Times, March 12, 1936.
101) "On December 10, the Polish Ambassador in London, Edward Raczynski sent Eden an extremely detailed twenty-one point summary of all the most recent information regarding the killing of Jews in Poland; confirmation, he wrote, "that the German authorities aim with systematic deliberation at the total extermination of the Jewish population of Poland" as well as of the "many thousands of Jews" whom the Germans had deported to Poland from western and Central Europe, and from the German Reich itself." Titled "The Mass Extermination of the Jews in German Occupied Poland", the report provided a detailed account of the conditions in the ghettos and their liquidation.Engel (2014) Though its representatives, like the Foreign Minister Count Edward Raczyński and the courier of the Polish Underground movement, Jan Karski, called for action to stop it, they were unsuccessful. Most notably, Jan Karski met with British Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden as well as US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, providing the earliest eyewitness accounts of the Holocaust.
Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VII, Warszawa, 1886, p. 218 In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia and was subject to Germanisation policies, however, in the late 19th century it was still mainly populated by Poles.Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VII, Warszawa, 1886, p. 214 Up to the end of World War I, as Neuenburg, it belonged to Kreis Schwetz in the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the Province of West Prussia of the German Reich. In 1920, after World War I the town became part of the re- established Republic of Poland. Arrest warrant for the Polish intelligentsia from Nowe, issued by the Bezirksführer (district commander) of the German Selbstschutz, G. Kerber, on 21 October 1939 After the German Invasion of Poland it was annexed into the Third Reich, from 1939 to 1945.
Heim ins Reich Following the defeat in World War I, influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. At the Treaty of Versailles Germany was substantially reduced in size. Austria-Hungary was split up. The German- speaking areas of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state called the "Republic of German-Austria" (German: Deutschösterreich). On 12 November, the National Assembly declared the rump state a republic and Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor. On the same day, it drafted a provisional constitution which stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2) with the hope of joining Germany.Alfred D. Low, The Anschluss Movement, 1918-1919, and the Paris Peace Conference, pp. 135-138 The name "German-Austria" and union with Germany were forbidden by the Treaty of Saint- Germain and the Treaty of Versailles.
The statistics are from 1941, for which the Gau organisation of that moment in time forms the basis. Their size and populations are not exact; for instance, according to the official party statistics the Gau Kurmark/Mark Brandenburg was the largest in the German Reich. By 1941, there were 42 territorial Gaue for Germany, 7 of them for Austria, the Sudetenland (in Czechoslovakia), Danzig and the Territory of the Saar Basin, along with the unincorporated regions under German control known as the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia and the General Government, established after the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II. Getting the leadership of the individual Gaue to co-operate with one another proved difficult at times since there was constant administrative and financial jockeying for control going on between them. The table below uses the organizational structure that existed before its dissolution in 1945.
The Versailles treaty had stipulated that Germans in the part of German Reich territory to be ceded to Poland, the Polish Corridor, had until 1922 to make the choice for Polish or German citizenship. The book, Orphans of Versailles, states that as result of disloyalty of German citizens, who openly expressed their joy at Polish defeats in Polish-Soviet war, "Other places witnessed violent demonstrations against the minority; in Chełmno/Culm, the Starost reportedly encouraged Poles, 'If a German or Jew dares to say anything against the Polish State, [to] tie him up and drag him through the streets to the starost's office or to the court.' Although the Versailles Treaty gave Germans until January 1922 to make their choice for Polish or German citizenship, many were compelled to declare right away, either for Germany (and expulsion) or for Poland and induction into the Polish army." In one village, four Germans were killed in mob violence and numerous others arrested on basis of denunciations by Polish neighbors.
It says "Et in Arcadia ego" or simply "Vanitas." In a first-century mosaic tabletop from a Pompeiian triclinium (now in Naples), the skull is crowned with a carpenter's square and plumb-bob, which dangles before its empty eyesockets (Death as the great leveller), while below is an image of the ephemeral and changeable nature of life: a butterfly atop a wheel--a table for a philosopher's symposium. Calavera de la Catrina by José Guadalupe Posada (1851-1913) An example of the OSS "Black Propaganda" Humor: at left an Adolf Hitler profile on a "German Reich" stamp; at right the OSS-forged Hitler face version, turned into a death's head on a "Fallen Reich" stamp Similarly, a skull might be seen crowned by a chaplet of dried roses, a carpe diem, though rarely as bedecked as Mexican printmaker José Guadalupe Posada's Catrina. In Mesoamerican architecture, stacks of skulls (real or sculpted) represented the result of human sacrifices.
Rival military coalitions in 1914: Triple Entente in green; Triple Alliance in brown. Only the Triple Alliance was a formal "alliance"; the others listed were informal patterns of support. For much of the 19th century, the major European powers had tried to maintain a tenuous balance of power among themselves, resulting in a complex network of political and military alliances. The biggest challenges to this were Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the post-1848 rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. Victory in the 1866 Austro- Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in Germany, while victory over France in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War unified the German states into a German Reich under Prussian leadership. French desire for revenge over the defeat of 1871, known as revanchism, and the recovery of Alsace-Lorraine became a principal object of French policy for the next forty years (see French–German enmity).
In the early 1880s, the German statesman Otto von Bismarck, reversing his previous rejection of colonial acquisitions, decided on a policy of imperial expansion. In 1882 Bismarck gave permission to Adolf Lüderitz to obtain lands which Germany would bring within its "protection", under the conditions that a port was established within the territories taken and that there was "clear title" to the land. Lüderitz bought the title to Angra Pequena (later renamed Lüderitz Bay) from Joseph Fredericks, a chief of the Orlam people, in exchange for 200 rifles, 2,500 German marks, and some lead toy soldiers, and established a port there. Clarification of Germany's title among the European powers took some time, as the British demurred in response to a German request to clarify the boundaries of their title, however in April 1884 Bismarck instructed the German consul in declare "Lüderitzland" (as Lüderitz's holding in South-West Africa had become known) as under the "protection" of the German Reich.
SS members, including those from Action T4 who were assigned to the operation, reported to the headquarters in Lublin and were instructed to their duties by Höfle. For an example of the limited paperwork, every member of Operation Reinhard signed the following declaration of secrecy: Photocopy of personal documents of Hermann Höfle, from his personal file, Berlin Document Center As head of the "Main Department" (Hauptabteilung), Höfle was in charge of the organization and manpower of Operation Reinhard. He coordinated the deportations of Jews from all areas of the General Government and directed them to one of the extermination camps. The deportation orders were coordinated and channeled through SS authorities from Höfle's office for the Lublin reservation, through the district SS and Police Leaders, down to the localities where the expulsions were to take place. Around May 1942 in the General Government, a substitution policy developed for a short time in which Polish workers who were sent to the German Reich were gradually replaced with Jewish laborers.
Polish border with the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia The Polish-Czech border can also be called the border existing for several months in 1939. On March 16, 1939, the German Reich, after Slovakia declared independence (in fact it client state of Nazi Germany), created from the occupied territories of Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia, which were not directly attached to Germany as the Sudetenland or to Poland as Zaolzie, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. It constituted an autonomous German administrative unit that bordered Poland over a distance of 66 kilometers, and the border coincided with a fragment of the former Polish-Czechoslovak border. This border ceased to exist on September 28, 1939, when, after the aggression of Germany the USSR against Poland, the armies of both countries fully occupied the territory of the Second Polish Republic, as a result of which the German and Soviet authorities signed a pact on borders and friendship, which marked the German- Soviet border in the occupied territory of Poland.
On the Mecklenburg state parliament on 19 November 1798 he was elected by the knighthood to the ordinary assessor of the court and district court in Güstrow; He was appointed on February 27, 1802 by the Swedish-Pomeranian knighthood assessor at the Wismar Tribunal. On 2 September 1804, he was presented to the Prussian court, under appointment as chamberlain, to the Kurbrandenburg due Assessorat at the Imperial Chamber Court in Wetzlar. On March 27, 1805, after passing the examination, he was appointed a member of the highest court of the Old Reich - the last appointment of any member before the revocation of the Imperial Court in 1806 in the wake of the dissolution of the German Reich Constitution. He turned down an appointment as Vice President of the Württemberg Supreme Judicial College in Stuttgart. He remained until 1809 as a pensioner in Wetzlar and participated in the settlement business of the court.
Archbishop Marcel LEFEBVRE , by Father Ramón Anglés Lefebvre was also an outspoken monarchistA convinced monarchist, he devoted himself during the whole of his life to the cause of the French Dynasty, seeing in a royal government the only way of restoring to his country its past grandeur and a Christian revival. A Calvary 1941–1944 René Lefebvre Part 1 , June 1984, Volume VII, Number 6, The Angelus who ran a spy-ring for British Intelligence when Tourcoing was occupied by the Imperial German Army during World War I. Later, during World War II, when Nazi Germany occupied France, he resumed this work, smuggling soldiers and escaped prisoners to un-occupied France and London. He was arrested and sentenced to death in Berlin on 28 May 1942 for "complicity with the enemy and recruitment of young people to bear arms against the Greater German Reich". He was sent to KZ Sonnenburg, a former prison converted into a concentration camp, mainly holding Communist and Social Democrat activists.
Fabritius had taken to calling himself the Führer, had formed two para-military groups, the National Workers Front and the German Youth, and was holding ceremonies in which members of Romania's 800, 000 strong German minority had to swear personal oaths of loyalty to him. In early July, Fabritius had during a visit to Munich given a speech in which he stated that the Romanian volksdeutsch were loyal to Germany, not Romania, and spoke of wish to see a "Greater German Reich" which would be secured by armed peasant settlements along the Carpathians, Ural and Caucasus mountains. In this Grossraum (an untranslatable German word meaning roughly "greater space"), only Germans would be allowed to live and those not willing to be Germanized would have to leave. In response to this speech, when Fabritius returned to Romania, he was summoned to a meeting with Călinescu on 13 July who told him that the king had enough and was going to take action against him.
Former administrative building of the steelworks Because there was no blast furnace in Rothe Erde in which iron ore could be smelted, Kirdorf purchased several blast furnaces in 1892, as well as several coal operations in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, which at the time belonged to the German Customs Union (Zollverein), and in Audun-le-Tiche, Lorraine, which had been part of the German Reich since 1871. He obtained coal and coke supplies from the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG mine, where his brother Emil worked as the director of sales. Kirdorf's strategy paid off and even though by 1887 the company was first among German steelworks, having produced roughly 500,000 tons of rough steel, by 1890 this figure had risen to over a million steel ingots produced. On 1 January 1905, the steelworks entered into a partnership with the steelworks, which ended in a formal merger between the two in 1907 under the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG mine.
Ordenspalais, then Palais Prince Ferdinand of Prussia, engraving by Johann Georg Rosenberg, about 1780 The Ordenspalais ("Palace of the Order [of Saint John]") was a building on the northern corner of Wilhelmplatz with Wilhelmstraße in Berlin (now in Berlin-Mitte). Erection of the building at Wilhelmplatz No. 7/8 began in 1737 as the residence of the Prussian Major General Karl Ludwig, Count of Waldburg-Capustigall, who died the next year. By command of King Frederick William I of Prussia, the palace was finished by the Order of Saint John (the Johanniterorden) according to plans by Carl Friedrich Richter, who also designed the neighbouring Palais Schulenburg (later the German Reich Chancellery). From 1738, the palace was the principal residence of the Herrenmeister ("Master of the Knights"), chief of the Order, and housed the Berlin legation of the Order. The palace later was renamed for Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia, who was Herrenmeister from 1763 to 1811.
Joel Brand (25 April 1906 – 13 July 1964) was a member of the Budapest Aid and Rescue Committee (Va'adat ha-Ezra ve-ha-Hatzala be-Budapest or Va'ada), an underground Zionist group in Budapest, Hungary, that smuggled Jews out of German-occupied Europe to the relative safety of Hungary, during the Holocaust. When Germany invaded Hungary too in March 1944, Brand became known for his efforts to save the Jewish community from deportation to the Auschwitz concentration camp in occupied Poland and the gas chamber.. In April 1944 Brand was approached by SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann, head of the German Reich Security Head Office department IV B4 (Jewish affairs), who had arrived in Budapest to organize the deportations. Eichmann proposed that Brand broker a deal between the SS and the United States or Britain, in which the Nazis would exchange one million Jews for 10,000 trucks for the Eastern front and large quantities of tea and other goods. It was the most ambitious of a series of proposals between the SS and Jewish leaders.
A strong imperialist, Chamberlain was naturally a fervent supporter of Weltpolitik, under which Germany sought to become the world's dominant power, which he justified on racist grounds. In 1904, when the German government committed the Herero and Namaqua Genocide against the Herero and Namaqua peoples in German South-West Africa (modern Namibia), Chamberlain congratulated Wilhelm in a letter for his genocidal policies, praising the Kaiser for his "war of extermination", which was "a fine example" of how Aryans should deal with "niggers".Fraser (January 1990), p. 414 In a 1906 letter to Wilhelm, Chamberlain announced that due to miscegenation caused by the Jews, Britain, France, Austria and Russia were all declining powers, and only the "pure" German Reich was capable of protecting the "life-giving center of Western Europe" from the "Tartarized Russians, the dreaming weakly mongrels of Oceania and South America, and the millions of blacks, impoverished in intellect and bestially inclined, who even now are arming for the war of the races in which there will be no quarter given".
He was the tenth and last child of his parents. His father was a farmer whose father and grandfather had been village mayors; several of his relatives had emigrated to America. When Eugen was born, four of his parents’ earlier children had died. In 1881 Eugen's father and in 1882 his mother died. After grade-school (1881–86), he attended the boarding-school for boys of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda (1886–96) followed by three semesters in the Fulda diocesan seminary (1896–97). On October 12, 1897, he entered the noviciate of the German Province of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), which then was located in Bleijenbeek (Netherlands) due to the expulsion of the Jesuits during the Kulturkampf of the German Reich. After completing this two-years-probation period and further humanistic studies at Exaeten (Netherlands) he was sent to the United States to continue his studies in July, 1900. From August 1900 to May 1902 Eugen Büchel studied philosophy at the Jesuits' Sacred Heart College in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.
The Federal Law on Refugees and Exiles (, BVFG; Gesetz über die Angelegenheiten der Vertriebenen und Flüchtlinge; literally: Law on the affairs of the expellees and refugees) is a federal law passed by the Federal Republic of Germany on 19 May 1953 to regulate the legal situation of ethnic German refugees and expellees who fled or were expelled after World War II from the former eastern territories of the German Reich and other areas of Central and Eastern Europe. The law was amended on 3 September 1971. The major force behind the law was the All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights party, which had among its supporters - besides German citizens, who had fled or were expelled from formerly German territory annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union - many formerly non-citizens, who experienced by the end of World War II and the post-war years of ethnic cleansing, denaturalisation, robbing and humiliation (1945 until 1950) carried out by the governments of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia.
German law allows (1) people descending from German nationals of any ethnicity or (2) people of ethnic German descent (Volksdeutsche) and living in countries of the former Warsaw Pact (as well as Yugoslavia) the right to "return" to Germany and ("re")claim German citizenship (Aussiedler/Spätaussiedler "late emigrants"). After legislative changes in late 1992 this right is de facto restricted to ethnic Germans from the former Soviet Union. As with many legal implementations of the Right of Return, the "return" to Germany of individuals who may never have lived in Germany based on their ethnic origin or their descent from German nationals has been controversial. The law is codified in paragraph 1 of Article 116 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, which provides access to German citizenship for anyone "who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of December 31, 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such person".
Barbarossa's awakening, Imperial Palace, Goslar In an 1877 competition for the decoration of the restored Goslar Kaiserpfalz, he won the first prize, and, assisted by some of his pupils, within twenty years completed a series of 68 frescoes postulating a continuity of imperial rule from Charlemagne to the Prussian-led German Empire. In the course of German unification, the Imperial Palace, after century-long decay, was under restoration since 1868. Wislicenus's pictorial agenda became an icon of the Romantic recourse to medieval traditions that served the inner identity of the 'Lesser German' Reich established in 1871. Among other oil paintings, watercolors, and cartoons, he executed "Night With Its Retinue," for the Grand Duke of Weimar, the "Myth of Prometheus" (1862, Leipzig Museum), "The Flood of Deucalion" (1865, Weimar Museum); the mural paintings "Brutus as Judge of his Sons" and "The Mother of the Gracchi," in the staircase of the Härtel Roman House at Leipzig; "Fancy Borne by the Dreams" (Schaek Gallery, Munich); "Angels Singing Psalms," mural painting (Grand-ducal chapel, Weimar).
Consequently, following the death of Hitler in 1945 and the subsequent capitulation of the German Armed Forces, the national political, judicial, administrative, and constitutional instruments of both Nazi Germany and the Weimar Republic were understood as entirely defunct, such that a new West Germany could be established in a condition of constitutional nullity. Nevertheless, the new West Germany asserted its fundamental continuity with the 'overall' German state that was held to have embodied the unified German people since the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848, and which from 1871 had been represented within the German Reich; albeit that this overall state had become effectively dormant long before 8 May 1945. In 1949 with the continuation and aggravation of the Cold War (witness the Berlin Airlift of 1948–49), the two German states that were originated in the Western Allied and the Soviet Zones became known internationally as West Germany and East Germany. Commonly known in English as East Germany, the former Soviet Occupation Zone, eventually became the German Democratic Republic or GDR.
Prussia, Germany's biggest state, imposed a ban on 24 June, explaining that the Bible Students were attracting and harboring subversive former members of the Communist and Marxist parties. Its decree added that the Bible Students: Wilmersdorfer Erklaerung 1933-06-25 (page 1) On 25 June 1933, about 7000 Witnesses assembled at the Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen in Berlin, where a 3800-word "Declaration of Facts" was issued. The document, written by Watch Tower Society president J.F. Rutherford, asserted the group's political neutrality, appealed for the right to publicly preach, and claimed it was the victim of a misinformation campaign by other churches.Declaration of Facts English translation Some 2.1 million copies of the declaration, reproduced as a four-page pamphlet, were distributed publicly throughout Germany, with a copy also sent to Hitler, accompanied by a seven- page cover letter assuring the Chancellor that the IBSA "was not in opposition to the national government of the German Reich", but that, to the contrary, "the entirely religious, nonpolitical objectives and efforts of the Bible Students" were "completely in agreement with the corresponding goals of the national government".
In December 1885 the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, in charge of all mission territories, raised the status of the mission Anzer headed to that of an Apostolic Vicariate and in January 1886 he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Southern Shantung, for which office he was consecrated in January 1886 by Cardinal Philipp Krementz of Cologne as the Titular Bishop of Thelepte.Catholic Hierarchy In 1890 Anzer removed his mission from the diplomatic protection of France, which for some decades previously had exercised the right of diplomatic protection over all the missions in China, regardless of their nationality, and placed it under that of the German Reich. Although based in the mission headquarters in Yangchow, Anzer was a tireless traveller and writer in the cause of spreading knowledge of the mission, and indefatigable in the establishment of strong churches, schools and welfare institutions (children's homes, old people's homes and so on) throughout the mission's territory. Anzer was also convinced of the need for an indigenous priesthood, and began the construction of a seminary for Chinese students.
This protection was brought to an end with the severing of diplomatic relations of Austria-Hungary with the United States on April 6, 1917. From April 1917 to August 1920, the Royal Swedish Legation in London looked after the embassy building, the consulates and Austro-Hungarian interests. Protection ended when Austria opened her legation in London on August 18, 1920 and George Franckenstein became the first minister plenipotentiary after the war, remaining so until 1938. The long-running dispute between Austria and Hungary over the rights to the Westminster lease was only resolved in 1934, when Hungary finally ceded the rights to the lease. After Hitler proclaimed the Anschluss of Austria to the German Reich on March 13, 1938, the building N° 18, Belgrave Square was used as consular department of the German embassy. After the outbreak of World War II until July 31, 1945, the Swiss legation took over the protection of German interests in the United Kingdom, which then included the former Austrian legation on Belgrave Square. Swiss protection ended on July 31, 1945.
Meanwhile, Webern's characteristically passionate pan-German nationalism and censurable, sordid political sympathies (however naive or delusional and whether ever dispelled or faltered) were not widely known or went unmentioned; perhaps in some part due to his personal and political associations before the German Reich, his degradation and mistreatment under it, and his fate immediately after the war. Significantly as relates to his reception, Webern never compromised his artistic identity and values, as Stravinsky was later to note. It has been suggested that the early 1950s' serialists' fascination with Webern was concerned not with his music as such so much as enabled by its concision and some its apparent plainness in the score, thereby facilitating musical analysis; indeed, composer Gottfried Michael Koenig speculates on the basis of his personal experience that since Webern's scores represented such a highly concentrated source, they may have been considered the better for didactic purposes than those of other composers. Composer thus criticized the approach of early serialists to Webern's music as reductive and narrowly focused on some of Webern's apparent methods rather than on his music more generally, especially neglecting timbre in their typical selection of Opp. 27–28.
College Hall 1900 In 1876 the school got permission to change its name to Königliches Konservatorium der Musik zu Leipzig, Royal Conservatory of Music of Leipzig. The new premises at Grassistraße 8 were inaugurated on 5 December 1887. They were built 1885–1887 by the architect Hugo Licht (1841–1923) in the music quarter of Leipzig, south-west of the city center. The benefactor was the pathologist Justus Radius (1797–1884). Not until 1924 was the Royal Conservatory renamed into Landeskonservatorium der Musik zu Leipzig, six years after the fall of the Kingdom of Saxony. Staircase at the Grassistraße In the summer term of 1938 343 male students were enrolled at the Landeskonservatorium. This made the Conservatory the fourth biggest music school in the German Reich after the Universität der Künste Berlin (633 students), the music school of Cologne (406 students) and the school for music and theater of Munich (404 students). The Austrian composer Johann Nepomuk David (1895–1977) was the school's director from 1939 until 1945. The school was again renamed 8 June 1941 to Staatliche Hochschule für Musik, Musikerziehung und darstellende Kunst, Public College for music, musical education and performing arts.
By virtue of the legitimacy asserted in the Berlin Declaration, the Allied Powers at the Potsdam Conference assigned the eastern territories of the former German Reich to Polish and Soviet administration; pending a final peace settlement. The remaining German territory was divided into four occupational zones, which along with the joint occupational zone of the capital Berlin would together constitute post-war 'Germany as a whole', and were subject to the administration of an Allied Command (Alliierte Kommandantur), which in turn was subordinate to the Allied Control Council. The western boundary of Poland, pending exact delimitation at an eventual Peace conference, was set at the Oder-Neisse line; all territories east of this being excluded from the Soviet zone of occupation, and hence from 'Germany as a whole'. > "For occupational purposes, Germany will be divided into three zones, within > her borders of December 31st 1937, to each of which one of the three powers > will be assigned, as well as a special zone for Berlin, which is governed by > the joint occupation of the three powers" (London Protocol of December 12th, > 1944; extension to France did not take place until the Yalta Conference in > February 1945.) Meanwhile, grassroots reconstruction of German public administration commenced.
Map of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Kohlen- und Industriegebiets , 1896 Krupp Gussstahlfabrik, 1913) - The postcard flirts with the power of a Krupp railway gun, in the beam of which the greetings are inscribed. The Ruhr Question was a political topos put on the agenda by the Allies of World War I and the Allies of World War II in the negotiations following each respective war, concerning how to deal with the economic and technological potential of the area where the Rhine and Ruhr intersect. France was heavily in favor of monitoring this region, due to the perception that the economic and technological potential of the region had allowed the German Reich to threaten and occupy France during the Franco-Prussian War, World War I, and World War II. The Ruhr question was intimately associated with the Saar Statute and the German Question. There was also a close relationship between the Ruhr Question and the Allied occupation of the Rhineland (1919-1930), the Occupation of the Ruhr (1923-1924, 1925), the founding of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (1946), the Monnet Plan (1946-1950), the Marshall Plan (1948-1952), the International Authority for the Ruhr (1949-1952), the Schuman Declaration (1950), and the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community (1951).
168, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 1987. Keller studied law at the Würzburg University, worked for the Bavarian Ministry of Justice from 1895 in earned his doctorate in 1896. In 1899 he joined the Foreign Service and spent the first years in Berlin. In 1901 he was sent as deputy consul to Cairo, Egypt, in 1902 to Cape Town, South Africa, and in 1904 to Maputo, Mozambique. From 1905 to 1908 he was a vice consul in Calcutta, India. From 1908 he worked in the legal department of the Foreign Office in Berlin. During World War I, he achieved the rank of major in the Royal Bavarian Landwehr, but was recalled to the Foreign Office in 1916. After the end of World War I, he was considering to continue scientific work at the University of Würzburg, but was sent by the Foreign Office to the peace negotiations at Versailles. In the summer of 1920 he was sent as a charge d'affaires in Belgrade, where he was promoted to ambassador 18 December 1921. From 1924 to 1928, he served as ambassador to Brussels, Belgium. From 1928 to 1933 he was accredited as chargé d'affaires of the German Reich government in Buenos Aires. In 1933 he was sent to represent Germany at the Geneva Disarmament Conference.
Merck Finck & Co. made a major contribution to the founding of aircraft construction and air traffic companies: with Udet- Flugzeugbau GmbH, a predecessor of today's DASA, and Süddeutsche Aero Lloyd AG, a predecessor to Lufthansa, important industry pioneers were created in Germany. The global economic crisis imposed further restrictions on banking from 1929 onwards. Nevertheless, it was possible to participate in businesses like the Vereinigte Werkstätten für Kunst im Handwerk, the sparkling wine cellar J. Oppmann and the Gesellschaft für Markt und Kühlhallen in Hamburg. After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich in 1938, Merck, Finck & Co. took the opportunity to acquire Wiener Privatbankhaus S. M. v. Rothschild. This highly renowned Austrian private bank, owned by Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild, had controlled the Österreichische Kreditanstalt until 1931. From July 1938 it was provisionally administered by Merck, Finck & Co., in 1940 it was "made aryan" by the newly founded bank E. v. Nicolai in Vienna; here Merck, Finck & Co. was involved with 71% and the German industrial bank (Düsseldorf) with 19%. After the Second World War the remaining values were given back to Louis Nathaniel von Rothschild, but he renounced the rebuilding of the bank S. M. v. Rothschild.
After the Unification of Germany into the German Empire in 1871, the last lessons that made use of the Polish language were removed from schools in 1872. Masurians who expressed sympathy for Poland were deemed "national traitors" by German public opinion, especially after 1918 when the new Polish republic laid claims to, up to then German, areas inhabited by Polish speakers According to Stefan Berger, after 1871 the Masurians in the German Empire were seen in a view that while acknowledging their "objective" Polishness (in terms of culture and language) they felt "subjectively" German and thus should be tightly integrated into the German nation-state; Berger concludes that such arguments of German nationalists were aimed at integrating Masurian (and Silesian) territory firmly into the German Reich. During the period of the German Empire, the Germanisation policies in Masuria became more widespread; children using Polish in playgrounds and classrooms were widely punished by corporal punishment, and authorities tried to appoint Protestant pastors who would use only German instead of bilinguality and this resulted in protests of local parishioners. According to Jerzy Mazurek the native Polish- speaking population, like in other areas with Polish inhabitants, faced discrimination of Polish language activities from Germanised local administration.
Territorial reform is sometimes propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers. To date, the only successful reform was the merger of the states of Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern to form the new state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952. ;Delimitations Article 29 reflects a debate on territorial reform in Germany that is much older than the Basic Law. The Holy Roman Empire was a loose confederation of large and petty principalities under the nominal suzerainty of the emperor. Approximately 300 states existed at the eve of the French Revolution in 1789. Territorial boundaries were essentially redrawn as a result of military conflicts and interventions from the outside: from the Napoleonic Wars to the Congress of Vienna, the number of territories decreased from about 300 to 39; in 1866 Prussia annexed the sovereign states of Hanover, Nassau, Hesse-Kassel, and the Free City of Frankfurt; the last consolidation came about under Allied occupation after 1945. The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal- sized states.

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