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539 Sentences With "Weimar Germany"

How to use Weimar Germany in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "Weimar Germany" and check conjugation/comparative form for "Weimar Germany". Mastering all the usages of "Weimar Germany" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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Welcome to Weimar: Germany settled refugees at a remarkable pace.
Nor do economic conditions even come close to resembling Weimar Germany.
Overall, Weimar Germany ended up paying a total of just 20bn marks.
Poster for the 1923 Bauhaus Exhibition in Weimar, Germany, by Joost Schmidt.
Gender is also a radicalizing factor, just as it was in Weimar Germany.
Victim memorials in a cell at the Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar, Germany.
In this account, Weimar Germany comes across as a nation of hypocritical deadbeats.
Manacles and leg irons on display at the Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar, Germany.
This is hardly a sign that we are heading for Weimar Germany-style hyperinflation.
The institutions of American democracy are strong; the United States is not Weimar Germany.
It is what happened in Weimar Germany in the early 1920s, when hyperinflation ran rampant.
We know that the sexual and artistic freedoms of Weimar Germany were stamped out by the Nazis.
The Duchess Anna Amalia Library in Weimar, Germany preserves materials ranging from the 903th to the 21st century.
The Duchess Anna Amalia Library in Weimar, Germany preserves materials ranging from the 9th to the 21st century.
Then everything began to collapse at a pace reminiscent of Weimar Germany or Syria during the civil war.
Weimar Germany is an easy era to mythologize, and Babylon Berlin isn't coy about getting in on the mythologizing.
Dix's postwar paintings exemplify the stylized realism of Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), a predominant art movement in Weimar Germany.
Occultism flourished in pre-revolutionary Russia and Weimar Germany as well as in the churning, distraught America of the 1970s.
A single white rose sits on a dissection table in the pathology department at the Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar, Germany.
The group rose to radical prestige in Weimar Germany by piercing the skin of bourgeois ideology with their glinting dialectical acuity.
The five-digit inflation has earned Venezuela comparisons to the hyperinflation of Zimbabwe and Weimar Germany from the International Monetary Fund.
Glimpsing through the mirror Tucholsky and Heartfield held up to Weimar Germany, we might apprehend shadows of our own time and culture.
The central bank's first governor liked to cite Weimar Germany as an example of what could go wrong if price stability were neglected.
This basic faith in currency has collapsed in other countries, most famously in Weimar Germany and, more recently, in Zimbabwe, Iraq, and Brazil.
The polychromatic dynamism of Weimar Germany runs rampant in his drawings, etchings and paintings, including rarely seen watercolors featured in Portraying a Nation.
Considering normal political action hopeless, some antifa activists claim inspiration from the left-wing paramilitaries of Weimar Germany and from the Black Panther Party.
Brandon knows that since 2008, I've ranted to anyone who cared to listen that the United States was replaying Weimar Germany and doomed to fascism.
Credit the producer Seymour Nebenzal, who had a distinguished career in Weimar Germany and a sketchier one in Hollywood, making ambitious pictures on tight budgets.
Nazi concentration camp survivor Petro Mishuk of Ukraine mourns during commemoration ceremonies for the 74th anniversary of the liberation of Nazi concentration camp Buchenwald, near Weimar, Germany, April 11.
The painting confirms that while Vallotton ignored most of modernism, he influenced such Surrealists as Dalí and Magritte, and also the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) painters of Weimar Germany.
Opening on February 15, Hauser & Wirth will be presenting an exhibition of August Sander's photographs titled New Women, New Men, and New Identities, that examines queer identities in Weimar Germany.
She focuses on the textile legacy of Eastern Europe and Switzerland before the New Bauhaus set up shop in Chicago in 1937 (having been founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919).
Drawing on the history of democratic failings from Weimar Germany to Juan Perón's Argentina, political scientists identify the "guardrails" that keep democracy on track and the warning signs of incipient authoritarianism.
"Berlin Alexanderplatz" therefore offers an invaluable insight into Weimar Germany, through the eyes of a writer intimately acquainted with its people, but who did not know precisely what was to come.
The ersatz Chinese towns built to resemble Weimar, Germany or Henley-on-Thames, England have attracted many photographers over recent years, amused by the idea of whole cities that are counterfeits.
The group always insisted that their artistic vision of a dawning cybernetic age was a continuation of the radical modernism of 1920s Weimar Germany rather than a homage to the Nazi era.
Schmeling was an anomaly: boxing had only recently enjoyed a spurt of popularity in Weimar Germany but the young fighter had come to prominence on serviceable boxing and an explosive right hand.
The arguments in favor of MMT in so-called academic literature are both specious and entirely untried, except in Weimar, Germany, among other nations that tried to devalue their way to prosperity.
In the essay that he contributed to "The God That Failed" (1949), a collection of six memoirs by ex-Communist writers, Koestler recalled how conditions in Weimar Germany turned him into a Communist.
Nazi concentration camp survivor Alexander Bytschok of Kiev, Ukraine, mourns during the commemoration ceremonies for the 73rd anniversary of the liberation of the former Nazi concentration camp Buchenwald, near Weimar, Germany, on April 15.
WEIMAR, Germany — Residents of Weimar flocked to the German city's central park to escape unusually scorching heat this week, setting up picnics and watching bees skitter across the wildflowers near a placid reflecting pool.
WEIMAR, Germany (Reuters) - The foreign ministers of Germany, France and Poland agreed on Sunday there should be greater international efforts to end the fighting in eastern Ukraine, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier told reporters.
Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads Sandwiched between Germany's 1918 defeat at the end of World War I and the rise of Nazism in 1933, Weimar Germany was a period of vibrant artistic, cultural, social, and political experimentation.
Henry C. Wallich, a Fed governor who had lived through the hyperinflation of Weimar Germany and often told of paying 150 billion marks to use a neighborhood swimming pool, was among those warning that the Fed was losing control.
The Weimar, Germany-based label has exploded in popularity since their humble beginnings in 2006 as a house party that evolved into a club and later became the imprint, yet everything they do still has a personal, homespun mystery about it.
Despite the painting's surreal undertones and apparently allegorical content, the portrait itself reminds me of the anti-expressionist Neue Sachlichkeit movement in Weimar Germany, whose objectivity or "matter-of-factness" grounded the work in the observation of society's prevailing conditions.
We get a small taste of his ambitions prior to the First World War, but it isn't until 1919, when Gropius takes over an arts and crafts school in Weimar, Germany, called the Weimar Kunstgewerbeschule, that his Bauhaus program takes shape.
As the cabaret provocateur Kim David Smith slinked seductively to the stage of Pangea on Monday evening, pausing along the way to caress audience members, this intimate East Village club became the closest thing in contemporary Manhattan to a smoky cellar in Weimar, Germany.
WEIMAR, Germany (Reuters) - Germany, Poland and France vowed on Sunday to reinvigorate the "Weimar Triangle" group first formed 25 years ago after the end of the Cold War to help deal with the many challenges now facing Europe, including Britain's vote to leave the European Union.
In Venezuela right now, in Zimbabwe a few years ago, in Weimar Germany in the early 22s, inflation was so extraordinarily high that the currency essentially ceased to be a useful medium of exchange, leading to a barter economy and breakdown of the country's financial system.
MacCarthy transforms him from a dull institutionalist—head of the Bauhaus and, later, prominent professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Design—into a stylistic rebel who lived and loved in an exuberant community of artist outcasts that would be scattered across the world after Weimar Germany became the Third Reich.
For now, at least, anxious rhetoric about contemporary America's proximity to Weimar Germany and doom-laden idioms of resistance have cleared space on the left for a provisional hope about what the Democratic Party and its candidates can yet do with the good, old-fashioned, still-cranking gears of electoral politics.
WEIMAR, Germany — A 17-year-old Afghan youth who came to Germany as a migrant last year attacked several passengers with an ax and a knife on a train in the south of the country late on Monday, injuring at least four people, while 14 others were treated for shock, the police said.
Clark's use of multiple narrators could have offered readers more insight into how scandals and scams unfold, how we make truth malleable to fit our needs, how something like an art forgery scandal could be a compelling diversion from the social and political chaos of Weimar Germany and the rise of fascism.
An example of "extended tonality" that sounds like something Schönberg might have written had he not been so seduced by serialism, it reflects what Hartmann would have absorbed as a young composer in the last days of Weimar Germany — from the staid Neo-Classicism of Hindemith to the abrasion of Kurt Weill.
Set not in Paris or Provence but in Weimar Germany, where the cult of Vincent surges to a level resembling tulip mania and both seedy bars and high-end art galleries are "infested with cretinous fascists," the novel explores how the extraordinary can become ensnared and finally entombed in the web of a rabid public reception.
A hook projects its shadow on the wall in the "Strangling Room," called Leichenkeller (corpse cellar) by the Nazis, in the basement of the crematorium in Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar, Germany, where 1,100 prisoners were garroted and hanged by the SS. The camp, established by the Nazis in 1937, was one of the first and the largest on German soil, housing some 250,19393 prisoners between 1937 and 1945.
Michael H. Kater, "The Jazz Experience in Weimar Germany." German History 6#2 (1988): 145+J. Bradford Robinson, Jazz reception in Weimar Germany: in search of a shimmy figure (1994).Thomas J. Saunders, Hollywood in Berlin: American Cinema and Weimar Germany (1994).
The Saxon Peasants () was a political party in Weimar Germany.
A company subsidiary with production is operating in Weimar, Germany.
On returning to Weimar Germany he joined the "Bildstelle Berlin".
The Christian People's Party (, CVP) was a political party in Weimar Germany.
Monographs in German History. 20. Berghahn Books.Weitz, Eric D. (2007). Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy.
Michael Brenner, The Renaissance of Jewish Culture in Weimar Germany, Yale University Press, 1998, p.133.
Das Kunstblatt was a German art magazine published between 1917 and 1933 by Paul Westheim in Weimar Germany.
Warner died in Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar, Germany and is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, New York.
Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008.Sutton, Katie. The Masculine Woman in Weimar Germany, pp. 68-69.
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Schäfke (21 July 1922 in Berlin, Weimar Germany - 4 April 2010) was a German mathematician and professor of geometry.
Edoardo Lamberti (1895–1968) was an Italian cinematographer.Stewart p.232 During the 1920s he worked in Weimar Germany, but later returned to Italy.
The University of Music FRANZ LISZT Weimar (in German: Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt Weimar) is an institution of music in Weimar, Germany.
Julia Großner after winning a 2012 tournament in Münster Julia Großner (born May 4, 1988 in Weimar, Germany) is a professional beach volleyball player.
After World War I and the East Prussian plebiscite the town was part of Weimar Germany. After World War II the area returned to Poland.
"The New Woman of Weimar Germany was a sign of modernity and liberation" (Lavin). Women in Weimar Germany in theory had a new freedom to discover social, political, and self-definition—all areas heavily addressed by Höch. Despite this, there were still many issues with the socioeconomic status of women. Women were given more freedom, yet in a way that seemed to be predetermined for them.
Wertheim, David J. (2011). Salvation through Spinoza : a study of Jewish culture in Weimar Germany. (Series: Jewish and Christian perspectives series, v. 21. ) Leiden : Brill. p. 138. .
Weimar Germany: promise and tragedy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. 337. His notions of Prussian socialism influenced Nazism and the Conservative Revolutionary movement.
Bismarckjugend logo Bismarckjugend, 'Bismarck Youth', was an anti-Marxist youth movement in Weimar Germany. Bismarckjugend was the youth wing of the monarchist German National People's Party (DNVP).
Broszat, Martin Hitler and the collapse of Weimar Germany London: Macmillan, 1987 page 84. Since the NSDAP did very well in areas that had traditionally voted for the DNVP like East Prussia and Pomerania, the German historian Martin Broszat wrote that would strongly suggest that most of the DNVP voters had deserted their old party for the NSDAP.Broszat, Martin Hitler and the collapse of Weimar Germany London: Macmillan, 1987, pp. 84–85. Broszat argued that what happened between 1929–1932 was that the supporters of the radical right-wing DNVP had abandoned it for the even more radical right-wing NSDAP.Broszat, Martin Hitler and the collapse of Weimar Germany London: Macmillan, 1987 page 76.
The Wendish People's Party (, ) was a political party of the Sorbs in Weimar Germany from 1919 to 1933. It was led by Jakub Lorenc-Zalěski during its entire existence.
Die Apokalyptischen Reiter (German for "The Apocalyptic Riders") is a Weimar, Germany based heavy metal band signed to Nuclear Blast in Europe and The End Records in North America.
Goodbye to Berlin is a 1939 novel by Christopher Isherwood set in Weimar Germany. It is often published together with Mr Norris Changes Trains in a 1945 collection called The Berlin Stories.
Tempelherrenhaus (House of the Templers) was a venue in Park an der Ilm, Weimar, Germany, which emerged in the 18th century. It was ruined during a bombing during the Second World War.
The film contrasts American with German culture and "a decadent past" (the Weimar Republic) with a "healthy, hopeful present" (the Third Reich) that reaffirms the values of the "old" (pre-Weimar) Germany.
Adolphe Engers (1884–1945) was a Dutch writer and actor on stage and in the movies, who appeared in more than fifty films during his career, a number of them in Weimar Germany.
Alexander Granach, one of the leading actors of Weimar Germany, was introduced to the world of literature by Germinal.Fishman 1974, pg. 244. Nevertheless, publication of Germinal ceased in 1908.Fishman 1974, pg. 327.
Harald G. Petersson (16 October 1904 - 8 July 1977) was a German screenwriter. He wrote for 36 films between 1934 and 1967. He was born in Weimar, Germany and died in Berlin, Germany.
Kailitz, Steffen and Umland, Andreas (2017). "Why Fascists Took Over the Reichstag but Have Not captured the Kremlin: A Comparison of Weimar Germany and Post-Soviet Russia". Nationalities Papers. 45 (2): 206–21.
344-5 As leader of the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund (DVSTB) he became noted for his propaganda work and was credited with attracting some 200,000 members to the group by the time it was banned in 1922 following the murder of Walther Rathenau.Donald L. Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 1980, p. 46 He was especially prone to attacking Zionism and regularly quoted Zionist works as proof that Jews did not belong in Germany.Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, p.
2019, Sundial for Spatial Echoes, Bauhaus-Museum Weimar, Germany. 2017, Gravitational Waves, Z33, Genk, Belgium. 2017, Stillness in Motion - 3 Airborne Self-Assemblies, Mapletree, Singapore. 2017, Cloud Cities – Nebulous Thresholds, Rollins College, Florida, USA.
Saraceno's work is represented in public and private collections including: Miami Art Museum, Miami, FL, USA. Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt, Germany. Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Weimar, Germany. Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA.
Amalie Winter. Portrait by Auguste Hüssener. Amalie Winter was a pen name used by Amalie von Gross (1802–1879), a poet and novelist of Weimar, Germany. Her maiden name is recorded as being von Seebach.
De facto administrative divisions of Nazi Germany in 1944. De jure administrative divisions of Nazi Germany in 1944 Länder (states) of Weimar Germany, 1919–1937. Map of NS administrative division in 1944 Gaue of the Nazi Party in 1926, 1928, 1933, 1937, 1939 and 1943. The Gaue (Singular: Gau) were the main administrative divisions of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. The Gaue were formed in 1926 as Nazi Party regional districts in Weimar Germany based on the territorial changes after the First World War.
Ricardo Jesús Gallén García (12 March 1972), is a Spanish classical guitarist who has been active since the mid-1990s. He is currently a professor of guitar at the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar, Germany.
Weimer Township is a township in Jackson County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 172 at the 2000 census. Weimer Township was organized in 1871, and named after Weimar, Germany, the native home of an early settler.
Spengler claimed that socialistic Prussian characteristics existed across Germany that included creativity, discipline, concern for the greater good, productivity, and self-sacrifice.Eric D. Weitz. Weimar Germany: promise and tragedy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Ludendorff had used these reviews to convince Hindenburg. A 1929 film glorifying his life as a dedicated patriot solidified his image.Anna Menge, "The Iron Hindenburg: a popular icon of Weimar Germany." German History 26.3 (2008): 357–82.
Horst Robert Rittner (born July 16, 1930) is a German correspondence chess Grandmaster. He was born in Breslau, Weimar Germany, and was the sixth ICCF World Champion, between 1968 and 1971. He also edited the German magazine Schach.
Schlesische Arbeiter-Zeitung ('Silesian Workers Newspaper') was a left-wing German language newspaper published from Breslau, Province of Lower Silesia, Weimar Germany (present-day Wrocław in Poland) between 1919 and 1933.Archivmitteilungen, Vol. 28–30. Deutscher Zentralverlag., 1978. p.
Joannes Aurifaber (1519 - November 18, 1575), born Johann Goldschmidt in Weimar, Germany, was a Lutheran churchman, theologian, and a Protestant reformer. Owing to a similarly-named contemporary, he is sometimes distinguished by the cognomen Vimariensis or Vinariensis ("of Weimar").
Bismarckjugend branches were at first centred in the industrial areas of Germany. Later the movement spread its wings to the rural eastern regions of the country.Gerwarth, Robert. The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor.
Dyck, Harvey. Weimar Germany and Soviet Russia, 1926–1933 (New York, 1966), pp. 162–174Buchsweiler, Meir. Volksdeutsche in der Ukraine am Vorabend und Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs – ein Fall doppelter Loyalität? (Gerlingen, 1984), pp. 58–64.Martin, Terry (1998).
The phrase "" originated in Weimar Germany in the 1920s by Pastor Ludwig Hoppe of Berlin as a more general term of approbation at licentiousness.Weindling, Paul. Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945. Cambridge University Press.
Cocotte was originally a term of endearment for small children, but was used as a term for elegant prostitutes from the 1860s. The term was also used in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany from the turn of the 20th century (Kokotte).
Giving Nature a Higher Purpose: Back-to-Nature Movements in Weimar Germany, 1918-1933. University of Michigan. p. 18 Schlickeysen was a fruitarian who proposed the use of "fruit medicine", he believed that raw fruits were "sunlight nutrition".Mehdipour, Parvin. (2017).
Sketch of the Temple by Pieter de Witte (also known as Peter Candid); pen and wash bistre or ink on paper, 321 × 234 mm. Weimar, Germany Ezekiel's Temple is an unbuilt temple structure described in the biblical Book of Ezekiel.
Postage stamp promoting the Ostmesse The Ostmesse, officially the Deutsche Ostmesse Königsberg (DOK), was a trade fair in Königsberg, Germany. It was established to aid in the recovery of East Prussia after its separation from Weimar Germany following World War I.
The club serves as a metaphor for ominous political developments in late Weimar Germany. The 1966 original Broadway production became a hit, inspiring numerous subsequent productions in London and New York, as well as the 1972 film of the same name.
Gyorgy married Margaret John on October 23, 1920 in Weimar, Germany. The couple had three sons: Hans, who became an organic chemist, Michael, who became a physicist, and Tilbert, a surgeon. Gyorgy enjoyed classical music and was also an avid painter and gardener.
Botar, O. (2004). Lszl Moholy-Nagys New Vision and the Aestheticization of Scientific Photography in Weimar Germany. Science in Context, 17(4), 525–556. With Lucia, he experimented with the photogram; the process of exposing light- sensitive paper with objects laid upon it.
While working as a belt and button salesman in the 1920s in Weimar Germany, Eisenstaedt began taking photographs as a freelancer for the Pacific and Atlantic Photos' Berlin office in 1928. The office was taken over by the Associated Press in 1931.
Arbeiterpost ('Workers Mail') was a German language socialist newspaper published from Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia, Weimar Germany (present-day Gliwice in Poland) between December 1919 and March 1920.Matull, Wilhelm. Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung; Abriss ihrer Geschichte, Leistung und Opfer. Würzburg: Holzner Verlag, 1973. p.
Pottery by Otto Lindig (1923) Coffee jugs, 1923 Otto Lindig (4 January 1895, in Pößneck – 4 July 1966, in Wiesbaden) was a German master potter who was a student and later a workshop manager at the famous Bauhaus art school in Weimar, Germany.
Karl Viktor von Wilsdorf Karl Viktor von Wildsorf (18 January 1857, in Großhartmannsdorf, Saxony – 23 March 1920, in Dresden, Weimar Germany) was a German general of the infantry who served as the War Minister of the Kingdom of Saxony during World War I.
In 1874, Sherwood and Fay married; they had three children together. Sherwood and Fay spent about six months in Weimar, Germany where they had the privilege of hearing and studying under the guidance of Franz Liszt, whom offered to act as their eldest daughter's godfather.
Concerning the research of Nietzsche, the University of Basel is the second most important collecting point (preceded by the archive of Nietzsche in Weimar, Germany), because of the amount of resources that can be found about “Nietzsche in Basel” in the wake of Franz Overbeck.
Another interpretation of Shylock and a vision of how "must he be acted" appears at the conclusion of the autobiography of Alexander Granach, a noted Jewish stage and film actor in Weimar Germany (and later in Hollywood and on Broadway).Granach 1945; 2010, 275–279.
As the postal ministry acquired the majority of assets from the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft; a network of broadcasting companies in Germany, it is clear that the authorities owned and controlled most broadcasting companies in Germany from the beginning.Karl Christian Führer, ‘A Medium of Modernity? Broadcasting in Weimar Germany, 1923–1932’, The Journal of Modern History, 69, 4, (1997), p. 726. Like those who were producing radio programs, those who were listening also needed a ‘’license to install and operate a wireless receiver’’,Karl Christian Führer, ‘A Medium of Modernity? Broadcasting in Weimar Germany, 1923–1932’, The Journal of Modern History, 69, 4, (1997), p. 727.
The Rentenmark ( ; RM) was a currency issued on 15 November 1923 to stop the hyperinflation of 1922 and 1923 in Weimar Germany, after the previously used "paper" Mark had become almost worthless. It was subdivided into 100 Rentenpfennig and was replaced in 1924 by the Reichsmark.
Pp. 336-337. Spengler claimed that these socialistic Prussian qualities were present across Germany and stated that the merger of German nationalism with this form of socialism while resisting Marxist and internationalist socialism would be in the interests of Germany.Eric D. Weitz. Weimar Germany: promise and tragedy.
Schwietz's wife had died in 1923, and the economic crisis in post-war Weimar Germany had cost him all his savings. Frustrated, he committed suicide with a gun in May 1925.Evans (1996), p. 546. The Austrian executioner Josef Lang committed suicide in the same year.
Corvinus was born in Stettin, then part of Weimar Germany, in 1932. She spent most of her early years in Germany. As a child, Corvinus was fond of many things including people, cultures, music, travelling, and different scientific disciplines. She was known to be friendly and humble.
Before 1927, there was hundreds of deaf clubs all over Germany. Each club had its own agenda and differed by city and deaf community. In 1927 Weimar Germany, a transformation was beginning. It was to be a transformation that would change the deaf community in Germany permanently.
Goethe House, Weimar The Goethe House (Goethes Wohnhaus) is the main house lived in by the writer, poet, and statesman Johann Wolfgang von Goethe whilst in Weimar, Germany, though he did live in several others in the town. The home serves as the main location of the Goethe-Nationalmuseum.
He removed the seat of government to Weimar and reformed the conditions of his country, but died within two years. A special object of his care was the University of Jena, which he planned in place of Wittenberg, which he had lost (1547). He died in Weimar, Germany.
Wussow was born in Cammin, Province of Pomerania, Weimar Germany (modern Kamień Pomorski, Poland). His father was a teacher and cantor who died 1939 in the Second World War. Wussow had three brothers, an older and two younger (twins). His original career choice was to become a doctor.
Stiftung Ettersberg The Stiftung Ettersberg is legally established foundation, located in Weimar, Germany. Its mission is the comparative study of European dictatorships and their transition to democracy. The foundation administers the Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstrasse, a museum housed in the former Stasi prison in Erfurt.Stiftung Ettersberg. Andreasstrasse.
Heinz Fenchel (1906–1988) was a German art director, who designed the sets for a number of films in Weimar Germany and Czechoslovakia. He worked on several films with the director Pál Fejös.Büttner p.231-33 The Jewish Fenchel later emigrated to Israel where he worked as an architect.
The tune was also used for communist songs in other languages, including Weimar Germany in the 1920s by German Communists. An early German version with the incipit ("White riffraff, noble scum") was a free translation of the original lyrics: Rot Front. Neues Kampf-Liederbuch, Berlin 1925, nr. 28 (p.
In 1930, Erich Fromm was given responsibility for directing a large empirical survey of workers' conditions in Germany. The survey was "largely carried out"Bonss, W., 1984. Critical Theory and Empirical Social Research: Some Observations. In E. Fromm, The working class in Weimar Germany: A psychological and sociological study.
Monument in Gdańsk When the area was disputed between Weimar Germany and the Second Polish Republic, the Poles recalled the massacre quoting the number of 10,000 murdered.Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych, Poland, Dzieje miast Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej: Polska w słowie i obrazach, Nakładem wydawn. D̋zieje miast Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej ̋sp. z ogr. odp.
During World War II, he joined the French Resistance and was captured and interned at the Nazi Buchenwald concentration camp, near Weimar, Germany. After the war, Sernas was considering a career in medicine and then in journalism before turning to films. His first role was in Miroir (1946)."Jacques Sernas".
Ruf Records financed the costs of relocating the band to record at Andapoe Sound in Weimar, Germany, where seven additional songs were recorded in September 1998. The album was released in Europe and the United States in February 1999.Justin Purington, History of Cross Purpose; www.justabuzz.com, section "Luther Grosvenor - Albums".
Charles Oscar Brink (born Karl Oskar Levy, 13 March 1907 – 2 March 1994) was a German-JewishRubenstein et al. (2011) 125. classicist and Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge University. After an education and an early career as a lexicographer in Weimar Germany, Brink emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1938.
This tour included a visit to Weimar, Germany, to present the young composer to Franz Liszt,Maes, 192. and where Glazunov's First Symphony was performed. Soon Belyayev became interested in other Russian composers. In 1884 he set up an annual Glinka Prize, named after pioneer Russian composer Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857).
Brauchitsch was born in Berlin, Weimar Germany to Konrad von Brauchitsch and Edith, née de la Barre.Biography at munzinger.de The Brauchitsch family is a Silesian noble family originating from Brauchitschdorf, Silesia (modern Chróstnik, Poland). Brauchitsch attended school in Berlin and Bad Tölz, where he was a classmate of Friedrich Karl Flick.
The German Workers' Party (, DAP) was a short-lived political party established in Weimar Germany after World War I. It was the precursor of the Nazi Party, which was officially known as the National Socialist German Workers' Party (, NSDAP). The DAP only lasted from 5 January 1919 until 24 February 1920.
However, on 14 March 1920, Hoffmann resigned and was succeeded by Gustav von Kahr,Bayern (Bavaria) - Minister-presidents after he was forced out of office by the Bavarian Civil Guards and Freikorps forces.Diehl, James M. Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany. Indiana University Press, 1977. Pg.72-74. Hoffmann returned to Kaiserslautern.
The name also evokes Weimar Germany and its cabaret culture. Additionally, Palmer "liked the parallel between Dresden (destruction) and Dolls (innocence, delicacy), because it is very much in keeping with the dynamics of the music, which sometimes goes from a childlike whisper to a banshee scream within a few seconds".
Prinz Louis Ferdinand is a 1927 German silent historical film directed by Hans Behrendt and starring Kurt Junker, Christa Tordy, Hans Stüwe and Jenny Jugo. It was based on the life of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1772–1806). It was part of the series of Prussian films made during Weimar Germany.
From the very beginning, the officials of BKS were determined to form a football team. Apart from footballers, BKS had the departments of table tennis and gymnastics. In 1927, a stadium was built in Biala. To commemorate this occasion, an international football tournament took place, with teams from Czechoslovakia and Weimar Germany.
He was born in Ettersburg near Weimar, Germany. He studied at the universities of Jena and Würzburg and taught, as privatdocent, at the University of Jena beginning 1834. He became an associate professor in 1836. He undertook a journey of research into southern Russia in 1836–38, and a second in 1843–44.
Lothar Gall, Bismarck: The White Revolutionary (2 vol 1990). However, Henry Kissinger notes the dangers of this legacy for Germany in the 20th century. He so thoroughly undermined liberalism that Weimar Germany never could make liberalism succeed: "Nationalism unleavened by liberalism turned chauvinistic, and liberalism without responsibility grew sterile."Kissinger, p. 922.
Palgrave Macmillan: p. 23. Its ideology has been described as being based on Zhirinovsky's ideas of "imperial reconquest"Stephen E. Hanson, Post-Imperial Democracies: Ideology and Party Formation in Third Republic France, Weimar Germany, and Post-Soviet Russia (2011). Cambridge University Press. and on an authoritarian and expansionist vision of a Greater Russia.
Ursula Flora Schneider (Wolff) (popularly known as Ursula Wolff Schneider) (August 14, 1906 – August 1977) was a German photographer and photojournalist. Her photographs of the pre-World War II period are a significant record of the society and culture of Weimar Germany, and they serve as an important example of early photojournalism.
The Treaty of Rapallo between Weimar Germany and the Soviet Union was signed by German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau and his Soviet colleague Georgy Chicherin on April 16, 1922, during the Genoa Economic Conference, annulling all mutual claims, restoring full diplomatic relations, and establishing the beginnings of close trade relationships, which made Weimar Germany the main trading and diplomatic partner of the Soviet Union.Full text in English: German-Russian Agreement; April 16, 1922 (Treaty of Rapallo) . Rumors of a secret military supplement to the treaty soon spread. However, for a long time the consensus was that those rumors were wrong, and that Soviet-German military negotiations were independent of Rapallo and kept secret from the German Foreign Ministry for some time.
It was thus used to explain to the working class the Party's position on labour affairs, with contributions from many party leaders.Conan Fischer, The Rise of National Socialism and the Working Classes in Weimar Germany, p. 150. Der Angriff and Der Erwerbslose were two other newspapers established by the Nazi Party for the same purpose.
When the Nazi party came to power in 1933 they decided to strip the Lander governments of their power over broadcasting and the Berlin Ministry for propaganda gained total control over German broadcasting.Karl Christian Führer, ‘A Medium of Modernity? Broadcasting in Weimar Germany, 1923–1932’, The Journal of Modern History, 69, 4, (1997), p. 727.
Clients who have commissioned private landscapes include Hauser & Wirth Gallery in New York, W Hotel in Miami, Bauhaus University in Weimar, Germany,"Paula Hayes: Press Release", wexarts.org Marianne Boesky, Jeanne Greenberg Rohatyn and Nicholas Rohatyn, Rafael and Diana Viñoly, David and Monica Zwirner, Mickey and Jeanne Klein, Andrea Rosen, and Jill Stuart and Ron Curtis.
Young German Order meeting, Hermannsdenkmal, 9. August 1925 The Young German Order (in German Jungdeutscher Orden, often abbreviated as Jungdo) was a large para-military organisation in Weimar Germany. Its name and symbol (see picture) were inspired by the Teutonic Knights (Deutscher Orden in German). The pseudo-chivalric group was involved in nationalistic German politics.
Bronisław Koraszewski (1863–1924) - Polish reporter and social activist in Upper Silesia. He concentrated on fight with germanisation in the Opole region by editing in Polish and creating Polish organisations. He was the founder, editor and reporter of Gazeta Opolska and of still existing People's Bank in Opole.T. Hunt Tooley, National Identity and Weimar Germany.
Hein Wagenfeld (December 20, 1928 in Weimar, Germany - April 1, 2005 in Melbourne, Australia) was a German theoretical and experimental physicist known for his work in electron and X-ray crystallography especially X-ray diffraction relating to absorption and the Borrmann effect. He was highly regarded for his commitment to international understanding and peace.
Beginning in 1999, Bern’s activities have increasingly been centered in Weimar, Germany. He is artistic director of Yiddish Summer Weimar, the Other Music Academy (OMA), the OMA Improvisation Project, the OMA Middle Eastern Music & Cultures Project, and Weimar klingt!, among others, as well as chair of other music e.V., the non-profit organization responsible for those projects.
Oreste Bilancia (24 September 1881 – 31 October 1945) was an Italian film actor. Born in Catania, Sicily he was a star of Italian films in the silent era. He worked during the 1920s in Weimar Germany which had the largest European film industry of the era. He appeared in 134 films between 1915 and his death in 1945.
Felsom Film was a film production company which operated in Weimar Germany between 1922 and 1933. It was founded and run by the two producers Hermann Fellner and Josef Somlo. The company's name is a merger of their surnames. During the 1920s, the firm embarked on a series of co-productions with the British studio Gainsborough Pictures.
Heike Hanada (born 1964) is a German architect. Hanada has been working as a free artist and a teacher of architecture since 1999 at Bauhaus University in Weimar, Germany. On 16 November 2007, Hanada's proposal Delphinium won the international architectural competition on the grand expansion of the Stockholm Public Library, one of architect Gunnar Asplund's most important works.
John Augustus Becher (March 13, 1833 - December 30, 1915) was an American businessman and politician. Born in Weimar, Germany, Becher emigrated to the United States in 1853 and then settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1857. During the American Civil War, Becher served in the 34th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment and was quartermaster. Becher was in the real estate business.
Not only did Glazunov become a fixture of the "quartet Fridays", but Belyayev also published Glazunov's work and took him on a tour of Western Europe. This tour included a visit to Weimar, Germany to present the young composer to famed Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt.Maes, 192. Soon Belyayev became interested in other Russian composers.
Das Volksrecht ('The People's Right') was a left-wing newspaper published from Offenbach am Main, Weimar Germany between 1925 and 1933. Initially it was an irregular publication of the communist city council group, but in 1928 it became a local mouthpiece of the Right Opposition. It was published on a weekly basis until the National Socialist takeover in 1933.
Sozialistischer Schutzbund ('Socialist Protection League', abbreviated SSB) was a paramilitary formation in Weimar Germany, linked to the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD).Heuzeroth, Günter. Verfolgte aus politischen Gründen: Widerstand und Verfolgung der regionalen Arbeiterbewegung in Dokumenten, Lebensberichten und Analysen : dargestellt an den Ereignissen in Weser-Ems, 1933-1945. 1989. p. 1046 SSB was active between 1931 and 1933.
Schweitzer was commissioned as a lieutenant in the French Army after the outbreak of World War II. When France fell in 1940, he joined the French Resistance and was later captured and held at the Buchenwald concentration camp, on the outskirts of Weimar, Germany, until it was liberated in 1945. Schweitzer was a Nazi concentration camp survivor.
Berlin-Halensee, Lunapark, 1935, after the park had closed. During the first World War and in the following period of hyperinflation in Weimar Germany, visitor numbers declined and the physical plant was in desolate condition. On May 9, 1929, the amusement park reopened after a major renovation. It succeeded; however, it did not attain its former grandeur.
The Nietzsche Archives in Weimar, Germany. The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche owned an extensive private library, which has been preserved after his death. Today this library consists of some 1,100 volumes, of which about 170 contain annotations by him, many of them substantial. However, fewer than half of the books he read are found in his library.
Orpheus is a symphonic poem written by Franz Liszt in 1853–54. He numbered it No. 4 in the cycle of 12 he wrote during his time in Weimar, Germany. It was first performed on 16 February 1854, conducted by the composer, as an introduction to the first Weimar performance of Christoph Willibald Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice.Searle, 291.
First edition (1801) Mary Stuart () is a verse play by Friedrich Schiller that depicts the last days of Mary, Queen of Scots. The play consists of five acts, each divided into several scenes. The play had its première in Weimar, Germany on 14 June 1800. The play formed the basis for Donizetti's opera Maria Stuarda (1835).
After his first prize at the Swedish Soloist Prize 1995 his solo career accelerated with engagements with several European orchestras, recitals and CD-recordings. 2008 he was appointed professor at the FRANZ LISZT Hochschule für Musik in Weimar, Germany. He has premiered around 60 pieces by international composers of which most of them were dedicated to him.
The initial 16 districts of the Gauliga in 1933. The Gauligen were formed in 1933 to replace the previously existing Bezirksligas in Weimar Germany. The Nazis initially introduced 16 regional Gauligen, some of them subdivided into groups. The introduction of the Gauligen was part of the Gleichschaltung process, whereby the Nazis completely revamped the domestic administration.
From now on Schiffer was much in demand as a writer of musical cuplés in Weimar Germany. Similarly fruitful was his relationship with the composer Paul Hindemith. This gave rise, in 1929, to the opera News of the day ("Neues vom Tage"). He had written the libretto of this short opera for Hindemith a couple of years earlier.
2019 'Radical Women Artists of South Asia', Albertinum, Dresden, Germany (February) 2019 'Memory as Solidarity', ACC Galerie, Weimar, Germany (February) 2019 Radical Women Artists of South Asia', ACC Galerie, Weimar, Germany (March) 2018 Panelist, 'Writing Recent Exhibition Histories of Large Scale Recurring Exhibitions in South Asia', Dhaka Art Summit 2014 Panelist, Colombo Art Biennale: "The 'C' Word, Defining Curating Practice" (January 31), "Regional Histories, Regional Art Perspectives" (February 1) 2013 Panelist, AICA (International Art Critics Association) Conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Art in Nepal at AWON (November); Femininity and Sexuality in the works of Women Artists of Nepal at Martin Chautari, Kathmandu 2013 Brief Overview of her works at Tasmeem Doha at Virginia Commonwealth University, Qatar (March) 2012 Importance of Theory in Art Practice, Martin Chautari, Kathmandu (May).
Gau is an archaic Germanic term for a region within a country, often a former or actual province, and used in Medieval times as roughly corresponding to an English shire. The term was revived by the Nazi Party in 1920s as the name given to the regional associations of the party in Weimar Germany, based mainly along state and district lines.
She was born on 1 March 1924 in Berlin, Weimar Germany, to Friedel (née Saloman) and Walther Wolff, a patent lawyer. She was brought up in Wetzlar. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 she moved with her family to Hampstead, England. She attended South Hampstead High School, going on to study medicine at the University of Oxford, graduating in 1947.
Pasquet served as Chief Conductor at the Symphony Orchestra of Pécs Hungary (1993–1996), the Philharmonic Orchestra in Neubrandenburg and the orchestra of the Coburg Theatre. He served as conducting teacher in Nürnberg before being appointed professor of conducting at the Hochschule für Musik "Franz Liszt" in Weimar, Germany. Pasquet is also chief conductor of the LJSO Hessen (Youth Orchester of Hessen, Germany).
Kutsch & Riemens 2003, pp. 305–306 There he had considerable success and was even dubbed by the locals "The King of Tenors". At some point his singing was adversely affected by a throat infection, possibly contracted while ice skating on the Neva, and he left Saint Petersburg in 1844. In 1848 he re-emerged at the Hoftheater in Weimar, Germany.
Kiepenheuer was born in 1910 in Weimar, Germany, as a son of the publisher Gustav Kiepenheuer. After the divorce of his parents in 1923 he stayed with his mother. In 1929, he began his studies of physics, astronomy and mathematics at the Berlin Institute of Technology and the University of Berlin. He spent one semester in Paris where he visited the Meudon observatory.
Richard Bessel & E.J. Feuchtwanger, Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, Croom Helm, 1981, , p. 147 Hugenberg's ideas gained support among the large landowners but many of the smaller owners who were associated with the DNVP were alarmed by the shift and, under the direction of Karl Hepp, leader of the Landbund in Hessen-Nassau, they moved to form their own party.
Spengler believed modern western civilization was in the 'winter' age of decline (untergang). Spenglerian theory was immensely influential in interwar Europe, especially in Weimar Germany. Similarly, traditionalist Julius Evola thought that the world was in the Kali Yuga, a dark age of moral decline. Intellectuals like Oliver James correlate economic progress with economic inequality, the stimulation of artificial needs, and affluenza.
He attended Liszt's master classes in Weimar, Germany regularly until 1885. This period of study was unparalleled by any other student of Liszt and led to a particularly close bond between Bache and Liszt.Walker (2005), 106. He also sought out his fellow pupil Hans von Bülow for lessons in 1871; the two spent much time together, which resulted in a lifelong friendship.
Grothendieck was born in Weimar Germany. In 1938, aged ten, he moved to France as a refugee. Records of his nationality were destroyed in the fall of Germany in 1945 and he did not apply for French citizenship after the war. He thus became a stateless person for at least the majority of his working life, traveling on a Nansen passport.
In 1928, the Ninth Plenum of the Executive Committee began the so-called Third Period, which was to last until 1935.Duncan Hallas The Comintern, chapter 6; Nicholas N. Kozlov, Eric D. Weitz "Reflections on the Origins of the 'Third Period': Bukharin, the Comintern, and the Political Economy of Weimar Germany" Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Jul., 1989), pp.
The school campus is spread across a site which was designed by Weimar Architects of the Bauhaus University in Weimar, Germany. The school facilities consist of a theatre, gymnasiums, swimming pools, large field, soccer turf pitch, outdoor basketball court, science labs, art studios, dance studios, tech labs, computers labs, open-plan library, cafeteria, fine arts wing, three playgrounds, and large classrooms.
Catholics could not forget the Kulturkampf and remained distrustful. Especially negative were the Poles who hated his Germanization programs. Robert Gerwarth shows that the Bismarck myth, built up predominantly during his years of retirement and even more stridently after his death, proved a powerful rhetorical and ideological tool.Gerwarth, Robert (2007) The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor.
Miltiades Caridis (; 9 May 1923 - 1 March 1998) was a German-Greek conductor. Caridis was born in the Free City of Danzig (Gdańsk). His mother was a Danziger of German ethnicity, his father was a merchant from Greece. His family moved to Weimar Germany and he was raised in Dresden, but his family moved to Greece in 1938, sensing that war was imminent.
She was the Hungarian entrant at the 1931 Miss Europe contest, losing out to the French winner. Moving to Weimar Germany, she made her film debut in 1932. von Tasnady appeared in twenty five films during her career. As well as Germany, she also worked in her native Hungary and Italy where she appeared in the patriotic war film Bengasi in 1942.
Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission to the League of Nations in 1926.Wolfgang Elz, "Foreign policy" in Anthony McElligott, ed., Weimar Germany (2009) pp. 50–77 Germany signed arbitration conventions with France and Belgium and arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, undertaking to refer any future disputes to an arbitration tribunal or to the Permanent Court of International Justice.
In 1999, Tracy stood for Hamburg in the German-speaking slam poetry championship in Weimar, Germany. She made it to the finals and won the competition which took place in two nights. She provide technical language guidance toward the publication of the book "Transatlantic Modernism" in 2009, a literary criticism of "Modernism in Europe and modernism in the United States".
Expelled by the French authorities, Jung moved to Munich, where in 1925 opened a law firm and dampened his political activism slightly. Like Carl Schmitt, Jung believed the breakdown of liberal parliamentarism to be inevitable as the instability of Weimar Germany was unfolding before his eyes. Jung regarded Weimar Germany as teetering on the brink of revolutionary turmoil with the very real prospect of a "Red Revolution" sponsored by the Soviet Union or a "Brown Revolution" by the Nazis. After the formation of the "government of national concentration" under the leadership of Adolf Hitler on 30 January 1933, Jung became a political consultant and speechwriter for the vice- chancellor of the coalition cabinet, Franz von Papen. In 1934, Jung wrote the Marburg speech that was delivered on 17 June by Papen at the University of Marburg.
Ulli Beier was born to a Jewish family in Glowitz, Weimar Germany (modern Główczyce, Poland) in July 1922. His father was a medical doctor and an appreciator of art, who reared his son to embrace the arts. After the Nazi party's rise to power in the 1930s, his father was forced to close his medical practice. The Beiers, who were non- practising Jews, left for Palestine.
Classical Weimar (German: Klassisches Weimar) is a UNESCO World Heritage site consisting of 11 sites related to Weimar Classicism located in and around the city of Weimar, Germany. The site was inscribed on 2 December 1998. The properties are all related to Weimar as a centre of the Enlightenment during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. A number of notable writers and philosophers lived there.
45-46Radek, K. (1977) "Larissa Reisner" In Reissner, L. Hamburg At the Barricades and Other Writings of Weimar Germany London: Pluto pg.189-190 She became a member of the Bolshevik Party in 1918, marrying Fyodor Raskolnikov in the summer of that year.Porter, C. (1988) Larissa Reisner, London: Virago pg.53 During the Civil War, she was a soldier and a political commissar of the Red Army.
He was born in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud and was educated at the University of Lausanne. He taught briefly in nearby Aubonne, and then in Weimar, Germany. In 1903, he left for Paris and remained there until World War I, with frequent trips home to Switzerland. As part of his studies in Paris he wrote a thesis on the poet Maurice de Guérin.
Without any source of revenue from foreign exchange to repay their loans, they began to default. Beginning late in the 1920s, European demand for U.S. goods began to decline. That was partly because European industry and agriculture were becoming more productive, and partly because some European nations (most notably Weimar Germany) were suffering serious financial crises and could not afford to buy goods overseas.
The Bauhaus-Universität Weimar is a university located in Weimar, Germany, and specializes in the artistic and technical fields. Established in 1860 as the Great Ducal Saxon Art School, it gained collegiate status on 3 June 1910. In 1919 the school was renamed Bauhaus by its new director Walter Gropius and it received its present name in 1996. Approximately 4,000 students are enrolled at the university today.
Nonetheless, Opole remained an important cultural, social and political center for the Poles of Upper Silesia. From 1849 the Polish newspaper Gazeta Wiejska dla Górnego Śląska was published in Opole. Polish reporter and opponent of Germanisation Bronisław Koraszewski founded the newspaper Gazeta Opolska in 1890 and the People's Bank in Opole (Opolski Bank Ludowy) in 1897.T. Hunt Tooley, National Identity and Weimar Germany.
Charges of Leonensia sporting (1930) Economic hardship of Weimar Germany took its toll on everyday fraternity life. Legal historian Björn Bertram writes about Leonensia's that the fraternity could host tablerounds only twice a month. During the German Empire, in contrast, Leonensia used to host tablerounds at least twice a week. Like most student fraternities, Leonensia took a critical stance towards the political order of the interwar period.
Moldovan, pp. 274–275 As noted by scholar Armin Heinen, the National Agrarians' genesis coincided with the parallel rise of the Nazi Party in Weimar Germany: the PNA began organizing during Weimar's presidential election, in which Adolf Hitler came second.Heinen, p. 172 Goga's "general staff" included former minister Ion Petrovici, alongside Ion Al. Vasilescu-Valjean and C. Brăescu, who had been Vice Presidents of the Deputies' Assembly.
The term refers to the hawkish, i.e. pro-military positions often taken by such groups and comes from the Stahlhelm, the steel helmet historically used by German soldiers. It was originally used of pro-military extremist politicians in the Weimar Republic who were members of the Der Stahlhelm ex-servicemen's organisation.James M. Diehl, Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977, , p.
The Bauhaus Museum Weimar is a museum dedicated to the Bauhaus design movement located in Weimar, Germany. It presents the Weimar collections of the State Bauhaus, which was founded in the town in 1919. The museum is a project of the Klassik Stiftung Weimar and is located near the Weimarhallenpark. Originally opened in 1995, it is now housed in a new building since April 2019.
Weimar Germany, under Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann, maintained normal relations with Lithuania. However, Nazi Germany desired to reacquire the region and tensions rose. Pro- German parties won clear supermajorities in all elections to the Klaipėda Parliament, which often clashed with the Lithuanian-appointed Klaipėda Directorate. Lithuanian efforts to "re-Lithuanize" Prussian Lithuanians by promoting Lithuanian language, culture, education were often met with resistance from the locals.
Berlin: Nishen, 1998, , p. 205; translated by Quintin Hoare as "The Vaterland encompasses the entire globe", The Salaried Masses: Duty and Distraction in Weimar Germany, New York: Verso, 1998, , p. 92. He also pointed out the contrast between the "exaggerated" New Objectivity in the style of the "immense" lobby and the "luxuriant sentimentality" of the dining establishments as little as one step away.Kracauer, p. 92.
Corvinus was born in Stettin, then part of Weimar Germany, in 1932. She studied geology, vertebrate paleontology and Palaeolithic archaeology at the University of Bonn, and completed her doctoral dissertation on Jurassic Ammonites from France. Her focus shifted to Paleolithic archaeology after her doctoral dissertation. Later in her career she was affiliated with the University of Tübingen where she studied geology, paleontology and prehistory.
Buchenwald concentration camp In January 1945, with the Soviet army approaching, the Germans decide to flee, taking 60,000 inmates on a death march to concentration camps in Germany. Eliezer and his father are marched to Gleiwitz to be put on a freight train to Buchenwald, a camp near Weimar, Germany, 350 miles (563 km) from Auschwitz. Pitch darkness. Every now and then, an explosion in the night.
Kozuschek was born in 1930 in Gleiwitz, Weimar Germany (Gliwice, Poland). He did his medical studies at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Wrocław, studying surgery under Wiktor Brossa and nephrology under Zdzisław Wiktor. He graduated from Wrocław University and its Medical Academy in 1954. He then worked at the Municipal Hospital under Julian Czerwiakowski, in the same city, specializing in general surgery.
In April 1889 he became Secretary of the German Imperial Naval Office in the Cabinet of Otto von Bismarck. He stayed on when Bismarck was replaced as chancellor by Leo von Caprivi, but soon had to resign because of heart disease, turning the office over to Friedrich von Hollmann. He retired as a Vice Admiral, and died on 27 February 1891 in Weimar, Germany.
International Telecommunication Union. Jan. 14, 2004. Retrieved 2007-01-02 Mathematical aerodynamics was developed in Germany, especially by Ludwig Prandtl. Paul Forman in 1971 argued the remarkable scientific achievements in quantum physics were the cross-product of the hostile intellectual atmosphere whereby many scientists rejected Weimar Germany and Jewish scientists, revolts against causality, determinism and materialism, and the creation of the revolutionary new theory of quantum mechanics.
Mack was born in Bischofsburg, East Prussia, Weimar Germany (today Biskupiec, Poland). At the end of World War II he served as a Flakhelfer. Mack joined the Bundesgrenzschutz in 1952 and the Bundeswehr tank troops as an officer cadet in 1956. He attended his General Staff Training Course at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr in 1962 - 1964 and served in several position in the Panzertroops.
275–276 The Zissus were mainly based in Weimar Germany from as early as 1920. In 1929, with revenues from the sugar industry, Zissu commissioned Michael Rachlis, the Russian architect, to build him a luxurious Art Deco home in Berlin-Grunewald, currently known as Villa Zissu.Arne Sildatke, Dekorative Moderne: Das Art Déco in der Raumkunst der Weimarer Republik, pp. 332–338. Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2013.
East Prussia from 1919 to 1939. Following the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Imperial Germany was replaced with the democratic Weimar Republic. The Kingdom of Prussia ended with the abdication of the Hohenzollern monarch, Wilhelm II, and the kingdom was succeeded by the Free State of Prussia. Königsberg and East Prussia, however, were separated from the rest of Weimar Germany by the creation of the Polish Corridor.
Soon, all pretence at an independent judiciary disappeared and Koenig, Featherston's hatchet-man, had a free hand to create concentration camps for political dissidents and later embark on the mass murder of Blacks. Turtledove's description of the process is based on the historical experience of the Nazi takeover, adapted to the conditions of an American-type constitutional system quite different from that of Weimar Germany which the Nazis dismantled.
The church of Ss Peter and Paul in Weimar, Germany, is also known as Herderkirche (Herder Church) after Johann Gottfried Herder. It is the most important church building of the town, and is called Stadtkirche (town church), opposed to the courtly Schloßkirche (court chapel). It has been the church of a Lutheran parish since 1525, after the Reformation. The church is part of the World Heritage Site Classical Weimar.
Igor Vladimirovich Susemihl was born in 1919, the son of an agronomist. When he was six years old, his family moved to Berlin, Weimar Germany as White emigres. Soon after, Igor's widowed mother, Antonina, married Vladimir Sharavov, a former officer in the White Army. Beginning in 1928, the Sharavov family took in George Trofimoff, the son of a White emigre who was unable to provide for his son.
In 1885 the railway line from Pisz to Ełk arrived in the town. At that time, the population was about 1,700, of whom 700 were Polish-speaking. During World War I, combat between German and Russian troops happened near the town, which was entered by Russian troops and plundered. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the residents of the town voted 100% to remain in Weimar Germany.
Her involvement in the suffrage movement began before the First World War. Sharp was involved in two major suffragist societies in Britain: the militant Women’s Social and Political Union and the United Suffragists, the latter of which she was a founder. Sharp edited the controversial newspaper Votes for Women. Her work as a pacifist and international humanitarian lead her to work with the Quakers in Weimar Germany, in the 1920s.
In 1920 his widowed father married a German woman, Elisabeth Hoffman, who, like him, grew up in Russia. They left Russia (now then the RSFSR) and moved to Munich, Weimar Germany, in 1921, when Schmorell was four years old. His Russian nanny, Feodosiya Lapschina, came along with them and she took his late mother's place in his upbringing. Alexander Schmorell grew up bilingual, speaking both German and Russian natively.
Monika Rost (born 21 February 1943)Józef Powroźniak: Gitarren-Lexikon (Berlin: Verlag Neue Musik, 1986), p.180. is a classical guitarist, lute player and musicologist. She studied with Ursula Peter at the Liszt School of Music Weimar, Germany, and later became Professor and Head of Guitar there herself. She has performed in many countries, both solo and in a duo with Jürgen Rost, and has made a number of recordings.
The economy started to recover after the 1924 Dawes Plan. The pavilion for the International Exhibition was supposed to represent the new Weimar Germany: democratic, culturally progressive, prospering, and thoroughly pacifist; a self-portrait through architecture. The Commissioner, Georg von Schnitzler said it should give "voice to the spirit of a new era". This concept was carried out with the realization of the "Free plan" and the "Floating roof".
Within the course of just a few years, additional sales companies were established in other countries: Glatt Pharmatech in France, Glatt Protech in the UK, Glatt Ireland and Glatt Norden in Denmark. In 1989, Reinhard Nowak took over as Chief Executive from company founder Werner Glatt. 1991 saw the foundation of Glatt Ingenieurtechnik (GIT) in Weimar, Germany. Almost simultaneously, Glatt Systemtechnik (GST) was also founded in Dresden, Germany.
The division of Germans between Catholicism and Protestantism has figured into German politics since the Protestant Reformation. The Kulturkampf that followed German unification was the defining dispute between the German state and Catholicism. In Weimar Germany, the Centre Party was the Catholic political party. It disbanded around the time of the signing of the Reichskonkordat (1933), the treaty that continues to regulate church-state relations to this day.
From its inception, the KAPD was beset by disputes and internal turmoil. The party was a composed of a wide variety of political tendencies and it did not create stable organizations, as its proponents feared they could become bureaucratic and hold back the working class's revolutionary dynamic. As Weimar Germany stabilized in the early 1920s and the council movement of the German Revolution ebbed, the disputes became more pronounced.Bock 1976, p.
In 1904 he was named an Officer in the French Legion of Honor.American art annual, Volume 5 In 1909 he was appointed Professor of Art at the Grand Ducal Saxony School of Art in Weimar, Germany. In 1915 he returned to New York City to open a studio at Abraham Archibald Anderson's Bryant Park Studios building. From 1920 to 1928 he served as the president of the New Society of Artists.
Fritz Streletz (born 28 September 1926 in Friedrichsgrätz, then Weimar Germany) is a former army general of the GDR. In 1944 he entered the Wehrmacht as a noncommissioned officer after graduating from military school in Deggendorf. He was captured by Soviet forces in February 1945 and released in October 1948, whereupon he joined the Volkspolizei. In 1956 he joined the precursor to the National People's Army, the Kasernierte Volkspolizei.
Full text in English: Supplementary Agreement to the German-Russian Agreement; November 5, 1922 The Soviets offered Weimar Germany facilities deep inside the USSR for building and testing arms and for military training, well away from Treaty inspectors' eyes. In return, the Soviets asked for access to German technical developments, and for assistance in creating a Red Army General Staff.Gatzke, Hans W. (1958). Russo-German Military Collaboration during the Weimar Republic.
Hermann Hesse embraced Eastern philosophies and spiritual themes in his novels. Cultural critic Karl Kraus, with his brilliantly controversial magazine Die Fackel, advanced the field of satirical journalism, becoming the literary and political conscience of this era.Selz 45 Weimar Germany also saw the publication of some of the world's first openly gay literature, from authors such as Klaus Mann, Anna Elisabet Weirauch, Christa Winsloe, Erich Ebermayer, and Max René Hesse.
King Kamehameha V also, in 1847, sent to Germany for a "band Leader" for "The Kings Own Band", now the Royal Hawaiian Band, William Mersberg, from Weimar, Germany. He is Henry Kaleialoha Allen's great grandfather. Henry Kaleialoha Allen is "one of Hawaii's Living Treasures of Hawaiian Music" and a master music educator and has been honored many times on the Senate Floor and by the Legislature for such.
Ways to Strength and Beauty () is a 1925 German silent film directed by Nicholas Kaufmann and Wilhelm Prager. The film was produced by Ufa- Kulturfilmabteilung of Weimar Germany. The action was an idealized, somewhat naive depiction of health and beauty in conformity with nature. The film offered a contrast to the rather hopeless lifestyles available in Berlin and other large cities of Germany during the twenties and became an immediate success.
This led Weimar's Otto Landsberg and Rudolf Breitscheid to call for an armed force to secure Germany's remaining eastern territories (some of which contained significant Polish minorities, primarily on the former Prussian partition territories). The call was answered by the minister of defense Gustav Noske, who decreed support for raising and deploying volunteer "Grenzschutz" forces to secure East Prussia, Silesia and the Netze District.T. Hunt Tooley, National identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the eastern border, 1918-1922, University of Nebraska Press, 1997, pp.36-37, On 18 January, the Paris peace conference opened,T. Hunt Tooley, National identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the eastern border, 1918-1922, University of Nebraska Press, 1997, p.38, resulting in the draft of the Treaty of Versailles 28 June 1919. Articles 27 and 28 of the treatyTreaty of Versailles, §§1-30 ruled on the territorial shape of the corridor, while articles 89 to 93 ruled on transit, citizenship and property issues.
In 1929, Magda gave birth to their son John, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1986. Their other son, George Polanyi, who predeceased him, became a well-known economist. His experience of runaway inflation and high unemployment in Weimar Germany led Polanyi to become interested in economics. With the coming to power in 1933 of the Nazi party, he accepted a chair in physical chemistry at the University of Manchester.
The Gaue existed parallel to the German states, the Länder, and Prussian provinces throughout the Nazi period. Pro forma, the Administrative divisions of Weimar Germany were left in place. The plan to abolish the Länder was ultimately given up because Hitler shrank away from structural reforms, a so-called Reichsreform, fearing it would upset local party leaders. For the same reason, the borders of the Gaue remained unchanged within Germany throughout this time.
A few eastern areas of the Danzig Region remained in the Free State of Prussia in Weimar Germany, however. In 1920 the rural districts of Elbing and Marienburg in West Prussia as well as the city of Elbing were added to the truncated Marienwerder Region, which in 1922 was renamed as West Prussia Region for reason of tradition when it was transferred from the defunct Province of West Prussia to the Province of East Prussia.
Dr Friedrich (Fritz) Baumbach (born 8 September 1935 in Weimar, Germany) is a German International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster, most famous for being the eleventh ICCF World Champion, 1983–89. He was also East German Champion in 1970. He tied for second place behind Mikhail Umansky in a "champion of champions" tournament, the ICCF 50 Years World Champion Jubilee. This was a special invitational correspondence tournament involving all living former ICCF World Champions.
Willi Apel (October 10, 1893 – March 14, 1988) was a German-American musicologist and noted author of a number of books devoted to music. Apel was born in Konitz, West Prussia, now Chojnice in Poland. He studied mathematics from 1912 to 1914, and then again after World War I from 1918 to 1922, in various universities in Weimar Germany. Throughout his studies, he had an interest in music and taught piano lessons.
The Von Schleicher Cabinet de jure formed the government of Weimar Germany between 3 December 1932 and 28 January 1933 upon the resignation of Franz von Papen. The cabinet was made up of holdovers from Papen's which featured many right-wing independents or German National People's Party (DNVP). The government was followed by the Hitler Cabinet after Schleicher's own resignation. This was to be the last Weimar government before the rise of Nazi Germany.
28 Immanuel Rath (Emil Jannings) is an educator at the local Gymnasium (high school for students expected to go to university) in Weimar Germany. The boys disrespect him and play pranks on him. Rath punishes several of his students for circulating photographs of the beautiful Lola Lola (Marlene Dietrich), the headliner for the local cabaret, "The Blue Angel". Hoping to catch the boys at the club, Rath goes there later that evening.
The 1920s were a bad time for all Germany. For instance, the rampant inflation that characterized Weimar Germany at this time led to a six-pound (3 kg) loaf of bread costing more than 18,000,000,000 marks. On 6 November 1923, a 30-man force of separatists favouring the annexation of the Palatinate to France invaded Reipoltskirchen. In 1924, Reipoltskirchen was connected to the electrical grid of Pfalzwerke AG. A watermain followed on 14 October 1928.
Under the Young Plan, the Bank for International Settlements was created, nullifying the position of Parker Gilbert. Gilbert served as Under Secretary of the Treasury from June 1921 – 1923 as well as Agent General of Reparations from October 1924 until May 1930, working with Weimar Germany to ensure loan repayments to America. Afterwards, in 1931, he became an associate at J. P. Morgan, where he was known to put in long hours at the firm.
In 1994 she received the Human Rights Award of the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights in New York. In 2005 she was one of 1000 women in the group 1000 Women for Peace nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. In 2009 she was awarded the 2009 Human Rights Prize of the City of Weimar (Germany) jointly with Jestina Mukoko. In 2010 she was awarded the Human Rights Award of the University of Oslo.
Spengler responded to the claim that socialism's rise in Germany had not begun with the Marxist rebellions of 1918 to 1919, but rather in 1914 when Germany waged war, uniting the German nation in a national struggle that he claimed was based on socialistic Prussian characteristics, including creativity, discipline, concern for the greater good, productivity, and self-sacrifice.Eric D. Weitz. Weimar Germany: promise and tragedy. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Tōgō’s first overseas posting was to the Japanese consulate at Mukden, Manchuria, in 1913. In 1916, he was assigned to the Japanese embassy in Bern, Switzerland. In 1919, Tōgō was sent on a diplomatic mission to Weimar Germany, as diplomatic relations between the two countries were reestablished following the Japanese ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. He returned to Japan in 1921 and was assigned to the Bureau of North American affairs.
Buchenwald (; literally beech forest) was a Nazi concentration camp established on hill near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees. Prisoners came from all over Europe and the Soviet Union—Jews, Poles and other Slavs, the mentally ill and physically disabled, political prisoners, Romani people, Freemasons, and prisoners of war.
After developing within the space of little over a century from an intersection of rural thoroughfares into the most bustling traffic intersection in Europe,Weitz, Eric D. Weimar Germany, 2007, Princeton University Press, , page 43 it was totally destroyed during World War II and then left desolate during the Cold War era when the Berlin Wall bisected its former location. Since German reunification, Potsdamer Platz has been the site of major redevelopment projects.
The edu-sharing network is coordinated by the edu-sharing association, which is based in Weimar, Germany. The association also runs offices in Chongqing, China, and Krems, Austria. The association was founded in February 2010 by key members of the DFG-funded project and competence center in e-learning, CampusContent,project sketch of CampusContent.e-teaching.org supporters from IT industry who are involved in the project’s technology development, and members of the system's user community.
An American Freemason who has been listening to a racist and bigoted rabble-rouser, who is preaching hate speech against ethnic and religious minorities and immigrants, is warned off by a naturalized Hungarian immigrant, possibly a Holocaust survivor or escapee, who explains to him how such rhetoric and demagoguery allowed the Nazis to rise to power in Weimar Germany, and warns Americans not to fall for similar demagoguery propagated by American racists and bigots.
Sebree was born on January 7, 1898, in the city of Olney, Illinois, as a son of Milton Eddy and Catella (Bower) Sebree. He attended a Cornell University in New York and after one year, Sebree was transferred to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He was commissioned as infantry second lieutenant on November 1, 1918. His first assignment was with American Expeditionary Forces during occupation duties in Weimar Germany in 1919.
Twardowski was born in Stettin, Germany (now Szczecin in Poland). He made his first film appearance in the 1920 Robert Wiene-directed horror movie Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari) which starred Conrad Veidt, Werner Krauss and Lil Dagover. He would go on to appear in over 20 movies in Weimar Germany during the 1920s. In 1921, Twardowski portrayed Joshua Nesbitt, Lord Horatio Nelson's stepson, in Lady Hamilton.
The National League of German Democratic Youth Clubs () was a political youth movement in Weimar Germany, functioning as the youth wing of the German Democratic Party (DDP). The organization was founded in April 1919 and was led by Max Weissner. The club spoke out with other youth clubs against "the excessive claims of the princes." During the initial phase of the Weimar Republic, the youth league had around 20,000 members across Germany.
Die BIF – Blätter Idealer Frauenfreundschaften (Papers on Ideal Women Friendships), subtitled Monatsschrift für weibliche Kultur (Monthly magazine for female culture), was a short-lived lesbian magazine of Weimar Germany, published from either 1925 or 1926 until 1927 in Berlin. Founded by lesbian activist Selli Engler, Die BIF was part of the first wave of lesbian publications in history and the world's first lesbian magazine to be published, edited and written solely by women.
Die BIF was founded, edited and published by Selli Engler, who afterwards became one of the most renowned lesbian activists of Weimar Germany. It was one of three lesbian magazines of the time beside Die Freundin (since 1924) and Frauenliebe (since 1926). Among them Die BIF was unique, as both other magazines were published, edited and even partly written by men. According to the imprint it was located at Großbeerenstraße 74 III in Kreuzberg.
Giovanni Mardersteig (born Hans Mardersteig, January 8, 1892 in Weimar, Germany; died December 27, 1977 in Verona, Italy) was a publisher, printer, typographer and historian. He was born into an artistic family. After early contact with art and literature, he studied law from 1910 to 1915 in Bonn, Kiel, Jena and Vienna. In 1922 Mardersteig moved to Montagnola di Lugano in Switzerland, founded a hand press, the Officina Bodoni, and began producing books.
Tiefurt Mansion, Weimar. Amongst the audience are Wieland (second person seated at the far left), Herder (center, seated with cap) and Goethe (in front of the pillar, right). Weimar Classicism () was a German literary and cultural movement, whose practitioners established a new humanism from the synthesis of ideas from Romanticism, Classicism, and the Age of Enlightenment. It was presumably named after the city of Weimar, Germany, because the leading authors of Weimar Classicism lived there.
In 1930 Kunze joined his old rivals as a member of the Nazi Party.Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, p. 52 Kunze was elected to the Preußischer Landtag as a Nazi delegate in 1932 and in the November 1933 he was elected to the Reichstag, serving in what by then had become a perfunctory institution until 1945. Kunze was arrested after the Battle of Berlin but went missing in May 1945 and was presumed dead.
Lothar Wolff (13 May 1909 – 2 October 1988) was a German film editor, producer and assistant director. He worked in Weimar Germany on films such as The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (1933). Following the rise of the Nazi party to power he left Germany, working in Austria, France and Denmark before eventually settling in the United States. In America he became known for his work on the documentary March of Time series.
New schools were frequently established in Weimar Germany to engage students in experimental methods of learning. Some were part of an emerging trend that combined research into physical movement and overall health, for example Eurythmy ensembles in Stuttgart that spread to other schools. Philosopher Rudolf Steiner established the first Waldorf education school in 1919, using a pedagogy also known as the Steiner method, which spread worldwide. Many Waldorf schools are in existence today.
Scapa Flow is a 1930 German drama film directed by Leo Lasko and starring Otto Gebühr, Claire Rommer and Claus Clausen. It is set around the Wilhelmshaven Mutiny and the Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow at the close of the First World War.Kester p.172-173 In Weimar Germany the scuttling of the fleet in defiance of the victorious Allies had come to be seen as a popular patriotic act.
Jerzy Ksawery Franciszek Sosnowski (December 3, 1896 in Lwów - 1942, 1944 or 1945 in Poland or the Soviet Union) was a major of the Second Department of the General Headquarters of the Polish Army (called Dwójka) and a Polish spy in Weimar Germany (1926–1934), using pseudonyms Georg von Nałęcz-Sosnowski and Ritter von Nalecz. In the Soviet Union, he was known as Jurek Sosnowski, some sources present his name as Stanislaw Sosnowski.
Hajnal was born in Darmstadt, at the time the capital of the People's State of Hesse in Weimar Germany, to a Hungarian Jewish family. In 1936 his parents left Nazi Germany, and placed him in a Quaker school in the Dutch countryside while they arranged to settle in Britain. In 1937, John was reunited with his parents in London, where he attended University College School, Hampstead. At age 16, he entered Balliol College, Oxford.
Lung received a Bachelor of Science, Textiles and Clothing degree from North Dakota State University in 1988. She moved to New York City to work in the fashion design industry. Lung studied Fiber and Material Studies at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, receiving a BFA in 2005 and a MFA in 2007. During a 2006 semester abroad in Weimar, Germany, she studied Public Art and New Artistic Strategies at the Bauhaus University.
Twentieth anniversary of the Weimar Triangle, stage conversation between Hans-Dietrich Genscher (Germany), Tadeusz Mazowiecki (Poland), Klaus-Heinrich Standke (moderator) and Roland Dumas (France) in Weimar on 29 August 2011. # 28–29 August 1991 in Weimar, Germany # 23–24 April 1992 in Bergerac, France # 11–12 November 1993 in Warsaw, Poland # 14–15 September 1994 in Bamberg, Germany # 26 October 1995 in Paris, France # 19 December 1996 in Warsaw, Poland # 19 November 1997 in Frankfurt/Oder, Germany # 6 January 1999 in Paris, France # 30 August 1999 in Weimar, Germany # 7 June 2000 in Kraków, Poland # 16 January 2002 in Paris, France # 15 May 2004 in Berlin, Germany # 27 June 2005 in Nancy, France # 2005 in Warsaw, Poland # June 2008 in Paris, France # June 2009 in Weimar, Germany # 26–27 April 2010 in Bonn, Germany # 20 May 2011 in Bydgoszcz, Poland # 29 February 2012 in Berlin, Germany # 23 June 2012 in Warsaw, Poland # 31 March-1 April 2014 in Berlin and Weimar, GermanyTimothy Jones (23 May 1996), Germany, France, Poland call for new EU approach to eastern neighbors Deutsche Welle. # 3 April 2015 in Wrocław, PolandJoint Communique of the Weimar Triangle Foreign Ministers Frank-Walter Steinmeier (Germany), Laurent Fabius (France), and Grzegorz Schetyna (Poland) in Wrocław, 3 April 2015 Federal Foreign Office of Germany, press release of 3 April 2015. # 28–29 August 2016 in Weimar and Berlin, GermanyWeimar Triangle – Meeting between Jean-Marc Ayrault and his German and Polish counterparts (Weimar and Berlin, 28-29 August 2016) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development, press release of 26 August 2016.
Their eugenics program also stemmed from the "progressive biomedical model" of Weimar Germany. In 1935, Nazi Germany expanded the legality of abortion by amending its eugenics law, to promote abortion for women with hereditary disorders. The law allowed abortion if a woman gave her permission and the fetus was not yet viable and for purposes of so-called racial hygiene. The Nazis said that homosexuality was degenerate, effeminate, perverted and undermined masculinity because it did not produce children.
The territory east of the river was first administered by the governor of the Region of Königsberg. In a plebiscite on 11 July 1920, the inhabitants of the district voted to remain in the Free State of Prussia within Weimar Germany. Außendeich, Johannisdorf, Kleinfelde, Kramershof, and Neu Liebenau, communities east of the Vistula, became part of Poland on 12 August, however. On 1 July 1922, Kreis Marienwerder was formally incorporated into the Prussian Province of East Prussia.
He spoke Uyghur, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Turkish and some Arabic and acted as the interpreter for Yang Zengxin, the leader of Xinjiang at the time. Jadid leader Ismail Gasprinski inspired Burhan Shahidi. Burhan Shahidi in 1929 In 1929, he was sent to Weimar Germany by Xinjiang's next leader Jin Shuren and studied political-economy in Berlin. He returned to Xinjiang in 1933 and held a number of roles in the provincial government including manager of a land development company.
When broadcasting was introduced in Germany in the early 1920s, those who wished to produce radio programs had to apply for a license which was granted by the Postal Ministry. Broadcasting was to differ from the two other popular forms of media; television and the press, in that it was to be ‘’above party politics’’.Karl Christian Führer, ‘A Medium of Modernity? Broadcasting in Weimar Germany, 1923–1932’, The Journal of Modern History, 69, 4, (1997), p. 724.
A German Robinson Crusoe () is a 1940 German drama film directed by Arnold Fanck and starring Herbert A.E. Böhme, Marieluise Claudius, and Claus Clausen. Written by Arnold Fanck and Rolf Meyer, the film is a modern-day Robinson Crusoe story about a man so angry about the post-World War I conditions in Weimar Germany that he voluntarily goes to live on a desert island. The film was shot partly on location in South America.Bergfelder & Bock, p. 116.
In a diary form the story follows the journey of Michael, a fictional character who represents a young Joseph Goebbels. At the beginning of the novel Michael has just returned home from service in the Great War. He finds a new democratic Germany which invokes feelings of both love and hate. Throughout the novel Michael wrestles with this mix of nationalist pride and anger towards Weimar Germany and he explores his personal philosophy and belief system.
She started her first piano lessons at the age of 7 at the Arts School in her native town. In 1999 she settled with her family in Brasov, Transylvania, to study piano with Professor Stela Drăgulin from the Faculty of Music. Aged only 16, she passed the entrance examination at the Franz Liszt Music University in Weimar, Germany, becoming Grigory Gruzman’s student. She attends in parallel the courses of the National College Andrei Saguna in Brasov.
As this is not the case, > they established a reign of the sword that could not have been more brutal > and reckless under the disgraceful regime of the Tzar.... Therefore we must > draw a thick, visible dividing line between us and the Bolsheviks.Schulze, > Weimar. Germany 1917–1933, p. 158 In the same month in which Otto Braun's article appeared (October 1918), another series of strikes swept through Germany with the participation of over 1 million workers.
In 1919, Ross was elected as a member of the Hamburg Parliament, and served until 1933. He was President of the diet from 1920 until 1928. In 1928 the parliament elected Ross into the Senate of Hamburg and became Second Mayor, 1930 - 1931 he was First Mayor of Hamburg. On 3 March 1933 he resigned from the Hamburg Parliament under protest to the Machtergreifung--the Nazi takeover of power in Weimar Germany on 30 January 1933.
Intended for a diplomatic career like his father, Matthew Gregory Lewis spent most of his school vacations abroad, studying modern languages. His travels sent him to London, Chatham, Scotland, and the continent at least twice, including Paris in 1791 and Weimar, Germany in 1792–1793. During these travels, Lewis enjoyed spending time in society, a trait that he retained throughout his life. In the same period he began translating existing works and writing his own plays.
Georg Muche (1926, gelatin silver print) In 1923, Walter Gropius, who had founded the Bauhaus school in 1919 in Weimar, Germany, hired Moholy-Nagy as a teacher. In 1926, the couple moved into one of the Bauhaus staff residences called 'Meisterhäuser—Masters’ Houses—on the school's new campus in Dessau, Germany. During those five years, Moholy documented the interior and exterior of Bauhaus architecture and its facilities in Weimar and Dessau,Sachsse, Rolf. Lucia Moholy Bauhaus Fotograjin.
In 1991, the ensemble was named after Johannes Brahms. That same year, the official debut of the Brahms Trio took place at the Small Hall of the Moscow Conservatory. In 1993, the Brahms Trio won the 2nd prize at the XIII International Chamber Music Competition in Trapani, Italy, and in 1996, the 1st prize at the First Joseph Joachim Chamber Music Competition in Weimar, Germany. In 1995 the Brahms Trio became a resident ensemble of the Moscow Philharmonic Society.
NSV badge The National Socialist People's Welfare (, NSV) was a social welfare organization during the Third Reich. The NSV was established in 1931 as a local welfare organization; on 3 May 1933, shortly after the Nazi Party took power in Weimar Germany, Hitler turned it into a party organization of the NSDAP. The main offices were in Berlin. The structure of the NSV was based on the Nazi Party model, with local, county (Kreis) and district (Gau) administrations.
He was a member of the music design and performance ensemble Sonde from 1979 to 1988. In 1988 he undertook doctoral studies in environmental music at the University of Paris VIII studying under composer Horacio Vaggione. From 1992 to 1996 he taught at the studio for electronic music at the TU Berlin. Since 1997, he has been Professor of Electro-Acoustic Composition at the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt and the Bauhaus-Universität in Weimar, Germany.
He is a member of the Union of Bulgarian Artists and has had more than 60 solo exhibitions in Europe, USA and Japan. Alexander Telalim's artworks can be found in numerous private collections in Europe and US, as well in the public collections of the City Gallery of Izmail (Ukraine), the municipality of Saint Louis (France), the Bulgarian Consulate in New York City (US), the town of Weimar (Germany) and the Ukrainian Consulate in Sofia (Bulgaria).
Leopold Grützmacher (born in Dessau, Germany on 4 September 1835, died in Weimar Germany on 26 February 1900) was a German cellist and composer. He was the younger brother of Friedrich Grützmacher and was a member of the Gewandhaus orchestra in Leipzig. Later he was the principal cellist of the Schwerin Hofkapelle, the Landestheater in Prague and then in the Hofkapelle in Meiningen, Germany. From 1876 he was first cellist and chamber music virtuoso in Weimar.
Dobieszowice () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Walce, within Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Walce, south of Krapkowice, and south of the regional capital Opole. In the Upper Silesian Plebiscite on March 20, 1921, 304 votes were given for the village to stay part of Germany, while 85 were given for the village to join Poland. see Accordingly, Dobersdorf stayed part of Weimar Germany.
564–565 Banu's accomplishments as minister include his successful promotion of Romania's first copyright law, on January 15, 1923. Cassian Maria Spiridon, "Secolul breslei scriitoricești", in Convorbiri Literare, April 2008 He also founded an Inspectorate of Romanian Museums, under Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș, but withheld its financing later on.Tzigara-Samurcaș, pp. 165–166 The two politicians negotiated for a reciprocal exchange of coveted cultural goods between, on one hand, Romania and, on the other, Weimar Germany and the Austrian Republic.
The Free Association of German Trade Unions (; abbreviated FVdG; sometimes also translated as Free Association of German UnionsBock 1990 (translated by Wayne Thorpe) uses this translation. or Free Alliance of German Trade Unions)Müller 1985b uses this variant. was a trade union federation in Imperial and early Weimar Germany. It was founded in 1897 in Halle under the name Representatives' Centralization of Germany as the national umbrella organization of the localist current of the German labor movement.
Monument to the March Dead () is an expressionist monument in the Weimar Central Cemetery in Weimar, Germany that memorializes workers killed in the 1920 Kapp Putsch. A 1920 design produced by Walter Gropius, in collaboration with Fred Forbát, was selected from those submitted in a competition organized by the Union Cartel and Städtisches Museum Weimar.Gilbert Lupfer & Paul Sigel, Walter Gropius, 1883–1969: the promoter of a new form, p. 31. The structure was built between 1920 and 1922.
The Goethe–Schiller Monument is a public artwork by German artist Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel located in Washington Park, which is in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The bronze sculpture from 1908 depicts two men, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich von Schiller, one holding a laurel wreath and the other a scroll. The 12 foot artwork rests upon a 26 foot long granite base. The bronze sculpture is a recasting of the statue incorporated into the 1857 Goethe-Schiller Monument in Weimar, Germany.
Bern is founding artistic director of Yiddish Summer Weimar, a five-week summer institute and festival in Weimar, Germany. Currently, it is the longest and most intensive program for the research, dissemination and creative renewal of Yiddish culture in the world. YSW annually attracts students, artists, educators and audiences from more than 20 countries to its workshops, concerts, lectures and symposia, new music, dance and theater projects, jam sessions and more. Bern’s artistic direction gives equal weight to subject matter and pedagogical approach.
Sukhomlinov, pp. 467, 486 After the fall of the Russian Provisional Government, Sukhomlinov had in prison the company of all the former ministers, others were Alexei Khvostov, Purishkevich, and Stepan Petrovich Beletsky. On May Day 1918, Sukhomlinov was released from prison shortly before reaching 70 years of age, and for a while kept himself hidden in an empty apartment. On 22 September, Sukhomlinov fled Russia and moved to Hanko in Finland (now independent from Russia) before moving again to Weimar Germany.
Wilhelm-Ernst-Gymnasium The Wilhelm-Ernst-Gymnasium is a secondary school on Herderplatz 14 in Weimar, Germany. Founded in 1712 by Duke William Ernest of Saxe-Weimar, it is the oldest school building in the city. Numerous notable figures such as Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Heinrich Voss, Friedrich Wilhelm Riemer and Johann Karl August Musäus studied here. It is a designated historic site and is one of the few secular buildings of the pre-classical period still remaining in Weimar.
Franks trained at the Staatliche Bauhochschule (de) in Weimar, Germany from 1929-1930. He also attended classes at the Bauhaus art school in Dessau, although he was not officially enrolled at the school. On his return to England Franks worked with a mining community in the Village of Boosbeck in the northeast of England, teaching a group of unemployed miners how to design and make furniture. It was through his involvement with Boosbeck that Franks got to know the composer Michael Tippett.
Ulrike Theusner( born 1982 in Frankfurt (Oder), Germany) is a German artist working primarily in drawing and printmaking. She studied at École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts à la Villa Arson in Nice, France and graduated in 2008 from Bauhaus University in Weimar, Germany. Amongst others, her work was exhibited in groupshows at Kunsthalle Darmstadt, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nice, Neues Museum Weimar and several solo shows in New York, Berlin, Frankfurt, Toulouse, Paris and Shanghai. She lives and works between Weimar and Berlin.
New York: Little, Brown, p. 199. Wolff assisted Jung with research and accompanied him and his wife, Emma, along with a group of other colleagues, to a psychoanalytic conference in Weimar, Germany, in 1911; at that time Jung described Wolff in a letter to Freud as "a new discovery of mine, Frl. Antonia Wolff, a remarkable intellect with excellent feeling for religion and philosophy".Jung to Freud, 29 August 1911; William McGuire, ed., The Freud/Jung Letters (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 440.
Die bürgerlichen und kleinbürgerlichen Parteien und Verbände in Deutschland (1789−1945). Band 2, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig, 1984, p. 741 In contrast to the Reich Party of the German Middle Class (WP), another middle class party, it sought to represent those who were worst hit by the hyperinflation of the early 1920s, with the WP representing the property owners who had did well from the crisis.Richard Bessel & E.J. Feuchtwanger, Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, Croom Helm, 1981, , p.
Karl Beck (1814 – 4 March 1879) was an Austrian operatic tenor who is notable for creating the title role in Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin in Weimar, Germany in 1850. He also sang the title role in Hector Berlioz's opera Benvenuto Cellini in its first performance outside France, also in Weimar, in 1852. Both performances were marred by a deterioration in his vocal powers probably caused by a lingering infection. He ended his career as master baker to the Imperial Court in Vienna.
Under the Weimar Republic, 1919–1933, German Jews played a major role in politics and diplomacy for the first time in their history, and they strengthened their position in financial, economic, and cultural affairs.Donald L. Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany (2001) Hugo Preuß was Interior Minister under the first post-imperial regime and wrote the first draft of the liberal Weimar Constitution.Peter Stirk, "Hugo Preuss, German political thought and the Weimar constitution." History of Political Thought (2002) 23#3 pp: 497-516.
Between 1908 and 1933, "perhaps dozens" of such passes were granted by the German police. Mainly given to middle-class, heterosexual, male-to-female transvestites to avoid associations with gay and lesbian culture in Weimar Germany. The certificate said that the individual in question was allowed to wear clothing which corresponded to their gender identity. These certificates were null and void when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, and harassment of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals increased in the Nazi era.
CNBL party logo The Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (, or CNBL) was an agrarian political party of Weimar Germany. It developed from the German National People's Party (DNVP) in 1928. The group had emerged following the 1928 election at which the DNVP suffered losses. In response the party appointed the radical right Alfred Hugenberg as leader and he adopted a policy of opposition to the Weimar Republic, the party having previously been critical of, but largely engaged with, the system.
In 1869, a system of fire alarm boxes was installed throughout the city, connected by sixty miles of telegraph lines. The first full-time paid firemen came in 1874, while Henry Lippert was fire chief. Lippert was an immigrant from Weimar, Germany who had worked his way up through the volunteer fire department. In 1876 the city built Chemical Engine House No. 1, which would be named the Chief Lippert Station, in a growing new neighborhood north of the downtown.
The Haus am Horn is a domestic house in Weimar, Germany, designed by Georg Muche. It was built for the Bauhaus Werkschau (English: Work show) exhibition which ran from July to September 1923. It was the first building based on Bauhaus design principles, which revolutionized 20th century architectural and aesthetic thinking and practice In keeping with the Bauhaus philosophy of teaching via practical experience and working with industry, a number students were involved with the building project.Snider, C., Bauhaus: Philosophy .
47 (in Polish) In January 1920 Wysoka was finally transferred from Weimar Germany to Poland following the Treaty of Versailles, and it was attached to the Wyrzysk Powiat (county). After the German invasion of Poland, which sparked World War II in September 1939, 19 Polish craftsmen and farmers were murdered by the Germans on the slope of the Góra Wysoka hill in two mass executions on October 21 and November 21.Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce.
Stare Koźle (German Alt Cosel) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bierawa, within Kędzierzyn-Koźle County, Opole Voivodeship, in south- western Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Bierawa, south of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, and south-east of the regional capital Opole. In the Silesian plebiscite of 20 March 1921 414 inhabitants voted to remain in Weimar Germany, 236 to join Poland. Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).
John Werner Cahn (January 9, 1928 – March 14, 2016) was an American scientist and recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science. Born in Cologne, Weimar Germany, he was a professor in the department of metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1964 to 1978. From 1977, he held a position at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards). Cahn had a profound influence on the course of materials research during his career.
Kramer was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary in 1916. At age 13 Kramer began art lessons with Friedl Dicker. Dicker was graduate of the Bauhaus in Weimar, Germany and was an artist and art teacher of note. Kramer studied drawing, sculpture and painting, and was influenced by the method for teaching art developed by Bauhaus artist Johannes Itten. It was in 1934 after Kramer graduated from Realgymnasium that she, then 18, followed Dicker to Prague to continue to study under her.
Under his management, this business never produced an actual profit for the state, as most surpluses were drawn into covering BMB losses.Argetoianu (1997), pp. 274–276 Carol also intervened to get Discom a share from the Alcohol Monopoly, as well as control over Loteria de Stat; through the king's pressures, the General Council of Bucharest also spent 500 million lei on acquiring Blank's allotment in Otopeni. In June 1931, Blank was dispatched to Berlin, kicking off trade negotiations between Romania and Weimar Germany.
Continued unrest in Weimar Germany necessitated the deployment of Hamburg and two torpedo boats to the cruiser's namesake city in October. The two torpedo boats were detached to the Harburg district of the city and Hamburg sent a landing party ashore to help the city's police restore order. During this period, the fleet was reorganized, effective on 15 October; the position of Oberbefehlshaber der Seestreitkräfte (High Command of Naval Forces) was created as the superior command of the two Marinestation.
The intersection of politics and philosophy inspired other philosophers in Weimar Germany, when radical politics included many thinkers and activists across the political spectrum. During his 20s, Herbert Marcuse was a student in Freiburg, where he went to study under Martin Heidegger, one of Germany's most prominent philosophers. Marcuse himself later became a driving force in the New Left in the United States. Ernst Bloch, Max Horkheimer and Walter Benjamin all wrote about Marxism and politics in addition to other philosophical topics.
The Weimar post office opened in 1866. An explanation of the town's name comes from the Geisendorfer family; descendants of George Geisendorfer, founder of the town. George Geisendorfer was born in the area of Weimar, Germany. Many of the original inhabitants of Weimar (New England Mills) were also of German descent. Members of the town, and the Geisendorfer family, have testified that George Geisendorfer himself decided to rename the town “Weimar” when the post office rejected the original name of New England Mills.
Herman Hedrich (December 21, 1849 - November 12, 1929) was an American politician and farmer. Born in Stanau, Saxe-Weimar, Germany, Hedrick and his parents emigrated to the United States in 1852 and settled on a farm in the Town of Mosel in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin. Hedrich then bought some land in the Town of Rantoul, Calumet County, Wisconsin, in 1868, and started a farm. During that time, Hedrich was chairman of the Rantoul Town Board and served on the Calumet County Board of Supervisors.
Many Liberal Jews fought for Germany in the first World War, and they emphasized the compatibility of Judaism with German patriotism. Liberal Jews also tended to dress like other German citizens. Both traditions emphasized the religious and cultural aspects of Judaism while rejecting any claims about Jewish nationalism (also known as Zionism). 'The Jews in Weimar Germany', Donald L. Niewyk, Louisiana State University Press, 1980 Samuel Freund, as a patriotic German, opposed the Zionist movement, which was gaining strength in Germany in the 1920s.
He was born at Harley Street, Marylebone, London, on 25 November 1827, the son of the banker and politician Raikes Currie and his wife the Hon. Laura Sophia Wodehouse, daughter of John Wodehouse, 1st Baron Wodehouse. He was educated at Eton College from 1840 to 1845, and afterwards in foreign languages in Weimar, Germany. His younger brother Philip Currie, 1st Baron Currie (1834–1906), was a diplomat, Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1893 to 1898 and Ambassador to Italy from 1898 to 1902.
As Minister of Labour, Brauns advanced laws and decrees on works councils, workers' participation in management, collective bargaining agreements, labour arbitration, labour law and employment exchanges. He also supported rules on policies such as social security entitlements or handouts for the war-wounded. Brauns was a major influence on social policy in Weimar Germany. When Hermann Müller formed his second cabinet in 1928 he wanted to retain Brauns as Minister of Labour, but internal party politics in the Zentrum prevented Brauns from staying in office.
Another well-known English version is Lord Byron's epic poem Don Juan (1821). Don Juans Ende, a play derived from an unfinished 1844 retelling of the tale by poet Nikolaus Lenau, inspired Richard Strauss's orchestral tone poem Don Juan.Richard Strauss - Don Juan, Op. 20, YouTube This piece premiered on 11 November 1889, in Weimar, Germany, where Strauss served as Court Kapellmeister and conducted the orchestra of the Weimar Opera. In Lenau's version of the story, Don Juan's promiscuity springs from his determination to find the ideal woman.
The first minister was Hans Lukaschek, member of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former president of the Zentralverband vertriebener Deutscher, an organisation of displaced Germans. Before the war he was responsible for organising propaganda against the Poles in Upper Silesia.T. Hunt Tooley, "National identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the eastern border, 1918–1922", U of Nebraska Press, 1997, pg. 176 He had eight successors, until in 1969 the ministry was dissolved and its competences were distributed among other federal ministries.
He was born at Valdagno, near Vicenza, in Italy. His parents were Francis Hare-Naylor and the painter Georgiana Shipley, a daughter of Bishop Shipley. Augustus William Hare was his brother, and his great-grandfather, Francis Hare, was bishop of St Asaph. He came to England with his parents in 1799, but in 1804/05 spent a winter with them at Weimar, Germany, where he met Goethe and Schiller, and took an interest in German literature which influenced his style and sentiments throughout his career.
Buchholz, p. 56 At the time, Germany was divided into the series of gaue – Nazi administrative subdivisions – that had succeeded the administrative divisions of Weimar Germany. The demarcation line was based on a British proposal of 15 January 1944. It envisaged a line of control along the borders of the old states or provinces of Mecklenburg, Saxony, Anhalt and Thuringia, which had ceased to exist as separate entities when the Prussians unified Germany in 1871;Faringdon, p. 282 minor adjustments were made for practical reasons.
Arnold Paucker, OBE (Berlin, January 6, 1921 - London, October 13, 2016)Von Berlin-Charlottenburg an die Oval Road in Camden , by Raphael Gross in tachles, Vol. 43/2016, October 28, 2016 was a Jewish German-English historian. He was the long-time editor of the Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, published by the Leo Baeck Institute London. The primary subjects of his work were Jewish self-defense in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany as well as Jewish resistance against the national socialist regime after 1933.
Jealousy (1927) In 1923, Moholy-Nagy was invited by Walter Gropius to teach at the Bauhaus in Weimar, Germany. He took over Johannes Itten's role co-teaching the Bauhaus foundation course with Josef Albers, and also replaced Paul Klee as Head of the Metal Workshop.Bauhaus100. Preliminary course. (Accessed: February 7, 2017)Bauhaus100. Metal workshop (Accessed: February 7, 2017) This effectively marked the end of the school’s expressionistic leanings and moved it closer towards its original aims as a school of design and industrial integration.
Richard Bessel & E.J. Feuchtwanger, Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, Croom Helm, 1981, , p. 151 After Adolf Hitler came to power Willikens was appointed as a State Secretary in the Agriculture Ministry.Donald Bloxham, Tony Kushner, Antony Robin Jeremy Kushner, The Holocaust: Critical Historical Approaches, Manchester University Press ND, 2005, p. 127 Ian Kershaw has argued that a speech made by Willikens in 1934, in particular his use of the phrase "working towards the Führer", was important in laying the framework for the Holocaust.
His next major book returned to his earlier interest in German history; The German Social Democratic Party 1875–1933 (1981) was a political science study which analysed the party's organisation and politics within a historical perspective. He became interested especially in the cultural dimension of left-wing politics in interwar Germany and he published Workers' Culture in Weimar Germany in 1990. He followed this up with Art for Workers in 1997. By that time, he was ill with Parkinson's disease and he died on 13 February 1998.
The Bauhaus school, founded in 1919 in Weimar, Germany, by architect Walter Gropius, was an art school that combined all aspects of art. It eventually was forced to move to Dessau, Germany, in 1925 due to political tensions, then Berlin, in 1932 until the doors of the school were closed from the pressure of the Nazi regime. With the change of location came a change of direction in the institution. The Bauhaus adopted an emphasis on production in Dessau, but maintained its intellectual concerns in design.
In the national politics of Weimar Germany, the geopolitical usage of is credited to Karl Ernst Haushofer and his Institute of Geopolitics, in Munich, especially the ultra-nationalist interpretation to avenge military defeat in the First World War (1914–18), and reverse the dictates of the Treaty of Versailles (1919), which reduced Germany geographically, economically, and militarily. The politician Adolf Hitler said that the National Socialist (Nazi) geopolitics of "inevitable expansion" would reverse overpopulation, provide natural resources, and uphold German national honor.Stephen J. Lee. Europe, 1890–1945.
Peter Zvi Malchin was born on May 27, 1927 in Pilgramshain, Weimar Germany (now Żółkiewka, Poland), to an observant Jewish family.Samuel Schafler, Hadassah Magazine October 1990, p. 37, review of Eichmann in My Hands, Peter Malkin and Harry Stein In 1936, his family fled to Palestine to escape the rising tide of German anti-Semitism; his sister, Fruma, and her three children who remained behind with 150 other relatives, died in the Holocaust. At the age of 12, Malkin was recruited into the Haganah.
Many Polish inhabitants took part in the Greater Poland uprising (1918–19), aiming at reuniting the town with Poland after regaining independence in 1918. While the Polish argued that the town was part of historic Greater Poland, i.e. the cradle of the Polish state, and should thus be incorporated in newborn Poland by historical rights, the town's population was German-speaking by large majority. an was thus assigned to stay with the small province of Posen-West Prussia as Weimar Germany according to Self-determination principles.
The office of president was established in 1937, in part as a replacement for the office of governor- general that existed during the 1922–37 Irish Free State. The seven-year term of office of the president was inspired by that of the presidents of Weimar Germany. At the time the office was established critics warned that the post might lead to the emergence of a dictatorship. However, these fears were not borne out as successive presidents played a limited, largely apolitical role in national affairs.
From 1948 to 1951, Fink studied timpanis and percussion in the class of Alfred Wagner at the University of Music in Weimar (Germany). He also studied composition in the class of Helmut Riethmüller at the same institution. After several orchestral and teaching positions in Weimar, Magdeburg, Lübeck and Hannover, he attained a permanent teaching position for timpanis and percussion at the Hochschule für Musik Würzburg. In the year 1974, he was promoted to a full professor and became head of the renowned Studio für Perkussion in Würzburg.
Timber-framed Holy Trinity Church Elbing became part of the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany. As Elbing became an industrial city, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) frequently received the majority of votes; in the 1912 Reichstag elections the SPD received 51% of the vote. After World War I, most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic. Elbing was joined to German East Prussia, and was separated from Weimar Germany by the so-called Polish Corridor.
Hans Lukaschek (22 May 1885 – 26 January 1960) was a German lawyer and politician. Lukaschek, born 1885 in Breslau (now known to English speakers by its Polish name, Wrocław), had started his political career in the Catholic Center Party as a mayor and landrat in Upper Silesian Rybnik and Hindenburg (Zabrze). After the First World War served as German propaganda chief throughout the Upper Silesia plebiscite.T. Hunt Tooley, "National identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the eastern border, 1918-1922", U of Nebraska Press, 1997, p.
Hanson taught at Willmar Seminary (academy) in Willmar, Minnesota, 1885-1887, before returning to Luther College to teach music and mathematics from 1888-1890. Hanson served as principal of Decorah School of Music in 1889 which was incorporated into the Luther College the following year. Hanson left Luther in 1891 to studied music in Weimar, Germany from 1891-1892. Returning to Luther College in 1894, he was appointed as the first professor of music in 1895. He continued to serve on the faculty until 1904.
Union Giesserei Königsberg was based in Continien since 1907; in 1912 they acquired Gustav Bendikt Fechter's Contienen shipyard. Segelclub RHE moved from Friedrichsburg to Contienen in 1914. By 1924 three large docks (Hafenbecken) were built northeast of Contienen and northwest of Nasser Garten to alleviate Königsberg's economic difficulties after the Treaty of Versailles and the separation of East Prussia from Weimar Germany. The Holzhafen (wood harbor) was closest to Contienen, followed by the Industriehafen (industrial harbor) across from Ratshof and the Freihafen (free harbor) across from Kosse.
On 19 May, the battalion moved from Weimar, Germany, to Marseilles, France, where it re-organized as a Signal Light Construction Battalion and boarded ships en route to the Pacific Theater. On 1 August 1945, while still at sea, the ship's captain announced the end of hostilities with Japan. The battalion debarked at Hagas Ti Port, Okinawa, and set up camp on 1 September. On 30 December 1945, the battalion was reconstituted as a corps-type signal battalion and a month later, inactivated on Okinawa.
The Battle of (the) Annaberg () was the biggest battle of the Silesian Uprisings. The battle, which took place between May 21-26, 1921, was fought at the Annaberg (Polish: Góra Św. Anny), a strategic hill near the village of Annaberg O.S. (Góra Świętej Anny), located southeast of Oppeln (Opole) in Upper Silesia, Weimar Germany. After the hill had been captured by irregular Polish-Silesian units in the Third Silesian Uprising, German Freikorps pushed the Polish forces back. The final border was determined by political and diplomatic efforts.
Richard S. Levy, Antisemitism, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 265 Many members of the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund joined the DVFP after the former was banned. After the Nazi Party was banned in 1924, the DVFP merged with many Nazis to form the National Socialist Freedom Movement, a move endorsed by Erich Ludendorff and encouraged by Graefe, who hoped to gain control of the far right as a whole.Douglas G. Morris, Justice Imperiled: The Anti-Nazi Lawyer Max Hirschberg in Weimar Germany (University of Michigan Press, 2005), p.
Karl Radek also illegally supported communist subversive activities in Weimar Germany in 1919. From the outset, both states sought to overthrow the system that was established by the victors of World War I. Germany, laboring under onerous reparations and stung by the collective responsibility provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, was a defeated nation in turmoil. This and the Russian Civil War made both Germany and the Soviets into international outcasts, and their resulting rapprochement during the interbellum was a natural convergence.Gasiorowski, Zygmunt J. (1958).
Futurism is another favourite expressionist theme, shown corrupted into a force of oppression in the dystopia of Metropolis (1927). The self-deluded lead characters in many expressionist films echo Goethe's Faust, and Murnau indeed retold the tale in his film Faust. German expressionism was not the dominant type of popular film in Weimar Germany and were outnumbered by the production of costume dramas, often about folk legends, which were enormously popular with the public. The Weimar era's most groundbreaking film studio was the UFA studio.
One of the last shots of the film also brings attention to the fact that, as a convert, Shylock would have been cast out of the Jewish community in Venice, no longer allowed to live in the ghetto. Another interpretation of Shylock and a vision of how "must he be acted" appears at the conclusion of the autobiography of Alexander Granach, a noted Jewish stage and film actor in Weimar Germany (and later in Hollywood and on Broadway).Granach (1945; 2010), pp. 275–279.
Scheyer's commitment to the Blue Four began in 1915, when she first saw the work of Russian artist Jawlensky in Lausanne, Switzerland. She organized his participation in a group show at Nassauischer Kunstverein, Wiesbaden, in 1921. That same year, on a trip to the Bauhaus in Weimar, Germany, Jawlensky introduced her to Feininger, Kandinsky and Klee, who were instructors at the avant-garde art school.Suzanne Muchnic (November 13, 1994), ART NOTES : The Modernism of Galka Scheyer : The German-born art patron who settled in L.A. brought attention to the famous 'Blue Four.
German Zionists saw Judaism as a national identity first and foremost, albeit one with no physical country to call home. According to German Zionist leaders, it was not possible logically, and psychologically, to be both a Jew and a true member of any other nation. They viewed emigration to Palestine, and the establishment of a Jewish state there, as the only long-term solution to anti- Semitism and the only way for Jews to truly belong to a nation.The Jews in Weimar Germany, Donald L. Niewyk, Louisiana State University Press, 1980, p.
Two years later, he was sent to the United States to establish relations with his relatives there and to obtain a genuine American passport that would allow free travel in Europe. "Leon L. Nikolaev" (Nikolsky-Orlov) arrived in the US aboard the SS Europa on 22 September 1932 and sailed from Bremen. After being identified as a spy by the US Office of Naval Intelligence, Orlov obtained a passport in the name of William Goldin and departed on 30 November 1932 on the SS Bremen back to Weimar Germany.
The tunnel under the Market Square in Weimar, Germany. In 2007, an underground seismic test in the tunnel under the Market Square in Weimar was conducted to calculate the damage caused by the human traffic above. That day, Weimar discovered something that possibly no one had ever considered before: something so valuable from the past that the city completely sealed off two sides of the tunnel with glass panels. It was not a pair of bare human eyes, who were privileged to be the first to gaze upon the rock parchments.
Paris, 30 May 1921Malcolm Gee, "Dealers, Critics and Collectors of Modern Painting; Aspects of the Parisian Art Market Between 1910 and 1930", Courtauld PhD Dissertation 1977, p25 From 1919–1920, Uhde worked with Helmut Kolle and lived with him in Chantilly, France. Uhde became active as a pacifist in Weimar Germany, but returned to France in 1924, moving back to Chantilly in 1927. A Jew, he spent the Second World War in hiding in southern France, at one point helped by the art critic and resistance leader Jean Cassou.
The residence of Nietzsche's last three years along with archive in Weimar, Germany, which holds many of Nietzsche's papers A trained philologist, Nietzsche had a thorough knowledge of Greek philosophy. He read Kant, Plato, Mill, Schopenhauer and Spir,Brobjer, Thomas. "Nietzsche's Reading and Private Library, 1885–1889". Journal of History of Ideas. who became the main opponents in his philosophy, and later Baruch Spinoza, whom he saw as his "precursor" in many respects"Letter to Franz Overbeck, 30 July 1881" but as a personification of the "ascetic ideal" in others.
From 1908 to 1918 von Pilchau served as the land marshal of Livonia, the leader of the noble corporation. From 1912–17 he was also a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia as a representative of Livonia. He was one of the persons behind the creation of the short-lived United Baltic Duchy and the only Chairman of its Regency Council from 5 November 1918 to 28 November 1918. On 3 January 1919, Pilar von Pilchau went into exile and lived for several years in Weimar Germany.
Soldiers of the Corps des Gendarmes et Volontaires pose for a photograph, 1910 On 16 February 1881, the Corps des Gendarmes et Volontaires (Corps of Gendarmes and Volunteers) was established. It was composed of two companies, a company of gendarmes and one of volunteers. In 1939, a corps of auxiliary volunteers was established and attached to the company of volunteers. Following the occupation of Luxembourg by Germany in May 1940, recruitment for the company of volunteers continued until 4 December 1940, when they were moved to Weimar, Germany, to be trained as German police.
The Union blockade of the Confederate States of America severely damaged the South's plantation owners; however, the South had little economic development. The blockade of Germany during World War I led to starvation of hundreds of thousands of Germans but did not cause economic collapse, at least until the political turmoil and the hyperinflation that followed. For both the Confederacy and Weimar Germany, the cost of the war was worse than the blockade. Many Southern plantation owners had their bank accounts confiscated and also all had to free their slaves without compensation.
Ross' excursion to Central Europe proved less successful than she had hoped. Ross was unable to find acting opportunities and, by early 1931, she instead worked as a nightclub singer in Weimar Germany, presumably in lesbian bars. When not singing or modelling, Ross often haunted the offices of the UFA GmbH, the German motion picture production company, in the hopes of landing small film roles as an actress. By Autumn 1931, she obtained a theatrical job as a dancer in theatre director Max Reinhardt's Tales of Hoffmann, the latter Offenbach's '.
Jiří Vodička (born 1988) is a Czech violinist. He has performed with many of the leading Czech orchestras including the Janacek Philharmonic Orchestra in Ostrava in May 2007. He has received national awards for his musicianship. He was awarded First Prize in the following national and international competitions: Czech Nationwide Competition for Primary Artistic Schools, the Kocian International Violin Competition, Prague Junior Note, Violin Competition (Dolny Kubin), the Beethoven International Violin Competition in Hradec nad Moravici, and the 2004 4th Internationsl Louis Spohr Competition for Young Violinists in Weimar, Germany.
Museum of Wieluń Rail connection links Wieluń to Poznań and Katowice. The line was built in the 1920s, as the junction of Kluczbork remained within borders of Weimar Germany and direct rail communication between Polish part of Upper Silesia and Poznań was impossible. Therefore, it was crucial to construct a brand new line, which runs from Herby Nowe to Kępno. The line was one of the most important connections in the Second Polish Republic, but after World War II, when Kluczbork was annexed by Poland, it lost its importance.
On 22 July 1928, a bell was consecrated at Heart of Jesus Catholic Church (Herz- Jesu-Kirche). On 17 January 1909, the Dietschweiler Protestant Church Building Association was founded. Administrative structures changed again after the First World War when the Treaty of Versailles stipulated, among other things, that Homburg had to be ceded to the British- and French-occupied Saar. The rest of the Homburg district that was then still within Weimar Germany now functioned as a branch of Waldmohr in the Kusel district, and was permanently grouped into the Kusel district in 1940.
His film work brought him an impressive array of awards, including five British Society of Cinematographers awards, three BAFTAS and two Academy Awards. Unsworth was especially in demand as cinematographer in two very different genres, period pieces and science fiction. Among the highlights of his career, he collaborated with Stanley Kubrick on the visually innovative 2001: A Space Odyssey (on which he was assisted by John Alcott, who would become a regular collaborator of Kubrick's) and Bob Fosse's dark musical exploration of the end of Weimar Germany, Cabaret.
The Blue Angel () is a 1930 German tragicomedic film directed by Josef von Sternberg and starring Marlene Dietrich, Emil Jannings, and Kurt Gerron. Written by Carl Zuckmayer, Karl Vollmöller and Robert Liebmann – with uncredited contributions by Sternberg – it is based on Heinrich Mann's 1905 novel Professor Unrat (Professor Garbage) and set in Weimar Germany. The Blue Angel presents the tragic transformation of a respectable professor to a cabaret clown and his descent into madness. The film is the first feature- length German full-talkie and brought Dietrich international fame.
After his father's death, George, at the age of sixteen, worked as a cashboy at Sanger Brothers Dry Goods. After consultation with relatives, Clotilde decided that landscape architecture would combine the right degree of creativity and practicality to suit her son's temperament. The family moved back to Germany, where George received formal training. He undertook a two- year apprenticeship at the private landscape gardening school at the Grand Ducal Gardens in Weimar, Germany, where he studied botany, forestry, and design under Hofgärtner Armin Sckell and Garteninspector Julius Hartwig.
Richard Oehler (; 27 February 1878, Heckholzhausen, Hesse-Nassau – 13 November 1948, Wiesbaden) was a German Nietzsche scholar – an early editor of the philosopher's works, and author of Friedrich Nietzsche und die deutsche Zukunft (Leipzig: Armanen-Verlag, 1935), which has been characterized by Walter Kaufmann as "one of the first Nazi books on Nietzsche" (Basic Writings of Nietzsche, New York: The Modern Library, 2000, p. 387, n. 27). His brother was Max Oehler, who directed the Nietzsche Archive in Weimar, Germany. The Oehlers were family relations of the Nietzsches.
Wolfgang Duncker was born in Stuttgart, the youngest of his parents' three recorded children. Hermann Duncker (1874–1960), his father, was a trades union activist who later became a founder member of the Communist Party and later still became a professor and dean of faculty at the University of Rostock. His mother, Käte Duncker (1871–1953) was also active in education and politics over many years in, successively, imperial Germany, Weimar Germany, New York City and the German Democratic Republic. Wolfgang attended school in Berlin and then Copenhagen between 1915 and 1919.
Gerhard Raht was born on 6 June 1920 in Reinfeld, Schleswig-Holstein near Bad Oldesloe, in Weimar Germany. He was born into a family of carpenters who ran a furniture making business. After attending school and passing his Abitur (School Leaving Certificate) he opted to join the Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (Officer candidate) on 1 October 1939, one month after the German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which began World War II in Europe. On the 1 February 1941, as an officer candidate, he advanced to the rank of Leutnant.
When the family situation broke up in 1867, Susan and her sister Lucretia went abroad to stay with their brother Charles who was consul general of the United States in Egypt. On returning from abroad, Susan took rooms at 91 Boylston Street in Boston and continued her teaching. In 1872, she decided she wanted to get the best training in watercolor she could, and went abroad again and studied art in Paris, France, and Weimar, Germany, for nearly a year. When she returned in 1873, she began giving lessons in watercolors.
Metropolis's screenplay was written by Thea von Harbou, a popular writer in Weimar Germany, jointly with Lang, her then-husband. The film's plot originated from a novel of the same title written by Harbou for the sole purpose of being made into a film. The novel in turn drew inspiration from H. G. Wells, Mary Shelley and Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's works and other German dramas. The novel featured strongly in the film's marketing campaign, and was serialized in the journal Illustriertes Blatt in the run-up to its release.
The homestead of Neumühle in Steinbach's west, originally part of the municipality, was merged with Brücken. A Steinbach inhabitant, Isidor Triefus, brought the craft of diamond cutting to the Western Palatinate in 1888, thereby laying the groundwork for the region's economic upswing in the earlier half of the 20th century. When Homburg was grouped into the autonomous Saar area after the First World War, the Canton of Waldmohr remained with the newly formed Free State of Bavaria – the Kaiser had been overthrown and so had the Bavarian king – and thereby with Weimar Germany.
This fusion existed in order to give the attributed power of a man to a woman, as well as blur the lines of gender attributed actions. She also used historically feminine mediums such as embroidery and lace in her collages to highlight gendered associations. Höch also made strong statements on racial discrimination. Her most famous piece is Schnitt mit dem Küchenmesser DADA durch die letzte Weimarer Bierbauchkulturepoche Deutschlands ("Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany"), a critique of Weimar Germany in 1919.
Balachowsky was part of the Prosper Network in Paris during WWII, a spy network run by the British SOE. After the network was infiltrated and betrayed, Balachowsky was arrested and ultimately imprisoned at the Buchenwald Concentration Camp outside Weimar, Germany. Sent to Camp Dora on 1 February 1944, he was brought back to Buchenwald May 1 of the same year to work developing a vaccine for typhus. He also went to work helping the various underground groups inside the camp and established a network of contacts who fed him information from the camp's commanders.
Kurt Weill reflected life in Weimar Germany in a more overtly political way. His most famous collaboration with Bertolt Brecht, The Threepenny Opera (1928), was both a scandal and an immense box- office success. Adolf Hitler's assumption of power destroyed this thriving operatic scene. Ironically, after the burning of the Reichstag in 1933, the German seat of the government was moved to the Krolloper, the state opera house in Berlin which, under the adventurous directorship of Otto Klemperer, had seen the premieres of many innovative works of the 1920s, including Hindemith's Neues vom Tage.
Foto+Synthesis Retrieved February 3, 2014 Watkinson's work has been published in The Dallas Morning News (US), ELLE Decoration (Germany), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (Germany), Numéro (France), Le Point (France), PHOTO International (Germany), Süddeutsche Zeitung-Magazin (Germany). Watkinson regularly lectures and gives workshops in museums and universities both in Europe and in the US, most recently at the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design in Oslo (Norway), at the Bauhaus University in Weimar (Germany), at Mississippi State UniversityGordon Watkinson presents first Harrison Lecture Retrieved February 3, 2014 and at the University of Memphis.
Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar, Germany, where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. In the beginning of the cultural turn, sociologists tended to use qualitative methods and hermeneutic approaches to research, focusing on meanings, words, artifacts and symbols.
The Zionist Federation of Germany () also known as the Zionist Association for Germany was a Zionist organisation in Germany that was formed in 1897 in Cologne by Max Bodenheimer. It had attracted 10,000 members by 1914See Neiwyk, Donald. (2001) The Jews in Weimar Germany, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, Ch 6: The Jew as Jewish Nationalist: The Quest for Zionist Utopia and was by far the largest Zionist organisation in Germany.Bloom, E. (2011) Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture, Studies in Jewish History and Culture, BRILL Publishers, p.
174 It was then settled by Slavs. The Silingi, a subpopulation of the East Germanic tribe known as the Vandals are the earliest inhabitants of Silesia known by their name, however the greater part of them moved westwards after the 5th century AD and the remainder were slowly replaced in the 6th century by Slavic tribes who assimilated the few remaining East Germanic inhabitants.T. Hunt Tooley "National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border", 1997 University of Nebraska Press, p.6 (Google Books) The Silingi were part of the Przeworsk culture.
Accordingly, he switched his allegiance to the Fatherland Party and became one of its leading members, emphasising territorial expansion and anti-Semitism as his two main political issues.Paul Bookbinder, Weimar Germany: The Republic of the Reasonable, Manchester University Press, 1996, pp. 222–223 In 1919 Hugenberg followed most of the Fatherland Party into the German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP), which he represented in the National Assembly (that produced the 1919 constitution of the Weimar Republic). He was elected to the Reichstag in the 1920 elections to the new body.
With funds raised by a Support Committee that included Ralea,Ilie Th. Riga, Gheorghe Călin, Dr. Fr. I. Rainer, Editura Științifică, Bucharest, 1966, p. 62 Viața Românească was eventually revived by Ibrăileanu. Ralea became its foreign correspondent, sending in articles about the intellectual life and philosophical doctrines of the Third Republic,Nastasă (2007), p. 192 and possibly the first Romanian notices about the work of Marcel Proust. Constantin Coroiu, "Proust și romanul românesc modern", in Convorbiri Literare, October 2012 He traveled extensively, studying first-hand the cultural life of France, Belgium, Italy, and Weimar Germany.
Parsons returned to Germany in the summer of 1930 and became a direct eyewitness to the feverish atmosphere in Weimar Germany during which the Nazi Party rose to power. Parsons would receive constant reports about the rise of Nazism through his friend, Edward Y. Hartshorne, who was travelling there. Parsons began, in the late 1930s, to warn the American public about the Nazi threat, but he had little success, as a poll showed that 91 percent of the country opposed the Second World War.Christian Science Monitor, May 25, 1940.
In November 1918 Skoropadsky was removed from power in an uprising led by the social democrat Symon Petliura and the withdrawal of German forces from Kyiv. The uprising nominally restored the Ukrainian People's Republic, but power was vested in a Directoria, a provisional government of five directors chaired by Volodymyr Vynnychenko. Skoropadsky abdicated on December 14, 1918 and fled to Berlin. Pavlo Skoropadsky (right center) While living in Weimar Germany, Skoropadsky maintained close personal friendships with senior government and army officials originating as far back as his military-college days.
The original Goethe–Schiller Monument (German: Goethe-Schiller-Denkmal) is in Weimar, Germany. It incorporates Ernst Rietschel's 1857 bronze double statue of Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749–1832) and Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), who are probably the two most revered figures in German literature. The monument has been described "as one of the most famous and most beloved monuments in all of Germany" and as the beginning of a "cult of the monument". Dozens of monuments to Goethe and to Schiller were built subsequently in Europe and the United States.
The German Völkisch Freedom Party (, or DVFP) was an early Nazi political party of Weimar Germany that took its name from the Völkisch movement, a populist movement focused on folklore and the German Volk. The DVFP was founded on December 16, 1922, when Wilhelm Henning, Reinhold Wulle and Albrecht von Graefe broke from the German National People's Party (DNVP).Hermann Beck, The Fateful Alliance, Berghahn Books, 2008, pp. 36-8 Leading right-wing figures such as Ernst Graf zu Reventlow, Artur Dinter and Theodor Fritsch joined the party on its foundation.
Two projects, the apartment building project in Dessau and the Törten row housing also in Dessau, fall in that category, but developing worker housing was not the first priority of Gropius nor Mies. It was the Bauhaus contemporaries Bruno Taut, Hans Poelzig and particularly Ernst May, as the city architects of Berlin, Dresden and Frankfurt respectively, who are rightfully credited with the thousands of socially progressive housing units built in Weimar Germany. The housing Taut built in south-west Berlin during the 1920s, close to the U-Bahn stop Onkel Toms Hütte, is still occupied.
Although the Nazis continued to make appeals to "the German worker", historian Timothy Mason concludes that "Hitler had nothing but slogans to offer the working class." Historians Conan Fischer and Detlef Mühlberger argue that while the Nazis were primarily rooted in the lower middle class, they were able to appeal to all classes in society and that while workers were generally underrepresented, they were still a substantial source of support for the Nazis.Fischer, Conan, ed. The rise of national socialism and the working classes in Weimar Germany. Berghahn Books, 1996.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), directed by Robert Wiene, is usually credited as the first German expressionist film. The sets depict distorted, warped-looking buildings in a German town, while the plot centres around a mysterious, magical cabinet that has a clear association with a casket. F. W. Murnau's vampire horror film Nosferatu was released in 1922. Fritz Lang's Dr. Mabuse the Gambler (1922) was described as "a sinister tale" that portrays "the corruption and social chaos so much in evidence in Berlin and more generally, according to Lang, in Weimar Germany".
The German Tanztheater ("dance theatre") grew out of German Expressionist dance in Weimar Germany and 1920s Vienna. The term first appears around 1927 to identify a particular style of dance emerging from within the new forms of 'expressionist dance' developing in Central Europe since 1917. Its main exponents include Mary Wigman, Kurt Jooss and Rudolf Laban. The term reappears in critical reviews in the 1980s to identify the work of primarily German choreographers who were students of Jooss (such as Pina Bausch and Reinhild Hoffmann) and Wigman (Susanne Linke), along with the Austrian Johann Kresnik.
The Battle of Jutland was annually celebrated as a great victory by the right wing in Weimar Germany. This victory was used to repress the memory of the German navy's initiation of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, as well as the memory of the defeat in World War I in general. (The celebrations of the Battle of Tannenberg played a similar role.) This is especially true for the city of Wilhelmshaven, where wreath-laying ceremonies and torch-lit parades were performed until the end of the 1960s.Götz: Remembering the Battle, p.
Adalbert von Blanc (11 July 1907 – 7 November 1976) was a German naval officer during World War II and later an admiral in the West German Navy. During World War II he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and served as 1st Officer on the auxiliary cruiser Orion. Blanc was born in Wilhelmshaven. He joined Weimar Germany Weimar German Navy in 1926 and was trained on the "Niobe". After World War II Blanc joined the British controlled German Mine Sweeping Administration on 15 August 1945.
This can be attested by comparing Isaac's concert dates with his father's travel itinerary. In 1876, after a short stay at the Leipzig Conservatory, he went to study at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels after King Alfonso's personal secretary, Guillermo Morphy, obtained him a royal grant. Count Morphy thought highly of Albéniz, who would later dedicate Sevilla to Morphy's wife when it premiered in Paris in January 1886. In 1880 Albéniz went to Budapest, Hungary, to study with Franz Liszt, only to find out that Liszt was in Weimar, Germany.
Social breakdown thesis was at one time a popular theory to explain the rise of Nazism during the interwar years in Weimar Germany but fell out of favour after greater empirical research. Jens Rydgren argues that social breakdown theory has little empirical support within the academic literature on this topic.Rydgren, J. (2007) The Sociology of the Radical Right, Annual Review of Sociology, p 247 The academics Fella and Ruzza argue that a blanket social breakdown thesis is an insufficient explanation for the rise of far-right parties given the different voting profiles of European far-right parties.
Pitavals became a well- known literary genre, which was often imitated.Todd Herzog: Crime Stories: Criminalistic Fantasy and the Culture of Crisis in Weimar Germany. Berghahn Books, 2009, , p. 37 Examples for Pitavals are Merkwürdige Rechtsfälle (1808/11) by Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach, Der neue Pitaval (1842–1890) by Julius Eduard Hitzig and Willibald Alexis, the Prager Pitaval (1931) by Egon Erwin Kisch, Der neue Pitaval (1963) by Herrmann Mostars and Robert Adolf Stemmle, Berühmte Strafprozesse by Maximilian Jactas, Prozesse, die unsere Welt bewegten by Curt Riess and Summa Iniuria: Ein Pitaval der Justizirrtümer by Hans M. Sutermeister (1976).
Ede Szerdahelyi (1820–1880) was a Hungarian pianist and composer who had been imprisoned in Olmütz for his participation in the Hungarian uprising of 1848. He studied with Franz Liszt in Weimar, Germany, from January to 13 July 1851, when he moved to London and subsequently to the United States. On his return to Pest in 1877 he visited his friend Liszt who had dedicated his Hungarian Rhapsody Nr. 1 in E major S. 244/1, which had been composed by 1846 as Rêves et fantaisies S. 243b and first published about November 1851, to him.
Roger Gerhard Newton (né Neuweg; November 30, 1924 – April 14, 2018) was a German-born American physicist. Newton was born in Landsberg an der Warthe, Weimar Germany (present day Gorzów Wielkopolski) on November 30, 1924 to parents Margaret Blume and Arthur Newton, a dentist. Because of their Jewish heritage, Newton's family was targeted by the Gestapo. Alt URL Though Newton enrolled at the University of Berlin, he and his family moved to Buffalo, New York after World War II. After serving in the United States Army, he completed a bachelor's degree at Harvard University in 1949.
The town was founded in early 1920s when, as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, the railroad hub in nearby Zbąszyń (Bentschen) became part of the Second Polish Republic. In 1922, the government of Weimar Germany decided to build a new border station, a new rail hub (which replaced Zbaszyn) as well as a settlement for railroad workers. Within a few years in 1923-30, a large station was constructed, together with a modern suburban type settlement, based on a project by architect Friedrich Veil. The town, named Neu Bentschen, was inhabited by ethnic German railroad workers.
5-56, p. 17. and Erich Salomon, one of the founders of photo- journalism.Sherre Lynn Paris, "Raising Press Photography to Visual Communication in American Schools of Journalism, with Attention to the Universities of Missouri and Texas, 1880s-1990s", Dissertation, University of Texas, 2007, , p. 116. After initially working in advertising for Ullstein, Salomon signed an exclusive contract with the Berliner Illustrirte as a photographer and contributed both inside shots of meetings of world leadersMarien, p. 237.Daniel H. Magilow, The Photography of Crisis: The Photo Essays of Weimar Germany, University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 2012, , p. 124.
Economic collapse is any of a broad range of bad economic conditions, ranging from a severe, prolonged depression with high bankruptcy rates and high unemployment (such as the Great Depression of the 1930s), to a breakdown in normal commerce caused by hyperinflation (such as in Weimar Germany in the 1920s), or even an economically caused sharp rise in the death rate and perhaps even a decline in population (such as in countries of the former USSR in the 1990s). Often economic collapse is accompanied by social chaos, civil unrest and a breakdown of law and order.
Hamerow, 1997, pp. 289-90 Evidence suggests the Nazis intended to hang Galen at the end of the war. A critic of Weimar Germany, he initially hoped that the Nazi government might restore German prestige but quickly became disillusioned; he subscribed to the stab- in-the-back myth about Germany's 1918 defeat.Griech-Polelle, von Galen, a Biography Although some clergy refused to feign support for Hitler's government, the Catholic hierarchy adopted a strategy of "seeming acceptance of the Third Reich" by couching their criticisms as motivated by a desire to "point out mistakes that some of its overzealous followers committed".
The Conservative People's Party (, KVP) was a short-lived conservative and Christian democratic political party of the moderate right in the Weimar Republic. It broke away from the German National People's Party (DNVP) in the late 1920s as a result of that party's increasing radicalization under the leadership of Alfred Hugenberg.Richard Bessel & E.J. Feuchtwanger, Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, Croom Helm, 1981, , p. 277 Its leading figures were Kuno von Westarp, Hugenberg's predecessor as chairman of the DNVP, and Gottfried Treviranus, who would serve in the cabinet of Heinrich Brüning from 1930 to 1932.
Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó (; 20 October 1882 – 16 August 1956), known professionally as Bela Lugosi (; ), was a Hungarian-American actor best remembered for portraying Count Dracula in the 1931 film and for his roles in other horror films. After playing small parts on the stage in his native Hungary, Lugosi gained his first role in a film in 1917. He had to leave the country after the failed Hungarian Communist Revolution of 1919 because of his socialist activism. He acted in several films in Weimar Germany before arriving in the United States as a seaman on a merchant ship.
Daniel, p.626 In 1922, he helped Fondane publish his collected essays, Imagini și cărți din Franța ("Images and Books from France"), with Editura Socec.Daniel, p.611 By this phase in his career, Aderca was establishing his reputation as a magazine columnist and theater chronicler, one particularly interested in the development of modernism in Weimar Germany and in Italy. His 1922 articles include an overview of Italian Futurism. Published in the Craiova-based journal Năzuința, it argued that the movement had set the stage for innovation not just in art, but also in everyday life and in politics.
They also collaborated on protest songs that celebrated, and contributed to, the political turmoil of Weimar Germany in the early 1930s. Their Solidarity Song became a popular militant anthem sung in street protests and public meetings throughout Europe, and their Ballad of Paragraph 218 was the world's first song protesting laws against abortion. Brecht-Eisler songs of this period tended to look at life from "below"--from the perspective of prostitutes, hustlers, the unemployed and the working poor. In 1931–32 he collaborated with Brecht and director Slatan Dudow on the working-class film Kuhle Wampe.
Meeting of Stanisław Szeptycki and Wawrzyniec Hajda in Piekary in 1922 It was one of the centers of Silesian Uprisings and in 1922 was ceded to the Second Polish Republic by Weimar Germany as 86% of the population voted for joining the re-established Polish state. In June 1922, a symbolic ceremony of reintegration of Piekary with Poland took place. Polish Uhlans under the command of Stanisław Szeptycki entered Piekary, greeted by the St. Mary church by , local Polish independence activist and poet, nicknamed the "Silesian Wernyhora". On July 10, 1939, Piekary Śląskie received city rights with effect from 1940.
Hafez-Goethe monument in Weimar, Germany West-Eastern Diwan influenced poets such as Friedrich Rückert, who in 1822 issued his ' (Eastern Roses) collection of Oriental poetry, as well as Christian Morgenstern and Walter Benjamin. In 1923 the Persian-language poet Sir Muhammad Iqbal issued the Payam-e-Mashriq (Message from the East) in reply to Goethe's salute.; Payam-i Mashriq (1923) – Introduction, allamaiqbal.com Various poems were set to music by Franz Schubert (D 717 "Suleika II", Op. 31; D 719 "Geheimes", Op. 14 No. 2; D 720 "Suleika I", Op. 14 No. 1), Robert Schumann (Op.
Memorial plaque at the site of the former German Oflag VIII A prisoner of war camp and Ilag VIII/Z camp Following the Treaty of Versailles after World War I, Kreuzburg was involved in the Upper Silesian referendum in 1921. 95.6% (37,957 votes out of 39,703 participants) voted to remain within Weimar Germany instead of joining the Second Polish Republic. It became part of the Province of Upper Silesia; to differentiate between other places named Kreuzburg, it was known as Kreuzburg O.S. (referring to Oberschlesien, or Upper Silesia). By 1939 the town was the seat of Landkreis Kreuzburg O.S. and had 11,693 inhabitants.
Lion Feuchtwanger (; 7 July 1884 – 21 December 1958) was a German-Jewish novelist and playwright. A prominent figure in the literary world of Weimar Germany, he influenced contemporaries including playwright Bertolt Brecht. Feuchtwanger's Judaism and fierce criticism of the National Socialist German Workers Party, years before it assumed power, ensured that he would be a target of government-sponsored persecution after Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Following a brief period of internment in France and a harrowing escape from Continental Europe, he found asylum in the United States, where he died in 1958.
Also noted as an eccentric who published poetry, he was often ridiculed for his claim to a Byzantine aristocratic descent from the Komnenos. Comnen returned to serve briefly in the Romanian Assembly of Deputies, during which time he became a prominent anti-socialist. He was a National Liberal and close to that party's leadership, before embarking on a full-time diplomatic career, originally as Romania's envoy to Switzerland and to the League of Nations (1923–1927). He had a steady climb during the early interwar, with alternating missions in Weimar Germany and at the Holy See.
Grave of honor () at Trakehner Allee 1 in Westend (Berlin) After obtaining in 1919 the active and passive suffrage for women in Weimar Germany, Lange was elected for the German Democratic Party (DDP) to the Hamburg parliament, where she opened their inaugural meeting as the oldest member. In 1920, Lange and Bäumer moved back to Berlin and gradually withdrew from her associations work, but remained active as publicist. She received in 1923 an honorary doctorate of political science from the University of Tübingen and 1928 Lange was honoured with the Grand Prussian State Medal (großen preußischen Staatsmedaille) "For Services to the State".
His three brothers and a cousin also fought in the war. One was killed and another seriously injured. Active in the Jewish community of Berlin, Weiss was a board member of the (reform) rabbinical seminary and a member of the Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens (Central Union of German Citizens of Jewish Belief), the organization dedicated to protecting the civil and social rights of Jews in Germany while at the same time cultivating their German identity. Weiss made a name for himself as an exceptionally efficient lawyer and judge before being the first Jew to enter the civil service of pre-Weimar Germany.
Some theories assert that to pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923. Others state that the road to hyperinflation was well established before with the reparation payments that started on November 1921,Ferguson, Adam; When Money Dies: The Nightmare of Deficit Spending, Devaluation and Hyperinflation in Weimar Germany p. 38. see 1920s German inflation. In the face of economic collapse, with high unemployment and hyperinflation, the strikes were eventually called off in September 1923 by the new Gustav Stresemann coalition government, which was followed by a state of emergency.
The XXIX Tactical Air Command (Provisional) was a provisional United States Army Air Forces unit, primarily formed from units of IX Fighter Command. Its last assignment was with Ninth Air Force at Weimar, Germany, where it was inactivated on 25 October 1945. The command was formed as a counterpart to IX Tactical Air Command and XIX Tactical Air Command to support the United States Ninth Army throughout its easterly advance from its formation on 15 September 1944, until VE-Day. Following the end of the war, the unit was converted from a provisional unit to a regular unit.
An ironic twist on the proverb, "jedem das Seine, mir das Meiste" ("to each his own, to me the most"), has been known in the reservoir of German idioms for a long time, including its inclusion in Carl Zuckmayer's 1931 play The Captain of Köpenick. In 1937, the Nazis constructed the Buchenwald concentration camp, 7 km from Weimar, Germany. The motto Jedem das Seine was placed in the camp's main entrance gate. The gates were designed by Franz Ehrlich, a former student of the Bauhaus art school, who had been imprisoned in the camp because he was a communist.
Artur Mahraun, July 1930 Artur Mahraun (30 December 1890 – 29 March 1950) was the founder and leader of the Young German Order (Jungdeutscher Orden or Jungdo) and an early contender for the leadership of the far right youth in Weimar Germany. Born the son of a privy councillor in Kassel, Mahraun became a career soldier with the Prussian Army when he enlisted in the Prussian Infantry Regiment No. 83 in 1908.Philip Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, 1990, p. 247 He served with distinction on the Eastern Front during First World War.
As part of Royal Prussia, Pomerelia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the 18th century Partitions of Poland, becoming part of the new Province of West Prussia. After World War I (1914–1918), the Treaty of Versailles transferred most of the region from Weimar Germany to the new Second Polish Republic, forming the Pomeranian Voivodeship (Greater Pomerania as of 1938) in the so-called Polish Corridor. Gdańsk with Żuławy became the Free City of Danzig. In 1939 Pomerelia was occupied and illegally annexed by Nazi Germany, but in 1945 it returned to Poland, while Germans escaped and were expelled.
Since May 1864, the leader of the organization was Józef Racewicz. A postcard view of Insterburg's Hindenburgstraße in about 1890 Insterburg became a part of the German Empire following the 1871 unification of Germany, and on May 1, 1901, it became an independent city separate from Insterburg District. During World War I the Russian Army seized Insterburg on 24 August 1914, but it was retaken by Germany on 11 September 1914. The Weimar Germany era after World War I saw the town separated from the rest of the country as the province of East Prussia had become an exclave.
In 1871, the town became part of the German Empire in the framework of the Prussian-led unification of Germany. Until 1919, Riesenburg belonged to the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the Province of West Prussia. After World War I, a referendum was held concerning the future nationality of the town, which remained part of Weimar Germany. From 1920 to 1939, Riesenburg belonged to the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen in the Province of East Prussia and from 1939 until 1945 to the district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia.
A similarly persistent concept of empire saw the Mongol Empire become the Khanate of the Golden Horde, the Yuan Empire of China, and the Ilkhanate before resurrection as the Timurid Empire and as the Mughal Empire. After 1945 the Empire of Japan retained its Emperor but lost its colonial possessions and became the State of Japan. An autocratic empire can become a republic (e.g., the Central African Empire in 1979), or it can become a republic with its imperial dominions reduced to a core territory (e.g., Weimar Germany shorn of the German colonial empire (1918–1919), or the Ottoman Empire (1918–1923)).
The Prussian Union of Churches (known under multiple other names) was a major Protestant church body which emerged in 1817 from a series of decrees by Frederick William III of Prussia that united both Lutheran and Reformed denominations in Prussia. Although not the first of its kind, the Prussian Union was the first to occur in a major German state. It became the biggest independent religious organization in the German Empire and later Weimar Germany, with about 18 million parishioners. The church underwent two schisms (one permanent since the 1830s, one temporary 1934–1948), due to changes in governments and their policies.
Camp service of the NSDAP delegation, in the first row SS Chief Heinrich Himmler, SA Chief Ernst Röhm and Hermann Göring The Harzburg Front () was a short-lived radical right-wing, anti-democratic political alliance in Weimar Germany, formed in 1931 as an attempt to present a unified opposition to the government of Chancellor Heinrich Brüning. It was a coalition of the national conservative German National People's Party (DNVP) under millionaire press- baron Alfred Hugenberg with Adolf Hitler's National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), the leadership of Der Stahlhelm paramilitary veterans' association, the Agricultural League and the Pan-German League organizations.
The CSVD portrayed itself as a Protestant version of the Catholic Centre and was mainly supported by middle-class elements. In the main they were considered to be part of the moderate tendency within the DNVP, as opposed to the radical nationalist leadership of Alfred Hugenberg.Richard Bessel & E.J. Feuchtwanger, Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, Croom Helm, 1981, , p. 277 The CSVD contested the 1930 and 1932 parliamentary elections; the party CSVD formed a joint parliamentary group with the Christlich-Nationale Bauern- und Landvolkpartei (Christian National Peasants' and Rural Peoples Party) in the Reichstag.
Motivated by the post-war hyperinflation and poor economic conditions of Weimar Germany, Kanner immigrated to the United States in 1924. If he had stayed in Austria his fate might have been similar to other Jewish professionals who lost their lives during the war. He stated: "Little did I know, if I had remained in Germany I would have been perished by Hitler in the Holocaust". Yankton State Hospital in Yankton, South Dakota When he emigrated to the United States in 1924, he worked at the state hospital in Yankton, South Dakota, where he started his pediatric and psychiatric studies.
Cinema of Austria refers to the film industry based in Austria. Austria has had an active cinema industry since the early 20th century when it was the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and that has continued to the present day. Producer Sascha Kolowrat-Krakowsky, producer-director-writer Luise Kolm and the Austro- Hungarian directors Michael Curtiz and Alexander Korda were among the pioneers of early Austrian cinema. Several Austrian directors pursued careers in Weimar Germany and later in the United States, among them Fritz Lang, G. W. Pabst, Josef von Sternberg, Billy Wilder, Fred Zinnemann, and Otto Preminger.
In Weimar Germany, twin brothers Hermann and Gustav find themselves on opposite extremes: Hermann is a loyal sympathizer of the emerging Nazi party, and a mediocre illusionist whose every magic trick ends with the death of his assistant; Gustav is an anarchist who prints and spreads anti-Nazi propaganda. With the rise of Adolf Hitler to power, Hermann enlists with the SS and soon becomes a colonel and personal friend of Hitler. Gustav secretly plots and stages several extravagant yet unsuccessful attempts at assassinating Hitler. As Germany prepares for World War II, many young men enroll into the German army.
In September 1922, Grobba joined the legal affairs department of the German Foreign Ministry of the Weimar Republic. In January 1923, he was transferred to Department 3 (Abteilung III), the department responsible for the Middle East. In October 1923, when postwar diplomatic relations were established between Weimar Germany and the Emirate of Afghanistan, Grobba was named Germany's representative in Kabul, with the rank of consul. In 1925, when the government of Emir Amanullah Khan accused him of attempting to help a visiting German geographer escape from Afghanistan shortly after the geographer shot and killed an Afghan citizen near Kabul, Grobba denied the charge.
The Einwohnerwehr, or "Citizens' Defense," also called the Civil Guard or Civil Defense, was a far-right paramilitary in Weimar Germany that existed in violation of the Treaty of Versailles from the German Revolution of 1918-19 until June 29, 1921. It was established with the goal of defending Germany against Communist uprisings and foreign attacks, though it was also hostile to the Weimar Republic. It was based in Bavaria, where anti-Berlin and anti- republican sentiment attracted such activity. On June 29, 1921, the German government gave in to Allied demands and dissolved the Citizens' Defense.
The Province of Silesia (; ; Silesian: Prowincyjŏ Ślōnskŏ) was a province of Prussia from 1815 to 1919. The Silesia region was part of the Prussian realm since 1740 and established as an official province in 1815, then became part of the German Empire in 1871. In 1919, as part of the Free State of Prussia within Weimar Germany, Silesia was divided into the provinces of Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia. Silesia was reunified briefly from 1 April 1938 to 27 January 1941 as a province of Nazi Germany before being divided back into Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia.
Language situation in the Province of Silesia (1905). In 1919, a year after the war ended, the parts of Silesia remaining in Weimar Germany were re-organized into the two provinces of Lower Silesia (Niederschlesien) and Upper Silesia (Oberschlesien, the former Regierungsbezirk Oppeln). After three Silesian Uprisings and the 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite, the East Upper Silesian part of the province around the industrial town of Kattowitz was transferred to the Second Polish Republic and incorporated into the Silesian Voivodeship in 1922. Further, in 1920 the Hlučín Region was ceded to Czechoslovakia according to the Treaty of Versailles.
During the 1930s, the hotel was managed by former silent film actress Ann Little. During World War II, the hotel served as an air-raid shelter for residents in the surrounding area. From about 1942 to 1963 the Chateau was owned by Erwin Brettauer, a German banker who had funded films in Weimar Germany, and was noted for allowing black guests, breaking the long-standing color line in Hollywood and Beverly Hills hotels. Designed and constructed to be earthquake-proof, Chateau Marmont survived major earthquakes in 1933, 1953, 1971, 1987, and 1994 without sustaining any major structural damage.
Miriam Rürup studied history, sociology and cultural anthropology at the universities of Göttingen (Germany), Tel Aviv (Israel) and Berlin (Germany). She worked as a research assistant at the "Topography of Terror" Foundation in Berlin, and as a doctoral fellow at the Franz Rosenzweig Minerva Research Center at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (Israel), and the Simon Dubnow Institute in Leipzig (Germany). In 2006, she received her doctorate from the Centre for Anti-Semitism Research (Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung / ZfA) at the Technische Universität Berlin. Her book on the history of German-Jewish student fraternities in Imperial and Weimar Germany was published in 2007.
The Reichsgewerkschaft der Gehörlosen Deutschlands, abbreviated and stylized as ReGeDe, was known in English as The Reich Union of the Deaf of Germany, and was founded in 1927 in Weimar, Germany was a social organization. By the Easter of 1933, ReGeDe was fused into the National Socialists' public welfare program. Less than a year later, ReGeDe boasted more than 3,900 members, including deaf activist Karl Wacker who fought on behalf of the deaf community against the sterilization law. The ReGeDe union included such groups as deaf advocacy and support agencies, self-help organizations, sports clubs, and much more.
Standing in opposition to Zionist groups and Jewish organizations such as the Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens (Zentral Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith), Naumann advocated total assimilation as an answer to antisemitism. During the Weimar Republic Naumann was active with the German People's Party. He was quoted in Michael Brenner's book The Renaissance of Jewish Culture in Weimar Germany as saying "The election campaign must not be a struggle of religious conceptions, it must be a decisive struggle about our Germanness!"p. 51. Yale University Press, 2009; in reference to the 1933 election that followed Hitler's rise to power.
The German National People's Party (, DNVP) was a national-conservative party in Germany during the Weimar Republic. Before the rise of the Nazi Party, it was the major conservative and nationalist party in Weimar Germany. It was an alliance of nationalists, reactionary monarchists, völkisch and antisemitic elements supported by the Pan-German League.Adolf Hitler: a biographical companion David Nicholls page 178 November 1, 2000 The main nationalist party the German National People's Party DNVP was divided between reactionary conservative monarchists, who wished to turn the clock back to the pre-1918 Kaisereich, and more radical volkisch and anti-semitic elements.
Born to nonobservant Jewish parents in Weimar Germany, he fled the Nazi regime as a child with his parents in 1937, settling in New York City where he attended Townsend Harris High School. Halpern was an undergraduate at UCLA when WWII began. He joined the Army, serving as a battalion scout in the 28th Infantry Division, surviving winter on the side of a tank during the Battle of the Bulge. After Germany surrendered, Halpern served in Counterintelligence helping trace former Nazis in Germany, including in his hometown of Mittweida; he also served as an instructor in the Counterintelligence Corps.
The Art School Building, now the main building of the Bauhaus-University Weimar. The Grand-Ducal Saxon Art School, Weimar (German:Großherzoglich- Sächsische Kunstschule Weimar) was founded on 1 October 1860, in Weimar, Germany, by a decree of Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. It existed until 1910, when it merged with several other art schools to become the Großherzoglich Sächsische Hochschule für Bildende Kunst ("Grand-Ducal Saxon School for Fine Arts"). It should not be confused with the Weimar Princely Free Drawing School, which existed from 1776 to 1930 and, after 1860, served as a preparatory school.
The German Catholics' Peace Association (Friedensbund Deutscher Katholiken) was a Catholic peace association founded in Weimar Germany in 1919 by Fr. Max Josef Metzger, a Roman Catholic priest. Metzger had served as military chaplain, in the German Imperial Army during World War I. Metzger became convinced that “future wars have lost their meaning, since they no longer give anybody the prospect of winning more than he loses.” At war's end, Metzger established the German Catholics’ Peace Association. He sought links to the international pacifist movement, strongly advocated the ecumenical idea of peace, and soon became known as a leading German pacifist.
Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen). Also, Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreußen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia. On 11 July 1920, amidst the backdrop of the Polish-Soviet War, the East Prussian plebiscite in eastern West Prussia and southern East Prussia was held under Allied supervision to determine if the areas should join the Second Polish Republic or remain in Weimar Germany Province of East Prussia.
A national survey taken 10 years after broadcasting was first introduced showed the difference in people's tastes in music and interests and Weimar's broadcasting technique of catering for the tastes of the minority; the middle-classes, failed to culturally unite the people of Germany.Karl Christian Führer, ‘A Medium of Modernity? Broadcasting in Weimar Germany, 1923–1932’, The Journal of Modern History, 69, 4, (1997), p. 750. By 1932 radio companies in Germany officially became public enterprises when all private investors were bought out and all assets were controlled by the postal ministry and the Lander governments this bringing the mixed economy of German broadcasting to an end.
The campaign for promoting elections, which is by far the most successful of the three examples, has been in place for over two centuries. In British and Canadian jurisprudence, changing public attitudes about a behaviour is accepted as one of the key functions of laws prohibiting the behaviour. Social theorists of the Frankfurt School in Weimar Germany, like Theodor Adorno, had observed the new phenomenon of mass culture and commented on its new manipulative power in the 1920s. These theorists left Germany around 1930 due to the rise of the Nazi Party, and many of them became connected with the Institute for Social Research in the United States.
Badian began to compose at five years of age, and later attended the Bucharest National University of Music in Bucharest, where she studied with Tiberiu Olah, Aurel Stroe, Zeno Vancea and Tudor Ciortea, graduating with a master's degree in Composition in 1968. She continued her studies in orchestral conducting in Weimar, Germany during 1972. Since 1970, Badian has been a member of the Union of Romanian Composers and Musicologists. She was music director at the Radiophonic Theatre Department of the Romanian Broadcasting Corporation from 1968 to 1972 and a music professor at the George Enescu School of Music in Bucharest between 1973 and 1985.
Joscha Bach (born 1973 in Weimar, Germany) is a cognitive scientist focusing on cognitive architectures, models of mental representation, emotion, motivation and sociality.AI Foundation about Achievements include research in novel data compression algorithm using concurrent entropy models; development of microPsiCognitive Artificial Intelligence The MicroPsi Project cognitive architecture for modeling emotion, motivation, mental representation. Before joining AI Foundation, he worked as a visiting researcher at the MIT Media Lab and the Harvard Program for Evolutionary Dynamics. Harvard Program for Evolutionary Dynamics According to fact-finding reports from Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bach was directly or indirectly attributed $300,000 by Jeffrey Epstein charitable funds.
All of Warmia and most of Masuria remained part of Germany after World War I and the re-establishment of independent Poland. During the 1920 East Prussian Plebiscite, the districts east of the Vistula within the region of Marienwerder (Kwidzyn), along with all of the Allenstein Region (Olsztyn) and the district of Oletzko voted to be included within the province of East Prussia and thus became part of Weimar Germany. All of the region as the southern part of the province of East Prussia became part of Poland after World War II, with northern East Prussia going to the Soviet Union to form the Kaliningrad Oblast.
When they arrive, however, they encounter a different Germany from the one they left behind—one where they are ridiculed and attacked by mutineers. One of the returning crew, Carl Ohlsen (Herbert A.E. Böhme), leaves Weimar Germany and returns to the island where he had been held prisoner for three years, determined to live out the rest of his life as a Robinson Crusoe. Some time later, he hears a radio report that describes how things have improved in Germany during the 1930s. Later, when the new SMS Dresden passes the island, he makes his way to the ship and is taken aboard by his new respectful comrades.
The marriage of his cadet brother, Prince Konstantin of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (8 September 1828 – Vienna, Austria, 14 February 1896), to Princess Marie of Sayn-Wittgenstein (18 February 1837 – 21 January 1920), on 15 October 1859 at Weimar, Germany led also to frequent visits to Vienna. Thus Chlodwig was brought into close touch with all the most notable people in Europe, including Catholic leaders of the Austrian Empire. At the same time, during this period (1850–1866) he was endeavouring to get into relations with the Bavarian government, with a view to taking a more active part in affairs. Towards the German question his attitude at this time was tentative.
In 2009, Payne spoke about this experience: Payne appeared in the visitor's gallery at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, when his great-nephew was nominated for President. He was the assistant director of the University of Chicago Library. Payne died on August 1, 2014, aged 89.Barack Obama’s great-uncle dies at 89; Charles Payne was WWII vet, U. of C. library official , Chicago Sun-Times, Maureen O'Donnell and Jon Seidel, August 11, 2014 On August 5, 2009, Obama visited the former Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar, Germany, to learn more about the history of the site and of the experiences of his great uncle.
The Two Hearts of Kwasi Boachi () is the 1997 debut novel by Dutch author Arthur Japin. The novel tells the story of two Ashanti princes, Kwame Poku and Kwasi Boachi, who were taken from what is today Ghana and given to the Dutch king William II in 1837 as a surety in a business transaction between the Dutch and Ashanti kingdoms. The two boys are raised and educated in the Netherlands, after which Kwame returns to Africa while Kwasi continues his education in Weimar Germany and then takes a position in the Dutch East Indies. The novel is a postcolonial depiction of the Dutch colonial past.
In 1997, the International Festival Italian Mozart Association (IFIMA) in Rovereto commissioned him, under the aegis of the Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum Salzburg, the work Don Giovanni, the redeemed rake (1998). In 2000, the National Research Institute for Material Physics (INFM) commissioned Messieri, for the INFMeeting 2000, to write the work Leonids’ Play (composition for 5 magnetic tapes based on the real sound of the Leonids provided by NASA). In 2002, the Kunstverein of Aschersleben commissioned Messieri for the work Sojour in Leipzig (12 music portraits for violoncello and piano). In 2004, Messieri was commissioned to compose the opera Gretchens Traum, performed at the Ettersburg Castle in Weimar, Germany.
Remains of German pre-World War II border fortifications After the First World War it was one of the few towns of historical Greater Poland that were not included in the borders of Poland after regaining independence in 1918. Deutsch Krone, having a predominantly German population, remained part of Weimar Germany and was part of the Posen-West Prussia province until 1938 when it was assigned to Pomerania. During World War II, the Germans operated a labor camp for French and American prisoners of war from the Stalag II-B prisoner-of-war camp in the town. The town was occupied by the Red Army on 12 February 1945.
After World War I, upon the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918/19 and according to the Treaty of Versailles, the town was part of the small, mostwestern part of Greater Poland which remained part of Weimar Germany. From 1922 these lands, located close to the border with the Second Polish Republic, were administrated as the Prussian Province of Posen-West Prussia. Meseritz became the seat of the Landeshauptmann governor, until in 1938 the province was dissolved and Meseritz was incorporated into the Province of Brandenburg. From 1934 to 1938, the Nazi administration had the Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen fortifications erected in the south of the town.
Tetens, T.H. The New Germany and the Old Nazis, New York: Random House, 1961 page 39. He applied for membership of the Nazi Party for career reasons in 1940, but the application was rejected on 24 October 1940 by Martin Bormann, reportedly because of his former membership of the Centre Party, which represented Roman Catholic voters in Weimar Germany. At the Nuremberg trials, he appeared at the Ministries Trial as a witness for both the prosecution and the defence. When questioned in the trial of his former superior Wilhelm Stuckart, he confirmed that he knew that "Jews were being put to death en masse".
An early ally and rival to Hitler, he had managed to convince the Nazi Party leader that the two groups should limit themselves to certain spheres of influence, with the DVFP active in north Germany and the Nazis in the south. As a consequence of this alliance von Graefe marched in the front row of the Beer Hall Putsch. However he also took advantage of the aftermath by cultivating an alliance with Erich Ludendorff and using this in an attempt to take control of the far right for himself.Douglas G. Morris, Justice Imperiled: The Anti-Nazi Lawyer Max Hirschberg in Weimar Germany, University of Michigan Press, 2005, p.
Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non- material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief systems, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions, while material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture, past or present. Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology).
Fascism rose to power by taking advantage of the political and economic climate of the 1920s and 1930s, particularly the deep polarization of some European societies (such as the Kingdom of Italy and Weimar Germany), which were democracies with elected parliaments dominated by supporters of laissez-faire capitalism and Marxist socialism, whose intense opposition to each other made it difficult for stable governments to be formed.Alexander J. De Grand, "Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany", Routledge, 1995, , pp. 15-16 Fascists used this situation as an argument against democracy, which they viewed as ineffective and weak.John Weiss, "The Fascist Tradition", Harper & Row, New York, 1967. pp.
Loringhoven came from an aristocratic Baltic German family in Courland, the Frydag, that was descended from Westphalia. He was born in the Groß Born Manor, Courland Governorate (in now Lielborne) but grew up in Adiamünde Manor (in now Skulte) in Livonia. After his Final Exams (Abitur), Loringhoven joined the Baltic- German Army (Landeswehr) in 1918, and with the formation of independent Latvia he became an officer of the 13th Infantry Regiment of Latvia and participated in liberation of Latgale. After Latvian agrarian reforms in 1920 and subsequent nationalisation of manor lands he decided to leave Latvia in 1922 in order to enter the Army of Weimar Germany (Reichswehr).
Ancient woodworking with shoe-last celts - Thuringia Prehistory Museum, Weimar, Germany The polished stone axe or adze introduced a new way of life to Central Europe in mid-sixth millennium BC. It was a tool that was necessary for the clearing of the land to create fields and to build houses. These adzes were also used for the manufacture of agricultural tools, and any other wooden objects.R. Elburg, W. Hein, A. Probst and P. Walter, Field Trials in Neolithic Woodworking – (Re)Learning to Use Early Neolithic Stone Adzes. Experimental Archaeology, Issue 2015/2 Shape and wear show that the celts were used as adzes to fell trees and to work wood.
Freddie Mercury of the British rock band Queen played a Bechstein piano on the best-selling album A Night at the Opera. (The liner notes to the album, as reprinted in the 2005 deluxe CD/DVD release of the album, credit Freddie Mercury with "Bechstein Debauchery".) The music video for Elton John's "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" features John playing a white Bechstein grand. Oscar Peterson played and owned a Bechstein throughout much of his career, publicity contracts with rival manufacturers notwithstanding. Anna Ivanova (2011) played Liszt's personal 1880 Bechstein grand piano, which is displayed in the Liszt Haus in Weimar (Germany).
In 1904, after leaving the École des Arts et Métiers in Straßburg, he went to Paris where he published his poetry for the first time. From 1905 to 1907, Arp studied at the Kunstschule in Weimar, Germany, and in 1908 went back to Paris, where he attended the Académie Julian. Arp was a founder-member of the Moderne Bund in Lucerne, participating in their exhibitions from 1911 to 1913.Jean Arp Museum of Modern Art, New York In 1912, he went to Munich, called on Wassily Kandinsky, the influential Russian painter and art theorist, was encouraged by him in his researches and exhibited with the Der Blaue Reiter group.
The novella is set in one day in Munich in Weimar Germany. The Cornelius family are preparing a party for Ingrid and Bert, Professor Cornelius's children. The family are divided up on the basis of chronology, foreshadowing one of the central themes of the work which is the interplay between different generations at a time of dislocating social and economic change. Ingrid and Bert, both adolescents, are "the big folk"; Professor Cornelius and his wife are "the old folk"; Ellie and Snapper, their youngest children, are "the little folk"; and Professor Cornelius’s parents, who are only discussed and who do not feature directly in the story, are categorised as "the ancients".
After the First World War, the victorious powers grouped the Bezirksamt of Homburg into the autonomous Saar area, but not the Canton of Waldmohr, to which Schönenberg and Kübelberg both belonged. This stayed with the newly formed Free State of Bavaria – the Kaiser had been overthrown and so had the Bavarian king – and thereby with Weimar Germany. The canton belonged to the Bezirksamt of Kusel with an administrative branch of its own, which it retained until 1940, whereafter the Canton of Waldmohr was administered directly from Kusel. In 1969, Schönenberg, Kübelberg, Sand and Schmittweiler merged to form a new municipality with the name Schönenberg-Kübelberg.
Their plan to join and work for the Nazis backfired spectacularly, as the pair were taken to mainland France, and thence by rail to Fort de Romainville in Paris where they worked and using their skills, stole rations and fuel and make a key to enter the women's section of the prison. After a year, Faramus along with other prisoners from Romainville, was taken in terrible conditions by train via Compiègne onto the Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar, Germany, 55 of the 120 dying in his carriage en route, from suffocation, dysentery and thirst. Anthony Faramus is on the right of the photo, prisoner No.(E)42324. Buchenwald.
All the initial executive members of the union had been prominent trade unionists in Weimar Germany, and as a result they had the highest average age of executive members of any DGB affiliate. The union established the Beneficial Vacation Fund for the Construction Sector, and membership grew through the post-war need for reconstruction, although there were some downward pressures on wages from exiles from East Germany moving to the West. The union became more active under Georg Leber's leadership, from 1957, although he controversially argued that wage increases should be linked to productivity growth. However, he did negotiate additional increases for the lowest-paid workers.
Other Soviet representatives instrumental in the negotiations were Karl Radek, Leonid Krasin, Christian Rakovsky, Victor Kopp and Adolph Joffe.Kochan, Lionel (1950). The Russian Road to Rapallo. Soviet Studies 2 (2), 109–122. In the 1920s, many in the leadership of Weimar Germany, who felt humiliated by the conditions that the Treaty of Versailles had imposed after their defeat in the First World War (especially General Hans von Seeckt, chief of the Reichswehr), were interested in cooperation with the Soviet Union, both in order to avert any threat from the Second Polish Republic, backed by the French Third Republic, and to prevent any possible Soviet-British alliance.
The May Coup ( or ) was a coup d'état carried out in Poland by Marshal Józef Piłsudski between 12 and 14 May 1926. The coup overthrew the democratically elected government of President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos. A new government was installed, headed by Lwów Polytechnic Professor Kazimierz Bartel. The events were partly inspired by the need for extraordinary measures in the face of newly emerging threats to the stability of Poland's independence by Piłsudski's own assessment of the foreign treaties signed by Weimar Germany with France in 1925 (fundamentally abandoning Poland) and with the Soviet Union in April 1926, to which Poland's representatives had not been invited.
At the Concert Mayol cabaret in late November Ruth was back dancing beside Marie Dubas in, "Cochon Qui Sommeille" (The Slumbering Pig) before returning for a quick appearance in Berlin's Barberina Kabarett, where she complained that the audience would try to grab her she danced. But the constant gloomy presence of the strongly emerging right-wing movement which was bent on purging the decadence of Weimar Germany. This was, of course, the infant Nazi movement and to them Ruth represented the both decadence and racial impurity in Germany. In January, Ada 'Bricktop' Smith, left behind her old establishment of the Grand Duc, and opened Chez Bricktop's on the Place Pigalle.
In 2005, they were invited to compete in the Joseph Joachim International Chamber Music Competition in Weimar, Germany, the only group from the Americas to participate, making the finals. The quartet became resident at the New Mexico State University in 2006 and have remained resident there and at the LA Western Piedmont, Symphony of North Carolina since. Since 2009, the group has performed about 500 times, mostly in the United States and Mexico, but also in Germany and England. In 2010, Cuarteto No. 2 was written by Puerto Rican composer Roberto Sierra specifically for the group, sponsored by Symphony Space in New York City.
He has been tenured since 2001 and has been invited to teach master classes and workshops by Italian and international institutes Jazz nights (Lagnau I.E., Switzerland), Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia (Palermo, Italy), Festival Internazionale del Jazz – Esplorazioni (RoccellaJonica, RC, Italy), Roma Jazz's Cool (Rome, Italy), Saint Louis Music Center (Rome, Italy), Academy of Music in Gdańsk (Poland), ArtEZ Conservatorium (Enschede, Netherlands), Conservatoire communal des Arts Albdelmoumen Bentobel (Constantine, Algeria), Academy of Music Franz Liszt (Weimar, Germany), Académie International d'Eté de Wallonie (Libramont, Belgium), Centre Culturel Fokal (Port-au-Prince, Haiti). Since 2016 Bonafede has written music education books with his wife, singer and educator Roberta Giuffrida.
His next accomplishments followed by winning the competition for an extremely advanced hospital in Weimar, Germany and several competitions in the United Arab Emirates such as: the Sheikh Zayed Road Development Project (Abu Dhabi), the National Bank of Abu Dhabi Headquarters (Abu Dhabi), Etisalat Telecom & Administration Building (Abu Dhabi), Majid Al Futtaim Project (Dubai), Baniyas Road Development (Dubai), Offices for the Al-Futtaim Group (Dubai), the New Dubai Creek Hilton Hotel (Dubai). In 1993, Carlos Ott won several other competitions in Europe such as the Salle des Spectacles in Mont-de-Marsan, France and the Thomson Headquarters Building, Offices and Laboratories in Geneva, Switzerland.
Parts of the territory east of the river Vistula took part in the East Prussian plebiscite and remained in the Free State of Prussia within Weimar Germany. These parts of the Marienwerder Region were officially incorporated into the Province of East Prussia in 1922, and renamed from Marienwerder Region to Region of West Prussia. This smaller region consisted of the rural districts of , , Marienwerder, Rosenberg in West Prussia, Stuhm, and the city of Elbing (Elbląg); the districts of Elbing and Marienburg and the city of Elbing had previously been part of the Danzig Region. The districts of Deutsch-Krone, Flatow, and Schlochau became part of the new Prussian Frontier March of Posen- West Prussia.
Ratner was a battalion commander's deputy in 1929 and a tank company commander in 1929-1930. He was a student of armored warfare in Weimar Germany in 1930, becoming fluent in the German, French, and Polish languages. Appointed commander of the 13th Mechanized Regiment in June 1936, just prior to the outbreak of civil war in Spain, Ratner was posted as a military adviser to Republican Spain three months later. He served as an assistant to the military attaché at the Soviet embassy in Spain from September 1936 to November 1937, and as an assistant to the Soviet military attaché at the Soviet embassy in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War from November 1937 to October 1939.
Hafez-Goethe monument in Weimar, Germany Though Hafez is well known for his poetry, he is less commonly recognized for his intellectual and political contributions.Hafez, singing love Mahmood Soree, Golbarg magazine, mehr 1382, number 43 A defining feature of Hafez' poetry is its ironic tone and the theme of hypocrisy, widely believed to be a critique of the religious and ruling establishments of the time. Persian satire developed during the 14th century, within the courts of the Mongol Period. In this period, Hafez and other notable early satirists, such as Ubayd Zakani, produced a body of work that has since become a template for the use of satire as a political device.
Zubkovsky won top prizes at the several international competitions, including Diploma at the International Jeunesses Musicales Competition in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Second Prize at the International Cello Competition in Minsk, Belarus, and the Grand Prix at the First Tansman International Competition of Musical Personalities in Łódź, Poland. As part of the prize, he recorded a CD on DUX label and was invited to perform Alexandre Tansman's Fantasie with Lodz Philharmonic under conductor Paweł Przytocki. In 1992-1997 Zubkovsky was a member of the critically acclaimed ensemble “Brahms Trio” in Moscow. With the group he won Second Prize at the International Chamber Music Competition in Trapani, Sicily and First Prize at the Joseph Joachim Chamber Music Competition in Weimar, Germany.
Porter, C. (1988) Larissa Reisner, London: Virago pg.9 She spent her early childhood in Tomsk, where her father was appointed Professor of Law at the University in 1897.Porter, C. (1988) Larissa Reisner, London: Virago pg.11 Between 1903 and 1907, she and her family resided in Berlin, Germany, where the family fled because of the father's political activity, with Larisa attending a primary school in the Zehlendorf district.Porter, C. (1988) Larissa Reisner, London: Virago pg.12 In the aftermath of the 1905-06 Russian Revolution, they moved to Saint PetersburgRadek, K. (1977) "Larissa Reisner" In Reissner, L. Hamburg At the Barricades and Other Writings of Weimar Germany London: Pluto pg.
The uncertain economic and political situation in Weimar Germany had already led to a number of film- makers and performers leaving the country, primarily for the United States; Ernst Lubitsch moved to Hollywood as early as 1923, the Hungarian-born Michael Curtiz in 1926. Some 1,500 directors, producers, actors and other film professionals emigrated in the years after the Nazis came to power. Among them were such key figures as the producer Erich Pommer, the studio head of Ufa, stars Marlene Dietrich and Peter Lorre, and director Fritz Lang. Lang's exodus to America is legendary; it is said that Metropolis so greatly impressed Joseph Goebbels that he asked Lang to become the head of his propaganda film unit.
The Frontier March of Posen-West Prussia (, ) was a province of Prussia from 1922 to 1938. Posen-West Prussia was established in 1922 as a province of the Free State of Prussia within Weimar Germany, formed from merging three remaining non-contiguous territories of Posen and West Prussia, which had lost the majority of their territory to the Second Polish Republic and Free City of Danzig in the Treaty of Versailles. From 1934, Posen-West Prussia was de facto ruled by Brandenburg until it was dissolved by Nazi Germany, effective 1 October 1938 and its territory divided between the Prussian provinces of Pomerania, Brandenburg and Silesia. Werner Buchholz: Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.
Man With A Long Coat, Georg Schrimpf's self-portrait (drawing on paper, 32 x 38 cm), private collection Porto Ronco, 1917 (oil on canvas, 66 x 59 cm), private collection, Germany Girl with mirror, 1930 (watercolor, 29 x 25 cm), private collection, Germany Georg Schrimpf (13 February 1889 – 19 April 1938) was a German painter and graphic artist. Along with Otto Dix, George Grosz and Christian Schad, Schrimpf is broadly acknowledged as a main representative of the art movement Neue Sachlichkeit (usually translated New Objectivity), which developed, in Weimar Germany, from 1919 to 1933, as an outgrowth of Expressionism. Schrimpf was listed as a producer of Degenerate Art by the German National Socialist government in the 1930s.
The Province of Posen (, ) was a province of Prussia from 1848 to 1919. Posen was established as a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1848 after the Greater Poland Uprising, converted from the Grand Duchy of Posen annexed by Prussia in the Polish partitions of 1815, and became part of the German Empire in 1871. Posen was part of the Free State of Prussia within Weimar Germany in 1918, but was dissolved the following year when most of its territory was ceded to the Second Polish Republic by the Treaty of Versailles, and the remaining German territory was later re-organized into Posen-West Prussia in 1922. Posen (present-day Poznań, Poland) was the provincial capital.
The church became a parish church and the remaining premises were used for various governmental purposes within the Prussian Province of Silesia. When after World War I the German monks of the Prague Emaus Abbey in Czechoslovakia were obliged to leave the city, they resettled in 1919 in the empty monastery buildings at Grüssau, then part of Weimar Germany. It was again raised to an abbey by Pope Pius XI in 1924, the monastery was however suspended by the Nazi government in 1940 and the buildings seized as a detention camp. During the bombing of Berlin from 1942 on, large parts of the Berlin State Library collection were outhoused at Grüssau Abbey.
After the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles stipulated, among other things, that 26 of the Sankt Wendel district's 94 municipalities had to be ceded to the British- and French-occupied Saar. The remaining 68 municipalities then bore the designation “Restkreis St. Wendel-Baumholder”, with the first syllable of Restkreis having the same meaning as in English, in the sense of “left over”. Gries was left in Weimar Germany, while the coalmines and ironworking industry, in which the majority of workers in Gries had been earning their livelihoods, suddenly found themselves on the other side of the Treaty line. Even the regional seat of Homburg was grouped into this new Saarland.
From 1923 he was highly active in public life, publishing articles and essays in Prager Tagblatt and Dortmunder Generalanzeiger, and quickly became one of the best-known political writers of Weimar Germany. In 1925 he drew attention to the fact that the serial killer Fritz Haarmann had been a spy for the Hanover police, and this resulted in him being excluded from covering the trial. In the same year he wrote an unflattering piece on Paul von Hindenburg, describing him as an intellectually vacuous man who was being used as a front by sinister political forces: :It was Plato's view that the leaders of men should be philosophers. No philosopher ascends the throne in Hindenburg.
Griffin attempts a comprehensive survey of the far-right throughout the 20th century, including topics as diverse as radical ecologism, neo-paganism, ultra-nationalism, and fanatical racism. Authors include an eclectic mix of philosophers, politicians, poets, agitators, and social critics, ranging from the fairly benign pessimistic poet-scholars of Weimar Germany (such as Stefan George, Ernst Jünger, and Martin Heidegger) to the rhetoric of those such as Heinrich Himmler and the American white supremacist, William Pierce. Griffin principally examines interwar Italian Fascism and German National Socialism, with political and historiographical analysis by contemporary and post-war liberals, Marxists, and conservatives. There are 214 selections in the book, most of them from pre-1945.
Weimar Germany in 1925. Almost all of the former territories of Germany used to be a part of the historical state of Prussia except for a tiny area around Reichenau in Sachsen (now Bogatynia) that belonged to the historical state of Saxony. In October 1938 Hlučín Area (Hlučínsko in Czech, Hultschiner Ländchen in German) of Moravian-Silesian Region which had been ceded to Czechoslovakia under the Treaty of Versailles was annexed by the Third Reich as a part of areas lost by Czechoslovakia in accordance with the Munich agreement. However, as distinct from other lost Czechoslovakian domains, it was not attached to Sudetengau (administrative region covering Sudetenland) but to Prussia (Upper Silesia).
Zeitoper (German: "opera of the time") was a short-lived genre of opera associated with Weimar Germany. It is not known when or by whom the term was coined, but by 1928 Kurt Weill ("Zeitoper" in Melos) was able to complain that it was more a slogan than a description. Like opera buffa it used contemporary settings and characters, comic or at least satiric plots (Max Brand's Maschinist Hopkins is a sole tragic example) and aimed at musical accessibility. Two distinguishing characteristics are a tendency to incorporate modern technology (Jonny spielt auf: trains, Der Lindberghflug: airplanes, Von Heute auf Morgen: telephones, and even elevators) and frequent allusions to popular music, especially jazz.
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852), a Lutheran Minister, a professor at the University of Berlin and the "father of gymnastics", introduced the concept of Volkstum, a racial notion which draws on the essence of a people that was lost during the Industrial Revolution. Adam Mueller went a step further by positing the belief that the state was a larger totality than the government institutions. This paternalistic vision of aristocracy concerned with social orders had a dark side in that the opposite force of modernity was represented by the Jews, who were said to be eating away at the state. Populism also played a role in mobilizing middle class support for the Nazi Party in Weimar Germany.
Even in Weimar Germany gliding flight was seen as a means to build up a "silent reserve" of pilots. As the Nazis waited until 1935 before they officially reinstated the Luftwaffe, this film from the early Nazi years on flying was seen as tool to create an interest in aviation with youngsters. Contemporary aviation magazines for example, such as Luftwelt, frequently contained advertisements calling Hitler Youth members to join gliding clubs. The DFS, which would be involved in doing aeronautical research for the V1 in World War II among other things, provided the air fields, the know-how, as well as a number of its pilots (such as Hanna Reitsch) for the flying scenes.
Popular notions of modern architecture are heavily influenced by the work of the Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier and the German architect Mies van der Rohe. Both were functionalists at least to the extent that their buildings were radical simplifications of previous styles. In 1923, Mies van der Rohe was working in Weimar Germany, and had begun his career of producing radically simplified, lovingly detailed structures that achieved Sullivan's goal of inherent architectural beauty. Le Corbusier famously said "a house is a machine for living in"; his 1923 book Vers une architecture was, and still is, very influential, and his early built work such as the Villa Savoye in Poissy, France, is thought of as prototypically function.
The Argentine-Israeli conductor Daniel Barenboim and the late Palestinian-American academic Edward Said founded the orchestra in 1999, and named the ensemble after an anthology of poems by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The first orchestra workshop was in Weimar, Germany, in 1999, after the organisation had received over 200 applications from Arab music students. Barenboim has also expressed interest in musicians from Iran (a non-Arab country but in conflict with Israel) and allocating three chairs for Iranian musicians to play in the orchestra each year. In 2016, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon designated the orchestra as a United Nations Global Advocate for Cultural Understanding, praising the orchestra's push for peace and unity.
Herbartgymnasiums, formerly the Hindenburg school in Oldenburg Rökker was born on 20 October 1920 in Oldenburg, in the Free State of Oldenburg of the Weimar Germany. At the age of 19 he passed his Kriegsabitur (war time diploma, a school leaving certificate under accelerated conditions) at the Hindenburg School on Oldenburg and applied to join the Luftwaffe. Rökker was accepted as an officer candidate and entered the Luftwaffe on 1 October 1939, 19 days before his 19th birthday and one month after the German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II in Europe. He was assigned to 4 staffel of the 22 Flieger-Ausbild Regiment (4th Squadron of the 22nd Pilot Training Regiment) at Güstrow.
A penniless refugee, Trebitsch-Lincoln worked his way bit by bit into the extreme right-wing and militarist fringe in Weimar Germany, making the acquaintance of Wolfgang Kapp and Erich Ludendorff among others. In 1920, following the Kapp Putsch, he was appointed press censor to the new government. In this capacity he met Adolf Hitler, who flew in from Munich the day before the Putsch collapsed. With the fall of Kapp, Trebitsch fled south from Munich to Vienna to Budapest, intriguing all along the way, linking up with a whole variety of fringe political factions, such as a loose alliance of monarchists and reactionaries from all over Europe known as the White International.
In August 1919 the British Ten Year Rule declared the government should not expect another war within ten years. Consequently, they conducted very little military R & D. In contrast, Germany and the Soviet Union were dissatisfied powers who, for different reasons, cooperated with each other on military R & D. The Soviets offered Weimar Germany facilities deep inside the USSR for building and testing arms and for military training, well away from Treaty inspectors' eyes. In return, they asked for access to German technical developments, and for assistance in creating the Red Army General Staff. The great artillery manufacturer Krupp was soon active in the south of the USSR, near Rostov-on-Don.
Wucai plate, Chinese export porcelain, Kangxi period Imperial Porcelain Manufactory in Vienna Porcelain painting in Weimar, Germany in 1989 China painting, or porcelain painting, is the decoration of glazed porcelain objects such as plates, bowls, vases or statues. The body of the object may be hard- paste porcelain, developed in China in the 7th or 8th century, or soft-paste porcelain (often bone china), developed in 18th-century Europe. The broader term ceramic painting includes painted decoration on lead-glazed earthenware such as creamware or tin-glazed pottery such as maiolica or faience. Typically the body is first fired in a kiln to convert it into a hard porous biscuit or bisque.
176 (Google Print) Lukaschek headed a committee that investigated all possibilities to engage in plebiscite propaganda. The Silesian Committee was to create common propaganda themes to which all factions could subscribe, and was helped in its task by money from German government. Lukaschek propaganda actions were also sponsored by state finances.National identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the eastern border, 1918-1922 T. Hunt Tooley, page 156 University of Nebraska Press 1997 He remained in Polish Silesia till 1927, officially as a member of mixed Polish-German Commission organised under the auspice of League of Nations, in secret he organised a spying network for Germany in Polish Upper Silesia during that time.
In 1918, Scheubner-Richter and Alfred Rosenberg moved to Germany from Russia with the returning German Army and became members of the Aufbau Vereinigung (Reconstruction Organisation), a far-right conspiratorial organisation composed of White Russian émigrés and early German National Socialists.Michael Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945, Cambridge University Press, 2005, . The Aufbau Vereinigung sought to overthrow the governments of Weimar Germany and the Soviet Union to install authoritarian far-right regimes, and its members committed a number of terrorist acts, including the assassination of German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau. In 1920 became a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party) in Munich.
He threw himself wholeheartedly into the vibrant cultural and social scene of Weimar Germany and developed valuable contacts at all levels of German society and particularly on the left of German politics. In 1926 he scored a journalistic coup with his disclosures about the secret collaboration of the Reichswehr and the Soviet military authorities in direct contravention of the military clauses of the Treaty of Versailles, disclosures that sparked a major domestic and diplomatic crisis for the German Government. Although based in Berlin, Voigt travelled widely throughout Germany, reporting on political and social conditions in the provinces and also ventured further afield in Central and Eastern Europe, taking a particular interest in the political conditions within Poland.
During these times, Welk experienced the German Revolution in Brunswick. His experiences later built the background for the novel Im Morgennebel, that describes true Brunswick events and people of these times in a not much encrypted way. This novel's manuscript, that employed Welk for a long time, was already finished in 1940 but not published until 1953 in East Germany In 1922 Welk traveled to the United States and Latin America. One year later, he went back to Weimar Germany and worked as a writer and journalist, mainly in Berlin and neighbourhood. Two revolutionary dramas, Gewitter über Gotland (1926) and Kreuzabnahme (1927), caused scandals and had to be taken out of the theatres' repertoires – despite their popular success.
The German Farmers' Party (, or DBP) or German Peasants' Party was a German agrarian political party during the Weimar Republic, existing from 1928-33. It has been characterised as part of a wider attempt by the middle classes to assert their economic interests in the mid to late 1920s by founding their own, fairly narrowly based, parties, including the Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party and in urban areas the Reich Party for Civil Rights and Deflation and Reich Party of the German Middle Class.Richard Bessel & E.J. Feuchtwanger, Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, Croom Helm, 1981, , p. 276 The party was banned and made illegal by the ruling NSDAP in 1933.
Close to the Central Association of House and Property Owners, it was particularly opposed to revaluation, which it considered an attack on the rights of property owners.Richard Bessel & E.J. Feuchtwanger, Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, Croom Helm, 1981, , p. 59 The WP did not dominate as the middle class vote, as some did go with either the DNVP or one of the two liberal parties, whilst others preferred more radical right alternatives, but generally the WP emerged as the main group to specifically target the middle classes for its support. Its first representation was in the Landtag of Prussia in 1921 and it appeared in the Reichstag in 1924.
In 1925, Germany broke its diplomatic isolation and took part in the Locarno Treaties with France and Belgium, undertaking not to attack them. The Soviet Union saw western détente as potentially deepening its own political isolation in Europe, in particular by diminishing Soviet-German relationships. As Germany became less dependent on the Soviet Union, it became more unwilling to tolerate subversive Comintern interference: in 1925, several members of Rote Hilfe, a Communist Party organization, were tried for treason in Leipzig in what was known as the Cheka Trial. On April 24, 1926, Weimar Germany and the Soviet Union concluded another treaty (Treaty of Berlin (1926)), declaring the parties' adherence to the Treaty of Rapallo and neutrality for five years.
The most intensive period of Soviet military collaboration with Weimar Germany was 1930–1932. On June 24, 1931, an extension of the 1926 Berlin Treaty was signed, though it was not until 1933 that it was ratified by the Reichstag due to internal political struggles. Some Soviet mistrust arose during the Lausanne Conference of 1932, when it was rumored that German Chancellor Franz von Papen had offered French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot a military alliance. The Soviets were also quick to develop their own relations with France and its main ally, Poland. This culminated in the conclusion of the Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact on July 25, 1932, and the Soviet-French non-aggression pact on November 29, 1932.
Many foundational contributions to quantum mechanics were made in Weimar Germany or by German scientists during the Weimar period. While temporarily at the University of Copenhagen, German physicist Werner Heisenberg formulated his Uncertainty principle, and, with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, accomplished the first complete and correct definition of quantum mechanics, through the invention of Matrix mechanics.History of Quantum Structures and IQSA - The Birth of Quantum Mechanics Göttingen was the center of research in aero- and fluid-dynamics in the early 20th century. Mathematical aerodynamics was founded by Ludwig Prandtl before World War I, and the work continued at Göttingen until interfered with in the 1930s and prohibited in the late 1940s.
McCarry apparently wrote The Miernik Dossier with no idea that Christopher would go on to become the hero of future novels. As the Christopher saga expanded and background details were fleshed in, discrepancies arose between the newer books and what the reader had been told about Christopher in earlier books, including this one. The Last Supper, published in 1983, begins with a long section about Christopher's parents and his birth and upbringing in post-World War I Weimar Germany. Not only is it clear that he has no brothers or sisters, McCarry even has a disclaimer at the end of the book: > In an earlier novel, Christopher was said to have an older brother, his > parents' favorite child.
François- Poncet became managing director of the Société d'études et d'informations économiques (Society for Economic Studies and Information). In 1924, he was replaced by Émile Mireaux. He served as a delegate to the League of Nations, and in August 1931 was named undersecretary of state and ambassador to Weimar Germany. From his post in Berlin, François-Poncet witnessed the rise of Hitler and later observed signs of Germany's plans for World War II. The insightful François-Poncet was described by American journalist William Shirer in his The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich as "the best informed ambassador in Berlin", but the French government generally did not heed the ambassador's many warnings about Hitler's intentions.
In 1914 Schrader graduated as teacher and enlisted voluntarily in the Prussian Army where he served throughout World War I. Demobilized in 1920 with the rank of Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) he worked as teacher. From 1924 to 1927 he taught History and German at an army technical school in Wolfenbüttel.Oberstleutnant Werner Schrader Axis history Forum At approximately the same time, Schrader became a member of Der Stahlhelm (, a veterans organisation after the First World War. There he rose to the rank of regional leader for Braunschweig. After the Nazi takeover of power in Weimar Germany he vehemently opposed aligning the Stahlhelm with Hitler’s storm troops, eventually losing both his leadership position in the institution and his teaching post.
The first production of Lohengrin was in Weimar, Germany, on 28 August 1850 at the Staatskapelle Weimar under the direction of Franz Liszt, a close friend and early supporter of Wagner. Liszt chose the date in honour of Weimar's most famous citizen, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who was born on 28 August 1749.Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed., 1954 Despite the inadequacies of the lead tenor Karl Beck,Wagner had written the act 3 tenor monologue In fernem Land (the "Grail Narration") in two parts, however, he asked Liszt to cut the second part from the premiere performance, as he felt Karl Beck could not do it justice and it would result in an anticlimax.
French cavalry entering Essen during the Occupation of the Ruhr France was part of the Allied force that occupied the Rhineland following the Armistice. Foch supported Poland in the Greater Poland Uprising and in the Polish–Soviet War and France also joined Spain during the Rif War. From 1925 until his death in 1932, Aristide Briand, as prime minister during five short intervals, directed French foreign policy, using his diplomatic skills and sense of timing to forge friendly relations with Weimar Germany as the basis of a genuine peace within the framework of the League of Nations. He realized France could neither contain the much larger Germany by itself nor secure effective support from Britain or the League.
The Province of West Prussia (; ; ) was a province of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and 1878 to 1922. West Prussia was established as a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1773, formed from Royal Prussia of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth annexed in the First Partition of Poland. West Prussia was dissolved in 1829 and merged with East Prussia to form the Province of Prussia, but was re-established in 1878 when the merger was reversed and became part of the German Empire. From 1918, West Prussia was a province of the Free State of Prussia within Weimar Germany, losing most of its territory to the Second Polish Republic and the Free City of Danzig in the Treaty of Versailles.
Russia thereby became the center from which a global danger radiated, particularly threatening to the Aryan race and its German core. To Hitler, Bolshevism meant the consummate rule of Jewry, while democracy – as it had developed in Western Europe and Weimar Germany – represented a preliminary stage of Bolshevism, since the Jews there won a leading, if not yet a dominant, influence. This racist component of Hitler's thought was so closely interwoven with the central political element of his program, the conquest of European Russia, that Russia's defeat and the extermination of the Jews were – in theory as later in practice – inseparable for him. To the aim of expansion per se, however, Hitler gave not racial, but political, strategic, economic and demographic underpinnings.
Two churches in Northumberland are now thought to have the earliest extant uses: Holy Trinity, Cambo (1842), and Holy Trinity, Horsley (1844), and four 1850s Merseyside churches also feature laminated timbers: St Mary, Grassendale, St Luke, Formby, St Paul, Tranmere and Holy Trinity in Parr Mount, St Helens.. The first industrial patented use was in Weimar, Germany. In 1872, Otto Hetzer set up a steam sawmill and carpentry business in Kohlstrasse. Beginning in 1892, he took out a series of patents, including one for a ventilated timber floor deck that could be tightened laterally after installation, to compensate for shrinkage. Hetzer continued to patent various ingenious systems, but the first of these that could be compared with subsequently standardised horizontal glulam was awarded in 1906.
His images are frequently portraits from Weimar Germany in the years preceding World War II, although he has also employed still lifes as subject matter. These photographic images are recreated in large format, then distressed by the addition of pigment to form works which evoke strong reactions of melancholy or nostalgia, both in terms of their subject matter and their treatment. His work has been compared to the "gaudily tragic" Neue Sachlichkeit expressionist art of the Weimar era, with portraits of " figures whose faces seem to express the unbearable heaviness of a past trapped behind their eyes," creating images of faces that are "feral, yet knowing."Eggleton, D. "Night Has a Thousand Eyes: The Photographic Appropriations of Ben Webb", Art New Zealand 123, Winter 2007.
Mary Stuart (), a dramatised version of the last days of Mary, Queen of Scots, including the Babington Plot, was written by Friedrich Schiller and performed in Weimar, Germany, in 1800. This in turn formed the basis for Maria Stuarda, an opera by Donizetti, in 1835. Although the Babington Plot occurs before the events of the opera, and is only referenced twice during the opera, the second such occasion being Mary admitting her own part in it in private to her confessor (a role taken by Lord Talbot in the opera, although not in real life). The story of the Babington Plot is dramatised in the novel Conies in the Hay by Jane Lane (), and features prominently in Anthony Burgess's A Dead Man in Deptford.
Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (1928–1932). In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincaré responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr, and a period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincaré being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. The British—who openly championed the German position on reparations—applied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany.
Glazova Lissitzky, of Lithuanian Jewish оrigin, began his career illustrating Yiddish children's books in an effort to promote Jewish culture in Russia. When only 15 he started teaching, a duty he would maintain for most of his life. Over the years, he taught in a variety of positions, schools, and artistic media, spreading and exchanging ideas. He took this ethic with him when he worked with Malevich in heading the suprematist art group UNOVIS, when he developed a variant suprematist series of his own, Proun, and further still in 1921, when he took up a job as the Russian cultural ambassador to Weimar Germany, working with and influencing important figures of the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements during his stay.
The rise of Hitler and of the Nazis in Weimar Germany can be seen as an obvious counter-example, but although in early 1930s Germany was already an advanced economy, by that time, the country was also living in a state of economic crisis virtually since the first World War (in the 1910s), a crisis which was eventually worsened by the effects of the Great Depression. There is also the general observation that democracy was very rare before the industrial revolution. Empirical research thus lead many to believe that economic development either increases chances for a transition to democracy (modernization theory), or helps newly established democracies consolidate. One study finds that economic development prompts democratization but only in the medium run (10–20 years).
Hildebrandt was born in Bunzlau, Lower Silesia, Weimar Germany (now Boleslawiec, Poland) where he attended school. In World War II he became a Flakhelfer of the Luftwaffe but after four months was conscripted to the German Wehrmacht, in the same role. In June 2007, a year after the Günter Grass Waffen-SS revelations, documents were released which showed that some prominent German intellectuals like Siegfried Lenz, Martin Walser and Dieter Hildebrandt had been members of the Nazi Party. For all three the documents showed their membership at a young age, during a late stage of the fascist regime in Germany – Hildebrandt's application was dated 19 February 1944 (when Hildebrandt was still 16) and he was admitted on 20 April 1944, Hitler's 55th birthday.
Melda during recital at the Zorlu Center PSM Lara Melda pre-recital backstage 2013 Melda performed her debut concert at the age of 8 and her debut concerto at the age of 12 playing Mozart's Piano Concerto in D minor K466 and Piano Concerto in A major K414. In 2009 she was a finalist in the International Franz Liszt Piano Competition in Weimar, Germany. Melda rose to international prominence in 2010 when she won the BBC Young Musician of the Year at the age of sixteen, performing Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 in the final round, with Vasily Petrenko and the BBC National Orchestra of Wales in Cardiff. The competition had an international following via television and radio broadcasts on the BBC.
It is therefore little wonder that Hitler found so many followers throughout Weimar Germany, even in Löllbach and other nearby villages. His promises were believed, and his intentions and laws, right up to the Enabling Act and the Third Reich's racist decrees, were blindly accepted, and the Weimar Republic, which had never had an effective democracy, was swept aside. In 1932, the Meisenheim district, in which Löllbach lay, was dissolved and merged into the Kreuznach district. The German people developed productive values under Hitler, who all the while was preparing the country for war. Country folk, too, did their share of this work as part of the Nazi Erzeugungsschlacht (“Battle for Production”) policy, increasing agricultural production while never realizing the direction in which Hitler was taking them.
The main challenges facing the first Schober government were Austria's lack of money, rampant inflation, and dependence on imports the country became increasingly unable to afford. The government was in desperate need of credit, but loans would not be forthcoming until Austria assuaged fears among the Allies of World War I that it might attempt to defy the Treaty of Saint- Germain. The Treaty forbade Austria to pursue accession into Weimar Germany, an idea that was popular in Austria at the time and that was in fact one of the People's Party defining platform planks. When Schober managed to open lines of credit through confirming Austria's commitment to independence in the Treaty of Lana, the People's Party forced his resignation.
1\. Bozzini (1806) "Lichtleiter, eine Erfindung zur Anschauung innerer Teile und Krankheiten, nebst der Abbildung" (Light conductor, an invention for viewing internal parts and diseases, together with illustrations), Journal der practischen Arzneykunde und Wundarzneykunst (Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery), 24 : 107-124. 2\. Philipp Bozzini, Der Lichtleiter oder die Beschreibung einer einfachen Vorrichtung und ihrer Anwendung zur Erleuchtung innerer Höhlen und Zwischenräume des lebenden animalischen Körpers [The light conductor, or description of a simple instrument and its use for illuminating inner cavities and intersticies of the living animal body] (Weimar, (Germany): Industrie Comptoirs, 1807). 3\. Désormeaux MAS (1855) De l´endoscope, instrument propre à éclairer certaines cavités intérieures de l´économie. Comptes Rendus Hébdomadaires des Séances de l´Academie des Sciences 40:692. 4\.
Stern was born to a Jewish family,The Jerusalem Post: "The world's 50 Richest Jews: 41-50" September 7, 2010Entrepreneurship: "Leonard Stern took over the family business Hartz Mountain Pet Company from his father in 1959. By the early 1980s, he had expanded the company's focus beyond pet foods to make it America's leading pet supply manufacturer and name brand" by Stacey Patton August 17, 2012 the son of Hilda (née Lowenthal) and Max Stern. Max Stern was the German-born vice-chairman of the board of trustees of Yeshiva University for whom its Stern College for Women was named. He had emigrated from Weimar Germany to the U.S. in the 1920s after his textile business proved unprofitable, bringing along 2,100 canaries from Germany to sell on the U.S. market.
After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia. The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and annexed by Lithuania in 1923.
Gerwarth, Robert The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 page 165. Bracher wrote that the success of the modern Federal Republic had nothing to do with the "Bismarckian tradition" and stated that the "destruction of the state of 1871" was "the premiss and starting point for a new German state altogether". Bracher maintained that "the second, finally successful democracy in Germany is unimaginable, impossible without the ultimate failure of the Reich of 1871". In an essay published in 1976 entitled "The Role of Hitler: Perspectives of Interpretation", Bracher argued that Hitler was too often underrated in his own time, and that those historians who rejected the totalitarian paradigm in favor of the fascist paradigm were in danger of making the same mistake.
Although Grimm's South African sojourn lasted only fourteen years, from 1897 to 1911, it had a profound effect on him: with few minor exceptions all his literary work — several collections of short stories and novels — is set in Southern Africa. His most famous novel is Volk ohne Raum (1926). The programmatic title "A people without space" indicates Grimm's belief that Germany's problems, exacerbated by defeat in the First World War, were caused by its lack of space at home or in overseas colonies: individuals, and therefore the nation, were unable to develop to their fullest potential. The novel established him as one of Germany's leading writers and demonstrated clearly his political sympathies with the political Right in Weimar Germany, and the title became a popular slogan of the National Socialist movement.
The move came on the heels of the landmark 2005-06 season that included St.Clair leading the Symphony on its first European tour—nine cities in three countries playing before capacity houses and receiving extraordinary responses and reviews. From 2008 to 2010, St.Clair was general music director for the Komische Oper in Berlin, where he led successful new productions such as La Traviata (directed by Hans Neuenfels). He also served as general music director and chief conductor of the German National Theater and Staatskapelle (GNTS) in Weimar, Germany, where he led Wagner's Ring Cycle to critical acclaim. He was the first non-European to hold his position at the GNTS; the role also gave him the distinction of simultaneously leading one of the newest orchestras in America and one of the oldest in Europe.
Belsize Square Synagogue He died in Düsseldorf, Germany, in 1958. Davidsohn and his wife were close friends with the parents of Ernst vom Rath, whose assassination in Paris precipitated Kristallnacht. Directly after vom Rath's murder, Davidsohn and his wife visited the parents of vom Rath, who assured him that they did not blame the Jews of Germany (Anthony Grenville: 'Listening to Refugee Voices: The Association of Jewish Refugees Information and Research on the Refugees from Hitler in Britain', in Refugees from the Third Reich in Britain, Yearbook of the Research Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies, volume 4). Magnus Davidsohn's daughter, Ilse Stanley, saved hundreds of Jews from concentration camps, and was the author of the book The Unforgotten (Beacon Press, 1957), a memoir of Weimar Germany and the Nazi years.
Also, for most of her voyage, she is out of radio range and cannot call for help; her crew must deal by themselves with any emergency - natural, mechanical or (as in this story) man-made. Captain Peter Banning is a veteran, highly capable spaceman, with a lot of experience also in hand-to-hand fighting (especially in zero gravity conditions). He has considerable intellectual curiosity and knowledge of such abstruse ancient history subjects as Weimar Germany and the struggle between Nazis and Communists - names which mean nothing to most 23rd Century people. Having observed the fast deteriorating situation on Earth, he tries to avoid being there and has bought a ranch on Venus to serve as his refuge; however, Earth's crisis would soon reach into his own ship.
On the importance Hitler assigned to motorization, including a July 1933 interview with the New York Times, see Eric Michaud, tr. Janet Lloyd, The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany, Stanford, California: Stanford University, 2004, , pp. 202–03. One analyst has suggested the underlying impetus behind the goal of motorization and the building of the autobahns was simply that Hitler preferred driving over flying and taking trains: Spotts, pp. 387–88. Weimar Germany was car-mad, and the number of private vehicles had increased from 130,346 in 1924 to 489,270 in 1932, but the percentage of car owners lagged behind that in other European countries, not to mention the U.S. This was still true in 1937; at best, most Germans could afford a motorbike, not a car,Schütz and Gruber, p. 142.
In 1923 a branch of the Union of Poles in Germany was established. In 1932 the German authorities did not allow the establishment of a Polish school. Since 1816 after the Napoleonic Wars, Grünberg was administered within the district Landkreis Grünberg in the Province of Silesia. In 1871 it became part of the German Empire during the unification of Germany. English industrialists purchased some of the city's textile factories during the 1870s and 1880s. By 1885, most of Grünberg's population of 14,396 were Protestants.Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 1885 The city was first connected to the Glogau-Grünberg-Guben railway line in 1871, followed by connections to Christianstadt in 1904, Wollstein in 1905, and a local line to Sprottau in 1911. Local museum In 1919, Grünberg became part of the Province of Lower Silesia within Weimar Germany.
Speed Langworthy's sheet music poking fun at the masculine traits many women adopted during the 1920s Homosexuality became much more visible and somewhat more acceptable. London, New York, Paris, Rome, and Berlin were important centers of the new ethic. Historian Jason Crouthamel argues that in Germany, the First World War promoted homosexual emancipation because it provided an ideal of comradeship which redefined homosexuality and masculinity. The many gay rights groups in Weimar Germany favored a militarised rhetoric with a vision of a spiritually and politically emancipated hypermasculine gay man who fought to legitimize "friendship" and secure civil rights.Jason Crouthamel, "'Comradeship' and 'Friendship': Masculinity and Militarisation in Germany's Homosexual Emancipation Movement after the First World War," Gender and History, (April 2011) 23#1 pp 111–129 Ramsey explores several variations.
Walter Bache Walter Bache (; 19 June 184226 March 1888) was an English pianist and conductor noted for his championing the music of Franz Liszt and other music of the New German School in England. He studied privately with Liszt in Italy from 1863 to 1865, one of the few students allowed to do so, and continued to attend Liszt's master classes in Weimar, Germany regularly until 1885, even after embarking on a solo career. This period of study was unparalleled by any other student of Liszt and led to a particularly close bond between Bache and Liszt. After initial hesitation on the part of English music critics because he was a Liszt pupil, Bache was publicly embraced for his keyboard prowess, even as parts of his repertoire were questioned.
Boschwitz with Ronald Reagan and Gretchen Carlson in 1988 Boschwitz makes a point at the 61st Commission on Human Rights in 2005 Boschwitz was born November 7, 1930 in Berlin, Weimar Germany, the son of Lucy (née Dawidowicz) and Eli Boschwitz. In 1933, when he was three years old, his Jewish family fled from Nazi Germany to the United States, settling in New Rochelle, New York, where he grew up. A graduate of The Pennington School, he attended Johns Hopkins University and graduated from the New York University Stern School of Business in 1950 and the New York University School of Law in 1953. He was admitted to the New York State bar in 1954 and the Wisconsin bar in 1959. He served in the United States Army Signal Corps in 1954–55.
The village shared its fate with the rest of the Idarbann in a political and economic sense. Thus, Mackenrodt passed along with the rest of the Idarbann to the “Hinder” County of Sponheim in 1766, and then in 1771 to the Margraviate of Baden, and soon thereafter to the French Republic – as of 1804 the Empire. In 1814, the area found itself under a joint Imperial-Royal Austrian and Royal Bavarian “State Administrative Commission” (Landesverwaltungskommission) before the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the Kingdom of Prussia, who in turn ceded it in 1817 to the Principality of Birkenfeld, an exclave of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, most of whose territory was in what is now northwest Germany, with a coastline on the North Sea. In 1918, Oldenburg became a “free state” within Weimar Germany.
Mircea Gogoncea's classical guitar record includes 87 awards in national and international guitar competitions in locations like Benicàssim, Almería, Cáceres (Spain), Los Angeles, Dallas, (United States of America), Düsseldorf, Velbert, Weimar (Germany), Belgrade (Yugoslavia), Alessandria (Italy), Sinaia, Tulcea, Ploieşti, Târgovişte, Bucharest, Alba-Iulia, Cluj-Napoca, Bacău (Romania). Out of those, 48 are first prizes (among the total of 59 first prizes obtained in the 8 above- mentioned fields), and 3 are "great prizes" . Mircea Gogoncea is the winner of the Youth Competition Division I of the GFA Convention 2007 (Los Angeles, California). He is also the audience prize winner of the Francisco Tárrega guitar competition in Benicàssim, Spain, 2010, and has been awarded, among other distinctions, the second prize at the Julián Arcas guitar competition in Almería, Spain, in November 2011.
By 1933 there were 37 such institutions in Germany, aiming to counteract the high infant mortality rate that resulted from the poor diet, bad hygiene and arduous working lives of many women in Weimar Germany. Housekeeping was a much more complex and labour-intensive task than it is today, with tasks such as cleaning, laying a fire, shopping, cooking and looking after children requiring much more effort. After 1933 the Nazis saw Mütterschulen as providing not only a way of educating women in housekeeping, but a means of indoctrinating them in Nazi ideology. The administration of the Mütterschulen was taken over by the NS-Frauenschaft and the Deutsches Frauenwerk (German Women's Enterprise) and the number of women attending grew rapidly; by 1937, 1.14 million women had participated in over 53,000 courses.
The Nazi Anti-Flag Desecration Law was not a Nazi law, but an amendment to the Second Reich Strafgesetzbuch signed into law as a Notverordnung in the Weimarer Republik on 19 December 1932Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zur Erhaltung des inneren Friedens, 19. Dezember 1932, Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I 1867-1945 : Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, ALEX Historische Rechts- und Gesetzestexte Online, retrieved 17 August 2017 by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg and the cabinet of Reichskanzler Kurt von Schleicher, making it illegal to desecrate the flag by "insulting or maliciously and with intent belittling" the Reich, the Länder, their constitution, colors, or flags, or the Wehrmacht. Weimar Germany (1919–33) Initially, §134a StGB protected only the flag of the democratic Germany. Later legislation, on 12 March 1933, and the Reichsflaggengesetz of 15 September 1935, extended the protection to the Hakenkreuzfahne.
Yuanfan has won numerous piano competitions. He has won 1st Prize at the Cleveland International Young Artists Piano Competition in the USA in 2015, and 1st Prize of the 4th International Franz Liszt Piano Competition in Weimar, Germany in 2014, with which he was awarded the Special Prize for Best Interpretation of a Classical Sonata, the Special Prize for Best Interpretation of Works by Liszt, the Special Prize for Best Composition and Improvisation, the Junior Jury Prize, and the European Union of Music Competitions for Youth (EMCY) Prize for Most Outstanding Contestant. In 2013 he won the 3rd Prize in the Minnesota International Piano-e-Competition. He has also won 1st Prizes in the 2010 RNCM James Mottram International Piano Competition (under 19), and the 2009 Manchester International Piano Concerto Competition for Young Pianists (age 16 and under).
A 1938 reproduction of the Act of Tilsit, signed in 1918 The northern part of East Prussia beyond the Neman River was detached from East Prussia at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, dividing the territories inhabited by Prussian Lithuanians between Weimar Germany and the Klaipėda Region (Memelland) under the administration of the Council of Ambassadors, which was formed to enforce the agreements reached in the Treaty of Versailles. The organisation "Deutsch-Litauischer Heimatbund" () sought reunification with Germany or to create an independent state of Memelland and had a membership of 30,000 individuals. Two dozen pro-Lithuanian representatives of the Prussian Lithuanian National Council signed the Act of Tilsit, asking to unite the Klaipėda Region with Lithuania; the idea was not supported by the majority of Prussian Lithuanians. World War I was followed by severe economical hardships and inflation in Germany.
Jenny Gilbert, 'Divas' Independent on Sunday, 11 April 1999, p.8 In Time Out, Alan Robertson wrote, 'Aggiss galumphs around as if she were a transvestite refugee from one of the nightclub routines in Cabaret (presumably she's being awful and gross on purpose).'A Robertson, 'Wendy Houstoun/Liz Aggiss: ICA', Time Out, 29 April-^May, 1987, p54 Only the German dance historian Marion Kant recognised the inspiration: 'Liz Aggiss's performance startled me...because so little work has been done to recover grotesque dances and dancers....Yet suddenly...there she was, Liz Aggiss dancing grotesque; dancing Weimar Germany...turning herself into one of those unforgettable, striking images; sharp and penetrating, affronting the senses....There she was as a grotesque dancer reincarnated, offering an eccentric mixture of offence and nonsense.'Marion Kant, 'Liz Aggiss and 'authentic grotesque expressionism', Aggiss and Cowie 2006, p.
Romantic nationalism, which had begun as a revolt against "foreign" kings and overlords, had come full circle, and was being used to make the case for a "Greater Germanic Empire" which would rule over Europe. The nationalistic and imperialistic tensions rising high between the European nations throughout the irrational, neo-Romantic Fin de siècle period eventually erupted in the First World War. After Germany had lost the war and undergone the tumultuous German Revolution, the völkisch movement drastically radicalized itself in Weimar Germany under the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and Adolf Hitler would go on to say that "the basic ideas of National-Socialism are völkisch, just as the völkisch ideas are National-Socialist". Outside of Germany, the belief among European powers was that nation-states forming around unities of language, culture and ethnicity were "natural" in some sense.
The National Socialist Freedom Movement (, NSFB) or National Socialist Freedom Party (, NSFP) was a political party in Weimar Germany created in April 1924 during the aftermath of the Beer Hall Putsch. Adolf Hitler and many Nazi leaders were jailed after the failed coup attempt and the Nazi Party was outlawed in what came to be known as the Time of Struggle. The remaining Nazis formed the NSFB as a legal means of carrying on the party and its ideology. Included in this party was the similarly reformed and renamed Frontbann, which was a legal alternative to the SA. Eugene Davidson notes that "[t]he Far Right could not agree on much of anything for long, not even on who was the chief enemy", with NSFP Reichstag deputy Reinhold Wulle believing that the Catholics were a greater danger than the Jews.
France was part of the Allied force that occupied the Rhineland following the Armistice. Foch supported Poland in the Greater Poland Uprising and in the Polish–Soviet War and France also joined Spain during the Rif War. From 1925 until his death in 1932, Aristide Briand, as prime minister during five short intervals, directed French foreign policy, using his diplomatic skills and sense of timing to forge friendly relations with Weimar Germany as the basis of a genuine peace within the framework of the League of Nations. He realized France could neither contain the much larger Germany by itself nor secure effective support from Britain or the League.Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (1996) p. 125 In January 1923 as a response to the failure of Germany to ship enough coal as part of its reparations, France (and Belgium) occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr.
In a 1971 essay to mark the 100th anniversary of German unification, Bracher rejected the claim that Otto von Bismarck was the "grandfather" of the present-day Federal Republic, and argued that those historians who claimed that there was a line of continuity between Bismarck's Second Reich and the Federal Republic were entirely mistaken. Bracher maintained that the founding of the Federal Republic in 1949 was a decisive break with everything had happened before in German history.Gerwarth, Robert The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 page 164. Bracher stated that the Federal Republic with its democracy, respect for the individual, equality of all citizens, rule of the law and its pluralist, tolerant society owned nothing to Bismarck's vision of a rigidly hierarchical society dominated by a militaristic, authoritarian state that existed to uphold the power of the Junkers.
Alexander Siloti was born on his father's estate near Kharkiv, Ukraine (then part of Imperial Russia). He studied piano at the Moscow Conservatory with Nikolai Zverev from 1871, then from 1875 under Nikolai Rubinstein, brother of the more famous Anton Rubinstein; from that year he also studied counterpoint under Sergei Taneyev,Barber (2002), p. 2. harmony under Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, and theory under Nikolai Hubert.Barber (2002), p. 5. He graduated with the Gold Medal in Piano in 1881. Siloti went to Weimar, Germany to further his studies with Franz Liszt, co-founding the Liszt-Verein in Leipzig, and making his professional debut on 19 November 1883. Returning to Russia in 1887, Siloti taught at the Moscow Conservatory, where his students included Alexander Goldenweiser, Leonid Maximov, and his first cousin Sergei Rachmaninoff. During this period he also began work as editor for Tchaikovsky, particularly on the First and Second piano concertos.
The British government issued strong verbal chastisements of the Soviet Union for this campaign, which the Soviets responded to by uncompromisingly defensive reactions that narrowed the scope of diplomatic efforts. The Vatican at first sought to use the newly re-created Poland's position to promote Catholic interests in Russia, but following the war between the Bolsheviks and Poland, the Vatican turned to Weimar Germany, which played crucial role in diplomatic efforts with regard to Christians in the USSR. In 1922 at the Conference of Genoa, wherein the Soviet Union's relations with the foreign community of nations was negotiated, the Vatican demanded that Russia grant complete freedom of conscience to its citizens. The Soviet government instead pursued a policy of demanding the Vatican to grant it recognition without a concordat or any conditions, and held out the prospect that doing so could result in priests being released from prison.
Design work on the Type 34-class destroyers began in 1932, around the time that Weimar Germany renounced the armament limitations of the Versailles Treaty that had ended World War I. Initial designs for the new destroyers were for large ships more powerful than the French and Polish destroyers then in service, but the design grew further as the Kriegsmarine now expected it to serve as a small cruiser. The design work appears to have been rushed and not well-thought out as the short forecastle and lack of flare at the bow compromised the ships' seakeeping abilityKoop & Schmolke, pp. 13–14 and their stability was inadequate.Gröner, p. 199 The only substantial innovative part of the design, the high-pressure boilers, were an over- complicated system that received almost no shipboard testing before being installed in the Type 34s and frequently broke down throughout the life of the ships.
Design work on the Type 34 destroyers began in 1932, around the time that Weimar Germany renounced the armament limitations of the Versailles Treaty that had ended World War I. Initial designs were for large ships more powerful than the French and Polish destroyers then in service, but the design grew as the Kriegsmarine now expected it to serve as a small cruiser. The design work appears to have been rushed and not well-thought out as the short forecastle and lack of flare at the bow compromised the ships' seakeeping abilityKoop & Schmolke, pp. 13–14 and their stability was inadequate.Gröner, p. 199 The only real innovative part of the design, the high-pressure water-tube boilers, were an over- complicated system that received almost no shipboard testing before being installed in the Type 34s and frequently broke down throughout the life of the ships.
Design work on the Type 34 destroyers began in 1932, around the time that Weimar Germany renounced the armament limitations of the Versailles Treaty which had ended World War I. Initial designs were for large ships more powerful than the French and Polish destroyers then in service, but the design grew as the Kriegsmarine expected it to serve as a small cruiser. The design work appears to have been rushed and not well-thought out as the short forecastle and lack of flare at the bow compromised the ships' seakeeping abilityKoop & Schmolke, pp. 13–14 and their stability was inadequate.Gröner, p. 199 The only real innovative part of the design, the high-pressure water-tube boilers, were an over-complicated system that received almost no shipboard testing before being installed in the Type 34s, and frequently broke down throughout the life of the ships.
The Deer Hunter is a novelization by the American writer E. M. Corder based upon the screenplay by Deric Washburn and Michael Cimino of the 1978 war drama film The Deer Hunter, a film that won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. The novel is set in southern Vietnam, in Pittsburgh and in working-class Clairton, Pennsylvania, a Monongahela River town south of Pittsburgh. The book follows a trio of Rusyn AmericanThe Rusyns - Rusyn steel worker friends—Michael "Mike" Vronsky, Steven Pushkov, and Nikanor "Nick" Chevotarevich—both before and during their infantry service in the Vietnam War. The screenplay itself was loosely inspired by the German novel Three Comrades (1937), by World War I veteran Erich Maria Remarque, the author of All Quiet on the Western Front, which follows the lives of a trio of World War I veterans in 1920s Weimar Germany.
In contrast, minted silver bullion is rarely smaller than a troy ounce, while minted gold bullion (and other precious metals) is highly valued in even small amounts, like the American Gold Eagle coins. For these reasons, junk silver is popular among survivalists. In the event of a crisis or catastrophe during which traditional currency collapses, it is speculated that silver coins could provide a viable alternative, temporarily or indefinitely, while fiat currency, which is not backed by precious metals or other commodities, has no inherent value and can be subject to extreme inflation, even hyperinflation, similar to Weimar Germany, post-WWII Hungary and, more recently, Zimbabwe's dollar and Venezuela's bolivar fuerte. Proponents of junk silver and other precious metals claim that, while fiat currencies have historically been subject to hyperinflation, precious metals will always have inherent value and can act as a medium of financial exchange when fiat currencies are obsolete.
The creation of the corridor aroused great resentment in Germany, and all post-war German Weimar governments refused to recognize the eastern borders agreed at Versailles, and refused to follow Germany's acknowledgment of its western borders in the Treaty of Locarno of 1925 with a similar declaration with respect to its eastern borders. Institutions in Weimar Germany supported and encouraged German minority organizations in Poland, in part radicalized by the Polish policy towards them, in filing close to 10,000 complaints about violations of minority rights to the League of Nations. Poland in 1931 declared her commitment to peace, but pointed out that any attempt to revise its borders would mean war. Additionally, in conversation with U.S. President Herbert Hoover, Polish delegate Filipowicz noted that any continued provocations by Germany could tempt the Polish side to invade, in order to settle the issue once and for all.
France was part of the Allied force that occupied the Rhineland following the armistice. Foch supported Poland in the Greater Poland Uprising and in the Polish–Soviet War and France also joined Spain during the Rif War. From 1925 until his death in 1932, Aristide Briand, as prime minister during five short intervals, directed French foreign policy by using his diplomatic skills and sense of timing to forge friendly relations with Weimar Germany as the basis of a genuine peace within the framework of the League of Nations. He realised France could not contain the much larger Germany by itself or secure effective support from Britain or the League.Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (1996) p. 125 In January 1923, after Germany refused to ship enough coal as part of its reparations, France and Belgium occupied the industrial region of the Ruhr.
Grychtolik graduated from the Hochschule für Musik "Franz Liszt", Weimar,April 2007 schedule of events (PDF) City of Weimar, Germany, official website. (April 2007) Retrieved 18 January 2011 where he began research and work on his idea that it would be possible to digitally reconstruct selected works from Bach's Weimar period, creating a historical concert in a virtual church."Guide to Bach Tour Weimar – Bach Research in 3D: Computer Reconstruction of Johann Sebastian Bach’s Palace Church a Success" Bach Cantatas (24 August 2005) Retrieved 19 January 2011 Grychtolik received the school's Franz Liszt Prize in 2005."Fanfare: Preise, Stellen und andere Erfolge" (PDF) Resonanz, school magazine, Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar (February 2005) Retrieved 18 January 2011 He studied the harpsichord"Bachs rekonstruierte Markuspassion wird uraufgeführt" Neue Musik Zeitung (trade newspaper) (30 March 2007) Retrieved 18 January 2011 with and with Frédérick Haas at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels.
For example, by 1931 Werner von Blomberg was using the SA in preparation for border defense in East Prussia. One of the reasons why this militarization of society was difficult to prevent relates to the distinction between the government executive and the legislature. The democratically elected government, being composed of groups of people, inevitably reflected the factional strife and cultural militarism among the populace. But the German Revolution of 1918–19 had not truly settled what the nature of the German state ought to be; Weimar Germany after its revolution was not very far from civil war—the different factions all hoped to transform the German state into the one that they thought it should be (which would require violent suppression of the other factions), and they expected their private armies to merge into the state's army (the Reichswehr) if they could manage to come to power.
In the French system, in the event of cohabitation, the president is often allowed to set the policy agenda in security and foreign affairs and the prime minister runs the domestic and economic agenda. Other countries evolve into something akin to a semi-presidential system or indeed a full presidential system. Weimar Germany, for example, in its constitution provided for a popularly elected president with theoretically dominant executive powers that were intended to be exercised only in emergencies, and a cabinet appointed by him from the Reichstag, which was expected, in normal circumstances, to be answerable to the Reichstag. Initially, the president was merely a symbolic figure with the Reichstag dominant; however, persistent political instability, in which governments often lasted only a few months, led to a change in the power structure of the republic, with the president's emergency powers called increasingly into use to prop up governments challenged by critical or even hostile Reichstag votes.
In 2003 Jones made her debut as director and costume designer in a stage production of Der fliegende Holländer in Weimar, Germany. She has also given master-classes for young singers at notable venues and colleges of music, and acted as an adjudicator in international vocal competitions, including the 2009 BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition and, more recently, the 2017 season of the reality operatic singing competition on the Russia-Kultura TV Channel, "The Big Opera" (the whole series of competition now being available for viewing on YouTube). Despite her advancing years and the extraordinary demands of her chosen repertoire, she remains an active performer on the stage, taking on various soprano, mezzo-soprano and even contralto roles with vocal authority and dramatic conviction. In June 2007, she created the role of the Queen of Hearts in the world premiere of Unsuk Chin's new opera, Alice in Wonderland, at the Bavarian State Opera.
Program for premiere of Bertolt Brecht's first produced play, the "comedy in five acts", Drums in the Night, Munich Kammerspiele, starring Erwin Faber in the role of Andreas Kragler, Sept 29, 1922. Drums in the Night, a "Comedy in Five Acts by Bertolt Brecht", was given its premiere at the Munich Kammerspiele, opening on 29 September 1922. Otto Falckenberg - head of the Kammerspiele and renowned champion of new, controversial dramas in Weimar Germany - directed, set-design was by Otto Reigbert, and the cast included Erwin Faber (as a Guest from the National Theatre of Munich, the Residenztheater) in the main role of Andreas Kragler, Max Schreck (as Glubb), Hans Leibelt, Kurt Horwitz and Maria Koppenhöfer. The play received another production at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, also directed by Falckenberg, which opened on 20 December 1922, with a cast of leading actors then in Berlin, including Alexander Granach as the soldier Andreas Kragler.
Although a national government may choose to default for political reasons, lending to a national government in the country's own sovereign currency is generally considered "risk free" and is done at a so-called "risk-free interest rate". This is because the debt and interest can be repaid by raising tax receipts (either by economic growth or raising tax revenue), a reduction in spending, or by creating more money. However, it is widely considered that this would increase inflation and thus reduce the value of the invested capital (at least for debt not linked to inflation). This has happened many times throughout history, and a typical example of this is provided by Weimar Germany of the 1920s, which suffered from hyperinflation when the government massively printed money, because of its inability to pay the national debt deriving from the costs of World War I. In practice, the market interest rate tends to be different for debts of different countries.
In The New York Times, journalist Bill Keller wrote that the book continues the discussion of the fate of democracy carried out in the books The Death of Democracy by Benjamin Carter Hett about how the political failings in Weimar Germany contributed to the rise of Nazism, How Democracies Die, a political science book by Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt discussing what went wrong in various recently failed democracies, and Surviving Autocracy, by Russian journalist Masha Gessen on Trumpism. Comparing the book with Applebaum's earlier substantial works, Keller describes it as "a magazine essay expanded into a book that is part rumination, part memoir". Hungarian historian Ferenc Laczó labels Applebaum "a Dreyfusard from the right" and states that her book lacks self- examination and "curiously fails to address in what ways the political successes and policy failures of Applebaum’s own Thatcherite camp might have enabled the rise of the new rightist political forces". He nevertheless considers the book "urgent" and an "essential read".
The term was coined by Gustav Friedrich Hartlaub, the director of the Kunsthalle in Mannheim, who used it as the title of an art exhibition staged in 1925 to showcase artists who were working in a post-expressionist spirit. As these artists—who included Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz, Christian Schad, Rudolf Schlichter and Jeanne Mammen—rejected the self-involvement and romantic longings of the expressionists, Weimar intellectuals in general made a call to arms for public collaboration, engagement, and rejection of romantic idealism. Although principally describing a tendency in German painting, the term took a life of its own and came to characterize the attitude of public life in Weimar Germany as well as the art, literature, music, and architecture created to adapt to it. Rather than some goal of philosophical objectivity, it was meant to imply a turn towards practical engagement with the world—an all- business attitude, understood by Germans as intrinsically American.
McCarry apparently wrote The Miernik Dossier with no idea that Christopher would go on to become the hero of future novels. As the Christopher saga expanded and background details were fleshed in, discrepancies arose between the newer books and what the reader had been told about Christopher in earlier ones. The Last Supper, published in 1983, begins with a long section about Christopher's parents and his birth and upbringing in post-World War I Weimar Germany; it is clear from that book that Christopher was an only child, contrary to what had been said in the first three books, and that his mother was a German baroness who, contrary to The Secret Lovers, never attended the American college Bryn Mawr.The Last Supper, Signet, New York, May 1984, paperback edition On the other hand, since Christopher is a professional agent used to dissembling, he does not have to tell the truth when talking about his past life.
As well as the movements rooted in the Jewish working class, relatively assimilated middle class Jews in Central and Western Europe began to search for sources of radicalism in Jewish tradition. For example, Martin Buber drew on Hasidism in articulating his anarchist philosophy, Gershom Scholem was an anarchist and a kabbalah scholar, Walter Benjamin was equally influenced by Marxism and Jewish messianism, Gustav Landauer was a religious Jew and a libertarian communist, Jacob Israël de Haan combined socialism with Haredi Judaism, while left-libertarian Bernard Lazare became a passionately Jewish Zionist in 1897, but wrote 2 years later to Herzl – and by extension to the Zionist Action Committee -, "You are bourgeois in thoughts, bourgeois in your feelings, bourgeois in your ideas, bourgeois in your conception of society.".Gabriel Piterberg (2008), The Returns of Zionism: Myths, Politics, and Scholarship in Israel, London: Verso, p. 10 In Weimar Germany, Walther Rathenau was a leading figure of the Jewish left.
"George (1997) Hence, Zarlenga's support for the incorporation of the Federal Reserve System, which he considered to be a "private institution,"For the Federal Reserve System's position on the nature of the institution, see FRBSF (2003); FRS (2017) into the U.S. Treasury, "where all new money would be created by government as money, not interest-bearing debt", and "the nationalization of the monetary system,"Though not the nationalization of the banking and the financial services sectors. See Zarlenga (2009) thus ending fractional banking.Zarlenga (2009) In an article published in the Barnes Review, to which he also reviewed publications,Zarlenga (2000) he blamed the hyperinflation in Weimar Germany on "the privately controlled Reichsbank that created "far too many German marks."Zarlenga (199) He wrote numerous articles on the subject of monetary reform along these lines, and, in 2002, authored the book The Lost Science of Money, first published in German in 1999, as Der Mythos Vom Geld – Die Geschichte Der Macht (The Mythology Of Money – The Story Of Power), where he also criticized the European common-currency regime.
In 1802, Gia Long commissioned a royal anthem in the European fashion for the Kingdom of Vietnam. The first national anthem to be officially adopted was La Marseillaise, for the First French Republic. Composed in 1792, it was officially adopted by the French National Convention in 1796. It was retired in favour of Chant du départ under the First French Empire, and was re- instated in 1830, in the wake of the July Revolution. From this time, it became common for newly formed nations to define national anthems, notably as a result of the Latin American wars of independence, for Argentina (1813), Peru (1821), Brazil (1831) but also Belgium (1830). Adoption of national anthems prior to the 1930s was mostly by newly formed or newly independent states, such as the First Portuguese Republic (A Portuguesa, 1911), the Kingdom of Greece ("Hymn to Liberty", 1865), the First Philippine Republic (Marcha Nacional Filipina, 1898), Lithuania (Tautiška giesmė, 1919), Weimar Germany (Deutschlandlied, 1922), Republic of Ireland (Amhrán na bhFiann, 1926) and Greater Lebanon ("Lebanese National Anthem", 1927).
Glenn Ramsey, "The Rites of 'Artgenossen': Contesting Homosexual Political Culture in Weimar Germany," Journal of the History of Sexuality, (January 2008), 17#1 pp 85–109 Humor was used to assist in acceptability. One popular American song, "Masculine Women, Feminine Men",The song was written by Edgar Leslie (words) and James V. Monaco (music) and featured in Hugh J. Ward's Musical Comedy "Lady Be Good." was released in 1926 and recorded by numerous artists of the day; it included these lyrics:Artists who recorded this song include: 1. Frank Harris (Irving Kaufman), (Columbia 569D,1/29/26) 2. Bill Meyerl & Gwen Farrar (the UK, 1926) 3. Joy Boys (the UK, 1926) 4. Harry Reser's Six Jumping Jacks (the UK, 2/13/26) 5. Hotel Savoy Opheans (HMV 5027, UK, 1927, aka Savoy Havana Band) 6. Merrit Brunies & His Friar's Inn Orchestra on Okeh 40593, 3/2/26 The relative liberalism of the decade is demonstrated by the fact that the actor William Haines, regularly named in newspapers and magazines as the #1 male box-office draw, openly lived in a gay relationship with his partner, Jimmie Shields.
In the first place, the drift away from middle-ground parties to splinter groups with narrow interests showed to what an extent the former's integrative power had diminished … many voters who moved away from the middle ground in 1928 … were to vote for the Nazis at the next Reichstag election in 1930, and a great many more in 1932… The right-wing of the DNVP … now went over to the offensive and gained the upper-hand within the party … and the party pursued a course of unremitting opposition and obstruction, its anti-democratic sentiments attaining a hitherto unknown pitch of ferocity.' A visitor to Princeton met with Cherniss many years later and reported that: > … we somehow got around to taking about Wilamowitz … [Cherniss] said that > Wilamowitz would pepper his lectures with remarks about the political > situation in Germany and that his students would applaud by loudly stamping > their feet on the floor. The remarks were of such a nature that they caused > Cherniss to develop an intense dislike for the man. I don't recall how he > characterized the remarks, but Solmsen's description of the antidemocratic, > anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic Prussian lens through which Wilamowitz viewed > Weimar Germany would explain Cherniss's antipathy.
The German battleship Schleswig-Holstein attacked Westerplatte at the start of the war, September 1, 1939 USS Shaw exploding during the attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 Historians from many countries have given considerable attention to studying and understanding the causes of World War II, a global war from 1939 to 1945 that was the deadliest conflict in human history. The immediate precipitating event was the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany on September 1, 1939, and the subsequent declarations of war on Germany made by Britain and France, but many other prior events have been suggested as ultimate causes. Primary themes in historical analysis of the war's origins include the political takeover of Germany in 1933 by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party; Japanese militarism against China; Italian aggression against Ethiopia; and Germany's initial success in negotiating a neutrality pact with the Soviet Union to divide territorial control of Eastern Europe between them. During the interwar period, deep anger arose in Weimar Germany regarding the conditions of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, which punished Germany for its role in the First World War with severe conditions and heavy financial reparations in order to prevent it from ever becoming a military power again.

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