126 Sentences With "German Republic" | Random Sentence Generator

Unrestrained capitalism was clearly not what the founders of the West German republic had in mind.

But following World War II, the newly formed Federal German Republic had to revise its criminal code and consequently opted to strengthen the law.

The flag, I would come to understand, exemplified Kubitschek's worldview: His national pride was rooted in German identity, but not in the modern German republic.

Women won voting rights during hostilities or soon after in the United States, Canada and Great Britain; in the German Republic and the new Soviet republics; and in the new states of Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.

The myth of the "stab in the back" — that traitors at home, whether left-wingers, liberals or Jews had prevented German forces from fighting on to victory — helped undermine the German republic and fostered dreams of vengeance.

SPD leader Martin Schulz, whose party had governed in coalition under Merkel since 2013, wants to go into opposition after September polls that knocked its support to the lowest levels since formation of the modern German republic in 1949.

When Germany's parliament, the Reichstag, burned, Hitler had already established in his rhetoric that the other "side" was violent, and he used the (false) claim that the other "side" had committed terrorism to bring the German republic to an end.

Because, you see, while the ketwurst was originally presented to the people of the East German Republic as an intrinsically East German dish, the ketwurst could only actually exist—could only have ever existed—as a response to the hot dog; a Soviet reaction to capitalist America.

In 220, he had designed an exceptional monument to the striking workers who had resisted a putsch attempt to end the German republic in Weimar: a snaking concrete thunderbolt rising up in the middle of the cemetery among the grave sites of Thuringia's most hallowed bourgeois families.

It traveled from Weimar, where it lay not far from where the constitution of the first German Republic had been drawn up, to industrial Dessau, where it left its most enduring architectural presence, before ending up in the capital, where its time would be fleeting, with no physical testament to its having ever been there.

Nerling, a 247-year-old former primary school teacher from Berlin, is a prominent figure in the Reichsbuerger movement, an umbrella term for a uniquely German strain of paranoid, gun-hoarding far-right conspiracy theorists who reject the legitimacy of the post-war German republic and believe the German people are oppressed by a shadowy global elite.

Nerling, a 22016-year-old former primary school teacher from Berlin, is a prominent figure in the Reichsbuerger movement, an umbrella term for a uniquely German strain of paranoid, gun-hoarding far-right conspiracy theorists who reject the legitimacy of the post-war German republic and believe the German people are oppressed by a shadowy global elite.

In September, Gustav Struve declared a "German Republic" ("Deutsche Republik") in Lörrach. However, his insurgence was crushed.

The other German states should, therefore, no longer put up with Prussian supremacy. Prussia must be divided up, and her western provinces separated out to form a West German Republic. This should render impossible future domination of Germany by Prussia's eastern militaristic ethos. Adenauer was, however, keen that his West German Republic should remain inside the German political union.

A banner in honor of the 40th anniversary of the GDR in 1989 The East German Republic Day Parade of 1989 (Ehrenparade der Nationalen Volksarmee zum 40. Jahrestag der DDR 1989) was a parade on Karl-Marx-Allee (between Strausberger Platz and Alexanderplatz) in East Berlin on 7 October 1989 commemorating the 40th anniversary of the establishment of East Germany.Neubert 2008, S. 123. This was the last East German Republic Day Parade and the last major East German political event with the regime falling mere weeks later.

Since the Emperor, Charles I (Karl I) had stated on 11 November that he no longer had "auf jeden Anteil an den Staatsgeschäften" (any share in the affairs of state), although he always said that he never abdicated. Austria was now a republic. Territorial claims of Austria 1918/19 However the provisional constitution stated that it was to be part of the new German Republic proclaimed three days earlier. Article 2 stated: Deutschösterreich ist ein Bestandteil der Deutschen Republik (German Austria is part of the German Republic).

Peter H. Merkl, The origin of the west German republic (Oxford Univ. 1963), pp. 104-105. After 1948 the CDU Finance Minister saw an opening to favor free enterprise. An "economic boom" followed that supplied consumer goods.

Ciorteanu, p. 128 He then led the Romanian deputies into a rendition of Deșteaptă-te, române!, the Romanian patriotic hymn. By November 1, the empire was descending into anarchy, and German speakers in Vienna demanded a German republic of their own.

The Kaiser and all German ruling princes abdicated. On 9 November 1918, the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a Republic. Philipp Scheidemann proclaims a German Republic on 9 November 1918. On 11 November, the Compiègne armistice was signed, ending the war. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919.

Ludwig Volk Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933. Catholic politicians from the Centre Party repeatedly pushed for a concordat with the new German Republic. In February 1930 Pacelli became the Vatican's Secretary of State, and thus responsible for the Church's foreign policy, and in this position continued to work towards this 'great goal'.

Soviet Marxists then developed this tendency to the state doctrine of dialectical materialism. Since 1931, Engels has had a Russian city named after him—Engels, Saratov Oblast. It served as the capital of the Volga German Republic within Soviet Russia and as part of Saratov Oblast. A town named Marx is located northeast.

University of Sheffield, 2015. Although famines were taking place in various parts of the USSR in 1932–1933, for example in Kazakhstan, parts of Russia and the Volga German Republic, the name Holodomor is specifically applied to the events that took place in territories populated by Ukrainians and also North Caucasian Kazakhs.

The idea started in France based on the July Revolution in 1830 against Napoleon III. The government of Baden started, therefore, in 1848, a citizen patrol to calm this political movement down. Two of the leaders of the movement were Frans Joseph Trefzger and Hecker. The radicals declared a ‘German Republic’ on September 21, 1848.

Widiker was born 27 April 1982 in Kostanay, Kazakhstan, as one of three children as an ethnic German in Kazakhstan in 1982. His parents, Friedrich and Emilia Widiker, are of Volga German descent. Widiker's grandparents were forcefully removed from the former Volga German Republic to Kazakhstan. When Widiker was eleven years old, his family moved to Germany.

The preservation of the instrument has historical value, especially important as most Walcker organs in Frankfurt were destroyed in the war. The German Republic and the State of Hesse helped fund the project, which was carried out from 1986 to 1987, by Klais. The organ was reconsecrated in 1987. It has 46 registers, with electrical key and stop action.

In 1967 he began the monumental task of replacing the war-damaged ceiling paintings at the Charlottenburg Palace, completing the first section in 1972, and finishing a further ceiling between 1972 and 1974. He was awarded the 1966 Berliner Kunstpreis (Berlin Art Prize) and the Grand Cross of Merit of the German Republic in 1975.Marion Ackermann: Trier, Hann. In Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie.

Stechbarth and Defense Ministee Heinz Keßler (right) during the East German Republic Day Parade of 1988. The son of a farmer, he was born in on 13 April 1925 in Tzschecheln, Lower Lusatia, (Dębinka, Poland). An agricultural assistant by profession, he worked on a farm from 1939 to 1943. He was drafted in 1943 to the Reich Labour Service and joined the Nazi Party the same year.

After the end of World War I, the newly founded Austria, which claimed sovereignty over the majority-German territory of the former Habsburg empire. According to its provisional constitution it declared to be part of the also newly founded German Republic. Later plebiscites in Tyrol and Salzburg in 1921, where majorities of 98,77%24\. April 1921: Anschluss with Germany Direct Democracy and 99,11%29\.

In 1988 he moved to Marx in Russia's Saratov oblast, where two of his own sisters (both Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament) had organized about thirty Catholic congregations among the thousands of ethnic Germans who, following the death of Stalin, had returned to the area of the former Volga German Republic. He served there until 1991. Bishop Werth is fluent in Russian, German, and Lithuanian.

In 1902, Wellman wrote A Tragedy of the Far North published in The White World. Wellman's book The Aerial Age; A Thousand Miles by Airship over the Atlantic Ocean was published in 1911. The German Republic, Imaginary Political History After the European War was published in 1916. He spent his final years in New York City, where he died of liver cancer in 1934.

Both were merged to form the Ministry for the Economy which he held from 1932 to 1933. Held continued to advocate states rights within the German republic, publishing papers on the subject. In 1932 he sharply criticized the removal of the Prussian prime minister Otto Braun by Chancellor Franz von Papen, a move he considered an unlawful interference by the federal government in state matters.

Federal elections were held in West Germany on 19 November 1972 to elect the members of the 7th Bundestag. In the first snap elections since 1949, the Social Democratic Party for the first time in the history of the second German republic became the largest party in the Bundestag, winning 242 of the 518 seats. The coalition with the Free Democratic Party was resumed.

Despite the near-total collapse of human civilization, most of the powerful technology managed to survive the centuries. There are many reasons given for the survival or rapid development of the high technology. In The New German Republic/Triax Industries the infrastructure survived. In the case of the Coalition States it is suggested that their benefactor is a rogue artificial intelligent computer named ARCHIE 3.

In October 2010, the company appointed Auguin as its music director, with immediate effect. He held the post through the 2017-2018 season, and took the title of music director emeritus upon his departure from the company. Auguin was made an Honorary Consul of the French Republic in 2002. In 2005, , he received the Federal Cross of Merit of the German Republic for his contributions to German culture.

In 1847, the movement to create a republic in Baden began to increase dramatically. The idea started in France based on the July Revolution in 1830 against Charles X. The government of Baden started, therefore, in 1848, a citizen patrol to calm this political movement down. Two of the leaders of the movement were Frans Joseph Trefzger and Hecker. The radicals declared a ‘German Republic’ on September 21, 1848.

The following describes the internal territorial rearrangements which were made after the establishment of the German republic. During the period of the Hohenzollern empire there had been twenty-six states within the German federation. During the war the number had been reduced by one by the fusion of the principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. After the revolution there was a rapid reduction in the number of smaller states.

Both had participated in student movements in Germany. As they felt there was no immediate hope for success, they intended to establish a "new and free German State in the great North American Republic" to serve as a model for a future German republic. In the spring and summer of 1834 they led 500 German settlers into Missouri. They soon realized that the plan for a separate federal state would remain a utopia.

In addition, many Burschenschafter were against the first German Republic, the so-called Weimarer Republik and they scattered to accept the defeat in the first world war.Judenfeindschaft und Antisemitismus bei Kaiser Wilhelm II. In 1996 some liberal-conservative Burschenschaften stepped out of Deutsche Burschenschaft and founded the “New German Burschenschaft”. In 2011 there were a debate at Burschentag in Eisenach about a so-called “Ariernachweis” for members. Two years later this proposal was secluded.

Prince Michael of Prussia (22 March 1940 - 3 April 2014) was a member of the Hohenzollern dynasty which ruled Germany until the end of World War I. His great-grandfather William II was the German Emperor and King of Prussia until 1918. Although "Kaiser Wilhelm" died in exile and his family was stripped of much of its wealth and recognition of its rank and titles by the German Republic, he spent nearly all of his life in Germany.

They were Habsburg-ruled lands that had not joined the Prussian-dominated German Empire after the Austrian Empire lost the Austro-Prussian War. On 12 March 1919, the Constituent Assembly re-confirmed an earlier declaration that German-Austria was a constituent part of the German republic. Pan-Germans and Social Democrats supported the union with Germany, while Christian Socialists were less supportive. During spring and summer of 1919, unity talk meetings between German and Austrian representatives continued.

Julie Bassermann had been a widow for a year and a half. It was a time for a new start. On 19 January 1919 she stood as a DVP ("People's Party") candidate for election to the "National Assembly" ("Nationalversammlung"), the constitutional convention which became the first parliament of the German Republic (later renamed contemptuously by Adolf Hitler and subsequent historians as the "Weimar Republic"). This was the first German general election in which women were allowed to vote.

Republican government sheet No. 1 in the name of the "provisional government" of Gustav Struve The Struve Putsch (), also known as the Second Baden Uprising (Zweiter badischer Aufstand) or Second Baden Rebellion (Zweite badische Schilderhebung), was a regional, South Baden element of the German Revolution of 1848/1849. It began with the proclamation of the German Republic on 21 September 1848 by Gustav Struve in Lörrach and ended with his arrest on 25 September 1848 in Wehr.

On 11 November 1918 Raffin-Dugens was the only deputy to vote against a national tribute to the armed forces and to President Georges Clemenceau and Ferdinand Foch. In 1919 Raffin-Dugens voted against demanding reparations from Germany. He insisted that the German people should not be made responsible for the imperialism of their leaders, and called for a German Republic to be established. His courageous defense of his principles did not win him reelection in the 1919 national elections.

The German republic, under Article 109 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919, legally transformed all hereditary noble titles into dependent parts of the legal surname. The former title thus became a part of the family name, and moved in front of the family name. ', as a German citizen, therefore became '. As dependent parts of the surnames ("") they are ignored in alphabetical sorting of names, as is a possible nobiliary particle, such as ', and might or might not be used by those bearing them.

A bunker near Deutsch-Krone (today Polish Walcz) The Pomeranian Wall, Pomeranian Line or Pomeranian Position (, ) was a line of fortifications constructed by Nazi Germany in the Pomeranian Lakeland region. It was constructed in two phases. In the years 1930-1935 it was constructed as a light defensive position in case of an attack from the Second Polish Republic against the German republic. The line of fortifications stretched from Landsberg an der Warthe (Gorzów Wielkopolski) to Baldenburg (Biały Bór) and Pollnow (Polanów).

He held office as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and Minister for Germany and Austria, 1945–1947, and as Minister of Pensions during 1947. He was a Member of the General Medical Council from 1950–1955. He was Chairman of the Anglo-German and Anglo-Latin American Parliamentary Groups. He was awarded the Grand Cross of Merit with Star (West German Republic) in 1958, the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and Great Golden Cross of Honour with Star (Austria).

The citation stated in part: "Colonel Powell demonstrated outstanding qualities of leadership, diplomacy and statesmanship in establishing and directing an exceptional program of international friendship and understanding with the populace of the Federal German Republic and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. His efforts have greatly enhanced the prestige and good will of the United States in this most important area." After he returned from Europe, he was assigned as the commander of the 1st Strategic Aerospace Division at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

Franz Kossmat ( 22 August 1871 in Vienna - 1 December 1938 in Leipzig) was an Austrian-German geologist, for twenty years the director of the Geological Survey of Saxony under both the kingdom and the subsequent German Republic. Kossmat was professor of Mineralogy and Geology at the Graz University of Technology. From 1913 to 1934 Kossmat was the director of the Geological Survey of Saxony and director of the Geological-Paleontological Institute of the University of Leipzig. In 1920 he presented the first gravity measures for middle Europe.

Schröder received much praise for his actions during the Holocaust, both while he was alive and posthumously. In 1957, he was awarded the Order of Merit by the Federal German Republic "for services to the people and the land in the rescue of refugees". In March 1993, Yad Vashem honored Schröder with the title of "Righteous Among the Nations" by the State of Israel. In 2000, the German city of Hamburg named a street after Schröder and unveiled a detailed plaque at the landing stages.

For someone with Eger's political background, the power seizure by the National Socialists presented an opportunity. During the first three months of 1933 the new government rapidly transformed the German Republic into a one–party dictatorship. Through his involvement in politically conservative institutions Eger transferred easily into broadly equivalent National Socialist organisations such as the NS People's Welfare ("Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt") organisation and the NS League of Legal Professionals ("Nationalsozialistischer Rechtswahrerbund"). In 1941, after a long period of hesitation, he also joined the party itself.

Bergen was first accredited to the Holy See in 1915 as a Minister from the Kingdom of Prussia, then the largest state of the German Empire. On April 1, 1919, Matthias Erzberger persuaded the new German Republic to "restore the Prussian legation to the Holy See", the only diplomatic appointment that year.Scholder, 1987, p. 60. Bergen was a friend of Erzberger's in the Foreign Office. On September 27, the Foreign Minister Hermann Müller informed the Reichstag Committee on Foreign Affairs of the establishment of a German embassy to the Vatican.

The Schmela Haus was built by Dutch architect Aldo van Eyck (1918–1999), a key representative of structuralist architecture. Inaugurated in 1971, and now under landmarks protection, it was the first building in the Federal German Republic to be erected specifically as a private art gallery. The five-story building, built from gray pumice, is characterized by its interplay of interior and exterior and between its private residential and public exhibition spaces. The building was purchased by the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia after being vacated by the gallery.

In Germany, "Generation X" is not widely used or applied. Instead, reference is made to "Generation Golf" in the previous West German republic, based on a novel by Florian Illies whilst, in the east, children of the "Mauerfall" or coming down of the wall. For former east Germans, there was adaptation but also a sense of loss of accustomed values and structures, sometimes turning into romantic narratives of their childhood. For those in the West, a period of discovery and exploration of what had been a forbidden land.

The mobile column of the parade on Karl-Marx-Allee. The East German Republic Day Parade of 1988 was a parade on Karl-Marx-Allee in East Berlin on October 7, 1988 commemorating the 39th anniversary of the establishment of East Germany. Minister of Defense of the GDR Army General Heinz Kessler inspected the parade and Army General Horst Stechbarth commanded the parade as the Deputy Minister of Defense. The leader of East Germany Erich Honecker and the Prime Minister of the GDR Willi Stoph attended the parade.

Friedrich Hecker, depicted in an anti- Hecker, contemporary caricature outfitted in the "revolutionary uniform" of a saber, musket, and the "Hecker hat" which became associated with the revolutionaries. The goal of the uprising, which departed from Konstanz the day after the People's Assembly, was to advance towards the Rhine plain in order to meet there with another Republican volunteer army that was advancing from France, the 900-strong German Democratic Legion under the poet George Herwegh. Together, they wanted to occupy Karlsruhe the capital of Baden, dethrone the Grand Duke, and enforce a German Republic.

Mies and Reich were offered the commission of this building in 1928 after his successful administration of the 1927 Werkbund exhibition in Stuttgart. The German Republic entrusted Mies with the artistic management and erection of not only the Barcelona Pavilion, but for the buildings for all the German sections at the 1929 International Exhibition. However, Mies had severe time constraints—he had to design the Barcelona Pavilion in less than a year—and was also dealing with uncertain economic conditions. In the years following World War I, Germany started to turn around.

Born in 1891, Erich Marcks joined the Army in 1910 and fought in World War I. He completed General Staff Training and was transferred to the Imperial General Staff Corps in 1917. Marcks was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class and then 1st Class, and posted to the German Supreme Command. After the war, Marcks fought with the paramilitary Freikorps. He joined the Army of the German Republic (Reichsheer); between 1921 and 1933, he held several staff and command positions, and then served in the Ministry of Defense.

Rosenberg denounced the Dawes Plan as a plot by American capitalists and international Jewry to take control of the German economy. However he rejoiced that the Plan would "drive the last nails into the coffin of the German Republic". He said the Communists were ready to give the Republic the final shove so that it would "meet the fate that it deserves".Stephen A. Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe. The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1976), p. 391.

The description of the free life in the US, by Duden, motivated the Protestant minister Friedrich Münch and Follenius to found the Gießener Auswanderungsgesellschaft in 1832. Both had participated in the outlawed republican and democratic movements in Germany in the wake of the French July Revolution of 1832. As there was no immediate hope for success, they intended to establish a "new and free Germany in the great North American Republic" to serve as model for a future German republic. The Giessen Society was stillborn on its arrival in the United States in 1834.

Michel Soutif, mandated to gauge the opinion of the President of the German Republic on this matter, met with a favorable response. After his retirement, Soutif turned his attention to the history and the development of science, authoring several books on the contribution of Asia, and particularly of China. Between 2004 and 2006 Michel Soutif was president of the Académie Delphinale, a scientific society based in Isère. Until the end of his life he taught at the Université inter-âge du Dauphiné, where several of his lectures are available online.

On the next day, 20 citizens of Mainz founded a Jacobin club, the ' (). Together with their filial clubs founded later in Speyer and Worms, they promoted the Enlightenment and the French revolutionary ideals of ' in Germany, aiming for a German republic to be established following the French model. Most of the founding members of the Jacobin club were professors and students of the University of Mainz, together with the university librarian, Georg Forster, some merchants and Mainz state officials. For some time the ecclesiastic was president of the club and editor of the ' ().

In addition, a law was passed that provided for collective bargaining and the mediation of disputes. From 1931 to 1933, Renner was President of Parliament, the National Council of Austria. After the dictatorial Austrofascism period from 1934, when his party was prohibited, he even welcomed the Anschluss in 1938. Having originally been a proponent of new German-Austria becoming a part of the democratic German Republic, he expected Nazism to be but a passing phenomenon not worse than the dictatorship of Dollfuss's and Schuschnigg's authoritarian one-party system.

The strategy worked very well during the early years of the German republic and the savage challenges of the inflation crisis. However, as later commentators, able to view history through the revealing prism of subsequent events, were quick to point out, the instinct for compromise did nothing to arrest the tide of post-democratic populism that came to the fore after 1929. There were those who later blamed the success of Nazism on the so-called "Leipart way" ("Leipart-Kurs"), which historians have subsequently competed to explain, justify or condemn.

The Weimar Republic ( ), officially the German Reich (), also referred to as the German People's State () or simply the German Republic (), was the German state from 1918 to 1933. As a term, it is an unofficial historical designation that derives its name from the city of Weimar, where its constituent assembly first took place. The official name of the republic remained the German Reich as it had been during the German Empire because of the German tradition of substates. The Reich was changed from a constitutional monarchy into a republic.

In this sense, its connections to farming as an ideology did not necessitate farmers as its constituency. Rather, romantic thinkers and ordinary landowners alike united, lusting for the destruction of the German Republic and wistfully hoping for the establishment of a pre-Enlightenment agrarian society. Hitler and the Third Reich outlawed of all non-Nazi political entities, but ideologues like Friedrich Reck took up the mantle of agrarian conservatism. His Diary of a Man in Despair catalogues the worldview of a “lost”generation of thinkers living under the Nazi ideology.

The assembly therefore enjoyed a far greater level of democratic legitimacy than the previous Reichstags which had been elected under the old cumbersome "three class voting system". In terms of support the SPD in Lübeck had come a long way since 1905, and was now the largest party on the city council. Johannes Stelling, already a leading figure in city politics, was now elected as a member of the constitutional assembly meeting in Weimar. The Weimar assembly turned out to be the precursor to the Reichstag of the new German republic.

The city of Saratov played an important role in the history of the Volga Germans. Until 1941, the town of Pokrovsk (present-day Engels), located just across the Volga from Saratov, served as the capital of the Volga German Republic. The ethnic German population of the region numbered 800,000 in the early 20th century, with some people whose families had been there for generations. Beginning with Catherine the Great's 1763 Manifesto promising land, freedom from military conscription and religious freedom, the Russian Emperors invited German immigration in the 18th and 19th centuries to encourage agricultural development.

He was later director of the State Employment Agency (Arbeitsamt) in Königsberg, until he was relieved of his office in 1933 by the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). Fischer represented the social democratic politicians and activists of the trade-unionism, who abolished the German Imperial Monarchy (Deutsches Kaiserreich) and established the first parliamentarian German Republic, known as the Weimar Republic or officially as Deutsches Reich. Fischer was a victim of the Nazis' terrorism in his professional life and most likely the Nazi regime was responsible for his death in 1945. He was also a journalist for the party and union press.

Sonja Lüneburg's identity was available. Olbrich learned the necessary details of her new identity in preparation for her move to the west. While all this was going on the real Sonja Lüneburg applied for permission to leave the country permanently, but the authorities had by now become acutely aware of a shortage of working age population, resulting both from the slaughter of war and from the exodus during the 1950s of several million East Germans wishing to become West Germans. Flight from the (East German) republic was by this time not permitted, and Lüneburg's request was declined.

He was sympathetic to Trotsky's Left Opposition, and resigned from the Bolshevik Party in 1925, but remained active in the German communist movement until the Nazi rise to power. Petroff and Gellrich fled to Britain in 1933, where he worked as a journalist, principally for overseas newspapers. Given his opposition to Stalin, he faced hostility from the Communist Party of Great Britain, and instead joined the Labour Party, writing extensively for its journal, Labour. In 1934 he and his wife wrote The Secret of Hitler`s Victory: The Causes of the Breakdown of the German Republic published in hardback by the Hogarth Press.

The series Häuser was created between 1987 and 1991. Ruff's building portraits are likewise serial, and have been edited digitally to remove obstructing details – a typifying method, which gives the images an exemplary character. Of these Ruff notes, "This type of building represents more or less the ideology and economy in the West German republic in the past thirty years." Architects Herzog & de Meuron soon became aware of this form of architecture photography and invited Ruff to participate in their entry for the Venice Biennale of Architecture in 1991 with a photograph of their building for Ricola.

Ossietzky wrote in 1924: > Whoever has learned from the events of the past five years knows that it is > not the nationalists, the monarchists who represent the real danger, but the > absence of substantive content and ideas in the concept of the German > republic and that no-one will succeed in vitalizing that concept. Defense of > the republic is good. It is better to go beyond that to an understanding of > what in the republic is worth defending and what should not be retained. > This question escapes the Reichsbanner; more precisely, it has probably not > yet recognized that such a question even exists.

In any case, an illegal excavation violated Greek law and the object could only have been removed from the country by smuggling. But since the original acquisition took place before 1970, the UNESCO Convention for the Banning and Prevention of Illegal Import, Export and Sale of Cultural Artefacts enacted in 1970 would not have been violated and the purchase would have been legal under international law. In addition, the German Republic only signed the convention in 2007. The exhibition in the Karlsruhe Schloss in 1976 featured by far the widest collection of Cycladic objects displayed up till that time.

Jahrhundert: Bd. Saffer-Zwengauer', Bruckmann, 1983, p. 341 To study at the Munich Academy he moved together with Anton Burger to Munich, during the studies he accompanied Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria on a trip to the Eastern Mediterranean, which led him to Constantinople, Asia Minor, Greece and Sicily. He completed his artistic training at Josephus Laurentius Dyckmans in Antwerp. In 1848 soon after the collapse of the German Republic, at the age of 25, he moved to the United States, settling in Philadelphia, where he was a frequent exhibitor at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts from 1849 onward.

Agreement on blaming Berlin was the easy part: the complexity of the practical issues to be addressed in defining a federalist agenda for an economically destitute territory that politically, linguistically and legally was part of Germany, but most of which was occupied militarily by France, must have been daunting. In the end, the Cologne meeting produced a two-point resolution. The meeting asserted as valid the right of the Rhineland peoples to political self-determination. The proclamation of a West German Republic was to be deferred, however, so that the Prussian state might be divided up.

Following months of political deadlock, everything changed in January 1933 when the Hitler government, spotting a power vacuum, filled it: they lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. There are no indications that Hans Georg von Mackensen had taken much interest in the party politics of the German Republic up to this point. Nevertheless, in May 1933 he signed up as a member of the National Socialist ("Nazi") Party. In September 1933 his transfer to Budapest was announced, and in December he took up a posting as the new government's "first councillor" (Botschaftsrat) in the Hungarian capital.

During the 175th anniversary in 2007, there were numerous re- publications of Busch works. Deutsche Post issued stamps depicting the Busch character Hans Huckebein – itself the inspiration for the nickname of the never-built Focke-Wulf Ta 183 German jet fighter design of 1945 – and the German Republic minted a 10 Euro silver coin faced with his portrait."Wilhelm Busch wird mit 10-Euro-Silbergedenkmünze geehrt" (in German), Pressedienst Numismatik, 7 June 2007 Hanover declared 2007 the "Wilhelm Busch Year", with images featuring Busch works erected within the city centre. The Wilhelm Busch Prize is awarded annually for satirical and humorous poetry.

On 19 February elections were held for what was now called the Constituent National Assembly (Konstituierende Nationalversammlung). Although the Social Democrats won the most seats (41%) they did not have an absolute majority and formed a grand coalition with the second-largest party, the Christian Socialists. On 12 March the National Assembly declared "German Austria" to the part of the "German Republic". Large sections of the population and most representatives of political parties were of the opinion that this "residual" or "rump state" – without Hungary's agriculture sector and Bohemia's industry it would not be economically viable.

During the First World War the focus of Frank's written output shifted towards topics in international and maritime law. Of particular political interest was his justification, published in 1915, of the violation of Belgian neutrality by the Imperial Army in August 1914. After the war reached its dénouement Frank teamed up with Felix Rachfahl to deliver and publish an opinion repudiating as unconstitutional moves to extradite the exiled emperor from his sanctuary in the countryside outside Utrecht. Many years later, in 1929, Reinhard Frank was asked about his own political perspective during the turbulent post-war period that gave birth to the German republic.

At the Café Kranzler, he finally addressed the crowd, declared the Hohenzollern dynasty "no longer worthy of the throne of Prussia" and proclaimed the German Republic. He was arrested the same day, sentenced to six weeks imprisonment and banished from Berlin. Straßmann moved to Schleswig-Holstein and volunteered in the First Schleswig War as a medic in the German Federal Army under the command of Karl von Prittwitz. After the withdrawal of the Federal Army, he remained within the Schleswig-Holstein troops as a lieutenant, fought in the Battle of Idstedt and was decorated for bravery. In 1854, he returned to Berlin and graduated in 1855.

Of the formerly sizable Volga German community, exiled here by Joseph Stalin from their earlier homes in the Volga German Republic, most have returned to Germany, and only a few small groups remain. A small percentage of the population are also Koreans, who are the descendants of the Koreans deported in 1937 from the Soviet Far East to Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan has undergone a pronounced change in its ethnic composition since independence. The percentage of ethnic Kyrgyz increased from around 50% in 1979 to nearly 70% in 2007, while the percentage of European ethnic groups (Russians, Ukrainians and Germans) dropped from 35% to about 10%.

The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement signed on 16 April 1922 between the German Republic and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) under which each renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and World War I. The two governments also agreed to normalise their diplomatic relations and to "co-operate in a spirit of mutual goodwill in meeting the economic needs of both countries". Secretly the two sides established elaborate military cooperation, while publicly denying it.Gordon H. Mueller, "Rapallo Reexamined: a new look at Germany's secret military collaboration with Russia in 1922." Military Affairs 40#3 (1976): 109-117.

On 30 October the assembly founded the Republic of German Austria by appointing a government, called Staatsrat. This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy, but refrained from this business. This left the responsibility for the end of the war, on 3 November 1918, solely to the emperor and his government. On 11 November, the emperor, advised by ministers of the old and the new governments, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on 12 November, German Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic.

Some of the Center for Intercultural Dialog's long-term cooperation with educational, research and cultural institutions, include the Berlin State Museums and the Dresden State Art Collections. The main focus of such cooperation projects is the improvement of intercultural competences, which is another profile factor of Berlin International. All projects by the center are supported by the Commissioner for Culture and Media of Federal German Republic, the German Academic Exchange Service with funds of the Federal Foreign Office, the Presidency for Turks abroad of the Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey and the Registered Society - Friends of the Museum of Islamic Art in the Pergamon Museum.

He managed during his time in office to largely defuse the crisis caused through Bavarian attempts to break free of the German republic and the federal governments attempts to gain more control over state politics. He also additionally held the post of Minister of Justice. He faced a coalition crisis in July 1922 due to renewed disputes with the federal government, losing much of his support in his own party but managed to solve the crisis once more. Eventually, for this reason, he had to resign from office on 2 November 1922, being accused of not having achieved enough for Bavaria in the negotiations.

The Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union decided on 28 September 1949 to hand the camps over to the authorities of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), that was about to be formed from the Soviet occupation zone in Germany. The East German republic was officially founded on 7 October 1949. On 6 January 1950, Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs Kruglov ordered"order 0022" the handing over to the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs of 10,513 inmates for further detention and of 3,500 for trial. These trials were the so-called () - a series of show- trials.

Fruit Column at Cannstatter Volksfest The Fruit Column from above The fruit column (German: Fruchtsäule) is a wood column decorated with fruits in Stuttgart, Germany. It weighs 3.5 tons and is remains the landmark of the Cannstatter Wasen in Stuttgart although it is towered by numerous roundabouts. Already at the first celebration in 1818 there was a fruit column as landmark, which had been sketched and built by the master of building of yards of Wuerttemberg at that time, Nikolaus Thouret. After the First World War, with which beginning of the first German republic became, the fruit column was banned as "monarchistic" leftover from the Cannstatter Wasen.

The Entente powers supported their plans, which did not provide any autonomy or other special treatment for the Germans in the new country. After the end of the empire in October and November, 1918, German Austria and Czechoslovakia shortly quarreled on the issue of the German districts in Bohemia and Moravia, where more than 3 million German inhabitants wanted to join the State of German Austria (and within this state, the German republic). The Czechs immediately occupied these districts to keep the "integrity of the Bohemian lands", and the Treaty of St. Germain of 1919 acknowledged their rights to keep them. Both countries established diplomatic relations on January 20, 1920.

Front page of Chicago Daily Tribune, 6 March 1923, announcing French troops killing four resisting Germans Internationally, the French invasion of Germany did much to boost sympathy for the German Republic, although no action was taken in the League of Nations since it was technically legal under the Treaty of Versailles.Walsh, p. 142. The French, with their own economic problems, eventually accepted the Dawes Plan and withdrew from the occupied areas in July and August 1925. The last French troops evacuated Düsseldorf and Duisburg along with the city's important harbour in Duisburg- Ruhrort, ending French occupation of the Ruhr region on 25 August 1925.

On 11 November 1918 Emperor Charles I of Austria officially declared to "relinquish every participation in the administration", one day later the provisional assembly declared German- Austria a democratic republic and part of the German Republic. However, on the territory of the Cisleithanian ("Austrian") half of the former empire, the newly established states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Yugoslav Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (the "successor states") had been proclaimed. Moreover, South Tyrol and Trentino were occupied by Italian forces and Yugoslav troops entered the former Duchy of Carinthia, leading to violent fights. An Austrian Constitutional Assembly election was held on 16 February 1919.

The onset of war destroyed a large part of Franz Urbig's life's work. The globalisation of world trade which up till 1914 had underpinned more than three decades of rapidly growing prosperity - especially for western Europe and the United States - was thrown into reverse for more than a generation. In 1919 he accepted the politicians' invitation to attend the Paris Peace Conference in his capacity as an internationally acknowledged German expert on finance and trade. At the conference he made the case that no country - not even the United States of America - would be capable of sustaining the financial burdens which the victors proposed to impose on the new German republic.

It started on 2–3 May 1921, with the destruction of German rail bridges (see "Wawelberg Group") in order to slow down the movement of German reinforcements. A particular concern was to prevent the recurrence of violent acts against Polish civilians by members of the Freikorps, demobilised Imperial German army units that had refused to disband. These paramilitary units existed throughout Germany and usually acted independently from both the provisional official army and the leadership of the fledgling German Republic. The Inter-Allied Commission, in which General Henri Le Rond was the most influential individual, waited rather long prior to taking any steps to end the violence.

Close family links on various sides to the aristocratic-military elite from the days of empire continued to prove no bar to von Mackensen's career progression in the diplomatic service of the German Republic. Despite his relative inexperience and youth, in 1929 he was given temporary charge over the German diplomatic mission to Tirana, at what was an exceptionally critical time for the developing relationship between Albania's ambitious new king and the rest of Europe. In July 1931, a couple of months after republican government replaced the Spanish monarchy, von Mackensen was transferred again, to be appointed "first diplomat councillor" (Botschaftsrat) at the embassy in Madrid.

Between 1946 and 1950 he sat as a member of the Brandenburg Regional Parliament ("Landtag Brandenburg"). From 1946 till 1949 he also shared the chairmanship of the regional Party Executive for Brandenburg with Friedrich Ebert Jr.. In December 1948 Ebert, who was son to the first president of the German Republic, became mayor of East Berlin, vacating his position as co- chair of the regional party executive. Sägebrecht remained in post, now sharing the top job in the Brandenburg regional party executive with Paul Bismark till July 1952. Between 1949 and 1952 Willy Sägebrecht also served as first secretary of the Brandenburg Party Executive.

In spite of this, the SPD was able to win the largest number of seats in the 1919 federal election and Ebert was elected president of Germany. However, the USPD refused to support the government in response to the atrocities committed by the SPD government-recruited Freikorps. Due to the unrest in Berlin, the drafting of the constitution of the new German republic was undertaken in the city of Weimar and the following political era is referred to as the Weimar Republic. Upon founding the new government, President Ebert cooperated with liberal members of his coalition government to create the Weimar constitution and sought to begin a program of nationalization of some sectors of the economy.

Jacoby, one of the deputies (some accounts described him as leader of the delegation) had the courage to say to the King: It is the misfortune of Kings that they will not listen to the truth!, a saying which got widely published and soon made him very popular in the public. After the Frankfurt Parliament was dissolved and its members driven out of Frankfurt, Jacoby was among the most radical members, who fled to Stuttgart and there set up a rump parliament with the aim of proclaiming a German republic – considered at the time a highly revolutionary idea. After this body was dissolved by the Württemberg military, Jacoby was prosecuted again for his membership in it, but was acquitted.

A period of rising political violence culminated in the banning of the SDAPÖ under the Austrofascist dictatorship (1934–1938). In the aftermath of the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the SDAPÖ broadly supported the Anschluss (the union with German Republic). When Anschluss took place in 1938 at the hands of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, he brought Austria into the Second World War. In 1945, the party was reconstituted as the Socialist Party of Austria (, SPÖ) and was led by Adolf Schärf. The SPÖ entered the government of the Second Republic as part of a grand coalition with the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) until 1966 and with the Communist Party of Austria until 1949.

Muench and Follenius had participated in the outlawed student revolutions and political movements in Germany, prior to, and in the wake of the French July Revolution of 1832. As there was no immediate hope for success, they established the Giessen Emigration Society, with their publication "A Call for a Large Emigration" with the intentions to establish a "new and free Germany in the great North American Republic" to serve as model for a future German Republic. The small publication was circulated privately throughout Germany, secretly passed and discussed. Muench and Follenius's followers grew and became so large, they could not take all that responded on this first call, and closed at 500 members.

Besides being the emotional apogee of East Germany's peaceful revolution, 9 November is also the date of the 1918 abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and declaration of the Weimar Republic, the first German republic. However, 9 November is also the anniversary of the execution of Robert Blum following the 1848 Vienna revolts, the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch and the infamous Kristallnacht pogroms of the Nazis in 1938. Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel criticised the first euphoria, noting that "they forgot that 9 November has already entered into history—51 years earlier it marked the Kristallnacht." As reunification was not official and complete until 3 October (1990), that day was finally chosen as German Unity Day.

German Unity Day () is the National Day in Germany, celebrated on 3 October as a public holiday.www.buzer.de – Article 3 of the Treaty of German reunification ("Einigungsvertrag") It commemorates German reunification in 1990 when the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were unified, so that for the first time since 1945 there existed a single German state. German Unity Day on 3 October has been the German National Holiday since 1990, when the reunification was formally completed. An alternative choice to commemorate the reunification could have been the day the Berlin Wall came down: 9 November 1989, which coincided with the anniversary of the proclamation of the German Republic in 1918, and the defeat of Hitler's first coup in 1923.

Eastern Aid (Osthilfe) was a policy of the German Government of the Weimar Republic (1919–33) to give financial support from Government funds to bankrupt estates in East Prussia.The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, William Schirer, pp. 180–181. The policy was implemented beginning in 1929–1930, in spite of the generally dire economic situation and the lack of government funds, because of the overwhelming need of the Government of the German Republic to retain the support of the influential Junker owners of these estates, although it was opposed by such important politicians as general and Chancellor of Germany Kurt von Schleicher. This policy produced a major scandal in Germany in December 1932 and January 1933, the Osthilfeskandal.

Aleksander Zygmunt Hafftka (November 24, 1892-June 2, 1964) was Polish Jewish historian and statesman.Stephan Stach, "Żyd Polski Odrodzonej: studium przypadku Aleksandra Hafftki, urzędnika ministerialnego i żydowskiego działacza społecznego w II RP (The Jew of Reborn Poland - The Case of Aleksander Hafftka, Interior Ministry Official and Jewish Civic Activist in the 2nd Republic of Poland)", Kwartalnik Historii Żydów / Jewish History Quarterly , issue 258, 2016, pp.381-405 He was also co-publisher and editor of the Polish-Jewish Encyclopedia (Encyklopedia Żydów Polskich), and the author of Anti-Semitism in the German Republic."Alexander Hafftka, Jewish Historian and Sociologist, Dead; Was 72", Jewish Telegraph Agency, June 5, 1964 Hafftka was born in Częstochowa to a family of a wealthy Jew Tuwia Hafftka, who owned of a porcelain factory.

On 9 November, Liebknecht declared the formation of a Freie Sozialistische Republik (Free Socialist Republic) from a balcony of the Berliner Stadtschloss, two hours after Philipp Scheidemann's declaration of a German Republic from a balcony of the Reichstag.H. Wohlgemuth, Karl Liebknecht, Dietz Verlag, 1975 On 31 December 1918 and 1 January 1919, Liebknecht was involved in the founding of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).Ottokar Luban, The Role of the Spartacist Group after 9 November 1918 and the Formation of the KPD, in: Ralf Hoffrogge and Norman LaPorte (eds.), Weimar Communism as Mass Movement 1918–1933, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2017, pp. 45–65. Together with Luxemburg, Jogiches and Zetkin, Liebknecht was also instrumental in the January 1919 Spartacist uprising in Berlin.

The Neue Rheinische Zeitung (NRZ) was outspoken in its criticism of Prussia and Austria for Monarchist counter-revolution, and actively agitated for their defeat. The paper was also critical of the willingness of the liberal bourgeoisie to compromise with Monarchist forces — policies which Marx and his comrades believed would have negative impacts upon the German revolution. More than three decades after the publication's termination, Marx's close associate Frederick Engels recalled that the NRZ had a political program with two main points: "a single, indivisible, democratic German republic, and War with Russia, including the restoration of Poland."Frederick Engels, "Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49)," Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 11 (March 13, 1884), reprinted in Marx-Engels Collected Works: Volume 26: Frederick Engels, 1882-89.

The Weimar Republic is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar from 6 February 1919 to 11 August 1919, but this name only became mainstream after 1933. Between 1919 and 1933, there was no single name for the new state that gained widespread acceptance and is the reason why the old name remained, although hardly anyone used it during the Weimar period. To the right of the spectrum, the politically engaged rejected the new democratic model and were appalled to see the honour of the traditional word Reich associated with it. as quoted in Zentrum, the Catholic Centre Party, favoured the term (German People's State), while on the moderate left Chancellor Friedrich Ebert's Social Democratic Party of Germany preferred (German Republic).

Ebert, right, with Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno (1923) In the first German presidential election, held on 11 February 1919, five days after the Nationalversammlung (constituent assembly) convened in Weimar, Ebert was elected as provisional president of the German Republic. He remained in that position after the new constitution came into force and was sworn in as Reichspräsident on 21 August 1919. He was Germany's first-ever democratically elected head of state, and was also the first commoner, the first socialist, the first civilian, and the first person from a proletarian background to hold that position. In the whole time of the unified German Reich's existence from 1871 to 1945, he was also the only head of state who was unequivocally committed to democracy.

As the November revolution unfolded, the proclamation of the German republic by the leading SPD politician Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November 1918,was an important moment for Ella Kay, by this time ages twenty- three. She herself had joined the textile workers' trades union in 1917, and towards the end of 1919, following her father's example, she became a member of the Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / SPD). She joined the newly founded "Workers' Welfare" ("Arbeiterwohlfahrt" / AWO) organisation at the same time, quickly becoming actively involved in both. For many commentators the early 1920s in Germany were dominated by political unrest driven by economic austerity and hunger, topped off by currency collapse, but there were also some positive developments.

2:3 Flag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) Following the declaration of the German republic in 1918 and the ensuing revolutionary period, the so-called Weimar Republic was founded in August 1919. To form a continuity between the anti- autocratic movement of the 19th century and the new democratic republic, the old black-red-gold tricolour was designated as the national German flag in the Weimar Constitution in 1919. See Article 3. Only the tiny German principalities of Reuss-Greiz – where the use and layout of the schwarz-rot- gold design had originated some 140 years earlier –, Reuss-Gera, Waldeck- Pyrmont and its republican successor had upheld the 1778-established tradition, and had always continued to use the German colours of black, red, and or (gold) in their flag.

This decision was primarily motivated by the proposed constitution by the eastern SED in November 1946, where black-red-gold were suggested as the colours for a future German republic. (in German) While there were other suggestions for the new flag for West Germany, the final choice was between two designs, both using black-red-gold. The Social Democrats proposed the re-introduction of the old Weimar flag, while the conservative parties such as the CDU/CSU and the German Party proposed a suggestion by Josef Wirmer, a member of the (parliamentary council) and future advisor of chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Wirmer suggested a variant of the 1944 "Resistance" flag (using the black-red- gold scheme in a Nordic Cross pattern) designed by his brother and 20 July co- conspirator Josef.

Erich Honecker, Mikhail Gorbachev and other guests of honour at the 40th East German Republic Day celebrations, 7 October 1989 Confrontation between security forces and demonstrators at the Gethsemane Church protest in Schönhauser Allee, Berlin, 7 October 1989 Celebrations for Republic Day on 7 October 1989, the 40th anniversary of the founding of the GDR, were marred by demonstrations. There had been protests in the preceding weeks, and Hungary and Czechoslovakia by this time were allowing East Germans to travel freely across their borders to the west. From 1–8 October, 14 "Freedom Trains" took 12,000 East German refugees from Prague across GDR territory to West Germany, to cheers from East Germans as they passed. These were all signs that the anniversary, which Mikhail Gorbachev attended, would not run smoothly.

However, for westerners the perpetuated stay of their respective occupying power had by no means the same meaning in everyday life than the Soviet occupation in their zone. Hübener then saw himself fighting a losing battle. In May 1949, speaking on the third term of Deutscher Volkskongress, a quasi parliament deciding the first constitution of the to-be-founded separate East German republic, Hübener appealed as main speaker of LDPD to the delegates: Our future government shall, will and must learn, to stand with a free people on free ground.In the German original: „Unsere künftige Regierung soll, wird und muss lernen, mit freiem Volk auf freiem Grund zu stehen.“ While West Germany had been founded on 23 May 1949 the foundation of East Germany was planned for 7 October.

Following the events of 1968, several projects of ideologically divergent groups of the so-called old and the new left arose in the Federal German Republic to build a new communist party. In addition to the German Communist Party (DKP), which is widely known as the West German KPD successor party and publishes the newspaper Unser Zeit as a party organ , various competing small communist parties , the so-called K groups , were founded, each of which was associated with different ideological concepts of communism (from Maoism to Stalinism to Trotskyism ). Out of these groupings, there were several newspaper projects in the 1970s called Rote Fahne. The Communist Party of Germany (KPD), a fringe party founded in 1990 by disgruntled members of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, publishes its own version of Die Rote Fahne.

Returning to Berlin, Erzberger agreed to serve under Ebert as Chairman of the Armistice Commission, a difficult and humiliating task. He fell out with Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, first Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic, in early 1919 for advocating the handing over of Karl Radek, the Bolshevik diplomat and agitator, to the Entente following the collapse of the German Revolution. After the elections for the Weimar National Assembly in January 1919, Erzberger entered the government of the German Republic led by Philipp Scheidemann, again as minister without a specified portfolio, but responsible for matters relating to the armistice. When Scheidemann resigned over the harsh terms of Treaty of Versailles and a new government led by Gustav Bauer took over on 21 June 1919, Erzberger became finance minister and vice chancellor.

The sailors and soldiers, inexperienced in matters of revolutionary combat, welcomed him as an experienced politician and allowed him to negotiate a settlement, thus defusing the initial anger of the revolutionaries in uniform. On 9 November 1918, the "German Republic" was proclaimed by MSPD member Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the MSPD, who thought that the question of monarchy or republic should be answered by a national assembly. Two hours later, a "Free Socialist Republic" was proclaimed, away, at the Berliner Stadtschloss. The proclamation was issued by Karl Liebknecht, co-leader (with Rosa Luxemburg) of the communist Spartakusbund (Spartacus League), a group of a few hundred supporters of the Russian revolution that had allied itself with the USPD in 1917.

On 11 November 1918, Emperor Charles I, counseled by ministers of his last Imperial Royal government as well as by ministers of German Austria, issued a proclamation relinquishing his right to take part in Austrian affairs of state. He also released the officials in the western (Austrian) half of the Habsburg realm from their oath of loyalty to him. On the following day, the Provisional National Assembly (Provisorische Nationalversammlung) of German-Austria, which claimed authority over the German-speaking portions of the western Habsburg lands (mostly the Danubian and Alpine provinces) proclaimed German-Austria a republic and announced its union with the German republic. In the night after his proclamation Charles I and his family left Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna and moved to Schloss Eckartsau east of the city, then belonging to the Habsburg Family Funds.

From 1991 to 1994, Remer published a political newsletter entitled the Remer-Depesche, conveying his political philosophy. Its content led to a court case where he was sentenced to 22 months' imprisonment in October 1992 for incitement of racial hatred by writing and publishing a series of articles stating that the Holocaust was a myth (the political impact of the case upon the Government is discussed in Searle's Wehrmacht Generals). Remer filed numerous appeals against his conviction, however his complaints of unfairness of trial and violations of freedom of speech were unanimously rejected, ultimately by the European Commission on Human Rights, to which he had taken his case.ECmHR admissibility decision on the application 25096/94 In February 1994, having exhausted all means of appeal in the newly united Federal German Republic, he fled to Spain to avoid the prison sentence.

With this authority, Beria on August 27 issued an order entitled "On Measures for Conducting the Operation of Resettling the Germans from the Volga German Republic, Saratov, and Stalingrad Oblasts," assigning the deputy head of the NKVD, (secret police) Ivan Serov, to command this operation. He also allocated NKVD and Red Army troops to carry out the transfer. The Germans were to be sent to various oblasts (provinces) in Siberia and Kazakhstan, beginning on September 3, and ending on September 20, 1941. On September 7, 1941, the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was officially abolished, clearly showing that the Soviets considered the expulsion of the Germans final. On August 28, 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved and published a decree, which was the only official decree ever published by the Soviet Union concerning the deportation and exile of the German Russian community.

During 1948/49 Arnold Gohr was a member of the so-called People's Council ("Deutscher Volksrat"), a consultative assembly in the Soviet occupation zone which from an Anglo-American perspective could be presented as the precursor to a western-style parliament. Its principal function was to draw up and endorse a new constitution, based on a draft presented back in 1946 by the newly created Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED). With the 1948 currency reforms, which expressly excluded the Soviet zone and the ensuing drama of the eleven-month Berlin Blockade, it became clear that perpetuating occupied Germany's postwar status quo was no longer an option. After a constitution for a "democratic German Republic" had been endorsed by the People's Council at the start of June 1949, on 7 October 1949 the council's membership formed the basis for a Provisional People's Chamber ("Provisorische Volkskammer").

98-99 In his 1938 essay Hitleryzm a Źydzi, Dmowski wrote: > "The tool of the Jews was Wilson, who was concerned that the Allied troops > did not cross the German border...Lloyd George stopped regions from becoming > part of Poland as they were before: the great majority of our Upper Silesia, > Malborg, Sztum and Kwidzyn, and also Gdansk. Lloyd George acted like an > agent of the Jews, and nothing gave the impression that Wilson was any less > dependent on them. The Jews, therefore, negotiated an agreement with German > Freemasonry, who, in return for help at the conference on the border > question, agreed to provide them with a leading position in the German > Republic. Eventually, after the peace, the Jews worked for Germany and > against Poland in England, American, and even in France, but especially > stove so that Germany became less and less a German state and more a Jewish > one".

Despite harsh criticism of the SPD for becoming part of the government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the German Revolution began and even became part of the government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten (Council of People's Deputies) which was formed on 10 November 1918 and mutually led by Ebert and Haase following the German Revolution. However, the agreement did not last long as Haase, Wilhelm Dittmann and Emil Barth left the council again on 29 December 1918 to protest the SPD's actions during the soldier mutiny in Berlin on 23 November 1918. At the same time, the Spartakusbund, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, separated from the USPD again as well to merge with other left-wing groups and form the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD).

A set of basic human rights, including the right to strike (Article 14) and to emigrate (Article 10) retained features of a liberal Rechtsstaat and formally guaranteed that sovereignty would remain vested in the people. The 1949 constitution was a compromise; it could have served either as a basis for building a socialist (and eventually Communist) society or as the basis for a democratic all-German republic. Critics have pointed out that the absence of a genuinely independent constitutional judiciary (since it and all other governmental organs were subordinated to the Volkskammer) rendered the document virtually meaningless, however. As time progressed, the authorities ignored most of its formal provisions and permitted the emergence of a centralized political order similar to that of other Communist countries, in which the state bodies did little more than rubber-stamp decisions already made by the SED and its Politburo.

In May 1945 he founded the Bund Demokratischer Sozialisten (Federation of Democratic Socialists) in Thuringia, which finally evolved into Thuringia's SPD branch, with Brill as its first chairman, but after being arrested and interrogated twice by the Soviet administration, he left Thuringia at the end of 1945 and began working for the American administration in Berlin. In 1948 Brill helped draft a constitution (Grundgesetz) for the new German republic, and from 1949 to 1953, he was a member of the first Bundestag, the parliament of the newly founded Germany, where he represented Frankfurt am Main I. In his last year as a member of parliament, he put through the first Bundesentschädigungsgesetz (compensation law) for those who had been subjected to prosecution based on political views, race or religion. In later years, Brill taught at the universities of Frankfurt and Speyer. He was responsible for the introduction of political science as a field of study in Germany and wrote several articles pertaining to issues such as German reunification.

By threatening the SVAG to resign from office, Hübener enforced the participation of the Soviet zonal governors in the Conference of Governors in Munich on 5 June 1947, which last time convened the elected governors of all states from all four zones of occupation in Germany. Hoping to avoid the eventual establishment of separate German republics – which was underways with the Bizone – he was, however, disappointed by his western colleagues (among them his long-time fellow party member Reinhold Maier, then minister-president of Württemberg-Baden). Most of them were already assured that the constitution of a democratic and autonomous German republic can impossibly include the Soviet zone with their puppet states, whereas the zonal central administrations (Zentralverwaltungen) established in July 1945, staffed with communists and directed by the SVAG, were actually taking the decisions. While easterners hoped with a quadripartite Allied agreement there would be the chance that the Soviet Union will release its prey, many westerners had already come to another conclusion.

In the 1960s, they shifted to its revolutionary beginnings, realising that the decisions and developments during the revolution were central to the failure of the first German Republic. The workers' and soldiers' councils especially moved into focus, and their previous appearance as a far-left movement had to be revised extensively. Authors like Ulrich Kluge, Eberhard Kolb and Reinhard Rürup argued that in the first weeks of the revolution the social base for a democratic redesign of society was much stronger than previously thought and that the potential of the extreme left was actually weaker than the MSPD's leadership, for example, assumed. As "Bolshevism" posed no real threat, the scope of action for the Council of the People's Deputies (also supported by the more reform-oriented councils) to democratise the administration, military and society had been relatively large, but the MSPD's leadership did not take that step because it trusted in the loyalty of the old elites and mistrusted the spontaneous mass movements in the first weeks of the revolution.

In considering the general political situation in the country at the beginning of 1920, it is notable that from the time of the revolution until the end of 1919, the Liberal and Radical parties in combination with the so-called Majority Social Democratic Party had held power continuously, and had been strikingly confirmed in their position by the general election held in January 1919. The chief point of interest in the general election had been the close correspondence of the results with those that used to be obtained in the elections for the old Reichstag in the time of the Empire. On February 11, 1919, the new parliament elected Friedrich Ebert as president of the German republic. Philipp Scheidemann acted as minister-president during the first half of 1919, but at the time of the signing of the treaty of peace in June he was succeeded by Gustav Bauer, one of the best-known leaders of the Majority Social Democratic Party, who had not been a member of Scheidemann's government.

Born into a working family Berlin on 5 February 1914, Beater received vocational instruction in the 1920s and 1930s, taking part in the Young Communist League of Germany while growing up in the pre-Hitler era of Weimar German republic."Wer war wer im MfS? A-B" ("Who was who in the MfS? A-B") Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records. Retrieved 1 August 2009. He kept a low apolitical profile after Hitler's initiation of the Nazis' wide-scale persecution of German communists following his arrival at the helm of power in 1933. His main source of employment during the 1930s was work as a carpenter. First drafted into the Wehrmacht during peacetime in 1936 and once more upon the outbreak of World War II, Beater defected to the Soviet side in 1944, at first doing work with the National Committee for a Free Germany to support the Soviet Union's war effort against the Nazi forces, then joining the Soviet Army, taking part in the campaign against Breslau (now Wrocław) during the last months of the war in 1945.