He saw himself as a latter-day dragoman, referring to the Ottoman-era interpreters who mediated talks between Turkish, Arabic and Persian rulers and European governments.
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Dragoman Glacier on Smith Island, South Shetland Islands is named after Dragoman.
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Dragoman () is the seat of Dragoman Municipality in the Sofia Province, western Bulgaria. The town is located very close to the border with Serbia. the population is 5,362.
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The glacier is named after the town of Dragoman in western Bulgaria.
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Upon hearing news of her death, Sultan Selim transmitted condolences through his Grand Dragoman.
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According to the 2011 census, there are 5,362 people living in the municipality of Dragoman, down from 17,187 people in 1934. Most inhabitants live in the town of Dragoman (3,368 people), followed by the villages of Gaber (541 people) and Kalotina (250 people).
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Aerogalnite efficiently blocks electromagnetic field in a wide range of frequencies from X-band to THz region. Dragoman, M., Braniste, T., Iordanescu, S., Aldrigo, M., Raevschi, S., Shree, S., Adelung, R. Tiginyanu, I. (2019). "Electromagnetic interference shielding in X-band with aero-GaN". Nanotechnology 30, 34LT01 Braniste, T., Zhukov, S., Dragoman, M., Alyabyeva, L., Ciobanu, V., Aldrigo, M., Dragoman, D., Iordanescu, S., Shree, S., Raevschi, S., Adelung, R., Gorshunov, B., Tiginyanu, I. (2019).
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The Dragoman of the Fleet (Ottoman Turkish: tersâne terdjümân-ı, "Dragoman of the Arsenal"; ) was a senior office in the Ottoman Empire, held by Phanariote Greeks during the 18th and early 19th centuries. As the chief deputy of the Kapudan Pasha, the Dragoman of the Fleet played a leading role in the administration of the various autonomous communities of the islands and coasts of the Aegean Sea that fell within the Eyalet of the Archipelago.
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The salary of the Dragoman of the Porte amounted to 47,000 kuruş annually. The success of the post led to the creation of a similar post, that of Dragoman of the Fleet, in 1701. The latter often served as a stepping-stone to the office of Grand Dragoman. There were also junior dragomans, for example for the Ottoman army, or for the Morea Eyalet, but these positions were never formalized in the same manner.
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Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios (), from Kritou Terra in Paphos, was a dragoman (interpreter) in Cyprus between 1779 and 1809.
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Webster's Dictionary of 1828 lists dragoman as well as the variants drogman and truchman in English. Consequently, the plural, in English, is "dragomans" (not "dragomen"). The family name of Franjo Tudjman, the first post-Communist President of Croatia, indicates that one of his ancestors might have been a dragoman.
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Between 1711–1716 and 1821, a number of Phanariots were appointed Hospodars (voivodes or princes) in the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) (usually as a promotion from the offices of Dragoman of the Fleet and Dragoman of the Porte); the period is known as the Phanariot epoch in Romanian history.
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His parents were Marta and Hovsep, who was an Armenian merchant from Kayseri. They later settled in Smyrna and had Boghos as their first child. He then assisted his uncle Arakel Abroyan, the then Dragoman of the British Consulate in Izmir. Arakel Abroyan passed on the post of dragoman to Boghos.
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Bukharan envoy (seated right) by the reis ül-küttab (seated centre) The Dragoman of the Sublime Porte (Ottoman Turkish: terdjümân-ı bâb-ı âlî; ), Dragoman of the Imperial Council (terdjümân-ı dîvân-ı hümâyûn), or simply Grand or Chief Dragoman (terdjümân bashı), was the senior interpreter of the Ottoman government and de facto deputy foreign minister. From the position's inception in 1661 until the outbreak of the Greek Revolution in 1821, the office was occupied by Phanariotes, and was one of the main pillars of Phanariote power in the Ottoman Empire.
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The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as scholar, activist and diplomat (2006), Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, p. 63.
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Berende (, ) is a village in Dragoman Municipality, Sofia Province, in the westernmost part of Bulgaria near the border with Serbia. Berende is located in the western reaches of the Balkan Mountains, not far from the banks of the Nishava River. The distance to the national capital Sofia is . Nearby towns are Godech and the municipal centre Dragoman, both away.
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More recently, two slit particle diffraction has been experimentally demonstrated with single-particle buildup of electron diffraction patterns, as may be seen in the photo in this referenceTonomura, A., Endo, J., Matsuda, T., Kawasaki, T., Ezawa, H. (1989). Demonstration of single‐electron buildup of an interference pattern, Am. J. Phys. 57(2): 117–120.Dragoman, D. Dragoman, M. (2004).
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The insurgents initially revolted against the imperial authorities, but the latter managed to turn their wrath against the Church and the Dragoman. The angry mob broke into and sacked Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios’ mansion. The Dragoman himself escaped with his family to Constantinople, where they stayed for three years. Hadjigeorgakis appointed his assistant, a man named Nikolaos Nikolaides, as his commissary.
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Vasilovtsi (, also transliterated Vasilovci, Vasilevtsi or Wassilowzi) is a village in western Bulgaria, located in the Dragoman Municipality of the Sofia Province.
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After the loss of Belgrade he served in Vidin (in modern Bulgaria) and then came to Istanbul where he continued his civil service as dragoman.
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Guarda - Vilar Formoso, Portugal. A64 autoroute is a motorway in south western France, at Pau here. European route 80 near Sarzana, Italy. Dragoman, Bulgaria (border to Serbia).
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The office was established in 1701, in emulation of the Grand Dragoman of the Sublime Porte, which was also reserved for Phanariotes. Indeed, the post of Dragoman of the Fleet often served as a stepping-stone to that of Grand Dragoman. The dragoman (the term means "interpreter") had to be proficient in the "three languages" (elsine-i selase) of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish that were commonly used in the empire, as well as a number of foreign languages (usually French and Italian), but his role went far beyond a mere interpreter. He was the official intermediary between the Kapudan Pasha, the commander-in- chief of the Ottoman navy who was also governor of the Eyalet of the Archipelago, and the mostly Greek and Christian islanders and inhabitants of the shores of the Aegean Sea during the annual expeditions of the Ottoman fleet for the collection of the taxes, as well as the resolution of administrative problems.
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Nicholas Mavrocordatos (, ; May 3, 1670 in ConstantinopleSeptember 3, 1730 in Bucharest) was a Greek member of the Mavrocordatos family, Grand Dragoman to the Divan (1697), and consequently the first Phanariote Hospodar of the Danubian Principalities, Prince of Moldavia, and Prince of Wallachia (both on two separate occasions). He was succeeded as Grand Dragoman (1709) by his brother John Mavrocordato (Ioan), who was for a short while hospodar in both Wallachia and Moldavia.
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In January 2005, Romanian newspaper Libertatea reported the birth of Lucian Yahoo Dragoman, supposedly named after the web portal Yahoo. The story spread briefly on the Internet, but was quickly found to have been fabricated by a reporter. According to the article, Lucian Yahoo was born December 2004 in Mediaș, Romania. His parents, Nonu and Cornelia Dragoman, supposedly met online, and had a virtual relationship for three months before meeting in person.
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Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios came from Kritou Terra in Paphos in western Cyprus. Early on he served as interpreter or dragoman. The dragoman was usually a Christian from the local community appointed by the Ottomans, and it was a significant office awarded to highly educated individuals with mastery of both the Greek and Turkish languages. As an interpreter, Hadjigeorgakis dealt mostly with matters of taxation and administration, which brought him into contact with the Ottoman administration of Cyprus, i.e.
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Mallouf was born in the village of Zabbougha, then in the Ottoman Empire. As worded by Charles Malouf Samaha, after Lord Raglan's death in 1855, he was a dragoman under General Beatson.
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In the Turkish tradition, the dragoman position is recorded in the pre-Ottoman Sultanate of Rum during the 13th-century reign of Keykubad I when two dragomans and two translator clerks were appointed.
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Sursock lineage since 1712 Michel Sursock was a high-ranking member of Ottoman parliament and a senior dragoman to the Persian Empire, having been granted the title "Senator of the Empire." Similarly, Moussa, Michel-Ibrahim and Yusuf Sursock all served as members of Ottoman parliament for a number of years, beginning in 1912. Girgi Dimitri Sursock (1852-1913), married Marie Assad Zahar and was dragoman at the German General Consulate in Beirut. He was decorated with the Order of Osmanieh.
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Constantine Demetrius Mourouzis (, Konstantinos Demetrios Mourouzis, ), (1730 – 1 May 1787) was a Phanariote Prince of Moldavia, and member of the Mourousis family. A remarkable polyglot, he spoke five languages: Greek, Latin, French, Arabic and Turkish. In 1761, he became Grand Postelnic (foreign minister) in Moldavia, and soon after Dragoman of the Fleet (deputy minister) of the Ottoman Admiralty, and eventually Grand Dragoman. There are indications that he was politically involved in the dismissal and assassination of his predecessor, Grigore III Ghica, by the Porte.
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The newly formed Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ) completed the Belovo–Sofia line on 1 August and connected it to the SDZ at Dragoman on 8 August 1888.History of Yugoslav Railways - Construction dates for Yugoslav railways.
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Neophytus was born in Patmos, and when the Metropolitan of Caesarea in Cappadocia was elected to the Patriarchate as Jeremias III, he was elected in his place as Metropolitan of Caesarea. As Metropolitan of Caesarea his more important act was restoring in 1728 the monastery of Saint John the Forerunner at Zincidere in Cappadocia. He was appointed as Patriarch on 27 Sept 1734 supported by the Dragoman of the Porte, the fanariote Alexander Ghikas. His subjection to the Dragoman caused the Grand Vizier to order his deposition six years later, in August 1740.
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Thus, when the war ended he was selected under the special recruitment scheme for filling vacancies caused by the war and appointed to the Levant Consular Service. After a short period of training in Oriental languages at King's College, Cambridge, he went as Vice-Consul to Thessaloniki, and soon after became third Dragoman at Constantinople. When the Turkish capital moved to Ankara and the office of Dragoman was abolished, Helm went there as Second Secretary. He served there as Consul, and in 1930 was transferred to the Foreign Office, working in the Eastern Department.
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Taban is a village in Dragoman Municipality, Sofia Province, western Bulgaria.Guide Bulgaria, Accessed Nov 11, 2014 With a total population of 23, Taban spreads across 5.57 km2. It is located 40.651km away from the capital city of Sofia.
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Some writers have accused the British, led by Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice (1865–1939), Chief Dragoman of the British Embassy, of being the hidden hand behind this reactionary religious uprising. The British government had already supported actions against constitutionalists in an attempt to mute the effect of increasing German sympathizers in the Ottoman Empire since the 1880s.G R Berridge,"Gerald Fitzmaurice (1865-1939) Chief Dragoman of the British Embassy in Turkey" Published by Martinus Nijhoff Also, according to these sources, this countercoup was directed specifically against the CUP's Salonica (Thessaloniki) branch, which had outmatched the British-sympathizing Monastir (Bitola) Branch.
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61 and a sponsor of Neoclassical architecture.Mihai Ispir, Clasicismul în arta românească, pp. 21–23, 39. Bucharest: Editura Meridiane, 1984. Alexander's brother was the Beizadea Dimitrie, who served as Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire, and helped draft the Bucharest treaty of 1812.
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It was disbanded by the order from June 27, 1959 per the "Drvar" reorganization plan. Its units were attached to 3rd Air Command. The commanders of division in this period were Ilija Zelenika and Enver Ćemalović. Commissar was Dragoman Radojčić until 1953.
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There are the following companies in the town of Dragoman: KONTAKTNI ELEMENTI JSC (Bulgarian: «КОНТАКТНИ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ» АД) is a company producing bimetallic electrical contact rivets and silver solders, tin-lead solders - 40, 50, 60, zinc and tin anodes. The company was founded in 1980.
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He studied in Berlin and Leipzig. From 1844, he was a dragoman at the Prussian embassy in Constantinople. From 1853 he was the Prussian consul in Jerusalem.Zeev W. Sadmon, Die Gründung des Technions in Haifa im Lichte deutscher Politik: 1907–1920, Munich et al.
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Phanariots in Wallachia. The caption reads: "Flight of Prince Mavrogeni from Bucharest while k.u.k. troops approach / 9 Nov[ember] 1789". The person raised to the office of prince was usually the chief dragoman of the Porte, well-versed in contemporary politics and Ottoman statecraft.
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Donja Nevlja is a village in the municipality of Dimitrovgrad, Serbia and in municipality of Dragoman, Bulgaria. According to the 2002 Serbian census, the village has a population of 31 people.Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i Stanova 2002. Knjiga 1: Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima.
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Callimachi served as Grand Dragoman of the Sublime Porte from 1785 to 1794. He gained the title of Prince of Moldavia in 1795. After Callimachi was deposed, he was succeeded by son-in-law Constantine Ypsilantis. With his reign over, Callimachi retired to Constantinople.
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From 1711, of many former Grand Dragomans or Dragomans of the Fleet to the positions of princes (voivodes or hospodars) of the Danubian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. These four offices formed the foundation of Phanariote prominence in the Ottoman Empire. The Phanariotes maintained this privileged position until the outbreak of the Greek Revolution in 1821: the then Dragoman of the Porte, was beheaded, and his successor, Stavraki Aristarchi, was dismissed and exiled in 1822. The position of Grand Dragoman was then replaced by a guild-like Translation Bureau, staffed initially by converts like Ishak Efendi, but quickly exclusively by Muslim Turks fluent in foreign languages.
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Mayor of the Dragoman Municipality is Andrey Ivanov, on the results of elections from November 8, 2011. Political party – GERB (Bulgarian: ГЕРБ, derived from Граждани за европейско развитие на България/Grazhdani za evropeysko razvitie na Balgariya, "Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria"), is a Bulgarian centre-right political party.
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Theodosia finds an important artifact—the Was scepter—and hits Nigel on the head with it. Theo is rescued by her parents and Nabir, her mother's dragoman. They return home, where Wigmere gives Theodosia a ring, and Theo becomes an official member of the Brotherhood of the Chosen Keepers.
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19 Preziosi was proficient in the languages of the region (Greek and Turkish), as well as major European languages (English, French, Italian) and he worked as deputy of the dragoman of the British Embassy as well as the First Dragoman of the Greek legation. His workshop was routinely visited by tourists wishing to return home with a souvenir of Istanbul, and among his guests was, in April 1869, Edward VII of the United Kingdom, then the Prince of Wales, who bought several watercolours from him. In 1866, as the new Prince of Romania, Carol I visited Istanbul, he met Preziosi and invited him to Romania to make watercolours of the landscapes and people of the country.Ionescu, p.
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After apostatising, Aliqoli became an apologist for Shia Islam as well as a major polemicist against Christianity, Sufism and Judaism. Abbas Amanat adds that in one of his major works, the , Aliqoli not only made "a violent attack on Christians, Jews, and Sunnis but also on philosophers, Sufis, and antinomians". In addition, after conversion, he served as a dragoman, a translator and interpreter of European languages, at the Shah's court in Isfahan, succeeding du Mans to the post. Aliqoli was one of the late 17th century converts in Iran who "helped reaffirm the Majlesi brand of conservatism"; his appointment as royal dragoman further confirmed the Safavid state's "patronage of a prevailing xenophobic tendency".
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Road I-8 begins from Kalotina checkpoint, at the border with Serbia. The road bypasses the cities of Dragoman and Slivnitsa. Between Slivnitsa and Sofia, the road runs as a 4-lane single-carriageway. Kalotina motorway is planned to replace and supersede I-8 between Sofia and the Serbian border.
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It forms the southwest side of the entrance to Ivan Asen Cove and the northeast side of the entrance to Yarebitsa Cove, and separates the glacier termini of Dragoman Glacier to the north and Armira Glacier to the south. The point is named after Czar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, 1218-1241 AD.
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Other interesting museums include the Folk Art Museum, National Struggle Museum (witnessing the rebellion against the British administration in the 1950s), Cyprus Ethnological Museum (House of Dragoman Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios, 18th century) and the Handicrafts Centre. Nicosia also hosts an Armenian archbishopric, a small Buddhist temple, a Maronite archbishopric, and a Roman Catholic church.
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Other volumes included Nevestele lui Moș Dragoman (1913), Privighetoarea neagră (1916) and Ber-Căciulă (1920); these were the product of what Eugen Lovinescu termed an "inexhaustible memory", the author "melted into the anonymous mass of the people".Aurel Sasu (ed.), Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române, vol. II, p. 816. Pitești: Editura Paralela 45, 2004.
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It was there that his renewed interest focused. He could not find Halbherr, who had gone to Khania. He purchased more sealstones and an engraved gold ring from Ioannis Mitsotakis, dragoman for Russia (English "Russian vice-consul," but he was a native, not a Russian). After meeting Minos and inspecting his collection, he set out for Knossos.
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Plate from The Crescent and the Cross entitled "Encampment at Baalbec, lady and dragoman in foreground." His father was Major George Warburton, Inspector General of the Royal Irish Constabulary for Aughrim, County Galway. His mother was Anne Maria Acton of Kilmacurragh, County Wicklow. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1837.
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Francis I to the Drogman Janus Bey, 28 December 1546, delivered by D'Aramon. Janus Bey, in Turkish Yunus Bey (born in Modon at the end of the 15th century; died 1541/42) was a Greek who became an interpreter (dragoman) and ambassador for the Ottoman Empire. In 1532 he visited Venice and had meetings with the Venetian government.Garnier, p.
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The General Congregation of the Anatolian Turkish Orthodox (in Turkish Umum Anadolu Türk Ortodoksları Cemaatleri) was a pro-Turkish nationalist Orthodox Christian group set up in 1922 and mainly active in the Turkish-speaking, Orthodox Christian Karamanlides population of central Anatolia.The Political Role of the Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate (so-called) Unlike most Greek Orthodox Christians, they identified themselves as Turkish rather than Greek and supported Kemal Atatürk.Page 58, The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as scholar, Elisabeth Özdalga At the time, it had support from the Orthodox Bishop of Havza, as well as numerous other congregations.Page 152, The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as scholar, Elisabeth Özdalga There were calls to establish a new Patriarchate for Turkish-speaking Christians with Turkish as the language of worship.
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View of the Phanarion quarter, the historical centre of the Greek community of Constantinople in Ottoman times, ca. 1900 Church of St. Stephen; atop the hill: the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Phanariots, Phanariotes, or Fanariots (, , ) were members of prominent Greek families in PhanarEncyclopædia Britannica,Phanariote, 2008, O.Ed. (Φανάρι, modern Fener),The names Fener and Φανάρι (Fanari) derive from the Greek nautical word meaning "Lighthouse" (literary "lantern" or "lamp") the chief Greek quarter of Constantinople where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is located, who traditionally occupied four important positions in the Ottoman Empire: Voivode of Moldavia, Voivode of Wallachia, Grand Dragoman, and Grand Dragoman of the Fleet. Despite their cosmopolitanism and often-Western education, the Phanariots were aware of their Hellenism; according to Nicholas Mavrocordatos' Philotheou Parerga, "We are a race completely Hellenic".
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In Ottoman records, the first imperial dragoman recorded was Lutfi Pasha who was sent to Venice in 1479 to deliver a treaty. The position took particular prominence in the Ottoman Empire, where demand for the mediation provided by dragomans is said to have been created by the resistance on the part of the Muslim Ottomans to learn the languages of non-Muslim nations. The office incorporated diplomatic as well as linguistic duties—namely, in the Porte's relation with Christian countries—and some dragomans thus came to play crucial roles in Ottoman politics. The profession tended to be dominated by ethnic Greeks, including the first Ottoman Dragoman of the Sublime Porte, Panagiotis Nikousios, the official interpreter for the Divan (Imperial Council) of the Sultan, and his successor Alexander Mavrocordatos.
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He suddenly felt bereft and abandoned, and his expedition was threatened. Stromer did eventually find a dragoman who could function as a guide and translator, however, to make things easier. The permits to explore the Western Desert were not so easily obtained. On 3 January 1911, he and the rest of his crew boarded a train and set off for the Western Desert.
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Henry put on an overcoat over his dinner tuxedo, and Myra put on a black fur coat over her sparkly dinner dress. She grabbed a pair of gloves, a fur muff, and her mother's pearl necklace that had been given her. Then, the wealthy couple boarded Lifeboat 3 along with Henry's dragoman and Sun Yat Sen. All four survived the sinking.
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Alexandros Soutzos (, , 1758 – January 18/19, 1821, Bucharest) was a Phanariote Greek who ruled as Prince of Moldavia (July 10, 1801 – October 1, 1802 and Prince of Wallachia (July 2, 1802 – August 30, 1802; August 24, 1806 – October 15, 1806; December 1806; November 17, 1818 – January 19, 1821). Born in Constantinople, he had earlier been Grand Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire.
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In 1835 he married Grand Dragoman Stavraki Aristarchi's daughter, and after her death remarried another woman. Circa 1838 his first son, Stephanos, was born, and he in total had at least four children. His first and his second wives both died of childbirth, the first from birthing Stephanos and the second from birthing the fourth child. He later married a third wife.
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36–37 According to Henriette Yvonne Stahl, her grandfather was originally active in the Kingdom of Greece, in service to King Otto, before being taken prisoner by the Ottoman Empire.Bălaj, p. 24 He owed his relocation to Wallachia (an autonomous subject of the Ottomans) to the intercession of Prince Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, who employed him as a Dragoman of the court.Bălaj, p.
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Topographic map of Smith Island. Armira Glacier (, ) is a long glacier on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica draining the southeast slopes of Imeon Range southeast of Slaveykov Peak and east of Neofit Peak. It is situated southwest of Dragoman Glacier and northeast of Gramada Glacier, and flows southeastward into Yarebitsa Cove on Osmar Strait. Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.
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But this dominance changed in 1821 with the start of the Greek War of Independence. In 1821 the chief dragoman Constantine Mourouzi was executed for suspected disloyalty, and his successor, Stavraki Aristarchi, was dismissed and exiled in 1822. With unanswered correspondence accumulating, the chief naval instructor, one Ishak Efendi, took over the position and became a pioneer in translation of Western scientific literature into Turkish, a task for which he had to create an entirely new vocabulary. Following Ishak, the grand dragoman and his staff were Muslims, and the Translation Office (Tercüme Odası, "Translation Room", in Turkish), with its familiarity with things European, became a new major ladder to influence and power in the Tanzimat era; this knowledge largely replaced the older ladders of the army, the bureaucracy, and the religious establishment in the mid- and late-19th century.
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Constantine Ypsilantis ( Konstantinos Ypsilantis; ; 1760 - 24 June 1816), was the son of Alexander Ypsilanti, a key member of an important Phanariote family, Grand Dragoman of the Porte (1796–99), hospodarEast, The Union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1859, p. 178. of Moldavia (1799–1802) and Walachia (1802–06), and a PrinceEast, The Union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1859, p. 59. through marriage to the daughter of Alexandru Callimachi.
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On 7 September, Aydın, Germencik and Kuşadası fell under Turkish control. On 16 September, the last Greek troops left Çeşme, and two days later the Greek III Corps left Erdek. The British Chief of Staff expressed his admiration for the Turkish military operation.Elisabeth Özdalga: The Last Dragoman: The Swedish Orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as Scholar, Activist and Diplomat, Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2006, , page 62.
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These governors doubled as diplomats. They operated courts for the Venetian colonists, collected taxes and customs dues and supervised Venetian trade. Each was assisted by a chancery (run by a chancellor) and a Council of Twelve, composed of the leading men of the colony and modeled on the Council of Ten in Venice. Each had a chaplain, a physician and an interpreter (or dragoman).
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There was sometimes more than one raʾīs. He was an intermediary, representing the villeins to their usually absentee landlord and representing the lord to his fellow villeins. All administration was in the hands of the raʾīs, who supervised farming, collected taxes, administered justice and mediated disputes. He may have been assisted by a dragoman (which office was often hereditary) and sometimes a scribe (scribanus).
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The muhassıl administration slowly became more and more dysfunctional. In 1764, muhassıl Çil Osman Agha was killed amidst a chaotic environment caused by his rule. Meanwhile, the ongoing war with Russia meant a deterioration in the people's welfare. Thus, on the request of the Archbishop and the Dragoman, Cyprus was placed directly under the administration of the Imperial Council in 1785, with the muhassıl being directly appointed.
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Location of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands. Topographic map of Smith Island. Ivan Asen Cove (, ‘Zaliv Ivan Asen’ \'za-liv i-'van a-'sen\\) is the 1.16 km wide cove on Osmar Strait indenting for 800 m the southeast coast of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, and entered northeast of Ivan Asen Point. Its head is fed by Dragoman Glacier.
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After his arrival, Heinrich entered the diplomatic service of the Austrian- Hungarian embassy in Tokyo as dragoman. Like his father before him, he became one of the most distinguished German researchers on Japan. His antiquarian interest made him a vivid collector of Japanese ethnological items, art, and coins. Heinrich is credited with creating the Japanese-term for archaeology, "kōkogaku", via his 1879 book Kōko setsuryaku.
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This college was to evolve into the American University of Beirut.Dodge. p.12 His local nickname became Abu Tangera - father of the cooking pot - after his broad-rimmed hat. With his local knowledge he was used as a dragoman by several Biblical scholars. In 1852 he accompanied one of the founders of modern Biblical archeology, Edward Robinson on his second tour of the Holy Land.
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The Poles called him "Albanian Antoni Lukasz Crutta" and he was a cherished dragoman of the Byzantine and Middle East. He was also a guide and intermediary between foriengers and inhabitants of the Orient. Prior to his service to the Polish king, Crutta had served in the Court of Venice in Cyprus. He spoke Latin, Greek, French, English, Italian, Armenian, Turkish, Tatar and Persian.
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Location of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands. Topographic map of Smith Island. Zavet Saddle (, ‘Sedlovina Zavet’ \se-dlo-vi-'na 'za-vet\\) is a saddle of elevation 1410 m in Imeon Range on Smith Island, South Shetland Islands bounded by Slaveykov Peak to the southwest and the summit Mount Foster to the northeast. Overlooking Dragoman Glacier to the southeast and Bistra Glacier to the northwest.
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Topographic map of Smith Island. Dragoman Glacier (, ) is a long glacier on Smith Island, South Shetland Islands draining the southeast slopes of Imeon Range southeast of Zavet Saddle and south of the summit Mount Foster. It is situated southeast of Bistra Glacier, southwest of Landreth Glacier and northeast of Armira Glacier, and flows southeastward into Ivan Asen Cove, Osmar Strait. Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.
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He carried out secret orders from the Grand Vizier intended to bring about peace, preventing arrests of military leaders and carrying messages between the two sides. Together with the Grand Dragoman Ali Bey, Ashkenazi drafted the peace treaty that ended the war in 1573. Ashkenazi was instrumental in choosing a successor for the Polish King Sigismund II Augustus, who left no heir upon his death in 1572.
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Born in Kotel, Bogoridi studied in the Greek-language Princely Academy in Bucharest, Wallachia, where he changed his Bulgarian name Stoyko for the Greek Ștefan. After finishing his studies, Bogoridi joined the Ottoman fleet as Dragoman and, under the command of Seid Mustafa Pasha (future Sultan Mustafa IV), took part in the Second Battle of Abukir against Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt, making a miraculous escape after the defeat of the Ottoman forces. In 1812, Stefan Bogoridi went to Moldavia with Prince Scarlat Callimachi, who appointed him governor of Galați (1812-1819). In 1821, during the local uprising of Tudor Vladimirescu and the invasion of Filiki Eteria as part of the Greek War of Independence, Bogoridi was nominal Caimacam of Wallachia; the following year, after the sweeping Ottoman offensive against Alexander Ypsilantis, he held the actual position of Caimacam in Moldavia 1822, and then returned as Dragoman of the Ottoman fleet.
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The medieval Church of St Nicholas in Kalotina Kalotina () is a village in Dragoman Municipality, Sofia Province, in westernmost central Bulgaria. As of 2010 it has 270 inhabitants and the mayor is Lidia Bozhilova. The village is located at the border with Serbia, 55 km to the northwest of the capital Sofia, on the main highway and railway between Western Europe and Asia. Kalotina lies at , 282 metres above sea level.
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"Terahertz shielding properties of aero-GaN". Semiconductor Science and Technology, 34, 12LT02 (6pp). Since GaN is a piezoelectric and piezoresistive material, the ultra-lightweight aerogalnite is very promising for pressure sensor application.Dragoman, M., Ciobanu, V., Shree, S., Dragoman, D., Braniste, T., Raevschi, S., Dinescu, A., Sarua, A., Mishra, Y. K., Pugno, N., Adelung, R., Tiginyanu, I. (2019) "Sensing up to 40 atm Using Pressure-Sensitive Aero-GaN". Phys.
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Patrick Ryan was born in Hampstead in 1916, the second son of Sir Andrew Ryan, a British diplomat who was the last dragoman in Constantinople, and his wife Ruth. Patrick was educated at Ampleforth in North Yorkshire. In 1935 he entered the Dominican Order at Woodchester Priory in Gloucestershire where he was given the name Columba. At the age of 30 (in 1946) he completed his DPhil at Oxford University.
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He moved to Alexandria in 1816 and ended his career in the position of first dragoman (official interpreter) of the French consulate for Egypt. He participated in the philological discovery of the South Semitic languages of Abyssinia, Amharic and Ge'ez. During his time in Egypt, he collected more than 1,500 manuscripts. He also became an important part of the translation of the Bible into the Amharic language of Ethiopia.
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Tewodros later turned against foreigners resident in Ethiopia and imprisoned Hall at his fortress in Mäqdäla. He was rescued by the British Expedition to Abyssinia and afterwards moved to the Middle East. Hall settled in Jaffa where he became a mission station manager, timber merchant and hotel proprietor. Considered an elder among the German colony in the town, he was appointed an honorary dragoman at the German consulate.
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Hall served as an honorary dragoman for the German consulate at Jaffa. He also became friends with the Nobel Prize-winning author Shmuel Yosef Agnon who included him as a character in his 1945 historical novel Temol Shilshom. Hall died of a stroke on 27 January 1914 and was buried at the Templar Cemetery in Jaffa. His remains were transferred to the Templar Cemetery in Jerusalem in 1952.
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Callimachi served in the administrations of Ioan Mavrocordat and of Grigore II Ghica. He was Grand Dragoman at the Ottoman Porte in Istanbul where, over the course of his sixteen years of service, he was recognized for his diplomatic ability. In 1758, he was rewarded with the position of Prince of Moldavia which he held until 1761. Callimachi retired to Constantinople where he lived for 19 years before his death.
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Danube Division only had approximate success to the planned one. Caribrod Detachment resisted to Danube Division near Caribrod for a bit of time and at 16:30 Serbs captured Caribrod but they couldn't continue to the planned line Kalotina–Vishan. Because of no need to make unnecessary casualties, Caribrod Detachment retreated on its positions near Dragoman. Right column stopped its attack in Lukavica village where forces stayed during the night.
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He was born in Bucharest into the aristocratic Soutzos family; his father Alexandru Sutzu was high vornic and cămăraș (official in charge of the royal court's pantry). His grandfather George Sutzu was high dragoman; George's brother was Prince Alexandros Soutzos. Suțu began school in his native country before entering the University of Athens, where he studied from 1856 to 1862 and obtained a doctorate in 1863.Valentin-Veron Toma, Alexandru Sutzu.
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Additionally, the Magaravank monastery had won the favour of the Ottomans and became an important way station for Armenian and other pilgrims en route to the Holy Land, as well as a place of rest for travellers and Catholicoi and other clergymen from Cilicia and Jerusalem. Contrary to the Latins and the Maronites, Armenians – being Orthodox – were not persecuted because of their religion by the Ottomans. Even though about 20,000 Armenians lived in Cyprus during the very first years of the Ottoman Era, by 1630 only 2,000 Armenians remained, out of a total of 56,530 inhabitants. In the Bedesten (the covered market of Nicosia), there were many Armenian merchants and in the late 18th century/early 19th century Nicosia's leading citizen was an Armenian trader called Sarkis, who was a “beratli” (bearer of a berat or charter granting a privilege) and was initially the dragoman (interpreter) for the French Consul, before becoming the dragoman for the English Consul.
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The Eramian Farm House in Pano Deftera In the Bedesten, there were many Armenian merchants and in the late 18th century/early 19th century Nicosia's leading citizen was an Armenian trader called Sarkis, who was a "beratli" and was initially the dragoman for the French Consul, before becoming the dragoman for the English Consul. Gifted with the acumen of industry, Armenians practised lucrative professions and in the beginning of the 17th century Persian Armenians settled in Cyprus as silk traders, as did some affluent Ottoman- Armenians in the 18th and 19th centuries, such as Boghos-Berge Agha Eramian. However, with the new order of things, the number of Armenians and other Christians dramatically declined due to the onerous taxation and the harshness of the Ottoman administration, compelling many Christians to become Linobambaki, Crypto-Christians, which explains why former Armenian villages were inhabited by Turkish-Cypriots at the end of the 19th century.
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Father Goosan, Chief Dragoman of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, stated that, "I know there are fanatical Haredi groups that don't represent the general public but it's still enraging. It all begins with education. It's the responsibility of these men's yeshiva heads to teach them not to behave this way". In January 2010, Christian leaders, Israeli Foreign ministry staff, representatives of the Jerusalem municipality and the Haredi community met to discuss inter-faith tolerance.
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Armand-Pierre Caussin de PercevalArmand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval (1795-1871) was a French orientalist. He was born in Paris on 13 January 1795. His father, Jean-Jacques-Antoine Caussin de Perceval (1759–1835), was professor of Arabic in the Collège de France. In 1814 he went to Constantinople as a student interpreter, and afterwards travelled in Asiatic Turkey, spending a year with the Maronites in the Lebanon, and finally becoming dragoman at Aleppo.
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In 1820, the office of Dragoman was held by his nephew Constantine, similarly executed for failing to denounce his friends in the Filiki Eteria.Lăzărescu, p. 51 The family had to flee Ottoman territory, including the Danubian Principalities, after several of its members fought in the Greek War of Independence. They became Russian nationals, but managed to preserve their Moldavian estates by subterfuge—formally passing them to a branch of the Rosetti family.
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Evidence of inter-cultural integration remains scarce, but evidence of inter-cultural cooperation and complex social interaction proves more common. Key use of the word dragoman, literally translator, with Syriac administrators and Arabic headsmen represented the direct need for negotiation of interests on both sides.Tyerman, God's War, pg 234. Comments on households with Arabic-speaking Christians and a few Arabized Jews and Muslims represent a less dichotomous relationship than the mid-20th-century historians depicted.
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Farrokh was accompanied by a suite of more than twenty persons, including councillors, dragoman, secretaries and writers. Six horses were given in present to the French Emperor, who expressed his regret about the conflict between Persia and Great Britain.Allen's Indian Mail p.96 Negotiations led to the Treaty of Paris in March 1857, which put an end to the Anglo-Persian War./books?id=8eUTLaaVOOQC&pg;=PA80 Immortal Steven R. Ward, p.
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These three years, especially the reign of governor Ebubekir Pasha (1746–48), were a period of development and relative prosperity. After the end of Ebubekir Pasha's tenure, Cyprus reverted to its former status. Greek Cypriots had two very important administrative positions: the Archbishop, who headed the Orthodox Church, was recognized as the sole representative of the Greek Cypriot population from the 1670s onwards, and the Dragoman, chosen from the candidates determined by the Archbishop.
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Eduard de Stoeckl Eduard Andreevich Stoeckl () (1804 in Constantinople – January 26, 1892 in Paris) was a Russian diplomat best known today for having negotiated the American purchase of Alaska on behalf of the Russian government. He was son of Andreas von Stoeckl, Austrian diplomat in Constantinople, and Maria Pisani, daughter of Nicolas Pisani, Russian dragoman in Constantinople. He died in Paris on January 26, 1892. Alaska Treaty of Cessation on March 30, 1867.
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However the translation was on several occasions later revised to match the Greek version done by dragoman D. Rhazes, a translation Strauss stated had "such high esteem".Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 30 (PDF p. 32) Takvor Efendi Baghtchebanoglou, a judge at the criminal court of Péra (Beyoglu) of Armenian descent, had hitherto published laws seen in volume 4 and 5 ("du Transport de Dette" and "du Gage", respetcively).
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Portrait of Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha. The Translation Office (, known in English as the office of the "dragoman" from the Turkish tercüme, "translation") was set up in response to Greek independence. This was due to the fact that, prior to Greek independence, many Greeks had acted as translators in government business. Consequently, the Greek uprising for independence resulted in an exodus of the Greek translators working for the government and left a demand for translators.
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Manto Mavrogenous was born in Trieste, then in the Habsburg Monarchy, now part of Italy. She was daughter of the merchant and member of the Filiki Eteria, Nikolaos Mavrogenes, and Zacharati Chatzi Bati. One of her ancestors, the great-uncle of her father, Nicholas Mavrogenes, was Dragoman of the Fleet and Prince of Wallachia. A beautiful woman of aristocratic lineage, she grew up in an educated family, influenced by the Age of Enlightenment.
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In Syria she hired the dragoman Khalil Neimy, who would become her travel companion. In 1903 she went on expedition to Asia Minor and she returned to Constantinople with nearly 1,000 butterflies. Her articles in The Entomologist on the expedition discussed seasonal and geographical influences on butterfly species, prompting notes and letters on the subject in subsequent issues. In 1904 and 1905 she was on scientific expeditions in South Africa and Rhodesia.
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After the Bulgarian victory at the Battle of Slivnitsa, fought from 17-19 November 1885, the Bulgarian army counter- attacked. The Bulgarian troops defeated the Serbs at Gurgulyat (19 November) and Dragoman (22 November), and subsequently reached the city of Pirot,Пейчев, А. и др. 1300 години на стража, София, 1984, Военно издателство, p. 211 where the Serbian Nišava army occupied defensive positions in the hills to the east of the town.
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Ali Khedery standing behind U.S. President George W. Bush, with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki Ali Khedery is an entrepreneur, political adviser, and chief executive of the U.S.-based Dragoman Ventures. He was the longest continuously serving American official in Iraq, from 2003 to 2009, and acted as a special assistant to five U.S. ambassadors and as a senior adviser to three heads of U.S. Central Command. He is featured in 68 WikiLeaks (CableGate or GI) files.
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Bées & Savvides (1993), pp. 239–240 The Morea Eyalet was re-established, headed by the Mora valesi, who until 1780 was a pasha of the first rank (with three horsetails) and held the title of vizier. After 1780 and until the Greek War of Independence, the province was headed by a muhassil. The pasha of the Morea was aided by a number of subordinate officials, including a Christian translator (dragoman), who was the senior Christian official of the province.
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Painting by Peter von Hess depicting the casting of the corpse of Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople into the Bosphorus. Although the Patriarch found himself forced to excommunicate the revolutionaries, he still failed to appease the Ottoman rulers. Later, on the same day as the excommunication, the Sultan ordered the execution of the Grand Dragoman, Konstantinos Mourouzis. He was arrested at the house of the Reis Effendi and beheaded, while his body was displayed in public.
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The pasha of the Morea was aided by several subordinate officials, including a Christian translator (dragoman), who was the senior Christian official of the province. As during the first Ottoman period, the Morea was divided into 22 districts or beyliks. The capital was first at Nauplion, but after 1786 at Tripolitza (Tr. Trabliçe). The Moreot Christians rose against the Ottomans with Russian aid during the so-called "Orlov Revolt" of 1770, but it was swiftly and brutally suppressed.
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Nicholas Caradja (, 1737–1784), also known as Nicolae Vodă Caragea, was a Phanariote Prince of Wallachia, who reigned between 15 January 1782 and 17 July 1783. Previously, he was the Grand Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople (1777–1782). Under his reign, police provisions taken concerned public hygiene, chimney sweeping, and the control of coffeehouses, inns, and ways. Unauthorized carrying of uniforms and weapons was prohibited, in order to avoid mutiny by those opposed to his taxation policy.
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Captain Kutinchev fought in the Battle of Slivnitsa, Dragoman, Tsarevbrod and Pirot. After the war he served as commander of various infantry regiments and was promoted to Major General in 1904. Four years later Kutinchev was appointed commander of the First Army Region which comprised the western parts of Bulgaria. On 2 August 1912 Tsar Ferdinand in honour of the 25th anniversary of his arrival to Bulgaria promoted six Major Generals to the rank of Lieutenant General.
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103Wheen (2001), pp. 67–68 The trial period at the Express was extended, and in July 1928 Driberg filed an exclusive report on a society party at the swimming baths in Buckingham Palace Road, where the guests included Lytton Strachey and Tallulah Bankhead.Green, p. 210 This evidence of Driberg's social contacts led to a permanent contract with the Express, as assistant to Percy Sewell who, under the name "The Dragoman", wrote a daily feature called "The Talk of London".
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It is believed that her father was serving as a dragoman for the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Sir Robert Ainslie. While there, she met the painter, Luigi Mayer, a friend of the Ambassador, and married him; becoming his assistant. In 1794, she and Luigi moved to England, where they continued to produce watercolors designed for engraving. Clara concentrated on landscapes and her first works were published by J. Harris of London that same year.
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Street in Garden City, Cairo. Rossant traces her maternal line back to the Pallache/Palacci family, Sephardic Jews who moved from Spain to Morocco, the Netherlands, Italy, Turkey, and Egypt. One ancestor, Samuel Pallache, served as dragoman in concluding a treaty between Morocco and the Netherlands (then a young Dutch Republic) in 1608. Several were "grand rabbis" in 19th Century Smyrna (Izmir): Haim Palachi (Haim Palacci, Hayyim Pallache), Abraham Palacci (Avraham Pallache), and Rahamim Nissim Palacci.
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He passed this idea to Đorđe, with whom it would resonate all his life. The metropolitan planned a diplomatic and political career for his younger brother, who learned Turkish, Hungarian, Romanian, and Latin. In 1663, during the government of Prince Michael I Apafi, Đorđe was employed as dragoman for the kapı kâhyası (agent) representing the ruler of Transylvania at the Ottoman Porte. After the agent died in December 1663, Đorđe served as the acting kapı kâhyası until October 1664.
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Leon d'YmbaultAnna Adreanna Vuczin Ymbault got his education in the years 1721-1726 in the Capucine Monastery of Pera (the European quarter of Constantinople). In 1730 he became a position as Dragoman (interpreter) at the French legation of Constantinople. In 1734 he was sent as interpreter to Candia (Crete) and in 1735 to Morea (Peloponnese). His good knowledge of Slavonic languages urged his further career. In 1739 the Principality of Moldavia was temporarily occupied by Russian troops. Since 1740 Ymbault worked as dragoman for the Princes of Moldavia and travelled several times in charge of diplomatic tasks to Slavonic neighbour countries (Poland, Russia). According to passes still existing in the family records he was in 1740/41 in Kiev, in 1749 in Cracow and in 1769 in Saint Petersburg. His last travel was made in 1775. Ymbault was in May 1757 appointed Captain of the important frontier fortress of Soroca (now Moldova) and acquired the title of Mare Paharnic (Great Cup-Bearer). In 1768 he was appointed Starosta of Czernowitz, where he built a house near the Parascheva Church (Czernowitz cadastral no.
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Henry and his wife Myra boarded the Titanic at Cherbourg, occupying First-Class Suite D33. Accompanying the Harpers was Hamad Hassab Bureik (an Egyptian dragoman, or interpreter, whom Henry had hired in and befriended in Egypt), and Henry's prized Pekinese dog, "Sun Yat Sen". On the night of the sinking, Henry and Myra were having dinner. They were then told to go back to their cabin, get dressed warmly, put on their lifebelts, and go up to the boat deck.
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Inclosure 5, No. 1. Statement by Ahmed Adan, Camel Sowar.Foreign Department, External, B, August, 1899, No. 33-234,NAI, New Delhi On April 20, Dragoman Deria Magan, Hayes Sadler's personal translator and a relative of the Mullah was sent to ascertain the nature of the activities at Kob Fardod. He reported that the Mullah had 52 rifles with about 200 rounds of ammunition and that the various tribesmen Habr Toljaala and Dolbahnata were wavering and they hold no hostile attitude towards the administrations.
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Inclosure 5, No. 1. Statement by Ahmed Adan, Camel Sowar.Foreign Department, External, B, August, 1899, No. 33-234,NAI, New Delhi On April 20, Dragoman Deria Magan, Hayes Sadler's personal translator and a relative of the Mullah was sent to ascertain the nature of the activities at Kob Fardod. He reported that the Mullah had 52 rifles with about 200 rounds of ammunition and that the various tribesmen Habr Toljaala and Dolbahnata were wavering and they hold no hostile attitude towards the administrations.
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By "Spanish Consul" Heinrich must have meant a position similar to that held by Minos' brother, Lysimachos, who was the "English Consul." Neither was a consul in today's sense. Lysimachos was the Ottoman dragoman appointed by the pasha to facilitate affairs conducted by the English in Crete. In the second version, in December 1878 Minos conducted the first excavations at Kephala Hill, which brought to light part of the storage magazines in the west wing and a section of the west facade.
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Austrian forces led by Eugene of Savoy besiege Belgrade in the year 1717, during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18. In Temesvár, with the help of the German he had learned during his servitude, he became the official dragoman (translator) and served in several diplomatic missions to Austria. However his comfortable days were over at the outbreak of a new war between the Ottoman Empire and Austria in 1715. This time Eugene Savoy of Austria captured Temesvár in 1716.
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Henry was born in Adrianople (modern day Edirne) in Turkish Thrace, the son of William Nosworthy Churchill. His second name was derived from his place of birth. His father was familiar with the Turkish language and the Ottoman Turkish script, having worked as a dragoman for the American Embassy in Constantinople (now Istanbul) and founded the first semi-official newspaper Ceride-i Havadis . His mother Beatrix (née Belhomme) was the daughter of a French merchant who had settled in Turkey.
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Topographic map of Smith Island Bistra Glacier (, ) is long and wide glacier on the northwest side of Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated southwest of Chuprene Glacier and northwest of Dragoman Glacier, drains the west slopes of Mount Foster and the north slopes of Slaveykov Peak, and flows northwestwards of Zavet Saddle to enter Drake Passage south of Garmen Point. The glacier is named after the settlements of Bistra in northeastern Bulgaria.
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However, he was not known to use his power and riches for his personal benefit. According to a poem by an unknown author composed after his decapitation, Hadjigeorgakis contributed greatly to the protection of Christians and lepers, offered financial and moral support to the Church of Cyprus and promoted education. He and his wife Maroudia (who was also the Archbishop Chrysanthos of Cyprus's niece), displayed patriotic and charitable sentiments. Nevertheless, there were many that nursed negative feelings against the Dragoman.
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Nicosia was the seat of the Pasha, the Greek Archbishop, the Dragoman and the Qadi. The Palazzo del Governo of Venetian times became the seat of the Pasha, the governor of Cyprus, and the building was renamed as the Konak or Seraglio (Saray). The square outside was known as Seraglio Square or Sarayonu (literally front of the Saray), as it is known to the present day. The saray was demolished in 1904 and the present block of Government Offices built on the site.
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The post also entailed responsibilities for shipbuilding and naval operations. The proceeds of the office were considerable, to the tune of 150,000 kuruş, and led to intense competition among the Phanariotes to fill it. This competition involved extensive bribery of Ottoman officials, which was then recuperated from the Christian population by a special levy known as "contribution to the new dragoman" (βοήθεια της νέας δραγομανίας). As the office often changed hands with great frequency, this became a great burden on the ordinary people.
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He received an English passport by the English ambassador in Warsaw and travelled to Constantinople where he met French diplomat Marie Louis Descorches. However Tadeusz Kościuszko, who had sent Pierre on the mission, was overthrown and Pierre remained in Istanbul until he died in 1797. Crutta had also served in the British embassy under John Murray, as one of its many "Levantine" (Catholic and Italian-speaking) translators. His brother, Joseph Crutta, was also a dragoman for the Russian embassy in Istanbul.
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259 (digitized by the Babeș- Bolyai University Transsylvanica Online Library) and literary historian George Călinescu, Ionel Savitescu, "Memoriile și corespondența unui cărturar" , in Convorbiri Literare, January 2002 he may have been Greco-Jewish. Dimitrie opened the way for his son's political, literary and diplomatic career: he was a Dragoman for the Prussian mission to Moldavia, a tutor of the Rosetti family children, a boarding house manager, and ultimately a prison warden.Cubleșan, p.20 The Xenopols' mother, née Vasiliu, was of Greco-Romanian origins.
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The Ypsilantis family hailed from the Pontic Greek population of Trabzon. He was born on 12 December 1792 in Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, as the eldest of three brothers (the others being Nicholas and Demetrios). His father Constantine Ypsilantis and grandfather Alexander were active in the Ottoman administration and highly educated, each with their own share of service as a dragoman in the Sultan's court and as hospodars of the Danubian Principalities. His mother Elisabeta Văcărescu was member of the Văcărescu family.
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During the 1860s, he had at least seven similar boats built and he sailed and paddled them in Europe, the Baltic and the Middle East. One of those canoes is now based at the National Maritime Museum Cornwall. The version he used for his expedition to Egypt, Syria and Palestine in 1868/69 was slightly smaller but was designed so that he could sleep in it. He was accompanied by a dragoman, Hany, and two retainers who maintained the various base camps on the journey.Boggis. p.
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Boghos Yusufian then gained his commercial expertise by leading a trading center based in the city of Trieste. In the 1790s, Boghos Bey Yusufian became customs officer of Muhammad Murad Bey in the city of Rosette. Boghos Bey Yusufian was such a successful merchant that he was invited by Governor Mohamed Ali to become his secretary and partner. Boghos Bey was appointed the Wali’s chief dragoman, translator, first counselor, official spokesman, Minister of Commerce and Foreign Affairs, and for decades Boghos Yusufian became Egypt’s leading statesman.
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Ban Yanuka (Bulgarian: Бан Янука), defender of Sofia from Ottoman Turks in the late 14th century was the manager/deputy of the Tsar Ivan Shishman in Sredets. It is quite possible in the person of the "ban Yanko" /as a short Byzantine chronicle/in folk memory and epic to hide Transylvanian ruler John Hunyadi, who in December 1443 passed by combined Christian forces ravine near Dragoman, Sofia freeing of the Ottomans. Other authors (e.g. J. Andreev) identify it with Prince Ivan Asen brother Shishman.
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Ivanov entered Saint Petersburg University in 1897, where he studied Chinese and Manchu. After graduating in 1902 he went to China for further study for two years, and on his return in 1904 he went on a study tour of England, France and Germany for a year. He was appointed a lecturer in Chinese at Saint Petersburg University in 1904, and he was made a professor Chinese and Manchu in 1915. In 1922 Ivanov was appointed as a senior dragoman (interpreter) at the Soviet embassy in Beijing.
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In 1903, Pekmezi was elected to direct the Albanian language cathedra at the Oriental University of Vienna. He founded the cultural-patriotic society Dija (Knowledge) in 1904 with Hile Mosi, Kolë Rrota and other Albanian intellectuals. In the late Ottoman period, Austria-Hungary subsidized two of Pekmezi's works: Albanesische Bibliographie and Albanianische Grammatik. During the autumn of 1913, Pekmezi worked for the border commission in southern Albania and in March 1914 was appointed dragoman (interpreter/secretary) at the new Austro–Hungarian mission in Durrës.
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The Monastery in 2009 The monastery is in the Nishava river gorge in the most western part of Bulgaria. It is situated close to the Razboishte village, Sofia Province, at about 10 km to the west of the town of Godech. The village can be reached by car through the roads from the towns of Dragoman or Godech, but the monastery buildings are accessible by car only by a dirt road, when the land is dry, from Kalotina and Cheparlintsi village. Most visitors prefer to walk about a kilometer from the village of Razboishte.
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The Constantinople massacre of 1821 was orchestrated by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire against the Greek community of Constantinople in retaliation for the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence (1821-1830). As soon as the first news of the Greek uprising reached the Ottoman capital, there occurred mass executions, pogrom-type attacks, destruction of churches, and looting of the properties of the city's Greek population. The events culminated with the hanging of the Ecumenical Patriarch, Gregory V and the beheading of the Grand Dragoman, Konstantinos Mourouzis.
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He also wrote a Polish-French dictionary. Then he became a dragoman, providing interpretation of languages for the representatives of France to the Levantine échelles, and was attached to the mission of Persia. He contributed to the revision of the second translation of the Quran into French based on the 1783 works of Claude-Étienne Savary. He eventually created his own translation drawing on the earlier works of the Italian cleric Louis Maracci (1698) and the English George Sale (1734) and later published for the first time in 1840.
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He learned about the French Revolution, and came to believe something similar could occur in the Balkans, resulting in self-determination for the Christian subjects of the Ottomans; he developed support for an uprising by meeting Greek bishops and guerrilla leaders. After the death of his patron Rigas returned to Bucharest to serve for some time as dragoman at the French consulate. At this time he wrote his famous Greek version of La Marseillaise, the anthem of French revolutionaries, a version familiar through Lord Byron's paraphrase as "sons of the Greeks, arise".
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In 1774, as a diplomat in service to the Porte, Ypsilanti took part in the signing of the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji with Russia; a year later, he was rewarded for this and other services by being appointed Dragoman of the Porte. Still in 1775, he was awarded the throne of Wallachia. This could only happen as the Russian troops were ending their occupation of Bucharest, begun in 1771. The throne had been vacant throughout this period, a hiatus provoked by Emanuel Giani Ruset's agreement with Catherine II at the start of the war.
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Bruti did not succeed influencing everyone and was eventually imprisoned by the Sultan after it was discovered that he had lied. Marliani was in a difficult situation; on the one hand, Philip II had instructed him to work with Bruti. Marliani was also afraid that Bruti would convert to Islam out of fear and then share all the secrets. Marliani sent Ottoman grand dragoman Hurrëm Bey, an agent paid by the Spanish, who was to argue claiming that Bartolomeo actually arrived with Hurrem Bey and that he should be treated with respect.
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Author Charles Hamilton never visited Egypt, and the authenticity of many of the descriptions and scenes in this series is remarkable. In particular, the characterisation of two Egyptians, the millionaire Hilmi Maroudi and the lower caste guide, Hassan the Dragoman, has won acclaim. These stories were partially reprinted in the Schoolboys Own Libraries before World War II and again by Armada in the 1970s, but both omitted the conclusion of the series. The China Series of 1930 begins with the Remove junior, Wun Lung, menaced by the distant Chinese mandarin Tang Wang.
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Uglar), Buimistruc – Mureşan, Bandu, Popay, M. Ionescu, Rubiş (Băieşu). The following season, 1950, CSA was promoted to the Second League, (coach Gheorghe Gheorghian), using the following 11 players in the play-off: C. Toma – Dan, Orban, Plujar, Töröcsik, Buimistruc, Costea, Faur, Butnaru, Săvuţ, Rubiş. In 1951 the club moved to Câmpulung Moldovenesc and were promoted to the First League. Coach Eugen Mladin used the following players: Tr. Popa, Zarici, C. Toma – Maiogan, Kapas, Dobrescu, Dobay, Duşan – Onisie, Zeana, Grozea, Sterescu – Geamănu, Gârleanu I, Gârleanu II, Dragoman, Morar, Pálfi, Ursu.
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Location of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands. Mount Foster is linked by Zavet Saddle to Slaveykov Peak to the southwest and surmounts Bistra Glacier to the west, Chuprene Glacier to the north-northwest, Rupite Glacier to the east, Landreth Glacier to the southeast and Dragoman Glacier to the south-southeast. The peak is located 5.45 km northeast of Riggs Peak, 2.78 km south-southeast of Garmen Point, 7.64 km southwest of Mount Pisgah and 3.86 km north-northwest of Ivan Asen Point (Bulgarian mapping in 2009).
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Sometime in the 10th century, construction of the Boyana Church began as well. Churches and monasteries in the area flourished during the Second Bulgarian Empire. Tsar Ivan Alexander established a ring of 14 monasteries around Sredets (formerly Serdica), with rules and organisation similar to the monastery cluster on Mount Athos, known as Sveta Gora in Bulgarian. The Sveta Gora of Sofia includes temples and monasteries throughout today's Sofia Province, spanning from Plana and Vitosha Mountains in the south to Dragoman and the slopes of Stara Planina in the north.
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The next morning when Jamil enters Diana's hotel bedroom under the pretext of returning Mitzi from her walk, he spies her in her lingerie, humming the same love song he sung to her the night before. When Jamil discloses he is not only a dragoman, but a prince of Egypt, Diana scoffs at the notion. Meanwhile, Diana is also being wooed by Pasha Achmed, her fiancé's unscrupulous Egyptian business associate. In order to arrange to be alone with Diana, Pasha persuades Gerald to leave Cairo and inspect the aqueduct they are building together.
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The Danube Division was tasked to enter Bulgarian territory, capture Caribrod, come to line Kalotina – Vishan and to take the Dragoman pass. In that way the Danube Division will be able to support the Šumadija Division on right side. Forces of the Danube Division, commanded by general Milutin Jovanović, were divided in two columns. Division's right column was composed of 7th Serbian Infantry Regiment that attacked from Srećkovac to Željuša and continuing to Caribrod and left column was composed of 9th Infantry Regiment, which had to pass village of Činiglavci and continue to Caribrod.
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Jak Mark Suma (known in Italian as Giacomo Suma) was an Albanian diplomat. He was the vice consul of Venice and then Austria and a dragoman between them and the Ottoman Empire. He was the last vice consul of Venice in Shkodra in the 600-year presence of the maritime republic in the city.. He was the son of Kolë Suma, one the first native doctors in the region. He came from a branch of the Albanian Suma family, a notable urban family of Shkodra since the middle ages.
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The monument was raised at the request of the Bulgarian colonel Pačev who was military commander in Caribrod and commander of 25th Dragoman Regiment on elevation point 678 after fratricidal battle on November 24, 1885 (or November 12 by old style calendar). Exact number of buried soldiers isn't known but it is assumed that there is between 100 and 300 soldiers. Its shape is made of two geometrical components - pyramid and two hexahedrons with Orthodox cross on top. It is made of cut and hewed stone and bricks.
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Keun was the daughter of Gustave Henri Keun, at the time first dragoman and secretary of the Dutch consulate in the Ottoman Empire, and his second wife, Helene Lauro, who was of Italian/Greek ancestry.Monique Reintjes, Odette Keun (1888-1978), Chapter 1, 2000, When her father died in 1902, the family was left in relatively impoverished state. She became rebellious and her mother sent her to an Ursuline boarding school in the Netherlands. After three years she had decided to become a nun and moved to a Dominican monastery in Tours.
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António de Jesus (died ) was a Portuguese figure who flourished in late 17th and early 18th century Safavid Iran. Originally an Augustinian friar and missionary, he converted to Shia Islam during the early reign of Shah (King) Sultan Husayn (1694–1722) and took the name Aliqoli Jadid-ol-Eslam. He subsequently became an apologist of Shi'ism as well as a major polemicist against Christianity, Sufism, Judaism, Sunnism, philosophers and antinomians. In addition, after conversion, he served as an official interpreter (also known as a dragoman) at the royal court in Isfahan.
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Before 1927, Kotylio was known as Dragoumano (Δραγουμάνο, cf. dragoman).Name changes of settlements in Greece During the first battles of the Greek War of Independence in March 1821, the inhabitants of the village provided the information on the movements of Ottoman troops. This allowed Theodoros Kolokotronis to ambush them on 27 March in the straits of Agiothanasis, near Kourounios, in what is considered the first pitched battle between Greeks and Turks during the War of Independence. On top of Mount Lykaion, every four years, the locals organize athletic and musical games in imitation of the ancient custom.
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On 10 April 1930, he took off from Lympne in Fokker F.VIIa (G-EBTS, renamed 'The Spider'), on a flight to Cape Town. He was accompanied by Robert (Bob) Little, and the passenger was the Duchess of Bedford, who had purchased the aircraft in September 1929. On 19 April, they reached Maitland aerodrome, Cape Town, after a record-breaking time of 91 hours and twenty minutes flying over 10 days.Jones, D. The Time Shrinkers: the Development of Civil Aviation between Britain and Africa Rendel 1971 pp142-152 On 29 April, during the return flight, a forced landing was made at Dragoman, Bulgaria.
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The Ukrainian South as Viewed by Consuls of the British Empire (Nineteenth - Early Twentieth Centuries). Volume 1: British Consuls in the Port City of Berdyansk (Kyiv, 2018), pages 271-287 He was educated at Christ's College, Finchley. August 1, 1876, at the age of 18, Cumberbatch was appointed student dragoman in the Embassy in Constantinople. Cumberbatch followed his father into the diplomatic service, being appointed Vice-Consul at Bucharest, Romania, on 26 July 1879, later transferring to Sulina, before being promoted to Consul at Adrianople in the Ottoman Empire (now Edirne, Turkey) on 20 March 1888.
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When Winston's dahabeah arrives at Fedah, Tadros tells Antar that the police have come and taken Kāra and will also arrest Antar and his men if caught. Although he must work to convince Antar he has nothing to do with the police, eventually he gets the Arabs to flee northward. Not knowing what has happened to Kāra, and not wishing Nepthys to be punished for the death of Roger Consinor, he gives the same story to Winston and the others, and is triumphantly hired to be their dragoman as they go on to Luxor for the wedding of Aneth Consinor to Gerald Winston.
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He added that the Mullah had abandoned the cause of Sultan Madar Hirsi and was now espousing the sultanate of Nur who had recently brought presents and was with him. He also stated that the Mahmood Girad had recently raided the Aligheri.Inclosure 1, No. 1 Report by Dragoman Deria Magan Foreign Department—External—B. August, 1899, No. 33/234, At the end of April 1899, the dervish movement was declared adopting the term "dervish" to refer to their core followers not their allied clans-men, and they also announced their independence, having their own Amir, Sultan and chiefs.
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He added that the Mullah had abandoned the cause of Sultan Madar Hirsi and was now espousing the sultanate of Nur who had recently brought presents and was with him. He also stated that the Mahmood Girad had recently raided the Aligheri.Inclosure 1, No. 1 Report by Dragoman Deria Magan Foreign Department—External—B. August, 1899, No. 33/234, End of April 1899, the dervish movement was declared adopting the term "dervish" to refer to their core followers not their allied clans-men, and they also announced their independence, having their own Amir, Sultan and chiefs.
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Alexander arrived on the evening of the 16th to find a well prepared defensive position manned by 9 battalions, plus some 2000 volunteers and 32 guns, commanded by Major Guchev. The position consisted of nearly 4 km of trenches and artillery redoubts either side of the main road on a ridge in front of Slivnitsa village. To the right was steep mountainous terrain whilst the left wing had the easier Visker Hills towards Breznik. The three Serbian centre divisions also arrived on the 16th and halted to recover after the fierce Bulgarian delaying action in the Dragoman Pass.
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He passed this idea to Đorđe, with whom it would remain all his life. The metropolitan planned a diplomatic and political career for his younger brother, who learned Turkish, Hungarian, Romanian, and Latin. In 1663, during the government of Prince Michael I Apafi, Đorđe was employed as dragoman for the kapı kâhyası (agent) representing the ruler of Transylvania at the Ottoman Porte.Radonić 1911, pp. 73–78 After the agent died in December 1663, Đorđe served as the acting kapı kâhyası until October 1664.Radonić 1911, pp. 88–95 He remained at the Porte until 1667, participating in several diplomatic missions.Radonić 1911, pp.
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According to some sources he was of Aromanian descent, born in the village of Katranitsa, at the time in the Ottoman Empire (today Pyrgoi, Greece), a place with developed merchant traditions. He resettled to the north, managing his own commercial business, and was employed as a dragoman in Ottoman diplomatic missions in Berlin and probably in Vienna. Settling in Ottoman Belgrade towards the end of the 18th century, he became an affluent merchant. He closely collaborated with the Vizier of the Pashaluk of Belgrade, Hadži Mustafa Pasha, and according to some sources both of them were members of one Masonic Lodge.
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On January 26, 1502, he left from Rosetta, travelling up the Nile by boat to Cairo. He landed in Bulaq at night, and was greeted the following morning by Tangriberdy, a Spanish renegade who served as Grand Dragoman to al-Ghuri. Tangriberdy told Martyr that he had been captured years back after his ship sank near the Egyptian coast and was forced to give up his faith to avoid getting killed. They went on to organize the formalities which Martyr was to observe during his reception by the Sultan, scheduled to take place the next day.
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Charles Deval (December 6, 1806 – April 9, 1862) was a French ophthalmologist born in Pera, Constantinople, He was the son of dragoman Constantin Deval (1767–1816). He studied medicine in Paris, receiving his doctorate in 1834. For a few years he studied with Frédéric Jules Sichel, and in 1839, he started his own practice.The American Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Ophthalmology, Volume 5 edited by Casey Albert Wood Deval is largely remembered for his written works on ophthalmic medicine, in particular, the 1844 "Traité de Chirurgie Oculaire", which was only the second French work devoted exclusively to eye surgery.
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The main dragoman at the embassy of Greece in Constantinople (now Istanbul), D. Rhazes, translated the Ottoman land codes into Greek, and those codes were used in the Greek Düstur. Johann Strauss, author of A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages, wrote that as the French version of the land codes in another law collection, Législation ottomane, was later revised with the Rhazes version in mind, "This Greek version was apparently held in such high esteem".Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 30 (PDF p.
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Légion d'honneur The successful rebellion led by Kabakçı Mustafa and the Janissary troops put an end to French diplomatic success. Sébastiani negotiated with Kabakçı, while the British sought support from various factions inside ConstantinopleAntoine de Juchereau de Saint-Denys, Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman depuis 1792 jusqu'en 1844, Tome II, Comptoirs des Imprimeurs- unis, Paris, 1844, p.205, 208–209, 211–215 — the Grand Dragoman, , eventually informed the French Ambassador on the parallel British projects. This resulted in Soutzos' beheading — that which, in Ion Ghica's version of events, caused the Soutzos family to abandon their commitment to France and begin supporting Russia.
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As he approaches her, Diana tries to defend herself with the dagger, but Jamil quickly disarms her, then rapes her. Soon afterwards, he quietly tells an unresponsive and tearstained Diana that they need to travel a good distance before the sun is high. When she numbly prepares to walk next to the horse, he stops her and instead puts her up on it, while he leads them on foot. They arrive at his tribal village, where Jamil reveals his true identity is indeed that of a prince who worked as a humble dragoman as part of his royal training.
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In the Ottoman Empire, the existence of official interpreters or dragomans (from the Italian rendering drog[o]man of Arabic tardjumān, Ottoman terdjümân) is attested from the early 16th century. They were part of the staff of the reis ül-küttab, who was responsible for foreign affairs within the Imperial Council. As few Ottoman Turks ever learned European languages, from early times the majority of these men were of Christian origin—in the main Austrians, Hungarians, Poles, and Greeks. Constantinople In 1661, the Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü appointed the Greek Panagiotis Nikousios as Chief Dragoman to the Imperial Council.
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As described in a film magazine, Cordelia Darwin (Inescourt), spinster sister of Egyptologist George Darwin (Clark) who resides in the desert, is a believer in reincarnation. Certain that she lived two thousand years ago as the Princess Rhodolphis and that youthful dragoman Ahmed (Hayakawa) is the reincarnation of her lost lover, she installs him in her home as a butler. Elinor Wayne (Hall), ward of the Darwins, becomes the prey of Egyptian nobleman Aboul Pasha (Jones). His determination to win her results in her abduction by rascals who take her to the home of the dancer Soada (Pavis).
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Ali Khedery is chief executive of the U.S.-based Dragoman Ventures, an international strategic advisory firm. He was previously an executive with ExxonMobil Corporation, where he served as senior adviser for the Middle East. During his tenure, Khedery engaged with heads of state, ministers, and opinion-makers and advised ExxonMobil's senior executives on strategic pursuits and the region’s unprecedented political, economic, security, and social developments during the "Arab Spring." Khedery played a leading role in drafting and implementing the corporation’s Iraq country strategy; its Iraqi federal- and Kurdistan regional government engagement strategies; and he was the architect and chief political negotiator of ExxonMobil's historic billion-dollar entry into the Kurdistan Region.
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Mavrogenes was born on Paros island to a family claiming noble origins, and spoke natively one of the many Greek dialects of the Cyclades (Ienăchiţă Văcărescu later attested that he spoke Greek and Turkish poorly, and that he was not able to learn any Romanian). He lived among the sailors,Giurescu, p.105 and was chosen Dragoman of the Fleet to Hasan Pasha, the commander of the Ottoman fleet. Hasan, together with his friend, Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha, both important figures in the politics of the Ottoman Empire, convinced the Sultan Abdul Hamid I to name Mavrogenes prince of Wallachia on 6 April 1786.
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The son of a lawyer, Clément Huart began studying Arabic at fourteen with Armand Caussin de Perceval. Graduated in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and modern Greek at the École des langues orientales, he continued his studies at the École pratique des hautes études, where he wrote his thesis, which was a translation of the Traité des termes relatifs à la description de la beauté by Chéref-Eddîn Râmi (Bibliothèque de l'EPHE, fasc. 25, 1875). After he joined the Ministère des affaires étrangères, he was sent as a student-dragoman to the Consulate of France in Damascus (1875–1878) and was later consul in Istanbul (1878–1898).
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The Paris Peace Conference established "The Commission on Responsibilities and Sanctions" in January 1919. On 2 January 1919, Gough-Calthorpe requested from the Foreign Office authority to obtain the arrest and handing over of all those responsible for the incessant breaches of the terms of the Armistice and the continued ill-treatment of Armenians. Calthorpe got together a staff of dedicated assistants, including a notable anti-Turkish Irishman, Andrew Ryan, later Sir, who in 1951 published his memoirs. In his new role as the chief Dragoman of the British High Commission and Second Political Officer, he found himself in charge of the Armenian question.
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In the late 1840s al-Bustani obtained the position of the official dragoman for the America Consulate in Beirut which he held until he passed it on to his son Salim in 1862. Through the 1850s Bustani continued to work closely with the Protestant Missionaries in their attempt of proselytizing and educating Arab Christians in the Levant. However, at this time al-Bustani began to diverge from the Missionaries method of education and began to express publicly the need for an Arabic identity that would be reflected in all spheres of society. In a lecture, “on the literature of the Arabs”, given in February 1859.
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Many Indo-European languages have words for 'interpreting' and 'interpreter'. Expressions in Germanic, Scandinavian and Slavic languages denoting an interpreter can be traced back to Akkadian, around 1900 BCE. The Akkadian root targumânu/turgumânu also gave rise to the term dragoman via an etymological sideline from Arabic. The English word ‘interpreter’, however, is derived from Latin interpres (meaning ‘expounder’, ‘person explaining what is obscure’), whose semantic roots are not clear. Some scholars take the second part of the word to be derived from partes or pretium (meaning ‘price’, which fits the meaning of a ‘middleman’, ‘intermediary’ or ‘commercial go-between’), but others have suggested a Sanskrit root.
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Johann Amadeus was sent to the school of Oriental languages. He entered the Austrian foreign office as an interpreter and was appointed dragoman to the embassy at Constantinople. In 1769 he was appointed chargé d'affaires, and in that capacity secured a grant of money and a promise of the territory of Little Wallachia from the Turks during the negotiations connected with the First Partition of Poland. In 1771 he was appointed internuncio at Constantinople and was actively engaged, under the direction of Prince Kaunitz, in all the diplomacy of Austria in Turkey and Poland until he secured the cession of the Bukovina on 7 May 1775.
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Here, the group entered regions inhabited by the Mangbetu and Azande peoples. In 1882, his northward return on the Nile was delayed by the Mahdi uprising, forcing him to spend more than a year in the Bahr al-Ghazal region in southern Sudan. Route of Österreichische-Congo- Expedition (1885-87) In 1885–87, with geologist Oskar Lenz, he successfully traversed the African continent from west to east, afterwards spending six months with Lenz in Vienna and Brussels. In 1889 Bohndorff served as a dragoman of the Schutztruppe under Hermann von Wissmann (1853–1905) in German East Africa, and from 1892 lived and worked in Berlin.
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The Balkan wars had created an opportunity for the revival of new plans to improve the conditions of the Ottoman Armenians. The French, British and Italians were anxious to limit German influence in the Ottoman Empire, while the Russian government encouraged the Catholicos of Armenia to appeal through the viceroy of the Caucasus to the Ottoman government for intervention in favor of reforms in Armenian-inhabited vilayets. This project was prepared by André Mandelstam, the dragoman at the Russian Embassy in Istanbul, and representatives from the Armenian national assembly. It was introduced and discussed in Constantinople at a meeting of the ambassadors of France, Britain and Italy.
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Let in on the secret of his lineage by his mother, Iancu renounced the inheritance of his stepfamily and moved to Istanbul, in order to bid for his father's throne. Marrying into the Palaeologus family of former Byzantine Emperors (to Maria), and taking advantage of the weakened position of Moldavian Prince Petru Şchiopul, he borrowed money from Venetian former Dragoman and high dignitary (sfetnic) of Petru Şchiopul Bartolomeo Brutti, and managed to gain the office. Iancu also benefited from the influence that his half-sister, Doamna Chiajna (the widow of Wallachian Prince Mircea Ciobanul and mother of Petru cel Tânăr), exercised on Ottoman authorities.
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A beautiful American socialite, Diana Standing (Myrna Loy) and her ascerbic companion, Miss Powers (Louise Closser Hale), arrive at the train station in Cairo, Egypt, where they are met by her wealthy British fiancé Gerald Hume (Reginald Denny). Their plan is to be married in the city in a few weeks' time, once Gerald's mother arrives. At the station, she is noticed by Jamil El Shehab (Ramon Novarro), a handsome good-natured Egyptian dragoman who enjoys romancing a bevy of women tourists, in exchange for a hoard of their jewelry as love tokens. Jamil is immediately captivated by Diana, but is rejected by Gerald when he offers them his services.
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Appointed Dragoman, he was charged by the Turks with missions in the Holy Roman Empire, and nevertheless acted as a spy in favour of the Habsburgs. These activities, along with bribery and promises of absolute loyalty to the Porte, gathered Graziani the support he needed in his bid for the Moldavian throne. In order to qualify for the customary requirements, he quickly converted from Roman Catholicism to Eastern Orthodoxy and accepted the sacraments. On his way to Moldavia, he was received in Adrianople by a delegation of 20 boyars, and is said to have been acclaimed by thousands upon his arrival on the shores of the Danube.
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Another member of the family titled "Doctor Crutta" or "Signor Crutta" is mentioned as a dragoman and chancellor in service of the British embassy between 1745 and 1764 in the European colony of Larnaca. Crutta entered early in the service of Poland on January 1, 1748, as the chancellor of the Republic of Venice in Larnaca in Cyprus. He worked in Cyprus until 1765 when he arrived through the British ambassador to Constantinople to transmit his offers to the King of Poland. Descorches and Crutta worked to withdraw the Ottoman Empire from war in order to maintain the peace with Poland, but due to the insurrection, their work was useless.
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Clermont-Ganneau was born in Paris, the son of Simon Ganneau, a sculptor and mystic who died in 1851 when Clermont-Ganneau was five, after which Théophile Gautier took him under his wing.André Dupont-Sommer, "Un dépisteur de fraudes archéologiques : Charles Clermont-Ganneau (1846-1923), membre de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres", Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, April 1974, pp. 591-592Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des contemporains, 5th edition (Paris, Hachette, 1880), p. 444 After an education at the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, he entered the diplomatic service as dragoman to the consulate at Jerusalem, and afterwards at Constantinople.
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De Gosson's notion of quantum blobs has given rise to a proposal for a new formulation of quantum mechanics, which is derived from postulates on quantum- blob-related limits to the extent and localization of quantum particles in phase space; this proposal is strengthened by the development of a phase space approach that applies to both quantum and classical physics, where a quantum- like evolution law for observables can be recovered from the classical Hamiltonian in a non-commutative phase space, where x and p are (non- commutative) c-numbers, not operators.D. Dragoman: Quantum-like classical mechanics in non-commutative phase space, Proceedings of the Romanian Academy, Series A, vol. 12, no. 2/2011, pp.
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The Church of St Peter (; ') or Church of Saints Peter and Paul is a small medieval Bulgarian Orthodox church located in the village of Berende in Dragoman Municipality, Sofia Province, in westernmost Bulgaria. Most likely constructed and decorated in the 14th century, the Church of St Peter features simple stone architecture but contains a number of remarkable interior frescoes. Though located next to the village's graveyard and often interpreted as a cemetery church, the Church of St Peter may have been in some way related to the Bulgarian royal court, as a now-lost portrait with a caption most likely referencing Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander was once visible on one of its exterior walls.
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From Le vite by Baglione and Passari, page 188. > That after some time, I know not for what reason, they (Orsi and Arpino) > came to have little affection, and he (Orsi) became one of the Dragoman > (translator for the exotic and foreign) of Michelangelo da Caravaggio, and > was contrary to the Cavaliere as much as possible when he worked. His date of birth is unclear, Baglione describes him as young (20-30s?) during the papacy of Sixtus V (1585-1590), and as having died at the age of 75 during the papacy of Urban VIII (1623-1644). His first works documented are with Galeazzo Ghidoni in decorating the Castel Sant’Angelo in 1582.
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He spent ten years there and learned several foreign languages including French, Italian and English. In 1840, after completing his studies at ‘Ayn Warqa’, Al-Bustani moved to Beirut and obtained his first employment outside of academia as a dragoman for the British Armed Forces assisting them in their efforts in evicting Ibrahim Pasha from Syria in the interest of preserving the Ottoman Empire. Later that year al-Bustani was hired by American Protestant Missionaries as a teacher and from that point on he worked closely with the Protestant mission in Beirut. In Beirut, he came into contact with the American Protestant missionaries with whom he worked closely until his death on May 1, 1883.
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He worked as a dragoman (interpreter) at the US Consulate The Levantines and their legacy in the Ottoman newspaper press: A case study about William Nosworthy Churchill Dr Birten Çelik, Associate Professor of History, Middle East Technical University, Ankara. and in 1831 was appointed American Vice-Consul, then in 1833 was Acting Consul and then recommended to be Consul following the resignation of the former incumbent,Information from National Archives, State Dept. RG59, Consular Dispatches, Constantinople. Index to United States Documents Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1828-1861, Part 1 but he was not appointed and in April 1834 he was dismissed and instructed to hand over the Consulate archives and the balance of funds in his hands.
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Shapira became interested in biblical artifacts after the appearance of the so-called Moabite Stone, also known as the Mesha Stele. He witnessed the huge interest around it and may have had a hand in negotiating on behalf of the German representatives. France eventually got the fragments of the original stone, leaving the British and the Germans rather frustrated. The squeeze which helped reconstruct the shattered Mesha Stele was taken on behalf of the French scholar and diplomat Charles Clermont-Ganneau by a Christian Arab painter and dragoman (tour-guide), Salim al-Khouri, better known as Salim al-Kari, "the reader", a nickname apparently given to him by the Bedouin due to his work with ancient alphabets.
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Croatia Main route: Topolje, Draž, Podolje, Popovac, Beli Manastir, Karanac, Kneževi Vinogradi, Grabovac, Darda, Osijek, Đakovo, Vinkovci, Vukovar, Šarengrad, Opatovac, Ilok. Serbia Main route: Bačka Palanka, Morović, Sremska Mitrovica, Mačvanska Mitrovica, Jarak, Šabac, Belgrade, Grocka, Smederevo, Smederevska Palanka, Svilajnac, Despotovac, Paraćin, Kruševac, Niš, Niška Banja, Bela Palanka, Pirot, Dimitrovgrad. Serbia Carski Drum route (till Belgrade):Bački Breg, Bezdan, Bački Monoštor, Sombor, Apatin, Bač, Bačka Palanka, Novi Sad, Petrovaradin, Sremski Karlovci, Krušedol Selo, Šatrinci, Dobrodol, Ljukovo, Golubinci, Vojka, Novi Banovci, Zemun. Romania Main route: Timișoara, Hunedoara, Deva, Alba Iulia, Sibiu, Pitesti, Bucharest, Giurgiu, Bulgaria Main route: Kalotina, Dragoman, Sofia, Novi Han, Ihtiman, Pazardzhik, Stamboliyski, Plovdiv, Sadovo, Parvomay, Mineralni Bani, Haskovo, Harmanli, Lyubimets, Svilengrad.
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The Museum of Socialist Art includes many sculptures and posters that educate visitors about the lifestyle in communist Bulgaria. The population of Sofia declined from 70,000 in the late 18th century, through 19,000 in 1870, to 11,649 in 1878, after which it began increasing. Sofia hosts some 1.24 million residents within a territory of 492 km2, a concentration of 17.9% of the country population within the 200th percentile of the country territory. The urban area of Sofia hosts some 1.54 million residents within 5723 km2, which comprises Sofia City Province and parts of Sofia Province (Dragoman, Slivnitsa, Kostinbrod, Bozhurishte, Svoge, Elin Pelin, Gorna Malina, Ihtiman, Kostenets) and Pernik Province (Pernik, Radomir), representing 5.16% of the country territory.
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Diana and Powers then set out on a caravan across the desert with a new guide. Diana does not discover until nightfall that Jamil, undaunted by her rejection, has followed them and forced the new dragoman to leave, leaving her with no choice but to let him stay. Once again Jamil's romantic singing has its effect on Diana, but when he pulls her into his arms and kisses her again, she is outraged and strikes him with his own whip. Still believing him to be nothing more than a servant, she is taken aback at the uncharacteristic expression of anger on his face, then regains her composure and demands to return to Cairo immediately.
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The dragoman also had a staff, which was also paid from impositions on the islands: a deputy (Turkish vekil, Greek βεκίλης), a correspondence secretary, and a messenger. Their role in the administration of the Aegean islands was considerable, as they had the right to apportion taxation, as well as supervise the autonomous local administrations by judging cases themselves or appointing appeal judges. They could impose various fines and penalties, up to the death penalty, which however required the consent of the Kapudan Pasha. Apart from their administrative duties, the dragomans actively promoted education, made donations to churches, codified the customary law of the islands, and intervened in disputes between Orthodox and Catholic islanders.
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Slivnitsa with the monument of the victims of the Serbo-Bulgarian War European route E80 at Slivnitsa Slivnitsa () is a town in western Bulgaria, 22 km away from Sofia, lying on the main road connecting the capital with the Bulgarian- Serbian border. Slivnitsa is part of Sofia Province and is close to the towns of Kostinbrod and Dragoman. Called by historians the "battle of the captains vs the generals," referring to the young Bulgarian army, whose highest rank went up to a captain, the Battle of Slivnitsa was a decisive factor in the victory of the Bulgarian Army over the Serbs between 17 and 19 November 1885. It solidified the unification between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.
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Ičko's Peace () is the name given to a peace treaty negotiated in between July and October 1806 by Petar Ičko, an Ottoman dragoman (translator-diplomat) and representative of the Serbian rebels, during the First Serbian Uprising. Ičko had been sent to Constantinople twice in the latter half of 1806 to negotiate peace. The Ottomans seemed ready to grant Serbia autonomy following rebel victories in 1805 and 1806, also pressured by the Russians, who had taken Moldavia and Wallachia; they agreed to a sort of autonomy and clearer stipulation of taxes in January 1807, by which time the rebels had already taken Belgrade. The rebels rejected the treaty and sought Russian aid to their independence, while the Ottomans had declared war on Russia in December 1806.
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During these years Thugut was engaged in a mean intrigue. His salary as dragoman was small, and his needs great. He therefore agreed to receive a pension of 13,000 livres, a brevet of lieutenant-colonel, and a promise of a safe refuge in case of necessity from the king of France, Louis XV. The condition on which the pension was granted was that he took advantage of his position as an Austrian official to render secret services to France. The only excuses to be made for him are that such hidden arrangements were not uncommon before and in his time, and that as a matter of fact he never did render France any real service, or betray his masters at Vienna.
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Outstanding personalities of the village of Emba include the Bishop Anthimos of Irinoupolis (situated then in Baghdad, Iraq) who was born at the village of Emba and died in 1791, Nikolas Solomonides who was the private secretary of the Dragoman of Cyprus Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios, but also a poet and an intellectual, his brother Andreas Solomonides who was a nobleman and was employed at the Ottoman Court (seraglio) in Nicosia and thus saved the church of Emba from being destroyed by the Ottomans, but also the villagers of Emba from paying taxes to them after 1821. They both lived during the end of the 18th century and early 19th century. Another outstanding personality from Emba was Father Christodoulos (1816), a great priest of the village.
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Further evidence of the Sursocks' influence can be found in the court accounts recorded under Russian Grand Duke Nicolai Nikolaevich, identifying Nicolas Sursock, who had long maintained a strong relationship with the court, as an "Honorary Dragoman" of Russia. Alfred, meanwhile, moved throughout the titled circles of Europe and married Donna Maria Teresa Serra di Cassano, daughter of Francesco Serra, 7th Duke of Cassano, who came from an old Italian princely family from Naples. Their daughter Yvonne would be known as Lady Cochrane after marrying Sir Desmond Cochrane, 3rd Baronet, bearing four children. Michel Sursock, a deputy to the Ottoman parliament, became infamous during the great famine in the First World War for hoarding grain and speculating on the supply.
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Near Jerusalem, Evening After her marriage to James Finn, who was appointed British consul, the couple moved to Jerusalem. The consuls were instructed to befriend in every possible way the Jews in Jerusalem and Palestine, who had no kind of European protection. As a diplomat's wife in Jerusalem, Elizabeth Finn learned Arabic by asking her Dragoman for ten Arabic words each day, putting one on the fingers of each hand. In later life asked to translate the correspondence in Arabic dialect between the Mahdi Muhammed Ahmed and the late General Gordon 'of Khartoum.’ In November 1849 she helped to establish the Jerusalem Literary Society to explore the natural and ancient history of the region objectively and free from religious controversy.
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In Constantinople, on Easter Sunday, the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church, Gregory V, was publicly hanged despite the fact that he had condemned the revolution and preached obedience to the Sultan in his sermons.Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 pages 105. Since the revolution began in March, the Sublime Porte had executed at random various prominent Greeks living in Constantinople, such as the serving Dragoman of the Porte and two retired dragomans, a number of wealthy bankers and merchants, including a member of the ultra-rich Mavrocordatos family, three monks and a priest of the Orthodox church, and three ordinary Greeks accused of planning to poison the city's water supply.Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 pages 104.
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Mohammad Reza Beg was the mayor of Erivan and a high-ranking official to the governor of the Erivan province, when, upon the governments initiative, he was sent in embassy to France, in March 1714. He had to cross Constantinople in the neighboring Ottoman Empire, in the guise of a pilgrim, as the former was often at war with Safavid Iran, and relations were unstable. Being still imprisoned, he was released thanks to the French ambassador in Constantinople, Pierre des Alleurs and his "astute dragoman" Etienne Padery, before being conveyed to Marseille (which he reached on October 23, 1714) and Versailles, where he was lavishly received and with great pomp. On August 13, 1715, he reached a new Treaty with the Louis XIV's government, which, included a more favourable provision regarding the French trade.
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Hunt wrote two reports for the government based on his intelligence work in the Morea in 1801, the first being more confident about the local forces and their potential to resist invasion than the second. He assessed the local pashas and beys, the voivode of Patras, and Theodosios the dragoman of the Morea. A letter composed by Hunt in 1805, during his detention in France, was the basis of Elgin's Memorandum (1810, anonymous) on the marbles, at least as far as their description was concerned. As a figure in the scandal Hunt was drawn into the Tweddell remains affair, a controversy over the papers and other possessions of John Tweddell, who had died in 1799 in Athens: one of Hunt's first tasks in Constantinople had concerned these remains.
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Atrocities committed by Ottoman religious fanatics and Janissaries in Constantinople in the Greek quarter, April 1821 In early March 1821, Alexandros Ypsilantis crossed the Prut river and marched into Moldavia, an event that marked the beginning of the Greek War of Independence. Immediately in response of rumors that Turks had been massacred by Greeks in the Danubian Principalities, particularly in Iași and Galați,History of the Balkans, Barbara Jelavich, page 212, 1983 the Grand Vizier ordered the arrest of seven Greek bishops in Constantinople. In addition, on the evening of April 2, the first news of the Greek Revolt in southern Greece reached Constantinople.Frazee, 1969: 27 Leading personalities of the Greek community, in particular the Ecumenical Patriarch, Gregory V, and the Grand Dragoman, Konstantinos Mourouzis, were accused of having knowledge of the revolt by the Sultan, Mahmud II, but both pleaded innocence.
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On the other hand, it cannot be denied, as the Russian historian Yuri Pryakhin remarks, that Katsonis' fleet was far more effective an experienced and that Katsonis himself, as a Greek, had far broader appeal among the Greek populations of the Aegean, who regarded him as a hero. Lorenzo, on the other hand, despite assembling a large fleet of 36 vessels, already in August left the Aegean and returned to Sicily, declining to continue operations against the Ottomans as too risky. Katsonis continued his successful activity, defeating a joint Turkish and Algerian fleet off Eleni (Makronisos) on 4 August, so that the Ottoman Porte attempted to bribe him by offering, through the Dragoman of the Fleet, Alexander Mavrogenes, a full pardon, the right to settle with his followers on whichever island he chose, hereditary rule over it, and 200,000 gold coins.
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Elizabeth Longford, in her 1976 biography, disagrees with the claims that there was a physical relationship between the two and argues, "Byron's especial favourite among the 'ragazzi' was Nicolo Giraud. He had first taken up with Nicolo while Hobhouse was away in Euboea the year before, but there is no evidence that his feelings for Nicolo were anything but romantic and protective." Jerome Christensen followed this view in 1993 and adds, "we know little more than what Byron tells us". Christensen points out that "although there is no evidence that Lord Byron, padrone and amico, was ever so vulgar as to set an exact market value on his sexual arrangements in Greece, Nicolo Giraud, Eustathius's replacement in Byron's affections, was employed as 'dragoman and Major Domo', a position that almost certainly entailed payment in love and money".
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At the end of 1159, Manuel's wife Empress Eirene (originally named Bertha of Sulzbach) had died, and Manuel wanted to marry a princess from one of the Crusader states. John Kontostephanos, the chief dragoman (interpreter) Theophylact, and the akolouthos of the Varangian Guard Basil Kamateros were sent to Jerusalem to seek a new wife, and the two princesses Maria of Antioch and Melisende of Tripoli, a daughter of Count Raymond II of Tripoli by Hodierna of Jerusalem, were offered as candidates. Both were renowned for their beauty, but according to John Kinnamos Maria was the more beautiful of the two; the tall, blonde-haired princess clearly showed her Norman ancestry. King Baldwin III suggested Melisende, and her brother Count Raymond III of Tripoli set about gathering an enormous dowry, with gifts from Hodierna and from Melisende's namesake, her aunt Queen Melisende.
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2010 Festival Theme: "City and Human" Visiting authors: Adnan Binyazar, Ahmet Altan, Ahmet Tulgar, Ahmet Ümit, Alexandra Schwartzbrod, Anil Ramdas, Arnon Grunberg, Ayfer Tunç, Ayşegül Çelik, Baha Taher, Behiç Ak, Bejan Matur, Berrin Karakaş, Buket Uzuner, Caterina Bonvicini, Cem Selcen, Çiler İlhan, Dacia Maraini, Dubravka Ugresic, Dumitru Tepeneag, Dzevad Karahasan, Ece Erdoğuş, Ellah Allfrey, Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt, Etgar Keret, Evald Flisar, Fanny Joly, George Blecher, Georgi Gospodinov, Gündüz Vassaf, György Dragoman, Hakan Bıçakçı, Hakan Günday, Hamdi Koç, Hamid Ziarati, Hande Altaylı, Hassan Daoud, İpek Çalışlar, Jacek Dehnel, Josef Winkler, Leonard Durso, Luan Starova, Marco Ansaldo, Mari Strachan, Mario Levi, Mariolina Venezia, Mehmet Coral, Melida Tüzünoğlu, Mine G. Kırıkkanat, Mine Soysal, Murat Belge, Müge İplikçi, Oya Baydar, Ömer Özgüner, Özlem Kumrular, Pirjo Hassinen, Ramsey Nasr, Ronelda Kamfer, Ryo Kuroki, Sadık Yalsızuçanlar, Sevinç Çokum, Tuna Kiremitçi, Vincenzo Cerami, Vladimir Makanin,Yalvaç Ural, Yasemin Taşkın, Yekta Kopan, Youssef Ziedan, Zülfü Livaneli.
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Alfred Sursock's Pine Residence The Sursocks′ success was measured by their admission to the highest circles of both the Ottoman and European elite political spheres. They formed close connections with officials in Constantinople, while aristocrats often approached them to intercede on their behalf with the Ottoman government. One sign of their intimacy with the sources of Ottoman power was the appointment of Alfred Sursock to the post of secretary at the Ottoman embassy in Paris in 1905, who then joined Moussa, Michel and Yusuf Sursock in taking seats within the Ottoman power structure. In addition to connections with Paris, a French report written the following year listed Moussa Sursock as dragoman of the German Consul, and a year later, Mathilde Sursock married Alberto Theodoli, the Italian president of the League of Nations Permanent Mandates Commission, in Paris, thereby extending the family's reach around the Mediterranean.
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The novel focuses on three protagonists, which are, in order of appearance, Gerald Winston, an Egyptologist, Kāra, an Egyptian woman, and a dragoman named Tadros. Kāra claims to be a descendant of Ahtka-Rā, High Priest of Ămen, whom he says ruled Rameses II as his puppet, including hiding the latter's death for two years--archaeology says Rameses reigned 67 years, but according to Kāra, he ruled only 65. All of this Kāra has learned since he was a child from his grandmother, Princess Hatacha, who had fled from Egypt when she was 17 and created a stir, ultimately marrying Lord Roane, Kāra's grandfather. Hatatcha is a cruel and vindictive old woman, but as she is dying, she gives him information about the large treasure cache that they have been living on, including many hieroglyphic papyri from which she educated him as a child that will prove to the world that she is of royal lineage.
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Foreign Department-External-B, August 1899, N. 33-234, NAI, New Delhi, Inclosure 1, No. 1 Report by Dragoman Deria Magan Another letter from the mullahs at Kob Fardod arrived at the coast on May 3, 1899, this letter had an overall beseeching neutral tone. The mullahs pleaded with the administration not to escalate the manner and pleaded to be left alone; but what is noteworthy in this letter is that the followers of the tariqa and its leaders now declared that they were a government with their own Emir, Sultan and subject. It is unknown when exactly the tribal followers of the Kob Fardod tariqa and their leaders adopted the term "dervish", but the general time was at the end of April 1899. Sadler, updating the colonial office, sent the following updates on the progress of the movement in mid-June 1899; Sultan Nur returned to his country at the end of June 1899 after more than three months sojourn in Kob Fardod.
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He was a guest of King Ibn Saud, stayed at the home of Sultan al-Atrash, the leader of the Druze's insurgency, was in the palace of the Emir Abdallah of Trans-Jordan and his personal doctor, he was the personal and official guide and dragoman of King Fuad of Egypt during his state visit in Germany, and visited Jebel Druze during the rebellion. He could have made a great difference in what would later become the Israeli- Palestinian conflict: He offered Feisal, King of Iraq, a transfer of Palestinian Arabs to cultivate his vast unpopulated lands, received the king's blessing but encountered British objections. In Egypt he befriended Zaglul Pasha who hoped that the Zionists would sit on the Eastern shore of the Suez Canal understanding what the British refused to understand ... Sinai did not belong to Egypt then. In 1929, at the time of the Feast of Purim, Dr. von Weisl was invited on the legendary Zeppelin trip from Berlin to the Mediterranean.
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According to the Revue des Deux Mondes biography, Sébastiani had betrayed Aleko Soutzos' confidence by revealing as many details of Anglo- Ottoman negotiations as to render it clear that the Dragoman had been acting as his spy, and by failing to respect the promise of French protection. Under the new monarch, Mustafa IV, he attempted to impose a pro-French pasha as governor of Baghdad, and later provoked a scandal by asking for the Imperial Executioner, the Bostanji-bashi, to be demoted—this came after three Ragusan subjects, having been found guilty of theft, were subjected to the falaka torture, despite the facts that the recent annexation of Ragusa by France offered them a degree of immunity. As a result of his pressures, Sébastiani obtained rule over the province of Baghdad for his favorite, and, in return, allowed the Bostanji-bashi to remain in office. He asked to be recalled in April 1807, being replaced by Chargé d'affaires Faÿ de La Tour Maubourg.
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The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand I, proposed a military alliance with Janbulad against the Ottomans, which Janbulad kept secret To prop up his nascent Syrian state Ali moved to obtain recognition, as well as loans or trade revenue, from regional powers. In November 1606 the Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand I, sent as envoys a Tuscan noble with close ties to Florentine merchants and King Philip III of Spain, Hippolito Leoncini, and an Aleppine-born dragoman Michael Angiolo Corai, who maintained close contacts with the Safavid Shah Abbas and the Aleppo Janissaries. Ferdinand sought to reconquer Cyprus for the Christians and had similar designs on the Holy Land, while also seeking commercial ties with Aleppo, the principal outlet for the export of Iranian silk and other commodities to European markets. The Tuscans had also been refused the capitulations and trading rights maintained by the French, English and Venetians with the Porte in Constantinople, and Ferdinand viewed the Aleppine port Iskenderun as a suitable Levantine harbor for his political and economic ambitions.
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All dragomans had to be proficient in the "three languages" (elsine-i selase) of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish that were commonly used in the empire, as well as a number of foreign languages (usually French and Italian), but the responsibilities of Dragoman of the Porte went beyond that of a mere interpreter, and were rather those of a minister in charge of the day-to-day conduct of foreign affairs. As such the post was the highest public office available to non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire. Nikousios and his successors managed to attach to their office a number of great privileges, such as tax exemption for themselves, their sons, and 20 members of their retinue; exemption from all customs fees for items destined for their personal use; immunity from all courts except from that of the Grand Vizier; permission to dress in the same kaftans as the Ottoman officials, and use ermine fur; or the permission to ride a horse. These made the position highly coveted, and the object of the Phanariotes' aspirations and rivalries.
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British ambassador in Curtea Nouă. A member of the Mourouzis family of Phanariotes and the son of Constantine Mourouzis (one of the few Ottoman-appointed Princes to die in office),Penelea Filitti, p. 60. he was educated to speak six languages in addition to his native Greek. Alexander was Grand Dragoman of the Porte under Sultan Selim III, in which capacity he helped mediate the 1791 Treaty of Jassy, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792.Penelea Filitti, pp. 60-61. Selim rewarded his service by appointing him to the throne in Iași (Moldavia) in January 1792,Penelea Filitti, p. 61. and transferred a year later to the throne of Bucharest (1793–1796), where his first year in office coincided with a bubonic plague outbreak (which he dealt with by quarantining and confining the ill to the village of Dudești).Djuvara, p. 199; Giurescu, p. 106; Penelea Filitti, p. 61. Dismissed owing to intrigues at the Ottoman court, he was reinstated in Bucharest (1798–1801). In 1799, he passed a resolution ending the labor conflict at the cloth factory in Pociovaliște (presently part of Bucharest).
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