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"codification" Definitions
  1. the act of arranging laws, rules, etc. into a system
"codification" Synonyms
arrangement classification categorization organisation(UK) organization(US) systematisation(UK) systematization(US) methodization collation ordering sorting taxonomy categorizing(US) grading grouping classifying cataloguing(UK) comparison distribution ranking order sequence disposition structure succession array series layout line-up placement progression setup statute book law book legislation record body of law codified law lawbook legal code statute law written law embodiment personification incarnation manifestation epitome example expression realisation(UK) realization(US) representation symbol type model paradigm ideal quintessence actualization exemplar exemplification paragon law-making prescription ratification law enactment law formulation law constitution code rule rules rulings acts ruling act charters bills bill enactments lawmaking theory system science basis concept method principle scheme theorem base foundation technique grounds plan systemization approach formularization conditions nomenclature jargon language vocabulary phraseology terminology locution terms catalogue(UK) catalog(US) glossary lexis expressions regulation management administration supervision control oversight superintendence stewardship handling charge direction guidance care running government superintendency governance conduct operation intendance More
"codification" Antonyms
disorganisation(UK) disorganization(US) disorder disarrangement messiness chaos confusion disarray mess misorder muddle imbalance disproportion disorderedness clutter exclusion unorderedness unsortedness disorderliness jumble repeal mystery inexplicability abstruseness abstrusity enigma question unfathomableness conundrum inscrutability inscrutableness uncertainty paradox roun

1000 Sentences With "codification"

How to use codification in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "codification" and check conjugation/comparative form for "codification". Mastering all the usages of "codification" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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No wonder so much of consent discourse focuses on codification.
Do you view your work as a kind of "de-codification"?
It remains the only known official codification of the movement's political vision.
DEBORAH GLICK Ms. Glick, who successfully led a codification of Roe v.
The backdrop: President Nixon triggered the codification of tough-on-drugs policies en masse.
The truth is that the New York law is a codification of Roe v.
One of photography's earliest uses was in codification—in establishing typologies, for instance in criminology.
Now, many lawmakers are clamoring for the codification of a more holistic national cybersecurity strategy.
What the codification of the policing tells you is "good work" is not truly good.
Many of the government's key promises laid out in the accord required codification as legislation.
Similarly, we're seeing a codification of influence and status, the result of which is also trust.
So much of Black interior form is shaped through tools and systems of codification, improvisation, and repetition.
Partial codification has removed a mixture of predictability and flexibility while providing neither certainty nor clarity in recompense.
But that codification would end in six years as well, meaning NSA could potentially resume the activity in 2023.
After all, the latter (moving to leave the EU) is inconsistent with the former (the codification of Britain's ongoing membership).
Now, sure enough, if you look at the Alabama code, 12-21-222, there's a codification of that Biblical principle.
In July, the government enacted an odious nation-state law, which pretends to be a codification of existing Israeli reality.
Under the ABO's codification, wheelchair bouts take place over three three-minute rounds with fighters wearing head guards and 12oz gloves.
Not coincidentally, the development of evidence-based artistic practices substantially benefited from the codification of Holocaust studies in universities and museums.
Similarly, free trade agreements (FTAs) are — at their core — a codification of commitments and obligations that individual countries agree to follow.
The books act as a kind of binding agent, a Bible-like codification of basic principles that underpin the various denominations.
Her abortion rights plan, one of the most comprehensive that's been unveiled by any candidate, pushes for the codification of Roe into law.
Gavin Newsom, could force many gig-economy companies to reclassify their workers as employees thanks to the codification of a three-part test.
Their enduring love never seemed to them to need codification — not to mention that for most of their relationship, gay marriage was illegal.
What once required the expenditure of political capital can now be obtained with the stroke of a pen and the codification of a decree.
At the same time, Stack seems to be deploying the forms in a way that echoes our codification of landscape — foreground, middle ground, and background.
All this can plausibly be described as a mostly symbolic codification of Israel's Jewish character in the face of persistent efforts to deny that character.
Odd thing about this impending shutdown is it's happening over an issue (DACA codification) that the president and leaders of both parties claim to support.
But the codification of what had been general practice had a large impact because of an increase in primary challengers inspired by the 2018 cohort.
"There's a lot of tradition and a pretty well-established codification in politics," said designer Scott Starrett, whose firm Tandem did Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez' campaign design.
A Roman Catholic, Mr. Biden has spent decades straddling the issue of abortion, asserting his support for individual abortion rights and the codification of Roe v.
"The approval of this measure by the Congress and the president marks a new era in the codification of kindness to animals within federal law," she said.
Recent months and years have seen more notable breakthroughs than before, due to progress in core algorithms, smart codification of these algorithms and improvements in sheer compute power.
And part of that is they created, in the Dodd-Frank law of 2010, essentially codification of the bailout scheme, where it&aposs now clear in the law.
Codification of bias: Google, he said, has released some tools to help analyze data and look for bias, but he said more attention to this topic is needed.
A sampling: the codification of abortion rights under state law; expansion of voting rights; protection of child sex abuse victims; bail reform; a revamp of campaign finance laws.
But as non-blacks, Asians have escaped centuries of slavery, the legal codification of racial inferiority, the cumulative and intergenerational disadvantages that blacks have endured as a result.
"This is a codification of many things that we had put in place over the past few years as a matter of practice," Byrne said during a press conference.
The obsessive codification of the truth by anybody means that white lies — like a kid lying to his mother — are treated as if they were equal to flagrant untruths.
For example, the Thibaut-Savigny controversy on the codification of German law marked and shaped the 083th-century forces pushing for German unity and the embrace of economic liberalism.
The EU must not abandon the nearly half of Turkey's population who did not vote for the removal of separation of powers and with it, the codification of autocracy.
But the unilateral nature of such agreements — and the lack of congressional approval necessary for formal, lasting codification — means that the next executive has the absolute authority to revoke them.
What's empowered this shift in values is the codification of reputation — it's the five stars next to people's names that make it possible to trust someone we otherwise know nothing about.
"Sexual orientation and gender identity are in essence individual choices, which should, under no circumstances, be subject to punishment, legal codification or discriminatory practices," Panzeri said in a statement on Friday.
Less than some hoped, nevertheless the bill contains important provisions, including codification of Medicaid coverage for inpatient mental health care, HIPAA education programs, reports and transparency on parity, and grant programs.
It uses AI and machine learning to figure out whether an activity is billable, for which client, a description of the activity and its codification beyond just how long it lasted.
Many of the provisions had been previously applied in practice, but their formal codification coincides with China's adoption of a series of other regulations on national security and foreign civil society groups.
"Green's publication of technological information is core expressive activity," says the court filing  There are a variety of other issues with anti-circumvention that have been brought up since its codification into law.
Mentally combining the two bodies of work (the visionary structures and the salacious genitalia) creates for me a monumental make-believe place where lust (rendered with machinelike precision) and caprice meet Cartesian codification.
But on the way to codification we've replaced some of the old rape myths with this new one: That consent is just a hurdle you have to clear in order to Get The Sex.
" He's ushered out the "old world" in "a genuine watershed" moment for the U.S., and his political philosophy is "a bold and profoundly different way of thinking that needs codification and development through action.
It is in fact the codification in law of a widespread practice of whisking people into secret detention — "disappearing" them into a labyrinth where China's stunted legal protections can do little to prevent abuse.
A surprising number of its sections refer to ballet through the ages, from its codification at the court of Versailles in the mid-17th century to Edgar Degas's fin-de-siècle sketches of dancers.
By retracing these historicizing processes, she conveys a powerful sense that any codification is necessarily informed by the sociopolitical context in which it emerged and cannot be considered as neutral, or so-called pure aesthetic.
But as hard as Putin may try for sanctions relief, removing them is no longer in Trump's power since their codification into law under CAATSA, said Christopher Granville, Russia expert and director at TS Lombard.
"It is nothing more than a cruel codification of President Trump's anti-immigrant agenda that abandons our nation's heritage as a beacon of hope and opportunity," said Representative Nancy Pelosi of California, the Democratic leader.
It emerged this week that he would like his wife to hold a title akin to "first lady" and that aides are said to be drawing up an official codification of her role and recruiting staff.
"It's looking more and more like it's going to boil down to the delegates realizing they are unbound without any codification and taking their innate right to be unbound to the floor and exercising it," Unruh said.
Democrats want to tie the debt ceiling to other priorities in order to get Republicans to agree to concessions, including a potential codification of DACA—a program protecting kids brought to the US as children—into law.
The administration is now engaging in a risky dealmaking strategy to trade wall funding for the codification of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, which would allow some 800,000 DREAMers to remain in the United States.
As an artist of the sacred, whose use of humble materials amounts to a withering critique of America's glorification of materialism and the artists who delight in it, Conner rejected the literal and its codification by Frank Stella.
The works fall into two categories of codification: those in which the hard-edge forms lend themselves to a retroactive feminist interpretation, and those that cannot be subsumed under a reductive feminist reading, however tempting it may be.
"While lawmakers fighting to build a national consensus for an immigration policy that works for hundreds of millions of Americans deserve credit, those changes cannot be predicated on codification of amnesty," said Tim Chapman, the group's executive director.
"When work was predictable and the change rate was relatively constant, preparation for work merely required the codification and transfer of existing knowledge and predetermined skills to create a stable and deployable work force," explains education consultant Heather McGowan.
"This is a grave charge that appreciably heightens the Committee's concerns about the absence of appropriate safeguards as part of the mandatory audit program and whether statutory codification of such program or other remedial, legislative measures are warranted," he wrote.
Mr. Trump has conditioned its codification in law on Democratic acceptance of tough demands, including an end to decades of family-based migration policies, a wall on the Mexican border and a crackdown on other immigrants in the country illegally.
From its roots in the Magna Carta, to its refinement in the works of John Locke, to its codification in the First Amendment of the Constitution, freedom of speech could be the greatest contribution Anglo Americans have made to human civilization.
Perhaps Pokémon Go will get some people to further explore the question of information security, and perhaps even get involved in broader internet freedom movements that demand things like transparency, better privacy standards, and the codification of the internet asa public good.
Perhaps Pokémon Go will get some people to further explore the question of information security, and perhaps even get involved in broader internet freedom movements that demand things like transparency, better privacy standards, and the codification of the internet as a public good.
One of the changes we might expect from a Trump presidency is the formal codification of informal expectations, perhaps involving conflicts of interest, how presidents communicate with the public, or, depending on things go, something even bigger, like requiring some experience public office.
While clothing sizes for men's bodies grew out of the Napoleonic wars and the need to clothe soldiers, it was the approach of WWII that necessitated a grand codification of the bodies of women, who wore uniforms while working in factories to make war supplies.
And some at the campaign arm are frustrated that the codification of the longstanding policy has received more attention than the enforcement of a new rule that requires vendors to meet certain diversity standards, including employing more racially diverse, veteran, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or disabled staff.
"We are watching our friends die, governments attempt to criminalize our health care and efforts to exclude youth from the sports they love through the codification of unscientific and inhumane definitions of 'sex,'" says Strangio, who has been trying to spread awareness of the bills recently.
"It is a codification of an approach that says as we do our business at the agency, the science that we use is going to be transparent, it's going to be reproducible, it's going to be able to be analyzed by those in the marketplace," Pruitt said.
One of the central tenants of the new constitution, which would result from a constituent assembly that Mélenchon would call upon arriving in office, would be the so-called "green rule": the codification of ecological sustainability as the law of the land and an essential component of modern citizenship.
Also on tap for completion in the next four months is a potentially controversial codification in common law of some measures in the current state of emergency, such as the ability to conduct house raids or place people under house arrest without the prior authorization of a judge.
Read more: Chick-fil-A consulted Ritz-Carlton and fine-dining pro Danny Meyer on how to make its customer service better than any other fast-food chainThis strict codification of an ephemeral idea — hospitality and politeness — paired with a fanatically loyal army of operators helped Chick-fil-A expand without quality declining.
For two centuries until 9/11, the United States enforced these prohibitions on torture and inhuman and degrading treatment, beginning with courts-martial under the Articles of War during the Revolutionary War and formal codification of the prohibition of torture in the Lieber Code, the rules for warfare that President Abraham Lincoln commissioned during the Civil War.
Unlike the novelist Nancy Mitford's codification of social division according to a series of U — for "upper class" — and non-U words (looking glass and not mirror; sofa, not couch) that functioned mostly as booby traps for unwitting members of an aspirational middle class, Mr. Haslam's lists are so baldly and so risibly snobbish as to be a hoot.
Since state art institutions in Iran are something of a rarity, it is possible to see in the forum a learning curve about exhibition making and the still premature codification of modern art in a country with a long tradition of craftsmanship and where the boundaries between artisan and the artist have always been somewhat porous.
The "Lift Every Voice" tradition at Howard games goes back at least to the 1980s, according to Howard's former sports information director, Edward Hill Jr. And the song's informal stature as the black national anthem predates the codification of "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem in 1931, said Imani Perry, a Princeton professor whose book on "Lift Every Voice" is due out next year.
Received Pronunciation was gradually constructed in the minds of the public, from grammarians and other language pundits of the 18th century who expressed a desire for a unified national English accent, to 19th-century etiquette manuals aimed at a growing middle class, fictional representations of speech by authors like Charles Dickens, and increasing codification through boarding schools and the BBC into the 20th century.
Because marriage is sanctified, by your community if not also by your god; because it is now widely understood as a bond of love, not a social or financial codification; because in it, our expectation for female caretaking and reverence for male sexual desire meet in the gospel of a woman's "sacrifice"; and because of the dangerous myth of postfeminism — we have come to see marriage as a relationship that is not about power, in which women cannot feel sexually violated or dehumanized.
No one knows what bill Speaker Paul RyanPaul Davis RyanEmbattled Juul seeks allies in Washington Ex-Parkland students criticize Kellyanne Conway Latina leaders: 'It's a women's world more than anything' MORE (R-Wis.) would select to fill the fourth spot, though Members of Congress have speculated that it could be a bill representing what President Donald Trump has said he will support: codification of DACA in exchange for an end to chain migration and funding for a southern border wall.
In 1902, Samuel Czambel published new language standard. Czambel's codification favored the forms used in spoken language to archaisms from Hattala's codification and synchronized spoken and literal language. Czambel's codification was partially revised and extended by Jozef Škultéty.
The three primary goals of the codification are "simplify user access by codifying all authoritative U.S. GAAP in one spot, ensure that the codification content accurately represented authoritative U.S. GAAP as of July 1, 2009, and to create a codification research system that is up to date for the released results of standard- setting activity." The codification was made to make accounting standards easier to find through a single data base.
This stand was by no means exceptional and some promoters of vernacular languages opposed their codification for a number of reasons. This was e.g. the case of another Carlist, Julio de Urquijo e Ibarra, the expert Basque linguist, who objected to codification of Vascuense and codification of the language.together with other opponents of codification, like Gustavo Bueno and Emilio Alarcos, Casariego was ridiculed by the Communists, ABC 08.02.
The codification is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. All prior accounting standards documents were superseded as described in FASB Statement No. 168, The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Accounting literature not included in the Codification is non-authoritative. The Codification reorganizes the thousands of U.S. GAAP pronouncements into roughly 90 accounting topics and displays all topics using a consistent structure.
The National Codification Bureaus or NATO Codification Bureaux (NCB) are a NATO organization that oversees the management of the NATO Codification System (NCS). It is governed by NATO Allied Committee 135 (AC/135), with each member nation's National Codification Bureau controlling and issuing its own unique NATO Stock Numbers. NATO or European Union membership is not required to do so. Non-NATO (or "Partner") countries can be allowed to join if recommended, vetted, and approved by AC/135.
Early Decretists gave to Gratian's codification the title of Decretum Gratiani.
There was also a reaction to law codification. The proponents of codification regarded it as conducive to certainty, unity and systematic recording of the law; whereas its opponents claimed that codification would result in the ossification of the law. In the end, despite whatever resistance to codification, the codification of Continental European private laws moved forward. Codifications were completed by Denmark (1687), Sweden (1734), Prussia (1794), France (1804), and Austria (1811). The French codes were imported into areas conquered by Napoleon and later adopted with modifications in Poland (Duchy of Warsaw/Congress Poland; Kodeks cywilny 1806/1825), Louisiana (1807), Canton of Vaud (Switzerland; 1819), the Netherlands (1838), Serbia (1844), Italy and Romania (1865), Portugal (1867) and Spain (1888).
The codification is used by accounting and reporting professionals, analysts and investors.
As such, despite codification, interpretation of the Oral Law is likewise required.
In law, codification is the process of collecting and restating the law of a jurisdiction in certain areas, usually by subject, forming a legal code, i.e. a codex (book) of law. Codification is one of the defining features of civil law jurisdictions. In common law systems, such as that of English law, codification is the process of converting and consolidating judge-made law into statute law.
The Defence Codification Data Centre (DCDC) lodged in a purpose-built computer suite at RAF Hullavington from its establishment in 1966 until its dispersal to Glasgow in 1986, where it merged with its parent body, the Defence Codification Authority.
All other accounting literature not included in the Codification is now deemed nonauthoritative.
Sociolinguistic research has contributed to language in education, administration, and codification efforts of language standardisation.
The Washington Administrative Code (WAC) is the codification of regulations arranged by subject and agency.
All users must register to view any codification information. The codification allows a free basic view or paid professional view to the public. The professional view requires an annual subscription up to $940 depending on concurrent users. Discounts may apply to multiple concurrent users.
Kelly, The Codification of Contract Law in the Twentieth Century, 88 Dick. L. Rev. 289 (1984).
The Sixth Book was approved in 15 February 2018, ending the codification of Catalan civil law.
The codification, influenced by positivist and utilitarian thought, was "based on a Benthamite- Austinian view of jurisprudence". However, the codification was never adopted since "although praised in Parliament, [it] was regarded as too abstract by practising lawyers." Thus although it "provoked formal admiration... it was quietly abandoned in favour of simple consolidation." Although the codification was not adopted, Hearn nevertheless helped through his other work to establish a strong and dominant tradition of positivism in Australia.
Codification is predominant in countries that adhere to the legal system of civil law. Spain, a civil law country, introduced the practice of codification in the Philippines, which it had colonized beginning in the late 16th century. Among the codes that Spain enforced in the Philippines were the Spanish Civil Code and the Penal Code. The practice of codification was retained during the period of American colonial period, even though the United States was a common law jurisdiction.
Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2018). Facial Action Coding System 3.0: Manual of Scientific Codification of the Human Face.
Codification of the type typical of modern civilian systems did not first appear until the Justinian Code.
The German jurist Hermann Rösler authored a draft of a commercial code for Japan in 1884, that was influenced by the ADHGB.Kon Sik Kim: Codification in East Asia. Commercial Law, in Wen-Yeu Wang: Codification in East Asia. Selected Papers from the 2nd IACL Thematic Conference, Cham 2014, p.
All judges in the Republic are full-time and appointed from legally qualified and experienced solicitors and barristers. The Republic has neither lay magistrates nor elected judges. The Criminal Justice Act 2006 established a Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee to advise and report on codification of Irish criminal law.
The Criminal Code of Finland (, ) is the codification of the central legal source concerning criminal law in Finland.
He published a multi-volume codification of Talmudic law, which is studied as curriculum in many Talmudic academies.
Standardization typically involves a fixed orthography, codification in authoritative grammars and dictionaries and public acceptance of these standards.
Commission supérieure de codification, Vingt et unième rapport annuel 2010 (Paris, 2011), 13; quoted and translated, A year later, the Commission recommended that, after its current codification projects were completed, there should not be any further codes; an additional reason was government delay in publishing reforms that the Commission had completed.Commission supérieure de codification, Vingt-deuxième rapport annuel 2011 (Paris, 2012), 21. The government responded encouragingly in March 2013, but the Commission complains that this has not been followed through; in particular, that the government has abandoned its plan for a public service code (code général de la fonction publique).Commission supérieure de codification, Vingt-quatrième rapport annuel 2013 (Paris, 2014), 6-7.
As prescribed by House Rules, the committee's jurisdiction is on the revision and codification of laws of the Philippines.
This implementation of types seeks to reflect the way most mathematicians formally think of symbols and so streamline codification.
Maimonides' codification of Jewish law even contains a section entitled Yesodei HaTorah, which delineates the required beliefs of Judaism.
183 while codification and centralisation also formed component elements (not always compatible with laissez faire) of the Benthamite creed.
The 1745 English cricket season was the second season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.
The 1746 English cricket season was the third season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.
The 1747 English cricket season was the fourth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.
The 1749 English cricket season was the sixth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.
He was already then a great believer in the linguist's thesis, but Fabra had not yet become the unarguable referent of the codification of contemporary Catalan. At that time there was the belief that the said formal codification of the language would be an easily fulfilled objective due to the recent creation in 1907 of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans. There was, nevertheless, a certain tension among the different existing experts opinions on what the codification should consist of and who should carry out its leadership.
Under his reign the codification known as Allgemeines Preußisches Landrecht, initiated by Frederick II, continued and was completed in 1794.
6 full-text Statement on Procedure no. 33 again codified previous Committee on Auditing Procedure publications, including the 1951 Codification, The 1954 Generally Accepted Auditing Standards, and Statements on Auditing Procedure 25-32. The final publication of the Committee on Auditing procedure, Codification of Auditing Standards and Procedures 1,Statement on Auditing Standards, no. 1.
In parallel with the criminal law codification efforts, some United Nations organs have put forward some broad political definitions of terrorism.
The observability of explicit, codified knowledge makes it susceptible to misappropriation. Encapsulated knowledge, on the other hand, facilitates the marketing of knowledge since it can only be partially misappropriated through expensive reverse engineering. Finally, both codification and encapsulation are motivated by a desire to inexpensively transfer knowledge. While codification is a process that reduces complexity, encapsulation preserves complexity.
A fundamental classification is codification or lack of codification. A codified constitution is one that is contained in a single document, which is the single source of constitutional law in a state. An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document, consisting of several different sources, which may be written or unwritten; see constitutional convention.
His practice was focused on the Cork circuit. He frequently acted as prosecuting counsel for the Director of Public Prosecutions in criminal trials. He was also a member of the bars of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. He was appointed to the Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee in 2006, to advise on codification of Irish criminal law.
He had been entrusted, in 1859, with the codification of the laws of South Carolina; he completed the task in December 1862. His code was rejected by the unreconstructed legislature of 1865, but formed the basis for the codification of 1872. Petigru died in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1863. He is buried in St. Michael's Churchyard.
The Tannaim were direct transmitters of uncodified oral tradition; the Amoraim expounded upon and clarified the oral law after its initial codification.
This final book of the Mecelle is based on the legal administration of justice including codification of judges, judgement, retrial, and arbitration.
The Vermont Statutes Annotated is the official codification of the laws enacted by the General Assembly of the U.S. state of Vermont.
Id. at 492. First year law students used Justinian's Institutes as their textbook for centuries.Honoré, "Justinian's Codification," supra note 1 at 804.
At the beginning of the 1990s, a project called Codification and didactical implementation of Burgenland-Roma was initiated by young Burgenland Roma.
The roots of this tradition are prehistorical, so old as to either antedate or co-appear with the codification of the creation mythos.
Countries that participate in the NATO Codification System (NCS) follow common standards and techniques to assign NATO Stock Numbers (NSNs) to items of supply in their defense inventory. The National Codification Bureau (NCB) within each country centrally assigns their national NSNs. The assignment of an NSN denotes a distinctive item of supply; to eliminate confusion, the number will never be re-used.
After Rabbi Schneerson started his Noahide Campaign in the 1980s, a codification of the exact obligations of the Gentiles in the spirit of the classical Shulchan Aruch was needed. In 2005, Rabbi Moshe Weiner of Jerusalem accepted to produce an in-depth codification of the Noahide precepts.The Divine Code, Rabbi Moshe Weiner, Ed. Dr. Michael Schulman Ph.D., Vol, I., p. 21, 2008, publ.
U.S. Federal statutes are published in a three-part process, consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).
Australian football's date of codification predates that of any other major football code, including soccer (codified in 1863) and rugby union (codified in 1871).
In this case, the act would be termed justifiable homicide. A defense of justification is a codification of the common law defense of necessity.
The codification of a law of general obligations shows how remnants of the civil law tradition in New York continued on from the Dutch days.
After that Györgyi was appointed Ministerial Commissioner responsible for codification of criminal law, under Minister Ibolya Dávid. Györgyi died on 17 February 2019, aged 79.
In the United States, a slip law is an individual Act of Congress which is either a public law (Pub.L.) or a private law (Pvt.L.). They are part of a three-part model for publication of federal statutes consisting of slip laws, session laws, and codification. Session laws are compiled into the Statutes at Large (Stat.), and codification results in the United States Code (U.S.C.).
This codification is referred to as the 1983 Code of Canon Law to distinguish it from the 1917 Code. Like the preceding codification, it applies to Roman Catholics of the Latin Church.Can. 1, 1983 CIC ("The Canons of this code regard only the Latin Church.") As the currently-in-force law for the Latin Church, it constitutes a major part of the Ius vigens (Latin: "active law").
Hence he has written many works under which one was a codification of his Fatwas called Futuwae Naqhbandiyya under which the scholars of his time profited.
In creating these rules, they provided the Catalan language with the essential foundation for taking on subsequent codification efforts, a grammar (1918) and a dictionary (1932).
In Northern Ireland, repeal of this section was consequential upon the codification of the law relating to sexual offences by the Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008.
Handy's music career began in the pre-jazz era and contributed to the codification of jazz through the publication of some of the first jazz sheet music.
There are also several unofficial sources for statutes. The old, unofficial codification is Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, which is also being updated in line with the new codification as Purdon's Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated. In addition, there are several historic sources of session laws. The Pennsylvania Statutes at Large contain charters, laws in force and obsolete laws from 1682 through 1809; publication began in 1896 and are being digitized by the LRB.
Edmund Krzymuski, 1893 Edmund Krzymuski (1851 – 1928) was a Polish scholar of criminal law. After studies in Kraków, Warsaw, Heidelberg, Berlin and Leipzig, he taught criminal and criminal procedure law at the Jagiellonian University of Cracow since 1884, and briefly served as its rector. Krzymuski was a member of the Codification Commission of the Second Polish Republic and contributed significantly to the codification of Polish criminal and criminal procedure law.
The Slovak language is de facto an urban dialect of educated Slovaks from Skalica (Moravian Valley Western Slovak) with some non-Western Slovak features. The work had a significant impact on further development of Czech and Slovak, introduced a new grammatical conception, a new classification of verbs and substantives and influenced later codification of the modern Czech language (Josef Dobrovský) as well as the codification of the Slovak language (Anton Bernolák).
Civil law jurisdictions rely, by definition, on codification. A notable early example were the Statutes of Lithuania, in the 16th century. The movement towards codification gained momentum during the Enlightenment, and was implemented in several European countries during the late 18th century (see civil code). However, it only became widespread after the enactment of the French Napoleonic Code (1804), which has heavily influenced the legal systems of many other countries.
Because each Congressional act may contain laws on a variety of topics, many acts, or portions thereof are also rearranged and published in a topical, subject matter codification by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel. The official codification of Federal statutes is called the United States Code. Generally, only "Public Laws" are codified. The United States Code is divided into "titles" (based on overall topics) numbered 1 through 54.
LXX (1877)). (3) the Criminal Code of 1909;Criminal Code of 1909, ch. 321, 35 Stat. 1088. and (4) the 1948 re-codification of the United States Code.
An important common characteristic of civil law, aside from its origins in Roman law, is the comprehensive codification of received Roman law, i.e., its inclusion in civil codes. The earliest codification known is the Code of Hammurabi, written in ancient Babylon during the 18th century BC. However, this, and many of the codes that followed, were mainly lists of civil and criminal wrongs and their punishments. The codification typical of modern civilian systems did not first appear until the Justinian Code. Germanic codes appeared over the 6th and 7th centuries to clearly delineate the law in force for Germanic privileged classes versus their Roman subjects and regulate those laws according to folk-right.
In 1670, the Criminal Ordinance was enacted in New France by order of the French king as a codification of the previous criminal laws passed by the Sovereign Council.
The current Code of Canon Law is the second comprehensive codification of the non-liturgical laws of the Latin Church, replacing the Pio-Benedictine code that had been promulgated by Benedict XV in 1917.Ap. Const. Providentissima Mater Ecclesia See also Canon Law-Codification and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. Pope John XXIII, when proclaiming a new ecumenical council for the Catholic Church, also announced the intention of revising the 1917 CIC.
However his superiors back in Berlin viewed his actions as too innovative and too risky, given the political ramifications and called a stop to Asmis' work on codification in 1908.Knoll & Hiery (2010), p. 139. In a letter the German Governor Count von Zech, Colonial Secretary Bernhard Dernburg noted that Asmis' attempts at tribal law codification were "totally unfeasible" and "were designed to demolish the whole colonial effort."Knoll & Hiery (2010), p. 147.
7 full-text By 1948, the 1936 pamphlet was considered so out-of-date that it was withdrawn from publication. In 1951, the first 24 Statements on Auditing Procedure were codified Codification of Statements on Auditing Procedure, Based on Statements 1 to 24 (1939 to 1949). American Institute of Accountants, 1951 full-text The Codification also contains a summary history of the process of standardizing auditing practice up to 1951 (see pp. 5–8).
RomanoRadaelli (2016) p. 59 is the result of the codification of Stefan George's Lingua Romana, a Romance artistic language which the German poet used in part of his lyrical work (see above). This codification is known though Grammatica de la lingua Romana de Stefan George (1991), an anonymous manuscript preserved at the Sammlung für Plansprachen in Vienna.Anonymous (1991) Romano is proposed to be used as a regional international auxiliary language for the Latin world.
595 (=Hirschfeld [1913],pp. 664-5); Berger (1915), pp. 1072-3. perhaps in connection with a formal codification of honours by Emperor Valentinian I in AD 372.Jones (1964), pp.
The Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee is a legal review committee established by Michael McDowell, Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, in 2006 under the Criminal Justice Act 2006.
Vocabulary of Army Ordnance Stores (VAOS) was the British Army system of cataloguing parts that started to be superseded in 1956 when the United Kingdom adopted the NATO Codification System.
Codification of laws is a common practice in the Philippines. Many general areas of substantive law, such as criminal law, civil law and labor law are governed by legal codes.
The 1761 English cricket season was the 18th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of four eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1762 English cricket season was the 19th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of eight eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1765 English cricket season was the 22nd season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of five eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1757 English cricket season was the 14th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of two eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1759 English cricket season was the 16th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of three eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1767 English cricket season was the 24th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of seven eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1770 English cricket season was the 27th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of four eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1768 English cricket season was the 25th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of nine eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
42–43 According to Jan Gonda, the final codification of the Brahmanas took place in pre-Buddhist times (ca. 600 BCE). The substance of the Brahmana text varies with each Veda.
In US accounting practices, the Accounting Standards Codification is the current single source of United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). It is maintained by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
The 1766 English cricket season was the 23rd season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of three eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1763 English cricket season was the 20th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of two eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1752 English cricket season was the ninth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of 12 eleven- a-side matches between significant teams.
The 1754 English cricket season was the 11th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of four eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
Bentham was the first person to be an aggressive advocate for the codification of all of the common law into a coherent set of statutes; he was actually the person who coined the verb "to codify" to refer to the process of drafting a legal code. He lobbied hard for the formation of codification commissions in both England and the United States, and went so far as to write to President James Madison in 1811 to volunteer to write a complete legal code for the young country. After he learned more about American law and realised that most of it was state-based, he promptly wrote to the governors of every single state with the same offer. During his lifetime, Bentham's codification efforts were completely unsuccessful.
The 1758 English cricket season was the 15th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of only one eleven-a-side matches between significant teams.
A new more political strategy is perhaps more appropriate here - with military backing. Such a strategy has been illustrated in the war against the IRA, though an adoption and codification are unclear.
Example of the Unicode codification. For compatibility reasons, Unicode includes the formal symbol at . However, the ångström sign is also normalized into . The Unicode consortium recommends to use the regular letter (00C5).
The situation was not fully resolved until a London peace agreement in 1738, which cooled the colonies' territorial dispute and set the stage for the later codification of the Mason–Dixon line.
Henryk Stroband (1548–1609) was a Polish jurist and mayor of Toruń. He founded the Protestant Academic Gymnasium in Toruń, and was partially responsible for the codification of Kulm law in Toruń.
The dictionary has 8,000 Vietnamese entries with glosses in Portuguese and Latin. The publication also incorporates a summary on Vietnamese grammar (Linguae Annamiticae seu Tunchinensis Brevis Declaratio) and codification of some contemporary pronunciations.
Part 7 of LEPRA codifies crime scene powers not previously enshrined in legislature.Tan, A. (2006). Consolidation and codification of police powers to be scrutinised by Ombudsman. Law Society Journal, 44(1), 36–37.
The Duty of Care is set out in the Model Business Corporation act sections 8.30 and 8.31. There is no statutory codification of the Duty of Care in the Delaware General Corporation Law.
After significant revisions, the BGB was passed by the Reichstag in 1896. It was put into effect on January 1, 1900, and has been the central codification of Germany's civil law ever since.
New York: Appleton Century Crofts. for the codification and notation of behavioral contingencies. He has published articles about the language's applications in economics, finance, education, environment, business management, biology, clinical practice, and law.
Michael Cusack, one of the founders of Gaelic Athletic Association Both sports have their origins in the traditional football games of Europe, with a great deal of formal 19th century codification overlaying them. Gaelic Football was codified by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1887. It is thought Gaelic football is thought to have originated with the ancient Irish game of caid. The codification of Gaelic football was partly in response to the growing popularity of Association football and rugby in Ireland.
This was problematic, as the patroon system of land holding, based on the feudal system and civil law, continued to operate in the colony until it was abolished in the mid-19th century. New York began a codification of its law in the 19th century. The only part of this codification process that was considered complete is known as the Field Code applying to civil procedure. The influence of Roman-Dutch law continued in the colony well into the late 19th century.
The Camaldolese Dictionary () is a Latin-Slovak dictionary from 1763. The book consists of two parts: the dictionary and brief orthographic and grammatical rules. The autor(s) used a variant of a cultural Western-Slovak with some Central and Eastern-Slovak elements, making it one of most important pre- codification works before the codification of Slovak language by Anton Bernolák. The origin of the dictionary is probably associated with the first known translation of the Bible into Slovak (the Camaldolese Bible).
Graduate in law of St. Petersburg University; professor of Demidov Lyceum in Yaroslavl, and of criminal law in St. Petersburg University (1882), lecturer in the Military Law Academy. Publisher and editor of Iuridicheskaia Letopis, 1890–1892; Head of the Section for the Codification of the Fundamental Laws of Finland (1893). Member of the Consultative Board in the Ministry of Justice and editor of Zhurnal Ministerstva Iustitsii (1894). State Secretary of the Section for Codification of Laws of the Imperial Chancellery (1895).
However, the contours of the doctrine remain uncertain as it is yet to be explicitly recognised by the United States Supreme Court. Some scholars have even advocated for the codification of the misuse doctrine.
His Dramatic Technique (1919) offered a codification in English of the principles of the well-made play. George Pierce Baker was the father of George P. Baker who was dean of Harvard Business School.
He worked as a consultor for the Congregation for Bishops and Regulars and the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of Canon Law. He was created Domestic prelate of His Holiness on 7 July 1906.
This in turn led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls and others.Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010.
Similarly, codification in the law of tort has been at best piecemeal, a rare example of progress being the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945. Consolidation bills are routinely passed to organize the law.
The original text is not available for comparison with the 1951 publication, but it may have comprised the "operator's manual" written by Hubbard for Winter, which is the first independently attested codification of Dianetics.
While the commercial nature of the infringing copy is explicitly mentioned and is a significant factor in determining fairness in the US codification, post-CCH it is a less important consideration in Canadian fair dealing.
The Institutes of Justinian () is a unit of the Corpus Juris Civilis, the sixth-century codification of Roman law ordered by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. It is largely based upon the Institutes of Gaius, a Roman jurist of the second century A.D. The other units in the Corpus Juris Civilis are the Digest, the Codex Justinianus, and the Novellae Constitutiones ("New Constitutions" or "Novels").See generally, Tony Honoré, "Justinian's Codification" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary 803 (Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth eds. 3rd rev. ed 2003).
The first assembly of Peace and Truce was presided by Abbot Oliba in Toulouges, Roussillon in 1027. The grandson of Ermesinde, count Ramon Berenguer I, began the codification of Catalan law in the written Usages of Barcelona which was to become the first full compilation of feudal law in Western Europe. Legal codification was part of the count's efforts to forward and somehow control the process of feudalization. Under count Ramon Berenguer III, the County of Barcelona experienced a new phase of territorial expansion.
The Connecticut General Statutes, also called the General Statutes of Connecticut and abbreviated Conn. Gen. Stat., is a codification of the law of Connecticut. Revised to 2017, it contains all of the public acts of Connecticut and certain special acts of the public nature, the Constitution of the United States, the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the State of Connecticut, including its 31 amendments adopted since 1965. The earliest predecessor to the currently in force codification dates to 1650.
Maltese law has evolved over the centuries and reflected the rule of the context of the time. At present Malta has a mixed-system codification, influenced by Roman, French, British, European, international law, and local customs.
The 1756 English cricket season was the 13th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of five eleven-a-side matches between significant teams, including three involving Hambledon teams.
Baker c. 1886 George Pierce Baker (April 4, 1866 – January 6, 1935)American National Biography was a professor of English at Harvard and Yale and author of Dramatic Technique, a codification of the principles of drama.
Some parties believed that codification and clarification of the search and surveillance law would result in more compatibility with human rights.Search and Surveillance Bill as reported from the Justice and Electoral Committee (commentary) 4 November 2010.
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Higginbotham, 436 U. S. 618, 625 (1978); Milwaukee v. Illinois, 451 U. S. 304, 315 (1981). For example, in most U.S. states, the criminal statutes are primarily codification of pre-existing common law.
The Code of the District of Columbia is the codification of the general and permanent laws relating to the District of Columbia. It was enacted and is revised by authority of the Congress of the United States.
Cornelis Felix played an important role in the codification of Dutch law.Parlementair Documentatie Centrum, Universiteit Leiden. Retrieved on 6 July 2017. His great-grandson was astronomer Adriaan van Maanen (1864 – 1952), the discoverer of Van Maanen's Star.
Another codification was undertaken in 1878. In 1919, a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives began a project to recodify U.S. statutes, which eventually resulted in a new United States Code in 1926 (including tax statutes).
The Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes are the official compilation of session laws enacted by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. Pennsylvania is undertaking its first official codification process. It is published by the Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau (PALRB or LRB).
Some Jews did not accept the codification of the oral law at all. Karaite Judaism, for example, recognised only the Tanakh as authoritative in Halakha (Jewish religious law) and theology. It vehemently rejected the codification of the Oral Torah in the Mishnah and Talmud and subsequent works of mainstream Rabbinic Judaism which maintained that the Talmud was an authoritative interpretations of the Torah. Karaites maintained that all of the divine commandments handed down to Moses by God were recorded in the written Torah without additional Oral Law or explanation.
Historical jurisprudence came to prominence during the debate on the proposed codification of German law. In his book On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence,Friedrich Carl von Savigny, On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence (Abraham A. Hayward trans., 1831) Friedrich Carl von Savigny argued that Germany did not have a legal language that would support codification because the traditions, customs, and beliefs of the German people did not include a belief in a code. Historicists believe that law originates with society.
The Consolidated Laws of the State of New York are the codification of the permanent laws of a general nature of New York enacted by the New York State Legislature. It is composed of several chapters, or laws. New York uses a system called "continuous codification" whereby each session law clearly identifies the law and section of the Consolidated Laws affected by its passage. Unlike civil law codes, the Consolidated Laws are systematic but neither comprehensive nor preemptive, and reference to other laws and case law is often necessary.
However, the people's language and literary genres of the previous period were strange to the enlightened intelligentsia. The literary language of the end of the 16th century and of Komenský’s work became the starting point for the new codification of literary Czech. Of the various attempts at codification, Josef Dobrovský’s grammar was ultimately generally accepted. Purists' attempts to cleanse the language of germanisms (both real and fictitious) had been occurring by that time. The publication of Josef Jungmann’s five-part Czech-German Dictionary (1830–1835) contributed to the renewal of Czech vocabulary.
In England and Wales, this section was repealed and replaced by section 20 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956. In Northern Ireland, repeal of this section was consequential upon the codification of the law relating to sexual offences.
However, Zimbabwe no longer uses the Zimbabwean dollar. Under section 60 of the Criminal Law and Codification Reform Act, illegal abortion is punishable by up to five years in prison and/or a fine not exceeding level 10.
In law, a commercial code is a codification of private law relating to merchants, trade, business entities (especially companies), commercial contracts and other matters such as negotiable instruments. Many civil law legal systems have codifications of commercial law.
"Intellectual Dependency: Late Ottoman Intellectuals between fiqh and Social Science." Die Welt des Islams (2007): 293-299. JSTOR. Web. 14 December 2013. . Codification and enactment of Islamic law were essential for the proper functioning of a modern bureaucracy.
In England and Wales, this section was repealed and replaced by section 14(1) of the Sexual Offences Act 1956. In Northern Ireland, repeal of this section was consequential upon the codification of the law relating to sexual offences.
In England and Wales, section 54 was repealed and replaced by section 17(1) of the Sexual Offences Act 1956. In Northern Ireland, repeal of these sections was consequential upon the codification of the law relating to sexual offences.
The requirements the Almogavars had to meet were compiled by King Alfonso X in the Siete Partidas, among which were fitness and endurance, as well as agility. Also in this legal code is found the codification of their ranks.
The 1771 English cricket season was the 28th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of 19 eleven- a-side matches between significant teams. The Monster Bat Incident occurred during the season.
The Danish Penal Code, also known as the Danish Criminal Code (),Retsinformation.dk:Straffeloven. is the codification of and the foundation of criminal law in Denmark. The updated official full text covers 29 chapters and is also available online (in Danish).
Federico Halbherr studying the code. The Gortyn code (also called the Great CodeI. Cret. IV.72) was a legal code that was the codification of the civil law of the ancient Greek city-state of Gortyn in southern Crete.
Detroit Charter Revision – A Brief History . Citizens Research Council of Michigan (pdf file). The Detroit City Code is the codification of Detroit's local ordinances. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records.
Achaemenid tax collector, calculating on an Abax or Abacus, according to the Darius Vase (340–320 BC). Other accomplishments of Darius' reign included codification of the data, a universal legal system, and construction of a new capital at Persepolis.
Under U.S. GAAP, when issuing securities without specific maturity, such as perpetual preferred stock, financing costs reduce the amount of paid in capital associated with that security.Paragraph 340-10-S99-1 of the FASB Codification, SAB Topic 5.A.
Along with these instances, literature in user-contributed dictionaries such as Urban Dictionary has also been added to. Codification seems to be qualified through frequency of use, and novel creations are often not accepted by other users of slang.
Thanks to Field's brother, Stephen (who served in the California State Assembly and as California's fifth Chief Justice before being appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court), California bought into Field's codification project more than any other state. California first enacted a Practice Act in 1851 influenced by the Field Code, then in 1872 enacted Field's civil procedure, criminal procedure, civil, penal, and political codes as the first four California Codes (California merged Field's penal and criminal procedure codes into a single code). Meanwhile, in 1866, Field proposed to the British National Association for the Promotion of Social Science a revision and codification of the laws of all nations. For an international commission of lawyers he prepared Draft Outlines of an International Code (1872), the submission of which resulted in the organization of the international Association for the Reform and Codification of the Laws of Nations, of which he became president.
It is generally acknowledged that his years as Attorney General witnessed the high point of the Department of Justice because he was able to attract a high caliber of outstanding lawyers to work with him and to ably expand the duties and responsibilities of the Justice Department. He placed particular emphasis on the establishment of a Codification Division within the Justice Department, and made the Solicitor General's office an independent section with the authority to directly liaise with the various county attorneys to ensure the orderly and efficient prosecution of government cases. His tenure as Attorney General of Liberia was marked by his close association and identification with the Liberian Government/Cornell University Codification Project under the directorship of the late Professor Milton R. Konvitz. This program was responsible for the codification and printing of the Supreme Court's opinions as well as researching and drafting of proposed legislative statutes.
Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1996. pp. 75-82. Blaže Koneski died in Skopje on December 7, 1993. He received a state funeral for his distinguished literary career, and for his contributions to the codification of standard Macedonian.
Brest, Impr. Comm. & adm. 1949. He occupied his spare time reforming the orthography of Breton and the codification of its grammar. In 1807, he published a (Grammar of Breton Celtic) which sought to delineate the syntactical system of the language.
Among them were works of authors such as Alberti, Giovio, Guicciardini, Camillo and Vasari. Torrentino’s company flourished and it offered works of high quality. One of his most famous publications was the Digesta, the codification of Roman Law, in 1553.
The following is a list of existing national constitutions by country, semi- recognized countries, and by codification. It excludes those such as the Polish Constitution of 1791 and the Spanish Constitution of 1812 (constitutions that once existed but were later repealed).
The 1750 English cricket season was the seventh season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of six eleven-a-side matches between significant teams, including three inter-county matches played between Kent and Surrey.
Despite various efforts towards "universal" standardization, the overall trend in Romani literacy is towards regional codification, with some degree of international orientation, in the choice of some graphemes as well as vocabulary. This international orientation allows Romani readers to appreciate texts composed in other countries. At the same time, this pluralistic approach to codification is representative of the dispersion of Romani communities, and the lack of a central governmental authority. 'Linguistic pluralism' of this kind has been embraced as a policy by the European Roma and Traveller Forum (the elected Romani representation at the Council of Europe) in a statement on its website.
In the year 2006, Schwenzer drafted a model codification of family law, called the Model Family Code, together with Mariel Dimsey. A comprehensive comparison of family law in European, Anglo-American, and Oceanian jurisdictions served as the basis for this model code. The distinct advantage of the Model Family Code as opposed to the continuous small changes undertaken in domestic family codes consists in it being an all-encompassing consistent codification. Moreover, the Model Family Code allows for the flexible implementation of cultural values into its core system in order to accommodate the respective realities of family law.
Peters, Life of Benedict XV, pg. 205. Every Latin bishop had the right to permanently keep a representative in Rome to give him voice at the meetings of the codification commission. By the winter of 1912, the "whole span of the code" had been completed, so that a provisional text was printed. The 1912 text was sent out to all Latin bishops and superiors general for their comment, and their notations which they sent back to the codification commission were subsequently printed and distributed to all members of the commission, in order that the members might carefully consider the suggestions.
During the Justo José de Urquiza administration many projects were driven forward. The codification in Argentina was part of a process being undertaken around the world, due to the advantages that such a systematic approach granted. Indeed, there had been earlier codifications; those completed toward the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century had a strong influence on the compilation of the Civil Code of Argentina. Stemming from these, there were separate attempts at civil codification in the Argentine republic during the first half of the 19th century, but it was finally achieved in 1869.
Pursuant to the state constitution, the New York State Legislature has enacted legislation, called chapter laws or slip laws when printed separately. The bills and concurrent resolutions proposing amendments to the state or federal constitutions of each legislative session are called session laws and published in the official Laws of New York. The codification of the permanent laws of a general nature are contained in the Consolidated Laws of New York. New York uses a system called "continuous codification" whereby each session law clearly identifies the law and section of the Consolidated Laws affected by its passage.
Legal science is one of the main components in the civil law tradition (after Roman law, canon law, commercial law, and the legacy of the revolutionary period). Legal science is primarily the creation of German legal scholars of the middle and late nineteenth century, and it evolved naturally out of the ideas of Friedrich Carl von Savigny. Savigny argued that German codification should not follow the rationalist and secular natural law thinking that characterized the French codification but should be based on the principles of law that had historically been in force in Germany.John H. Merryman et al.
Wetboek van Koophandel is a codification of Dutch commerce laws signed into law in 1838 based on the Napoleonic Code that was introduced in the Netherlands during the French conquest of the Netherlands. The law was then introduced by the Dutch to the Dutch East Indies, and has remained Indonesia's commerce law also after independence. The laws containing regulations about the creation of Commanditaire Vennootschap, Naamloze Vennootschap, Firma as well as another rechtspersoon, shipping and trading regulations and bankruptcy laws. The laws is related to another private law of the Netherlands, Burgerlijk Wetboek and has some elements borrowed from the civil codification.
For more than 40 years, Field devoted his spare time to this codification project. He began by outlining his proposed reforms in pamphlets, professional journal articles, and legislative testimony, but met with a discouraging lack of interest. In 1846, Field's ideas gained wider notice with publication of a pamphlet, "The Reorganization of the Judiciary", which influenced that year's New York State Constitutional Convention to report in favor of a codification of the laws. In 1847 he finally had a chance to put his ideas into official form when he was appointed head of a state commission to revise court procedure and practice.
The CLRC is the successor to the California Code Commission, which itself was the successor to a series of earlier ad hoc codification commissions. The Code Commission was established in 1929. It spent 24 years codifying the massive body of uncodified law that had accumulated (and continued to accumulate) in the California Statutes, because the original California Codes were not a comprehensive codification. After the Code Commission completed the monumental task of codifying virtually all general California statutory law into the California Codes, it recommended the creation of the CLRC, as a permanent law reform body.
A few volumes of the CFR at a law library (titles 12–26). The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States. The CFR is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to federal regulation. The CFR annual edition is the codification of the general and permanent rules published by the Office of the Federal Register (part of the National Archives and Records Administration) and the Government Publishing Office.
The legal interest of bringing about the codification of international law continued after the 1930 conference. The failure of that conference motivated the founders of the United Nations Organization to strive for a permanent commission to that end, which led to the establishment of the International Law Commission. The failure of the 1930 conference served the members of the new commission as a reminder to proceed cautiously with the codification of international law through a longer process and more gradual process.Statement by Liang (Secretary of the ILC), 13 April 1949, Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1949, p. 17.
Ramon Berenguer the Old was also the first count of Catalonia to acquire lands (the counties of Carcassonne and Razés) and influence north of the Pyrenees. Another major achievement of his was beginning the codification of Catalan law in the written Usatges of Barcelona which was to become the first full compilation of feudal law in Western Europe. Legal codification was part of the count's efforts to forward and somehow control the process of feudalization which started during the reign of his weak father, Berenguer Ramon. Another major contributor was the Church acting through the institution of the Peace and Truce of God.
In response to the request of the bishops at the First Vatican Council, Pope Pius X ordered the creation of a general Roman Catholic canon law codification, which did not exist at that time. He entrusted Pietro Gasparri, who was aided in the work by Giacomo della Chiesa (the future Benedict XV) and Eugenio Pacelli (the future Pius XII). Perhaps the ablest canonist in the Roman Curia at the time, the work of codification, simplification, and modernization of canon law was for the most part the work of Gasparri.McCormick, Vatican Journal, p. 44 (entry from January 2, 1927).
The ICL System was replaced with a Sperry Mainframe and planning started on the Defence Supply System Retail (DSSR), which would be introduced in 1984–85 and the NCR machines retired after just over 20 tears of service. In a few years DSSR was superseded by the Defence Supply System Detail (DSSD), which itself was replaced by the SAP R/3 system in late 1996. As the NZ Army had a long relationship with the British Army, the Corps used the Vocabulary of Army Ordnance Stores (VAOS) system of codification of item part numbers, but as the relationship with the United States became closer and more US equipment was coming into service it was decided in 1968 to adopt the NATO Codification System and replace the VAOS number with internationally standardised NATO Stock Number (NSN). With the sponsorship of the United Kingdom, New Zealand was subsequently admitted into the NATO Codification community in 1969. The first official “98” NATO Stock Number was assigned in Dec 1972.
An Act respecting the Codification of the Laws of Lower Canada relating to Civil matters and Procedure, S.Prov.Can. 1857, "Preamble." Justice was administered according to the “Code Louis”, consisting of the 1667 ordinance on civil procedure and 1670 ordinance on criminal procedure.
The question of institutive justice raises issues of legitimacy, procedure, codification and interpretation, which are considered by legal theorists and by philosophers of law. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 emphasizes the need for strong institutions in order to uphold justice.
Vermont legislators sometimes have addressed the character of the state and the rights of Vermonters with landmark legislation, organized here according to the pertinent title in the Vermont Statutes Annotated, which is the official codification of the laws enacted by the General Assembly.
"Civilian" (London: Routledge, 2001), 308. as well as doctrinal strains such as natural law, codification, and legal positivism. Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules.Michel Fromont, Grands systèmes de droit étrangers, 4th edn.
New York: Oxford UP, 2007. N. pag. . He is often regarded as a pioneer in the codification of a civil law based on the European legal system. The Mecelle remained intact in several modern Arab states in the early and mid-20th-century.
Volumes of the Thomson West annotated version of the California Penal Code, the codification of criminal law in the state of California The fifty American states are separate sovereigns,U.S. Const., Amend. X. with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts.
Even today, they have been completely rejected by almost every common law jurisdiction, including England. However, his writings on the subject laid the foundation for the moderately successful codification work of David Dudley Field II in the United States a generation later.
There is scholarly disagreement, however, about how representative the Grágás are regarding the legal tradition that existed during Viking age Iceland. Arguably, the codification of oral law in the Grágás better represents Icelandic legal tradition post-Christianity, thus after the year 1000.
It is also the first official codification of domestic violence crimes.Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Brazil. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
7, No. 1, pp. 64–71 Due to the lack of a government body that deals with language issues such as codification and purification, there is negligence to local English,Gupta, A. F. (1988), ‘A Standard for Written Singapore English?’, in Foley, pp.
In 905, Emperor Daigo ordered the compilation of the Engishiki. Although previous attempts at codification are known to have taken place, neither the Konin nor the Jogan Gishiki"Jogan Gishiki" in Stuart D. B. Pecken, ed., Historical Dictionary of Shinto. Second edition.
The 1760 English cricket season was the 17th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. No details have survived of any eleven-a-side matches between significant teams. A number of club matches are known to have taken place.
Baseball law refers to the various civil statutes, local ordinances, and court decisions pertaining to the game of baseball and its institutions, as distinguished from the Rules of Baseball, which are a private codification of rules governing the internal workings of baseball games.
More recently, Henry Sumner Maine argues that the Burgundians exercised "tribe-sovereignty" rather than complete territorial sovereignty. Gundioc's son, Gundobad (r. 474-516), began commission for his kingdom's legal codification in 483, which his son and successor, Sigismund (r. 516-532) completed.
Article 100 of the 1814 Constitution refers to a codification based on Dutch law. Various proposals were made between 1816 and 1830. Finally in 1830 a new code was enacted by Parliament. It was a mix of influences—mainly French and Roman-Dutch.
He died on 25 August 1192 in the proximity of Köthen and was buried in his own cathedral. The city and diocese of Magdeburg had fully bloomed under his oversight. Wichmann is also credited with the first codification of magdeburg town law in 1188.
4 (October 1969): 333–363. Its provisions were omitted from the Revised Statutes of the United States, the codification of federal legislation in effect as of 1873.Revised Statutes of the United States, Title 13, chap. 13; see also index under "Habeas Corpus", p. 1267.
"In one sense, the reign of Nicholas I was a protracted epilogue to the Decembrist rising."Hosking, p.144 Nicholas, acting in line with his absolutist predecessors of the Age of Enlightenment, developed a state education system and completed codification of the law.Hosking, pp.
In 905 CE, Emperor Daigo ordered a compilation of Shinto rites and rules. Previous attempts at codification are known to have taken place, but, neither the Konin nor the Jogan Gishiki"Jogan Gishiki" in Stuart D. B. Pecken, ed., Historical Dictionary of Shinto. Second edition.
Since the mid-19th century, however, many such rules have been codified by States in international treaties, like the Hague Regulations and Geneva Conventions.ICRC, International Humanitarian Law – Treaties & documents. Not withstanding this increasing codification of IHL, customary rules remain relevant in contemporary armed conflicts.
The building was closed in 2017 and all the judicial offices relocated due to the massive reconstruction which will be finished in 2019. In front of the Palace there is a monument to Emperor Dušan, holding Dušan's Code, a legal codification compiled in 1349.
TROÏANOS, S., and VELISSAROPOULOU-I. KARAKOSTA. "Histoire du droit." (1997). In the 10th century, Leo VI the Wise achieved the complete codification of the whole of Byzantine law in Greek, which became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law, generating interest to the present day.
The majority of the provisions of Accessories and Abettors Act, the Malicious Damage Act and the Forgery Act have been repealed and the last two have been practically superseded by codification Acts. However, the bulk of the Offences Against the Person Act remains in force.
Gasparri died on 18 November 1934. At his death he was still President of the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law, President of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of the Canon Law of the Eastern Churches, and Camerlengo.
"Brown, Leah D., Laura Campbell, et. al. Pennsylvania Code and Bulletin Style Manual, Fifth Edition: "Preface." Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Legislative Reference Bureau, 2014. According to Title 45, Chapter 7 of the Consolidated Statutes of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ("Codification and Publication of Documents"), it is the Legislative Reference Bureau's responsibility "to compile, edit and supplement or to contract through the department for the compilation, editing and supplementation of an official legal codification, to be divided into titles of convenient size and scope, and to be known as the 'Pennsylvania Code'"; the bureau performs this function under "the policy supervision and direction of the joint committee.
Miller says that one of the defining characteristics of power in modern history has been the rationalisation and bureaucratisation of law. Legal codification, or at least debates over the merits of legal codification, became an almost global phenomenon in the nineteenth century as state power was centralised. In particular, the rationalisation of criminal law standardised not just the concept of crime, but was adopted as the means to eliminate the "deviant" as a threat to a modern, uniform, moral standard. In this, the religious establishment began to play a new role in defining "evil" in which threats to the political or social norm became as dangerous as threats to religious orthodoxy.
With this purpose in mind the Law Commission was asked to examine the statutory and common law governing evidence in proceedings before courts and tribunals and to make recommendations for its reform with a view to codification. In April 1991, the Law Commission published the first of a series of discussion papers on aspects of evidence law. This paper dealt with the principles on reform, codification, and hearsay. Between then and 1997, the Law Commission published a number of further discussion papers on major aspects of evidence law: expert evidence and opinion evidence, privilege, documentary evidence, character and credibility, the evidence of children and other vulnerable witnesses.
This article is a list of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) pronouncements, which consist of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS" or simply "FAS"), Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts, Interpretations, Technical Bulletins, and Staff Positions, which together present rules and guidelines for preparing, presenting, and reporting financial statements within the United States according to generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the United States Of America, of which this list makes up a substantial part. The SFAS have been superseded by the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). The codification is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. All existing accounting standards documents are superseded by the ASC.
In Hindu religion marriage is sacrament and not a contract, hence divorce was not recognized before the codification of the Hindu Marriage Act in 1955. With the codification of this law, men and women both are equally eligible to seek divorce. Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Jains are governed by the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Christians are governed by The Divorce Act 1869, Parsis by the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act 1936, Muslims by the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939 and Inter-religious marriages are governed by The Special Marriage Act 1954. Conditions are laid down to perform a marriage between a man and woman by these laws.
The concept of codification dates back to ancient Babylon. The earliest surviving civil code is the Code of Ur-Nammu, written around 2100–2050 BC. The Corpus Juris Civilis, a codification of Roman law produced between 529 and 534 AD by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, forms the basis of civil law legal systems. Other codified laws used since ancient times include various texts used in religious laws, such as the Law of Manu in Hindu law, the Mishnah in Jewish Halakha law, the Canons of the Apostles in Christian Canon law, and the Qur'an and Sunnah in Islamic Sharia law to some extent.
The series transforms specific words from A Lover's Discourse by Roland Barthes into both abstract and representational imagery. Each mental image receives a specific color and form, which is rendered via contoured drawing on colored vellum. The final drawing is made by collaging the multiple images, forming an ambiguous relation among them. A similar process is at work in Voigt’s 48-part series Love as Passion: On the Codification of Intimacy, which takes responds to Niklas Luhmann's 1982 book by the same name. Each drawing in Codification of Intimacy takes a chapter, passage, or key word that Voigt distilled from Luhmann’s book as its source.
The Civil Code of the Philippines is the product of the codification of private law in the Philippines. It is the general law that governs family and property relations in the Philippines. It was enacted in 1950, and remains in force to date with some significant amendments.
One challenge within the field of knowledge management, is that the collection & codification of explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge is frequently held in silos within the organisation. Boundary spanners are needed to move that knowledge around the organisation in a process sometimes referred to as socialisation.
Lloyd, J.E. A History of Wales p. 337. He is traditionally associated with the codification of Welsh law at a council which he called at Whitland, the laws from then on usually being called the "Laws of Hywel". Hywel followed a policy of peace with the English.
Lee views Het verdriet van België as a postmodern critique of national identity.Lee, M. (2002). National Identity and Its Construction: The Codification of Flemish Identity Illustrated through Het verdriet van België by Hugo Claus. Dutch Crossing: A Journal of Low Countries Studies, 26(2), 212–232.
These compositions, in the Aramaic-derived Book Pahlavi script, are traditionally known as "Pahlavi literature". The earliest texts in Zoroastrian Middle Persian were probably written down in late Sassanid times (6th–7th centuries), although they represent the codification of earlier oral tradition.Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 141.
B. Jokisch, Islamic Imperial Law: Harun-Al-Rashid's Codification Project, pp. 484–485. Slavic legal traditions, including countries ranging from Bulgaria to Russia, were substantially influenced by the Farmer's Law.Elena Salogubova & Alan Zenkov, “Roman Law's Influence on Russian Civil Law and Procedure”, Russian Law Journal 6, no.
They are written in the Kufic script. It "can generally be dated from the late eighth century depending on the extent of development in the character of the script in each case."John Gilchrist, Jam' al-Qur'an: The codification of the Qur'an text (1989), p. 146.
Areas of the judicial reform often include: codification of law instead of common law, moving from an inquisitorial system to an adversarial system, establishing stronger judicial independence with judicial councils or changes to appointment procedure, establishing mandatory retirement age for judges or enhancing independence of prosecution.
New York: Harper Collins, 2002, pp. 29-56. he complained of women's encroachment onto a male territory of writing, and not their intelligence or education. For many commentators, Wollstonecraft represents the first codification of equality feminism, or a refusal of the feminine role in society.Mandell, Laura.
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 52. This legal codification is no longer extant, but it is said to have been refined in what is known as the Asuka Kiyomihara ritsu-ryō of 689. The compilation was commenced in 681 under Emperor Tenmu.
It also includes relevant U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) guidance that follows the same topical structure in separate sections in the Codification. To prepare constituents for the change, the FASB provided a number of tools and training resources.Financial Accounting Standards Board. News Release, 07/01/09.
29, 1952, pp. 325–359. # The Geneva Conventions of 1949, "Naval War College Review", Vol. VIII NO.5, January 1956, pp. 59–82. # The First Modern Codification of the Law of War: Francis Lieber and General Order No. 100, "International Review of the Red Cross", Vol.
Although the code was not adopted due to the strong opposition of leading regional families, who saw their power base threatened by the proposed harmonisation of regional inheritance and property laws, it was the basis of the codification later accomplished by Alonso Martínez in 1888/89.
The structure of the French Army is fixed by Chapter 2 of Title II of Book II of the Third Part of the Code of Defense, notably resulting in the codification of Decree 2000-559 of 21 June 2000. Structure of the French Army since July 2019.
The 1751 English cricket season was the eighth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of nine eleven-a-side matches between significant teams and the earliest known references to cricket Durham, Somerset, Warwickshire and Yorkshire occurred during the year.
The 1755 English cricket season was the 12th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of five eleven-a-side matches between significant teams, including the first time in which a Cambridge University side is known to have played.
On 18 October 1917, Pope Benedict named him the first president of the newly created Pontifical Commission for Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law. Beginning in 1929, he also played a significant role in early stages of the codification of Eastern Catholic canon law.
However the 1809 enactment was short-lived. On 1 January 1811, the Netherlands was annexed by the French Empire and the Napoleonic Code was adopted in unmodified form. Dutch independence was restored with the collapse of French rule in 1813. The Kingdom once again pursued codification.
From a medieval manuscript. The conventional date of 1088, or 1087 according to some,Huff, T. (2003), The Rise of Early Modern Science. Cambridge University Press, p. 122 records when Irnerius commences teaching Emperor Justinian's 6th-century codification of Roman law, the Corpus Iuris Civilis, recently discovered at Pisa.
Since the codification of Sesotho orthography, literary works have been produced in Sesotho. Notable Sesotho-language literature includes Thomas Mofolo's epic Chaka, which has been translated into several languages including English and German.Kunene, D. (1989) Thomas Mofolo and the emergence of written Sesotho prose. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1989.
This important work, published at Budapest (1856–1860), extends to 1707. Szalay also wrote remarkable studies on Pitt, Fox, Mirabeau and other statesmen, and contributed very considerably to the codification of Magyar law. In later life he returned to Hungary, but he died at Salzburg on July 17, 1864.
The 1769 English cricket season was the 26th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of 11 eleven- a-side matches among significant teams. It was the last season in which the original London Cricket Club and the Artillery Ground featured prominently.
Cooper v. Aaron, . The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law. Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories.
The statutes for the first time in Poland codified the existing legal customs. They would form the basis of the Polish law in centuries to come, and would be expanded by codification of other customs, precedents and passing of other legal acts. They also succeeded in uniting the country.
He made significant contributions to the social science community. In 1978 he initiated the establishment of the Social Research Association. In the 1980s he played a key role in developing a professional code of ethics through the International Statistical Institute.The Codification of Statistical Ethics, Journal of Official Statistics.
The 1748 English cricket season was the fifth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of six significant eleven-a-side and 18 single wicket matches. 1748 was the halcyon season of single wicket, perhaps never so popular before or since.
Ba'er Hetev (also Ba'er Heiteiv; Hebrew באר היטב lit. "explaining well" or "explained well", based on Deut. 27:8; the vocalization "Be'er" is a traditional alternative) is a Hebrew commentary on the Shulchan Aruch, the chief codification of Jewish law. The commentary's two halves were authored by different individuals.
Here, Lewaszkiewicz deals with Slavic projects. but is generally considered a zonal constructed language because it's the result of intense codification (that is, more construction, planning, design, engineering, manipulation than what regular standard languages usually require). Zonal constructed languages are, according to interlinguist Detlev Blanke,Blanke (1985), p. 153.
In 1871, he resigned from his position and returned to Rochester due to ill health. There he continued his legal writing on codes and codification. Six years later published Remedies and Remedial Rights to meet the need for a text that could clarify the changes in practice resulting from the codification of law across many states. He also wrote almost two hundred articles on legal topics for Johnson’s Encyclopedia, of which he became an assistant editor, helped prepare annotated editions of Theodore Sedgwick’s Statutory and Constitutional Law (1874) and Archbold’s Criminal Procedure (1877), and was a contributor to The Nation and the American Law Review on topics ranging from international law and diplomacy to constitutional law.
This section creates the offence of conspiracy to murder in the Republic of Ireland. The repeal of as much of this section as related to the offence of conspiracy to murder for England and Wales was consequential on the codification of conspiracy by Part I of the Criminal Law Act 1977. The effect of this section, in relation to conspiracy to commit murder abroad, was preserved by section 1(4) of that Act. The repeal of as much of this section as related to the offence of conspiracy to murder for Northern Ireland was consequential on the codification of conspiracy by Part IV of the Criminal Attempts and Conspiracy (Northern Ireland) Order 1983 (S.
Many of codifications of the Rambam were said by commentators to be at odds with the relevant Talmudic sources. These seemingly anomalous rulings have led to attempts at rationalization by later scholars. Rabbi Glasner suggested that the source of the difficulty was often that the scholars had assumed that the Rambam had interpreted the problematic Talmudic sources for the codification in the same way that the Franco-German school of Rashi and Tosafot had understood those sources. However, Rabbi Glasner maintained, there was usually another approach to understanding the Talmudic sources than that followed by Rashi and Tosafot, often stemming from the Babylonian Geonic school which the Rambam had followed in reaching his codification.
The year 1795 marked the downfall of the Dutch Republic and gave birth to the Batavian Republic. At the beginning of the 19th century, the first codification of Dutch national citizenship appeared in the Napoleonic Code for the Kingdom of Holland effective from 1801–1811, originating from the French code of civil rights, the Code Civil.Vink, pg 33 In 1813, after the proclamation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Code Civil continued to remain in effect even though a new Dutch constitution was drawn in 1815. The new constitution de facto became the first Dutch codification of Dutch citizenship, where it was stated that, starting from 1815, only residents had the freedom to occupy positions in public offices.
The first book of the Mecelle is composed of seven chapters that focus on the jurisprudence and codification of laws regarding sale. These include standards of contracts, the subject matter of sales, matters relating to price, giving and taking delivery, and various categories of things sold and the effect thereof.
Birley, pp.18–19. It is believed that this was the first time that rules (or some part of the rules as in this case) were formally agreed, although rules as such definitely existed. The first full codification of the Laws of Cricket was done in 1744.Birley, p.19.
Frederick had recently overruled his judiciary who had ruled against the millers Arnold, imprisoning judges who had disobeyed his orders. As a figure keen to maintain his prestige as an Enlightened Absolutist, codification of the laws was a desirable response to his un-Enlightened break of the 'rule of law'.
Zamoyski Code was one of the series of proposed progressive reforms, which would culminate in the Constitution of May 3, 1791. The constitution had a provision that the law was to be codified, and the new codification project, Poniatowski Code (named after King Poniatowski), drew much inspiration from the Zamoyski Code.
Allan Kardec () is the nom de plume of the French educator, translator and author Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail (; 3 October 1804 – 31 March 1869). He is the author of the five books known as the Spiritist Codification, and is the founder of Spiritism.Lewis Spence. (2003). Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology.
Tax statutes passed after the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 are sometimes referred to as the "modern" tax statutes. Hundreds of Congressional acts have been passed since 1913, as well as several codifications (i.e., topical reorganizations) of the statutes (see Codification). In Central Illinois Public Service Co. v.
Under Clovis, the first codification of the Salian Frank law took place. The Roman Law was written with the assistance of Gallo-Romans to reflect the Salic legal tradition and Christianity, while containing much from Roman tradition. The Roman Law lists various crimes as well as the fines associated with them.
The Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws was a League of Nations convention adopted during the League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930 in The Hague. It was signed by many states, but ratified by only twenty.Dual Nationality: TR's "Self-Evident Absurdity", virginia.edu; accessed September 7, 2015.
The first comprehensive codification of law in Nepal, based on the dharma of ancient religious textbooks, is ascribed to Jayasthitimalla. This legendary compilation of traditions was seen as the source of legal reforms during the 19th and 20th centuries. He is also the first king to start commercial education in Nepal.
The Fetha Nagast has had a great influence on Ethiopia. It has been an educational resource for centuries and is still consulted in matters of law in the present era. In 1960, when the government enacted the civil code of Ethiopia, it cited the Fetha Nagast as an inspiration to the codification commission.
Legal attention to Mining Health and Safety began in the late 19th century and in the subsequent 20th century progressed to a comprehensive and stringent codification of enforcement and mandatory health and safety regulation. A mining engineer in whatever role they occupy must follow all federal, state, and local mine safety laws.
The Ames Creek Bridge is an historic structure located northeast of DeWitt, Iowa, United States in rural Clinton County. It is an early example of concrete bridge design prior to the codification of standards by the state highway commission. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.
On August 22, 1919 Allerhand was selected as member of the Polish Sejm Codification Commission; and in 1922, member of the Tribunal of State. In 1929 he became president of the Jewish Community in Lwów. Without engaging himself politically, he believed in cultural assimilation of Polish Jews. He ran a successful law practice.
However, there was opposition to the reforms,Is Codification of the Law Expedient?, by William B. Hornblower. Address delivered before the American Social Science Association (Department of Jurisprudence) at Saratoga, N.Y., September 6, 1888. Link and resistance from the legal profession, including judges, that prevented the codes from being implemented as intended.
Until the year 2000, an alternate codification known as the Michigan Statutes Annotated (MSA), which differed from the MCL in both its organization and numbering system, was also in use. Until the discontinuation of the MSA by LexisNexis, Michigan Court Rules required citation to both the MCL and MSA in all court filings.
Equity is the other historic source of judge-made law. Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament.For example, section 4 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 repealed the rule in Grant v Norway (1851) 10 CB 665. Not being a civil law system, it has no comprehensive codification.
Dyfnwal Moelmud (Welsh for "Dyfnwal the Bald and Silent"; ) was accounted as an early king and lawmaker among the Welsh, credited with the codification of their standard units of measure. He also figures as a legendary king of the Britons in Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudohistorical History of the Kings of the Britons.
Arbitration has long been recognized as a dispute resolution mechanism in the region, and one that has been quoted in Islamic religious texts. There has been numerous initiatives in the UAE to build up a strong presence in international commercial arbitration, including the codification of modern arbitration rules in federal and other laws.
Sonata form is one of the most influential ideas in the history of Western classical music. Since the establishment of the practice by composers like C.P.E. Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert and the codification of this practice into teaching and theory, the practice of writing works in sonata form has changed considerably.
The design step may involve a pilot study in order to discover any hidden issues. The codification and analysis steps are typically performed by computer, using statistical software. The data collection steps, can in some instances be automated, but often require significant manpower to undertake. Interpretation is a skill mastered only by experience.
Again in association with Dr. Konvitz and the Codification Project, Attorney General Pierre reactivated and had the Opinions of the Attorney General printed and published commencing with those of the late Attorney General Grimes up to and including Attorney General Pierre's tenure. From its inception, Attorney General Pierre was an early and enthusiastic supporter of the Codification Project, recognizing the vital and urgent need for the easy availability of research tools, including both statutory law and case law. He can truly be said to be almost single-handedly responsible for ensuring the continuous updating, printing and publication of the Liberian Law Reports. Sadly after his death, the program was discontinued with the concomitant loss to the Bench, the Bar, law scholars and students alike.
Despite establishment of Russian rule over Georgia, Georgian laws continued to function until the beginning of the 20th century, when any practice of traditional judicial system was ceased upon occupation of Georgia by the Bolsheviks in 1921. The first Ministry of Justice of independent Georgian Republic was established when the National Council of Georgia adopted an Act of Independence of Georgia on May 26, 1918 which functioned up until annexation of Georgia to Soviet Russia in 1921. According to the act of October 11, 1918, a Codification Subdivision was formed at the Ministry of Justice taking over the codification of legislation and publishing of official issue "Collection of Laws and Resolutions of the Government". After independence of Georgia was restored in 1991, the ministry was re-established.
The New Jersey Administrative Code (N.J.A.C.) is the codification of all rules and regulations made by the executive branch agencies of New Jersey. Newly proposed rules are published for comment in the New Jersey Register, which is published twice a month. Once the new rules are officially adopted, they are published in the Code.
McMahon has made a number of observations on the diversity of design research, applying his experience in information management to the categorization of design research activities. He has also published influential review papers on knowledge management in engineering design, noting the broad division between personalisation and codification approaches, and on informatics in engineering design.
The 1744 English cricket season was the 48th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-a-side match was played. The earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket dates from this year as do the two earliest surviving match scorecards. Details have survived of 20 significant eleven-a-side and three single wicket matches.
This is most prevalent in European Union contract law.Hesselink, M. The Ideal of Codification and the Dynamics of Europeanisation: The Dutch Experience in the book by Vogenauer, S and Weatherill, S (ed). (2006). ‘’The Harmonization of European Contract Law Implications for European Private Laws, Business and Legal Practice’’. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing.
Most of these laws have been repealed by the last quarter of the 20th century. Over time, a modern set of codificative statutes have been enacted. These are mostly a codification of common law norms, albeit with a notable continental influence. Chief among these are the Land Law, 1969 and the Movable Property Law, 1971.
Brazil is the country with more practitioners in the world of Allan Kardec's codification of the Spiritism, followed by over 12 million people, with 30 to 45 million sympathizers. Most followers of the Spiritism are people that were mostly Catholic, Protestants and Atheists respectively. Chico Xavier wrote over 490 books, which complements the spiritualist doctrine.
A response is that disagreement can be displayed by uttering "¬P and, furthermore, P is not a dialetheia". However, the most obvious codification of "P is not a dialetheia" is ¬(P & ¬P). But what if this itself is a dialetheia as well? One dialetheist response is to offer a distinction between assertion and rejection.
During this time, Lai Min worked with a group of scholars on the codification of procedures and rituals. However, the project ended up dissolving into squabbles. Following the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220, Lai Min served in the state of Shu Han, founded by Liu Bei in 221, during the Three Kingdoms period.
The U.S. Patent Act of 1952 clarified and simplified existing U.S. patent law. It also effected substantive changes, including the codification of the requirement for non-obviousnessThe Patent Act of 1952 - Legislative History - The Federico Commentary and the judicial doctrine of contributory infringement. As amended, it is codified in Title 35 of the United States Code.
Justinian's main objects in creating this harmonized compilation of juristic writings were to shorten litigation (by clarifying the law), and to create a syllabus to be used at the law schools in Berytus (Beirut) and Constantinople.Tony Honoré, "Justinian's Codification" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary 803, 804 (Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth eds. 3rd rev. ed 2003).
He edited several newspapers, was deputy collector in Boston for some years, and subsequently, as special agent of the treasury department, was engaged in reorganizing custom-houses in the South. He was the author of the "Customs Guide," a codification of the revenue laws, contributed poems to the " Democratic Review," and published "Chocorua and other Sketches" (1838).
However, he stayed active in the initiative of organising law in the Dutch Indies. His drafts led to an entire reorganisation of the Dutch Indies laws in 1900. In 1907, Engelbrecht published this codification in the Nederlandsch-Indisch Wetboek. Over the years, Engelbrecht's code was re-edited several times and published in bigger and more complete editions.
The law changed in 1972 to give women more freedom from their fathers. It allowed women 22 years old and older to leave the familial home without the consent of their parents. The Association of Women Lawyers was created in Madrid in 1971. They eventually played an important role in the Codification Commission for the reform of Family Law.
His approach influenced the codification movement which set sentencing tariffs to ensure equality of treatment among offenders. Later, it was acknowledged that not all offenders are alike and greater sentencing discretion was allowed to judges. Thus, punishment works at two levels. Because it punishes individuals, it operates as a specific deterrence to those convicted not to reoffend.
Reprinted with additional editorial matter by the University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Finally, although the codification movement put an end to the direct application of the Partidas, the legal standards they contain have not disappeared. Most of the principles of the Partidas can be found in the laws of Latin American countries, especially in their civil codes.
Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, who studied here from 1963 to 1968 and wrote his thesis, On the Codification of the Sacred Canons and of the Canonical PreceptsLater published in Greek in Analecta Vlatadon, Thessaloniki 1970., under Prof. Ivan Žužek. President Barack Obama meets with Greek Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, an alumnus of the Orientale.
According to another definition, a vernacular is a language that has not developed a standard variety, undergone codification, or established a literary tradition. In the context of language standardization, the terms "vernacular" and "vernacular dialect" are also used as alternative designations for "non-standard dialect". Scanian (Danish, c. 1250). It deals with Scanian and Scanian Ecclesiastical Law.
Mishnah and the social formation of the early Rabbinic Guild: a socio-rhetorical approach. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 189. . Retrieved 21 July 2011. The Sanhedrin was the highest Jewish governing body of the Second Temple period, and the codification of the Mishnah by the Tannaim during this period laid the foundations for later Rabbinic Judaism.
Williams, p. 18. However, the Nehru administration saw such codification as necessary to unify the Hindu community, which ideally would be a first step towards unifying the nation.Williams, p. 107. They succeeded in passing four Hindu code bills in 1955–56: the Hindu Marriage Act, Hindu Succession Act, Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, and Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act.
Prostitution is addressed in Part III of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act 2004. The police can arrest any woman walking (in the streets) after 7pm. In 2011 Thabita Khumalo, a MDC-T MP, proposed that prostitution in Zimbabwe be decriminalised. She stated that decriminalizing prostitution would address three important issues: corruption, HIV/Aids and women’s rights.
Xenelasia (, ) was the practice in ancient Doric Crete and Lacedæmonia of expelling foreigners deemed injurious to the public welfare. The isolationist customs of Sparta (which included discouraging Spartan citizens from traveling outside the commonwealth) may also sometimes be referred to as xenelasia. The majority of ancient Greek authors attribute the codification of this practice to Lycurgus.
Of course, some bad business decisions by the board may well affect the shareholders' ability to do so. Note, however, that this case was decided under Delaware's rather extreme codification of the Business Judgment Rule, §102(b)(7), which allows the Corporation to shield its board members from liability for almost anything short of outright bad faith.
The Bibi-binary system for numeric notation (in French système Bibi-binaire, or abbreviated "système Bibi") is a hexadecimal numeral system first described in 1968Brevet d'invention n° 1.569.028, Procédé de codification de l'information, Robert Jean Lapointe, demandé le 28 mars 1968, délivré le 21 avril 1969. Downloaded from INPI. by singer/mathematician Robert "Boby" Lapointe (1922–1972).
The second and third versions of the code were passed by Louis XV at age 13 in 1723 and 1724. In Canada, slavery received legal foundation from the king from 1689–1709. The Code Noir was not intended for or applied in New France's Canadian colony. From the 18th century, Code noir referred to Codification (law) of related texts.
Regional versions of football were played in places like South Australia using house rules predating Victorian codification of the game. The versions played locally in this period borrowed elements from the various codes that are present today including Australian rules, soccer and rugby football with the rules played being decided prior to the start of the match.
An examination of Derrier's life provides insight into the way that persons presumed to be female at birth were able to use the law to gain rights as men, as well as into the changing discourses on gender and sexuality, which had begun to emerge in the 18th century and began codification in the 19th century.
The pioneer F-M Facial Action Coding System 2.0 (F-M FACS 2.0) Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2017). Facial Action Coding System 2.0: Manual of Scientific Codification of the Human Face. Porto: FEELab Science Books. . was created in 2017 by Dr. Freitas-Magalhães, and presents 2,000 segments in 4K, using 3D technology and automatic and real-time recognition.
This era is also known as the "post-classical era of roman law". The most important legal event during this era was the Codification by Justinianus: the Corpus Iuris Civilus. This contained all Roman Law. It was both a collection of the work of the legal experts and commentary on it, and a collection of new laws.
The California Health and Safety Code is the codification of general statutory law covering the subject areas of health and safety in the state of California. It is one of the 29 California Codes and was originally signed into law by the Governor of California on April 7, 1939.Stats. 1939, Ch. 60, pp. 482–1003.
During his term as Chief Justice Griffith drafted Queensland's Criminal Code, a successful codification of the entire English criminal law, which was adopted in 1899, and later in Western Australia, Papua New Guinea, substantially in Tasmania, and other imperial territories including Nigeria.Bruce McPherson, Supreme Court of Queensland, Butterworths, 1984 At May 2006 the Queensland Criminal Code remains largely unchanged.
The current Penal Code of Brazil () was promulgated in 1940, during the Estado Novo regime in the Vargas Era, and is in effect since January 1, 1942. It is the third codification of criminal law in the country's history, succeeding those of 1830 and 1890. One notable feature of the document is the inclusion of libel as a crime.
Light Warlpiri appears to have originated in the 1980s as a codification and expansion of the Warlpiri/Kriol/English code-switching patterns used in speech directed to young children. The children processed the input they heard as a single system, and added innovations in the verb complex. Within the community, it is perceived as a variety of Warlpiri.
The committee is chaired by Prof. Finbarr McAuley. It reported in 2011 making recommendations for codification of a number of provisions of Irish criminal law, namely offences against the person, theft and fraud, criminal damage and public order offences, as well as general concepts related to those four areas. A draft criminal code was published following its work.
Corpus planning focuses on changes by deliberate planning to the actual corpus or shape of a language. It deals with codification, and can play a significant role in implementation and elaboration stages. Elaboration can be considered as a language task resulting in increased sophistication of the chosen code. Corpus planning is often undertaken by planners with great linguistic expertise.
However, the Livingston Evidence Code was not enacted. By the middle of the twentieth century, Louisiana evidence law had become notoriously murky and uncertain. This confusion led to a second attempt at codification in 1956. After some ten years of effort, the Louisiana Law Institute abandoned the project, in part because the contending forces simply could not agree.
The League of Nations Codification Conference was a conference that was held in The Hague from 13 March to 12 April 1930, for the purpose of formulating accepted rules in international law to subjects that until then were not addressed thoroughly. The conference's main achievement was the conclusion of the first international convention on the conflict of nationality laws.
Though it is principally the work of a man who had hardly held a brief, and whose time was devoted to politics and literature, it was universally acknowledged to be a monument of codification and an everlasting memorial to the high juristic attainments of its distinguished author. For example, even cyber crimes can be punished under the code.
Aro, 365 U.S. at 347, n.2. Justice Black's discussion apparently takes the view that congressional intent was to be found in the floor debates rather than that of a group of "patent lawyers as agreed to by a codification council, committee council and [a] member of the subcommittee," as Judge Rich urged (see preceding footnote).
616-620 It derives from the jus posiliminii, of Roman law. The codification of large areas of international law have made postliminium to a great extent superfluous though. It may either be seen as a historical concept, or a term generally describing the consequences to legal acts of an occupant after the termination of occupation.Woltag, J.-C.
Tax statutes passed after the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 are sometimes referred to as the "modern" tax statutes. Hundreds of Congressional acts have been passed since 1913, as well as several codifications (i.e., topical reorganizations) of the statutes (see Codification). The modern interpretation of the Sixteenth Amendment taxation power can be found in Commissioner v.
Anthony Hammond (1758–1838) was an English barrister and legal writer, known as a legal reformer. His reform proposals for legal codification, influenced by Jeremy Bentham but also by Robert Malthus, went further than was acceptable at the time.T. C. W. Blanning, David Cannadine (editors), History and Biography: Essays in Honour of Derek Beales (2002), p. 106; Google Books.
At least as early as April 19, 2011, ASME published a web page which falsely indicated the ASME BPE standard had been adopted by the State of California. The statement was based upon California's codification of Section 443, Group L—known as the "L Occupancy"—within Part 1 of the California Building Code. The web page claimed that the "L Occupancy" referenced the ASME BPE standard, but no such reference appears as described. A codification of the ASME BPE standard via such a reference is generally precluded by the building code's own requirement that any content that is not a building standard as defined in California's Health and Safety Code Section 18909 shall not be construed as part of the provisions of the California Building Code (Part 1, Chapter 1, Section 1.1.6).
Id. Former ICJ judge Stephen M. Schwebel said that Ago, through his work with the International Law Commission, had an "extended and preeminent" role in the codification work of the International Law Commission.Stephen M. Schwebel, On Whether the Breach by a State of a Contract with an Alien Is a Breach of International Law, in 3 International Law at the Time of Its Codification: Essays in Honour of Roberto Ago 401, 407 (1987) He also worked closely with the International Labour Organization, twice presiding over the ILO Governing Body.Ago at 583 For the last thirty-five years of his life, Ago chaired the ILO Committee on Freedom of Association.Id. Ago was also an active member of the Institut du Droit International from 1932 until his death, serving as its President from 1992 to 1993.
The first attempts at modern codification were made in the second half of the 18th century in Germany, when the states of Austria, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony began to codify their laws. The first statute that used this denomination was the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis of 1756 in Bavaria, still using the Latin language. It was followed in 1792 by a legal compilation that included civil, penal, and constitutional law, the Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preussischen Staaten (General National Law for the Prussian States) promulgated by King Frederick II the Great. In Austria, the first step towards fully-fledged codification were the yet incomplete Codex Theresianus (compiled between 1753 and 1766), the Josephinian Code (1787) and the complete West Galician Code (enacted as a test in Galicia in 1797).
According some researchers Misirkov's principles played a crucial role in the future codification of the Macedonian language, right after World War II, while Loring Danforth considers that the language planners involved in the codification of standard literary Macedonian in 1944, were working in complete ignorance of Misirkov's work.Loring M. Danforth – The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, p. 67 After the Second World War Misirkov's book will be permanently cited by the historians in Macedonia as an indication of the existence of a separate Macedonian ethnicity at his time. However, only two years later Misirkov changed his stance, and published a series of articles in the IMARO press written from a Bulgarian nationalist perspective,Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, , p. 153.
Within the period of Macedonian language codification, two tendencies emerged: one language majority, that was pro-Macedonian, with some pro-Bulgarian biases, and one language minority openly pro-Serbian. The language minority, with the help of the Yugoslav political establishment defeated the language majority.Stojan Kiselinovski, Historical Roots of the Macedonian Language Codification, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2016, Studia Srodkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne, pp. 133-146. DOI: 10.4467/2543733XSSB.16.009.6251 Macedonian became a “first” official language in the newly proclaimed SR Macedonia, where Serbian was declared as “second” language, while Bulgarian was prohibited.The Macedonian partisans established a commission to create an “official” Macedonian literary language (1945), which became the Macedonian Slavs' legal “first” language (with Serbo-Croatian a recognized “second” and Bulgarian officially proscribed). D. Hupchick, The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, Springer, 2002, , p. 430.
Rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse) describe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of language-based communication, particularly writing and speaking. Four of the most common rhetorical modes and their purpose are narration, description, exposition, and argumentation. The first codification of these rhetorical modes was by Samuel P. Newman in A Practical System of Rhetoric in 1827.
The NATO Codification System (NCS for short) is a Standardization Agreement approach to identify, classify and number items of supply. This is applicable to items that are repetitively used and stocked (e.g., repair parts, equipment, food items, etc.). The System has been agreed by all signatories of the NATO and sponsored non-NATO nations for use in identifying equipment and supplies.
The Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives prepares and publishes the United States Code, which is a consolidation and codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States. The Office was created in 1974 when the provisions of Title II, sec. 205, of , 93rd United States Congress, were enacted by , .
It was the codification of the first ever literary language of Slovaks. The second was Ľudovít Štúr, whose formation of the Slovak language took principles from the central Slovak dialect in 1843. Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries and reformists, such Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.
Lifnei iver as a principle recurs many times in more practical applications of Jewish law. For example, the Shulchan Aruch, an authoritative codification of Jewish Law (Halacha), warns a father to not physically chastise older children, as this will only entice them to hit back, which in its view would be a capital offence (Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 240:20).
Uganda country study. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 1990). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. The work of the Uganda Council of Women under the leadership of Bataringaya led to changes in Uganda's Divorce Laws, leading to the written codification of the Divorce Act that gives men and women equal opportunities for divorce.
He was a director of the National Commercial Bank, trustee of the Albany Savings Bank, Park Commissioner of Albany, Governor of the Albany Hospital, trustee of The Albany Academy, the Albany Medical College, the Albany Rural Cemetery, the Dudley Observatory. In 1879 he was an American delegate to the International Conference (London) for the Codification of the Law of Nations.
Accounting for leases in the United States is regulated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) by the Financial Accounting Standards Number 13, now known as Accounting Standards Codification Topic 840 (ASC 840). These standards were effective as of January 1, 1977. The FASB completed in February 2016 a revision of the lease accounting standard, referred to as ASC 842.
Westminster Theological Seminary is a Presbyterian and Reformed Christian seminary in Glenside, Pennsylvania. According to Roger E. Olson, it has had an influence on evangelicalism far beyond its size. Beyond Westminster's impact in the theological realm, the pioneering work of Albert Groves and his students has produced the codification of the Westminster Leningrad Codex, which underlies all modern Bible Software.
Blaže Koneski in 1968 Blaže Koneski () (December 19, 1921 – December 7, 1993) was a Yugoslav and Macedonian poet, writer, literary translator, and linguistic scholar. His major contribution was to the codification of the standard Macedonian language. He is the key figure who shaped Macedonian literature and intellectual life in the country. However Koneski has been accused of serbianizing the Macedonian standard language.
Following the Iranian Revolution, Rabei became a member of Islamic Republican Party and its labour branch head. Then, he was appointed by then Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan as a member of labour law codification, a membership he held until the present. He is one of the closets to the Mohammad Khatami. After Khatami's election, Rabei was one of his advisors for social affairs.
The political ideals of that era was expressed by the concepts of democracy, protection of property and the rule of law. Those ideals required certainty of law, recorded, uniform law. So, the mix of Roman law and customary and local law gave way to law codification. Also, the notion of a nation-state implied recorded law that would be applicable to that state.
Pursuant to the state constitution, the Pennsylvania General Assembly has enacted various laws, known as "slip laws". These are published in the official Laws of Pennsylvania, also known as the "Pamphlet Laws" or generically as "session laws". Pennsylvania is currently undertaking its first official codification process in the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. They are published by the Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau (PALRB or LRB).
The Revised Statutes of the United States (in citations, Rev. Stat.) was the first official codification of the Acts of Congress. It was enacted into law in 1874. The purpose of the Revised Statutes was to make it easier to research federal law without needing to consult the individual Acts of Congress published in the United States Statutes at Large.
An act to provide for the revision and consolidation of the Statutes of the United States. in 1870. President Grant renewed the appointment of Charles Pinckney James but called on Benjamin Vaughan Abbott and Victor C. Barringer to replace Cushing and Johnston. However, a House committee decided that in the process of codification, the commission had changed the original statutes too much.
Karol Marconi, Statute of Wiślica being granted by Casimir the Great Statutes of Casimir the Great or Piotrków-Wiślica Statutes () - a collection of laws issued by Casimir III the Great, the king of Poland, in the years 1346-1362 during congresses in Piotrków and Wiślica. It was the first and the only significant codification of laws during the times of the Piast dynasty.
A more moderate version would evaluate what a state says by reference to the occasion on which the statement was made.Thirlway, H., International Customary Law and its Codification (A. W. Sijthoff: Leiden, 1972) at 58. It is only relatively powerful countries with extensive international contacts and interests that have regular opportunities of contributing by deed to the practice of international law.
Its first major codification was in Buffington and Barba's 1954 A Pennsylvania German Grammar (rev. ed. 1965). A member of the United Church of Christ, Barba also belonged to the Modern Language Association, the National Society of Sons of the American Revolution, and the Goethe Society of America. He was a board member of the Pennsylvania German Society and the Pennsylvania Folklore Society.
Emperor Justinian (r. 527-565) undertook a major revision and codification of ancient Roman law, including law on slavery. He acknowledged that slavery is an unnatural state of human existence and not a feature of natural law. The Justinian law retained the principle that a slave is an item of property, but it does not state that a slave is devoid of personality.
Dmitri Kachenovsky (undated) Dmitri Ivanovich Kachenovsky (1827–1872) was a famous Russian jurist. He taught law at the University of Kharkov, where he was extremely influential on Maksim Kovalevsky and other liberal political figures. He is known for being one of the first international lawyers to call for the codification of international law, leading to the Paris Declaration of 1856.
Its agenda includes the promotion of the Bible in public schools and the codification of "religious exemptions" regarding women's reproductive healthcare and LGBTQ civil-rights protections. The Project's steering committee includes David Barton; Buddy Pilgrim, founder of Integrity Leadership; Bill Dallas, founder of United in Purpose; and Lea Carawan, co-founder and executive director of the Congressional Prayer Caucus Foundation (CPCF).
"Engi-shiki" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 178. and in 927 the Engi-shiki (延喜式, literally: "Procedures of the Engi Era") was promulgated in fifty volumes. This, the first formal codification of Shinto rites and Norito (liturgies and prayers) to survive, became the basis for all subsequent Shinto liturgical practice and efforts." Engishiki" in Stuart D. B. Pecken, ed.
Dunn, p. 374. Indiana was still a young state during Ray's tenure as governor, but it was growing rapidly. The state's population increased 45 percent and its finances were strengthened during a period of relative prosperity. To encourage further settlement and economic development, Ray supported internal improvements, Native American removal, codification of Indiana's laws, improved county and local government, and expanded educational opportunities.
Politicians and scholars from North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece have opposing views about the existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language. Through history and especially before its codification, Macedonian has been referred to as a variant of Bulgarian, Serbian or a distinct language of its own.Max K. Adler. Marxist Linguistic Theory and Communist Practice: A Sociolinguistic Study; Buske Verlag (1980), p.
Bannigan, John (1952, December 3). The Hindu Code Bill. Far Eastern Survey: American Institute of Pacific Relations, XX1, Retrieved October 22, 2008, Though a small minority suggested some kind of return to classical Hindu law, the real debate was over how to appropriate the Anglo- Hindu law. Nehru completed codification and partial reform, but overall the legal system only slightly changed.
The Northern Territory has also an almost exhaustive codification of criminal Law in a similar Criminal Code to that of Queensland and Western Australia. The criminal law of the Northern Territory is the Criminal Code Act 1983.Criminal Code Act 1983 (NT). In fact, the drafting of the NT Criminal Code Act 1983, reflected aspects of both the Queensland and WA Criminal Codes.
It contains a codification of its principles. The programmer subculture of hackers disassociates from the mass media's pejorative use of the word 'hacker' referring to computer security, and usually prefer the term 'cracker' for that meaning. Complaints about supposed mainstream misuse started as early as 1983, when media used "hacker" to refer to the computer criminals involved in The 414s case.
As Harrington observes, there are several methods of regarding art from a sociological perspective, and considering the sociological element is essential because art is inevitably full of references and commentaries on the present day society. Sociological critics are then to look at exactly how such references and commentaries function within the work of art, so that codification of their method is possible.
First page of the 1804 edition of the Napoleonic Code. The law of Europe has a diverse history. Roman law underwent major codification in the Corpus Juris Civilis of Emperor Justinian, as later developed through the Middle Ages by medieval legal scholars. In Medieval England, judges retained greater power than their continental counterparts and began to develop a body of precedent.
The Council of Diplomatic Representatives, composed of all Member States, is the supreme financial and budgetary authority of the Conference and exercises oversight of the financial administration of the Conference. Other bodies include the Netherlands Standing Government Committee (instituted by decree on 20 February 1897 with a view to promoting the codification of private international law), the Special Commissions, and the Diplomatic Sessions.
The Slovene language, not part of the Serbo-Croatian dialect continuum, was also covered by the same reform movement. After World War II and the codification of literary Macedonian, the same system has been extended with some modifications. All of these writing systems exhibit a high degree of correspondence between language sounds and letters, making them highly phonetic and very consistent.
Convention on the Nationality of Women was the first international treaty ever adopted concerning women's rights. It was adopted in 1933 by the Pan American Union in Montevideo, Uruguay. At the Hague Codification Conference in 1930, the issue of discriminatory nationality laws was raised. In many countries, women lost their nationality upon marriage and had no control over their own assets or children.
Not every law adopted by Congress is codified, because some are not appropriate for codification. For example, appropriations statutes are not codified. There are also extensive regulations under these laws, largely made by the SEC. One of the most famous and often used SEC rules is Rule 10b-5, which prohibits fraud in securities transactions as well as insider trading.
The Draft Articles are a combination of codification and progressive development. They have already been cited by the International Court of JusticeThe ICJ cited an earlier draft text of the Articles in Gabčíkovo-Nagyamaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), ICJ Reports 1997, at 7. and have generally been well received. Although the articles are general in coverage, they do not necessarily apply in all cases.
389 And Všehrd opposed the dictate of high nobility and its functional codification of the law.Klabouch (1961), p. 227 While the first three books of the work “On the Laws of the Czech Land Nine Books” deal roughly with what is nowadays called procedural law, the next three discuss substantive law to which a short supplement on execution is added.
Rules dictate the length of the game, boundaries, and allowable activity. Penalties are assessed by officials for any transgression of the rules. The game has undergone significant changes since Beers' original codification. In the 1930s, the number of players on the field per team was reduced from twelve to ten, rules about protective equipment were established, and the field was shortened.
This rule bears a striking similarity to that enacted in s 1 Trustee Act 2000. It can, however, be excluded in a trust instrument (see Sch 1, para 7 TA 2000). The Act essentially adopted and strengthened Brightman J's principles. There was also, under the Stewardship Code, a codification of principles regarding becoming active in use of corporate governance rights in companies.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1988 "for contributions to the interface between physics and ecology, including development of understanding of climate codification due to nuclear winter and to the impact of acid rain on aquatic ecosystems" He received the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1993 and the Leo Szilard prize from the American Physical Society in 2001.
This, is turn, led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including lawn bowls, most football codes, lawn tennis and others.Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010. National Bowling Associations were established in the late 1800s. In the then-Victorian Colony (now the state of Victoria, Australia), the (Royal) Victorian Bowling Association was formed in 1880.
Prior to January 2004, the FERWCD district was located in Flagler and St. Johns counties. The Flagler County portion of the District was removed from the District Boundaries effective January 1, 2004. This de-annexation was codified in Chapter 2006-358, Laws of Florida. In the 2006 codification bill, lands owned by FERWCD north of the Ashley Outfall were added into the District.
It also sets out the law of property (e.g., ownership, possession, and security interests) (Book 5), obligations and contracts (Books 6-7), and conflict of laws (Book 10). Proposed amendments will add a Book on intellectual property. The codification of laws is still being used in Indonesia as a pinnacle of the private laws besides Sharia law and custom laws.
Gigs are crewed by six rowers, and helmed by a coxswain. Modern gig racing dates from 1986, the founding of the CPGA, and the codification of class rules for the construction of new gigs. In 2018 the 200th gig was registered on the CPGA register, built by W.C. Hunkin and Sons of Fowey. A new gig, complete with trailer and all equipment, costs over £32,000.
Carême had over one hundred sauces in his repertoire. In his writings, soufflés appear for the first time. Although many of his preparations today seem extravagant, he simplified and codified an even more complex cuisine that existed beforehand. Central to his codification of the cuisine were Le Maître d'hôtel français (1822), Le Cuisinier parisien (1828) and L'Art de la cuisine française au dix-neuvième siècle (1833–5).
The Freycinet Plan () was an ambitious public works programme, launched in 1878 by the Minister of Public Works Charles de Freycinet, principally for the construction of railways, but also for canals and maritime ports. In its initial codification - which very largely was superseded - the plan foresaw the hypothecation of 3 billion francs to the railway lines, 1 billion to the canals and 500 million to the ports.
He assaulted the city and began siege works, but quickly abandoned them, burning the convents of Saint- Laurent, Saint-Gilles and Val-Benoît before retreating. He and the Estates of Liège declared the Prince-Bishopric a neutral state in 1577. Under Gerard Cecil de van Groesbeeck's authority, a new codification of the legal procedures in the principality's courts was promulgated on 3 July 1572.
The writings of Correia Teles reflect and continue the 18th century's process of legal codification. His principal work of 1826, Digesto portuguez, appearing 1835 in three volumes, presented a homogeneous view of Portuguese law, even though it relied on foreign codes such as the Code Napoléon. His other works include O Manual de Tabelião, Manual de Processo Civil, O Código Civil and O Direito Português.
Book 2 is the legal codification of circumstances dealing with hire (renting). This book contains general hire specifications, questions relating to the contract of hire, questions relating to the amount of the hire, period of the hire, type of thing hired and matters relating thereto, rights and obligations of person giving and person taking on hire after the conclusion of contract, and matters of compensation.
There are also coding systems for symptoms present in the diseases and biological findings. They are normally included in medical dictionaries, also with a codification system. Some of them are MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), COSTART (Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms) or MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) Other systems like Current Procedural Terminology do not deal directly with diseases but with the related procedures.
In 1936 in Bucharest he married Ela Vorozhiltseva (nee Zelinger). After annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR in 1940, he returned to Chișinău where he was appointed Professor at the Chișinău Conservatory, the Pedagogical Institute and the Institute of Foreign Languages (there he taught German language). He became a member of the codification commission of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the Moldavian SSR.
ODI Nodes are franchises of the ODI. Hosted by existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organisations, ODI Nodes operate locally and are connected globally as part of the ODI Node network. Each node adopts the ODI Charter, an open codification of the guiding principles and rules under which the ODI operates. ODI HQ (based in London) charges ODI Nodes to be part of the network.
Additionally, other notable codes include the codes of Wei, drafted by Li Kui. Such codification was part of the process by which rulers attempted to make the central administration of the state more effective. However, they attracted criticism from orthodox statesmen, including Confucius, on the basis that they eroded the distinction between the "noble" and the "base." The Five Punishments dated from this time.
Editions Until the 19th century, it was the only Lithuanian dictionary in print. Sirvydas' lexicon is often mentioned as a milestone in the standardization and codification of the Lithuanian language. The first edition contained approximately 6000 words, the second was expanded to include almost 11,000 words. It also had a lot of newly created Lithuanian words, including for example mokytojas (teacher), taisyklė (rule), kokybė (quality).
The Governing Senate was reorganized as the Supreme Court of the Empire. The codification of the laws initiated in 1801 was never carried out during his reign. Alexander wanted to resolve another crucial issue in Russia, the status of the serfs, although this was not achieved until 1861 (during the reign of his nephew Alexander II). His advisors quietly discussed the options at length.
It is the second and current comprehensive codification of canonical legislation for the Latin Church sui iuris of the Catholic Church. It was promulgated on 25 January 1983 by John Paul IISacrae Disciplinae Leges, accessed Jan-11-2013 and took legal effect on the First Sunday of Advent (27 November)NYTimes.com, "New Canon Law Code in Effect for Catholics", 27-Nov-1983, accessed June-25-2013 1983\.
The categories of the Napoleonic Code were not drawn from the earlier French laws, but instead from Justinian's sixth-century codification of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis and within it, the Institutes. The Institutes divide law into the law of: #persons #things #actions. Similarly, the Napoleonic Code divided law into four sections: #persons #property #acquisition of property #civil procedure (moved into a separate code in 1806).
The original Codex Justinianus was promulgated in April of 529 by the C. "Summa". This made it the only source of imperial law, and repealed all earlier codifications.For an English translation, see Fred H. Blume, C. Summa in "The Annotated Justinian Code". However, it permitted reference to ancient jurists whose writings had been regarded as authoritative.Tony Honoré, 'Justinian's Codification' in The Oxford Classical Dictionary 803-804.
Struve was commissioner for the codification of the laws of Washington in 1877-78, resigning to devote his attention to his rapidly growing law practice. In 1879 he moved to Seattle, where he formed the law partnership of Struve & Leary with John Leary. Colonel J.C. Haines joined the firm in 1880, and Maurice McMicken replaced Leary in 1884. Haines withdrew from the firm in 1889.
Ironically, this codification of laws seems to have begun under the direction of the caesar Bardas who was murdered by Basil.. Basil personally oversaw the construction of the Nea Ekklesia cathedral. His ecclesiastical policy was marked by good relations with Rome. One of his first acts was to exile the Patriarch of Constantinople, Photios, and restore his rival Ignatios, whose claims were supported by Pope Adrian II.
Understandings of the world are made throughout one side of the binary code. Andersen says that an organizational system always communicates and creates meaning through a function system (binary code). In other words, an organization can only communicate through one side of one binary code at once. Throughout history organizations have always used several codes in their communication, but they have always had a primary codification.
From 1844 to 1853, he was also in a law partnership with Louis de Gonzague Baillairgé. In 1853, he was appointed Judge of the Court of Appeal, and in 1855 of the Court of the Queen's Bench. In 1859, he took part in the codification of the civil laws. He remained a judge until 1873 when he was appointed the second Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec.
He requested the throne to reorganize the Codification Office into the Enactment Office. He led the translations of foreign laws there after it was ratified. Shen and Wu were in charge of the 1905 revision of the Qing Code, abolishing several cruel means of punishment such as "slow slicing" (lingchi). Besides, they established Imperial Law College (京師法律學堂) in 1906.
The centralization of the Habsburg government necessitated the creation of a unified legal system. Previously, various lands in the Habsburg realm had their own laws. These laws were compiled and the resulting Codex Theresianus could be used as a basis for legal unification. In 1769, the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana was published, and this was a codification of the traditional criminal justice system since the Middle Ages.
Between September 5, and October 7, 1944 Karamanov fought against the withdrawing Germans. This talented writer lived for only 17 years, but his human messages written in poems are left to testify for the war. He is considered one of the founders of contemporary Macedonian literature. His poetry was originally written in Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian, and was translated into Macedonian after its codification in 1945.
In 1859 Beaudry began his most important work on a commission for the codification of laws which had been created in 1857. He spent more than six years as a secretary on this commission. He then replaced Judge Augustin-Norbert Morin in 1865 as a commissioner. His role was important as was one of the principal drafters of the first edition of the new code.
Promoted to the position of minutante, he prepared digests of reports that had been sent to the Secretariat from all over the world and in the same year became a papal chamberlain. In 1905 he received the title domestic prelate. From 1904 until 1916, he assisted Cardinal Pietro Gasparri in his codification of canon law with the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs.Marchione, 2004, p.
Before the Codification, accounting standards lacked a consistent and logical structure. For the last 50 years, U.S. GAAP consisted of thousands of standards with multiple standard setters. The old U.S. GAAP were difficult to interpret, and the complexity of the standards made it hard for users to stay up to date. Problems with the old standards increased financial reporting risk and led to inefficiencies that increased cost.
Oliver Cromwell Hartley (1823–1859) was an American lawyer from Galveston, Texas. He served as the reporter for the state's Supreme Court from 1846 to 1859, and published the first codification of state laws in "A Digest of the Laws of Texas" in 1850. Hartley also served in the Texas state House of Representatives in 1851 and 1852. He died in Galveston on February 13, 1859.
At this time the attorney generalship was a part-time position, and so Rush also maintained his private law practice while in this office. On top of this he edited a codification of United States laws during this time.Book Rags biography of Rush He was acting Secretary of State from the start of James Monroe's term as president until the return of John Quincy Adams from Europe.
League of Nations, Acts of the Conference for the Codification of International Law, Meetings of the Committes, vol. II.. Retrieved on 21 May 2020. In 1944 King became Secretary of the Unemployment Assistance Board and in 1948 he was appointed Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of National Insurance. King was the author of The Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (1958) and Caravanning Complete (1980).
Frisia east of the Lauwers, together with Saxony, continued to oppose the Franks. Only Charlemagne eventually succeeded, in breaking the last resistance by the Saxons in 785. The Saxons were led by Widukind and were beaten during the Saxon Wars. One of Charlemagne's first steps after the conquest of the Saxons was enumerating the local customs For Frisia that meant the codification of the Lex Frisionum.
Mordecai ben Avraham Yoffe (or Jaffe or Joffe) ( 1530 – 7 March 1612; Hebrew: מרדכי בן אברהם יפה) was a Rabbi, Rosh yeshiva and posek. He is best known as author of Levush Malkhut, a ten-volume codification of Jewish law that particularly stressed the customs of the Jews of Eastern Europe. He is known as "the Levush" or "the Ba'al Halevushim", for this work.
The Code pénal is the codification of French criminal law (droit pénal). It took effect March 1, 1994 and replaced the French Penal Code of 1810, which had until then been in effect. This in turn has become known as the "old penal code" in the rare decisions that still need to apply it. The new code was created by several laws promulgated on July 22, 1992.
The constitutional rights of pregnant inmates in US prisons have been undergoing codification and expansion in the 2000s. Data from 2010 show that female incarceration rates are growing more rapidly than male incarceration rates in the United States. One out of every four women in prison is pregnant. Less than half of prisons in the United States have official policies about medical care for pregnant inmates.
Although practitioners in this area use these popular names to refer to the federal securities laws, like many U.S. statutes these laws are generally codified in the U.S. Code, the official codification of U.S. statutory law. They are contained in Title 15 of the U.S. Code. Thus, for example, the official code citation for Section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933 is 15 U.S.C. section 77e.
He initiated the codification of the civil code of Baden. The resulting statute has been describe as "the most thorough of any of the German territorial states".Gothein, p. 47 It was published in 1622, but due to the Thirty Years' War, it could not be brought into force until 1654, under his son and successor Frederick V. It remained in force until 1809.
Codification of the Criminal Law: Treason, Sedition and Allied Offences. Working Paper No 72. 1977. Paragraphs 89 and 94 and 96(10). The words "a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale" are prospectively substituted for the words "imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months" in section 3(2) by paragraph 153 of Schedule 32 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003.
Another comprehensive terminological codification for the legal assessment of the technological developments in the robotics industry has already begun mainly in Asian countries.bcc.co.uk: Robot age poses ethical dilemma. Link This progress represents a contemporary reinterpretation of the law (and ethics) in the field of robotics, an interpretation that assumes a rethinking of traditional legal constellations. These include primarily legal liability issues in civil and criminal law.
Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. 2006. Pg. 18 However, the administration saw such codification as necessary in order to unify the Hindu community, which ideally would be a first step towards unifying the nation.Rina Williams. Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. 2006. Pg. 107 They succeeded in passing four Hindu Code Bills, including Hindu Marriage Act (1955), Hindu Succession Act (1956), Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act (1956), and Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956).Rina Williams. Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. 2006. Pg. 106 Nehru and his supporters insisted that the Hindu community, which comprised 80% of the Indian population, first needed to be united before any actions were taken to unify the rest of India. Therefore, the codification of Hindu personal law became a symbolic beginning on the road to establishing the Indian national identity.
English law has been the legal system of England and Wales since 1536.Davies (1994) p. 263 English law is regarded as a common law system, with no major codification of the law and legal precedents are binding as opposed to persuasive. The court system is headed by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom which is the highest court of appeal in the land for criminal and civil cases.
The encyclopedia has a foreword by Frederick Pollock. Other contributors included Challis, Holland, Ilbert, Maitland, Blake Odgers, Phillimore, and "many other recognized authorities on the subjects with which they deal". "A high standard of execution is maintained throughout". Holland's account of the Civil Law has been called "admirable" and Ilbert's article on Codification has been called "brightly written" and said to do "full justice to Bentham's work as a law reformer".
René Bösch, Labyrinth of Digressions: Tristram Shandy as perceived and influenced by Sterne's early imitators (2007); p. 139; Google Books. He was a friend of Francisco Pacheco, and had an influence on the iconography of the Immaculate Conception: the horns of the crescent moon in Pacheco's codification pointed away from the sun, as Alcázar and Galileo argued.Eileen Reeves, Painting the Heavens: Art and Science in the Age of Galileo (1999), p.
The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (Latin: Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium, abbreviated CCEO) is the title of the 1990 codification of the common portions of the Canon Law for the 23 Eastern Catholic churches in the Catholic Church. It is divided into 30 titles and has a total of 1546 canons.Pete Vere & Michael Trueman, "Surprised by Canon Law, Vol. 2" (Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books, 2007); p.
Accompanied by troops provided by the Duke of Lorraine, Nicholas made his way to Rome, and Benedict fled. Nicholas was consecrated pope on 24 January 1059 with wide acceptance of the Roman people. Keen to avoid future controversy in papal elections and to curb the outside influence exerted by non-ecclesiastical parties, in April 1059 he summoned a synod in Rome. In nomine Domini was the codification of the synod’s resolutions.
The result is a unique identification and a data set that can be easily shared and understood by a wide range of users. The data set may be shared in the form of printed catalogs, on line systems, electronic data exchange, etc. Users include logisticians and manufacturers. The process of codification (or cataloging) involves naming, classifying, describing the item and assignment of a 13 digit NATO Stock Number (or NSN).
As of July 2012, the MML included 1150 articles written by 241 authors.The MML Query search engine In aggregate, these contain more than 10,000 formal definitions of mathematical objects and about 52,000 theorems proved on these objects. More than 180 named mathematical facts have so benefited from formal codification. Some examples are the Hahn–Banach theorem, Kőnig's lemma, Brouwer fixed point theorem, Gödel's completeness theorem and Jordan curve theorem.
Who are the Macedonians?, Hugh Poulton, Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, , p. 101. However, harsh treatment by occupying Bulgarian troops reduced significantly the pro-Bulgarian orientation of the Macedonian Slavs. After the end of World War II, the creation of People's Republic of Macedonia and the codification of a new Macedonian language, a process of ethnogenesis started and a distinct national Macedonian identity was inaugurated into an established system.
Rothari's most lasting act was drawing up the eponymous Edictum Rothari which was the first written codification of Lombard law (it was written in Latin). He convened a gairethinx to affirm this new and improved collection of old tradition in 642 or 643. The edict only covered his Lombard men and subjects: Romans continued to live under Roman law in Lombard jurisdictions. He was succeeded by his son Rodoald.
Jože Toporišič Jože Toporišič (; October 11, 1926 – December 9, 2014) was a Slovene linguist. He was the author of the most influential Slovene scientific grammar of the second half of the 20th century, a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and coauthor of the Academy's Slovene Normative Guide (). In this position, he transformed the linguistic section of the academy into the central regulatory authority for codification of Slovene.
Consider, for an example of this codification, California Penal Code section 837: > 837\. A private person may arrest another: # For a public offense committed > or attempted in his/her presence. # When the person arrested has committed a > felony, although not in his/her presence. # When a felony has been in fact > committed, and he or she has reasonable cause for believing the person > arrested to have committed it.
This is the time of the early Iron Age in north-western India, corresponding to the Black and Red Ware (BRW) and Painted Grey Ware (PGW) cultures, and the early Kuru Kingdom, dating from c. the 12th to 11th century BCE. # Samhita prose texts: This period marks the beginning of the collection and codification of a Vedic canon. An important linguistic change is the complete loss of the injunctive.
He had visited England to study sports and returned to write down his experiences in the book. He had misunderstood--or completely failed to notice--the codification of football made almost 20 years earlier, and his set of rules were thus a mix of association and rugby football, "a middle course", as he expressed it. The rules were hard to understand and did not come into widespread use.Persson, pp. 35-36.
After numerous dictionaries and glossaries of a less-than-comprehensive nature came a thesaurus that attempted to include all German, Kaspar Stieler's Der Teutschen Sprache Stammbaum und Fortwachs oder Teutschen Sprachschatz (1691), and finally the first codification of written German, Johann Christoph Adelung's Versuch eines vollständigen grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuches Der Hochdeutschen Mundart (1774–1786).Schiller called Adelung an Orakel and Wieland is said to have nailed a copy to his desk.
The Ōmi-ryō, consisting of 22 volumes, was promulgated in the last year of Tenji's reign.Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 52. This legal codification is no longer extant, but it is said to have been refined in what is known as the Asuka Kiyomihara ritsu-ryō of 689; and these are understood to have been a forerunner of the Taihō ritsu-ryō of 701.
The Michigan Compiled Laws (MCL) are the official codification of statutes for the state of Michigan.Michigan/Laws, Regulations, and Court Decisions An unannotated edition of the MCL is published by the state of Michigan in print and online.Michigan Legislature Unofficial, annotated versions are published by both West and LexisNexis. The West publication is Michigan Compiled Laws Annotated (MCLA); the LexisNexis version is the Michigan Compiled Laws Service (MCLS).
The language is often called the Bernolák language. Bernolák continued his codification work in other books in the 1780s and 1790s and especially in his huge six-volume Slovak-Czech-Latin-German-Hungarian Dictionary, in print from 1825–1927. In the 1820s, the Bernolák standard was revised, and Central Slovak elements were systematically replaced by their Western Slovak equivalents. This was the first successful establishment of a Slovak language standard.
The Corpus Juris Canonici (lit. 'Body of Canon Law') is a collection of significant sources of the canon law of the Catholic Church that was applicable to the Latin Church. It was replaced by the 1917 Code of Canon Law which went into effect in 1918. The 1917 Code was later replaced by the 1983 Code of Canon Law, the codification of canon law currently in effect for the Latin Church.
ESIGN Laws of The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA); O.C.G.A. Section 10-12-1 et. seq. (codification of Georgia's 2009 enactment of the UETA). As of June 11, 2020, Washington State Office of CIO adopted UETA Before adoption of this Act, most states required banks to retain physical copies of all checks they process. Obviously, keeping these checks in electronic form only would vastly simplify storage and access concerns for banks.
Privilegium fori used to be one of the ecclesiastical privileges in the canon law of the Catholic Church: a member of the clergy received a special tribunal in civil and criminal causes before an ecclesiastical judge. This privilege was based on provisions in Roman law, which worked their way into church law and received preliminary codification in Gratian's Decretum, though later popes continued to adjust the terms of the privilege.
The ideas on the harmonisation of European Tort Law also vary drastically. On the one hand there is a vision of a codification of European Tort Law as part of a European civil code. But on the other side of the spectrum is the idea that harmonisation should only be to the extent necessary for a functioning of the internal market. Once again, the current situation is somewhere in between.
The Napoleonic code (Code Napoléon) is the unified French civil code established by Napoleon in post- revolutionary France, 1804. The base of the codification is formed by Roman law with diverse customs. In the 19th century, the code was influential and fundamental to the world law system. The significant role of Napoleonic code was the replacement of the feudal system of law which was the rest of the French monarchy.
Throughout British North America, slavery evolved in practice before it was codified into law. The Barbados slave code of 1661 marked the beginning of the legal codification of slavery. According to historian Russell Menard, "Since Barbados was the first English colony to write a comprehensive slave code, its code was especially influential."Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados, Chapter 6 The Expansion of Barbados, p.
The Perpetual Edict of 12 July 1611 was a decree of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella governing legal process in the Southern Netherlands. It consisted of 47 clauses laying out the basic rules of criminal and civil procedure. It was printed in both Dutch and French by Rutger Velpius, printer to the court. The edict had a fundamental impact on the codification of customary law, which it did much to encourage.
The Schultheiß exercised judicial authority in the Gericht, a village court consisting of seven Schoeffen (aldermen). The sentences and fines were imposed based on the Dorfordnung, village regulations which were at first an oral then a written codification of customs and usage from the Middle Ages. In 1662 a unique terrierA register containing the laws and usages of a Lordship. was written which listed all the landowners of the two villages.
Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardière (1610, Le Loroux-Bottereau – 4 June 1663, Paris) was a French physician, man of letters and dramatist. He was elected to the Académie française in 1655. He was a major figure in the next few years in the codification of the classical French drama, along with Jean Chapelain and François Hedelin d'Aubignac.J. H. W. Atkins, English Literary Criticism, 17th & 18th Centuries (1951), p. 6.
He became Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina in 1900. With Cardinal Pietro Gasparri he was one of the principals responsible for the codification of canon law begun by Pope Pius X in 1904 and completed thirteen years later. Vannutelli also served as prefect of the Commission for the Revision of the Provincial Councils from 1902 until 1908, which was charged with interpreting the documents of past councils according to recent papal rulings.
In 1899 and in 1907 for the first time, an International Peace Conferences was held at The Hague. The conference brought forward a codification of the customs and laws of war. Following the first world war, the "Inter-Allied Commission" a fifteen-member commission was created, ahead of the upcoming Paris Peace Conference of 1919, to report violations of the Hague Conventions, international laws, document war crimes and identify the perpetrators.
Law reform activities can include preparation and presentation of cases in court in order to change the common law; lobbying of government officials in order to change legislation; and research or writing that helps to establish an empirical basis for other law reform activities. The four main methods in reforming law are repeal (get rid of a law), creation of new law, consolidation (change existing law) and codification.
David I, who codified the Laws of the Bretts and Scotts. The Leges inter Brettos et Scottos or Laws of the Brets and Scots was a legal codification under David I of Scotland (reigned 1124 – 1153). Only a small fragment of the original document survives, describing the penalties for several offences against people. Historically, the term "Brets" refers to Brythonic peoples, while "Scots" refers to Gaelic-speaking peoples.
Hallaq (2009), pp. 115. Important changes in family laws took place in the modern era. The laws underwent codification by legislative bodies and were also displaced from their original context into modern legal systems, which generally followed Western practices in court procedure and legal education. This severed them both from the classical interpretative tradition and from the institutional foundations of the pre-modern legal system into which they were embedded.
Both were fired by squad to death outside the courthouse in the street. When the plague ended, the Castellania was once again used as a courthouse and gaol for accused who were still awaiting trial. Under Governor Thomas Maitland, the British adopted a codification of a mixed system of Civil Law, which included Roman Law, Code Napoléon and continental law. Crown Advocate Adrian Dingli was trusted with the task of reforms.
Although the very act of codification was a radical innovation, given the precedent-based design of the Roman legal system,Potter, 295–96. the jurists were generally conservative, and constantly looked to past Roman practice and theory for guidance.Harries, 21, 29–30; Potter, 295–96. They were probably given more free rein over their codes than the later compilers of the Codex Theodosianus (438) and Codex Justinianeus (529) would have.
King then joined the Treasury Solicitor's Department. In 1929 served on the secretariat for the Conference on the Operation of Dominion Legislation and Merchant Shipping Legislation, held prior to the 1930 Imperial Conference,Report of the Conference on the Operation of Dominion Legislation and Merchant Shipping Legislation, 1929. Retrievevd on 21 May 2020. and in 1930 he was a delegate to the League of Nations Codification Conference, held in The Hague.
Alonso Díaz de Montalvo (1405–1499) was a Spanish jurist. Fuero real, 1500 After studying law at Lleida and Salamanca, he served in high judicial and administrative offices under the Catholic Monarchs. In 1480, he was commissioned to draft the Libro de Leyes, also known as Ordeniamento de Montalvo. This unifying codification of the law of Leon and Castile would remain in effect, in large parts, up until the 19th century.
This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on time keeping.James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, , pages 326-327 The character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times, and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions it as an integral part of the Brahmanas layer of the Vedic texts. These auxiliary disciplines of study arise with the codification of the Vedas in Iron Age India.
He opposes civil unions for homosexuals and the codification of homophobia. After protests by activists, he explained that he feared unintended consequences of a proposed law against homophobia, but certainly wants protections and equal rights for homosexuals. Veja magazine had a cover story about the influence of Charles Darwin, who developed the theory of evolution. In an interview, Crivella said that he is a creationist and rejects this theory.
In 1801, a survey of British sports by Joseph Strutt described football as being "formerly much in vogue among the common people of England".Strutt, Joseph (1801). The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, page 100. Methuen. Although Strutt claimed that folk football was in disrepute and was "but little practised", there is no doubt that many games continued well into the nineteenth century before codification took effect.
Goldman (2015), 15. An unintended effect of Bastide’s work on, and sympathy for, Candomblé is that his books were read by practitioners of Candomblé themselves, contributing to the “codification”Véronique Boyer, “Le don et l’initiation. De l’impact de la littérature sur les cultes de possession su Brésil,” L’Homme 138 (1996): 7–24. if not, as some scholars argue, to a new “invention of candomblé” in the 20th century.
Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin () (c. 1365 - September 14, 1427) was a Talmudist and posek (authority on Jewish law) best known for his codification of the customs (minhagim) of the German Jews. He is also known as Maharil () - the Hebrew acronym for "Our Teacher, the Rabbi, Yaakov Levi" - as well as Mahari Segal or Mahari Moelin. Maharil's Minhagim was a source of law for Moses Isserles’ component of the Shulkhan Arukh.
Copy of Breviarium Alaricianum from University of Auvergne, France, 10th century Parts of the Codex Euricianus can be found later, probably as a base, in the Lex Baiuvariorum, the first Bavarian legislative codification. Also other Germanic legal codifications, those of the Burgundians (lex Romana Burgundionum) or Franks and Alamanni (lex Alamannorum), also are considered influenced by the Codex Euricianus. Hausmaninger, Herbert; Selb, Walter: Roman private law. Böhlau, Vienna 1981 (9th ed.
Sport in Europe tends to be highly organized with many sports having professional leagues. The origins of many of the world's most popular sports today lie in the codification of many traditional games, especially in Great Britain. However, a paradoxical feature of European sport is the remarkable extent to which local, regional and national variations continue to exist, and even in some instances to predominate. Spectator sports are popular across Europe.
Some constitutional conventions operate separate from or alongside written constitutions, such as in Canada since the country was formed with the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1867. In others, notably the United Kingdom, which lack a single overarching constitutional document, unwritten conventions are still of vital importance in understanding how the state functions. In most states, however, many old conventions have been replaced or superseded by laws (called codification).
A significant function of the ICC is the preparation and promotion of its uniform rules of practice. The ICC's aim is to provide a codification of international practice occasionally selecting the best practice after ample debate and consideration. The ICC rules of practice are designed by bankers and merchants and not by legislatures with political and local considerations. The rules accordingly demonstrate the needs, customs and practices of business.
Witchcraft was listed as a capital crime in the 1636 codification of the laws by the Plymouth General Court, but there were no actual convictions of witches in Plymouth Colony. The court records only show two formal accusations of witchcraft. The first was of Goodwife Holmes in 1661, but it never went to trial. The second was of Mary Ingram in 1677 which resulted in trial and acquittal.
The United Kingdom rewrote its criminal code in the Sexual Offences Act of 2003. This Act includes definitions and penalties for child sexual abuse offences, and (so far as relating to offences) applies to England and Wales and Northern Ireland. The Scottish Law Commission published its review of rape and sexual offences in December 2007, which includes a similar consolidation and codification of child sexual abuse offences in Scotland.
The codification of the new stratigraphic framework was used in the G-MAP data base system in order to define the stratigraphic reference for all structural geological data collected. A new geological map of the Majella Mountain was compiled on a 1:25,000 scale which showed the distribution of these newly defined stratigraphic units . Numerical simulations were performed of the sedimentary evolution of the Carbonate Platform margin and slope , , .
Before efforts at unification, almost every region and borough in the Netherlands had its own law. Local Roman-Dutch law borrowed heavily from the civilian ius commune, particularly with respect to the law of obligations and in the practice of written codes. However, no universal written code existed before the 19th century. Many attempts at codification were short-lived, not helped by constantly changing governments and political conditions.
The Code has been criticised for affording too much discretion to courts. This, it is said, undermines certainty, a key aim of codification. On the other hand, flexibility allows the Code to meet new challenges without regular amendment. Further, the consolidation of a wide body of commercial law into the Code now makes it a ‘one-stop’ reference for private law and easily accessible and relevant to citizens and businesspeople alike.
In 1961, an English scholar of Arabic, Dr. Earl E. Elder, and William McElwee Miller, who (according to Laurence Elwell-Sutton) is an openly hostile Christian minister, published an English translation, "Al-Kitab Al-Aqdas", through the Royal Asiatic Society, however its translation of the notes section was problematic and overall lacked "poetic sensibility, and skill in Arabic translation". Indeed, Miller only ever used it to further his polemical agenda. In 1973 a "Synopsis and Codification" of the book was published in English by the Universal House of Justice,Synopsis and Codification of the Laws and Ordinances of the Kitáb-i- Aqdas by Baháʼu'lláh and Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i World Center, 1973 with 21 passages of the Aqdas that had already been translated into English by Shoghi Effendi with additional terse lists of laws and ordinances contained in the book outside of any contextual prose. Finally, in 1992, a full and authorized Baháʼí translation in English was published.
In the lead-up to the codification of the 1866 Civil Code of Lower Canada, Member of Parliament O'Farrell noted the inconsistency that would allow a man to leave his estate to a "common concubine" to the exclusion of his wife, but not to a charitable organisation in the same circumstance.Parliament of Canada, Debates of the Legislative Assembly of United Canada, p. 2537-2538 The draft which was finally approved was "torturous and detailed, emphasizing the sharp contradiction between freedom and morals", and allowed bequests only to provide such as was necessary to "maintain" a concubine and any "incestuous or adulterine children".Young, Brian J. "The politics of codification", page 139 The Code also made it clear that no fault divorces were not permissible, and allowed separation only if the husband demanded it based on his wife's adultery, or that "a wife may demand the separation on the ground of the husband's adultery, if he keep his concubine in their common habitation".
In May 858, which was the third year of his pontificate, Archbishop Herardus held a diocesan synod, in which a codification was issued of the capitula ('regulations') of the diocese. The document contained 140 chapters.Gallia christiana XIV, Instrumenta, pp. 39–46. On 21 January 1216, Pope Innocent III confirmed an agreement entered into between the Archbishop of Tours and the Chapter of the cathedral on the election of a Dean and Provosts.
Noted for its role in the development of international cricket, the MCG hosted both the first Test match and the first One Day International, played between Australia and England in 1877 and 1971 respectively. It has also maintained strong ties with Australian rules football since its codification in 1859, and has become the principal venue for Australian Football League (AFL) matches, including the AFL Grand Final, the world's highest attended league championship event.
He then held the position of professor of philosophy until 1890 as well as being assistant professor of canon law from 1888 to 1889. He was a faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare from 1889 to 1893. He was made Privy Chamberlain on 11 August 1897. He was a member of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of Canon Law and thus helped edit the 1917 Code of Canon Law.
Although many deterrent workhouses developed in the period after the New Poor Law, some had already been built under the existing system. This workhouse in Nantwich, Cheshire dates from 1780. The English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief in England and Wales that developed out of the codification of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws in 1587–1598. The system continued until the modern welfare state emerged after the Second World War.
Her 1918 booklet Condimentos Indigenas was "one of the earliest cookbooks" published in the Philippines.Doreen G. Fernandez, "Enriqueta David Perez and the Codification of Philippine Cooking" in Harlan Walker, ed., Cooks and Other People: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1995 (Oxford Symposium 1996): 118. In 1951 Pura Villanueva Kalaw was honored with a Presidential Medal, presented by Elpidio Quirino, for her work on behalf of women's rights in the Philippines.
Cover page of Nyayakusumanjali published by Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1888. Nyayakusumanjali ( A Handful of Flowers of Logic) is a treatise in Sanskrit composed by 10th century CE Indian logician and philosopher Udayana. The work has been described as codification of the Hindu arguments for the existence of God. It has been noted that this treatise is the most elaborate and the most fundamental work of the Nyaya-Vaiseshika school on the Isvara doctrine.
Worshippers in ancient Japan revered creations of nature which exhibited a particular beauty and power such as waterfalls, mountains, boulders, animals, trees, grasses, and even rice paddies. They strongly believed the spirits or resident kami deserved respect. In 927 CE, the was promulgated in fifty volumes. This, the first formal codification of Shinto rites and norito (liturgies and prayers) to survive, became the basis for all subsequent Shinto liturgical practice and efforts.
Jovanović's life and political career are inseparable from the history of Serb liberalism. His first important public appearance was at the National Assembly in 1858, when it overthrew the autocratic power of Karađorđević. This was the first time that the liberals had acted as an independent political group. They demanded the restriction of the prince's power, the establishment of governmental rule, and the codification of human rights both in the civil and economic spheres.
From Cuba, she went to The Hague for the first World Conference on the Codification of International Law held on 13 March. Presenting her data on what had been accomplished in the Americas, Stevens asked that the international community enact laws to protect women's citizenship. She returned to the United States and her studies. Though she didn't graduate, in 1931 she became the first woman member of the American Institute of International Law.
13, #8 In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis). The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.
This entails paired-study where assigned sources are prepared for shiur, a lecture delivered as a discursive-review. At some institutions, Talmud is studied directly, also as at men's yeshivot, if less intensively (see Women in Judaism #Joseph Solovetchik); others treat Talmud somewhat as at seminaries, below. Regardless, Halachah will generally be studied with practice in view: i.e., as opposed to at a men's Yeshiva, where the derivation is from Talmudic sources through codification.
The Francisco Fajardo highway at night Tunel El Paraiso is located in the Francisco Fajardo Highway in Caracas. It was built between 1967 and 1968. The Francisco Fajardo Highway is the most important freeway of Caracas, connecting the west and east sides of the city. The national freeways and many of the avenues of Caracas are not designated with a system of codification or numbering; instead they are designated with the names of historical personages.
The Bangladesh Code is an official compilation and codification of laws in Bangladesh, which is published by the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs of the Government of Bangladesh. The code was initiated in 1973 and first published in 1977. It has 38 volumes, of which 26 are in English and 12 are in Bengali. The code includes laws enacted in British India, Pakistan (1947–1971) and the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
Epitaph for David Mevius The decision-making of the Wismar tribunal, founded by Mevius - the Decisiones - was continued after his death and experienced until 1794 ten new editions. She had gained great authority in theory and practice. In addition, he wrote a codification of the Mecklenburg's land law, which already relies heavily on natural law foundations. In particular, his judicially practical activity was to shape the jurisprudence in Pomerania until beyond the 18th century.
First edition of the book, published in 1857. The Spirits Book (Le Livre des Esprits in original French) is part of the Spiritist Codification, and is regarded as one of the five fundamental works of Spiritism. It was published by the French educator Allan Kardec on April 18, 1857. It was the first and remains the most important spiritist book, because it addresses in first hand all questions developed subsequently by Allan Kardec.
Papal attempts at codification of the scattered mass of canon law spanned the eight centuries since Gratian produced his Decretum c. 1150.Peters, Life of Benedict XV, pg. 204. In the 13th century especially canon law became the object of scientific study, and different compilations were made by the Roman Pontiffs. The most important of these were the five books of the Decretales Gregorii IX and the Liber Sextus of Boniface VIII.
The strike was partially successful: workers received important support and attention that led to a re-codification of rules that were part of the deal. This deal also led to other codifications in 1913 and 1916. Also, the strike marked the start of what became the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and began the careers of strikers Bessie Abramovitz and Sidney Hillman (later to marry) as prominent labor leaders. The strike claimed five lives.
Shibbolei ha-Leket (Hebrew, "The Gleaned Ears"), the first Italian Jewish codification of Jewish law, is an earlier work that is similar in scope and content, but more detailed and further elaborated. Shibbolei ha-Leket is concerned with the liturgy, the Passover Haggadah, and laws pertaining to Shabbat and the Jewish Holidays. It was authored by Zedekiah ben Abraham Anav, a 13th-century Italian Talmudist. The work was culled from many Rishonim.
The principle of presumption of innocence was spurned, as was the notion that the law always should act "in the interest of the state and the people" rather than the party. Many specialists were transferred to nonjudicial jobs and replaced by party cadres. All codification commissions stopped work, and no new laws were drafted. The number of law schools dropped sharply as most universities shifted their curriculum to more politically acceptable subjects.
Whereas the Code, Digest, and Institutes were designed by Justinian as coherent works, the Novels are diverse laws enacted after 534 (when he promulgated the second edition of the Code) that never were officially compiled during his reign.See generally, A. Arthur Schiller, Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development, §§ 12-16 at 29-40 (1978) and Tony Honoré, "Justinian's Codification" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary 803 (Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth eds. 3rd rev. ed 2003).
Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Angliæ. The (Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Kingdom of England), often called Glanvill treatise, is the earliest treatise on English law. Attributed to Ranulf de Glanvill (died 1190) and dated 1187–1189, it was revolutionary in its systematic codification that defined legal process and introduced writs, innovations that have survived to the present day. It is considered a book of authority in English common law.
His attempt at 'codification' sought to determine which social structure[s] "provide an institutional context for the fullest measure of [scientific] development", i.e. lead to scientific achievement rather than only "potentialities". He saw these "institutional imperatives (mores)" as being derived from the [institutional] "goal of science" ("the extension of certified knowledge") and "technical methods employed [to] provide the relevant definition of knowledge: empirically confirmed and logically consistent statements of regularities (which are, in effect, predictions)".
Alabama's 1975 Code is the one it still uses today. In 1977, the Alabama Legislature repealed much of the 1975 Code's Criminal Code and re-organized and re-codified it. Since then, significant and substantial amendments have affects Alabama Law's definition of and prohibition of rape. One of the most significant changes was that the Legislature removed the death penalty entirely from the sections pertaining to rape as part of its 1975 re-codification.
During the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the clan controlled Shinano province, while related clans controlled the provinces of Awa, Bizen, Bitchū, Iwami, Mikawa, Tōtōmi and Mutsu. According to some theories, the Miyoshi clan and the Mizukami clan were descendants of the Ogasawara clan. The clan developed a number of schools of martial arts during this period, known as Ogasawara-ryū, and contributed to the codification of bushido etiquette. Ogasawara karaetendo (CA); Ogasawara karaetendo (GA).
On 17 March 1827, Thomas advocated, in an address before the Bar Association of South Carolina, the codification of the laws of that state. He was a member of the State Senate in 1826-1830, and in 1828 made a speech in support of the federal government on the tariff question. Thonas had a distinguished career in the South Carolina courts. He is perhaps best known for the case of M'Cready v.
Section 72 creates Presiding Judges for each circuit to handle the administration of circuit courts.White (1991) p.143 The act provides for one Senior Presiding Judge, who must be a Lord Justice of Appeal, and at least two Presiding Judges for each circuit, who must be judges of the High Court. This was simply the codification of existing practices, however, since judges already existed who would deal with the administrative work of circuit courts.
R v Baker [1989] 1 NZLR 738 was a decision of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand concerning the admissibility of hearsay evidence in a criminal trial. The judgment of President Sir Robin Cooke's created a common law exception to the rule against hearsay evidence in situations where the evidence is reliable and the witness unavailable. This principle was incorporated into the codification of the hearsay rule in the Evidence Act 2006.
The "claim to fame" of common law systems is that the task of developing and updating law is best done incrementally by courts that keep in close touch with social, economic, and technological realities than by political organs that, every so often, will attend to legal reforms. Thus legal realism or "relationalism" has been favored in some common law jurisdictions, where the kind of legal codification associated with civil law are virtually unknown.
In the context of codification of national legislation, most European countries in the nineteenth century established a title system at the local courts. England and Wales departed from this trend, as prolonged debates during the nineteenth century left parties with optional public recording of deeds of conveyance and the locating of properties and their boundaries on large-scale topographic maps, where available, similar to the metes and bounds method.Kain & Baigent (1992), p.
Olympic torch The Olympic Charter is a set of rules and guidelines for the organisation of the Olympic Games, and for governing the Olympic movement. Its last revision was on the 17th of July 2020 during the The 136th IOC Session By video conference. Adopted by International Olympic Committee (IOC), it is the codification of the fundamental principles, rules and by-laws. French and English are the official languages of the Olympic Charter.
In 1621 and 1624, through the influence of his cousin Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, he was elected Member of Parliament for Hythe. In 1625 he became principal of St Alban Hall. He took a leading part in William Laud's codification of the statutes of the university (1629–1633). He acted for many years as assessor of the vice-chancellor's court, and in 1632 became chancellor of the diocese of Oxford.
In 1242 the Doge produced Statutum novum, by which Venetian civil law was codified in five books of statutes. This process of codification had been first initiated by Enrico Dandolo some fifty years earlier. Additional to this, Tiepolo had granted land in 1234 to the Dominican and Franciscan orders, upon which two churches were built. These were the Basilica di San Giovanni e Paolo ('San Zanipolo') and the Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari.
The insanity defense is a traditional affirmative defense that dates at least back to English common law. The codification of the M'Naghten rules, which have been referenced in one form or another in US law as well as UK law, indicates that someone may be found not guilty of a crime because of a mental condition which prevents them from either controlling their actions or from knowing whether their actions were right or wrong.
Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews hold the pronunciation and cantillation to derive from the revelation at Sinai, since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses. also pages 250–255 The combination of a text ( mikra), pronunciation ( niqqud) and cantillation ( te`amim) enable the reader to understand both the simple meaning and the nuances in sentence flow of the text.
Domestic violence was not a part of the Brazilian criminal code until 2006, when the federal criminal domestic violence code was passed by President Lula.Roure, Jody G. "Domestic Violence in Brazil: Examining Obstacles and Approaches to Promote Legislative Reform" Columbia Human Rights Law Review. Vol. 41 No. 67. Fall 2009 The Law of Domestic and Family Violence was the first official codification of domestic violence crimes, and tripled the previous punishments associated with domestic violence.
Even so, Ferdinand III of Hungary agreed to grant him seven counties in Upper Hungary. Transylvania was included in the Peace of Westphalia among the allies of England and Sweden. George I Rákóczi who died on 11 October 1648 was succeeded by his son, George II Rákóczi. During his reign, the codification of the laws of the principality was accomplished with the publication of a law book (the so-called Approbatae) in 1653.
In 1928, "My Old Kentucky Home" was "selected and adopted" by the Kentucky state legislature as the state's official song.When originally enacted, the provision was located at section 4618p of the Kentucky Statutes. After the re-codification of those Statutes in 1942, the provision now resides at section 2.100 of Title I, Chapter 2 of the Kentucky Revised Statutes. It has remained so, subject to one change that was made in 1986.
In July 2020, by regulation California became the second US state to collect sexual orientation and gender identity data and statistics on COVID-19 impacts - immediately after Pennsylvania. In September 2020, the Governor of California Gavin Newsom signed several LGBTIQ+ community bills into law previously passed by the California State Legislature - legally effective from January 1, 2021 on explicitly protecting LGBTIQ+ health care, COVID-19 data and statistics codification and also housing transgender prisoners.
This represents the first codification of the modern Lhengye Zhungtshog. Under the act, executive power is fully devolved to the new Lhengye Zhungtshog. Initially, the body lacked a Prime Minister, but was headed by a Chair; later, this position was eliminated in favor of the office of Prime Minister. The Lhengye Zhungtshog was also composed differently from in later years: it consisted of elected Ministers, members of the Royal Advisory Council and the Kalyon.
The Case for God, p. 283. In 1996, she published Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. Armstrong's The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions (2006) continues the themes covered in A History of God and examines the emergence and codification of the world's great religions during the so-called Axial age identified by Karl Jaspers. In the year of its publication Armstrong was invited to choose her eight favourite records for BBC Radio's Desert Island Discs programme.
Spoken MacedonianКонески, Б. „За македонскиот литературен јазик“, стр. 132. () is the spoken variety of the standard Macedonian language. Spoken Macedonian can also refer to the spoken, colloquial register of a local dialect. This code is typical of the speech of the Macedonian diaspora, especially of the descendants of those who went abroad prior to the codification of the standard language in the 1940s, ethnic Macedonians in the wider region of Macedonia, and rural areas of North Macedonia.
Although the constitution itself is the primary body of constitutional law in The Netherlands, it is not the only law that contains constitutional codification. A number of general precepts are encoded in a separate law known as the Law on general precepts (the Wet Algemene bepalingen). These precepts cover a number of varying topics ranging from applicability of different types of laws to persons or territories, to regulations mandating that judges must hear all cases brought before them.
Some of these pirates were accepted by British colonial governors. The English and Dutch had created extensive trade empires during the 17th and 18th century and saw pirates as a barrier to their continued growth. English began building a codification for piracy, which started a war against pirates that lasted from the 1670s ending in the 1720s. During this time the English would develop a ship called the Jamaica Sloops which were better at fending off piracy.
In 1680 this was included in the Recopilación de las leyes de Indias, a codification of the laws of Spanish America.Finally, on 12 June 1679, he issued a decree of continental scope: "No Indians of my Western Indies, Islands, and Mainland of the Ocean Sea, under any circumstance or pretext can be held as slaves; instead they will be treated as my vassals...." Reséndez, Andrés. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (p. 137).
"The Book of Discipline is the instrument for setting forth the laws, plan, polity, and process by which the AME Zion Church governs itself.""Statement of Commission on Discipline Codification", in the Book of Discipline of the AME Zion Church, 2008: ii. Today the denomination operates Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina, and two junior colleges. In 1906 the religious studies department of Livingstone College was renamed Hood Theological Seminary, in honor of the influential bishop.
O'Connor's skill in land management and engineering recommended him to the Lieutenant-Governor Sir George Arthur, who appointed him land commissioner, overseeing the organisation, codification and improvement of territory in Van Diemen's Land, a subject to which O'Connor devoted himself with great energy. He was the most active of the three commissioners.Clark, Manning, History of Australia, Melbourne University Publish, 1993, p.125. A number of Tasmanian place names are likely due to his influence, including the town of Longford.
In January 2008, the government of Montenegro formed the Council for the Codification of the Montenegrin Language, which aims to standardize the Montenegrin language according to international norms. Proceeding documents will, after verification, become a part of the educational programme in Montenegrin schools. The first Montenegrin standard was officially proposed in July 2009. In addition to the letters prescribed by the Serbo-Croatian standard, the proposal introduced two additional letters, and , to replace the digraphs and .
Laurel then attended Yale Law School, where he obtained his J.S.D. degree. Laurel began his life in public service while a student, as a messenger in the Bureau of Forestry then as a clerk in the Code Committee tasked with the codification of Philippine laws. During his work for the Code Committee, he was introduced to its head, Thomas A. Street, a future Supreme Court Justice who would be a mentor to the young Laurel.American Colonial Careerist, p.
The court convicted 16 of the human rights activists to sentences of 5–30 years on 22 November 2011. In 2009, the King made a number of significant changes to the judiciary's personnel at the most senior level by bringing in a younger generation. For example, as well as appointing a new Minister of Justice, a new chairman of the Supreme Judicial Council was appointed. The outgoing chairman was known to oppose the codification of Sharia.
Supplemental jurisdiction is the authority of United States federal courts to hear additional claims substantially related to the original claim even though the court would lack the subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the additional claims independently. is a codification of the Supreme Court's rulings on ancillary jurisdiction (Owen Equipment & Erection Co. v. Kroger, ) and pendent jurisdiction (United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, ) and a superseding of the Court's treatment of pendent party jurisdiction (Finley v.
He was recorded as King of the Britons in the Annales Cambriae and the Annals of Ulster. Hywel is highly esteemed among other medieval Welsh rulers.Hanes Cymru by John Davies, Penguin Books; Page 86 His name is particularly linked with the codification of traditional Welsh law, which were thenceforth known as the Laws of Hywel Dda. The latter part of his name (Dda, lit. “Good”) refers to the fact that his laws were just and good.
John Johnson (c. May 27, 1776 – July 15, 1817 or September 17, 1817) was a Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court from December 28, 1816 to September 10, 1817. Born in Kentucky, Johnson "was an active early Indiana politician" who "worked on the 1806 codification of Indiana law and was a Knox County delegate to the 1816 Indiana Constitutional Convention".Browning, Minde C., Richard Humphrey, and Bruce Kleinschmidt, "Biographical Sketches of Indiana Supreme Court Justices", Indiana Law Review, Vol.
The Bowling Green estate was the site of one of the first tracks for horse racing in North America.Acknowledgment For Codification The manor home of the Hoomes family, built on plantation land patented by Major Thomas Hoomes in 1667, was constructed in 1741. A prominent town landmark, it is one of the oldest residences in original condition in Virginia. Bowling Green Farm is now on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places.
Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine.
The Code was also adopted in Egypt as part of the system of mixed courts introduced in Egypt after the fall of Khedive Ismail. The Code was translated into Arabic from the French by Youssef Wahba Pasha between 1881 and 1883. Other codes with some influence in their own right were the Swiss, German, and Austrian codes, but even therein some influence of the French code can be felt, as the Napoleonic Code is considered the first successful codification.
The process of selection, description, codification is the process of formation of culture. In that sense there is no “high” or “low” inside culture: if something is low quality, it does not become selected by users and experts and does not become culture. It remains on the level of daily exploits, vanity and handfuls of wind, and eventually sinks into oblivion. Once an event or work of art has become part of culture, it stays forever.
This provision did not include females sold into concubinage by impoverished parents; instead their rights over against another wife were protected.Jewish Encyclopedia (1901), article on Law, Codification ofPeake's commentary on the Bible (1962), on Exodus 21:2-11 In other texts male and female slaves are both to be released after the sixth year of service. Liberated slaves were to be given livestock, grain, and wine as a parting gift. This 7th-year manumission could be voluntarily renounced.
Rema on Shulkhan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 246:21 The language of this codification is representative of the general value assigned by Rabbinic literature to work in and of itself, and of the simultaneous requirement that work be seen as means to spiritual, and not material, goals. (See also Kohelet Rabbah 1:34). Thus, as formulated in Pirkei Avot 4:1: Rashi, on the verse, similarly states that one who supports himself inherits this world and the next.
They have had an important impact on the history of the Muslim world; their contribution was the codification of Islam. Ibāḍīs also created a rational discourse that promoted the study and hermeneutics of Islamic texts and scriptures. Some of the thinkers in the Muslim world came out from this movement, either inspired by or opposed to it. Ibāḍīs are still producing writings and theology in contrast to the Mu'atazila, who have been lost to Muslim history.
She was a Kentucky-born member of the extended "Grateful Dead family", and the mistress of Texas oil heir Roy Cullen. Their affair lasted circa 1980–1981, and inspired the Garcia-Hunter song "Run for the Roses." Adams and Garcia were married on December 31, 1981, largely as a result of mutual tax exigencies. Despite the legal codification of their union, she remained in Oregon, while Garcia continued to live near the Grateful Dead's offices in San Rafael, California.
They met again in January 1939 before disbanding. The members were Mme. Suzanne Bastid of France, professor of law at the University of Lyon; M. de Ruelle of Belgium, legal adviser for the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; Mme. Anka Godjevac of Yugoslavia, adviser of the Yugoslav delegation at the 1930 Codification Conference; Mr. H. C. Gutteridge of the United Kingdom, professor of comparative law at the University of Cambridge.
18)"The use of equality and anti-discrimination law in > advancing LGBT rights", by Dimitrina Petrova. PDF (Archive) – Chapter 18, > Human Rights, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity, p. 477-505 Although many Middle Eastern countries have penal codes against homosexual acts, these are seldom enforced due to the difficulty to prove unless caught in the act. In the Middle East today many countries still do not have codification of homosexuality or queerness as an identification of sexual orientation.
Her most recent books are Contract Law – General Part, Towards Codification of the Civil Law (2005), which is an updated version of her previous works, and Contract Law — Remedies for Breach (2009). She won the Sussman's Prize in Law in 1989, became The first incumbent of the Hebrew University's Lawrence D. Biele Chair in Contract Law in 1990, and won the Zeltner's Prize in Law in 1991. She won the Israel Bar Association prize in 2003.
Dating of the final codification of the Brahmanas and associated Vedic texts is controversial, as they were likely recorded after several centuries of oral transmission.Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New York Press, , page 47 The oldest Brahmana is dated to about 900 BCE, while the youngest are dated to around 700 BCE.Michael Witzel, "Tracing the Vedic dialects" in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, 1989, 97–265.
Harmonisation is usually not comprehensive but partial, in that it does not seek to create a sole authority of law on a particular subject. This is because measures to harmonise law cannot go further than that which is necessary.Hesselink, M. The Ideal of Codification and the Dynamics of Europeanisation: The Dutch Experience in the book by Vogenauer, S and Weatherill, S (ed). (2006). ‘’The Harmonization of European Contract Law Implications for European Private Laws, Business and Legal Practice’’.
If the formation is nowhere entirely exposed, or if it shows considerably lateral variation, additional reference sections may be defined. Long-established formations dating to before the modern codification of stratigraphy, or which lack tabular form (such as volcanic formations), may substitute a type locality for a type section as their stratotype. The geologist defining the formation is expected to describe the stratotype in sufficient detail that other geologists can unequivocally recognize the formation.North American Stratigraphic Code (2005), pp.
There are inscriptions in an undotted, 17-letter Arabic script dating to the 6th century CE, found at four locations in Syria (Zabad, Jabal 'Usays, Harran, Umm al-Jimaal). The oldest surviving papyrus in Arabic dates to 643 CE, and it uses dots to produce the modern 28-letter Arabic alphabet. The language of that papyrus and of the Qur'an are referred to by linguists as "Quranic Arabic", as distinct from its codification soon thereafter into "Classical Arabic".
The Vienna Literary Agreement was variously interpreted and referred to throughout the history of Croats, Slovenes, and Serbs. During the history of the Yugoslavias, especially the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the official doctrine was that the agreement set firm grounds for the final codification of the Croatian language and the Serbian language that soon followed. With the advent of national standard languages, i.e. Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian in the 1990s, criticism emerged on the relevance of the agreement.
The Codification did not change GAAP, but it introduced a new structure, organized in an easily accessible, user-friendly online research system. The FASB expected the system to reduce the amount of time and effort required to research accounting issues, mitigate the risk of noncompliance with standards through improved usability of the literature, provide accurate information with real-time updates as new standards are released, and assist the FASB with the research efforts required during the standard-setting process.
After finishing his studies at Lemberg university he became a specialist in civil law. In 1918 he served as a volunteer during the Battle of Lwów (1918) and the ensuing Polish-Ukrainian War. In 1920 he became a professor at the Faculty of Law of the renamed Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów. Two years later he was appointed member of the Commission of Codification of the Republic of Poland, where he took part in preparation of Polish civil law.
Terrorism has been on the international agenda since 1934, when the League of Nations, predecessor of the United Nations, began the elaboration of a convention for the prevention and punishment of terrorism.See Lyal S. Sunga, The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation (Brill Publishers, 1997) pp. 191-203. Although the convention was eventually adopted in 1937, it never came into force. Today, there are 15 counter-terrorism international conventions in force.
Its codification followed in the year after. According to Macedonian scholars, the history of the Macedonian language can be divided into nine developmental stages. Blaže Koneski distinguishes two different periods in the development of the Macedonian language, namely, old from the 12th to the 15th century and modern after the 15th century. According to the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU), the development of the Macedonian language involved two different scripts, namely the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts.
Criminal law procedure, and a good deal of commercial law, had been or were being put into easily understood language, intelligible to civilian magistrates. The rational substance of the law was preserved, while disorder and excessive technicalities were removed. Using Jeremy Bentham's ideal of codification, he attempted to get the same principles put into practice in the United Kingdom. In spite of six years of effort on this task, Stephen was largely unsuccessful in making any reforms.
The "code jurisdictions" are the Commonwealth, the Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, and Western Australia. In these jurisdictions a statutory code has been introduced to be a comprehensive statement of criminal law, and replaces the common law except in cases of ambiguity. Codification in some cases involved a simple enactment of the common law into a statutory instrument. In other cases the changes were greater as the code was based on legislative instruments from other jurisdictions.
Following criticism of CLRG for its emphasis on certain regional forms of stepdance to the detriment of others, dance teacher Patricia Mulholland developed a new style of stepdance, beginning in the 1950s. It was described as a form of "folk ballet" which appealed to dancers of both Catholic and Protestant religious persuasions. Like other forms which share the heritage of modern stepdance but have departed from its codification, festival dance emphasises individuality and practises more relaxed style and posture.
These last two games are highly significant because Richmond and Brodrick drew up Articles of Agreement beforehand to determine the rules that must apply in their contests. These were itemised in sixteen points.Birley, pp. 18–19. It is believed that this was the first time that rules (or some part of the rules as in this case) were formally agreed, although rules as such definitely existed. The first full codification of the Laws of Cricket was done in 1744.
800–500 BC: A Sourcebook, Routledge, London (1990), p. 52. These axones appear to have operated on the same principle as a turntable, allowing both convenient storage and ease of access. Originally the axones recorded laws enacted by Draco in the late 7th Century (traditionally 621 BC). Nothing of Draco's codification has survived except for a law relating to homicide, yet there is consensus among scholars that it did not amount to anything like a constitution.
She later helped organize the Prison Special to raise awareness about the imprisonment of activists and the inhumane treatment they received in jail. After women won suffrage rights, Riegel continued to fight for expanding rights in Pennsylvania, where she served as the chair of the state NWP. Riegel also fought for women's independent citizenship and full guardianship of their own children. Riegel was the woman's party delegate to the Hague conference for the Codification of International Law in 1930.
During the later medieval period (10th to 15th centuries), a new scholastic way of thinking allowed the Church to solidify doctrine, leading to the formation of ecclesiastical law. This new wave of thinking stemmed from the revival and codification of some Roman laws. Particular works from Irneius and his students in 1112 and 1125 in particular, reconstructed some laws of Justinian's Code. Work on laws allowed scholars to debate the issues like marriage as a sacrament.
Pope Pius XI made him Cardinal- Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico in the consistory of 16 December 1935. Massimi was appointed President of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of Oriental Canon Law on 17 February 1936. He served as a cardinal elector in the 1939 papal conclave that elected Pope Pius XII. Pope Pius named him President of the Pontifical Commission for the Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law on 14 March 1939.
The Charter of the County of Alameda is the foundational document of the county. The Alameda County Code is the codification of ordinances passed by the Board of Supervisors. The Alameda County Administrative Code establishing the powers and duties of all officers and the procedures and rules of operation of all departments. Every act prohibited or declared unlawful, and every failure to perform an act required, by the ordinances are misdemeanor crimes, unless otherwise specified as infractions.
The style originated from samba dancing in cabarets and gafieiras (hence the name, literally meaning "Samba of gafieira"), primarily in districts of Botafogo, Catete and Centro of Rio de Janeiro. The term gained recognition in 1940s. Over time the style significantly evolved away from the style 1940s under significant influence of Argentine Tango and incorporating many acrobatic elements. In modern codification of the dance, acrobatic elements and the ones not characteristic to Brazilian culture are excluded from the syllabus.
Countries with a collection of laws known formally or informally as 'Civil Code' A civil code is a codification of private law relating to property, family, and obligations. A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. In some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code.
The principles of faith and piety are necessary conditions of creating a good society. Therefore, that is needed some initiative actions such as cleaning the environment. That action is to policies like codification of rules of social justice and removing any type of social gap; creating the administrative system; reformation of judicial system according to Islamic regulations. Reducing the phenomena of being illiterate; rejecting the tyranny and being participated of all people in all affairs and refinement of souls.
Wold graduated from the University of Oregon and Washington Law School. In 1918 she ran for the Oregon House of Representatives, but lost. She wrote the foreword to a 1928 collection of nationality laws as impacted by marriage for the House of Representatives Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. In 1930 she was appointed by President Herbert Hoover to be a delegate at the Conference for Codification of International Law at the Hague, to represent women's interests in international law.
The Indiana Code in book form The Indiana Code is the code of laws for the U.S. state of Indiana. The contents are the codification of all the laws currently in effect within Indiana. With roots going all the way back to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the laws of Indiana have been revised many times. The current approach to updating Indiana Code began in 1971 when the Indiana Statute Revision Commission began a complete rearrangement.
Bruce, however, received hundreds of largely positive email messages in response to news coverage of the controversy. The following weekend, Bruce's comments were the target of a local protest in Colorado Springs attended by about 50. Several days later, Bruce submitted an amendment -- facetiously drafted by the "linguistic sensitivity codification commission" -- to another bill addressing immigration issues to substitute "undocumented, temporary guest resident" in place of "illegal aliens" in statutory language. The amendment was offered and defeated twice.
The Russian Empire never recognized Finland as a state in its own right. However, Finland was, for most of this time, governed in accordance with its semi-official constitution, which eventually became a norm leading the bulk of the Finnish elite (and later, of the common people as well) to consider Finland a separate constitutional monarchy in real union with Russia. Before 1910, there was no codification of the relationship between Finland and Russia in Russian law, so the Finnish Senate and the Finnish Diet in particular were, for a long period of time, spanning from the revival of the Diet of the Estates in 1863 to the threshold of russification in the 1880s, allowed to act as if Finland was a state separate from that of Russia. As a result, the eventual subjugation of the Finnish diet to Russian governmental organs in between 1899 and 1905 and again from 1908 was viewed as unconstitutional in Finland, as was the 1910 codification of Finland's position as an indivisible part of the Russian Empire governed according to a "set of special laws".
The players below are some of the most notable of those who played Negro league baseball, beginning with the codification of baseball's color line barring African American players (about 1892), past the re-integration in 1946 of the sport, up till the Negro leagues finally expired about 1962. Members of the Baseball Hall of Fame are noted with a β. Names of those who played in integrated organized white leagues are boldfaced, and those who played in integrated major leagues are also italicized.
The Federal Stock Number (FSN) was the codification system used by the US Government from 1957 to 1974. It was 11 digits long and was the same number as the NSN (see National Stock Number), minus the two-digit NCB code. The digits "00" were later added in the place of the NCB digits to virtually all FSN numbers to create compliant American 13-digit NSN numbers. The FSN was officially replaced by the NATO Stock Number beginning on September 30, 1974.
Information technology (IT) systems are common tools that help facilitate knowledge sharing and knowledge management. The main role of IT systems is to help people share knowledge through common platforms and electronic storage to help make access simpler, encouraging economic reuse of knowledge. IT systems can provide codification, personalization, electronic repositories for information and can help people locate each other to communicate directly. With appropriate training and education, IT systems can make it easier for organizations to acquire, store or disseminate knowledge.
She was elected Vice President of the Polish Bar Council in 2004, and served as its President from 2007 until 2010. Joanna Agacka-Indecka was a legislation expert at the Sejm and was involved in lawmaking as representative of the Polish Bar. On 27 June 2009 she received the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. On 15 February 2010 she was called to the Codification Commission on Penal Law at the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Poland.
After his return to Japan in 1868, Tsuda wrote the Kaisei Kokuho ron (On Western Law), which was the first book in Japanese on the subject. He was recruited by the new Meiji government and helped in the first codification of Japanese laws. In 1869, he drafted Japan's first laws prohibiting human trafficking, and the new national law code was promulgated in 1870. In 1871, he assisted the Foreign Ministry in negotiations with Qing dynasty China and accompanied Date Munenori to Beijing.
Honourable Justice (R) Dr. Tanzil-ur-Rahman, Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, (born 1928) is a prominent Pakistani jurist and scholar of Islamic studies. He was the Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court (1990–92), member of the Islamic Research Council and the Council of Islamic Ideology (1980–84). He is the author of numerous books on the codification of Islamic law. He has been called an "enthusiastic and skillful champion" of advancing the cause of "Islamic reform" of Pakistani law, i.e.
The International Facility Management Association (IFMA) defines facility management as the practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of the organization. It integrates the principles of business administration, architecture and the behavioral and engineering sciences. As such, facility management has been practiced, whether specifically identified as its own discipline or not, since the inception of the business organization. It has evolved over the years through the development and codification of processes into a clearly defined field of expertise.
The declaration also expressly prohibited arbitrary deprivation of nationality, which had affected many of the wartime refugees. In 1949, the International Law Commission put "Nationality, including statelessness", on its list of topics of international law provisionally selected for codification. In 1950, at the behest of ECOSOC, that item was given priority, and ECOSOC appointed an ad hoc Committee on Refugees and Stateless People to draft a convention. A treaty on refugees was prepared with a draft protocol addressing the status of stateless persons.
Macedonian authors tend to treat all dialects spoken in the geographical region of Macedonia as Macedonian, including those spoken in the westernmost part of Bulgaria (so-called Pirin Macedonia), whereas Bulgarian authors treat all Macedonian dialects as part of the Bulgarian language. Prior to the codification of standard Macedonian in 1945, the dialects of Macedonia were for the most part classified as Bulgarian.Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.
Once recurrent themes are grasped, the language becomes more comprehensible. There have been comments that Kubler offers many variables and possibilities but no concrete and identifiable system of categorizing frames of codification. Kubler's opinion that there is no one system, but many systems to judge a particular event, is intrinsic to his view that trying to identify a closed system would be hypocritical to his primary premise. All events and ways to measure these events evolve and shift with calendrical time.
The growth of the city, > the population, and the area are determined by city-forming factors, that > is, from industry, governing bodies, and cultural sites, insofar as they > have more than local significance. In the capital, industry as an > urbanization factor is of secondary importance to administrative bodies and > cultural sites. The precise discernment and codification of city-forming > factors is a matter determined by government. #The growth of the city must > be subordinate to efficacy and remain within certain limits.
He applied minimal varnishing, which eliminated the effects of roundness and reflection. This stylization and codification of established landscape formulas allowed him to make these works almost as inexpensive and widely available as prints. Jacob Grimmer was one of the first Netherlandish artists to break with the tradition of the mountain landscape pioneered by Joachim Patinir, the founder of the so- called world landscape. Abel Grimmer rather depicted broad landscapes of the Flemish countryside characterised by naturalism and a close observation of nature.
The foundational source in the gradual codification of Islamic ethics was the Muslim understanding and interpretations of the Qur'an and practices of Muhammad. Its meaning has always been in context of active submission to God (Arabic: Allah), performed by the community in unison. The motive force in Islamic ethics is the notion that every human being is called to "command the good and forbid the evil" in all spheres of life. Muslims understand the role of Muhammad as attempting to facilitate this submission.
Superior Court of Ventura County, CaliforniaGlobe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court of County of Norfolk; US Supreme CourtPress-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court of California; US Supreme Court75 Am Jur 2nd "Trials", §§ 205-216 United States Code 11, Section 107 (a), of the federal bankruptcy law, is a codification of the common-law general right to inspect judicial records and documents. However, the right is not absolute and may be denied when the entity seeking to view the records has an improper purpose.
Among other literary works, he edited the published Conferences of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture and translated the Castle of the Soul from the Spanish of St. Theresa. His personal character commanded the highest esteem, agreeing with the motto which he adopted - Bene facere et vera dicere, "Do well, and tell the truth". Félibien's codification of the aesthetic values of the classic arts in the hierarchy of genresVernon Hyde Minor, Baroque & Rococo: Art & Culture. (New York: Abrams) 1999.
Public laws are incorporated into the United States Code, which is a codification of all general and permanent laws of the United States. The main edition is published every six years by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives, and cumulative supplements are published annually. The U.S. Code is arranged by subject matter, and it shows the present status of laws (with amendments already incorporated in the text) that have been amended on one or more occasions.
He then needed to secure the frontiers. In terms of domestic policies he embarked on a series of civil and legal reforms. The latter included a new codification in 726, referred to as the Ecloga, which unlike Justinian's Corpus on which it was based, was in Greek rather than in Latin. Administratively he subdivided a number of the themata, for reasons similar to that of his predecessors, smaller units meant less power to local officials and less threat to central authority.
Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century, after the codification of the Talmud. Rabbinic Judaism gained predominance within the Jewish diaspora between the 2nd to 6th centuries, with the development of the Oral Law (Mishnah and Talmud) to control the interpretation of Jewish scripture and to encourage the practice of Judaism in the absence of Temple sacrifice and other practices no longer possible, since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.
Upon election as Speaker, Rayburn requested the appointment of a special committee to determine "the duties and rights of the speaker". This became the first ever codification of the speaker's power. He helped pass numerous legislation as Speaker such as shorter working hours for women, child labor laws, and appropriations for a Confederate widows home and a tuberculosis sanitarium. Many decades later Rayburn rated his service as Texas House Speaker as the most enjoyable period in his long political career.
It was highly decentralized at first, with the territorial dukes having practical sovereignty in their duchies, especially in the southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento. For a decade following the death of Cleph in 575, the Lombards did not even elect a king; this period is called the Rule of the Dukes. The first written legal code was composed in poor Latin in 643: the Edictum Rothari. It was primarily the codification of the oral legal tradition of the people.
Now Roman law claims to be based on abstract principles of justice that were made into actual rules of law by legislative authority of the emperor or the Roman people. These ideas were transmitted to the Middle Ages in the great codification of Roman law carried throughout by the emperor Justinian. The Corpus Iuris Civilis was issued in Latin in three parts: the Institutes, the Digest (Pandects), and the Code (Codex). It was the last major legal document written in Latin.
Ironically, Dutch (and Afrikaans) later used a calque of the English word, and now also call it a white rhino. This suggests the origin of the word was before codification by Dutch writers. A review of Dutch and Afrikaans literature about the rhinoceros has failed to produce any evidence that the word wijd was ever used to describe the rhino outside of oral use. An alternative name for the white rhinoceros, more accurate but rarely used, is the square-lipped rhinoceros.
A labour code, (also called a code of labour laws) is a codification of labour laws in legislative form. One of the first labour codes was first introduced in 1918 in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, as a legal framework underlying the requirement to ensure the right to work declared in the first Soviet Constitution.Кодекс законов о труде 1918 года // Приложение из учебного пособия И. Я. Киселева «Трудовое право России» (Москва, 2001). — Собрание Узаконений и Распоряжений Рабочего и Крестьянского Правительства РСФСР.
He thus acknowledged, in an express way, the double source of common criminal law existing at that time in the country. The Project of Carlos Tejedor First attempt of general criminal codification, was written by commission of the National Executive Power (05-12-1864), by Carlos Tejedor, professor of the University of Buenos Aires. In the general provisions of its General Part, the Project follows, to a great extent, the Bavarian Penal Code of 1813, the work of Paul Johann Anselm Von Feuerbach.
The Electoral Count Act, or the Electoral Count Act of 1887, is a United States federal law establishing procedures for the counting of electoral votes by Congress following a presidential election. The law has subsequently been codified, with some modifications, into positive lawOffice of the Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives, Positive Law Codification, visited Aug. 4, 2020. in Title 3, Chapter 1 of the United States Code, which also contains other provisions related to presidential elections and vacancies.
Greek family names are most commonly patronymics but may also be based on occupation, personal characteristics or location. The feminine version is usually the genitive of the family name of the woman's father or husband; so, for example, Mr. Yannatos and Mrs. Yannatou. As a result of their codification in the Modern Greek state, surnames have Katharevousa forms even though Katharevousa is no longer the official standard. Thus, the Ancient Greek name Eleutherios forms the Modern Greek proper name Lefteris.
Eventually Field's civil procedure code was, with some changes, adopted in 24 states. It also influenced later procedural reforms in England and several of her colonies (specifically, the Judicature Acts). In 1857, Field became chair of another state commission, this time for the systematic codification of all of New York state law except for those portions already reported upon by the Commissioner of Practice and Pleadings. In this work he personally prepared almost the whole of the political and civil codes.
The history of Bible translations into Macedonian is connected in its early years with the history of Bible translations into Bulgarian. Prior to the codification of the standard Macedonian during 1945, Macedonian dialects were described by most linguists as being dialects of the Bulgarian language. The label "Bulgarian language" for various Macedonian dialects can be seen from early texts written in the local Slavic vernacular in Macedonia in the 18th and the 19th century and their authors referred to their language as Bulgarian.
The first reference to a book being used in learning mathematics in China is dated to the second century CE (Hou Hanshu: 24, 862; 35,1207). We are told that Ma Xu (a youth ca 110) and Zheng Xuan (127-200) both studied the Nine Chapters on Mathematical procedures. C.Cullen claims that mathematics, in a manner akin to medicine, was taught orally. The stylistics of the Suàn shù shū from Zhangjiashan suggest that the text was assembled from various sources and then underwent codification.
Since the time of Corn Products, IRC §1221(a)(7) was added which specifically excludes from the definition of capital asset "any hedging transaction which is clearly identified as such before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into (or other such time as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe)." This is essentially a codification of the result in Corn Products and removes the necessity of classifying hedging transactions as "inventory" under IRC § 1221(a)(1).
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, by George Frederic Watts, 1886. Stephen chose a legal career, which was on balance a notable one since he a member of the Viceregal Council and later Professor of Common Law at the Inns of Court. He was largely occupied with official work on codification, some of which was introduced as bills in the Westminster Parliament though none of his codes ultimately became law in England. He was, however, responsible for the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
Following independence, the postcolonial government led by Jawaharlal Nehru completed the codification and reform of Hindu personal law, a process that had been begun by the British. According to the British policy of noninterference, reform of personal law should have arisen from a demand from the Hindu community. This was not the case, as there was significant opposition from various Hindu politicians, organizations, and devotees who saw themselves unjustly singled out as the sole religious community whose laws were to be reformed.Rina Williams.
Most societies were peaceful, and the incidence of extremely violent societies was low. Prescott states that the research showed that over time, disruptive practices become the 'norm' and as generations grow and pass on these practices, the society in question begins to demonstrate a clear lack of empathy, and violence is codified. The history of poisonous pedagogy, in his view, is the history of this codification of these non-nurturant practices. It is upon these that current transmitted practice is found.
The Virginia Code Commission is required to update the printed Code of Virginia at the end of each regular session of the General Assembly prior to the date new statutes and amendments become effective.Va. Code § 30-148. Codification of session laws. "Pocket part" supplements-- stapled paper updates literally stuck in a cover pocket of the hardcover volumes--are printed annually. The pocket parts were originally issued biennially, and then annually once the General Assembly began meeting every year in 1970.
Dunstan was an abbot of Glastonbury and is said to be the predecessor of Ethewold. Dunstan is responsible for a call for monastic revival in his own monastery and an internal codification of religious rule that was said to have expanded into the revival that resulted in the 10th century. He ejected corrupted clerics from his monastery despite alleged threats. Dunstan became an icon for morality in his community, and that image translated into his effect on the revival in general.
Spiritist Codification (or Spiritist Pentateuch) is the customary name given by spiritists to the set of books codified by Allan Kardec. The books are a compilation of questions made by Allan Kardec and answers allegedly dictated by Spirits, between the years 1857 and 1868. The series contains the fundamental details of the Spiritism movement. The collection of the first five books, written and published by French teacher, educator and Spiritism codificator Allan Kardec, are called "The Five Fundamental Works of Spiritism".
Since 1986 Geens has become a professor at the KU Leuven. In that capacity, he was appointed by the Belgian government as the scientific coordinator for the codification of the Belgian laws on companies and financial accounts, which culminated in a new Belgian company code in 2001.Koen Geens, new Governor for Belgium European Investment Bank (EIB), press release of March 14, 2013. In 2009 Geens was a candidate for rector of the KU Leuven but lost out to Mark Waer.
The Fiji Law Reform Commission is independent publicly funded commission, which helps develop and review legislation in Fiji. The Fiji Law Reform Commission Act established the Commission in 1979, to serve as an advisory body to the government and Parliament. The Commission reviews legislation and advises the lawmakers as to how to implement reforms. The various responsibilities of the Commission include the drafting of legislation, codification of laws and streamlining of legal administration, and finding and eliminating anomalies in the laws.
Title page of the Cook County Code of Ordinances Illinois counties, townships, cities, and villages may promulgate local ordinances. The Government of Chicago operates as a special charter municipality. The Journal of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Chicago is the official publication of the acts of the Chicago City Council, and the Municipal Code of Chicago is the codification of its local ordinances of a general and permanent nature.Chicago City Council Journal of 27 June 1990 , p.
Marini was highly active in pursuing greater unity between the Eastern Christianity and the Western Church. It was this pursuit that took him on travels to the Holy Land, Egypt, Greece, and North Africa. Within the Roman Curia, he was made a consultor to the Sacred Congregation of Studies (10 October 1902), Pontifical Biblical Commission (1911), Commission for the Codification of Canon Law (9 March 1912), and to the liturgical section of the Sacred Congregation of Rites (26 March 1914).
Macedonian (, makedonski jazik) is a South Slavic language, spoken as a first language by approximately 1.4-2.5 million people principally in North Macedonia and the Macedonian diaspora. It is the official language in North Macedonia and a recognized minority language in parts of Albania, Romania and Serbia. Standard Macedonian was implemented as the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in 1945 and has since developed a thriving literary tradition. Most of the codification was formalized during the same period.
The Journal of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Chicago is the official publication of the acts of the City Council. The Municipal Code of Chicago is the codification of Chicago's local ordinances of a general and permanent nature.Chicago City Council Journal of 27 June 1990 , p. 17764 Between May 18, 2011 and August, 2011, the first 100 days of the first term of Mayor Rahm Emanuel, 2,845 ordinances and orders were introduced to the Council.
The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. An update proposed in the late 1990s has met a hostile reception, and has not been formally adopted. The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent () may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress.
Another influential development during this period was the codification of tantric yogic techniques that would later become the separate movement known as Hatha Yoga. According to James Mallison, the original "source text" for Hatha Yoga is the Vajrayana Buddhist Amṛtasiddhi (11th century CE) attributed to the mahasiddha Virupa. This text was later adopted by Saiva yogic traditions (such as the Naths) and is quoted in their texts. Another tradition of Hindu Tantra developed among the Vaishnavas, this was called the Pāñcarātra Agama tradition.
On 22 October 1909 he once again received the Mines portfolio and was both Mines Secretary and Home Secretary until 26 February 1915 when, due to a disagreement with then-Premier Digby Denham, he resigned. During his time in the ministry, his most significant achievements were health legislation and codification of the Local Authorities Act. He next became involved in the Queensland Farmers' Union, the forerunner of the Country Party, and led it in the Legislative Assembly from 1915 until 1918.
Few were privy to his plans for reforms, which were kept hidden from the conservative opposition and Russia. Poniatowski scored a political victory during the Sejm of 1776, which further strengthened the Council. Chancellor Andrzej Zamoyski was tasked with the codification of the Polish law, a project that became known as the Zamoyski Code. Russia supported some, but not all, of the 1776 reforms, and to prevent Poniatowski from growing too powerful, it supported the opposition during the Sejm of 1778.
A civil penalty or civil fine is a financial penalty imposed by a government agency as restitution for wrongdoing. The wrongdoing is typically defined by a codification of legislation, regulations, and decrees. The civil fine is not considered to be a criminal punishment, because it is primarily sought in order to compensate the state for harm done to it, rather than to punish the wrongful conduct. As such, a civil penalty, in itself, will not carry jail time or other legal penalties.
The Guild Regulation of 1720 replaced the previous Guild Regulation of 1669, which had been the first national Guild Regulation in Sweden. There had been many suggestions to abolish the guild system, which called for a reform. The reformed Guild Regulation essentially kept the already established customary system with masters and apprentices. The reform consisted in the codification of customary regulations already in common use, as well as a simplification of the system, in order to make a guild memberships more easily attainable.
The Burgundian Code consists of two sets of laws, the earlier Book of Constitutions or Law of Gundobad, or Liber Constitutionum sive Lex Gundobada, and Additional Enactments, or Constitutiones Extravagantes. The laws of both parts are intended to govern the personal relations between individuals. The Law of Gundobad (Titles II-XLI) is a compilation of existing customary laws.Drew (1972:9) These laws are mostly a codification of customs that had been accepted as law throughout the tribe through common practice.
Since the time of Corn Products, IRC § 1221(a)(7) was added which specifically excludes from the definition of capital asset "any hedging transaction which is clearly identified as such before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into (or other such time as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe)." This is essentially a codification of the result in Corn Products and removes the necessity of classifying hedging transactions as "inventory" under IRC § 1221(a)(1).
Manuel Bryennios (; c. 1275 – c. 1340). was a Byzantine scholar who flourished in Constantinople about 1300 teaching astronomy, mathematics and musical theory.. His only surviving work is the Harmonika (Greek: Ἁρμονικά), which is a three-volume codification of Byzantine musical scholarship based on the classical Greek works of Ptolemy, Nicomachus, and the Neopythagorean authors on the numerological theory of music. One of Bryennios's students was Theodore Metochites, the grand logothete during the reign of Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1272–1328).
This episode was part of a long-running controversy about how the 1952 Patent Act should be interpreted − was it a mere re-codification of prior law without substantive change or did it break new ground? Judge Rich took the position that it broke new ground and that special deference should be given his views because of his relation to the process as draftsman of the bill.See Giles S. Rich, Congressional Intent – Or, Who Wrote the Patent Act of 1952?, in (BNA 1963).
Doris Stevens was among those journalism contacts. Stevens introduced Vergara to the study that the Inter-American Commission of Women () (CIM) was engaged in concerning women's nationality, recruiting her to become Chile's delegate for the Hague Codification Conference of the League of Nations in 1930. The following year, Vergara was appointed as an alternate presenter for the report to the League of Nations meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. After the conference, Vergara remained in Geneva lobbying for women's rights for several months.
Accounting Research Bulletins were documents issued by the US Committee on Accounting Procedure between 1938 and 1959 on various accounting problems. They were discontinued with the dissolution of the Committee in 1959 under a recommendation from the Special Committee on Research Program. In all, 17 bulletins were issued; however, the lack of binding authority over AICPA's membership reduced the influence of, and compliance with, the content of the bulletins. The Accounting Research Bulletins have all been superseded by the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC).
Pius X replied, "Then do it".Peters, The Life of Benedict XV, pg. 204. Gasparri was called to Rome in 1904 to take the post of Secretary for the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law, in which he spent the next 13 years in seclusion, digesting volumes of decrees and studies compiled over centuries to create the first definitive legal text in the history of Catholicism. His efforts resulted in the 1917 Code of Canon Law, in effect until 1983.
The highway, at its codification in 1970, traversed the north-south length of Whidbey Island and ended at SR 536 near Anacortes until it was replaced by SR 20 in 1973. SR 525 was converted to its present freeway in Lynnwood during the 1980s and widened to four lanes during the late 1990s, including an overpass over SR 99\. The highway also has a spur route in Mukilteo that has connected SR 525 to SR 526 via Paine Field Boulevard since it was signed in 2001.
The ritsuryō system was codified in several stages. The Ōmi Code, named after the provincial site of Emperor Tenji's court, was completed in about 668. Further codification took place with the promulgation by Empress Jitō in 689 of the Asuka Kiyomihara Code, named for the location of the late Emperor Temmu's court. The ritsuryō system was further consolidated and codified in 701 under the Taihō Code, which, except for a few modifications and being relegated to primarily ceremonial functions, remained in force until 1868.
A fourth and last group of articles pertains to judicial issues. Article 107 is the "codification article". It imposes that that private law, penal law and the separate procedural laws covering these subjects must indeed be formal law and treated in a general Civil Code and a Penal Code, although certain subject might be covered by special laws. Delegation is allowed but doctrine holds that criminal law (which is seen as a more limited field than general penal law) must be determined by formal law only.
On 15 May 1934, a coup led by Kārlis Ulmanis took place. The Saeima (Parliament) was dissolved and activities of the political parties halted. It implemented not only the functions of the executive power but it had also become a legislative power, fully taking over the functions of the Saeima. The role of the government administration significantly increased, for example, the Codification Division which from the Ministry of Justice in 1926 went under the Saeima now had come under the authority of the State Chancellery.
Beginning his career as an adherent of Roman law, Cras became a fundamental supporter of natural law and legal codification towards the end of the 18th century. Noted for his focus on general principles of law, his lengthy publications on the principles of equality and liberty had nonetheless little lasting impact. In 1798, Cras rose to prominence as the leading member of a commission charged with drafting national codes of law. The draft codes, published in 1804, appeared overly dogmatic and as a result never became law.
His son, Pepin, was ordered to campaign against the Avars in 795, since Charlemagne was occupied with Saxon revolts. Eventually the Avar confederation ended in 803 after Charlemagne sent a Bavarian army into Pannonia. He also conquered Saxon territories in wars and rebellions fought from 772 to 804, with such events as the Massacre of Verden in 782 and the codification of the Lex Saxonum in 802. Prior to the death of Charlemagne, the Empire was divided among various members of the Carolingian dynasty.
Judicial review for Kelsen in the twentieth century was part of a tradition inherited from the common law tradition based upon the American constitutional experience as introduced by John Marshall.Wolfe, Christopher. The Rise of Modern Judicial Review: From Judicial Interpretation to Judge-Made Law, Rowman and Littlefield. By the time the principle had reached Europe and specifically Kelsen, the issue of the codification of Marshall's common law version of judicial review into its form of constitutionally legislated law became an explicit theme for Kelsen.
The first codification of Texas criminal law was the Texas Penal Code of 1856. Prior to 1856, criminal law in Texas was governed by the common law, with the exception of a few penal statutes. In 1854, the fifth Legislature passed an act requiring the Governor to appoint a commission to codify the civil and criminal laws of Texas. Only the Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, both authored by James Willie, were passed by the sixth Legislature and were effective as of February 1, 1857.
Chambers, p. xi–xii. The languages of Aboriginal peoples in Canada started to influence European languages used in Canada even before widespread settlement took place, and the French of Lower Canada provided vocabulary, with words such as toque and portage, to the English of Upper Canada. While the process of the making of Canadian English—its documentation and codification—goes back to the 1930s, the 1960s were the key period. Like other social developments in Canada, the general acceptance of Canadian English has taken its time.
Origen of Alexandria (184/85–253/54), an early scholar involved in the codification of the Biblical canon, had a thorough education both in Christian theology and in pagan philosophy, but was posthumously condemned at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 since some of his teachings were considered to be heresy. Origen's canon included all of the books in the current New Testament canon except for four books: James, 2nd Peter, and the 2nd and 3rd epistles of John.Prat, Ferdinand (1911). "Origen and Origenism".
85px Amalfi, perhaps the first of the maritime republics to play a major role, had developed extensive trade with Byzantium and Egypt. Amalfitan merchants wrested the Mediterranean trade monopoly from the Arabs and founded mercantile bases in Southern Italy and the Middle East in the 10th century. Amalfitans were the first to create a colony in Constantinople. Among the most important products of the Republic of Amalfi are the Amalfian Laws, a codification of the rules of maritime law which remained in force throughout the Middle Ages.
Toporišič insisted on strong codification of language use (especially in pronunciation) as opposed to regional features. He frequently expressed his admiration for the language policy in France and suggested that a similar legal regulation of language use be introduced in Slovenia. He was also well known as the inventor of several neologisms in Slovene. Due to this, the general public often attributed to him the authorship of every neologism that entered Slovene through the media or the educational system, although this was not always the case.
This can be explained by typical for this time heightened interest in the texts of Novgorod olden time, as well as interest in codification of law because of the emergence of a unified Russian code of laws, Sudebnik of 1497. The title of Pravosudiye does not correspond to its content: there is not anything about Metropolitan Bishop and his court in the articles of the document. According to Vladimir Avtokratov, the title could be drawn up to more authority for mainly obsolete legal norms.
The 1764 English cricket season was the 21st season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of seven eleven-a-side matches between significant teams. The 1764 season marks the beginning of the "Hambledon Era" in earnest and it is believed to be about this time that the Hambledon Club was founded. A number of notable players are mentioned in sources for the first time, including three of the greatest 18th century players: Richard Nyren, John Small and Lumpy Stevens.
These government investigations of journalists catalysed debate about the role of government in censoring or prosecuting expressions they deemed potentially hateful. Critics said the cartoon controversy was a sign that attempts at judicial codification of such concepts as respect, tolerance and offence have backfired on the West. Michael Neumann wrote: > Western piety has left the West without a leg to stand on in this dispute. > It is no good trumpeting rights of free expression, because these rights are > now supposed to have nebulous but severe limitations.
Silesian National Publishing House () is the first-ever publishing house specializing in producing books in the Silesian language and on all matters (Upper) Silesian. It was founded in 2003 in Zabrze, Poland, where it is registered under the Polish name, Narodowa Oficyna Śląska. Its owner and founder, Andrzej Roczniok was the initiator of to the codification of the Silesian language, and remains the main contributor to this process. He also applied for an ISO 639-3 code for Silesian, which was granted as szl in 2007.
This offence was created as a result of the Law Commission's recommendations in their Report, Conspiracy and Criminal Law Reform, 1976, Law Com No 76. This was part of the Commission's programme of codification of the criminal law. The eventual aim was to abolish all the remaining common law offences and replace them, where appropriate, with offences precisely defined by statute. The common law offences were seen as unacceptably vague and open to development by the courts in ways which might offend the principle of certainty.
However, the federal codification of this rule was deemed necessary to assure that any violator would be dealt with in a consistent and harsh manner. Also, anyone who passes a stop signal loses his or her FRA certification for a period not less than 30 days for a first offense. This is per 49 CFR part 249. In 1991--prompted in large part by the Chase crash--Congress authorized mandatory random drug-testing for all employees in "safety-sensitive" jobs in industries regulated by DOT.
The construction of Islamic ritual buildings such as mosques were codified and standardised. Such codification is found in 15th century Sanskrit tretise, Rahmana-Prasada. One such early example of mosque include the Jami Mosque in Mangrol built in 1383-84. The notable mosques built during this period include Mosque of Al-Iraji at Junagadh (1286–87), Rahimat Mosque in Mangrol (1382-1383), Jami Mosque of Bharuch (1321), Jami mosque of Khambhat, Bahlol Khan Gazi or Hilal Khan Kazi Mosque (1333) and Tanka Mosque (1361) in Dholka.
In the early Holy Roman Empire, high justice was reserved to the king. From the 13th century, it was transferred to the king's vassals along with their fiefs. The first codification of capital punishment was the Halsgerichtsordnung passed by Maximilian I in 1499, followed in 1507 by the Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis. Both codes formed the basis of the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina (CCC), passed in 1532 under Charles V. In the Habsburg Monarchy, all regional codes were superseded by the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana in 1768.
Later in 1947, he would again submit his idea before the United Nations' Committee on the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification. In 1935 Donnedieu accepted an invitation to Berlin from Hans Frank, Hitler's personal lawyer and later Governor-General of occupied Poland. They debated the idea of an international criminal court. During the trials, Donnedieu was noted for protesting against the charges of Conspiracy to Wage War as he felt it was too broad to be served in such a monumental trial.
The chosen standard is generally spoken by the most powerful social group within society, and it is imposed upon other groups as the form to emulate, making the standard norm necessary for socioeconomic mobility. In practice, standardization generally entails increasing the uniformity of the norm, as well as the codification of the norm. The history of English provides an example of standardization over an extended time period, without formally recognized language planning. The standardizing process began when William Caxton introduced the printing press in England in 1476.
Eduard Lasker (born Jizchak Lasker) (14 October 18295 January 1884) was a German politician and jurist. Inspired by the French Revolution, he became a spokesman for liberalism and the leader of the left wing of the National Liberal party, which represented middle-class professionals and intellectuals. He promoted the unification of Germany during the 1860s and played a major role in codification of the German legal code. Lasker at first compromised with Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who later strenuously opposed Lasker regarding freedom of the press.
His great work, however, was the share he took in the judicial reform during the ten years 1867 to 1877. The codification of the law during this period is attributable more to him than to any other single individual. While he again and again was able to compel the government to withdraw or amend proposals that seemed dangerous to liberty, he opposed those liberals who, unable to obtain all the concessions they called for, refused to vote for the new laws as a whole.
Round scripts became the most popular in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries, due to their use by scribes. Ibn Muqla is credited with standardizing the “Six Pens” of Islamic calligraphy, also including thuluth, tawqi’, ruq'ah, muhaqqaq and reyhan. These are known as “the proportioned scripts” (al-khatt al-mansub) or “the six scripts” (al-aqlam al-sitta). Kufic is commonly believed to predate Naskh, but historians have traced the two scripts as coexisting long before their codification by Ibn Muqla, as the two served different purposes.
The Court found in the text of Rule 702, a codification of Daubert, a gatekeeping function for federal trial judges who had to determine whether expert scientific testimony was admissible in a federal trial. But Rule 702 applies to "scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge." "This language makes no relevant distinction between 'scientific' knowledge and 'technical' or 'other specialized' knowledge." True, Daubert dealt only with scientific knowledge, but that was the nature of the case, and it did not stray beyond the facts of that case.
Weeks was secretary to Liberia's delegation to the Ninth Session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1954–5. He was a member of the Liberian Codification Commission in New York in 1955. Admitted to the Bar in Montserrado in 1955, that year Weeks also began lecturing at the Louise Arthur Grimes School of Law at the University of Liberia. He was admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of Liberia in January 1956. He became President of the University of Liberia on April 6, 1959.
Modern competition law begins with the United States legislation of the Sherman Act of 1890 and the Clayton Act of 1914. While other, particularly European, countries also had some form of regulation on monopolies and cartels, the U.S. codification of the common law position on restraint of trade had a widespread effect on subsequent competition law development. Both after World War II and after the fall of the Berlin wall, competition law has gone through phases of renewed attention and legislative updates around the world.
Historically, the rise of Juan Crow laws emerged in the late-19th and early-20th centuries in the Southwestern United States. They were largely patterned after Jim Crow laws, which enforced racial discrimination against African Americans in the Southern United States during this same period. Bans against interracial marriage, and the codification of educational and racial segregation were common features of Juan Crow. Restaurants and businesses regularly denied service to African and Mexican Americans, and signs reading "No Mexicans Allowed" were widespread in the Juan Crow Southwest.
Some of these Oriental canon law reforms were promulgated by Pope Pius XII. The codification effort culminated with the Pope John Paul II's 1990 promulgation of the Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium (CCEO, Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches) which incorporates certain differences in the hierarchical, administrative, and judicial fora for the 23 sui juris particular Eastern Catholic Churches, which were each encouraged to issue codes of particular law peculiar to each church, so that all of the Catholic Church's canon law would be codified.
Singing and music, especially Gregorian chant, are associated with the liturgy. The Gregorian chant, also called cantilena Romana, has been, since its codification, (putatively under Pope St. Gregory the Great, although actually occurring later,) and remains the official music of the Latin Rite Catholic Liturgy, prescribed by Church documents to be given "pride of place" in Her liturgies. This form of music of the Church is contained in the Sacramentary Roman Missal as well as the chant books, e.g. graduale Romanum, antiphonale, liber cantualis.
Such codification occurred at the national level, such as with the publication of the Lieber Code in the United States, and at the international level with the adoption of the treaties during the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. Moreover, trials in national courts during this period further helped clarify the law. Following the end of World War II, major developments in the law occurred. Numerous trials of Axis war criminals established the Nuremberg principles, such as notion that war crimes constituted crimes defined by international law.
Part of the process of determining the effectiveness of anti- cancer agents in clinical trials involves measuring the amount of tumor shrinkage such agents can generate. The WHO Criteria, developed in the 1970s by the International Union Against Cancer and the World Health Organization, represented the first generally agreed specific criteria for the codification of tumor response evaluation. These criteria were first published in 1981. The RECIST criteria, first published in 2000, revised the WHO criteria primarily to clarify differences that remained between research groups.
In the first decade the Engineering Magazine made an important contribution to the codification and crystallization of the study of organizations.Yehouda Shenhav. "From Chaos to Systems: The Engineering Foundations of Organization Theory, 1879-1932," in: Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Dec., 1995), pp. 557 In 1906 the editors of the Engineering Magazine acknowledge this development: > It is almost exactly ten years since The Engineering Magazine laid down the > first clear definitions of that system of manufacturing which has come to be > known as distinctively American.
A Qadi (Islamic judge) was also not allowed to discriminate on the grounds of religion, gender, colour, kinship or prejudice. There were also a number of cases where caliphs had to appear before judges as they prepared to deliver their verdict. According to Noah Feldman, a law professor at Harvard University, the legal scholars and jurists who once upheld the rule of law were replaced by a law governed by the state due to the codification of Sharia by the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century.
According to Michael Witzel, the initial codification of the Rigveda took place at the end of the Rigvedic period at ca. 1200 BCE, in the early Kuru kingdom. The Rigveda is structured based on clear principles. The Veda begins with a small book addressed to Agni, Indra, Soma and other gods, all arranged according to decreasing total number of hymns in each deity collection; for each deity series, the hymns progress from longer to shorter ones, but the number of hymns per book increases.
Without patent, Budding and Ferrabee were shrewd enough to allow other companies to build copies of their mower under license, the most successful of these being Ransomes of Ipswich, which began making mowers as early as 1832. His machine was the catalyst for the preparation of modern-style sporting ovals, playing fields (pitches), grass courts, etc. This led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including for football, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and others.Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010.
He supported projects that encouraged the continued growth and development of the young state, most notably internal improvements, Native American removal, codification of Indiana's laws, improved county and local government, and expanded educational opportunities. Ray was known for his eccentricity and early promotion of a large-scale railroad system in the state. His support for new railroad construction and alleged involvement in several scandals caused him to lose popularity among voters. Ray's opponents who favored the creation of canals considered railroads to be an impractical, utopian idea.
Archpriest George Leonidovich Roshko (Roshco or Rochcau) (born on 31 December 1915, Cannes, France - died in 2003, Paris, France) was a priest of the Catholic Church, Plenipotentiary Visitator for Congregation for the Oriental Churches in leading Russian Catholic ministry in the world, a member of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum, member of the International Catholic Migration Commission, a member of the Pontifical Commission for the codification of Eastern Canon Law, rector of the parish of the Holy Trinity in Paris and a member of Russian apostolate.
The Aleppo Codex, now known in Hebrew as Keter Aram Tsoba, is the oldest and most famous manuscript of the Bible. Written in Tiberias in the year 920, and annotated by Aaron ben Asher, it has become the most authoritative Biblical text in Jewish culture. The most famous halachic authority to rely on it was Maimonides, in his exposition of the laws governing the writing of Torah scrolls in his codification of Jewish law (Mishneh Torah). After its completion, the Codex was brought to Jerusalem.
King Charles IX granted a constitution to the Corporation of Tennis Professionals in 1571, creating a career for the 'maître paumiers' and, establishing three levels of professionals – apprentice, associate, and master. The first codification of the rules of real tennis was written by a professional named Forbet and published in 1599.The Encyclopedia of Tennis, p. 17 The game thrived among the 17th-century nobility in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, and the Habsburg Empire, but suffered under English Puritanism, as it was heavily associated with gambling.
The Federal Register Act originally provided for a complete compilation of all existing regulations promulgated prior to the first publication of the Federal Register, but was amended in 1937 to provide a codification of all regulations every five years. The first edition of the CFR was published in 1938. Beginning in 1963 for some titles and for all titles in 1967, the Office of the Federal Register began publishing yearly revisions, and beginning in 1972 published revisions in staggered quarters. On March 11, 2014, Rep.
Hornay and Da Costa descendants continued to govern locally as Rajas (or Liurais) of Oecussi up to modern times.Yoder, L.S.M., Custom, Codification, Collaborating: Integrating the Legacy of Land and Forest Authorities in Oecusse Enclave, East Timor, Ph. D. Thesis, Yale University 2005. During the early 1900s, the enclave of OeCussi was ruled by Dom Hugo Da Costa and Rainha Elena Hornay - Their Children Domingos died at a young age. Their daughters Teresa Hornay da Costa married Sena Barreto and Rosa Anacleta Hornay da Costa married João Martins.
They range from the 2nd century BCE establishment of Hanukkah, to the bypassing on the Biblical ban on charging interest via the Prozbul, and up to the 1950 standardization of marital rules by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel which forbade polygamy and levirate marriage even in communities which still practiced those.For a good introduction to halakha see: Michael J. Broyde, Ira Bedzow. The Codification of Jewish Law: An Introduction to the Jurisprudence of the Mishna Berura Academic Studies Press, 2014. pp. 1–6, 368–370.
At the early period in question, oral tradition may have sufficed to hand down a certain number of musical formulas. When, later on, the ecclesiastical chants had been co- ordinated, it was found necessary to provide them with a notation. The attribution to Pope Gregory I (590-604) of an official codification of the collection of antiphons occurring in the Divine Office has at frequent intervals, exercised the wit of the learned. At the end of the ninth century John the Deacon (d. c.
In the Holy Roman Empire, high justice originally was reserved to the king. From the 13th century, it was transferred to the king's vassals along with their fiefs. The first codification of capital punishment was the Halsgerichtsordnung passed by Maximilian I in 1499, followed in 1507 by the Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis. Both codes formed the basis of the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina (CCC), passed in 1532 under Charles V. In the Habsburg Monarchy, all regional codes were superseded by the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana in 1768.
They accepted his explanation that he was 100 miles from his home in Chestertown and unable to return because of business, but he had to pay a 65-shilling fine to officials. Placed on the Committee of Laws, Hamilton was charged with the organization and codification of the Maryland colony's judiciary laws. By May 14, 1715, Hamilton had helped put together a series of laws that became the Act of 1715. This Act would form the basis of the law for Maryland until the Revolution.
Nova Makedonija The oldest newspaper in the country is Nova Makedonija, founded in 1944. Its first edition, on 29 October 1944, constitutes the first document written after the codification of Standard Macedonian. The unsuccessful privatisation of Nova Makedonija in 1994-96 led to the disappearance of all its print outlets from the market, and the later entry of WAZ as the main foreign investor, with a resulting strong concentration in the print media sector (90% in 2003). WAZ withdrew in 2012, selling its publications to local investors.
The goal of this framework is to eliminate the inconsistencies between balance sheet (historical cost) numbers and income statement (fair value) numbers. Subsequently, FAS 157 was subsumed into FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 820 (Fair Value Measurement), which now defines fair value as "The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date."Financial Accounting Standards Board. Glossary (free registration required) This is sometimes referred to as "exit value".
On 11 June 2015, the state Governor announced the state would no longer prevent same-sex marriages, making Chihuahua the fourth jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage. Governor César Duarte Jáquez announced that licenses would be available by 12 June 2015. On 16 June 2015, the President of the Chihuahuan Congress announced that the state would debate the legal codification of the executive decision. Additionally, according to the state National System for Integral Family Development, same-sex couples are allowed to adopt jointly in Chihuahua.
First page of the Babylonian Talmud, tractate Berachot Rabbinic tradition divides its historical development into distinct eras. According to traditional interpretation, scholars in one era within Halachic development (legal codification of Jewish observance) do not challenge the rulings of previous-era scholars. Chazal is an acronym for "Chachameinu Zichronam Livracha" ("Our Sages may their memory be blessed"). In Rabbinic writings this refers to all Sages of the Talmud and other Rabbinic literature commentators, from the times of the Second Temple of Jerusalem until the 6th century.
There are no rituals or dogmas, nor any sort of procedures in conversion to Spiritism. The doctrine is first considered as science, then philosophy and lastly as a religion. Allan Kardec's codification of Spiritism occurred between the years 1857 and 1868. Currently there are 25 to 60 million people studying Spiritism in various countries, mainly in Brazil, through its essential books, which include The Spirits Book, The Book on Mediums, The Gospel According to Spiritism, Heaven and Hell and The Genesis According to Spiritism.
Today, through maps and signage, the names have reached a level of written codification that leaves the lane's name written consistently as "Allens" and the station's name written consistently as "Allen". Colloquially, the Allen/Allen's/Allens variation persists in local speech, such as when train conductors sometimes announce the stop with the genitive inflection. The non-genitive variation that became the codified station name may have been reinforced by a timetable printer's error—the Pennsylvania Railroad's timetables were printed by the firm of Allen, Lane & Scott.
After the reform and codification of the craft, the mining and minting recovered around mid- century. In 1550 C. Zeno noted in his travelogue that the Ottoman sultan gets 70,000 ducats from Kratovo. The official accounts of that year tell of benefits of 1,111,555 akce. However, due to the opening of new mints, this fell down to just 573,099 akce in 1573.С. Катик, Ковачницата на монети во Кратово, 73 The mines were managed by their renters who held the title of a duke (knez).
Ordained to the priesthood on 30 May 1957 to the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Sidon, Eid was elected Archbishop of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Damascus on 5 June 1999 by the Maronite Synod. Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, gave him on November 20 of the same year the episcopal ordination. His co-consecrators were Tanios El Khoury, Eparch of Sidon, and Emile Eid, Vice-President of the Commission for the codification of the Eastern Churches' law. He retired on 25 September 2005.gcatholic.
He was also a member of a panel of the International Law Association, in New York, on the codification and progressive development of international law under the auspices of the United Nations in 1995. In 1997, he was a United Nations recommended legal consultant to Hangzhou International Centre on Small Hydro Power, in China. In 1998 he took up appointment as Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the United Nations in New York. Holding the post till 2002, he was instrumental neutralizing LTTE activity in the UN.
1588 codification of Lithuanian law, which regulated the official use of the "ruskiy" language Ruthenian Language Grammar, by Stepan Smal-Stotsky and Theodor Gartner Ruthenian Bible Printed by Dr.Francysk Skaryna from the Glorious City of Polatsk In modern texts, the language in question is sometimes called "Old Ukrainian" or "Old Belarusian" () and (). As Ruthenian was always in a kind of diglossic opposition to Church Slavonic, this vernacular language was and still is often called prosta(ja) mova (Cyrillic проста(я) мова), literally "simple speech".
It was unique among European civil codes in its characterization of the law in terms of person and property; it was divided into four sections: the person, property, the acquisition of property, and the defense of that property considered as legal rights.José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.298 This codification of Seabra's work would be enduring (1867–1967), and was the basis for Portuguese law regarding (in the terminology of the Code): the person as a juridical entity, promulgation of laws, property, crimes and judgments.
During his time directing and teaching the Batsheva Company, Naharin developed Gaga, a movement language and pedagogy that has defined the company's training and continues to characterize Israeli contemporary dance."Building Bodies with a Spft Spine", Retrieved December 15, 2015. A practice that resists codification and emphasizes the practitioner's somatic experience, Gaga presents itself as a movement language rather than a movement 'technique'. Classes consist of a teacher leading dancers through an improvisational practice based on a series of images described by the teacher.
The Normes ortogràfiques are a list of 24 rules which were promulgated by the Institut d’Estudis Catalans on January 24, 1913, with the purpose of regularizing Catalan spelling. They were born out of the necessity to establish a graphic codification for the Catalan language, which at the moment did not have a unitary spelling. These rules formed, until the publication in 2017 of Ortografia catalana, the basis for the spelling of modern Catalan. They were published by the end of January 1913, and disseminated by the press.
Jean-Paul Nerrière uses the term Globish for his subset of the English grammar and vocabulary. He claims that the language described in his books is naturally occurring. He has marked his codification of that language by taking out trademark protection on the term, as did I.A. Richards who trademarked Basic English in order to prevent dilution and misrepresentation of his work.Basic English and Its Uses, W.W. Norton, 1943 Instances of attested prior usage, it can be seen, were incidental or not intended for the same purpose.
The 19th century also saw the rapid creation, development, and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain and the United States. Association football, rugby union, baseball and many other sports were developed during the 19th century, while the British Empire facilitated the rapid spread of sports such as cricket to many different parts of the world. Also, women's fashion was a very sensitive topic during this time, as women showing their ankles was viewed to be scandalous. The boundaries set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815.
In 1531, Charles V, the Spanish ruler of the Netherlands, ordered the codification of existing laws with a view towards uniformity. However, the Eighty Years War and the end of Spanish rule in the Netherlands interrupted such plans. Some two centuries later, another attempt was made in 1801 under the new Batavian Republic. In 1804, a written code was partially drafted but never enacted. On 24 May 1806 the Netherlands became a French client state styled the Kingdom of Holland under Napoleon's brother, Louis Bonaparte.
Oldenbourg, Munich 1954, p. 81. # Guarantee of the Evangelical-Lutheran faith # Guarantee of the official German language # Guarantee of self-government ("German authorities", "German law") # Codification of (Livonian) land law # Assurances of the indigenous people (offices in Livonia and Courland only to locals). The autonomy rights set in this form served the German upper class also with later changes of rule as basis for negotiations and retained essentially up to the year 1919 (Imperial Russian Baltic governorate Livland) their validity.HALTZEL, MICHAEL H., C. LEONARD LUNDIN, ANDREJS PLAKANS, and TOIVO U. RAUN.
Nonetheless, he was posthumously acknowledged as among the foremost rabbinical decisors and philosophers in Jewish history, and his copious work comprises a cornerstone of Jewish scholarship. His fourteen-volume Mishneh Torah still carries significant canonical authority as a codification of Talmudic law. He is sometimes known as "ha'Nesher ha'Gadol" (the great eagle) in recognition of his outstanding status as a bona fide exponent of the Oral Torah. Aside from being revered by Jewish historians, Maimonides also figures very prominently in the history of Islamic and Arab sciences and is mentioned extensively in studies.
Rhodri's grandson, Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good), formed the kingdom of Deheubarth by joining smaller kingdoms in the southwest and had extended his rule to most of Wales by 942. He is traditionally associated with the codification of Welsh law at a council which he called at Whitland, the laws from then on usually being called the "Laws of Hywel". Hywel followed a policy of peace with the English. On his death in 949 his sons were able to keep control of Deheubarth but lost Gwynedd to the traditional dynasty of this kingdom.
In 1921, van Eysinga served on an arbitral panel led by Max Huber, tasked with settling a dispute between Germany and certain Dutch banks. He was the President of the Committee of Jurists asked by the Council of the League of Nations in 1925 to provide an opinion on a dispute between Danzig and Poland. Van Eysinga was the Dutch government's representative at the 1930 League of Nations Codification Conference, which purported to codify certain aspects of international law. During this period he was also a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
This research avenue approaches different aspects of multimedia data analysis and processing, most particularly regarding video, audio and 2D and depth images. This involves the combination of advanced real-time processing techniques with a good knowledge of current multimedia codification standards. The main focus is on the analysis of audio-visual material for data extraction, efficient processing through the use of graphic cards, the protection of multimedia data and the analysis of depth image for interaction with the environment. This research is also tackling image processing in mobile devices.
Szilágyi was born at Nagyvárad (today: Oradea, Romania) in the Kingdom of Hungary. He studied law at Budapest, Vienna, and in Germany, and early attracted attention with his articles on law and politics. As head of a section in the Ministry of Justice of Hungary, he traveled on a commission from his government to England to study there the conditions of the administration of justice, of which he had a knowledge then equaled by few. Brought up wholly in Liberal ideas, Szilágyi took a conspicuous part in the codification work of the Ministry of Justice.
He was created and proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Agostino by Pope Leo XIII on 15 April 1901, and received the red hat on 9 June 1902. He participated in the 1903 conclave that elected Pope Pius X. He was a member of the commission, headed by Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, for the codification of canon law (1906–1917). He was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 15 April 1907 until 29 April 1909. He was appointed Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites on 8 February 1909.
There is, however, a martial tradition passed down to the Swiss master, Pierre Vigny, which was used for codification of techniques using the Indian cane at the beginning of the 20th century, forming a separate tradition from the more common sporting cane seen in France today. The cane, first used for support and then as a gentleman's accessory, also provided a useful weapon. A normal walking stick is usually within the boundaries of legal self-defence, but the loaded cane (weighted with lead at one end) may be considered a weapon in some jurisdictions.
Nowruz became international, in Persian, BBC Persian, Wednesday, 30 September 2009, . The system has been a major influence in the maqam system in the Arabic music, both of which are deeply rooted in the Sassanid Persia's melodies, which entered into the Islamic world following the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century. The system of twelve and has remained nearly the same as it was codified by the music masters of the nineteenth century, in particular Mîrzā Abdollāh Farāhāni (1843–1918). No new or large has been devised since that codification.
In 1664 under the royal charter creating the French East India Company, the Custom of Paris became the primary law in New France, supplemented with royal ordinances, e.g. the "Code Louis", consisting of the 1667 ordinance on civil procedureOfficial title: Ordonnance civile pour la réformation de la justice, but now referred to as Ordonnance de Saint Germain en Laye. and 1670 ordinance on criminal procedure; the 1673 "Code Savary" on trade; and the 1685 Code noir on slavery.Jean Louis Bergel, “Principal Features and Methods of Codification”, Louisiana Law Review 48/5 (1988): 1074.
Notably, Łaski's Statutes omitted the 1501 Privilege of Mielnik and Union of Mielnik. The Mielnik laws represented a conflict between the king and magnates: both had made promises prior to the King's election, and both refused to confirm them afterward.Norman Davies, God's Playground, Columbia University Press, 1982, , Google Print, p.141 Printed the following year (1506) by Jan Haller in Kraków and widely distributed, Łaski's Statutes would remain in force as a fundamental codification of Polish law until the late-18th-century Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Standard varieties, for example, tend to be more conservative than nonstandard varieties, since education and codification in writing tend to retard change. Writing is generally said to be more conservative than speech since written forms generally change more slowly than spoken language does. That helps explain inconsistencies in writing systems such as that of English; since the spoken language has changed relatively more than has the written language, the match between spelling and pronunciation is inconsistent. (See Great Vowel Shift.) A language may be conservative in one respect while simultaneously innovative in another.
The codification aimed to clear legal inconsistencies and to improve the coherence of the legislation. The code of entry and residence of foreigners and right of asylum was created by the November 24, 2004 order proposed by Dominique de Villepin, then French minister of the interior in the government led by Jean-Pierre Raffarin. It follows the prescriptions passed on November 2, 1945 concerning the conditions of entry and residence of foreigners in France, and the July 25, 1952 law on asylum right. It came into force on March 1, 2005.
Secondly, it renders a judge's decision practically immune to reversal on appeal. The role of ijtihad has led to calls for the Sharia to be codified to give clarity and remove uncertainty. As a result, in 2010, the Minister of Justice announced plans to implement a codification of Sharia law, although resistance from the religious establishment is reportedly delaying its implementation. Royal decrees (nizam) are the other main source of law but are referred to as regulations rather than laws to indicate that they are subordinate to the Sharia.
Parsons never claimed that universal values, in and by themselves, "satisfied" the functional prerequisites of a society. Indeed, the constitution of society represents a much more complicated codification of emerging historical factors. Theorists such as Ralf Dahrendorf alternately note the tendency toward an enlarged middle-class in modern Western societies due to the necessity of an educated workforce in technological economies. Various social and political perspectives concerning globalization, such as dependency theory, suggest that these effects are due to changes in the status of workers to the third world.
The codification of customary law came about after a council was appointed in 1903 to advise the British Resident Commissioner on which laws would be best for governing the Basotho. Until this time, the Basotho customs and laws were passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition. The council was given the task of codifying them, and they came up with the Laws of Lerotholi which are applied by customary courts today (local courts). Written works of eminent authors have persuasive value in the courts of Lesotho.
A tied vote result in 'not guilty'; a '7 guilty – 5 not guilty' vote is transferred to the 3 professional judges who can, by unanimity, reverse the majority to 'not guilty'. The sentence is delivered by a majority of the 12 jurors and the 3 professional judges.Taxquet v Belgium, 13-01-2009 As a result of the Taxquet ruling the juries give nowadays the most important motives that lead them to their verdict. The procedural codification has been altered to meet the demands formulated by the European Court of Human Rights.
During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, esthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of waterspouts, the institutionalisation of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares.
He died at Paris in 1705. Writing some years after the actual events, Pierre Rameau credits Beauchamp with the codification of the five positions of the feetRameau, Pierre; Le maître a danser (Paris, 1725), Première partie, Chap. III in classical ballet, as well as a role in the development of the use of armsRameau, Pierre; Le maître a danser (Paris, 1725), Seconde partie, Chap. I (note though that, unlike the positions of the feet, the use of arms in baroque dance differs significantly from their use in ballet).
Hotchkiss v. Greenwood, 52 U.S. (11 How.) 248 (1851), was a United States Supreme Court decision credited with introducing into United States patent law the concept of non-obviousness as a patentability requirement,See, e.g., ("We conclude that the section [§ 103] was intended merely as a codification of judicial precedents embracing the Hotchkiss condition, with congressional directions that inquiries into the obviousness of the subject matter sought to be patented are a prerequisite to patentability."). as well as stating the applicable legal standard for determining its presence or absence in a claimed invention.
In 1930 represented his country at the Hague Conference for the Codification of International Law. Served as ambassador in Paris in 1932-1933. Following the death of Permanent Court of International Justice judge Mineichirō Adachi, he was viewed as best to replace him,"JAPANESE LEADING FOR WORLD COURT; National Groups in 25 Lands Have Nominated Nagaoka to Become a Hague Judge" New York Times, August 2, 1935 and on September 14, 1935, was elected judge at the Permanent Court of International Justice at the Hague.Permanent Court of International Justice, Twelfth Annual Report, pp.
From July 2001 to February 2006, Tscheke was the Vice President International of Empolis GmbH, and was responsible for their activities in the USA, UK, Hungary, Norway, and Dubai. From March 2006 until the present, Tscheke has been the President and CEO of Ovitas Inc. Since 2007, Tscheke has also been a team member to execute and maintain the US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) Codification as part of Ovitas. In 2013, Tscheke co-founded the open research and publishing platform ScienceOpen with Alexander Grossman, and currently serves as their Chief Strategy Officer.
Bursa prayer rug, late 16th century, James F. Ballard collection When Turkic migrants moved from Central Asia to Anatolia, they were migrating mainly through lands which had already adopted Islam. Depicting animals or humans is prohibited in the Islamic tradition, which does not distinguish between religious and profane life. Since the codification of the Quran by Uthman Ibn Affan in 651 AD/19 AH and the Umayyad Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan reforms, Islamic art has focused on writing and ornament. The borders of Anatolian rugs frequently contain ornaments which were derived from Islamic calligraphy.
Anton Moeliono (February 21, 1929 in Bandung - July 25, 2011 in Jakarta) was an Indonesian linguist. He is notable for his contribution into codification of the Indonesian language and orthography,Anton M. Moeliono: Pembaku dan Perawan Bahasa Indonesia Anton M. Moeliono - Unika Atma Jaya and also in the field of Indonesian terminology. In 1958, he completed his undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Literature of the University of Indonesia.Anton M. Moeliono, Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan In 1965, he obtained his master's degree in general linguistics at Cornell University.
When the end of the field is reached, patterns may be cut off intentionally, thus creating the impression that they continue beyond the borders of the rug. This feature is characteristic for Islamic design: In the Islamic tradition, depicting animals or humans is discouraged. Since the codification of the Quran by Uthman Ibn Affan in 651 AD/19 AH and the Umayyad Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan reforms, Islamic art has focused on writing and ornament. The main fields of Islamic rugs are frequently filled with redundant, interwoven ornaments in a manner called "infinite repeat".
On 14 May 1904, Pope Pius X created the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law. It produced the 1917 Code of Canon Law, promulgated by Pope Benedict XV on 27 May 1917 to take effect on 19 May 1918. Pope Benedict then established the Pontifical Commission for Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law on 5 September 1917. On 28 March 1963, Pope John XXIII replaced it with the Pontifical Commission for the Revision of the Code of Canon Law, a revision called for by the Second Vatican Council.
This was a codification of the preexisting rules and regulations through the by-laws of the American Bowling Congress. It eliminated gambling on contests, as prize money could now be earned honestly in tournaments. This was done by a uniform method of scoring that was enforceable by the A.B.C. bowling laws that then made it fair for all bowlers throughout the United States. Bowling equipment made by the Brunswick Company, like the alleys, pins and balls, were uniform based on certain measurements and requirements set in place by the American Bowling Congress.
Manichaean Middle Persian texts were written in the Manichaean alphabet, which also derives from Aramaic but in an Eastern Iranian form via the Sogdian alphabet. Pahlavi Middle Persian is the language of quite a large body of literature which details the traditions and prescriptions of Zoroastrianism, which was the state religion of Sasanian Iran (224 to c. 650) before the Muslim conquest of Persia. The earliest texts in Zoroastrian Middle Persian were probably written down in late Sasanian times (6th–7th centuries), although they represent the codification of earlier oral tradition.
He then entered Wadham College, Oxford, where he was a scholar, took first-class honours in Jurisprudence, and won the Eldon Law Scholarship. He was elected a prize fellow of All Souls College, Oxford in 1921. He was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1922, joined the Foreign Office as assistant legal adviser in 1925, and was promoted second legal adviser in 1929. He played a key role in the 1930 League of Nations Codification Conference and in relation to the abolition of the capitulatory regime in Egypt in 1934.
Literary activity in the Slovak language flourished during the second half of the seventeenth century and continued into the next century. In the mid-18th century Camaldolese monks translated the Bible in a variant of language named after them, while Romuald Hadvabný of Červený Kláštor proposed a detailed (Western Slovak) language codification in his Latin-Slovak Dictionary (1763) with an outline of the Slovak grammar. The first adventure novel in Slovak, the René mláďenca príhodi a skúsenosťi, was published in 1783 by Jozef Ignác Bajza in the Western Slovak language.
The Slavic dialects of Greece are the Eastern South Slavic dialects of Macedonian and Bulgarian spoken by minority groups in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace in northern Greece. Usually, dialects in Thrace are classified as Bulgarian, while the dialects in Macedonia are classified as Macedonian, with the exception of some eastern dialects which can also be classified as Bulgarian. Until the official codification of the Macedonian language in 1945 many linguists considered all these to be Bulgarian dialects.Mladenov, Stefan. Geschichte der bulgarischen Sprache, Berlin, Leipzig, 1929, § 207-209.
For nearly nine decades after the United States Constitution was ratified, those needing to research federal law had no official codification upon which to authoritatively rely. Instead, the only way to accurately know the law was to consult the individual acts of Congress, which had been compiled and published since 1845 as session laws in the United States Statutes at Large. Previous codifications by private publishers were useful shortcuts for research purposes, but had no official status. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts began to press Congress to revise and consolidate national statutes in 1851.
His Slovnica hèrvatska, first published in 1871, has been used as standard high-school textbook, and as a norm and codification of standard language of the period. Veber was a long-time secretary of Matica hrvatska and was one of the inaugural members of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. Veber served two terms in the Parliament between 1861 and 1867, but retired from politics after the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. His defence of Illyrian views on literary language was published in Vienac in 1884 under the title Brus jezika ili zagrebačka škola.
In 1276, the concept of "time immemorial" often applied in common law was defined as being any time before 6 July 1189 (i.e. before Richard I's accession to the English throne). Since 1189, English law has been a common law, not a civil law system; in other words, no comprehensive codification of the law has taken place and judicial precedents are binding as opposed to persuasive. This may be a legacy of the Norman conquest of England, when a number of legal concepts and institutions from Norman law were introduced to England.
The early rules did not draw a clear distinction between players in or out of a scrum, and did not require players in the scrum to bind. The early rules of rugby, even after re-codification as "Laws of the Rugby Union", said the object of players in the scrum was to kick the ball towards their opponents' goal line. This provision remained in the laws for approximately 20 years after practice had changed in the late 19th century. For a long time players did not have specific positions within a scrum.
The Oneida Football Club, founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1862, was the first organized team to play any kind of football in the United States. The game played by the club, known as the "Boston game", was an informal local variant that predated the codification of rules for association football, rugby football, or American football. The team, which consisted of graduates of Boston's elite preparatory schools, played on Boston Common from 1862 to 1865, during which time they reportedly never lost a game or even gave up a single point.
In the US, the first significant discussion occurred in the Sixth Circuit's opinion by Chief Judge (later US President and still later Supreme Court Chief Justice) William Howard Taft in United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co.85 F. 271 (1898), aff'd, 175 U.S. 211 (1899). Judge Taft explained the Sherman Antitrust Act of 189015 U.S.C. § 1. as a statutory codification of the English common-law doctrine of restraint of trade, as explicated in such cases as Mitchel v Reynolds.1 P Wms 181, 24 ER 347 (QB 1711).
Maryland playing Johns Hopkins in 1919 during Curley Byrd's coaching tenure. The modern Maryland Terrapins football program representing the University of Maryland traces its lineage to the team first formed at what was then the Maryland Agricultural College (MAC) in 1892. In the initial years, due to the rudimentary state of intercollegiate athletics and interstate travel, all games were played against local colleges, high schools, and athletic clubs. In 1902, Maryland hired its first professional coach, John Markey, and soon after drafted a "football philosophy", an early attempt at a codification of college football.
The California Code of Regulations (CCR, Cal. Code Regs.) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) announced in the California Regulatory Notice Register by California state agencies under authority from primary legislation in the California Codes. Such rules and regulations are reviewed, approved, and made available to the public by the Office of Administrative Law (OAL), and are also filed with the Secretary of State. The CCR consists of 28 titles and contains the regulations of approximately 200 regulatory agencies.
Debono was elected in parliament with the Nationalist Party from the fifth district in 2008 when he gained 2065 votes. Newspaper Malta Today described Debono's election as a surprise win. Even more so, because Debono's election meant longstanding member of parliament Louis Galea who was minister of education and Helen Damato who was parliamentary secretary for the elderly became unseated. In Parliament, Debono chaired the committee on the "Re-codification and consolidation of laws," and was also a member of the committee on "Black dust precipitation" chaired by Leo Brincat.
While there have not been any significant changes since the 1918 decree, debates and fluctuations have to some degree continued. In December 1942, the use of letter Ё was made mandatory by Decree No. 1825 of the People's Commissariat of Education. A codification of the rules of Russian orthography and punctuation was published in 1956 but only a few minor orthographic changes were introduced at that time.These include the changing of "цы" to "ци" in a few words such as "панцирь" and adding a hyphen to the words "по-видимому" and "по-прежнему".
Additionally, Efimov claimed that a disproportionate amount of primary school class time was devoted to orthography, rather than phonetics and morphology. Efimov asserted that the existing orthography was essentially unchanged since Grot's codification, and that only by bringing orthography closer to phonetic realization, and eliminating exceptions and variants, could appropriate attention be paid to stylistics and the "development of speech culture". The state's focus on proper instruction in Russian, as the national language of ethnic Russians, as the state language, and as the language of international communication continues to the present day.
Distinct from the canonical tradition of the Latin Church is the tradition of the Eastern Catholic Churches. The earliest Oriental canon law collections were called nomocanons, which were collections of both canon and civil law. In the early twentieth century, when Eastern Churches began to come back to full communion with the Holy See, Pope Benedict XV created the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Church in order to preserve the rights and traditions of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Since the early twentieth century, Oriental canon law had been in the process of codification.
His pupils were the sons of the well-to-do. His early use of a form of sign language, the combined system, was the first codification of what was to become British Sign Language. Joseph Watson was trained as a teacher of the deaf under Thomas Braidwood and he eventually left in 1792 to become the headmaster of the first public school for the deaf in Britain, the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb in Bermondsey. In 1815, an American Protestant minister, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, travelled to Europe to research teaching of the deaf.
Macmillan was in favour of women having the right to independent nationality with the same right to retain or change as men. To that end, she wrote a piece entitled "The Nationality of Married Women" that was published twice in Jus Suffragii, once in July 1917 and again with updated statistics in June 1918. However, no new laws were passed about it, and a woman's citizenship remained tied to that of her husband. The subject came up again in 1930, during the Conference on Codification of International Law, held in The Hague.
He entered the Faculty of Law of the Leningrad Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour of the State University named after Zhdanov The State University named after Zhdanov and graduated successfully in 1975. He studied full-time at the graduate school of Leningrad State University named after Zhdanov in the Department of Land and Collective Farming Law from 1975 to 1978. He defended the candidate’s dissertation on the “Theoretical Problems of Codification of the USSR Environmental Protection Legislation” (thesis supervisor – Professor A.M. Kalandadze) on April 26, 1979.Candidate’s dissertation.
Zamoyski Code ( or Zbiór praw sądowych na mocy konstytucji roku 1776 przez J.W. Andrzeja Zamoyskiego ekskanclerza koronnego ułożony... Kodeks Andrzeja Zamoyskiego, Encyklopedia PWN, 2 October 2008 [Collection of court laws requested by constitution of 1776 designed by former chancellor Andrzej Zamoyski]) was a major, progressive legislation, proposed by Andrzej Zamoyski, Grand Chancellor of the Crown of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in 1776. This legislation was an attempt of codification of the previously uncodified law of the Commonwealth. It was opposed by several conservative and foreign factions and eventually rejected by the sejm of 1780.
Fitzgerald was elected as a Republican from Ohio's Third District to the Sixty-seventh Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses. He was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Commerce in the Sixty- eighth Congress. He served on the Committee on Revision of the Laws in the Seventieth and Seventy-first Congresses, during which time he authored a cumulative codification system for statutory law of the United States and the District of Columbia. He was defeated for reelection in 1930 to the Seventy- second Congress.
The Wakhi Cultural Association has arranged more than twenty programmes since 1984, which includes cultural shows, musical nights, and large-scale musical festivals with the collaboration of Lok Virsa Pakistan, the Aga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan (AKCSP) and Pakistan television. In 2000, the WCA won a "Best Programme" organizer award in the Silk Road Festival from the President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf. A computerized codification of the Wakhi script has been released, which will help to promote the language development programme and documentation of Wakhi poetry, literature, and history.
The United States was among the nations that participated in the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which took place from 1974 through 1982 and resulted in the international treaty known as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The United States also participated in the subsequent negotiations of modifications to the treaty from 1990 to 1994. The UNCLOS came into force in 1994. Although the United States now recognizes the UNCLOS as a codification of customary international law, it has not ratified it.
This was the first effort at codification of the state's criminal code and was adopted by the State's General Assembly. Tucker also began intervening in utility rate cases before the Arkansas Public Service Commission and fought to require "scrubbers" on a large coal-fired generation plant. He served as co-chairman of the Consumer Protection Committee of the National Association of Attorneys General. Running from his post as attorney general, Tucker was elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-fifth Congress and served one term, January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1979.
The police service is managed in accordance with the Police Powers and Duties Act (2009) and the Police Powers and Duties Regulations (2012). The powers of arrest and search are described in Part III of the Criminal Procedure Code (1963). The Penal Code (1965) is a codification of what crimes under Law of Tuvalu. This legislation is published online by the Office of the Attorney General of Tuvalu; also by the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, with the law set out in the 2008 Revised Edition; with a list of current legislation (up to 2012).
The current codification of state law under the constitution is the New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated of 1955. New Hampshire is the only state with no law requiring wearing of seat belts nor use of motorcycle helmets. (The law now does make these demands of those under 18.) A driver does not need to have vehicle insurance but must provide "proof of financial responsibility" to the state after an accident. Failure to do so can result in loss of driving privileges until the injured party is paid in full for their loss.
Upon returning, he also established his own law firm, in which he was joined by his brothers Stephen and Jonathan. Much of Field’s ideas on codification and the civil procedure rules were based on the 1825 Louisiana Code of Procedure. The Louisiana code was drafted by jurists including Edward Livingston, Louis Lislet (1762–1832), and Pierre Derbigny. In turn, the Louisiana code was inspired by French (including the French Code of Civil Procedure of 1806), Spanish, and Roman law, the common law tradition, and Livingston’s Louisiana Practice Act of 1805.
The expression "law reform" is used in a number of senses and some of these are close to being wholly incompatible with each other.Hurlburt, William H. Law Reform Commissions in the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. Juriliber. 1986. Page 3. In the Law Reform Commission Act 1975, the expression "reform" includes, in relation to the law or a branch of the law, its development, its codification (including in particular its simplification and modernisation) and the revision and consolidation of statute law, and kindred words must be construed accordingly.
The Salvaging of Civilization: The Probable Future of Mankind is a non-fiction book by H. G. Wells which addresses the possibility of a future world state. It was published by The Macmillan Company of New York, for the first time in 1921. Free download Wells drew on the experience of the Great War to propose a socialist world state brought about through education and the manipulation of popular opinion. He outlines a new codification of morality and a readjustment of education based on the interests of the state, rather than the individual.
England played a key role in the evolution of modern boxing, with the codification of the rules of the sport known as the Queensberry Rules in the 19th century. British professional boxing offers some of the largest purses outside the United States to a few elite professional boxers who become nationally known. British heavyweight contenders are especially popular, but most British world champions have fought in the middling weight brackets. The governing bodies of professional boxing are the British Boxing Board of Control and the British & Irish Boxing Authority.
The author postulated the principle that the Prilep-Bitola dialect be used as a dialectal basis for the formation of the Macedonian standard language; his idea however was not adopted until the 1940s. The book was met with opposition and initial prints at the printing press in Sofia were destroyed. Prior to the codification of the standard languages (incl. Standard Macedonian), the boundaries between the South Slavic languages had yet to be "conceptualized in modern terms" and the linguistic norms were still in the process of development (including the Bulgarian standard language).
The historical materials which Stephen had long been collecting took permanent shape in 1883 as his History of the Criminal Law of England. He lacked time for a planned Digest of the Law of Contract (which would have been much fuller than the Indian Code). Thus none of Stephen's own plans of English codification took effect. The Parliament of Canada used a version of Stephen's Draft Bill revised and augmented by George Burbidge, at the time Judge of the Exchequer Court of Canada, to codify its criminal law in 1892 as the Criminal Code, 1892.
2008 plaque commemorating Lemkin's prewar residence, 6 Kredytowa Street, Warsaw, Poland From 1929 to 1934, Lemkin was the Public Prosecutor for the district court of Warsaw. In 1930 he was promoted to Deputy Prosecutor in a local court in Brzeżany. While Public Prosecutor, Lemkin was also secretary of the Committee on Codification of the Laws of the Republic of Poland, which codified the penal codes of Poland, and taught law at Tachkemoni College in Warsaw. Lemkin, working with Duke University law professor Malcolm McDermott, translated The Polish Penal Code of 1932 from Polish to English.
1525–83) Practicks, who with Sir John Skene of Curriehill (c. 1543–1617), was a major figure in the move to codification. Skene produced an edition of the Acts of Parliament and a legal dictionary, De Verborum Significatione and edited Regiam Maisestatem, a history of the Scottish law, which attributed much of its creation to David I. Thomas Craig of Riccarton (c. 1538–1608) produced two large works, Jus Feudale, which examined feudal law, and De Unione Regnorum Britanniae, which explored the possibilities of unifying the English and Scottish legal systems.
Constitutional Court in Johannesburg The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme rule of law in the country. The primary sources of South African law are Roman-Dutch mercantile law and personal law with English Common law, as imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism. The first European based law in South Africa was brought by the Dutch East India Company and is called Roman-Dutch law. It was imported before the codification of European law into the Napoleonic Code and is comparable in many ways to Scots law.
Appel de Blois is an initiative in 2008 by Liberté pour l’Histoire to work against legislative authorities criminalizing the past through the legislative,French memory laws www.lph-asso.fr thus putting more and more obstacles in the way of historical research. It was signed by historians such as Carlo Ginzburg, Eric Hobsbawn, and Jacques Le Goff. The appeal, which was directed at the European public, particularly scholars, historians, and academics, called for the rejection of "moralisation" and "judicialisation" of history through the codification of the so-called memory laws.
The positions of the feet in ballet is a fundamental part of classical ballet technique that defines standard placements of feet on the floor. There are five basic positions in modern-day classical ballet, known as the first through fifth positions. In 1725, dancing master Pierre Rameau credited the codification of these five positions to choreographer Pierre Beauchamp. Two additional positions, known as the sixth and seventh positions, were codified by Serge Lifar in the 1930s while serving as Ballet Master at the Paris Opéra Ballet, though their use is limited to Lifar's choreographies.
Though the Commerce Code of 1868 was the main source of business law, nowadays the legislation is widely spread in many legislative bodies. For instance, both the Civil Code and the Commerce Code deal with the basic matters of enterprises, but Corporations and limited liability enterprises have a statute of its own. Recently the law of bankruptcy has been incorporated in the Commerce Code, in a process of re-codification. Matters such as banking and the stock exchange are strongly regulated by government agencies and therefore are subject to public scrutiny.
Trespass is an area of criminal law or tort law broadly divided into three groups: trespass to the person, trespass to chattels and trespass to land. Trespass to the person historically involved six separate trespasses: threats, assault, battery, wounding, mayhem (or maiming), and false imprisonment.Underhill and Pease, p. 250 Through the evolution of the common law in various jurisdictions, and the codification of common law torts, most jurisdictions now broadly recognize three trespasses to the person: assault, which is "any act of such a nature as to excite an apprehension of battery";Johnson v.
Only when the new Vietnamese emperor Gia Long had ascended to the throne was the influence of Siam in Cambodia again contested. Relations with Vietnam took on a prominent place in this epoch. There were no significant relations with the European colonial powers during the reign of Rama I. One of the most important achievements of Rama I was the codification of all the country's laws into a work of 1,700 pages called the Three Seals Law. This law remained valid in its basic traits until the beginning of the twentieth century.
This approach accentuated the Hindu caste system and to an extent the frameworks of other religions, which had at least in recent centuries been somewhat more flexibly applied. So British influence on the fluid social structure of India can largely be seen as a solidification of the privileges of the Hindu caste system through the influence of exclusively high-caste scholars advising the British on their laws. In short, under Hastings there was a codification of Hindu laws, and a digest of Muslim law books.The Anarchy, W. Dalrymple, London, 2019, p. 238.
While the en masse community of souls of Israel in each generation are lower, the most supreme Tzadikim of the generations are unaffected by this limitation. In traditional view, Talmudic and Halachic study (Nigleh-"Revealed" aspects of Judaism) uncovers new interpretations of previously revealed Scriptural and Rabbinic texts. Consequently, this scholarship is affected by diminishing authority of latter generations to disagree with earlier codification. However, Kabbalistic (Nistar-"Concealed") scholarship advances with successive new descriptive articulations, through a progressive process of revelation of new doctrines by select supreme Tzadikim.
Pontifical universities in Rome have established faculties of Sacred Theology, of Civil Law and Canon Law or Utriusque iuris,Literally "both rights" or civil law (or Roman) and canon law. It must be borne in mind that this option meets the tradition of law in its traditional form before the codification of the 18th century when the Faculty of Law taught alongside theology the two great schools of legal thought: Canon law and Roman law of Philosophy, of Biblical Sciences and Archeology, of Christian and classical literature, of Missiology, Education Science and Social Communication Sciences.
Section 2(a) of the Act also officially changed the name of the Internal Revenue Code from the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Although the Act made numerous amendments to the 1954 Code, it was not a re- enactment or a substantial re-codification or reorganization of the overall structure of the 1954 Code. Thus, the tax laws since 1954 (including those after 1986) have taken the form of amendments to the 1954 Code, although it is now called the 1986 Code.
Olaus Petri's The Rules for Judges unified legal system since the 1530s and the law concerning the judicial procedure, the Code of Judicial Procedure (), was instituted as part of the legal codification of 1734. Since then, the Code has undergone numerous changes. Nowadays, the Finnish courts are divided into two main branches -- general courts dealing with civil suits and criminal cases, and administrative courts regulating the actions of the administration and litigations between individuals and the administration. This division dates back to the administrative procedure of the 18th and 19th centuries.
The Leonese language derives directly from Latin and developed in the Middle Ages. At this time, Leonese was the official language of the Leonese Kingdom and achieved a high codification grade in the city of Llión. The first written text in Leonese was Nodicia de Kesos (959 or 974); other works in the language include Fueru de Llión, Fueru de Salamanca, Fueru Xulgu, Códice d'Alfonsu XI, ou Disputa d'Elena y María or Llibru d'AlixandreMenéndez Pidal, R. "El Dialecto Leonés". Madrid. 1906 Leonese is considered a seriously endangered language by UNESCO.
In 1845, Alexander Cartwright, a member of New York City's Knickerbocker Club, led the codification of the so-called Knickerbocker Rules,Sullivan (1997), p. 292. which in turn were based on rules developed in 1837 by William R. Wheaton of the Gotham Club. While there are reports that the New York Knickerbockers played games in 1845, the contest long recognized as the first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. history took place on June 19, 1846, in Hoboken, New Jersey: the "New York Nine" defeated the Knickerbockers, 23–1, in four innings.
In 1881 he published Bankruptcy and Insolvency Law, which was followed by Companies' Work and Mining Law in New South Wales and Victoria (1894), The Codification of Mercantile Law (1897) and The Bill of Lading Question and Marine Insurance Policies (1901). He also published pamphlets advocating reform on a range of financial and legal matters. De Lissa had married Elizabeth Hart in 1873; they had three children. He visited England in 1887, having unsuccessfully proposed to Sir Henry Parkes a finance company to draw English investment to Australia.
Corpus Juris Secundum (CJS) (Meaning, "Second Body of the Law")Legal Research and Writing for Paralegals, Published by Wolters Kluwer and written by Deborah E. Bouchoux is an encyclopedia of United States law at the federal and state levels. It is arranged alphabetically, into over 430 topics, which in turn are arranged into subheadings. , CJS consisted of 164 bound volumes, 5 index volumes and 11 table of cases volumes. CJS is named after the 6th century Corpus Juris Civilis of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, the first codification of Roman law and civil law.
At the Union- Republican People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR entrusted the organization and management of judicial institutions. The Regulation determines the structure of the People's Commissariat of Justice of Uzbekistan, which was headed by People's Commissar of having two deputies. As part NKJU Uzbek SSR departments were established judicial institutions, the department of judicial protection and legal assistance to the population sector notaries department Uzbek SSR codification of legislation, legal advice, etc. In addition, NKJU republic directed and oversaw the activities of bailiffs, organized and led the court statistics .
The "uniform capitalization rules" or UNICAP rules were essentially a codification of the result of case of Commissioner v. Idaho Power Co., 418 U.S. 1 (1974) The UNICAP rules require a taxpayer to capitalize all direct and indirect costs that they incur in the production of real or tangible personal property that are allocable to that property. Therefore, for example, a taxpayer would have to capitalize not only the direct costs that they incur with constructing a building, like paying employees, but also any indirect costs, like construction related depreciation.
Za makedonckite raboti (Cyrillic script: За македонцките работи, English translation: On Macedonian Matters) is a book written by Krste Misirkov and published in 1903 in Sofia, Bulgaria. The book presents the author's views towards the Macedonian Question, and explores the sense of national belonging and nеed for affirmation of the Macedonians as a separate people. The book marked the first complete outline of the Macedonian language as a separate and proposed the need for its codification. The book also covers the rules of the standard language, its orthography and alphabet.
The LRC updates the Code accordingly. Because of this codification approach, a single named statute (like the Taft–Hartley Act or the Embargo Act) may or may not appear in a single place in the Code. Often, complex legislation bundles a series of provisions together as a means of addressing a social or governmental problem; those provisions often fall in different logical areas of the Code. For example, an Act providing relief for family farms might affect items in Title 7 (Agriculture), Title 26 (Tax), and Title 43 (Public Lands).
During the 1920s, some members of Congress revived the codification project, resulting in the approval of the United States Code by Congress in 1926.; The official version of the Code is published by the LRC as a series of paper volumes. The first edition of the Code was contained in a single bound volume; today, it spans several large volumes. Normally, a new edition of the Code is issued every six years, with annual cumulative supplements identifying the changes made by Congress since the last "main edition" was published.
In 1876 Šafařík started to publish the journal "Listy chemické", the first chemistry journal in Austria-Hungary (today issued under the name "Chemické Listy") and this journal has played an important role in the codification of the nomenclature and terminology. During a congress of Czech chemists in 1914, the nomenclature was reworked, and the new system became normative in 1918. Alexandr Sommer-Batěk (1874-1944) and Emil Votoček (1872-1950) were the major proponents of this change. Presl's original conventions remained in use, but formed only small part of the naming system.
Kernel normal form, or KNF, is the coding style used in the development of code for the BSD operating systems. Based on the original KNF concept from the Computer Systems Research Group, it dictates a programming style to which contributed code should adhere prior to its inclusion into the codebase. KNF started out as a codification of how Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie formatted the original UNIX C source code. It describes such things as how to name variables, use indents and the use of ANSI C or K&R; C code styles.
The end video material was screen on five video monitors position in different places on the set. The devising process incorporated a composer (Steven Durrant) who wrote and recorded original music for the production. The aim of the project was to attempt to explore the usefulness of Antonin Artaud theories of performance in specific relation to postmodern theatrical and televisual forms. The production originally attempted to interweave and juxtapose Antonin Artaud's theories of performance with Eastern concepts of ritual and performance codification within and against modern popularist performative models.
Later, Ypsilanti City Council, using its power of codification, deleted the ordinance. In 1979, Faz Husain was elected to the Ypsilanti city council, the first Muslim and the first native of India to win elected office in Michigan. In the 1990s Ypsilanti became the first city in Michigan to pass a living wage ordinance. On July 23, 2007, Governor Jennifer Granholm announced that Ypsilanti, along with the cities of Caro and Clio, was chosen by the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) to take part in the Blueprints for Michigan's Downtowns program.
The academic law library in the region is located in the very Faculty building, occupying the area of around 2,000 sq. meters, with 600 sq. meters of reading rooms, one of which is reserved for researchers and teachers only. The Library collection comprises 138,000 monographs, 2,670 titles with 32,600 years of serial publications, reference collection with over 400 encyclopaedias, lexicons, dictionaries and other reference books, and a priceless collection of 91 rarities (featuring several 17th and 18th century editions of Justinian’s Codification, a singular edition of Corpus Iuris Canonici, etc.).
He was born in Monessen, Pennsylvania. About 1910 the family moved to Cleveland, Ohio where he gained a bachelor's degree in physics at Case Institute of Technology in 1923. He was instrumental in several major changes to how patents were issued and how intellectual property is treated.Most notably,in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Patent Office (as it was then known) lent Pat to the U.S. Congress to assist them in preparing a codification of the patent laws that became the 1952 Patent Act (Title 35 of the U.S. Code).
By the 19th century, the body of canonical legislation included some 10,000 norms. Many of these were difficult to reconcile with one another due to changes in circumstances and practice. The situation impelled Pope Pius X to order the creation of the first Code of Canon Law, a single volume of clearly stated laws. Under the aegis of the Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under Benedict XV, who promulgated the Code on 27 May 1917,De Meester, Compendium Tomus Primus, p.
Most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, including games using "hooked" (written "hockie", similar to "hooky") sticks. By the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, and national and international bodies sprang up to manage domestic and international competition.
Patrikarakos was born in Hampstead and attended University College School. He has been described as a British-Greek-Jewish-Iranian-Iraqi. Via his father, he is descended from the Greek revolutionary and statesman Georgios Sisinis while, while his mother’s family tree includes a long line of Sephardi rabbis including Abdallah Somekh, who was instrumental in the codification of kosher laws for Baghdadi Jews throughout India and the Far East, and the master kabbalist and de facto chief Rabbi of Babylon, Yosef Hayyim. Sylvia Kedourie was also a cousin.
Intersex activists on a boat at Utrecht Canal Pride in the Netherlands on June 16, 2018 Human rights institutions are placing increasing scrutiny on harmful practices and issues of discrimination against intersex people. These issues have been addressed by a rapidly increasing number of international institutions including, in 2015, the Council of Europe, the United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the World Health Organization. These developments have been accompanied by International Intersex Forums and increased cooperation amongst civil society organizations. However, the implementation, codification, and enforcement of intersex human rights in national legal systems remains slow.
In the years 2004–2006 he was the chairman of the Criminal Law Codification Commission, in the years 2009–2015 he was a member of this commission. In 2015, he became a member of the honorary support committee for Bronisław Komorowski before the Polish presidential election. He criticized the judicial reforms introduced in Poland since 2015 by Law and Justice, above all the reform of the penal code. In an interview in 2017, he stated that as a lawyer he would have wished “the independent and fairly functioning Constitutional Court restored (...), the authentic independence of judges a fact (...).
In 1731, Louisiana reverted to royal rule. In contrast to Metropolitan France, the government applied a single unified law of the land: the Custom of Paris for civil law (rather egalitarian for the time); the "Code Louis", consisting of the 1667 ordinance on civil procedureOfficial title: Ordonnance civile pour la réformation de la justice, but now referred to as Ordonnance de Saint Germain en Laye. and 1670 ordinance on criminal procedure; the 1673 "Code Savary" for trade; and the 1685 Code noir for slavery.Jean Louis Bergel, “Principal Features and Methods of Codification”, Louisiana Law Review 48/5 (1988): 1074.
His Napoleonic Code has influenced the legal systems of more than 70 nations around the world. British historian Andrew Roberts states: "The ideas that underpin our modern world—meritocracy, equality before the law, property rights, religious toleration, modern secular education, sound finances, and so on—were championed, consolidated, codified and geographically extended by Napoleon. To them he added a rational and efficient local administration, an end to rural banditry, the encouragement of science and the arts, the abolition of feudalism and the greatest codification of laws since the fall of the Roman Empire".Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p. xxxiii.
Others saw it as a concession by the Poles when their plan to fully incorporate the Grand Duchy into the Kingdom of Poland failed. A third school of thought considered the union to be a mutual compromise: Lithuania abandoned plans for full independence, while Poland abandoned plans for full incorporation of Lithuania into a unitary state. Some more recent academic works tend not to overestimate the union's importance and see it as mere codification of the actual Polish–Lithuanian relations that had existed since 1392. Other researchers emphasize the fact that Lithuanians were included into election of new Polish monarch.
State law codification commonly utilized the methods of takhayyur (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular madhhab) and talfiq (combining parts of different rulings on the same question). Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulema as interpreters of the resulting laws. Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different madhhabs and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence. The Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the Quran and hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation by the Salafi and Wahhabi movements.
These included a new stress on detailed genealogies and other continuities between the past and present, a more stringently enforced social hierarchy centered on the divine descent attributed to nobility, the emergence and codification of the concept of a Makassar culture, and the "centralizing of Gowa" by which connections to Gowa became the greatest source of legitimacy for regional Makassar polities. Cummings's arguments have been contested by historians such as Caldwell, who argues that authority derived from the spoken word more than the written and that histories from other Makassar areas reject a Gowa-centered view of legitimacy.
Historian Ch'ü T'ung-tsu stated about the codification of patriarchy in Chinese law that "[i]t was all a question of filial piety". Filial piety also forms the basis for the veneration of the aged, for which the Chinese are known. However, filial piety among the Chinese has led them to be mostly focused on taking care of close kin, and be less interested in wider issues of more distant people: nevertheless, this should not be mistaken for individualism. In Japan, however, devotion to kinship relations was and still is much more broadly construed, involving more than just kin.
Sultan Selim III founded the first secular military schools by establishing the new military unit, Nizam-ı Cedid, as early as 1792. However the last century (19th century) of the Ottoman Empire had many far reaching reforms. These reforms peaked with the Tanzimat which was the initial reform era of the Ottoman Empire. After the Tanzimat, rules, such as those relating to the equalized status of non-Muslim citizens, the establishment of a parliament, the abandonment of medieval punishments for apostasy, as well as the codification of the constitution of the empire and the rights of Ottoman subjects were established.
C-16 or Eix del Llobregat is a primary highway in Catalonia, Spain. It is also part of the European route E09, from Orléans (France) to Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). According to the 2004's new codification for primary highways managed by the Generalitat de Catalunya, the first number (C-16) indicates that is a south-northbound highway, whereas the second number (C-16) indicates that is the sixth westernmost. The itinerary starts at Barcelona's Via Augusta and heads northbound crossing the Serra de Collserola's mountain range, through the Vallvidrera's tunnel, and then the comarques of Vallès Occidental, Bages and Berguedà.
The canne de combat or canne d'arme is a product of French history and culture. It developed in the early 19th century as a self-defence discipline and was particularly used by upper class bourgeois gentlemen in big, unsafe cities such as Paris. Some speak of French martial art although its codification as a sport does not allow this name officially. The history of the discipline is closely linked to the development of the savate boxing techniques which at the beginning was mainly using kicks and lately under the influence of the British incorporated also punches.
Spiritism, or French spiritualism, is based on the five books of the Spiritist Codification written by French educator Hypolite Léon Denizard Rivail under the pseudonym Allan Kardec reporting séances in which he observed a series of phenomena that he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits). His assumption of spirit communication was validated by many contemporaries, among them many scientists and philosophers who attended séances and studied the phenomena. His work was later extended by writers like Leon Denis, Arthur Conan Doyle, Camille Flammarion, Ernesto Bozzano, Chico Xavier, Divaldo Pereira Franco, Waldo Vieira, Johannes Greber,Johannes Greber Seanet.com Retrieved on 2013-03-21 and others.
CPV codification consists of a main vocabulary which defines the subject of the contract, and a supplementary vocabulary to add further qualitative information. The main vocabulary is based on a tree structure made up with codes of up to 9 digits (an 8 digit code plus a check digit). This combination of digits is associated with a wording that describes the type of supplies, works or services defining the subject of the contract. A Call for Tender is quite often described by more than one CPV Code, aiming to give a better and more detailed description of the object of the contract.
As a result, since 1847, there had been two parallel fellowships. However, after a century and a half of non-fellowship, strong mutual affirmation and cooperation have reappeared. (In 2020, these two conferences completed their reconciliation and merged to become Mosaic Mennonite Conference.) Without the more progressive element, the original Franconia Conference maintained its traditional, guarded church order, through the Civil War and World War I periods. As the local Pennsylvania German language gave way to English with the dawning of the twentieth century, attempts to guard against change and worldliness produced a codification of traditional rules, and eventually a written constitution.
Cover of volume 1 of the 2007 edition of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated Pursuant to the state constitution, the Georgia General Assembly has enacted legislation. Its session laws are published in the official Georgia Laws, which in turn have been codified in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated (O.C.G.A.). The Code of Georgia Annotated is another, unofficial codification published by West. The Georgia Code Revision Commission oversees the publication of the O.C.G.A., which is published by LexisNexis. The O.C.G.A. was first adopted in 1981 and became effective in November 1982; previously, Harrison's Georgia Code Annotated (a.k.a.
The development work for OSPF prior to its codification as open standard was undertaken largely by the Digital Equipment Corporation, which developed its own proprietary DECnet protocols. Routing protocols like OSPF calculate the shortest route to a destination through the network based on an algorithm. The first routing protocol that was widely implemented, the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), calculated the shortest route based on hops, that is the number of routers that an IP packet had to traverse to reach the destination host. RIP successfully implemented dynamic routing, where routing tables change if the network topology changes.
In England and Wales, the Law Commission's programme of codification of the criminal law included the aim of abolishing all the remaining common law offences and replacing them, where appropriate, with offences precisely defined by statute. Common law offences were seen as unacceptably vague and open to development by the courts in ways that might offend the principle of certainty. However, neither the Law Commission nor the UK Parliament have completed the necessary revisions of the law, so common law offences still exist. In England and Wales common law offences are punishable by unlimited fines and unlimited imprisonment.
XII and Pars Occident. X. In the mid-6th century, by law their number was fixed at 26 adiutores: twelve from the scrinium memoriae and seven each from the scrinium epistolarum and the scrinium libellorum, although in practice these numbers were often exceeded. Perhaps the most notable quaestor was Tribonian, who contributed decisively to the codification of Roman law under Emperor Justinian I (). The office continued in Italy even after the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, as first Odoacer and then the Ostrogothic kings retained the position, which was occupied by members of the Roman senatorial aristocracy like Cassiodorus.
Secondly, what could be considered output of these discussions, is a consistent set of rules on vocabulary, grammar and orthography. Of the recommendations published most weight carry those, to which the institute itself assigns "codification status": monolingual dictionaries of the Czech language, Slovník spisovného jazyka českého and Slovník spisovné češtiny pro školu a veřejnost, and the orthography manual Pravidla českého pravopisu. The recommendations published in new editions of these are usually subsequently accepted by a ministry of education to be used in schools. The publication of new editions has often been a source of heated debate and national controversy, as recently as 1993.
Published Sofia, 1880. See Victor A. Friedman (1975: 89) All records of this book were lost during the first half of 20th century and only discovered again in the 1950s in Sofia. Owing to the writer's lack of formal training as a grammarian and dialectologist, it is today considered of limited descriptive value; however, it has been characterised as "seminal in its signaling of ethnic and linguistic consciousness but not sufficiently elaborated to serve as a codification",Victor A. Friedman, Romani standardization in Macedonia. In: Y. Matras (ed.) Romani in Contact, Amsterdam: Benjamins 1995, 177–189.
A son of Vladimir the Great, the first Christian Prince of Kiev, Yaroslav acted as vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Sviatopolk I of Kiev, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the Grand Prince of Kiev in 1019. Under Yaroslav the codification of legal customs and princely enactments began, and this work served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Rus Truth [Law]").
The grammar of Pāṇini marks a final apex in the codification of Sutra texts, and at the same time the beginning of Classical Sanskrit. The invasion of Darius I of the Indus valley in the early 6th century BCE marks the beginning of outside influence, continued in the kingdoms of the Indo-Greeks. Meanwhile, in the Kosala-Magadha region, the shramana movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) objected the self-imposed authority and orthodoxy of the intruding Brahmins and their Vedic scriptures and ritual. According to Bronkhorst, the sramana culture arose in "Greater Magadha," which was Indo-European, but not Vedic.
The Barberini Ivory, which is thought to portray either Justinian or Anastasius I Justinian achieved lasting fame through his judicial reforms, particularly through the complete revision of all Roman law, something that had not previously been attempted. The total of Justinian's legislation is known today as the Corpus juris civilis. It consists of the Codex Justinianeus, the Digesta or Pandectae, the Institutiones, and the Novellae. Early in his reign, Justinian appointed the quaestor Tribonian to oversee this task. The first draft of the Codex Justinianeus, a codification of imperial constitutions from the 2nd century onward, was issued on 7 April 529.
Statue outside the MCG of Wills umpiring the 1858 game between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College. The plaque reads that Wills "did more than any other person—as a footballer and umpire, co-writer of the rules and promoter of the game—to develop Australian football during its first decade." The role that Wills and others played in pioneering Australian football went largely unrecognised in their lifetimes as the sport had yet to develop a historical perspective. By the late 1870s, Wills' 1858 letter calling for the organisation and codification of football was recognised as a seminal document.
47 presenting the normative portion in the form of systematic short canons shorn of the preliminary considerationsManual of Canon Law, pg. 49 ("Whereas...") and omitting those parts that had been superseded by later developments. Pietro Cardinal Gasparri, architect of the 1917 Code Under the aegis of Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under Benedict XV who promulgated the Code, effective in 1918. The work having been begun by Pius X and promulgated by Benedict XV, it is sometimes called the "Pio-Benedictine Code," but more often the 1917 Code.
Pope Pius X in a letter on 19 March 1904 announced his intention of revising the unwieldy mass of past legislation and appointed a commission of cardinals and learned consultors to undertake this difficult work. The Catholic universities of the world and the bishops of all countries were asked to cooperate. The scholars began the work and a copy of the first draft was sent to the bishops for suggestions. In addition to the canon law experts brought to Rome to serve on the codification commission, all the Latin Church's bishops and superiors general of religious orders were periodically consulted via letter.
This success allowed Theodosius II to focus on the codification of Roman law and further fortification of the walls of Constantinople, which left the city impervious to most attacks until 1204.. Large portions of the Theodosian Walls are preserved to the present day. To fend off the Huns, Theodosius had to pay an enormous annual tribute to Attila. His successor, Marcian, refused to continue to pay the tribute, but Attila had already diverted his attention to the Western Roman Empire. After Attila's death in 453, the Hun Empire collapsed, and many of the remaining Huns were often hired as mercenaries by Constantinople.
Pope Pius appointed him titular archbishop of Petra di Palestina on 11 January 1929. He was Consecrated two days later in the Sistine chapel by Pope Pius XI. He was elected to the order of cardinal bishops, taking the suburbicarian see of Palestrina on 13 March 1933. Pope Pius appointed him president of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of the Oriental Canon Law on 23 November 1934, and president of the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law on 12 December 1934. He died just short of his 66th birthday on 7 February 1936.
Wasserman helped create MCA's radio show, Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge, which debuted on NBC Radio that same year. Following that success, Stein installed Wasserman in New York City in 1937, but Wasserman convinced him that Hollywood was the best place for the company's growth. The company was guided by a codification of Stein's pet policies known as "The Rules of The Road". The Rules were passed down from the Prohibition era, Chicago–area MCA (referenced in Citizen Cohn and The King and Queen of Hollywood books) to the 1940s Los Angeles–area firm, which focused on representing movie actors.
There is an ongoing legal dispute as to whether an independent European civil code beyond the existing substantial EU regulatory framework is needed. If it is determined that a European Civil Code is needed, the PECL provides important steps toward the establishment of such a Code. The Study Group on a European Civil Code (SGECC), based on the PECL and, respectively, the Lando-Commission, presented in 2009 a draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) in co-operation with other institutions. It is a draft for the codification of the whole European contract law and related fields of law.
It is also declared by the government that implementation of the prevention of access decisions are facilitated by the requirement of stipulating a legal responsibility to operators for preserving traffic information up to 2 years. Government also mentions that new codification will be helpful for preventing victimization from online defamatory content in an efficient and swift way. And the final decision is to be rendered by the court. However, the initiative of the PTC is designed as a tool for an interim measure to protect the individual’s personal rights from defamation till the court renders its decision.
"Glossary of Legal Terms", 12th District Court – Jackson, County, MI, retrieved on 12 June 2009: Codes explain the principles of law, rights and entitlements, and how basic legal mechanisms work. The purpose of codification is to provide all citizens with manners and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow. Law codes are laws enacted by a legislature, even if they are in general much longer than other laws. Rather than a compendium of statutes or catalog of case law, the code sets out general principles as rules of law.
Dating from Maimonides' codification of the parashot in his work Mishneh Torah in the 12th Century CE through the 19th Century, the majority of Jewish communities adhered to the annual cycle. In a systematic review of the history and religious basis of the ancient and modern triennial cycles undertaken on behalf of the Conservative movement, Lionel E. Moses cites Maimonides, who in Mishneh Torah observes "The widespread practice in all of Israel is to complete the Torah in one year. There are some who complete the Torah in three years, but this is not a widespread practice."Moses, p. 335.
A Service and Knowledge Ecosystem for Telco3.0-Web3.0 Applications Knowledge ecosystems operate on two types of technological core – one dealing with the content or substantive knowledge of the industry, and the other involving computer hardware and software and telecommunications, that serve as the "procedural technology" of operations. These technologies provide knowledge management capabilities that are far beyond individual human capacity. In the business education and training context substantive technology would be knowledge of different business functions, tasks, processes products, R&D;, markets, finances and relations. Research, codification, documentation, publication and electronic sharing create this substantive knowledge.
Roman law was not a direct influence on the civil code in the sense that none of its dispositions were directly extracted from the Corpus Iuris Civilis or from any Roman jurist's passage. Nevertheless, Vélez Sársfield returned to the Roman criteria in some institutions' regulations, even those that hadn't been addressed by the contemporary codification. That was the case of property transmitted by "tradition", as opposed to the French code, which had changed it to transmission by "consentment". Moreover, among the notes of the codifier there are quotes of those laws, but they are second-hand references.
The Zone System is a photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer. Adams described the Zone System as "[...] not an invention of mine; it is a codification of the principles of sensitometry, worked out by Fred Archer and myself at the Art Center School in Los Angeles, around 1939–40." The technique is based on the late 19th century sensitometry studies of Hurter and Driffield. The Zone System provides photographers with a systematic method of precisely defining the relationship between the way they visualize the photographic subject and the final results.
The Code of Federal Regulations, the codification of federal administrative law Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad rulemaking authority to federal agencies. Often, Congress is simply too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation, or Congress believes the agency's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise. Therefore, federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations. Under the principle of Chevron deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.
The New York City Charter is the fundamental law of the government of New York City including the council. The New York City Administrative Code is the codification of the laws promulgated by the council and is composed of 29 titles. The regulations promulgated by city agencies pursuant to law are contained in the Rules of the City of New York in 71 titles. A local law has a status equivalent with a law enacted by the legislature (subject to certain exceptions and restrictions), and is superior to the older forms of municipal legislation such as ordinances, resolutions, rules and regulations.
There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games played in many different parts of the world. Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the 19th century. The expansion and cultural influence of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire. By the end of the 19th century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.
Earlier, he had stated that in accordance with the policy of noninterference, he was undertaking codification in compliance with a demand from the Hindu community. When it became clear that the vast majority of Hindus did not support the Bills, he insisted that though they were a minority, those who supported the Bills were modern and progressive and so held vital weight in the Hindu community, in importance if not in numbers. He also argued that because the bill's supporters were progressive, those who dissented would eventually change their position when confronted with the realities of modernity.Williams, p. 110-12.
The Declaration of Brussels (1874) stated that the "honours and rights of the family....should be respected" (article 38). In the 19th century, the treatment of soldiers, prisoners, the wounded, and civilians improved when core elements of the laws of war were put in place by nations who were signatories to treaties. However, while the customs of war mandated more humane treatment of soldiers and civilians, new weapons and advanced technology increased destruction and altered the methods of war. The Lieber Code (1863) was the first codification of the international customary laws of land war and an important step towards humanitarian law.
New provisions for compensation in the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act allowed local authorities around the country to incorporate green belt proposals in their first development plans. The codification of Green Belt policy and its extension to areas other than London came with the historic Circular 42/55 inviting local planning authorities to consider the establishment of Green Belts. In the United States, the first urban growth boundary was established in 1958, around the city of Lexington, Kentucky. Lexington's population was expanding, and city leaders were concerned about the survival of the surrounding horse farms closely tied to the city's cultural identity.
He was the author of the first syntax of Croatian literary language, Skladanja ilirskog jezika ("Composing the Illyrian language", Vienna 1859). He authored several school-level textbooks and his Slovnica hrvatska published in 1871 was both a standard high-school textbook and a norm and codification of standard language for the period. Also at that transition time were the poet, playwright and novelist Mirko Bogović, poet and teacher Dragojla Jarnević, storyteller and collector of folk ballads Mato Vodopić, Vienac editor Ivan Perkovac, poet Luka Botić and philosopher and writer Franjo Marković. Politician and publicist Ante Starčević wrote poetry, plays and literary critiques.
A little more than a year after the enactment of the first edition of the Code, Justinian appointed a commission headed by Tribonian to compile the traditional jurists' law in a new, shortened and contemporary codification: the 'Digest or Pandects'. The traditional collection of jurists' law, Justinian believed, was so extensive that it had become unmanageable, necessitating a new compilation. The commission completed its work within three years, in 533. Tribonian's commission surveyed the works of classical jurists who were assumed in Justinian's time to have the authority to clarify law (ius respondendi) and whose works were still available.
Human rights in the United Kingdom concern the fundamental rights in law of every person in the United Kingdom. An integral part of the UK constitution, human rights derive from common law, from statutes such as Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Human Rights Act 1998, from membership of the Council of Europe, and from international law. Codification of human rights is recent, but the UK law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions. Today the main source of jurisprudence is the Human Rights Act 1998, which incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic litigation.
An amendment to the constitution passed in 1873 (called "Lex Miquel- Lasker" referring to the amendment's sponsors, representatives Johannes von Miquel and Eduard Lasker) transferred this legislative authority to the Reich. Various committees were then formed to draft a bill that was to become a civil law codification for the entire country, replacing the civil law systems of the states. A first draft code, in 1888, did not meet with favour. A second committee of 22 members, comprising not only jurists but also representatives of financial interests and of the various ideological currents of the time, compiled a second draft.
When Germany was divided into a democratic capitalist state in the West and a socialist state in the East after World War II, the BGB continued to regulate the civil law in both parts of Germany. Over time the BGB regulations were replaced in East Germany by new laws, beginning with a family code in 1966 and ending with a new civil code (Zivilgesetzbuch) in 1976 and a contract act in 1982. Since Germany's reunification in 1990, the BGB has again been the codification encompassing the civil law of Germany. In West and reunited Germany, the BGB has been amended many times.
Cover of «Biełaruskaja hramatyka dla škoł» by Branisłaŭ Taraškievič, where the codification of Taraškievica was made (5th edition, 1929) TaraškievicaArnold McMillin, Feminization of the Belarusian language // The Journal of Belarusian Studies 2013 (Volume 7, Number 1), pp. 120–122Iryna Lašuk and Aksana Šeliest, The symbolic and communicative dimensions of the linguistic practices of the Belarusian Poles // Belarusian political science review #1 (2011), pp. 142–168, Hanna Vasilevich, Belarusian Language: Current State and Perspectives // The Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity, Vol. VI./2012 or Belarusian Classical OrthographyCychun H. Weißrussisch // Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens / hrsg.
The Committee worked in 1991–1992 and in 1993 published its proposals for orthographic changes. In 2005 to standardize Taraškievica a working group of four people (consisting of Juraś Bušlakoŭ, Vincuk Viačorka, Źmicier Sańko and Zmicier Saŭka) work proposed codification of Taraškievica called Belarusian Classical Orthography () as a result of intensive discussions and several years'. This proposal was adopted by major Taraškievica-using media, including the newspaper Nasha Niva, Belarusian ARCHE magazine, the Belarusian editions of Radio Free Europe and Radio Polonia. As well, this variant of orthography became preferable for use in the Belarusian Wikipedia in Taraškievica orthography (:be-tarask:).
In 1997 Larman authored Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis & Design, a very popular textbook that contributed to the subsequent widespread adoption of object-oriented development. In this he introduced the GRASP principles of object-oriented design, contributing to the codification of software design principles. In 2005 Larman was the co-creator of LeSS (Large-Scale Scrum), contributing to the application of Agile software development to large-scale product development. In 2017 the Scrum Alliance—a global non-profit educational certification body for Scrum and Agile software development subjects -- adopted LeSS for scaling development, citing its contribution.
To combat the excessive inequalities of settlement and activity, while balancing housing to industrial needs, Claudius-Petit advocated for a significant commitment in investment and regulation. He was then Minister of Labour and Social Security from June 19 to September 3, 1954 under the government of Pierre Mendès France before becoming the interim Minister of Housing from August 14 to September 3, 1954. He resigned after the rejection of the EDC. In the Ministry of Housing, he filed bills related to the acquisition of residential and industrial equipment, the procedure for codification of legislative texts concerning town planning and housing.
In the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), decisions are assumed to be taken by rough consensus. The IETF has studiously refrained from defining a mechanical method for verifying such consensus, apparently in the belief that any such codification leads to attempts to "game the system." Instead, a working group (WG) chair or BoF chair is supposed to articulate the "sense of the group." One tradition in support of rough consensus is the tradition of humming rather than (countable) hand-raising; this allows a group to quickly discern the prevalence of dissent, without making it easy to slip into majority rule.
Another problem may arise in older cases where the ratio and obiter are not explicitly separated, as they are today. In such a case, it may be difficult to locate the ratio, and on occasion, the courts have been unable to do so. Such interpretative ambiguity is inevitable in any word-bound system. Codification of the law, such as has occurred in many systems based on Roman law, may assist to some extent in clarification of principle but is considered by some common law lawyers anathema to the robust, pragmatic, and fact-bound system of English law.
Wayne County is Michigan's first "charter county", with a home rule charter setting up its structures within limits set in state law and constitution. Most Michigan county governments are structured according to state law, without a locally adopted charter. The city is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of Wayne County, Michigan, and the Wayne County Code is the codification of Wayne County's local ordinances. Unless a violation of the code or other ordinance is specifically designated as a municipal civil infraction (or unless expressly otherwise required by applicable state or federal laws), the violation is a misdemeanor.
In 1980, the main codification of no-ball Law became Law 24, with no- balls also called under Law 40 (the wicket-keeper), Law 41 (the fielder) and Law 42 (Unfair Play). The new code made encroachment onto the wicket by the wicket-keeper and fielders a no-ball. In old film footage, for example of Underwood's Test in 1968, close fielders can be seen in positions that would nowadays cause a no-ball to be called . Previously the fielder could stand anywhere as long as he was still, did not distract the batsman, nor interfere with his right to play the ball.
A more rigorous, data-driven testing of successional models and community theory generally began with the work of Robert Whittaker and John Curtis in the 1950s and 1960s. Succession theory has since become less monolithic and more complex. J. Connell and R. Slatyer attempted a codification of successional processes by mechanism. Among British and North American ecologists, the notion of a stable climax vegetation has been largely abandoned, and successional processes have come to be seen as much less deterministic, with important roles for historical contingency and for alternate pathways in the actual development of communities.
Poling graduated from Monmouth College in 1949. He earned his MBA at Indiana University and began his career in 1951 as a cost analyst in the company's Steel Division. Poling made his swift climb through the company as a financial executive, serving as a manager, assistant controller, and controller of the transmission and chassis division during the 1960s, then as controller of the engine division, then controller of the car product development group. During this time he was responsible for codification of much of Ford's "Finance Manual", directing his subordinates in standardization of the company's financial reporting and analysis practices.
The building of the Russian Language Institute in Volkhonka Street, Moscow The V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences () is the language regulator of the Russian language. It is based in Moscow and it is part of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was founded in 1944 and is named after Viktor Vinogradov .Некоторые организации и учреждения, связанные с распространением языков международного общения (Some organizations and institutions involved in the advancement of languages of international communication) Its activities include assessment of speech innovations in comparison to speech norms and codification of the language in Russian literature.
Under the 1640 codification of gabelle law by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, participating in faux saunage, warranted a range of harsh punishments. Merely housing a faux-saunier could lead to imprisonment, fines, and, if repeated, death. Faux-sauniers could be sentenced to up to ten years on a galley if they were caught without weapons, and to death if caught while armed. Other forms of faux-saunage included sheepherders letting their flock drink from salty ponds, traders overly salting cod during transportation, and fishing at night (so that fisherman with great knowledge of waterways could not smuggle salt).
In 1967 categories for Novelette, Fan Writer, and Fan Artist were added, and a category for Best Novella was added the following year; these new categories had the effect of providing a definition for what word count qualified a work for what category, which was previously left up to voters. Novelettes had also been awarded prior to the codification of the rules. The fan awards were initially conceived as separate from the Hugo Awards, with the award for Best Fanzine losing its status, but were instead absorbed into the regular Hugo Awards by the convention committee.
In Germany, due to the Mediation Act of 2012, mediation as a process and the responsibilities of a mediator are legally defined. Based on the German language and the specific codification (so-called "funktionaler Mediator") one has to take into account, that all persons who "mediate" in a conflict (defined as facilitation without evaluation and proposals for solution!) are tied to the provisions of the Mediation Act even if they call their approach/process not mediation but facilitation (Prozessbegleitung), conciliation (Schlichtung), conflict counseling (Konflikt-Beratung), consulting (Organisationsberatung), conflict coaching or whatever else. For example, according to sec. 2 and sec.
A standard language (also standard variety, standard dialect, and standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage, and is employed by a population for public communication. The term standard language occasionally refers to the entirety of a language that includes a standardized form as one of its varieties. Typically, the language varieties that undergo substantive standardization are the dialects spoken and written in centers of commerce and government. By processes that linguistic anthropologists call "referential displacement" and that sociolinguists call "elaboration of function", these varieties acquire the social prestige associated with commerce and government.
The history of the Macedonian language refers to the developmental periods of current-day Macedonian, an Eastern South Slavic language spoken on the territory of North Macedonia. The Macedonian language developed during the middle ages from the Old Church Slavonic, the common language spoken by Slavic people. In 1903 Krste Petkov Misirkov was the first to argue for the codification of a standard literary Macedonian language in his book Za makedonckite raboti (On Macedonian Matters). Standard Macedonian was formally proclaimed an official language on 2 August, 1944 by the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM).
In the interwar period, the territory of today's North Macedonia became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the local vernacular fell under the influence of Serbo-Croatian. In 1934, the Comintern issued a resolution which supported the codification of a separate Macedonian language.Duncan Perry, "The Republic of Macedonia: finding its way" in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot (eds.), Politics, power and the struggle for Democracy in South-Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 228-229. During the World wars Bulgaria's short annexations over Macedonia saw two attempts to bring the Macedonian dialects back towards Bulgarian linguistic influence.
The term gained traction among Serbian ultra-nationalists during the Balkan wars in the 1990s and is popular among self-proclaimed counter-jihadi authors. Scholars have dismissed it as polemical. The medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides adopted this practice of submission for non-Jewish communities in his codification of Judaism's rules of war. For him, the potential enemies of Israel who sued for peace and submitted, accepting the Seven Laws of Noah, would be saved from slaughter but obliged to pay a tax, and relegated to a despised and subordinate position, and 'shall not raise their heads to Israel'.
This development conforms to the meaning of Article 13 of the UN Charter which requires the initiation of studies and recommendations encouraging the "progressive development of international law." A third path employ: regional cooperation schemes to build regional unified spaces "based on common political and legal principles, norms and values. This points out to a shift of emphasis from grandiose global codification efforts to more promising and less indolent regional arrangements.” Against this background, he argued that "the bountiful miscellany of arms control agreements provide a vast resource, for monitoring all the above courses of development in international law.
He is found seated in the Padmasana (yogic sitting posture), depicting the Gnyana-Mudrai (symbol of knowledge) with his right palm. "Kovil Ozhugu" is a codification of all temple practices, religious and administrative, shaped and institutionalised by Sri Ramanuja after receiving the due rights from Sri Thiruvarangathamudanar. A stone inscription to this effect is installed in the Arya patal vasal (main gate before the first precinct). Pancharanga Kshetrams (also called Pancharangams, meaning the "five Rangams or Ranganathas") is a group of five sacred Hindu temples, dedicated to Ranganatha, a form of the god Vishnu, on the banks of the Kaveri River.
Chattel slaves, on the other hand, were less common and were usually prisoners of war who retained no individual right of redemption. These chattel slaves engaged in full-time menial labor, often in a domestic capacity. The earlierRichard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible?Jewish Encyclopedia (1901), article on Law, Codification ofAnthony Campbell & Mark O'Brien, Sources of the Pentateuch (2000)William Edward Addis, The Documents Of The Hexateuch (2006), Volume 2 Covenant Code instructs that, if a thief is caught after sunrise and is unable to make restitution for the theft, then the thief should be enslaved.
At the 1930 League of Nations Codification Conference, an attempt was made to codify nationality rules into a universal worldwide treaty, the 1930 Hague Convention, whose chief aims would be to completely abolish both statelessness and dual citizenship. The 1930 Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws proposed laws that would have reduced both, but in the end, was ratified by only twenty nations. However, the consensus against dual nationality began to erode due to changes in social mores and attitudes. By the late 20th century it was becoming gradually accepted again.
The RSA is a set of law books published by Thomson West. The work of updating the previous codification, the Revised Laws (RL) of 1942, was authorized by law in 1953 and was "not intended to change the meaning of the law as it existed on December 31, 1954." The work was done by a New Hampshire Revision Commission, which describes what it did at the start of each volume of the RSA, and was ratified in 1955 by statute. A predecessor of Thomson West acquired the business of publishing the RSA from Equity Publishing Corp.
In 1996 he was also the editor in chief of the daily newspaper "CHISLA" published in Samara. In 2000 he graduated from the Institute of Business Administration, Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow), faculty of "Strategic Management". In 2002 - the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Feygin is the author of more than 20 scientific publications in the theme of municipal law and a number of monographs - The constitutional foundations of local government in the Russian Federation, The codification of the laws on local government in the Russian Federation, textbook State power and local self-government.
She was charged with defeating and / or obstructing the course of justice under the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, section 184(1)(g). The Zimbabwean police defied an emergency high court ruling ordering the release of Mtetwa and continued to hold her on charges of obstructing justice. After more than a week in jail, Mtetwa was released on Monday 25 March 2013 after a high court judge overruled a lower court's decision that she be held without bail on a charge of obstruction of justice. On November 26, 2013 Magistrate Rumbidzai Mugwagwa said Mtetwa had no case to answer to.
Prior to the earl's arrival, judicial and police powers in territories controlled by the company were a confusion of differing standards that were also either inconsistently or arbitrarily applied. Part of Cornwallis's work was the introduction of criminal and judicial regulations that to a significant degree still underpin the Indian judicial system. Indian cities, much like British cities of the time, were poorly policed, and crime was widespread. Different penal and civil codes were applied to Hindus and Muslims, and the codification of these codes in different languages meant that it was virtually impossible for justice to be properly and consistently applied.
In New Zealand, burglary is a statute offence under section 231 of the Crimes Act 1961. Originally this was a codification of the common law offence, though from October 2004 the break element was removed from the definition and entry into the building (or ship), or a part of it, now only needed to be unauthorised. The definition of a building is very broad to cover all forms of dwelling, including an enclosed yard. Unauthorised entry onto agricultural land with intent to commit an imprisonable offence (section 231A) was added in March 2019 as a burglary type offence.
It is believed that this was the first time that rules (or some part of the rules as in this case) were formally agreed, although rules as such definitely existed. The first full codification of the Laws of Cricket was done in 1744. In early times, the rules would be agreed orally and subject to local variations; this syndrome was also evident in football until the FA was founded, especially re the question of handling the ball. Essentially the articles of agreement were around residential qualifications and ensuring that there was no dissent by any player other than the two captains.
Meta-communication - (Etymology: Gk, meta + L, communicare, to inform), or metacommunication, is a secondary communication (including indirect cues) about how a piece of information is meant to be interpreted. It is based on the idea that the same message accompanied by different meta-communication can mean something entirely different, including its opposite, as in irony."Mind, Nature, and Consciousness: Gregory Bateson and the New Paradigm." Stanislav Grof, M.D. The term was brought to prominence by Gregory Bateson to refer to "communication about communication", which he expanded to: "all exchanged cues and propositions about (a) codification and (b) relationship between the communicators".
The case load was nevertheless so overwhelming, that at the time of the formal abolition of the council a staggering 14,000 cases were still undecided. Aside from judicial functions, the Council also had an important advisory role in the attempts at codification of criminal law, that the government of Alba made in the early 1570s. Because of the development of the Revolt, these attempts came to nothing, however.Motley After the initial, rather chaotic period, the procedure followed in trials was that all criminal courts had to report cases within the remit of the council (heresy and treason) to the council.
History The town was renamed for "The Bowling Green" which was the plantation of town founder, Major John Thomas Hoomes, who donated the land and funds for a new courthouse when the community became the county seat in 1803. The origin of the plantation's name is not definitive but may be based on the green sward in front of the plantation house itself. The Bowling Green Estate was the site of one of the first tracks built to race horses in America.Acknowledgment For Codification The plantation house, pre-Georgian tidewater colonial in style, was built circa 1741.
These statutes may be found by referring to the acts as published in "slip law" and "session law" form. However, commercial publications that specialize in legal materials often arrange and print the uncodified statutes with the codes to which they pertain. In the United States, the individual states, either officially or through private commercial publishers, generally follow the same three-part model for the publication of their own statutes: slip law, session law, and codification. Rules and regulations that are promulgated by agencies of the Executive Branch of the United States Federal Government are codified as the Code of Federal Regulations.
The first edition of the Swiss Civil Code (around 1907). In 1911, it became the first civil code to include commercial law (Swiss Code of Obligations). Frédéric Koller, "Quand la Suisse inspire la modernisation du droit chinois", Le temps, Tuesday 13 September 2016 (page visited on 14 September 2016). The idea of codification re-emerged during the Age of Enlightenment, when it was believed that all spheres of life could be dealt with in a conclusive system based on human rationality, following from the experience of the early codifications of Roman Law during the Roman Empire.
Early efforts at codifying the Acts of Congress were undertaken by private publishers; these were useful shortcuts for research purposes, but had no official status. Congress undertook an official codification called the Revised Statutes of the United States approved June 22, 1874, for the laws in effect as of December 1, 1873. Congress re-enacted a corrected version in 1878. The Revised Statutes were enacted as positive law, but subsequent enactments were not incorporated into the official code, so that over time researchers once again had to delve through many volumes of the Statutes at Large.
From the popularity of the text in the region now comprising the modern state of Kerala in India, it is thought that the author might have lived there. Also, nothing definite is known about the date of the work. Matanga Lila is a text about the Indian elephant science, which is a technical science dealing with the taming and training of elephants, and also the anatomy and zoological features of elephants. Franklin Edgerton, who published a translation of the text to English, has argued that the content of the text represents the codification of orally-transmitted traditions of practical knowledge.
Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code (Korean: 민법 제809조) was the codification of a traditional rule prohibiting marriage between men and women who have the same surname and ancestral home (bon-gwan). On 16 July 1997, the Constitutional Court of Korea ruled the article unconstitutional.Same-Surname- Same-Origin Marriage Ban case (95Hun-Ka6 on Article 809 (1) of the Civil Act); ^ . The National Assembly of South Korea passed an amendment to the Article in March 2002, which came into force on 31 March 2005, and prohibited marriage only between men and women who are closely related.
The Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect within Bulgaria, in the Rup subgroup of the Eastern dialects The location of the Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect among the other Macedonian dialects The Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect is a dialect currently treated both in the contexts of the southeastern group of Bulgarian dialects and the southeastern subgroup of dialects of the Macedonian language. Prior to the codification of standard Macedonian in 1945, the dialects of Macedonia were classified as Bulgarian.Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.
The languages and linguistics of Europe: A comprehensive guide, Hans Henrich, Bernd Kortmann, Johan van der Auwera, Walter de Gruyter, 2011, , p. 420. In this way the influence of Serbo-Croatian arose to such a level, that the colloquial speech of the capital Skopje has been described as a "creolized form of Serbian". For Bulgarians, Macedonian nationalism represents the result of the Serbification process in the region. Bulgarian scholars and politicians maintain that the Macedonian language was Serbified as it adopted words from the Serbian language in the postwar codification process under Yugoslavia that the Bulgarian government has denounced.
Nonetheless, like the national flag, the national emblem is rich in Buddhist iconography whose symbolism has had great meaning to the people of Bhutan for centuries. Prior to its codification, the emblem appeared in Bhutanese legislation and websites of the Bhutanese government pre-dating the enactment of the Constitution. The Constitution provides this description of the circular emblem of Bhutan: Some features of the emblem may vary; for example, the background may appear as crimson, blue, or black. The emblem of Bhutan is also used as the logo of some government agencies, for example, the Bhutan Trust Fund.
Hong Kong roadway generating noise to adjacent land uses. Roadway noise began to be measured in a widespread manner in the 1960s, as computer modeling of this phenomenon began to become meaningful. After passage of the National Environmental Policy Act and Noise Control Act,Public Law No. 92-574, 86 Stat. 1234 (1972) Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972, codification amended at 42 U.S.C. 4901-4918 (1988) the demand for detailed analysis soared, and decision makers began to look to acoustical scientists for answers regarding the planning of new roadways and the design of noise mitigation.
The Royal Courts of Justice in London, home of the Senior Courts of England and Wales English law refers to the legal system administered by the courts in England and Wales, which rule on both civil and criminal matters. English law is based on the principles of common law. English law can be described as having its own legal doctrine, distinct from civil law legal systems since 1189. There has been no major codification of the law, rather the law is developed by judges in court, applying statute, precedent and case-by-case reasoning to give explanatory judgments of the relevant legal principles.
Greek and Roman taboos had meant that dissection was usually banned in ancient times, but Mondino de Liuzzi produced the first known anatomy textbook based on human dissection. Manuel Bryennios (ca. 1275–1340) was a Byzantine scholar who flourished in Constantinople about 1300 teaching astronomy, mathematics and musical theory. His only surviving work is the Harmonika (Greek: Ἁρμονικά), which is a three-volume codification of Byzantine musical scholarship based on the classical Greek works of Ptolemy, Nicomachus, and the Neopythagorean authors on the numerological theory of music. William of Ockham (1285–1350), Doctor Invincibilis, was an English Franciscan friar, philosopher, logician and theologian.
Anti-psychiatry came to challenge a "biomedical" focus of psychiatry (defined to mean genetics, neurochemicals and pharmaceutic drugs). There was also opposition to the increasing links between psychiatry and pharmaceutical companies, which were becoming more powerful and were increasingly claimed to have excessive, unjustified and underhand influence on psychiatric research and practice. There was also opposition to the codification of, and alleged misuse of, psychiatric diagnoses into manuals, in particular the American Psychiatric Association, which publishes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Anti-psychiatry increasingly challenged alleged psychiatric pessimism and institutionalized alienation regarding those categorized as mentally ill.
In the late 1990s, there was significant growth in the Unix world, especially among the free software community. New graphical desktop movements grew up around Linux and similar operating systems, based on the X Window System. A new emphasis on providing an integrated and uniform interface to the user brought about new desktop environments, such as KDE Plasma 5, GNOME and Xfce which have supplanted CDE in popularity on both Unix and Unix-like operating systems. The Xfce, KDE and GNOME look and feel each tend to undergo more rapid change and less codification than the earlier OPEN LOOK and Motif environments.
However, during that same period, many common law principles found their way into the legal system by way of legislation and by judicial pronouncements. Judicial precedents of the Philippine Supreme Court were accepted as binding, a practice more attuned to common law jurisdictions. Eventually, the Philippine legal system emerged in such a way that while the practice of codification remained popular, the courts were not barred from invoking principles developed under the common law, CONCLUSIONS. We may summarize our conclusions as follows: # The Philippine Islands is an unorganized territory of the United States, under a civil government established by the Congress.
What sample size is necessary for this population? What sampling method to use?- examples: Probability Sampling:- (cluster sampling, stratified sampling, simple random sampling, multistage sampling, systematic sampling) & Nonprobability sampling:- (Convenience Sampling, Judgement Sampling, Purposive Sampling, Quota Sampling, Snowball Sampling, etc. ) # Data collection - Use mail, telephone, internet, mall intercepts # Codification and re-specification - Make adjustments to the raw data so it is compatible with statistical techniques and with the objectives of the research - examples: assigning numbers, consistency checks, substitutions, deletions, weighting, dummy variables, scale transformations, scale standardization # Statistical analysis - Perform various descriptive and inferential techniques (see below) on the raw data.
In the case of interjections, such as numerically based and abbreviated Internet slang, are not pronounced as they are written physically or replaced by any actual action. Rather, they become lexicalized and spoken like non-slang words in a "stage direction" like fashion, where the actual action is not carried out but substituted with a verbal signal. The notions of flaming and trolling have also extended outside the computer, and are used in the same circumstances of deliberate or unintentional implicatures. The expansion of Internet slang has been furthered through codification and the promotion of digital literacy.
Proponents of this analysis argue that their perspective on Australian constitutional structures allows republicans to develop constitutional models that are simpler and with substantively less disruption to parliamentary government. Such models would focus on replacing the Queen alone, retaining the Governor-General and state governors. In replacing the Queen, a model based on the Copernican paradigm can accommodate a directly elected head of state without codification of the reserve powers, which currently may be exercised by the Governor-General and state governors. Professor George Winterton, noting this as advantageous, added the paradigm retains the nationally unifying element of a joint state-federal Head of State.
For example, Gowa's military expansionism under Tunipalangga was greatly aided by the introduction of firearms and new fortification technologies. The capability of Gowa's rulers to integrate foreign expertise with local society allowed sixteenth-century Gowa to satisfy eighteen of the twenty-two attributes offered by Bulbeck as the "more useful, specific criteria" for early statehood. Similarly, Ian Caldwell classifies Gowa as a "modern state" marked by "the development of kingship, the codification of law, the rise of a bureaucracy, the imposition of a military draft and taxation, and the emergence of full-time craftsmen." However, the characterization of Gowa's early history as a process of state formation is not universally accepted.
In 1917 the Catholic Church established a new Code of Canon Law, which was the first organized juridical codification of the regulations for many aspects of the church's life and functioning. One of the effects was reinforcing the separation of cloistered communities. These new regulations would have severely hampered the work the nuns were undertaking. At the recommendation of the Master of the Order of Preachers, Ludwig Theissling, who was visiting Peru, the Sisters, under the auspices of Bishop Zubieta, decided to separate from the monastic community from which they had come and to form a new and independent congregation of Religious Sisters of the Dominican Third Order Regular.
Also, the laws of inheritance for Twelver Shia, despite being based on the same principles, differ in a number of features due to the rejection of certain accounts of Hadith and based on their understanding of certain events in early Islam. On the other hand, the system of inheritance of the Kharajite Ibadis and Zaidis closely resemble that of the Sunni system. In modern Muslim countries, usually a mixture of different schools of jurisprudence (including Shia) is in effect, in addition to a number of important reforms to the traditional system. The main achievements of such modern systems was the codification of inheritance laws.
University of Coimbra (2010), p.2 The standard was developed by the European Union and extensively used by national governments, Eurostat and other EU bodies for statistical and policy matters.Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portuguese language) – Nomenclatura das Unidades Territoriais para fins Estatísticos 2002, accessed May 2006de Informação Geográfica (Portuguese language) – Biblioteca de Mapas Administrativos, accessed May 2006 Until 4 November 2002, the Sistema Estatístico Nacional (SEN) used a NUTS codification system that was distinct from the Eurostat system. With the enactment of Decree Law 244/2002 (5 November 2002), published in the Diário da República, this system was abandoned in order to harmonize the national system with that of Eurostat.
The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system. Legal practice in most of the Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly utilized the methods of takhayyur (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular madhhab) and talfiq (combining parts of different rulings on the same question). Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulema as interpreters of the resulting laws.
332x332px Law of the sea is a body of international law governing the rights and duties of states in maritime environments.James Harrison, Making the Law of the Sea: A Study in the Development of International Law (2011), p. 1. It concerns matters such as navigational rights, sea mineral claims, and coastal waters jurisdiction. While drawn from a number of international customs, treaties, and agreements, modern law of the sea derives largely from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), effective since 1994, which is generally accepted as a codification of customary international law of the sea, and is sometimes regarded as the "constitution of the oceans".
Their 1975 book, The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy, is intended to be a codification of the therapeutic techniques of Perls and Satir.page 6 of Bandler & Grinder 1975a. Bandler and Grinder say that they used their own process of modeling to model Virginia Satir so they could produce what they termed the Meta-Model, a model for gathering information and challenging a client's language and underlying thinking. They claim that by challenging linguistic distortions, specifying generalizations, and recovering deleted information in the client's statements, the transformational grammar concepts of surface structure yield a more complete representation of the underlying deep structure and therefore have therapeutic benefit.
Portuguese has, for now, two official standards, respectively Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese. The Serbian variant of Serbo-Croatian is likewise divided; Serbia and the Republika Srpska of Bosnia and Herzegovina use their own distinct normative subvarieties, with differences in yat reflexes. The existence and codification of a distinct Montenegrin standard is a matter of controversy, some treat Montenegrin as a separate standard lect and some think that it should be considered another form of Serbian. Norwegian has two standards, Bokmål and Nynorsk, the choice between which is subject to controversy: Each Norwegian municipality can either declare one as its official language or it can remain "language neutral".
DeLong- Bas, Wahhabi Islam, 2004: 96 Muslim countries that retain or adopt Sharia usually determine which parts of the Sharia are enforceable and codify (and thereby modernize) them. Unlike other Muslim countries, Saudi Arabia regards uncodified Sharia in its entirety as the law of the land and does not interfere with it. It is, therefore, unique not only when compared to Western systems, but also in comparison to other Muslim countries, and according to one source is the closest system in the modern world to the form of Sharia adopted at the advent of Islam. The lack of codification of Sharia leads to considerable variation in its interpretation and application.
Athanasios of Emesa (Ἀθανάσιος ὁ Ἐμεσαῖος/Ἐμεσηνός; Emesa is now Homs in Syria) was a Byzantine jurist living in the 6th century. Coming from the first generation of jurists to practice after Justinian completed the codification of Roman law, he worked as a teacher of law, rhetor and advocate. His principal work is the Syntagma (572-77), a practical lawyer's edition of the Novellae in which he orders the Novellae into 22 titles and pioneers the use of paratitla, footnote-like references to other sources. Highly popular in its day, the Syntagma vanished from practical use together with the Novellae during the 7th century.
Russia's legal reform continued productively during Putin's first term. In particular, Putin succeeded in the codification of land law and tax law, where progress had been slow during Yeltsin's administration, because of Communist and oligarch opposition, respectively. Other legal reforms included new codes on labour, administrative, criminal, commercial and civil procedural law, as well as a major statute on the Bar. The first major challenge to Putin's popularity came in August 2000, when he was criticised for his alleged mishandling of the Kursk submarine disaster.Spectre of Kursk haunts Putin, BBC News, 12 August 2001 In December 2000, Putin sanctioned the law to change the National anthem of Russia.
Blue Star flag displayed in a window, June 2012 These flags were first used in World War I, with subsequent standardization and codification by the end of World War II. They were not popular during the Vietnam War, but have come back into use since the first Gulf War / Operation Desert Storm. In modern usage, an organization may fly a service flag if one of its members is serving active duty. Manufacture of these flags is only allowed by specific government license in the territories under U.S. jurisdiction. The same section of the United States Code that limits manufacture of the banner also mentions lapel pins.
The subjects on which it was Maine's duty to advise the government of India were as much political as legal. They ranged from such problems as the land settlement of the Punjab, or the introduction of civil marriage to provide for the needs of unorthodox Hindus, to the question of how far the study of Persian should be required or encouraged among European civil servants. Plans of codification were prepared, and largely shaped, under Maine's direction, which were implemented by his successors, Sir James Fitzjames Stephen and Dr Whitley Stokes. Maine became a member of the secretary of state's council in 1871 and remained so for the rest of his life.
The codification method was printed in 1700 by Raoul-Auger Feuillet, who published notated dance scores, and became known as "Beauchamp–Feuillet notation." It was slightly modified by Pierre Rameau in 1725, but continued to be used to record dances for the stage and for domestic use throughout the eighteenth century. Two choreographies survive in manuscript copies with attributions to Beauchamp: the ballroom duet Rigaudons de Mr Bauchand, and the theatrical solo for a man Sarabande de Mr. de Beauchamp. The sarabande is unusual amongst the surviving male solos because, although it requires a virtuoso technique with its pirouettes and many ornamented steps, it contains no aerial beaten steps.
Their authors cited the quoted statements of the earlier works and began the arrangement and codification of relevant terms. Principles were established and, for the most part, accepted, with individualized terms exclusive to particular scholars explained in context. Examples of books authored in this manner are: Ma`rifah `Ulūm al-Ḥadīth by al- Ḥākim, Al-Kifāyah by al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī and the Introduction of Ibn al- Ṣalāḥ. The Introduction finds its origins in the books of al-Khaṭīb al- Baghdādī, who authored numerous books on the various disciplines of the science of hadith, upon which all latter scholars in the discipline were indebted.
The first Supreme Court decision interpreting the 1952 codification of Hotchkiss was Graham v. John Deere Co.,383 U.S. 1 (1966). in which the Court explained that the inherent problem in formulating conditions for patentability "was to develop some means of weeding out those inventions which would not be disclosed or devised but for the inducement of a patent." The Court added that "Hotchkiss, by positing the condition that a patentable invention evidence more ingenuity and skill than that possessed by an ordinary mechanic acquainted with the business, merely distinguished between new and useful innovations that were capable of sustaining a patent and those that were not."Id.
We conclude that the section was intended merely as > a codification of judicial precedents embracing the Hotchkiss condition, > with congressional directions that inquiries into the obviousness of the > subject matter sought to be patented are a prerequisite to patentability.Id. > at 16–17. The Court concluded its explanation of the meaning of § 103 with this instruction: > [I]t bears repeating that we find no change in the general strictness with > which the overall test is to be applied. We have been urged to find in § > 103 a relaxed standard, supposedly a congressional reaction to the > "increased standard" applied by this Court in its decisions over the last 20 > or 30 years.
The group became ASEAN Plus Six with Australia, New Zealand, and India, and stands as the linchpin of Asia Pacific's economic, political, security, socio-cultural architecture, as well as the global economy. Codification of the relations between these countries has seen progress through the development of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, a proposed free-trade agreement involving the 16 countries of ASEAN Plus Six. RCEP would, in part, allow the members to protect local sectors and give more time to comply with the aim for developed country members. Taiwan has been excluded from participating with the organization owing to China's influence on the Asia Pacific through its economic and diplomatic influence.
This suggests Lucius was the first of his cognomen ', meaning "the curly haired". The family was relatively rich. In the late 460sBC, Rome was fending off raids by the Aequi to their east and, beginning in 462BC, the tribune G. Terentilius Harsa began pressing for codification of the Roman laws in order to establish a kind of constitution that would check the near-regal power of the patrician consuls. In the years that followed, he and the other plebeians were ignored, fended off, rejected on procedural grounds, and finally beaten and driven from the streets by gangs of patricians and their clients, supposedly including Cincinnatus's son Caeso.
The objective of the Austrian dictionary has never been to do classical language planning, but to do a re-codification of the form of the German language used in Austria. New terms were only included to the dictionary, when they had already been in considerable use in newspapers and contemporary literature. Although the dictionary was originally designed to promote Austrianism and language patriotism, throughout the years the dictionary commission followed a moderate policy of contrastive linguistics and tried to avoid language secessionism. Nevertheless in the case of conflicting definitions the Austrian dictionary overrules the Duden and remains the sole source for defining the Austrian standard.
Iron tools were adopted, which allowed for the clearing of forests and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. The second half of the Vedic period was characterised by the emergence of towns, kingdoms, and a complex social differentiation distinctive to India, and the Kuru Kingdom's codification of orthodox sacrificial ritual. During this time, the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture, of Greater Magadha. The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of true cities and large states (called mahajanapadas) as well as śramaṇa movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy.
The Revised Penal Code supplanted the Spanish Código Penal, which was in force in the Philippines (then a colony of the Spanish Empire up to 1898) from 1886 to 1930, after a failed attempt in to be implented in 1877. The new Code was drafted by a committee created in 1927, and headed by Judge Anacleto Díaz, who would never it later serve on the Supreme Court. Rather than engage in a wholesale codification of all penal laws in the Philippines, the committee instead revised the old Penal Code and included all other penal laws only insofar as they related to the Penal Code.
Leaders of Wajorese overseas communities regularly convened to advance their interest. One such conference in the early 18th century saw the codification of laws regulating Wajorese commerce and navigation, popularly called the Ammana Gappa's law code, after the then leader of the Wajorese community in Makassar. These laws set up frameworks for managing credit and debts as well as regulating other kinds of business relationships, providing ways to resolve conflict and giving Wajorese merchants advantages over merchants from other groups in Maritime Southeast Asia. Such a law code, according to historian Kathryn Wellen, is "highly unusual, if not unique, for early modern insular Southeast Asia".
When cultures and individuals accumulate habits and procedures (what Bakhtin calls the "sclerotic deposits" of earlier activity), and adopt forms based in "congealed" events from the past, the centripetal forces of culture will tend to codify them into a fixed set of rules. In the reifying sciences, this codification is mistaken for reality, undermining both creative potential and true insight into past activity. The uniqueness of an event, that which cannot be reduced to a generalization or abstraction, is in fact what makes responsibility, in any meaningful sense, possible: "activity and discourse are always evaluatively charged and context specific."Morson and Emerson (1990). p.
From 1919 he was a member of the Codification Committee, one of the founders of International Association of Penal Law (L'Association Internationale de Droit Penal) and he served as its vice-chairman between 1924 and 1939. He proposed that not only aggressive war, but also the propaganda for aggressive war should be considered an international crime. He is co- founder and member of the Senate of Free Polish University and a professor of criminal policy at this university. In the years 1920-1932, as assistant professor, teaches criminal law at the University of Lviv and in 1948 is appointed full professor at the University of Łódź.
David Hunter Miller (1875-1961) was a US lawyer and an expert on treaties who participated in the drafting of the covenant of the League of Nations. He practiced law in New York City from 1911 to 1929; served on the Inquiry, a body of experts that collected data for the Paris Peace Conference (1917-1919); and was legal adviser to the American commission to the conference. As an officer of the US Department of State (1929-1944), Miller headed the American delegation to the 1930 Hague Conference for the codification of international law. His published works include My Diary at the Conference of Paris, with Documents (21 vol.
Wigmore's peers called the Treatise "one of the greatest intellectual feats in law- writing of any age or any country." US Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter called the Treatise "unrivaled as the greatest treatise on any single subject of the law." Wigmore on Evidence was probably the most "heavily cited law text of its day" and the dominant source of US evidentiary law up until the codification of the Federal Rules of Evidence in 1975. Wigmore was a strong advocate of a standard Code of Evidence and participated in a 1938 effort by the American Bar Association and the American Law Institute to produce a Model Code.
In 1848 Matić became a member of the Society of Serbian Letters (Društvo srpske slovesnosti), a precursor to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The Society was founded in November 1841 to promote the codification of the modern Serbian language, work on the issue of spelling and spread literacy and teaching throughout the country. King Mihailo suspended the activity of the society in 1864 as he suspected some of its members of using its offices to spread liberal ideas. Dimitrije Matić was an honorary member then a permanent member of the Department of Philology and Philosophy then the Committee for the spread of science and literature.
"14 August will pass just like regular days of the year and nothing will happen," he added. The King, the Crown Prince and the Prime Minister (PM) welcomed the recommendations of the Parliament. The King ordered their rapid codification while the PM asked his ministers to carry out the recommendations immediately, or face dismissal if they slowed down. On 6 August, the King issued two decrees banning all "demonstrations, sit-ins, marches and public gatherings" in Manama (except "sit-ins outside [offices of] international organizations"), and jailing and/or fining parents if their minor children (under 16) were found to take part in protests in two occasions within six months.
Hierarchies still exist, authority is still Weber's rational, legal type, and the organization is still rule bound. Heckscher, arguing along these lines, describes them as cleaned up bureaucracies,Heckscher C. (Editor), Donnellon A. (Editor), 1994, The Post- Bureaucratic Organization: New Perspectives on Organizational Change, Sage Publications rather than a fundamental shift away from bureaucracy. Gideon Kunda, in his classic study of culture management at 'Tech' argued that 'the essence of bureaucratic control - the formalization, codification and enforcement of rules and regulations - does not change in principle.....it shifts focus from organizational structure to the organization's culture'. Another smaller group of theorists have developed the theory of the Post- Bureaucratic Organization.
Gaius, Institvtionvm Commentarivs, I:52; Seneca, De Beneficiis, III:22. Gaius details the changes in the rights of owners to inflict whatever treatment they wished on their slaves, while Seneca details the slaves' right to proper treatment and the creation of a "slave ombudsman". While these legal changes occurred much too late to be direct results of the Third Servile War, they represent the legal codification of changes in the Roman attitude toward slaves that evolved over decades. It is difficult to determine the extent to which the events of this war contributed to changes in the use and legal rights of Roman slaves.
There is also another series of books under the title of Hazon Ovadia (not to be mistaken with the original books, which were responsa on Passover), which he has written concerning laws of Shabbat, holidays, and other topics. Yosef printed a commentary on the Mishnah tractate Pirkei Avot ("Ethics of the Fathers") under the title Anaf Etz Avot, and Maor Israel, a commentary on various parts of the Talmud. His son, Rabbi Yitzhak Yosef, has published a widely read codification of Yosef's rulings entitled Yalkut Yosef. Another son, Rabbi David Yosef, has printed various siddurim and liturgy according to his father's rulings, and another halachic compendium entitled Halachah Berurah.
The Hindu code bills were several laws passed in the 1950s that aimed to codify and reform Hindu personal law in India. Following India's independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress government led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru completed this codification and reform, a process started by the British Raj. According to the British policy of noninterference, personal- law reform should have arisen from a demand from the Hindu community. That was not the case, as there was significant opposition from various conservative Hindu politicians, organisations and devotees; they saw themselves unjustly singled out as the sole religious community whose laws were to be reformed.
The Egyptian nationality law is based on a mixture the principles of Jus sanguinis and Jus soli with some alterations. In other words, both place of birth and Egyptian parentage are relevant for determining whether a person is an Egyptian citizen. As of 2020, anyone born to an Egyptian mother or father is considered ethnically Egyptian under the law, and eligible for Egyptian citizenship upon request. At the time of codification, the law's provision on ethnically mixed marriages excluded the children of Egyptian mothers and foreign fathers from being considered Egyptians or citizens, while providing an automatic right of citizenship to the children of Egyptian fathers and foreign mothers.
During the reign of Alexander Jagiellon, the Nihil novi act was adopted by the Polish Sejm in a meeting at Radom Castle. Furthermore, at the same meeting, the first codification of law published in the Kingdom of Poland was accepted. Radom remained one of the most important urban centers of Sandomierz Voivodeship, the seat of a county, and of the Treasure Tribunal (1613-1764), which controlled taxation. Several kings visited the city, including Stephen Bathory and his wife Anna Jagiellon, Sigismund III Vasa, and August III Sas. In 1623 many residents died in an epidemic, and in 1628, half of Radom burned in a fire.
In particular, Finley traces the development of the concept of maximum sustainable yield (MSY), arguing that MSY had no scientific basis and thus was a political and economic construct more than a scientific one. The "model did not represent the codification of quantitative, empirical evidence." Once instituted, instead of limiting fishing, MSY's assertion that underfishing wasted oceanic resources meant MSY "was not really a limit, but a goal to be reached," thus encouraging more fishing rather than less. The book engages the myth of the "Tragedy of the Commons" by demonstrating that governmental action and international policy led to overfishing, and not the self-interested actions of individual fishers.
Jailhouse Rock, the 52 Hand Blocks and their variants may be compared to savate, which was originally a semi-codified fighting method associated with an urban criminal subculture, which underwent a gradual process of codification before becoming established as a martial art accessible by the cultural mainstream. 52 blocks has been referenced in journalist Douglas Century's Street Kingdom: Five Years Inside the Franklin Avenue Posse, as well as numerous Wu-Tang Clan songs and Ted Conover's book Newjack. Recently, celebrities including actor Larenz Tate and rapper Ludacris have taken up the fighting system for film roles and self-defense, shining a brighter light on this previously unknown martial art.
Some historians question this dominant view and claim that the Venetian Patent Statute of 1474 "functioned primarily as a codification of prior customs [and] did not introduce new principles. "Neither did it mark the beginnings of the modern patent system." According to Joanna Kostylo, "[i]t should best understood as declaratory instrument codifying existing general principles and customs of granting patent rights for innovations in Venice". Accordingly she states that the significance of the Venetian statute lies "in its broad and general character," in the sense that it attempted to "apply general rules to the granting of patents rather than conferring occasional individual favours (gratiae) in response to individual petitions.
After having practiced law for several years, Field became convinced that the common law in America, and particularly in New York state, needed radical changes to unify and simplify its procedure. 1836 was particularly devastating for Field: his first wife, youngest child, and one of his brothers all died in the same year. To cope with his grief, he paused his law practice, traveled to Europe for over a year and focused on investigating the courts, procedure, and codes of England, France and other countries. He then returned to the United States and labored to bring about a codification of its common law procedure.
This situation impelled Pope Pius X to order the creation of the first Code of Canon Law, a single volume of clearly stated laws. Under the aegis of Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under Benedict XV, who promulgated the Code, effective in 1918. The work having been begun by Pius X, it was sometimes called the "Pio-Benedictine Code" but more often the 1917 Code. In its preparation, centuries of material was examined, scrutinized for authenticity by leading experts, and harmonized as much as possible with opposing canons and even other Codes, from the Codex of Justinian to the Napoleonic Code.
The San Diego County Code is the overarching codification of the local ordinances of the county passed by the Board of Supervisors, of which include the Administrative Code and the Code of Regulatory Ordinances. The San Diego County Administrative Code and the San Diego County Code of Regulatory Ordinances "establishes the duties, rules, regulations and systems of management of the various offices, departments and institutions of the County of San Diego" passed by the Board of Supervisors. Every act prohibited or declared unlawful, and every failure to perform an act required, by the ordinances are misdemeanor crimes, unless otherwise specified as infractions.California Government Code § 25132.
The first statute, 1529 The third statute, 1588 Polish reprint, 1744 Litas commemorative coin dedicated to the First Statute's 475th anniversary The Statutes of Lithuania, originally known as the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, were a 16th-century codification of all the legislation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its successor, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Statutes consist of three legal codes (1529, 1566 and 1588), all written in Ruthenian language, translated into Latin and later Polish. They formed the basis of the legal system of the Grand Duchy. One of the main sources of the statutes was Old Russian Law.
The main purpose of the First Statute was to standardise and collect various tribal and customary laws in order to codify them as a single document. The First Statute was drafted in 1522 and came into force in 1529 by the initiative of the Lithuanian Council of Lords. It has been proposed that the codification was initiated by Grand Chancellor of Lithuania Mikołaj Radziwiłł as a reworking and expansion of the Casimir Code. E. Gudavičius, Stages of the Lithuanian Statute The first edition was redrafted and completed by his successor Albertas Goštautas, who assumed the position of the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania in 1522.
Human dignity, or kevod ha-beriyot, is also a central consideration of Judaism. Talmud cautions against giving charity publicly rather than in private to avoid offending the dignity of the recipient. Medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides in his codification of Halakha cautioned judges to preserve the self-respect of people who came before them: "Let not human dignity be light in his eyes; for the respect due to man supersedes a negative rabbinical command". An Islamic view of dignity is crystallized in the Quran through the selected biographies of Noah, Abraham, Joseph, David, Moses, Mary, Jesus and others (differing from the narratives in the Bible, which the Quran claims were corrupted).
Computer-aided design (CAD), intelligent CAD, engineering analysis, collaborative design support, computer-aided engineering, and product life- cycle management are some of the terms that have emerged over the past decades of computing in engineering. Codification and automation of engineering knowledge and methods have had major impact on engineering practice. The use of computers by engineers has consistently tracked advancements in computer and information sciences. Computing, algorithms, computational methods, and engineering have increasingly intertwined themselves as developments in theory and practice in both disciplines influence each other. Therefore, it is now time to begin using the term “engineering informatics” to cover the science of the information that flows through these processes.
University of Leiden: Ingrid Tieken-Boon van OstadeUniversity of Leiden: Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade She is the editor of the journal Historical Sociolinguistics and Sociohistorical linguisticsHistorical Sociolinguistics and Sociohistorical linguistics and has presented plenary sessions at important conferences and symposiums in her field.These include the "Age and the Codification of the English Language", plenary at GlobE Warsaw, 21–23 September (2006) and "Lowth’s language", plenary lecture at the Late Modern English Conference,(2001) Edinburgh. She is currently supervising the project Bridging the Unbridgeable: linguists, prescriptivists and the general public.Bridging the Unbridedgeable She became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014.
Id. Roberto Ago died on February 24, 1995 in Geneva.Ago at 581 Sir Robert Jennings, wrote that Ago "is an international lawyer who has excelled in all the several different aspects of that calling: as scholar and writer; as teacher; as consultant to governments and international organizations; as fashioner of law through the International Law Commission; as advocate; and as judge." Robert Y. Jennings, The Judicial Function and the Rule of Law in International Relations, in 3 International Law at the Time of Its Codification: Essays in Honour of Roberto Ago 139, 139 (1987) His term of office at the International Court of Justice was due to expire in February 1997.
India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru and the then law minister Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar worked to unify the newly independent India by proposing the reformation and codification of Hindu personal law. Nehru's efforts led to contentious debates over the so-called Hindu Code Bill, which he offered in the Indian parliament, as a way to fix still unclear elements of the Anglo-Hindu law. The Hindu Code Bill was initially and continues to be very controversial within and outside of the Hindu community. Criticism of the document is based on the belief that the laws in the Hindu Code bill should apply to all citizens regardless of religious affiliation.
This Decree was the first codification of the laws dealing with the development of the coconut and other palm oil industry. The Code was later revised on June 11, 1978 by P.D. No. 1468 ("Revised Coconut Industry Code") which eventually became the charter of PCA as a public corporation. On January 30, 1987, pursuant to Executive Order No. 116, the Philippine Coconut Authority was officially declared as an attached Agency of the Department of Agriculture (DA). The declaration of transfer to DA from the Office of the President was enacted to provide overall coordination and monitoring of policies and programs of various sectors in agriculture.
After the turbulent revolutions of 1848 that shook the empires of Europe to their core, concessions were made to Ukrainians in Galicia. In the same year, serfdom was abolished. By 1849, the General Ruthenian Council had laid out a programme of Ukrainian aspirations which included the codification of uniform Ukrainian spelling and the division of East Slavic linguistic group into three branches: Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian (Doroshenko 578). During the course of these events, the Ruthenian Council made a historic declaration: “[we] are part of a great Ruthenian people that speaks the same language and numbers 15 millions, of whom two and half million live in Galicia” (Wilson 106).
Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit writings emerged after the codification, supposedly in the 5-6th century BCE,, Quote: "Ashtadhyayi, Sanskrit Aṣṭādhyāyī (“Eight Chapters”), Sanskrit treatise on grammar written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini." of Classical Sanskrit by the scholar Pāṇini. His standardization of the language that had evolved from the ancient Vedic came to be known as "Sanskrit", meaning "refined", "completely formed", "put together", or "constructed". Prior to this, Buddhist teachings are not known to have generally been recorded in the language of the Brahmanical elites. At the time of the Buddha, instruction in this language was restricted to members of the dvija castes.
In 1851, with backing from K. N. Kama and in company with other like-minded Parsis, he founded the Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha, becoming its president for the rest of his life. As secretary of the Parsi Law Association from 1855 to 1864 he worked for legal codification. When the Bombay Association was set up in 1852, Naoroji Furdunji took the major part in drafting its petition, made in 1853, to the British Parliament. He was one of the Association's secretaries, with Bhau Daji, whose investigative activities directed at British governance caused alarm, and a withdrawal of support by the Association's leadership at the time of the petition.
Under this codification, the inner universe associated with love is divided into seven modes, or thinai, five of which are geographical and associated with specific landscapes, and two of which are non-geographical and not associated with any specific landscape. Four of the geographical landscapes are described as being landscapes that occur naturally in the Tamil lands. These are: kuṟiñci (குறிஞ்சி)—mountainous regions, associated with union, mullai (முல்லை)—forests, associated with waiting, marutam (மருதம்)—cropland, associated with quarreling, and neital (நெய்தல்)—seashore, associated with pining. The fifth—pālai (பாலை), or desert, associated with separation—is described in the Tolkappiyam as not being a naturally existing landscape.
The International Federation of Teqball (French: Fédération Internationale de Teqball) (FITEQ) is the governing body for the sport of teqball and para teqball. FITEQ was established in March 2017 following the sport's inception in 2014. (FITEQ) is responsible for the governance and management of teqball at the international level; the development and promotion of teqball globally; the codification of the official rules and regulations of teqball; supporting the establishment of National Federations; the education and development of athletes, coaches and technical officials; sanctioning national and international competitions and events; establishing and maintaining world- ranking statistics; and the governance, management and development of para teqball.
Chapters in the Quran are arranged in the chronological order of revelation, and the precise order has eluded scholars. According to tradition, Muhammad told his companions the traditional placement of every Wahy as he revealed it,Israr Ahmed – Bayan-ul-Qur'an – Introduction and Wm Theodore de Bary, an East Asian studies expert, describes that "The final process of collection and codification of the Quran text was guided by one over-arching principle: God's words must not in any way be distorted or sullied by human intervention. For this reason, no attempt was made to edit the numerous revelations, organize them into thematic units, or present them in chronological order...".
Direct election of the Governor-General was considered in the conventions leading to the federation of Australia, however rarely revisited until the advent of the modern republican movement. In 1993 direct- election was reviewed as one of four options by the Republic Advisory Committee, chaired by Malcolm Turnbull. A partial and complete codification of the reserve powers of this model were presented. Prime Minister Paul Keating rejected this option saying it would "constitute a very dramatic and undesirable change to a system which all of us agree has served us well" Under Prime Minister John Howard, two models were closely examined and criticised at the 1998 constitutional convention.
African customary law is derived from the traditional customs and practices of the various indigenous groups of Africa. Due to the diversity of traditional practices originating from many tribal populations, African customary law is not a uniform set of customs of any given country, rather there are variations between regional areas depending on the ethnic origin . The establishment of the Native Courts and the formal introduction of customary law was a revolutionary development in Africa; however, the official codification of such unwritten laws occurred after decolonisation . For many years post-independence, the customary law governed personal matters and communal issues such as disputes on land possession and appointing a successive chief .
For example, Kenya has abolished its customary criminal laws, retaining only offenses surrounding marriage relations, due to inconsistencies with the British common law system. Despite this, Kenya has been proficient in the codification of laws from different tribes and local communities, though not to integrate them into their current legal system, but rather enable the possibility of translating cultural customs into a more contemporary form . Alternatively, a polycentric legal system, called Xeer developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa more than a millennium ago and is still widely used by the Somali people. Under this system, elders serve as judges and help mediate cases using precedents.
Cohn's seminal contributions included work on India's caste system, by which he established that caste was solidified as a concept by the British codification of it, as well as the establishment of historical anthropology as a means to link the disciplines of anthropology and history. This work intersected with earlier work about syncretism between these two disciplines by Alfred L. Kroeber, as well as essays by Clifford Geertz. Cohn's works include Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge (1996), An Anthropologist Among the Historians (1987) and India: The Social Anthropology of a Civilization (1971). His students, including, Nicholas Dirks, Ronald Inden, and Ritty Lukose have continued in the vein of his work.
Institutionally, Reitz did much for the codification and review of the laws of the Orange Free State. With his colleagues C.J. Vels, O.J. Truter, and J.G. Fraser Reitz published the first Ordonnantie boek van den Oranje Vrijstaat (Ordinance Book of the Orange Free State) in 1877, making the acts and ordinances of the republic available to the larger public. He also played a role in the revision of the constitution of the Orange Free State, with regard to articles on citizenship and the right to vote, was chairman of the examination committee for aspirant practitioners, and contributed to the improvement of the prison system and the district administration.
Examination of financial statements by independent public accountants. American Institute of Accountants, 1936 full-text The Institute determined that, rather than reissuing the 1936 pamphlet, it would, through the Committee on Auditing Procedure, issue Statements on Auditing Procedure that modified and superseded parts of the 1936 pamphlet. The SAPs were "designed to guide the auditor in those areas of specific situations encountered in practice in which he must exercise judgment, situations outside the realm of textbooks, whose function is inherently to describe procedures in general."Codification of statements on auditing procedure, based on statements 1 to 24 (1939 to 1949). American Institute of Accountants, 1951, p.
The first known codification of the Laws of Cricket, created by the London Cricket Club in 1744, makes no mention of prescribed bowling action and does not say the ball must be delivered at ground level, which suggests a pitched delivery would not be illegal. The rules for bowlers in the 1744 Laws focus on the position of the hind foot during delivery (i.e., it had to be behind the bowling crease) and overstepping is the only specified cause for calling a no-ball. The umpires were granted "discretion" and so presumably would call no-ball if, say, a ball was thrown by the bowler.
IHL has generally not been subject to the same debates and criticisms of "cultural relativism" as have international human rights. Although the modern codification of IHL in the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols is relatively new, and European in name, the core concepts are not new, and laws relating to warfare can be found in all cultures. ICRC studies on the Middle East, Somalia, Latin America, and the Pacific, for example have found that there are traditional and long-standing practices in various cultures that preceded, but are generally consistent with, modern IHL. It is important to respect local and cultural practices that are in line with IHL.
The United States Air Force Stability and Control DATCOM is a collection, correlation, codification, and recording of best knowledge, opinion, and judgment in the area of aerodynamic stability and control prediction methods. It presents substantiated techniques for use (1) early in the design or concept study phase, (2) to evaluate changes resulting from proposed engineering fixes, and (3) as a training on crosstraining aid. It bridges the gap between theory and practice by including a combination of pertinent discussion and proven practical methods. For any given configuration and flight condition, a complete set of stability and control derivatives can be determined without resort to outside information.
Kansas was the first case that was heard during the October 2019 term. Kahler's argument is that the M'Naghten rule represents the codification of a legal concept that goes back all the way to Medieval common law and should be considered part of the due process of law. His argument asserts that, for centuries, defendants were held culpable only when they were able to distinguish between right and wrong and that people who were legally insane did not have the capacity to do so. The state's argument emphasized the importance of federalism, allowing states the autonomy to make their own laws within the framework of the state and federal constitutions.
In 1944, he also served at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (the "Bretton Woods" conference). In 1945, he was a technical advisor to the American delegation to the San Francisco United Nations charter conference in 1945 (whose Acting Secretary was Alger Hiss). In 1947, he served as U.S. representative to the United Nations Committee on Codification of International Law. From 1948 through 1952, he served in several roles at the United Nations: U.S. representative to the General Assembly (second, third, and fourth special sessions), deputy U.S. representative to the Interim Committee of the General Assembly and Security Council, and deputy chief of the U.S. Mission to the United Nations.
Compassionate Communalism: Welfare and Sectarianism in Lebanon. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2014. p. 40. . Additionally, with the standardization, codification and bureaucratization of Shia Islam, a Shi’i collective identity began to form and the Shi’i community started to "practice" sectarianism. "The French colonial state contributed to rendering the Shi‘i community in Jabal ‘Amil and Beirut more visible, more empowered, but also more sectarian, in ways that it had never quite been before." This fundamental transformation, or process of sectarianization, led by the French created a new political reality that paved the way for the "mobilization" and "radicalization" of the Shi’a community during the Lebanese civil war.
The final Austrian Civil Code (called Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, ABGB) was only completed in 1811 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire under the influence of the Napoleonic Wars. One of the first countries to follow up through legal transplants in codification was Serbia, the Serbian Civil Code (1844). Meanwhile, the French Napoleonic code (Code Civil) was enacted in 1804 after only a few years of preparation, but it was a child of the French Revolution, which is strongly reflected by its content. The French code was the most influential one because it was introduced in many countries standing under French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars.
While the French Civil Code was structured in a "casuistic" approach attempting to regulate every possible case, the German BGB and the later Swiss ZGB applied a more abstract and systematic approach. Therefore, the BGB had a great deal of influence on later codification projects in countries as diverse as Japan, Greece, Turkey, Portugal (1966 Civil Code) and Macau (1999 Civil Code). Since 2002 with the First law of the Civil Code of Catalonia, Parliament of Catalonia's several laws have approved the successive books of the Civil Code of Catalonia. This has replaced most of the Compilation of the Civil Law of Catalonia, several special laws and two partial codes.
Only the Sixth book, relating to obligations and contracts, has to be approved. In Europe, apart from the common law countries of the United Kingdom and Ireland, only Scandinavia remained untouched by the codification movement. The particular tradition of the civil code originally enacted in a country is often thought to have a lasting influence on the methodology employed in legal interpretation. Scholars of comparative law and economists promoting the legal origins theory of (financial) development usually subdivide the countries of the civil law tradition as belonging either to the French, Scandinavian or German group (the latter including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea).
The proposed introduction of a criminal code in England and Wales was a significant project of the Law Commission from 1968 to 2008. Due to the strong tradition of legal precedent in the jurisdiction and consequently the large number of binding legal judgements and ambiguous 'common law offences', as well as the often inconsistent nature of English law, the creation of a satisfactory code became very difficult. The project was officially abandoned in 2008 although as of 2009 it has been revived. A statutory Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee for Irish criminal law met from 2007 to 2010 and its Draft Criminal Code and Commentary was published in 2011.
A Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) is a set of U.S. government financial statements comprising the financial report of a state, municipal or other governmental entity that complies with the accounting requirements promulgated by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). GASB provides standards for the content of a CAFR in its annually updated publication Codification of Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards. The U.S. Federal Government adheres to standards determined by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB). A CAFR is compiled by a state, municipal or other governmental accounting staff and audited by an external American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) certified accounting firm utilizing GASB requirements.
A contrary practice by some states is possible because if this contrary practice is condemned by the other states, or subsequently denied by the government itself, the original rule is actually confirmed. In accordance with article 13 of the UN Charter, the General Assembly is obligated to initiate studies and to make recommendations that encourage the progressive development of international law and its codification. Acting in that agreed-upon treaty capacity, the General Assembly affirmed the principles of international law that were recognized by the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and directed that they should be codified.See General Assembly Resolution 95 (I), 11 December 1946, and UN General Assembly Resolution 177.
In view of the situation that one would perhaps no longer be able to experience the settlement of the next round, the game increasingly took on the features of a game of chance with ever higher stakes. Conservative skat players, who clung to the suit bidding, pejoratively referred to the point bidding game of the simple soldiers as Trench Skat. Nevertheless, the codification of the basic rules for point bidding is thanks to a declared follower of the classic Altenburg suit bidding system. In 1924, the author of numerous Skat books and bookkeeper of the German Skat Association, Artur Schubert, published fixed rules for Gucki-Skat based on point bidding.
Furthermore, he became part of the co Joint Commission, the Faculties of the Papal Subcommittee of State-Church Affairs, Seminars and the State Commission for Codification, and Law on Higher Education. In 1965 he became a member of the Episcopal representative of the World Federation of Biblical Apostolate, in which he, from 1971 to 1977, served as a board member. Romaniuk has ordained, as an auxiliary bishop: Marian Duś (1986), Stanisław Kędziora (1987), Piotr Jarecki (1994), Tadeusz Pikus (1999), (2013) and (2013). As the auxiliary bishop of Gniezno, he ordained Jerzy Dąbrowski (1982), as the auxiliary bishop of Ełk, Romuald Kamiński (2005), and as the auxiliary bishop of Warszawa-Praga, (2011).
In Italian jurisprudence, these are defined as the essential and immutable institutions of the State, which are foreseen as existing by the Italian constitution and whose fundamental powers and organisation are directly defined by the constitution. They have a relationship of mutual parity and they take part in the so-called "political process" (funzione politica), that is, they directly determine the goals to be pursued by the state.< name="Luiss">Dr. Massimo Ribaudo - introduzione al diritto costituzionale Because these institutions are directly defined by the constitution, codification of any of them is a modification of the constitution and therefore requires the passage of a constitutional law.
The "Compilation of the Special Civil Right of Catalonia" (Spanish: Compilación de derecho civil especial de Cataluña) was approved in 1960 and, when Catalan autonomy was restored in 1980, the Parliament of Catalonia ended the first phase of compilation; it approved law 13/1984, which adapted the compilation to democratic post-Franco Spain, as well as adapting several new special laws. During the last years of the 20th century, the Parliament began the process of codification of the civil law. In this spirit, in 2002 it approved the "First Book of the Civil Code of Catalonia." The other books were approved over the course of the following decade.
The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the ius antiquum, the ius novum, the ius novissimum and the Codex Iuris Canonici.Manual of Canon Law, pg. 13, #8 In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the ius vetus (all law before the 1917 Code) and the ius novum (the law of the code, or ius codicis). The Oriental canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.Saint John Paul II, Ap. Const.
Lowe's previous university reputation and connections combined with his colonial experience stood him in good stead; The Times was glad to employ him, and, as one of its ablest leader-writers, he made his influence widely felt. In 1852, he was returned to Parliament for Kidderminster in the Liberal interest. In the House of Commons, his acute reasoning made a considerable impression, and, under successive Liberal ministries (1853–1858), he obtained official experience as Secretary to the Board of Control and Vice-President of the Board of Trade. During his time there, he saw the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 passed – the first nationwide codification of company law in the world.
The California Code of Civil Procedure (commonly abbreviated to Code Civ. Proc. in formal legal citations or just CCP in treatises and other less formal contexts) was enacted by the California State Legislature in March 1872 as the general codification of the law of civil procedure in the U.S. state of California, along with the three other original California Codes. It contains most California statutes that govern the filing and litigation of lawsuits in the Superior Courts of California, as well as legal notices that must be given in a variety of circumstances. It also includes statutes of limitations that control the period of time during which a lawsuit must be commenced.
It also contained some statutes governing the legal profession, but those were later relocated into the Business and Professions Code. Originally, the CCP was the codification of the Practice Act of 1851, as amended and revised. In turn, the Practice Act had been modeled after the New York Code of Civil Procedure of 1850, which was largely drafted by the law reformer David Dudley Field II. Hence, California is considered to be a "Field Code" state. The CCP also partially codified the law of evidence, but in 1965, the evidentiary provisions were repealed and replaced by the new California Evidence Code, which unlike the CCP, was deliberately intended to displace and supersede the common law of evidence.
Matthias Fronius (28 February 1522 – 1588) was a Lutheran cleric and Stadtrichter (English: city magistrate) in Kronstadt, Siebenbürgen, where he was born and died. He was the author of Statuta Jurivm Municipalium Saxonum inn Transylvania, a 16th-century codification of Transylvanian law that incorporated legal principles established by both Roman and Anglo-Saxon law. In his work, of which another version was published in German language (Der Sachsen inn Siebenbürgen: Statuta Oder eigen Landtrecht) in 1583, delineated real estate entitlements for the Transylvanian Saxons, whose autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary was guaranteed under the Diploma Andreanum. Fronius studied Theology at University of Wittenberg under Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon, obtaining his degree in 1543.
Francois Xavier Martin, Attorney General of Louisiana François Xavier Martin (March 17, 1762 – December 10, 1846), was a Franco-American lawyer and author, the first Attorney General of State of Louisiana, and longtime Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. Born in Marseille, he moved to Martinique in 1780, and then immigrated to North Carolina just before the end American Revolutionary War. He was appointed as Attorney General of the Territory of Orleans after the Louisiana Purchase; he also helped untangle layers of French and Spanish colonial law in the territory and subsequent state of Louisiana. His legal writing and reviews of cases was important to codification of Louisiana law in the 1820s.
The Arms-to-Iraq affair concerned the uncovering of the government-endorsed sale of arms by British companies to Iraq, then under the rule of Saddam Hussein. The scandal contributed to the growing dissatisfaction with the Conservative government of John Major and the atmosphere of sleaze that contributed to the electoral landslide for Tony Blair's Labour Party at the 1997 general election. The whole affair also highlighted the weakness of the constitutional convention of individual ministerial accountability, leading to its codification as the Ministerial Code by the Blair Government. Following the first Gulf War of 1991 there was interest in the extent to which British companies had been supplying Saddam Hussein's administration with the materials to prosecute the war.
A right As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with the Sasanian Empire, the traditional enemy of Rome, lasted throughout most of the 5th century. The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church, with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in Eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe. Legal developments included the codification of Roman law; the first effort—the Codex Theodosianus—was completed in 438.
Jose ben Saul was a Jewish rabbi who lived in Galilee in the third century CE. He is considered an amora of the first generation after the codification of the Mishnah. Jose is known chiefly as a transmitter of the sayings and traditions of the patriarch Judah ha-Nasi, whose disciple he was. These as well as his own sayings are further transmitted by Joshua ben Levi and by Hiyya ben Gamda. In one place the following order is given: Simon ben Pazzi says in the name of Joshua ben Levi in the name of Rabbi Jose ben Saul in the name of Judah ha-Nasi in the name of the holy assembly of Jerusalem.
Dor Daim as well as non-Yemenite or non-Dor Dai students of the Rambam all find a certain level of commonality with individuals who sometimes call themselves Gaonists. Gaonists aim at applying Jewish law in everyday life according to the writings of the Geonim as a whole without singling out any one particular Gaon or codification of Jewish law over another. The commonality between all of these groups is sourced in their shared pursuit of living according to the original understanding of Talmudic law as much as possible with as little influence from the effects of almost 2,000 years of exile as possible. These groups together are sometimes referred to as Meqoriim (originalists/followers of the originals).
Critics of the modern technique and its components point out that some elements of the technique existed before Jeff Cooper codified them. For example, there are a few photographs of shooters predating World War II showing shooters using the Weaver stance. Jeff Cooper claims that while individual shooters such as these may have used individual components of what would become the modern technique, what did not happen until the advent of the modern technique was the testing of different techniques, the determination of the most advantageous techniques by comparison in realistic simulations, and the codification of the assembled techniques into a doctrine. Contrasting this are texts such as Kill or Get Killed by Col.
With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple madhhabs, and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulema as interpreters of the resulting laws. In the 20th century many Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional madhhabs. The Amman Message, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four Sunni schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali), two Shia schools (Ja'fari, Zaidi), the Ibadi school and the Zahiri school.
In response a set of committees were established in the early 1970s, whose recommendations constituted the basis for what became known as the "New Administrative Law". The most important of these, the Kerr Report, recommended the establishment of a general administrative tribunal which could review administrative decisions on the merits, codification and procedural reform of the system of judicial review, and the creation of an office of Ombudsman. These proposals were put into practice with the passing of a package of federal statutes: the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975, the Ombudsman Act 1976, the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977, and the Freedom of Information Act 1982. Some of those have since been replicated in states and territories.
The roots of the legal principles and practices of the ancient Romans may be traced to the Law of the Twelve Tables promulgated in 449 BC and to the codification of law issued by order of Emperor Justinian I around 530 AD (see Corpus Juris Civilis). Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes continued into the Byzantine Empire, and formed the basis of similar codifications in continental Western Europe. Roman law continued, in a broader sense, to be applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 17th century. The major divisions of the law of ancient Rome, as contained within the Justinian and Theodosian law codes, consisted of Ius Civile, Ius Gentium, and Ius Naturale.
Daftary, Farhad, 106 In terms of legal and political context, the Aga Khan case came between two important events in the history of British India: the Rebellion of 1857 and the resulting Government of India Act, which led to the codification of the legal systems of the Bengal, Madras, and Bombay presidencies, and the first Indian census in 1871, which saw the formalization of religious and caste identities as categories of classification.Purohit, Teena (2012). The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India, 36 Amid this context, Arnould asserted that the case hung on the question of the “original religion” of the Khojas, as this would determine their identity and thus their rightful leader.
The Custom first originated in 16th-century France as part of a larger project of centralization of law. French law was not unified, having instead multiple regions with distinct laws emanating from each region's unique blending of jus commune and customary law. The Custom of Paris was just one of 360 uncodified custumals in effect across the different regions of 15th-century France. The customary law of Paris was viewed as prestigious since it was the capital, so it began to be refined between the 13th and 15th centuries as part of a project of codification of all French custumals, decreed by King Charles VII by the Ordinance of Montil-les-Tours in 1453.
While Rantoul was undoubtedly among the ablest lawyers of his time, and committed to furthering just ends in all manners of cases, many of his strongest efforts to promote social justice came outside of the courtroom. There were certain causes of social reform and progress to which Rantoul was so committed, and to which he would devote so much time and effort, that it was said one could have been in Rantoul's company for weeks at a time without ever being reminded that he was a lawyer or politician.Hamilton, 11. Among these causes were the codification of the common law, the promotion of public education through lyceums, and the abolishment of capital punishment in the United States.
Leopold II, King of the Belgians and de facto owner of the Congo Free State, who was the first person accused of crimes against humanity The term "crimes against humanity" was used by George Washington Williams in a pamphlet published in 1890 to describe the practices of Leopold II of Belgium's administration of the Congo Free State.Hochschild, A. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin, 1999. p. 96 In treaty law, the term originated in the Second Hague Convention of 1899 preamble and was expanded in the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 preamble and their respective regulations, which were concerned with the codification of new rules of international humanitarian law.
Practically in post-World War II Macedonia, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's state policy of forced Serbianisation was changed with a new one — of Macedonization. The codification of the Macedonian language and the recognition of the Macedonian nation had the main goal: finally to ban any Bulgarophilia among the Macedonians and to build a new consciousness, based on identification with Yugoslavia. As result Yugoslavia introduced again an abrupt de-Bulgarization of the people in the PR Macedonia, such as it already had conducted in the Vardar Banovina during the Interwar period. Around 100,000 pro-Bulgarian elements were imprisoned for violations of the special Law for the protection of Macedonian national honor, and over 1,200 were allegedly killed.
Before the 1950s, the United Kingdom's working class were often depicted stereotypically in Noël Coward's drawing room comedies and British films. Kitchen sink realism was seen as being in opposition to the "well-made play", the kind which theatre critic Kenneth Tynan once denounced as being set in "Loamshire", of dramatists like Terence Rattigan. "Well-made plays" were a dramatic genre from nineteenth-century theatre which found its early 20th-century codification in Britain in the form of William Archer's Play-Making: A Manual of Craftmanship (1912), and in the United States with George Pierce Baker's Dramatic Technique (1919).J L Styan, Modern Drama in Theory and Practice I, quoted by Innes (2000, 7).
These served to provide many houses with private wells. By 1846 Airdrie and Coatbridge Water Company was founded to construct (along with Forth and Clyde Canal Company) the reservoir at Roughrigg. Journalism in Airdrie began with "The Airdrie Literary Album" in 1828. Several local newspapers began appearing around this time notably the Airdrie & Coatbridge Advertiser in 1855, which is still the most popular local paper today. The prison was legalised in 1859 and had 51 cells. Airdrie Working Men's Club was established in 1869. Also around this time, football and cricket began to emerge as popular sports. Following the codification of association football rules a local team called Excelsior was formed in 1878 which would later be renamed Airdrieonians.
The Birth of Biopolitics pp. 1-25 (2008)The Birth of Biopolitics pp. 27-51 (2008) The political regimes of truth (political power upon every aspect of human social life), the battle between legitimacy, submitting to a fabricated division between true and false. Foucault begins to try to trace back through time how this was at all possible, Foucault manages this task by reading into the set of practices interwoven into the policy of society, this was accomplished from the 16th until the 18th century where there was a whole set of practices of tax levies, customs, charges, manufacture regulations, regulations of grain prices, the protection and codification of market practices, etc.
The next line, "Templum aedificans not yet marble", refers to a period when the gods were worshiped in natural settings prior to the rigid codification of religion as represented by the erection of marble temples. The "fount in the hills fold" and the erect temple (Templum aedificans) also serve as images of sexual love. Pound then invokes Amphion, the mythical founder of music, before recalling the San Ku/St Hilaire/Jacques de Molay/Eriugena/Sagetrieb cluster from Canto LXXXVII. Then the goddess appears in a number of guises: the moon, Mother Earth (in the Randolph reference), the Sibyl (last encountered in the context of the American Revolution in Canto LXIV), Isis and Kuanon.

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