176 Sentences With "chirped" | Random Sentence Generator

Then, their radios chirped as their comrade called for help.

It chirped at us a few times, then stared silently.

"Lindsay Prods Banks: Aid Stores in Slums," its afternoon sibling chirped.

This goes beyond the little sayings chirped out while she paints.

The sounds of the jungle chirped and squawked and burbled around them.

"Get out of my way, or I'll get mad!" it chirped cutely.

After all, chirped pulse amplification has allowed for tabletop-sized terawatt laser pulses.

"One second!" chirped Sibomana in English as doctors tried to finish his examination.

"[A] very derivative comedy," chirped Vincent Canby in The New York Times. Nonsense!

"I'm from England!" he chirped, to a security guard monitoring a metal detector.

A walkie-talkie crackled in the distance and tweets chirped in the crowd.

Baby frogs — peepers — chirped and creaked, filling the air with their own static.

Crickets chirped in the background as the silence stretched on for 20 seconds.

As the early deficit spiraled, Popovich chirped angrily at his players from the sideline.

And by chirped, we're saying he was just really mean to all of them.

But they chirped in very different ways for most of the different colored shirts.

"I was really tired when we got here, but now I'm awake," my mom chirped.

Eventually, coach Paris chirped up on the subject -- telling photogs to leave her protege alone.

Strickland and Mourou solved the problem with chirped pulse amplification for lasers in the 1980s.

"I helped him pick out Melania!" she chirped during the show's reunion special in September.

"This is 69th Street, which is definitely, definitely not funny in any way," it chirped.

Embiid chirped at Celtics forward Marcus Morris, who flashed a "3-0" with his hands.

"I'm waiting for the cashier to put in the amount—there it comes!" he chirped.

"Coming up: a powerful Grammys moment from Kesha that speaks to our times!" the announcer chirped.

Desormeaux crossed his reins, chirped in Exaggerator's ear and held on as his colt took off.

Players chirped incessantly at the referees, signaling their annoyance in operatic facial contortions and hand motions.

We clucked and chirped and tempted him with treats, until Maya got bored and wandered ahead.

"It's really believable," the branding rep chirped, scraping the bottom of her bowl with a wonton chip.

People who might have chirped at each other on Twitter are spending more time in these apps.

She opened mail for his birthday, May 9, and laughed at gimmick cards that chirped out songs.

The breakthrough, called chirped pulse amplification, was published in 1985 and was Strickland's first published scientific work.

People pushed away their plates of cauliflower and rice as the horrific news chirped across their cellphones.

"Kudos to you for doing this alone," one young woman chirped as we scrambled past each other.

Today, chirped-pulse amplification is frequently used in the frontiers of laser physics to create incredibly short pulses.

"A beer every day could keep the doctor away," chirped one headline that made the rounds this week.

"I don't pull those out too often," she chirped to a roomful of reporters, referring to the top.

Prior to the invention of chirped pulse amplification, there seemed to be a limit to a laser pulse's intensity.

Dr. Strickland and Dr. Mourou developed a method of generating high-intensity, ultrashort laser pulses, known as chirped pulse amplification.

When they waved and chirped, "Have a magical day!" they appeared to mean it, rather than just repeating a corporate mantra.

The third star: Kris Versteeg – The Flames had their skills competition, and Versteeg was mic'd up while he chirped the competitors.

Back in 2003, I was home with two premature infants, both on oxygen and attached to monitors that constantly chirped with alarms.

One day this fall, in an old factory in Brooklyn's Bushwick neighborhood, a row of '90s-era phone pagers chirped and buzzed.

Night birds chirped and crickets hummed as a profound sudden darkness came and went along the immediate path of the recent eclipse.

But things get confusing, so we decided to break down which celebrities have chirped up about the drama, and whose side they're on.

"Mark Twain used to do writing in this building," Zwillinger chirped, and he and Brown slipped out a door to a commercial alley.

BELLA and other high-power lasers employ the technique developed by Strickland and Mourou, called chirped pulse amplification, to create their incredible laser pulses.

"Everyone who has had laser eye surgery owes it to chirped pulse amplification; it's one of the keys to our world today," Moloney said.

When the elevator was halfway down, his phone chirped: it was Paulette—specifically, a photo of Paulette's dress hitched up and revealing her underwear.

A paradise for predators Before Polynesian settlers arrived in New Zealand around the 13th century, its forests squawked, chirped and tweeted with bird life.

Citizens slept deeply without stirring until, once again, the birds chirped outside their window, light peeked in, and the morning feelings message alarm woke them.

Their method, known as chirped pulse amplification, allowed for more precision in laser technology and has allowed for several real-world applications, including Lasik eye surgery.

Down below on the gaming floor, ringed by wall-mounted TV monitors silently showing a sporting event, slot machines chirped and crowded blackjack tables buzzed with action.

Some physicists think that chirped pulse amplification eventually will be employed to accelerate subatomic particles, replacing giant contraptions such as the Large Hadron Collider with tabletop experiments.

As the government put his relationship with this country in peril, thousands of people chirped in online to poke at the unlikeliness, and precariousness, of his situation.

As he constructed Namu's harbor pen, swimming with the animal in a wetsuit, Namu chirped at him, and mimicked the sounds that Griffin made into his diving mask.

"And here are our child soldiers," the chief of staff for one local warlord who calls himself Force chirped on a tour of his militia's compound in Bangui.

As many avid Twitter watchers began circling around what they saw as another possible scandal, Frank Buckley — the man behind the article — chirped up, suggesting that everything is fine.

My co-driver helpfully chirped instructions for upcoming turns, and I think the designers wanted me to get comfy with the idea of trusting those barks and their timing.

He had already chirped at the umpire when admonished for delaying play, and mockingly mimicked Nadal's time wasting tic of tugging on his shorts and tussling with his hair.

J. T. Miller chirped at Islanders forward Casey Cizikas after a second-period whistle, and Anders Lee flattened Nick Holden at 13:42 into the period, drawing a roughing penalty.

When I was finally allowed to ask the women questions directly, one chirped up with resolute explanations for why Oktar's group was the best place for women on the entire planet.

Rather, she says, with the perkiness of a morning-show host, she chirped about the loveliness of the blue skies and hummed upbeat ditties as she whipped up banana-strawberry smoothies.

"Hello, Ranger Jack," one audience member chirped at the beginning of "The Tower," the play about the Donner Party, when we were greeted by an actor playing a park ranger/tour guide.

By "stretching" the beam out, then amplifying it, then compressing it again (as you see in the diagram above), they created the first "chirped pulse amplification," which would become a standard tool.

"Work hard and take time off when you need it," chirped a typical advert I spotted from Taiwan's Tomofun, a company that makes a camera for watching housebound pets from your desk.

It only got going again after Dr Strickland (who worked on the problem for her PhD thesis) and Dr Mourou (who was her supervisor) came up with the idea of chirped-pulse amplification.

Crickets also chirped when I asked for pledges from Representative Kevin Brady of Texas, Senator Susan Collins of Maine and President Trump, all of whom also supported the tax bill, via their representatives.

Bumblebees buzzed, birds chirped and not a spot of bare earth was visible, unlike a knoll across the valley, a Christmas tree farm, where rows of evergreens stood on bare gray-brown earth.

"Look at your reflection," chirped a female narrator in "1000 Cut Journey," an immersive film created by a Columbia University professor named Courtney Cogburn, which premièred at the Tribeca Film Festival last year.

"Here we are, the way politics ought to be in America, the politics of happiness, the politics of purpose, and the politics of joy," he chirped in the speech in which he announced his candidacy.

MANCHESTER, N.H. — Maggie and Libby knew Tom Steyer's ad by heart: "I'm going to say two words that will make Washington insiders very uncomfortable: Term limits!" they recently chirped in unison at the dinner table.

"If you've been to a SMILE conference before, then you're a SMILE Head," chirped organizer Lauri Stevens over the mic as she hoisted a box of rum given to her by the officers from Turks and Caicos.

Ashikin wins half of the 9 million Swedish krona prize for inventing optical tweezers, while Mourou and Strickland split the other half for devising a new procedure called chirped-pulse amplification that allowed for high-intensity laser pulses.

Strickland and her former PhD advisor Mourou developed a technique called chirped pulse amplification, which is used to produce ultra short, high intensity pulses that are used by doctors around the world today to perform laser eye surgery.

If the new neighborhood, as Related is marketing the development, were a country, a tour guide chirped a few months back in the company's 360-degree multimedia presentation center, it would have a gross domestic product comparable to Iceland's.

"Omarosa, I don't know how anyone likes you, honestly," Mr. Trump chirped in one boardroom scene, as he mulled over firing her with the same mix of insouciance and venom that he performs during press gaggles in the West Wing today.

It only got going again when Dr Strickland (who worked on the problem for her PhD thesis at the University of Rochester, in New York state) and Dr Mourou (who was her supervisor) came up with the idea of chirped-pulse amplification.

In the physics of tomorrow, "bigger is not necessarily better," said Robbert Dijkgraaf, director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J. In a telephone news conference, Dr. Strickland expressed hope that chirped pulse amplification might one day be used to cure cancer.

Strickland was awarded the 2018 Nobel in Physics for the invention of chirped pulse amplification, a technique to manipulate lasers that has led to the development of a wide array of powerful laser-based tools, including those used for corrective eye surgery, drilling, and data storage.

I was was re-watching the first season of Orange Is the New Black and eating a pint of Chunky Monkey when out of nowhere my phone chirped at me from beneath a pile of the outdated yet unread New Yorker magazines that I use as coasters.

Often compared to Mel Blanc, the cartoon virtuoso who supplied the voices of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck and Porky Pig, Ms. Foray cackled, chirped, meowed and sometimes sang her way through nearly 20063 animated productions, often playing several parts at once with quick shifts of accent, dialect and personality.

The "Tom Joyner Morning Show," which has been syndicated on countless black radio stations for years, and which my dad listened to as he dropped me off at school and drove himself to work, chirped about the reality competition program as giddily as Katie Couric, who covered it on "The Today Show," too.

While Mr. Comey's agent, Keith Urbahn, of Javelin (which was hosting the party) chirped that his client's first week book sales dwarfed those of Hillary Clinton's "What Happened" and Michael Wolff's "Fire and Fury," cable-television personalities and members of the White House press corps congealed around high-top tables, precariously balancing cocktails and iPhones.

"chirped", to reduce the power incident on the optic. The use of chirped beams was the key innovation in chirped pulse amplification, a technique which permits the generation of petawatt class beams which was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics.

The radar is chirped. The radar's computer system is made up of 10 K340 computers.

Nearby it, there was lush greenery. Birds chirped allover. Animals were running happily. Breeze spread everywhere.

Chirped-mirror compressors are used in applications where pulses with a very large bandwidth have to be compressed.

One of the most prolific generic pulse shapes is a chirped pulse a pulse with a varying frequency in time.

Another pulse compression technique uses chirped mirrors, which are dielectric mirrors that are designed such that the reflection has a negative dispersion. Chirped mirrors are difficult to manufacture; moreover the amount of dispersion is rather small, which means that the laser beam must be reflected a number of times in order to achieve the same amount of dispersion as with a single prism compressor. This means that it is hard to tune. On the other hand, the dispersion of a chirped-mirror compressor can be manufactured to have a specific dispersion curve, whereas a prism compressor offers much less freedom.

The ability to control chromatic dispersion is paramount in applications where the optical pulsewidth is critical, such as chirped pulse amplification and fiber optic communications.

Their 1985 technique of chirped pulse amplification stretched out each laser pulse both spectrally and in time before amplifying it, then compressed each pulse back to its original duration, generating ultrashort optical pulses of terawatt to petawatt intensity. Using chirped pulse amplification allowed smaller high-power laser systems to be built on a typical laboratory optical table, as "table-top terawatt lasers". The work received the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics.

A common technique for many radar systems (usually also found in SAR systems) is to "chirp" the signal. In a "chirped" radar, the pulse is allowed to be much longer. A longer pulse allows more energy to be emitted, and hence received, but usually hinders range resolution. But in a chirped radar, this longer pulse also has a frequency shift during the pulse (hence the chirp or frequency shift).

If D is greater than zero, the medium has negative dispersion. If a light pulse is propagated through a normally dispersive medium, the result is the higher frequency components slow down more than the lower frequency components. The pulse therefore becomes positively chirped, or up-chirped, increasing in frequency with time. This causes the spectrum coming out of a prism to appear with red light the least refracted and blue/violet light the most refracted.

The obtained pulse is called a chirped pulse as its frequency is changing with time, and it is typically a few nanoseconds long. The analog signal is modulated onto this chirped pulse using an electro-optic intensity modulator. Subsequently, the modulated pulse is stretched further in the second dispersive medium which has much higher dispersion value. Finally, this obtained optical pulse is converted to the electrical domain by a photodetector, giving the stretched replica of the original analog signal.

A positively chirped ultrashort pulse of light in the time domain. There is no standard definition of ultrashort pulse. Usually the attribute 'ultrashort' applies to pulses with a temporal duration of a few tens of femtoseconds, but in a larger sense any pulse which lasts less than a few picoseconds can be considered ultrafast. A common example is a chirped Gaussian pulse, a wave whose field amplitude follows a Gaussian envelope and whose instantaneous phase has a frequency sweep.

On the other hand, many practical applications, such as chirped pulse amplifiers or echolocation systems, use chirp signals instead of impulses because of their inherently lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).

High output peak power usually requires chirped pulse amplification of a seed pulse from a modelocked laser. Dealing with high optical powers also needs the nonlinear optical phenomena to be taken in account.

Various gratings with complex structures have been designed: gratings combining several LPFGs, LPFGs with superstructures, chirped gratings, and gratings with apodization. Various LPFG-based devices have been developed: filters, sensors, fiber dispersion compensators, etc.

On 2 October 2018, Strickland was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for her work on chirped pulse amplification with her doctoral adviser Gérard Mourou. Arthur Ashkin received the other half of the Prize for unrelated work on optical tweezers. She became the third woman ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, after Marie Curie in 1903 and Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963. Strickland and Mourou published their pioneering work "Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses" in 1985, while Strickland was still a doctoral student under Mourou.

Conversely, if a pulse travels through an anomalously (negatively) dispersive medium, high frequency components travel faster than the lower ones, and the pulse becomes negatively chirped, or down-chirped, decreasing in frequency with time. The result of group velocity dispersion, whether negative or positive, is ultimately temporal spreading of the pulse. This makes dispersion management extremely important in optical communications systems based on optical fibres, since if dispersion is too high, a group of pulses representing information will each spread in time and merge, making it impossible to extract the signal.

Jennie Cohen, Did the Maya Build Chirping Pyramids?, History.com, 17 November 2010David Lubman, Archaeological acoustic study of chirped echo from the Mayan pyramid at Chichen Itza, in the Yucatan Region of Mexico ... Is this the world's oldest known sound recording?, Acoustics.

Aperiodic multi-layers (chirped mirrors) emerging from a collaboration of Ferenc Krausz and Robert SzipöcsR. Szipöcs, K. Ferencz, Ch. Spielmann & F. Krausz, Opt. Lett. 19, 201 (1994). made such a control possible and are indispensable in today's femtosecond laser systems.

The vertical axis gives grating position of the compressor in a chirped pulse amplifier of the Ti:Sapphire laser used in the experiment. The grating position controls the pulse duration, which is shortest (42 fs) for the zero position and increases in both directions. While the stretched pulses are also chirped, it is not the chirp but the pulse duration that matters in this experiment, as corroborated by the symmetry of the map in respect to the zero position line. The pulse energy is kept constant, therefore the shortest pulses are also most intense producing most ions at the zero position.

The book, she stated, was like a baby bird just going out on its own. The author, like a parent bird, was unsure whether or not the book/baby bird would be safe and wrote/chirped in an attempt to protect it.

The tunability offered by chirped interdigital transducers renders it capable of precisely sorting cells into a number (e.g., five) of outlet channels in a single step. This is a major advantage over most existing sorting methods, which typically only sort cells into two outlet channels.

They also examined cell metabolism and proliferation after acoustic treatment, and found no significant differences compared to the control group, indicating the non- invasive nature of acoustic base manipulation. In addition to using chirped IDTs, phaseshift-based single particle/cell manipulation has also been reported.

Spin magazine described Tompkins' vocals as "nervously chirped evocative phrases" and credited her as the band's central attraction. Following their debut album Any Other City in 2001, the band split up. Her twin sister is the artist Hayley Tompkins. Tompkins lives and works in Glasgow.

Its call is a short “chip”, which is similar to the Maui Nui alauahio, chirped every three to five seconds. It song consists of “cheer” notes that are slower and richer than the ākepa. It also has a short song that sounds like “cheer-wee”.

The call of the greater melampitta is a double or triple note, which is slurred and repeated monotonously, and is reminiscent of the black pitohui. The call of the lesser melampitta are either harsh buzzy notes or chirped whistles, both of which are repeated at intervals.

This creates a very fast, high-intensity pulse. Q-switching, chirped pulse amplification, and cavity dumping use this technique. Pockels cells can be used for quantum key distribution by polarizing photons. Pockels cells in conjunction with other EO elements can be combined to form electro- optic probes.

Typically, devices used to generate large amounts (>100 ps/nm) of chromatic dispersion are based on diffraction gratings, chirped fiber Bragg gratings, or dispersion compensating fiber. Unfortunately, these dispersive elements suffer from one or more of the following restrictions: # Limited operational bandwidth # Limited total dispersion # Low peak power handling # Large spatial footprint.

Optical frontend for a time-stretch analog-to-digital converter is shown. The original analog signal is modulated over a chirped optical pulse (obtained by dispersing an ultra-short supercontinuum pulse from a mode-locked laser, MLL). Second dispersive medium stretches the optical pulse further. At the photodetector (PD) output, stretched replica of original signal is obtained.

He woke up in the existence of the bird and followed its path. The bird flies every day and one day, it reached a valley. The bird finally sat on a tree as high as the sky near to a clean stream and this drew Arjuna's attention towards it. Arjuna reached the place where the bird chirped.

Almost any laser active gain medium can be pumped to produce gain for light at the wavelength of a laser made with the same material as its gain medium. Such amplifiers are commonly used to produce high power laser systems. Special types such as regenerative amplifiers and chirped-pulse amplifiers are used to amplify ultrashort pulses.

Diffraction gratings can also be used to produce dispersive effects; these are often used in high-power laser amplifier systems. Recently, an alternative to prisms and gratings has been developed: chirped mirrors. These dielectric mirrors are coated so that different wavelengths have different penetration lengths, and therefore different group delays. The coating layers can be tailored to achieve a net negative dispersion.

The working principle of the device lies in the controlled movement of pressure nodes in an SSAW field. Ding et al. employed chirped interdigital transducers (IDTs) that are able to generate SSAWs with adjustable positions of pressure nodes by changing the input frequency. They also showed that the millimeter-sized microorganism C. elegan can be manipulated in the same manner.

R. L. Fork, O. E. Martinez, and J. P. Gordon, "Negative dispersion using pairs of prisms", Opt. Lett. 9, 150-152 (1984). Additional experimental developments include a prism-pair pulse compressorJ. C. Diels, W. Dietel, J. J. Fontaine, W. Rudolph, and B. Wilhelmi, Analysis of a mode-locked ring laser: chirped-solitary-pulse solutions, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 680-686 (1985).

In the case of a mirror at normal incidence, the layers have a thickness of a quarter wavelength. The color transmitted by the dielectric filters shifts when the angle of incident light changes. Other designs have a more complicated structure generally produced by numerical optimization. In the latter case, the phase dispersion of the reflected light can also be controlled (see Chirped mirror).

Nonlinear interactions of light waves are used widely to synchronize the laser beams in multichannel optical systems. Self-adjusting of phases may be robustly achievable in binary-tree array of beam-splitters and degenerate four-wave mixing Kerr Phase conjugation in Chirped pulse amplification extreme light facilities. This phase-conjugating Michelson interferometer increases the brightness as N^2, where N is the number of phase-locked channels.

A common application of frequency-doubled Nd:YLF pulses is to pump ultrafast Ti:Sapphire chirped-pulse amplifiers. Neodymium-doped YLF can provide higher pulse energies than Nd:YAG for repetition rates of a few kHz or less. Compared to Nd:YAG, the Nd:YLF crystal is very brittle and fractures easily. It is also slightly water-soluble — a YLF laser rod may very slowly dissolve in cooling water which surrounds it.

After propagation through 1-mm BBO, a short pump pulse no longer overlaps with the signal. Therefore, chirped pulse amplification must be used in situations requiring large gain amplification in long crystals. Long crystals introduce such a large chirp that a compressor is needed anyway. An extreme chirp can lengthen a 20-fs seed pulse to 50 ps, making it suitable for use as the pump.

However, the two most common methods used in UWB radar, including SAR, are very short pulses and high-bandwidth chirping. A general description of chirping appears elsewhere in this article. The bandwidth of a chirped system can be as narrow or as wide as the designers desire. Pulse-based UWB systems, being the more common method associated with the term "UWB radar", are described here.

The refractive index has two primary characteristics, the refractive index profile, and the offset. Typically, the refractive index profile can be uniform or apodized, and the refractive index offset is positive or zero. There are six common structures for FBGs; # uniform positive-only index change, # Gaussian apodized, # raised-cosine apodized, # chirped, # discrete phase shift, and # superstructure. The first complex grating was made by J. Canning in 1994.

Ti- sapphire lasers are tunable lasers that emit red and near-infrared light (700 nm- 1100 nm).Ti-sapphire laser oscillators use Ti doped-sapphire crystals as a gain medium and Kerr-lens mode-locking to achieve sub-picosecond light pulses. Typical Ti:sapphire oscillator pulses have nJ energy and repetition rates 70-100 MHz. Chirped pulse amplification through regenerative amplification can be used to attain higher pulse energies.

To solve this problem HiPER uses a technique known as chirped pulse amplification (CPA). CPA starts with a short pulse from a wide-bandwidth (multi-frequency) laser source, as opposed to the driver which uses a monochromatic (single-frequency) source. Light from this initial pulse is split into different colours using a pair of diffraction gratings and optical delays. This "stretches" the pulse into a chain several nanoseconds long.

CRS normally use lasers with narrow bandwidth lasers, whose bandwidth < 1 nm, to maintain good spectral resolution ~ 15 cm−1. Lasers with sub 1 nm bandwidth are picosecond lasers. In spectral-focusing CRS, femtosecond pump and Stokes lasers are equally linearly chirped into picosecond lasers. The effective bandwidth become smaller and therefore, high spectral resolution can be achieved this way with femtosecond lasers which normally have a broad bandwidth.

The number of experiments in microwave spectroscopy surged immediately after the war. By 1948, Walter Gordy was able to prepare a review of the results contained in approximately 100 research papers. Commercial versions of microwave absorption spectrometer were developed by Hewlett Packard in the 1970s and were once widely used for fundamental research. Most research laboratories now exploit either Balle- Flygare or chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) spectrometers.

A photomask having the intended grating features may also be used in the manufacture of fiber Bragg gratings. The photomask is placed between the UV light source and the photosensitive fiber. The shadow of the photomask then determines the grating structure based on the transmitted intensity of light striking the fiber. Photomasks are specifically used in the manufacture of chirped Fiber Bragg gratings, which cannot be manufactured using an interference pattern.

Shiva gave him the most holy Shiva Lingam which was too dear to him and which used to be worshipped by Parvati and then the god disappeared. Carrying the Shiva Lingam on head, King Mandhata started his downward journey from Mount Kailash and reached the hill now known as "Thirumandhamkunnu" in Kerala. A spring with crystal-clear water flowed along the northern slope of the hill. Many beautiful birds chirped in the jungle.

Donna Theo Strickland, (born 27 May 1959) is a Canadian optical physicist and pioneer in the field of pulsed lasers. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, together with Gérard Mourou, for the practical implementation of chirped pulse amplification. She is a professor at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. She served as fellow, vice president, and president of The Optical Society, and is currently chair of their Presidential Advisory Committee.

For continuous operation, a train of supercontinuum pulses is used. The chirped pulses arriving at the electro- optic modulator should be wide enough (in time) such that the trailing edge of one pulse overlaps the leading edge of the next pulse. For segmentation, optical filters separate the signal into multiple wavelength channels at the output of the second dispersive medium. For each channel, a separate photodetector and backend electronic ADC is used.

The cut-above club pop of 'Perfect > Stranger' is simultaneously stately and spacious, with production that > manages to sound clattering without feeling cluttered, and the vocals of > Katy "No relation to Mel!" B are just as enchanting as they were when she > went 'On A Mission' recently. It all adds up to our favourite song about > love at first sight since Kylie chirped "Baby when we heard you..." Right, > time for a new iTunes playlist.

In optics, an ultrashort pulse of light is an electromagnetic pulse whose time duration is of the order of a picosecond (10−12 second) or less. Such pulses have a broadband optical spectrum, and can be created by mode-locked oscillators. They are commonly referred to as ultrafast events. Amplification of ultrashort pulses almost always requires the technique of chirped pulse amplification, in order to avoid damage to the gain medium of the amplifier.

This description has become known as the recollisional model of high harmonic generation. Electron return energy (full blue curve) and excursion time (blue dashed curve), as a function of the return time Since the frequency of the emitted radiation depends on both the kinetic energy and on the ionization potential, the different frequencies are emitted at different recombination time (i.e. the emitted pulse is chirped). What is more, for every frequency, there are two corresponding recombination times.

Pulse shaping is to modify the pulses from the source in a well-defined manner, including manipulation on pulse’s amplitude, phase, and duration. To amplify pulse’s intensity, chirped pulse amplification is generally applied, which includes a pulse stretcher, amplifier, and compressor. It will not change the duration or phase of the pulse during the amplification. Pulse compression (shorten the pulse duration) is achieved by first chirping the pulse in a nonlinear material and broadening the spectrum, with the following compressor for chirp compensation.

The technique, which was described in Strickland's first scientific publication, came to be known as chirped pulse amplification (CPA). They were probably unaware at the time that their tools would make it possible to study natural phenomena in unprecedented ways. CPA could also per definition be used to create a laser pulse that only lasts one attosecond, one-billionth of a billionth of a second. At those timescales, it became possible not only to study chemical reactions, but what happens inside individual atoms.

The reduced amplified spontaneous emission noise in the radiation of Ti:sapphire lasers lends great strength in their application as optical lattices for the operation of state- of-the-art atomic clocks. Apart from fundamental science applications in the laboratory, this laser has found biological applications such as deep-tissue multiphoton imaging and industrial applications cold micromachining. When operated in the chirped pulse amplification mode, they can be used to generate extremely high peak powers in the terawatt range, which finds use in nuclear fusion research.

Part of the rotational spectrum of trifluoroiodomethane, .The spectrum was measured over a couple of hours with the aid of a chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer at the University of Bristol. Each rotational transition is labeled with the quantum numbers, J, of the final and initial states, and is extensively split by the effects of nuclear quadrupole coupling with the 127I nucleus. Rotational spectroscopy is concerned with the measurement of the energies of transitions between quantized rotational states of molecules in the gas phase.

The PTS processor is based on specialized analog optical (or microwave photonic) fiber links such as those used in cable TV distribution. While the dispersion of fiber is a nuisance in conventional analog optical links, time-stretch technique exploits it to slow down the electrical waveform in the optical domain. In the cable TV link, the light source is a continuous-wave (CW) laser. In PTS, the source is a chirped pulse laser. Capture of a 95 GHz RF tone using the photonic time-stretch digitizer.

A laser diode is used to generate an optical signal that is modulated by a linearly- chirped low frequency signal. This modulated optical signal is then split, with one part immediately converted to an electronic signal at 4 times the frequency of the original modulating signal. This waveform is then amplified, emitted via a standard antenna, and then received again via another standard antenna. The second half of the modulated optical signal is further modulated by the reflected signal, and then converted to an electronic signal.

Their invention of chirped pulse amplification for lasers at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics in Rochester led to the development of the field of high-intensity ultrashort pulses of light beams. Because the ultrabrief and ultrasharp light beams are capable of making extremely precise cuts, the technique is used in laser micromachining, laser surgery, medicine, fundamental science studies, and other applications. It has enabled doctors to perform millions of corrective laser eye surgeries. She said that after developing the technique they knew it would be a significant discovery.

Wideband pulses would be "chirped" by passage through the interstellar medium; that is, high frequencies would arrive earlier and lower frequencies would arrive later. Thus, for pulses with wideband frequency content, dispersion hints at a signal's extraterrestrial origin. Astropulse searches for pulses with dispersion measures ranging from to (chirp rates of to per microsecond), allowing detection of sources almost anywhere within the Milky Way. Project proponents believe that Astropulse will either detect exploding black holes, or establish a maximum rate of , a factor of 104 better than any previous survey.

The temporal duration of the pulse \Delta t is limited by the spectral bandwidth of the light \Delta f according to: :\Delta f\Delta t \ge 1, which follows from the properties of the Fourier transform and results in Küpfmüller's uncertainty principle (for quantum particles it also results in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle). If the phase depends linearly on the frequency (i.e. \theta (f) \propto f) then the pulse will have the minimum time duration for its bandwidth (a transform- limited pulse), otherwise it is chirped (see dispersion).

The company's flagship product will be an original acousto-optical device (Dazzler™) allowing the electronic programming of the spectral phase of these lasers.Kaplan, D. et Tournois, P., « Theory and performance of the acousto optic programmable dispersive filter used for femtosecond laser pulse shaping », Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings). EDP sciences, 2002, p. 69-75 This programming is an essential tool for the implementation of the CPA (Chirped Pulse Amplification) method, invented by Mourou and Strickland (Nobel Prize 2018), which has profoundly transformed the performance of ultra-intense lasers.

This can be done using piezoelectric transducers. In high repetition rate Ti:sapphire ring lasers, which often use double-chirped mirrors to control dispersion, modulation of the pump power using an acousto-optic modulator is often used to control the offset frequency. The phase slip depends strongly on the Kerr effect, and by changing the pump power one changes the peak intensity of the laser pulse and thus the size of the Kerr phase shift. This shift is far smaller than 6 rad, so an additional device for coarse adjustment is needed.

In amplifiers for ultrashort optical pulses, the optical peak intensities can become very high, so that detrimental nonlinear pulse distortion or even destruction of the gain medium or other optical elements may occur. This is generally avoided by employing chirped-pulse amplification (CPA). State of the art high-power fiber laser technologies using rod-type amplifiers have reached 1 kW with 260 fs pulses and made outstanding progress and delivered practical solutions for the most of these problems. However, despite of the attractive characteristics of fiber lasers, several problems arise when power scaling.

When the "chirped" signal is returned, it must be correlated with the sent pulse. Classically, in analog systems, it is passed to a dispersive delay line (often a surface acoustic wave device) that has the property of varying velocity of propagation based on frequency. This technique "compresses" the pulse in time – thus having the effect of a much shorter pulse (improved range resolution) while having the benefit of longer pulse length (much more signal returned). Newer systems use digital pulse correlation to find the pulse return in the signal.

The most common other pulse compressor is based on gratings (see Chirped pulse amplification), which can easily create a much larger negative dispersion than a prism compressor (centimeters rather than tenths of millimeters). However, a grating compressor has losses of at least 30% due to higher-order diffraction and absorption losses in the metallic coating of the gratings. A prism compressor with an appropriate anti-reflection coating can have less than 2% loss, which makes it a feasible option inside a laser cavity. Moreover, a prism compressor is cheaper than a grating compressor.

Figure 3: Structure of the refractive index change in a uniform FBG (1), a chirped FBG (2), a tilted FBG (3), and a superstructure FBG (4). Figure 4: Refractive index profile in the core of, 1) a uniform positive-only FBG, 2) a Gaussian-apodized FBG, 3) a raised-cosine-apodized FBG with zero-dc change, and 4) a discrete phase shift FBG. The structure of the FBG can vary via the refractive index, or the grating period. The grating period can be uniform or graded, and either localised or distributed in a superstructure.

Starting in the late 1980s a new method of creating very short but very high power laser pulses was developed, known as chirped pulse amplification, or CPA. Starting in 1992, LLNL staff modified one of Nova's existing arms to build an experimental CPA laser that produced up to 1.25 PW. Known simply as Petawatt, it operated until 1999 when Nova was dismantled to make way for NIF.Michael Perry, "The Amazing Power of the Petawatt", Science & Technology Review, March 2000, pp. 4-12Michael Perry, "Crossing the Petawatt Threshold" , Science & Technology Review, December 1996, pp.

One of the effects of the pulse compression technique is boosting the apparent signal strength as perceived by the radar receiver. The outgoing radar pulses are chirped, that is, the frequency of the carrier is varied within the pulse, much like the sound of a cricket chirping. When the pulse reflects off a target and returns to the receiver, the signal is processed to add a delay as a function of the frequency. This has the effect of "stacking" the pulse so it seems stronger, but shorter in duration, to further processors.

A distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade laser is similar to a Fabry–Pérot laser, except for a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) built on top of the waveguide to prevent it from emitting at other than the desired wavelength. This forces single mode operation of the laser, even at higher operating currents. DFB lasers can be tuned chiefly by changing the temperature, although an interesting variant on tuning can be obtained by pulsing a DFB laser. In this mode, the wavelength of the laser is rapidly “chirped” during the course of the pulse, allowing rapid scanning of a spectral region.

Instead of a normal cavity with a partially reflective mirror, they contain high-speed optical switches that insert a pulse into a cavity and take the pulse out of the cavity exactly at the right moment when it has been amplified to a high intensity. The term 'chirped- pulse' refers to a special construction that is necessary to prevent the pulse from damaging the components in the laser. The pulse is stretched in time so that the energy is not all located at the same point in time and space. This prevents damage to the optics in the amplifier.

When a broad range of frequencies (a broad bandwidth) is present in a single wavepacket, such as in an ultrashort pulse or a chirped pulse or other forms of spread spectrum transmission, it may not be accurate to approximate the dispersion by a constant over the entire bandwidth, and more complex calculations are required to compute effects such as pulse spreading. In particular, the dispersion parameter D defined above is obtained from only one derivative of the group velocity. Higher derivatives are known as higher-order dispersion.Chromatic Dispersion, Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology (Wiley, 2008).

He then went to the United States and became a professor at the University of Rochester in 1977, where he and his then student Donna Strickland produced their Nobel prize- winning work in the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at the university. The pair co-invented chirped pulse amplification, a "method of generating high- intensity, ultra-short optical pulses". Strickland's doctoral thesis was on "development of an ultra-bright laser and an application to multi-photon ionization". In the 2000s, Mourou was featured by a French film company in a publicity video for the Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI).

Intensity changes with lengths of nanoseconds are amplified by the Kerr-lensing process and the pulselength further shrinks to achieve higher field strengths in the center of the pulse. This sharpening process is only limited by the bandwidth achievable with the laser material and the cavity- mirrors as well as the dispersion of the cavity. The shortest pulse achievable with a given spectrum is called the bandwidth-limited pulse. Chirped mirror technology allows to compensate for timing mismatch of different wavelengths inside the cavity due to material dispersion while keeping the stability high and the losses low.

A pulsed pump beam can also be multi-passed through the crystal, so that more and more passes pump the crystal. First the pump beam pumps a spot in the gain medium. Then the signal beam first passes through the center for maximal amplification, but in later passes the diameter is increased to stay below the damage-threshold, to avoid amplification the outer parts of the beam, thus increasing beam quality and cutting off some amplified spontaneous emission and to completely deplete the inversion in the gain medium. The pulses from chirped-pulse amplifiers are often converted to other wavelengths by means of various nonlinear optical processes.

The Ti:sapphire laser was invented by Peter Moulton in June 1982 at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in its continuous wave version. Subsequently, these lasers were shown to generate ultrashort pulses through Kerr-lens modelocking. Strickland and Mourou, in addition to others, working at the University of Rochester, showed chirped pulse amplification of this laser within a few years, for which these two shared in the 2018 Nobel Prize in physics (along with Arthur Ashkin for optical tweezers). The cumulative product sales of the Ti:sapphire laser has amounted to more than $600 million, making it a big commercial success that has sustained the solid state laser industry for more than three decades.

For silica, n0 ≈ 1.453, n2 ≈ 2.4×10−20 m2/W, and the critical power is Pcr ≈ 2.8 MW. Kerr-induced self-focusing is crucial for many applications in laser physics, both as a key ingredient and as a limiting factor. For example, the technique of chirped pulse amplification was developed to overcome the nonlinearities and damage of optical components that self-focusing would produce in the amplification of femtosecond laser pulses. On the other hand, self-focusing is a major mechanism behind Kerr-lens modelocking, laser filamentation in transparent media, self-compression of ultrashort laser pulses, parametric generation, and many areas of laser-matter interaction in general.

Gérard Albert Mourou (; born 22 June 1944) is a French scientist and pioneer in the field of electrical engineering and lasers. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, along with Donna Strickland, for the invention of chirped pulse amplification, a technique later used to create ultrashort- pulse, very high-intensity (petawatt) laser pulses. In 1994, Mourou and his team at the University of Michigan discovered that the balance between the self-focusing refraction (see Kerr effect) and self-attenuating diffraction by ionization and rarefaction of a laser beam of terawatt intensities in the atmosphere creates "filaments" which act as waveguides for the beam, thus preventing divergence.

Mourou, speaking in 2018 after being awarded the Nobel Prize On 2 October 2018, Mourou and Strickland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, along with for their joint work on chirped pulse amplification. They shared half of the Prize, while the other half was awarded to Arthur Ashkin for his invention of "optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers". Gérard Mourou during Nobel press conference in Stockholm, December 2018 Mourou and Strickland found that stretching a laser out reduced its peak power, which could then be greatly amplified using normal instruments. It could then be compressed to create the short-lived, highly powerful lasers they were after.

A vector dissipative soliton could be formed in a laser cavity with net positive dispersion, and its formation mechanism is a natural result of the mutual nonlinear interaction among the normal cavity dispersion, cavity fiber nonlinear Kerr effect, laser gain saturation and gain bandwidth filtering. For a conventional soliton, it is a balance between only the dispersion and nonlinearity. Differing from a conventional soliton, a Vector dissipative soliton is strongly frequency chirped. It is unknown whether or not a phase-locked gain-guided vector soliton could be formed in a fiber laser: either the polarization-rotating or the phase-locked dissipative vector soliton can be formed in a fiber laser with large net normal cavity group velocity dispersion.

The balance between the self-focusing refraction and self-attenuating diffraction by ionization and rarefaction of a laser beam of terawatt intensities, created by chirped pulse amplification, in the atmosphere creates "filaments" which act as waveguides for the beam thus preventing divergence. Competing theories, that the observed filament was actually an illusion created by an axiconic (bessel) or moving focus instead of a "waveguided" concentration of the optical energy, were put to rest by workers at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1997. Though sophisticated models have been developed to describe the filamentation process, a model proposed by Akozbek et al.N Aközbek, CM Bowden, A Talebpour, SL Chin, Femtosecond pulse propagation in air: Variational analysis, Phys. Rev.

Now we let this pulse propagate through a fibre with D > 0, it will be affected by group velocity dispersion. For this sign of D, the dispersion is anomalous, so that the higher frequency components will propagate a little bit faster than the lower frequencies, thus arriving before at the end of the fiber. The overall signal we get is a wider chirped pulse, shown in the upper right of the picture. effect of self-phase modulation on frequency Now let us assume we have a medium that shows only nonlinear Kerr effect but its refractive index does not depend on frequency: such a medium does not exist, but it's worth considering it to understand the different effects.

In a typical deployment, a single Zeus Defense Center would be connected to three to six batteries, spread out by as much as . Targets picked out by the ZAR were then illuminated by the Zeus Discrimination Radar (ZDR, also known as Decoy Discrimination Radar, DDR or DR). ZDR imaged the entire cloud using a chirped signal that allowed the receiver to accurately determine range within the cloud by passing each frequency in the chirp to a separate range gate. The range resolution was 0.25 microseconds, about . As the signal was spread out over the entire cloud, it had to be very powerful; the ZDR produced 40 MW 2 µs pulses in the L-band between 1270–1400 MHz.

In radar, circulators are used as a type of duplexer, to route signals from the transmitter to the antenna and from the antenna to the receiver, without allowing signals to pass directly from transmitter to receiver. The alternative type of duplexer is a transmit-receive switch (TR switch) that alternates between connecting the antenna to the transmitter and to the receiver. The use of chirped pulses and a high dynamic range may lead to temporal overlap of the sent and received pulses, however, requiring a circulator for this function. In the future-generation cellular communication, people talk about full-duplex radios, where signals can be simultaneously transmitted and received at the same frequency.

In connection with the première, writing in La Nouvelle Revue (1 June 1894) the author and librettist Louis Gallet refers to "la charmante Mlle Laisné, qui joue et chante à ravir le rôle d'Aurore" (the charming Miss Laisné who plays and sings the role of Aurore so ravishingly). Le Matin discussed her charming voice and effective execution,; also quotes Le Figaro. and Le Figaro discussed how she agreeably chirped and trilled her way through Aurore. In 1898, Le Matin praised her performance in Fidelio, stating "Mlle Lai[s]nè a une voix d'une pureté délicieuse, qu'elle sait conduire avec un art consommé" (Miss Lai[s]né has a voice of delicious purity, which she knows to use with consummate art.), page 3.

The petawatt (PW) is equal to one quadrillion () watts and can be produced by the current generation of lasers for time scales on the order of picoseconds ( s). One such laser is the Lawrence Livermore's Nova laser, which achieved a power output of 1.25 PW ( W) by a process called chirped pulse amplification. The duration of the pulse was roughly 0.5 ps ( s), giving a total energy of 600 J. Another example is the Laser for Fast Ignition Experiments (LFEX) at the Institute of Laser Engineering (ILE), Osaka University, which achieved a power output of 2 PW for a duration of approximately 1 ps... Based on the average total solar irradiance of 1.366 kW/m2, the total power of sunlight striking Earth's atmosphere is estimated at 174 PW.

André Dieter Bandrauk (born 20 May 1941) is a Canadian chemist and distinguished academic who is a professor of Theoretical chemistry at the University of Sherbrooke in Montreal. Born in war-time Berlin, Bandrauk immigrated to Canada with his family in 1951 and has been with the University of Sherbrooke since 1971. Bandrauk was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics in 2007, for "pioneering theoretical contributions to elucidating intense laser interactions with molecules, including predictions of the existence of new molecules and of enhanced molecular ionization in intense laser fields, and of the usefulness of chirped pulses to control photochemical processes." He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2012.

However, these can only measure the pulse characteristics but not correct for defects in order to make the pulse as short as possible. For instance, the pulse could be linearly chirped or present higher order group delay dispersion (GDD) so that its duration is longer than a bandwidth- limited pulse having the same intensity spectrum. It is therefore highly desirable to have a method which can not only characterize the pulse, but also correct the pulse to specific shapes for various applications in which repeatable pulse characteristics are requested. MIIPS can not only measure the pulse but also correct the high-order dispersion, thus is highly preferable for applications where repeatable electromagnetic field is important, such as to generate ultrashort pulses which are transform limited or possess specific phase characteristics.

Stefano owned a castle in Sazzo, a district of Ponte in Valtellina, but in what is now Via Torre there are the remains of his fortified mansion, built "ad Visnatem" [the Vicinate quarter, later Canterana or Cantarana – a compound of "cantare" and "rana" referring to the frogs that chirped in the canals whose water supplied blacksmiths]. Chiuro was dotted with towers whose lower sections are visible in later buildings erected on them. In his Castelli e Torri Valtellinesi [Castles and Towers of Valtellina], Egidio Pedrotti writes that Zenone Gropello – a Sforza family military commander – used the tower and the Chiuro fortifications as a base, following the first Grisons attack of Valtellina, in 1486–7. It is likely that during Grisons rule, the Castionetto tower suffered the same fate as the fortifications in the province of Sondrio since the invaders reinforced their control by neutralizing the military features of occupied territories.

The leaves did not stir on the trees, > crickets chirped, and the monotonous hollow sound of the sea, rising up from > below, spoke of the peace, of the eternal sleep awaiting us. So it must have > sounded when there was no Yalta, no Oreanda here; so it sounds now; and it > will sound as indifferently and monotonously when we are all no more. And in > this constancy, in this complete indifference to the life and death of each > of us, there lies hid, perhaps, a pledge of our eternal salvation, of the > unceasing movement of life upon earth, of unceasing progress towards > perfection. Sitting beside a young woman who in the dawn seemed so lovely, > soothed and spellbound in these magical surroundings—the sea, mountains, > clouds, the wide open sky—Gurov thought how in reality everything is > beautiful in this world when one reflects: everything except what we think > or do ourselves when we forget our human dignity and the higher aims of our > existence.

In 1987 Winful took up the post of associate professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS) department at the University of Michigan, and was promoted to become a full professor in 1992, then a year later promoted to an endowed professorship as Thurnau Professor. As noted by Anis Haffar: "His many contributions to photonics and quantum electronics include pioneering work on nonlinear optical periodic structures; the nonlinear dynamics of coherently coupled laser arrays; the physics of quantum tunneling time; polarization instabilities and distributed-feedback fiber Raman lasers." A close colleague at the University of Michigan was Gérard Mourou, who in 2018 was co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of a technique known as Chirped Pulse Amplification. Having published more than 130 journal articles and supervised the research of PhD students, Winful is himself the recipient of many awards, most recently the 2020 IEEE Photonics Society Quantum Electronics Award, which he was given "for pioneering the field of nonlinear optical periodic structures and for foundational contributions to nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor laser arrays".

Noting that digitisers and related electronics technology had significantly progressed since the inception of FTMW spectroscopy, B.H. Pate at the University of Virginia designed a spectrometer which retains many advantages of the Balle-Flygare FT-MW spectrometer while innovating in (i) the use of a high speed (>4 GS/s) arbitrary waveform generator to generate a "chirped" microwave polarisation pulse that sweeps up to 12 GHz in frequency in less than a microsecond and (ii) the use of a high speed (>40 GS/s) oscilloscope to digitise and Fourier transform the molecular free induction decay. The result is an instrument that allows the study of weakly bound molecules but which is able to exploit a measurement bandwidth (12 GHz) that is greatly enhanced compared with the Balle-Flygare FTMW spectrometer. Modified versions of the original CP-FTMW spectrometer have been constructed by a number of groups in the United States, Canada and Europe. The instrument offers a broadband capability that is highly complementary to the high sensitivity and resolution offered by the Balle- Flygare design.

The phrase bat kol literally means "daughter of a voice" - that is, a small voice - in order to distinguish it from the usual voice. The meaning of the word is "sound," "resonance." In this sense it appears in a secular context: "As oil has no bat kol [that is, gives no sound], so Israel is not heard of in this world..."Shir haShirim Rabbah 1:3 Similarly, in one passage Divine revelation is said to lack a bat kol or echo: :Johanan said, 'When God revealed the Torah, no sparrow chirped, no bird flew, no ox lowed;'... 'These words,' says Simeon ben Lakish, 'are to be taken as follows: If one man calls to another, his voice has a bat kol; but the voice proceeding from God has no bat kol... For if a sound had been heard, the priests would have said: 'Baal has answered us.' On Sinai God caused the whole world to be silent, in order that mankind might know there is none besides Him.

Specifically, the transmit duty cycle is so exceptionally low and pulse time so exceptionally short, that the electronics must be capable of extremely high instantaneous power to rival the average power of conventional radars. (Although it is true that UWB provides a notable gain in channel capacity over a narrow band signal because of the relationship of bandwidth in the Shannon–Hartley theorem and because the low receive duty cycle receives less noise, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, there is still a notable disparity in link budget because conventional radar might be several orders of magnitude more powerful than a typical pulse-based radar.) So pulse-based UWB SAR is typically used in applications requiring average power levels in the microwatt or milliwatt range, and thus is used for scanning smaller, nearer target areas (several tens of meters), or in cases where lengthy integration (over a span of minutes) of the received signal is possible. Note, however, that this limitation is solved in chirped UWB radar systems. The principal advantages of UWB radar are better resolution (a few millimeters using commercial off-the-shelf electronics) and more spectral information of target reflectivity.