Most important question: Are there more of these rearrangements coming?
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Among other rearrangements, the surgeons removed one of his ribs.
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And Ms. Bridgewater doesn't need big formal rearrangements to make her mark.
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We went in and did a lot of rearrangements on "Climax" at the last minute.
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There are tweaks, elaborations, and rearrangements, all blessed by Gaiman, who has participated as an exec producer.
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On Tuesday, it was the latest among many rearrangements in the United States prompted by the coronavirus.
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He explained that in Mr. Sorey's hands, seemingly arbitrary rearrangements can actually make a performance more electric.
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Abandoning Apple would prompt deep and truly annoying rearrangements in my life, including braving Samsung's bad software.
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But these transactions are simply rearrangements of companies' books for tax purposes; they don't necessarily correspond to anything real.
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Rearrangements were a start, chopping and changing up those tunes, extending them into the underscoring, but it wasn't enough.
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Clinton can assign staffers to the DNC, and sources expect that some staff rearrangements will come in the following weeks.
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Using your time more efficiently will be a theme during this time, and you'll need to make some rearrangements to your schedule.
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Most chairs have been fused together with new seams, but their gross rearrangements seem improbable given that they are made of steel.
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Elizabeth Warren rallies progressive activists by advocating fundamental rearrangements in the name of lifting average Americans at the expense of the rapacious rich.
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Please continue to Instagram your well-lit plants to your heart's content, even if it means making some temporary for-the-'gram rearrangements.
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Praise for "In the Blue Light", Mr Simon's album, has been more muted—largely because it consists of rearrangements of lesser-known old songs.
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Guests who booked their theme-park getaways through the Walt Disney Travel Company have been offered certain cancellation fee waivers and courtesy travel rearrangements.
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Rearrangements of national priorities will be required to keep the budget deficit and the gross national debt around 6003 percent and 2600 percent of GDP respectively.
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They remain firmly in the apocalyptic now, at once self-contained and, in their actual or implied modality, inherently unstable, harboring the potential for random rearrangements.
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An appearance by the governor is still seen as a risk by other Democrats on the campaign trail, and rearrangements under public pressure have been necessary.
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In one, he creates interventions in and rearrangements of the existing collections of arts institutions; in the other, he fabricates original works across a range of media.
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The more I hear Max Richter's music and his rearrangements of music by other people, the more all of it sounds to me like Muzak — pop atmospherics.
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The differences between scenes can be as subtle as a shift in color palette, or as obvious as the complete rearrangements a room undergoes from day to night.
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For musicians in particular, expensive travel rearrangements and tight touring schedules could make cancellation of SXSW a serious burden on their businesses and something that's tough to reschedule.
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On February 7, the Sun (again in your sign!) squares Mars in transformative Scorpio, inspiring you to make some changes and rearrangements in order to find success, fame, or popularity.
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Of course there will be some rearrangements or instability or whatever, but the end of the game is exactly when you take over completely or recover completely the control for the citizens.
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I want to ask about the decision to actually make Taron sing the songs as opposed to going the Bohemian Rhapsody route of just playing the original tracks, even with your rearrangements.
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Even though Snowflakes Are Dancing, a collection of rearrangements of Debussy's "tone paintings" released in 1974, was still one of his early endeavors into the world of electronic composition, Tomita went all out.
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These rearrangements of 21 USC 841 would ensure that enhancement and the lengthy sentences they bring are only used on the most dangerous criminals and not spent instead on low level nonviolent drug offenders.
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What they found: Deletions of up to several thousand DNA bases were seen, along with complex rearrangements at the target site, which means neighboring genes could be affected or cell function altered, the authors said.
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It is the second of these profound rearrangements that compels Jeremiah Moss, the pseudonym for a writer and psychoanalyst named Griffin Hansbury, who has applied his formidable skill for vivisection to the various troubling outcomes.
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A young and flexible pianist, Mr. Bryant is comfortable playing savvy rearrangements of jazz standards in the basement at Smalls, or filling a featured role in an ensemble led by the experimental composer Henry Threadgill.
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In around 20% of cells examined, the use of CRISPR-Cas9 had caused unintended deletions or rearrangements of strings of DNA more than 100 base pairs long—and some as long as several thousand DNA base pairs.
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These problems must be addressed with (a) tightening monetary policies, (b) income redistribution and rearrangements of national priorities, (c) structural policies to rebuild infrastructure and increase the stock and quality of human capital, and (d) trade policies to reduce excessive global imbalances.
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"Once we realized the extent of the genetic rearrangements we studied it systematically, looking at different genes and different therapeutically relevant cell lines and showed that the CRISPR-Cas9 effects held true," said Michael Kosicki, a Wellcome Sanger Institute researcher and lead author of the study.
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But on the field they've actually started treading water enough that fans can seriously contemplate a red-hot run putting their Blue Jays back in contention at some point—meaning the club's recent roster fluctuations aren't mere rearrangements of the deck chairs on the Titanic quite yet.
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There are also other distinctive changes found in the genomes of cancer cells -- including deletions or insertions of small sections of DNA, characteristic changes to consecutive base pairs, and larger alterations and rearrangements -- which can help to further refine the characteristic fingerprint of a particular mutational process.
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More from VICE: There are also other distinctive changes found in the genomes of cancer cells—including deletions or insertions of small sections of DNA, characteristic changes to consecutive base pairs, and larger alterations and rearrangements—which can help to further refine the characteristic fingerprint of a particular mutational process.
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The reports of a potential Cabinet change-up came amid a number of recent executive cabinet rearrangements — the latest being Trump's firing of David ShulkinDavid Jonathon ShulkinPress: Acosta, latest to walk the plank Senior Trump administration official to leave post next week Trump sent policy pitch from Mar-a-Lago member to VA secretary: report MORE, Department of Veterans Affairs chief, last week.
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2,3-Sigmatropic rearrangements are a type of sigmatropic rearrangements and can be classified into two types. Rearrangements of allylic sulfoxides, amine oxides, selenoxides are neutral. Rearrangements of carbanions of allyl ethers are anionic. The general scheme for this kind of rearrangement is: center Atom Y may be sulfur, selenium, or nitrogen.
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The Chromosomal Rearrangements In Diseases (dbCRID) is a database of human chromosome rearrangements events and diseases related to them.
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Major types of rearrangements in vinyl cations. Adapted from Vinyl cations intermediates that are formed during reactions can have a tendency to undergo rearrangements. These rearrangements can be broadly categorized into two classes: migrations into double bonds and rearrangements via the double bonds. The first category involves 1,2-shifts that lead to the formation of an allyl cation, while the second type involves the formation of another vinyl cation isomer.
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Five of the bullvalene tautomers and some Cope rearrangements between them.
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Most cases of CEL are associated with rearrangements in PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1. CEL not otherwise specified (CEL NOS) is a form in which BCR-ABL1 fusion genes and PDGFRA, PDGFRB, and FGFR1 rearrangements are not found.
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Rearrangements, especially those that can participate in cascade reactions, such as the aza-Cope rearrangements, are of high practical as well as conceptual importance in organic chemistry, due to their ability to quickly build structural complexity out of simple starting materials. The aza-Cope rearrangements are examples of heteroatom versions of the Cope rearrangement, which is a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement that shifts single and double bonds between two allylic components. In accordance with the Woodward-Hoffman rules, thermal aza-Cope rearrangements proceed suprafacially. Aza-Cope rearrangements are generally classified by the position of the nitrogen in the molecule (see figure): The 1,2, and 3 aza-Cope rearrangements The first example of an aza- Cope rearrangement was the ubiquitous cationic 2-aza-Cope Rearrangement, which takes place at temperatures 100-200 °C lower than the Cope rearrangement due to the facile nature of the rearrangement.
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Other rearrangements give other finite sums or do not converge to any sum.
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These cationic rearrangements have found use to synthesize the cores of complex molecules.
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Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in melanoma.
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Insertion sequence elements may have resulted in gene disruptions, genome rearrangements, and genome expansions.
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Patient's cells display chromosome rearrangements, micronuclei, sensitivity to DNA damage and defective homologous recombination.
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Rearrangements involving heteroatoms can exhibit reduced yields due to the formation of side products.
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One further relevant point is that the first organic correlation diagrams were in a 1961 publication on carbanion rearrangements. It had been noted that when an occupied molecular orbital becomes antibonding the reaction is inhibited and this phenomenon was correlated with a series of rearrangements.
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Futuyama and Mayer contend that this form of parapatric speciation is untenable and that chromosomal rearrangements are unlikely to cause speciation. Nevertheless, data does support that chromosomal rearrangements can possibly lead to reproductive isolation, but it does not mean speciation results as a consequence.
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Local rearrangements affect specific loci only. Such rearrangements, for instance, help create genes that produce a great variation of immunoglobulins in vertebrates. During life, organisms have contact with a large number of antigens. Which means that the immune system needs to synthesize a wide range of antibodies.
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Single base-pair and DNA rearrangements in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been associated with these traits.
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The GDI2 gene contains many repetitive elements indicating that it may be prone to inversion/deletion rearrangements.
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The postulated cells of origin of T-LGLL leukemia are transformed CD8+ T-cell with clonal rearrangements of β chain T-cell receptor genes for the majority of cases and a CD8- T-cell with clonal rearrangements of γ chain T-cell receptor genes for a minority of cases.
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Turtles possess diverse chromosome numbers (2n = 28–66) and a myriad of chromosomal rearrangements have occurred during evolution.
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Complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR) are rarely seen in the general population and are defined as structural chromosomal rearrangements with at least three breakpoints with exchange of genetic material between two or more chromosomes. Some forms of campomelic dysplasia, for example, result from CCRs. It is possible that speciation frequently occurs when a population becomes fixed for one or more chromosomal rearrangements that reduce fitness when they are heterozygous. This theory is lacking in theoretical support because mutations that cause a large reduction in fitness can only be fixed through genetic drift in small, inbred populations, and the effects of chromosomal rearrangements on fitness are unpredictable and vary greatly in plant and animal species.
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The Lorentz norms, like the L^{p} norms, are invariant under arbitrary rearrangements of the values of a function.
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Substituted chalcones were also synthesised by piperidine-mediated condensation to avoid side reactions such as multiple condensations, polymerizations, and rearrangements.
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One of the main characteristic features of chromothripsis is large numbers of complex rearrangements occurring in localised regions of single chromosomes. The ability to cause such confined damage suggests that chromosomes need to be condensed e.g. in mitosis, for chromothripsis and chromosome rearrangements to be initiated. The mechanisms of chromothripsis are not well understood.
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Androgen-induced TOP2B-mediated double-strand breaks and prostate cancer gene rearrangements. Nature Genetics, 42(8), 668–75. doi:10.1038/ng.
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Phason is a quasiparticle existing in quasicrystals due to their specific, quasiperiodic lattice structure. Similar to phonon, phason is associated with atomic motion. However, whereas phonons are related to translation of atoms, phasons are associated with atomic rearrangements. As a result of these rearrangements, waves, describing the position of atoms in crystal, change phase, thus the term "phason".
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It is one of few cell culture models that is suited for 3D cell culture and multicellular rearrangements known as branching morphogenesis.
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The kappa and lambda light chains undergo rearrangements of the V and J gene segments. In this process, a functional Vlambda can combine with four functional Jλ –Cλ combinations. On the other hands, Vk gene segments can join with either one of the Jk functional gene segments. The overall rearrangements result in a gene segment order from 5 prime to 3 prime end.
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750px Further reaction improvement came when Hudlicky and Brown proved that vinylcyclopropane rearrangements are amenable to transition metal catalysts. Using a Rh(I) acetate catalyst they were able to promote rearrangements from room temperature to 80 °C. 750px Analogous to the rate acceleration observed in the anionic-oxy-Cope rearrangement Danheiser reported a very similar effect for vinylcyclopropane substrates bearing [alkoxy] substituents.
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KMT2A (formerly MLL) gene rearrangements are most common and occur in the embryo or fetus before birth. These rearrangements result in increased expression of blood cell development genes by promoting gene transcription and through epigenetic changes. In contrast to childhood ALL, environmental factors are not thought to play a significant role. Aside from the KMT2A rearrangement, only one extra mutation is typically found.
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Sandford, G. (2003). " Perfluoroalkanes." Tetrahedron 59: 437–454. . This carbocation intermediate can readily undergo rearrangements, which can lead to a complex mixture of products.
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The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by NRAMP family proteins is: Internal rearrangements during DraNramp conformational changes Me2+ (out) + H+ (out) ⇌ Me2+ (in) + H+ (in).
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The variable region rearrangements happen in an orderly sequence in the bone marrow. Usually, the assortment of these gene segments occurs at B cell maturation.
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Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in tumor metastasis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.
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Current research does not suggest that DLC1 plays a role in destabilizing the genome and making it more susceptible to chromosomal rearrangements or gene mutations.
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These rearrangements are likely to impede meiotic recombination between chromosomes of the two species, and might also cause partial inviability and infertility of interspecies hybrids.
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In 1961, simple Hückel computations showed that Birch's proposed mechanism was incorrect. The correct mechanism O is depicted below."Base- Catalyzed Rearrangements," Chapter 6 of "Molecular Rearrangements," Zimmerman, H. E., Ed. P. DeMayo, Interscience, 345–406, New York, 1963. The two a-priori alternative mechanisms O and M: 850px Birch did not accept this conclusion and continued suggesting meta protonation of the radical anion.
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A boat transition state is disfavored, but rearrangements occur via this path to an appreciable extent as well, resulting in the production of diastereomeric mixtures. 496x496px Steric effects can be significant. Rearrangements for which a chair transition state is geometrically impossible nonetheless occur. In fact, enolate formation provides enough of a driving force to overcome the energetic barrier associated with both dearomatization and the boat conformer.
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In sea urchins the first cells to internalize are the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), which have a skeletogenic fate, which ingress during the blastula stage. Gastrulation – internalization of the prospective endoderm and non- skeletogenic mesoderm – begins shortly thereafter with invagination and other cell rearrangements the vegetal pole, which contribute approximately 30% to the final archenteron length. The gut's final length depends on cell rearrangements within the archenteron.
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Zincke-Suhl products can be used as starting reagents for the dienol benzene rearrangement. This is an important reaction for artificially producing biologically relevant molecules including the A ring of steroids. Dienol Benzene Rearrangement Perhaps the most intriguing application of the Zincke–Suhl reaction is its potential following von Auwers rearrangements. Demeunier and Jaeckh described how such rearrangements may result in the formation of high energy intermediates.
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Brook rearrangements are known in acylsilanes.Patrocinio, Amauri F. and Moran, Paulo J. S. Acylsilanes and their applications in organic chemistry. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2001, vol.
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The interior of the building, despite a series of rearrangements, was largely preserved in its original form. Currently, the Embassy’s protocol events are held in this building.
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Metal- ion-catalyzed σ-bond rearrangement These rearrangements proceed via oxidative addition of strained rings. Such processes are related to the activation of cyclopropanes by transition metals.
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Her studies of the massive rearrangements of the genome in the micronucleus of Oxytricha showed an unsuspected role for non-coding RNA in directing the process epigenetically.
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In brewers' yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chromosomal rearrangements are a major mechanism to reproductively isolate different strains. Hou et al. showed that reproductive isolation acts postzygotically and could be attributed to chromosomal rearrangements. These authors crossed 60 natural isolates sampled from diverse niches with the reference strain S288c and identified 16 cases of reproductive isolation with reduced offspring viabilities, and identified reciprocal chromosomal translocations in a large fraction of isolates.
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Shamir broadened his research to include additional aspects of bioinformatics, such as analysis of biological networks, genome rearrangements, sequence motif finding, and transcriptional regulation. Many tools developed in his laboratory are available as a part of the EXPANDER suite, which provides an integrated environment for analyzing high-throughput biological data. Shamir's current research focuses on integrative analysis of heterogeneous high- throughput bio-medical data, genome rearrangements in cancer, and gene regulation.
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Storici F., Resnick MA. (2006) The delitto perfetto approach to in vivo site-directed mutagenesis and chromosome rearrangements with synthetic oligonucleotides in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 409:329-45.
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Currently the function for TMEM261 is unknown. However, gene amplification and rearrangements of its locus have been associated with various cancers including colorectal cancer, breast cancer and lymphomas.
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Demura M, Martin RM, Shozu M, et al. Regional rearrangements in chromosome 15q21 cause formation of cryptic promoters for the CYP19 (aromatase) gene.Hum Mol Genet.2007;16:2529-41.
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The rearrangements cause formation of CBF but with impaired function. This prevents proper differentiation of blood cells, leading to the formation of Myeloblast."CBFB Gene." Genetics Home Reference.
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613Zhang, C.-Z., Leibowitz, M. L., & Pellman, D. (2013). Chromothripsis and beyond: rapid genome evolution from complex chromosomal rearrangements. Genes & Development, 27(23), 2513–30. doi:10.1101/gad.
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Geurts, A.M., et al., Gene mutations and genomic rearrangements in the mouse as a result of transposon mobilization from chromosomal concatemers. PLoS Genet, 2006. 2(9): p. e156.
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There are ~5000 genes in the genome. The E assemblage is more closely related to the A assemblage than is the B. A number of chromosomal rearrangements are present.
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These rearrangements are performed in the presence of unsaturated compounds which undergo [2+2] cycloadditions with the in situ generated ketenes."Wolff Rearrangement." Organic-Chemistry. Organic Chemistry Portal, Web.
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This connection remains significant as a link between precisely defined mechanisms of cell motility in 2D and complex rearrangements in 3D whose regulation is yet to be understood fully.
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Adapted from In the solvolysis of spiro-vinyl triflate, the formation of a vinyl cation intermediate through a concerted process drives further rearrangements that involve the formation of a completely different cyclic structure. Ring expansion can also be achieved through the rearrangement of a vinyl cation. 1,2-hydride shift in vinyl cation to form another vinyl cation isomer. Adapted from The second class of rearrangements, the vinyl cation rearranges to form another vinyl cation isomer.
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Jerome A. Berson (May 10, 1924 - January 13, 2017) was an American chemist who was a Sterling Professor at Yale University, and also a published author. He worked on the Sigmatropic rearrangements, the thermal and carbocationic rearrangements, and the role of orbital symmetry in chemical reactions when he was part of the University of Wisconsin. When he was part of Yale University, he was part of many new studies, especially on non-Kekulé molecules.
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However, a potential mechanism that could promote speciation is that rearrangements reduce gene flow more by suppressing recombination (and extending the effects of linked isolation genes) than by reducing fitness.
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The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer. Nature, 470(7333), 214–20. doi:10.1038/nature09744Shen, M. M. (2013). Chromoplexy: a new category of complex rearrangements in the cancer genome.
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Chromothripsis was first observed in sequencing the genome of a chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Through paired end sequencing, 55 chromosomal rearrangements were found in the long arm of chromosome 8 and a significant number of rearrangements were found in regions of chromosomes 7, 12, and 15. Subsequent investigations using genome-wide paired-end sequencing and SNP array analysis have found similar patterns of chromothripsis in various human cancers, e.g., melanomas, sarcomas and colorectal, lung and thyroid cancers.
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Often, the rate-limiting step is the initial formation of an unstable species such as a carbocation. Then, once the carbocation is formed, subsequent rearrangements can occur. In these kinds of reactions, especially when run at lower temperatures, the reactants simply react before the rearrangements necessary to form a more stable intermediate have time to occur. At higher temperatures when microscopic reversal is easier, the more stable thermodynamic product is favored because these intermediates have time to rearrange.
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Often, the rate-limiting step is the initial formation of an unstable species such as a carbocation. Then, once the carbocation is formed, subsequent rearrangements can occur. In these kinds of reactions, especially when run at lower temperatures, the reactants simply react before the rearrangements necessary to form a more stable intermediate have time to occur. At higher temperatures when microscopic reversal is easier, the more stable thermodynamic product is favored because these intermediates have time to rearrange.
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Chromosomal rearrangements involving chromosome 22 have rarely been associated with certain types of cancer. These rearrangements, called translocations, disrupt the region of chromosome 22 that contains the EP300 gene. For example, researchers have found a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 22 in several people with a cancer of blood cells called acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Another translocation, involving chromosomes 11 and 22, has been found in a small number of people who have undergone cancer treatment.
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Duplications of 22q11 vary in size and thereby in gene content. They include the typical common 3-Mb microduplication, 1.5-Mb nested duplication, consistent with non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) using distinct low-copy repeats. These microduplications likely represent the predicted reciprocal rearrangements to the microdeletions characterized in the 22q11.2 region. Smaller microduplications may occur within this highly dynamic with frequent rearrangements using alternative low-copy repeats as recombination substrates within and distal to the DiGeorge syndrome region.
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That is, the controlled gene expression during transcription and translation coupled with the rearrangements of immunoglobulin gene segments result in the generation of antibody repertoire during development and maturation of B cells.
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PGBD5 has been shown to be able to transpose DNA in a sequence-specific, cut-and-paste fashion. PGBD5 has also been proposed to mediate site-specific DNA rearrangements in human tumors.
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In 2012 they produced their first limited-edition EP entitled Cyfolk, consisting of eight rearrangements of Cypriot folk songs. The album was distributed only in Italy and it is now out of print.
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Another variation of the Cope rearrangement is the heteroatom Cope reactions such as the aza-Cope rearrangements. Another widely studied [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement is the Claisen rearrangement. Also see the divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement.
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In 2015, several research groups presented experimental evidence that chromothripsis is indeed caused by a single catastrophic event. Using a combination of live cell imaging and single-cell genome sequencing of manually isolated cells, it was shown that micronucleus formation can generate a spectrum of genomic rearrangements, some of which recapitulate all known features of chromothripsis. Additionally, research studies inducing telomere crises followed by sequencing the resultant clones demonstrated complex DNA rearrangements that directly recapitulated the one- off chromosomal catastrophe model of chromothripsis.
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Thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons have been shown to be important in areas of chemical research and industry including fullerene synthesis, materials applications, and the formation of soot in combustion. Thermal rearrangements of aceanthrylene and acephenanthrylene can yield fluoranthene, an important species in syntheses of corannulene and fullerenes that proceed through additional internal rearrangements.Richter, H.; Grieco, W. J.; Howard, J. B. Formation Mechanism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Fullerenes in Premixed Benzene Flames. Combustion and Flame 1999, 119 (1–2), 1–22.
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In the case where any one of the three functions is a strictly symmetric- decreasing function, equality holds only when the other two functions are equal, up to translation, to their symmetric-decreasing rearrangements.
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As an example, an index-3 DAE is shown below for the pendulum motion equations and lower index rearrangements can return this system of equations to ODE form (see Index 0 to 3 Pendulum example).
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Sulfenate esters are intermediates in the Mislow-Evans rearrangement of allyl sulfoxides.Braverman, S., "Rearrangements involving sulfenic acids and their derivatives," in Sulfenic Acids and Derivatives, 1990, John Wiley & Sons. Sulfenamides have the formula RSNR′2.
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On this scale, the flow is not smooth, but instead consists of fluctuations due to rearrangements of the bubbles and releases of stress. These fluctuations are similar to the fluctuations that are studied in earthquakes.
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The reaction mechanism for this rearrangement depends on the conditions employed to affect the rearrangement and the nature of the starting material. Anionic rearrangements are the most common Brook rearrangements observed, and their mechanisms can be broken into two general categories. The first category starts with proton abstraction of a nearby hydroxyl group by a base. This generates an alkoxide which then acts as a nucleophile and attacks the silicon atom in a nucleophilic displacement reaction, with the methylene group acting as the leaving group.
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2) from the NSS family. Modeling the outward-facing conformation based on the LeuT structure, in conjunction with biophysical data, provided insight into structural rearrangements for active transport. Some bacterial sensor kinases (e.g., 2.A.21.9.
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Type II rearrangements often involve double hydrogen migration in a carbon skeleton. This reaction type can be found in certain transfer hydrogenations. An example is hydrogen transfer in syn- sesquinorbornene disulfones.Quantitation of proximity effects on rate.
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Thus, the reactive ends are not available for polymerisation, thereby decreasing competition for the cyclisation process. Diesters possessing 10 or more carbons undergo cyclisation very easily.REACTIONS, REARRANGEMENTS, AND REAGENTS by S N Sanyal, Bharati Bhavan publishers, .
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Recurrent rearrangements of this gene with the Ewing's sarcoma gene, EWSR1 on chromosome 22, or with the TAF15 gene on chromosome 17, or with the TCF3 (E2A) gene on chromosome 19, have been observed in acute leukemia.
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Clonal rearrangements of the immunoglobulin genes (heavy and light chains) are frequently seen. The deletion 7q21-32 is seen in 40% of SMZL patients, and translocations of the CDK6 gene located at 7q21 have also been reported.
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He had been sub-postmaster in Gaerwen. Independent councillor Eric Jones was elected at a by-election in 2007. The 2012 boundary rearrangements included Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog in a larger ward of Bro Rhosyr, which elects two county councillors.
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On 12 April 2019, Latin Quarter released The Colour Scheme as a trio featuring Skaith, Jeffries and Carewe. The album consist mainly acoustic rearrangements of early Latin Quarter songs plus a couple from the Steve Skaith Band albums.
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Israel Land Authority (ILA; ; ; "Raeshoot Mekarka'ei Yisrael") is a governmental body created as a part of a reform of the Israel Land Administration. After all the organizational changes and staff rearrangements it will replace the Israel Land Administration.
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Since microarrays contain sequences derived from modern strains of ancient pathogens, the limits of this method are the poor detection of the most divergent genomic regions and the omission of regions with important genomic rearrangements or unknown additional plasmids.
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Due to the NK lineage, clonal rearrangements of lymphoid (T cell receptor; B cell receptor) genes are not seen. The genome of the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is detected in many cases, along with a variety of chromosomal abnormalities.
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There are structural rearrangements of 11q13-21, which are considered most characteristic. This alteration can be detected by metaphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). MEN1 gene (11q13.1) is most frequently deleted, while GARP gene (11q13.5) may also be involved.
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Banu Cennetoğlu (b. Ankara, 1970) is a visual artist based in Istanbul. She uses photography, installation, and printed matter to explore the classification, appropriation and distribution of data and knowledge. Her work deals with listings, collections, rearrangements, and archives.
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CBF members are frequent targets of mutations and rearrangements in human leukemia. Point-mutations in RUNX1 gene have been reported in patients with familial platelet disorder, myeloid dysplastic syndrome, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.Blood. 2001 Nov 1;98(9):2856-8.Nat Genet.
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N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 8;350(15):1535-48. The “core binding factor AML” (CBF AML) [WHO classification] is the most common group of AML, including groups with the chromosome rearrangements inv(16)(p13q22) and t(8;21)(q22;q22).
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He had previously played live with Healey in Toronto in February 2005. He released a studio album entitled One Eye to Morocco in March 2009. In the 2010s, Gillan performed occasionally with orchestras in Europe, including rearrangements of Deep Purple songs.
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While vegetal rotation appears to be important prior to and in the early stages of gastrulation, by stages 10.5–11, vegetal rotation ceases and further involution appears to be driven primarily by cell rearrangements. A cartoon of vegetal rotation movements.
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Santonic acid is an organic compound containing both carboxylic acid and ketone functionality. It was synthesized from santonin by base-mediated hydrolysis of a lactone followed by a multistep rearrangement process by R. B. Woodward.Reusch, William (1999). "Base-catalyzed rearrangements ".
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The BRCT domain is a phosphopeptide binding domain that is common among DNA repair proteins and is likely involved in coordinating protein-protein interactions. Pol λ is structurally and functionally related to pol μ, another member of the X family that also participates in non-homologous end joining. Like pol μ, pol λ participates in V(D)J recombination, the process by which B-cell and T-cell receptor diversity is generated in the vertebrate immune system. Whereas pol μ is important for heavy-chain rearrangements, pol λ seems to be more important for light-chain rearrangements.
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Nonetheless, as gene rearrangement events involving ROS1 have been described in lung and other cancers, and since such tumors have been found to be remarkably responsive to small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, interest in identifying ROS1 rearrangements as a therapeutic target in cancer has been increasing. Recently, the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, crizotinib, was approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic NSCLC whose tumors are ROS1 -positive. Gene rearrangements involving the ROS1 gene were first detected in glioblastoma tumors and cell lines. In 2007 a ROS1 rearrangement was identified in a cell line derived from a lung adenocarcinoma patient.
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Bailey-Serres received her bachelor of science degree from the University of Utah in 1981 and earned a Ph.D. in 'Mitochondrial genome rearrangements in sorghum' from University of Edinburgh in 1986. She was a postdoctoral researcher at UC Berkeley under Michael Freeling.
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"Le Bonheur, Mesdames" and "Le Flirt ambulant" were rearrangements of his songs from the 1900s.L'encyclopédie multimedia de la comédie musicale théâtrale en France (1918-1940), accessed 13.8.09 He died in Nice, France. Phi-Phi and Dédé are still occasionally revived in France.
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In humans, a chromosome breakage syndrome characterized by severe lung disease in early childhood is associated with a mutation in a component of the SMC-5/6 complex. Patient’s cells display chromosome rearrangements, micronuclei, sensitivity to DNA damage and defective homologous recombination.
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This structure shows strong topological similarity to a polyketide monoxygenase from Streptomyces coelicolor which functions in the actinorhodin biosynthesic pathway. It was suggested, therefore, that this fold is well suited to serve as a framework for rearrangements and chemical modification of polyaromatic substrates.
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The size of the pore at open state is approximately 25Å. The transition from closed to intermediate state is accompanied by small movements of the TM1; further transitions to the open stated are characterized by big rearrangements in both the TM1 and TM2.
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A major genetic change in the genus occurred in its chloroplast genome throughout its evolution. This resulted in a genome reduction - possibly due to gene loss or transfer to the nucleus, an increase in the number of introns, and large genomic rearrangements.
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The 3C-based techniques can provide insights into the chromosomal rearrangements in the cancer genomes. Moreover, they can show changes of spatial proximity for regulatory elements and their target genes, which bring deeper understanding of the structural and functional basis of the genome.
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Chromosomal rearrangements, microdeletions, and large-scale translocations have been associated with impaired neurological and cognitive function, for example in hereditary neuropathy and neurofibromatosis. Optical mapping can significantly improve variant detection and inform gene interaction network models for the diseased state in neurological disorders.
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James Reel, Alceste (French version), opera in 3 acts, p. 44 on allmusic.com Berlioz made adjustments to the opera for a staging in 1861 that starred Pauline Viardot at the Paris Opéra. This was remounted, with further rearrangements, in 1866, starring Marie Battu.
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Rearrangements must be carried out at temperatures below −60 °C to avoid competitive [1,2]-rearrangement. Typically, simple treatment of the substrate with n-butyllithium is sufficient to cause rearrangement. Reactions involving butyllithium should be carried out under nitrogen or argon with strict exclusion of water.
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Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and chromosome abnormalities. While cytogenetics historically relied on microscopy to analyze chromosomes, new molecular technologies such as array comparative genomic hybridization are now becoming widely used. Examples of chromosome abnormalities include aneuploidy, chromosomal rearrangements, and genomic deletion/duplication disorders.
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Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, also known as poikiloderma congenitale, is characterized by premature aging, skin and skeletal abnormalities, rash, poikiloderma, juvenile cataracts, and a predisposition to cancers such as osteosarcomas. Chromosomal rearrangements causing genomic instability are found in the cells of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome patients.
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During infection, the onion will also produce hydroxycinnamic acid amide, which is a common plant defense response. There may also be some cytoskeletal rearrangements within the onion so that it can provide a better route to deliver the phenolic products to the fungal penetration site.
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Double Take is the Grammy Award winning, eighteenth studio album of the Christian rock band, Petra. It was released on February 29, 2000. The album features 10 new acoustic rearrangements of classic Petra songs. It also features two new songs ("Breathe In" and "The Longing").
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After the whole genome is sequenced using a high throughput sequencing method, such as Illumina HiSeq, PARE is applied to the data to analyze chromosomal rearrangements and translocations. This technique was originally designed to analyze solid tumor DNA but was modified for ctDNA applications.
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These findings are consistent with models suggesting that genomic rearrangements are important for the coupling of locally adaptive loci. Genes and genomic regions that are adaptive may be readily introgressed between species e.g. in hybrid zones if they are not linked to incompatibility loci.
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In the 1930s, Dobzhansky and his coworkers collected Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis from wild populations in California and neighboring states. Using Painter's techniquePainter T.S. 1933. A new method for the study of chromosome rearrangements and the plotting of chromosome maps. Science 78: 585-586.
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The hybrid origin may affect genome structure and properties. It has been shown to increase mutation rates, to activate transposable elements, and to induce chromosomal rearrangements. Increased transposon activation, as proposed in McClintock's ‘genomic shock’ theory, could result in alterations to gene expression. Transposable elements may, in addition to altering gene products if inserted into a gene, also alter promoter activity for genes if inserted upstream of the coding regions, or may induce gene silencing as a result of gene disruption. For allopolyploid genomes chromosomal rearrangements may result from the ”genomic shock” induced by hybridisation, with more distantly related species being more prone to genome reorganisations e.g.
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The spliceosome is a dynamic molecular machine that undergoes several conformational rearrangements throughout assembly and splicing. Although many of the biochemical details surrounding spliceosomal rearrangements remains unclear, recent studies have visualized the formation of a critical folding complex between U2 and U6 snRNAs immediately proceeding the first step of the splicing reaction. This folding event facilitates the formation of a four- helix junction, which is believed to provide scaffolding for the critical components of the active site including aligning the 5´ splice site with the branch point adenosine for inline attack by the 2´ OH and coordinating two Mg2+ ions to stabilize negative charge formation in the proceeding steps.
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Unlike pol λ, however, pol μ has the unique ability to add a base to a blunt end that is templated by the overhang on the opposite end of the double-strand break. Pol μ is also closely related to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), a specialized DNA polymerase that adds random nucleotides to DNA ends during V(D)J recombination, the process by which B-cell and T-cell receptor diversity is generated in the vertebrate immune system. Like TdT, pol μ participates in V(D)J recombination, but only during light chain rearrangements. This is distinct from pol λ, which is involved in heavy chain rearrangements.
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The segments joined due to signals generated RSSs that flank each V, D, and J segments. Only genes flank by 12 -bp that join to the genes flank by 23-bp spacer during the rearrangements and combinations to maintain VL-JL and VH-DH-JH joining.
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Without FADD, PKC remains active and is able to continue signalling cascades leading to processes including cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell motility. Recent research has also shown that it may have a role in regulating glucose levels and the phosphorylated form of FADD is important for this function.
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The alternative argument is that during meiosis I, looping and homologous recombination within a sister chromatid can cause this rearrangement. A rough estimation approximates that neocentromere formation on inverted duplicated chromosomes happens every 70,000–200,000 live births. However, this statistic does not include Class II rearrangements.
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True sigmatropic reactions are usually uncatalyzed, although Lewis acid catalysis is possible. Sigmatropic reactions often have transition-metal catalysts that form intermediates in analogous reactions. The most well-known of the sigmatropic rearrangements are the [3,3] Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Carroll rearrangement, and the Fischer indole synthesis.
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CIN often results in aneuploidy. There are three ways that aneuploidy can occur. It can occur due to loss of a whole chromosome, gain of a whole chromosome or rearrangement of partial chromosomes known as gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCR). All of these are hallmarks of some cancers.
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The album included a mix of original and cover material. Three of the standout tracks were rearrangements of The Beatles' "Helter Skelter" and Bruce Cockburn's "Mama Just Wants To Barrelhouse All Night Long", plus "Mr. Nice Guy", co-written by Heatherington and members of her band.
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Double Take features new rearrangements of ten classic Petra songs. The new arrangements are more modern and acoustic- oriented. According to lead singer John Schlitt, the purpose of the record is "not to compete. It's to reintroduce to a generation that never heard any of these songs".
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The authors reasoned this was due to the low rate of chromosomal rearrangements of sex chromosomes. Open chromatin regions are active regions. It is more likely that genes will be transferred to these regions. Genes from organelle and virus genome are inserted more often in these regions.
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Soviet Russia and Turkey launched a near-simultaneous attack on Georgia in February–March 1921, leading to new territorial rearrangements finalized in the Treaty of Kars, by which Batumi remained within the borders of now-Soviet Georgia, while Ardahan and Artvin were recognized as parts of Turkey.
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Symphonic Buck-Tick in Berlin is an orchestral arrangement album by the Japanese rock band Buck-Tick. It was released on July 21, 1990 through Victor Entertainment. It is composed of rearrangements of Buck-Tick songs by several different composers, all performed by the Berlin Chamber Orchestra.
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Genomic rearrangements at the PITX1 locus are associated with Liebenberg syndrome. In PITX1 Liebenberg is associated with a translocation or deletions, which cause insert promoter groups into the PITX1 locus. A missense mutation within the PITX1 locus is associated with the development of autosomal dominant clubfoot.
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Reactions of type 4 are also called acyloin rearrangements. While similar to the pinacol rearrangement, the semipinacol rearrangement differs from the pinacol rearrangement in that the cation is not formed from a vicinal 1,2-diol. With diazoalcohols the reaction is known as the Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement.
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UnChild is the first collaboration album released between composer Hiroyuki Sawano and Aimer. It was released on June 25, 2014 in a limited and regular CD Only edition. Songs are English covers and rearrangements of various theme songs used in the anime Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn.
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He simultaneously suffers between a "new beginning" and the "final goodbye". The song was made along with "Message", but was stored for a future release. "Hello & Goodbye" underwent various rearrangements prior to its release. "Girlfriend" displays a "standout" vocal delivery and "Replay" is a ballad track.
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The mechanism of vomocytosis remains unclear although it is known to be influenced by inflammatory signals and rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton within the host cell. Different morphologies of vomocytosis have been documented and it is possible that the underlying cellular mechanism may vary between them.
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In the 1930s Theodosius Dobzhansky and his co-workers collected Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis from wild populations in California and neighbouring states. Using Painter's technique,Painter T.S. 1933. "A new method for the study of chromosome rearrangements and the plotting of chromosome maps". Science 78: 585–586.
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This rearrangement also leads to a substituted, but not expanded, byproduct. Thus it can be difficult to isolate the two products and acquire the desired yield. Also, stereoisomers are produced depending on the direction of addition of the water molecule and other molecules may be produced depending on rearrangements.
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Receptor editing is another mechanism for B cell tolerance. This involves the reactivation or maintenance of V(D)J recombination in the cell which leads to the expression of novel receptor specificity through V region gene rearrangements which will create variation in the heavy and light immunoglobulin (Ig) chains.
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She was member of American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society and Chemical Institute of Canada. Hardy worked on different research fields such as molecular rearrangements, preparation of unsaturated esters and ketones, vat dyestuffs, esterification of leuco vat dyes, organic sulfur compounds, and pharmaceutical chemistry.
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By lowering the temperature of the NMR experiment to −60 °C, hydride shifts are "frozen out" and more structural information can be gleaned from the spectrum. Researchers found that at these low temperatures, the H NMR spectrum matched what would be expected for the non-classical structure of the ion. H and C NMR studies were able to confirm that any proposed Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements occurred faster than the timescale of the NMR experiment, even at low temperatures. For molecules in static equilibrium with respect to rearrangements, NMR reveals how many sets of symmetry-related nuclei are in the molecule and how many nuclei each of these sets accounts for via spectrum integration.
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Dyotropic rearrangements of Type I (above) and Type II (below) A dyotropic Reaction (from the Greek dyo, meaning two) in organic chemistry is a type of organic reaction and more specifically a pericyclic valence isomerization in which two sigma bonds simultaneously migrate intramolecularly.Dyotropic Reactions: Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications Israel Fernandez Fernando P. Cossıo and Miguel A. Sierra Chem. Rev. 2009, Article ASAP The reaction type is of some relevance to organic chemistry because it can explain how certain reactions occur and because it is a synthetic tool in the synthesis of organic molecules for example in total synthesis. It was first described by Manfred T. Reetz in 1971 Dyotropic Rearrangements, a New Class of Orbital-Symmetry Controlled Reactions.
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Genetic imbalance is to describe situation when the genome of a cell or organism has more copies of some genes than other genes due to chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy. Changes in gene dosage, the number of times a given gene is present in the cell nucleus, can create a genetic imbalance.
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The surface pressure during the monolayer collapse may remain approximately constant (in a process near the equilibrium) or may decay abruptly (out of equilibrium - when the surface pressure was over-increased because lateral compression was too fast for monomolecular rearrangements). File:P-A-Char surfactant.jpg Figure 3. (i) Surface pressure – Area isotherms.
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The oxime of cyclohexenone with acid forms aniline in a dehydration – aromatization reaction called the Semmler–Wolff reaction or Wolff aromatization W. Semmler, Ber. 25, 3352 (1892)L. Wolff, Amp. 322, 351 (1902)Name reactions and reagents in organic synthesis, Bradford P. Mundy,Michael G. Ellerd,Frank G. FavaloroBeckmann Rearrangements.
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Kraje were reintroduced in 1949 in Czechoslovakia and still exist today (except for the early 1990s) in its successor states despite many rearrangements. In Russia nine of the 85 federal subjects are called krais (края, kraya), coequal to oblasts. The toponym Krajina refers to several historical regions in Slavic countries.
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261x261px CED-12 (ll eath Abnormality Protein-12) is a cytoplasmic, PH-domain containing adaptor protein found in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. CED-12 is a homolog to the ELMO protein found in mammals. This protein is involved in Rac-GTPase activation, apoptotic cell phagocytosis, cell migration, and cytoskeletal rearrangements.
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Secondly, data for inclusion in the database is collected from whole genome resequencing studies of cancer samples undertaken by the Cancer Genome Project. For example, Campbell and colleagues used next generation sequencing to examine samples from two individuals with lung cancer which led to the identification of 103 somatic DNA rearrangements.
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Block,1998, p. 71 In general, critics agreed that the work placed Beach "among the foremost rank of American composers." One recording of Beach's Mass, by the Michael May Festival Chorus in 1989, was made without a full orchestra. The performance was criticized for inaccurate tempos, inappropriate rearrangements, and overall interpretation.
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The telomeric sync model of speciation: species-wide telomere erosion triggers cycles of transposon-mediated genomic rearrangements, which underlie the saltatory appearance of nonadaptive characters. Naturwissenschaften 101: 163-186. He was a proponent of National Socialist ideology and wrote about the Aryan race. He was director of the Zoologische Staatssammlung München.
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Over large evolutionary timescales there would occur tandem duplication, mutations, insertions, deletions and rearrangements that could affect the genes through a stochastic birth, death and immigration process to yield the Tweedie compound Poisson–gamma distribution. Both these mechanisms would implicate neutral evolutionary processes that would result in regional clustering of genes.
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Phylomapper is a statistical framework for estimating historical patterns of gene flow and ancestral geographic locations. RASP infers ancestral states using statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis, Lagrange, Bayes-Lagrange, BayArea and BBM methods. VIP infers historical biogeography by examining disjunct geographic distributions. Genome rearrangements provide valuable information in comparative genomics between species.
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Type I dyotropic rearrangements also occur around carbon-oxygen bonds, such as the thermal equilibration of RRSi1R3C-O-Si2R3 to RRSi2R3C-O-Si1R3. The 1,2-Wittig rearrangement can also be considered an example of this reaction type. More dyotropic reactions are found involving N-O bonds and N-N bonds.
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PAK1 contains an autoinhibitory domain that suppresses the catalytic activity of its kinase domain. PAK1 activators relieve this autoinhibition and initiate conformational rearrangements and autophosphorylation events leading to kinase activation. IPA-3 (1,1′-disulfanediyldinaphthalen-2-ol) is a small molecule allosteric inhibitor of PAK1. Preactivated PAK1 is resistant to IPA-3.
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This results in a low diversity from gene rearrangements of Ig heavy and light chains. However, clusters of pseudogenes upstream of the heavy and light gene Ig loci take part in somatic gene conversion – a process where pseudogenes replace the VH and VL genes. This diversifies the repertoire of bird antibodies.
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Recurrent rearrangements are nucleotide sequence variations found in multiple individuals, sharing a common size and location of break points. Therefore, multiple patients may manifest with similar deletions or duplications, resulting in the description of genetic syndromes. Examples of these include NF1 microdeletion syndrome, 17q21.3 recurrent microdeletion syndrome or 3q29 microdeletion syndrome.
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Consequently, disruption of this genic region can alter sonic hedgehog expression and affect limb patterning, but if this gene functions directly in limb development is unknown. Mutations and chromosomal deletions and rearrangements in this genic region are associated with acheiropody and preaxial polydactyly, which likely result from altered sonic hedgehog expression.
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Richard Clayderman (; born Philippe Pagès , 28 December 1953 in Paris) is a French pianist who has released numerous albums including the compositions of Paul de Senneville and Olivier Toussaint, instrumental renditions of popular music, rearrangements of movie soundtracks, ethnic music, and easy-listening arrangements of popular works of classical music.
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It needs to be noted that the number of rearrangements that have become fixed in evolutionary history seems relatively low, due to 180 million years of the mammalian radiation. Thus a record of the history of karyotype changes that have occurred during evolution have been attained through comparative chromosome maps.
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There is a good correlation between the genotype and phenotype. As a result, the CYP21A2 genotyping has high diagnostic value. However, the genotyping of the CYP21A2 gene is prone to errors, especially due to the closely located and highly homologous pseudogene CYP21A1P and the complex duplications, deletions and rearrangements within the chromosome 6p21.3.
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An autosomal recessive form has been mapped to the chromosomal region where this gene is located, and complex rearrangements involving duplications of this gene and others have been associated with the condition. A pseudogene of this locus has been mapped to one of the introns of the BCR gene on chromosome 22.
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After that, it retires to its den. Its method of sex determination has also been found to differ from most mammals in that rearrangements of the X chromosome have led to many XY individuals actually being female. They live in colonies or in pairs in grass close to water and are excellent climbers.
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Medical Terminology for Health Professions. Independence, Kentucky: Cengage Learning. Lutzner cells develop because of clonal gene rearrangements in the T-cell receptor or antibody. This rearrangement occurs early in the differentiation process and creates novel T-cell receptors that mimic the structure of normal antibodies but are not able to function properly.
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At this time, no studies demonstrate genome-wide rearrangement events directly giving rise to pathogenic behavior in a microbe. This does not mean it is not possible. Genome-wide rearrangements do, however, contribute to the plasticity of bacterial genome, which may prime the conditions for other factors to introduce, or lose, virulence factors.
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2,3-sigmatropic rearrangements can offer high stereoselectivity. At the newly formed double bond there is a strong preference for formation of the E-alkene or trans isomer product. The stereochemistry of the newly formed C-C bond is harder to predict. It can be inferred from the five-membered ring transition state.
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Activating the Rac GTPase stimulates the downstream effector c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which controls rearrangements in the cytoskeleton and gene expression. More specifically, it regulates the polarity and movement of a cell, in processes in vertebrates (like Xenopus) including gastrulation, neural tube closure, and stereocilia orientation in the inner ear.
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This one was settled around the end of July with a new contract.Hennick and Charlton (1975), p. 36. In the early 1920s, several extensions and rearrangements of service resulted in the inauguration of the famous Desire line, the Freret line, the Gentilly line, and the St. Claude line.Hennick and Charlton (1975), p. 38.
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Following the turmoil of World War I (1914–1918) and the short-lived independence of Georgia (1918–1921), Imerkhevi became a part of Turkey according to the territorial rearrangements in the 1921 treaties of Moscow and Kars. Taqaishvili, Ekvtime (1991), სამუსულმანო საქართველო ("Muslim Georgia"), p. 207, in: დაბრუნება ("The Comeback"), vol. I. Tbilisi.
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Watkin, Op. cit., p. 79. Over time, the Comitium was lost to the ever-growing Curia and to Julius Caesar's rearrangements before his assassination in 44 BC.The close relationship between the Comitium and the ' eventually faded from the writings of the ancients. The former is last mentioned in the reign of Septimius Severus ().
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He was the first to prove the structure of camphor definitively and studied rearrangements in camphor and related compounds. He also worked on "electronic theories of valence, and the valence and nature of nitrogen in nitrogen trichloride" as well as developing "methods for the determination of phosphorus, sulfur, and manganese in iron".
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Though spontaneous rearrangements of PGH2 are known to generate prostaglandins (PG) PGD2 and PGE2. Prof. Robert Salomon at Case Western Reserve University discovered that a novel alternative rearrangement also occurs that producing two γ-ketoaldehydes and named them levuglandins LGD2 and LGE2 as they are derivatives of levulinaldehyde with prostanoid side chains.
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Chromothripsis: Single catastrophic event in a cell's history Chromothripsis is a mutational process by which up to thousands of clustered chromosomal rearrangements occur in a single event in localised and confined genomic regions in one or a few chromosomes, and is known to be involved in both cancer and congenital diseases. It occurs through one massive genomic rearrangement during a single catastrophic event in the cell's history. It is believed that for the cell to be able to withstand such a destructive event, the occurrence of such an event must be the upper limit of what a cell can tolerate and survive. The chromothripsis phenomenon opposes the conventional theory that cancer is the gradual acquisition of genomic rearrangements and somatic mutations over time.
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Transposon insertion elements have been reported to increase the fitness of gram-negative E. coli strains through either major transpositions or genome rearrangements, and increasing mutation rates. In a study on the effects of long-term exposure of simulated microgravity on non-pathogenic E. coli, the results showed transposon insertions occur at loci, linked to SOS stress response. When the same E. coli strain was exposed to a combination of simulated microgravity and trace (background) levels of (the broad spectrum) antibiotic (chloramphenicol), the results showed transposon-mediated rearrangements (TMRs), disrupting genes involved in bacterial adhesion, and deleting an entire segment of several genes involved with motility and chemotaxis. Both these studies have implications for microbial growth, adaptation to and antibiotic resistance in real time space conditions.
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In mathematics, the Lévy–Steinitz theorem identifies the set of values to which rearrangements of an infinite series of vectors in Rn can converge. It was proved by Paul Lévy in his first published paper when he was 19 years old.. In 1913 Ernst Steinitz filled in a gap in Lévy's proof and also proved the result by a different method.. In an expository article, Peter Rosenthal stated the theorem in the following way.. : The set of all sums of rearrangements of a given series of vectors in a finite-dimensional real Euclidean space is either the empty set or a translate of a subspace (i.e., a set of the form v + M, where v is a given vector and M is a linear subspace).
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D'scover is the Japanese debut album of South Korean artist, Daesung, also known by his Japanese stage name, D-Lite, member and main vocalist of boy band Big Bang. The album consists of a number of rearrangements and remakes of Japanese songs as well as multiple original pieces and was released on February 27, 2013.
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The stone church, preserved with minor rearrangements and side-chapels, was built in 1738. Funds for its construction and design were donated by the Komarnickis, a wealthy family of Galician nobles. The architectural lines of the building have a simple and clear form. On the facade, a balcony and loft, house statues of guardian angels.
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32 (1977). The debtors, creditors as well as the main shareholder and bondholders voluntarily participate in the workouts in order to make rearrangements concerning financial investments and rescheduling and restructuring debt. As a way of response to corporate crisis, corporate workout arrangements were widely seen in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis in 1997.
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Tricetinidin is an intense red-colored chemical compound belonging to the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins. It can be found in black tea infusions.Separation of the Components in Black Tea Infusion by Chromatography on Toyopearl, Tetsuo Ozawa, 1981 Tricetinidin, in tea, would be a product of the oxidative degallation of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).Molecular rearrangements of tea catechins.
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By the next May, there had been some rearrangements in the Army of the Potomac, which was now under the control of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker. Hooker placed in command of the XI Corps Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, because the latter had been angry he was passed over for command of the III Corps.
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Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in several neurological, neoplastic, and other types of diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schwannoma, melanoma, and type I diabetes mellitus. It has been suggested that the regulation of S100B by melittin has potential for the treatment of epilepsy.
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In the mathematical field of graph theory, an agreement forest for two given (leaf-labeled, irreductible) trees is any (leaf-labeled, irreductible) forest which can, informally speaking, be obtained from both trees by removing a common number of edges. Agreement forests first arose when studying combinatorial problems related to computational phylogenetics, in particular tree rearrangements.
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The original Tomb Raider theme was composed by Nathan McCree. He created the original theme music after having discussions with Gard about the character of Lara Croft. Having decided to use Classical English music as an inspiration, he decided to create something simple for the theme song. Its simplicity made rearrangements and orchestrations easy.
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The lamprey genome undergoes drastic rearrangements during early embryogenesis in which about 20% of the germline DNA from somatic tissues is shed. The genome is highly repetitive. About 35% of the current genome assembly is composed of repetitive elements with high sequence identity. Northern lampreys have the highest number of chromosomes (164–174) among vertebrates.
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There are two primary arguments for stepwise mechanisms. The first is that rate constants of Wolff rearrangements depend on the stability of the formed carbene, rather than the migratory aptitude of the migrating group. The most definitive evidence is isotopic scrambling of the ketene, as predicted by an oxirene intermediate, which can only occur in the stepwise path.
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Clonal rearrangements of the T-cell receptor (TCR) genes are a necessary condition for the diagnosis of this disease. The gene for the β chain of the TCR is found to be rearranged more often than the γ chain. of the TCR. Current evidence suggests that patients with STAT3 mutations are more likely to respond to methotrexate therapy.
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Abnormal H3K4 trimethylation has been implicated in several neurological disorders such as autism. Humans with cognitive and neurodevelopmental disease often have dysregulation of H3K4 methylation in prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons. It also may participate in the process of GAD67 downregulation in schizophrenia. Rearrangements of the MLL1 gene are associated with aggressive acute leukemias, both lymphoblastic and myeloid.
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Figure 9. Joining of single-ended double strand breaks could lead to rearrangements Without proper homologous recombination, chromosomes often incorrectly align for the first phase of cell division in meiosis. This causes chromosomes to fail to properly segregate in a process called nondisjunction. In turn, nondisjunction can cause sperm and ova to have too few or too many chromosomes.
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In the second half-reaction of SQS, presqualene pyrophosphate (PSPP) moves to a second reaction site within SQS. Keeping PSPP in the central channel of SQS is thought to protect the reactive intermediate from reacting with water. From PSPP, squalene is formed by a series of carbocation rearrangements. The process begins with ionization of pyrophosphate, giving a cyclopropylcarbinyl cation.
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Biopsical investigation identified four different phenotypes present in the tumor and all were originally derived from the neural crest cell lineage. The varied nature of these tumors sparked questions about the transformational factors which lead to cancerous expression across multiple mature cell types. A publication in 2017 was the first to identify FOX01 gene rearrangements in ectomesemchymoma.
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Lampreys and hagfish appear to have evolved, by convergent evolution, an adaptive immune response that is independent and distinct from the adaptive immune systems of higher vertebrates. Lymphocyte-like cells in these fish express highly variable lymphocyte receptor genes, which undergo somatic rearrangements reminiscent of the manner in which mammalian immunoglobulin genes are rearranged during development.
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In catalysis silver is active as silver oxide in the Wolff rearrangement. Silver nitrate is used to separate out alkenes as the η2-alkene complex. Silver is also present in other carbon-carbon bond skeletal rearrangements such as the quadricyclane to norbornadiene rearrangement, the cubane to cuneane rearrangement and the rearrangement of the cyclobutadiene dimer to cyclooctatetraene.
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The entire genomes of 25 melanomas were sequenced. On average, about 80,000 mutated bases (mostly C>T transitions) and about 100 structural rearrangements were found per melanoma genome. This is much higher than the approximately 70 mutations across generations (parent to child). Among the 25 melanomas, about 6,000 protein-coding genes had missense, nonsense, or splice site mutations.
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Ketamine vials. Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by Calvin L. Stevens, a professor of Chemistry at Wayne State University and a Parke-Davis consultant conducting research on alpha-hydroxyimine rearrangements. It was known by the developmental code name CI-581. After promising preclinical research in animals, ketamine was introduced to testing in human prisoners in 1964.
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Sometimes called EEs, extrachromosomal elements, have been associated with genomic instability in eukaryotes. Small polydispersed DNAs (spcDNAs), a type of eccDNA, are commonly found in conjunction with genome instability. SpcDNAs are derived from repetitive sequences such as satellite DNA, retrovirus-like DNA elements, and transposable elements in the genome. They are thought to be the products of gene rearrangements.
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The Pólya–Szegő inequality is still valid for symmetrizations on the sphere or the hyperbolic space. The inequality also holds for partial symmetrizations defined by foliating the space into planes (Steiner symmetrization) and into spheres (cap symmetrization). There are also Pólya−Szegő inequalities for rearrangements with respect to non-Euclidean norms and using the dual norm of the gradient.
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Claisen, L.; Tietze, E.; Chemische Berichte 1926, 59, 2344. This rearrangement is a useful carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction. An example of Claisen rearrangement is the [3,3] rearrangement of an allyl vinyl ether, which upon heating yields a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl. The formation of a carbonyl group makes this reaction, unlike other sigmatropic rearrangements, inherently irreversible.
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As the cycle continues, more chromosome translocations result, leading to the amplification or loss of large DNA fragments. Some of these changes will kill the cell, however, in a few rare cases, the rearrangements can lead to a viable cell without tumor suppressor genes and increased expression of proto-oncogenes that may become a tumor cell.
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The original lineup featured Jordan Topf (vocals, guitar), Justin Fisher (keyboard), and Mason Rosenberg (drums). They began their career with performances in local coffee houses and record stores. Fisher left the band to attend college in Portland which led to an addition of new personnel and rearrangements. Mason Rosenberg moved to bass, and Trevor Hope was introduced to drums.
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It is known that heterozygous chromosomal rearrangements lead to spermatogenic disturbance or failure; however the molecular mechanisms that cause this are not as well known. It is suggested that a passive mechanism involving asynaptic region clustering in spermatocytes is a possible cause. Asynaptic regions are associated with BRCA1, kinase ATR and γH2AX presence in pachytene spermatocytes.
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In comparison to cationic cyclizations, radical cyclizations avoid issues associated with Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements, do not require strongly acidic conditions, and can be kinetically controlled. Cationic cyclizations are usually thermodynamically controlled. Radical cyclizations are much faster than analogous anionic cyclizations, and avoid β-elimination side reactions. Anionic Michael-type cyclization is an alternative to radical cyclization of activated olefins.
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The general reaction schemes of the two types are illustrated in Figure 1. This class of reactions was uncovered through studies on the automerization of naphthalene as well as the isomerization of unsubstituted azulene, to naphthalene. Research on thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons has since been expanded to isomerizations and automerizations of benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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In 2005 the complete genome of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius strain DSM639 was published. The genome of this crenarchaeon is composed of a single circular chromosome with 2,225,959 bp, with a G+C content of 36.7%. The authors predicted 2292 protein-coding genes. The genome of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is very stable, with little, if any, rearrangements due to mobile elements.
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The UBE3A gene lies within the human chromosomal region 15q11-13. Other abnormalities in this region of chromosome 15 can also cause Angelman syndrome. These chromosomal changes include deletions, rearrangements (translocations) of genetic material, and other abnormalities. Like mutations within the gene, these chromosomal changes prevent any functional ubiquitin protein ligase E3A from being produced in the brain.
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Diamantane can be prepared by Lewis acid catalyzed rearrangements of various pentacyclic tetradecanes. The best yield (84%) can obtained from trans-tetrahydro-Binor-S. A convenient synthetic procedure involves rearrangement of a hydrogenated Binor-S compound, which gives diamantane in ~70% yield. Other more highly strained precursors give diamantane in lower yield (1-47%) owing to disproportionation.
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Martin Denny (April 10, 1911 ‒ March 2, 2005) was an American pianist and composer best known as the "father of exotica." In a long career that saw him performing well into the 1980s, he toured the world popularizing his brand of lounge music which included exotic percussion, imaginative rearrangements of popular songs, and original songs that celebrated Tiki culture.
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In a sense, gene arrangements are visible in the banding patterns of each chromosome. Chromosome rearrangements, especially inversions, make it possible to see which species are closely related. The results are clear. The inversions, when plotted in tree form (and independent of all other information), show a clear "flow" of species from older to newer islands.
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ROCK1 phosphorylation sites are at RXXS/T or RXS/T. More than 15 ROCK1 substrates have been identified and activation from these substrates most often leads to actin filament formation and cytoskeleton rearrangements. MYPT-1 is involved in a pathway for smooth muscle contraction. When ROCK1 is activated by binding of GTPase RhoA it produces multiple signaling cascades.
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Further research identified fifty-one regions displaying genomic instability in the form of copy-number polymorphisms. It was also observed that these CNPs are prevalent across different ethnic groups as well. This allows for two important claims to be made. Firstly, it is possible that the structural rearrangements are evolutionarily ancient and occurred prior to separation of ethnic groups.
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Although examples of enantioselective α-ketol rearrangements starting from achiral α-hydroxy ketones are fairly limited, a number of examples of 1,2-asymmetric induction (due to stereoelectronic factors) have been observed. In one example of an enantioselective process, use of nickel(II) diacetoacetonate and pybox provided 4 in 34% ee.Brunner, H.; Stöhr, F. Eur. J. Org. Chem.
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Mi-III, Mi-VI and Mi-X are due to rearrangements of glycophorin A and B in the order GlyA (alpha)-GlyB (delta)-GlyA (alpha). Mil-IX in contrast is a reverse alpha-delta-alpha hybrid gene. Mi-V, MiV(J.L.) and Sta are due to unequal but homologous crossing-over between alpha and delta glycophorin genes.
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Shaving cream is an example of a complex fluid. Without stress, the foam appears to be a solid: it does not flow and can support (very) light loads. However, when adequate stress is applied, shaving cream flows easily like a fluid. On the level of individual bubbles, the flow is due to rearrangements of small collections of bubbles.
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MusicRadar called Henley one of the greatest singing drummers of all time. In live shows, Henley plays drums and sings simultaneously on some Eagles songs. On his solo songs and other Eagles songs, he plays electric guitar and simultaneously sings or just sings solo. Occasionally Eagles songs would get drastic rearrangements, such as "Hotel California" with four trombones.
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Mi-III, Mi-VI and Mi-X are due to rearrangements of glycophorin A and B in the order GlyA (alpha)-GlyB (delta)-GlyA (alpha). Mil-IX in contrast is a reverse alpha-delta-alpha hybrid gene. Mi-V, MiV(J.L.) and Sta are due to unequal but homologous crossing-over between alpha and delta glycophorin genes.
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Dr. Kriek was born in Leiden and obtained her doctorate in Biomedical Science at Leiden University in 2002. Her graduate studies included mutation screening in the mentally retarded. Dr. Kriek's subsequent research interests similarly focussed on the diagnosis and clinical significance of genomic imbalances and micro rearrangements as the causes of developmental delay, mental retardation and congenital syndromes.
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Pericyclic reactions, the SN2 reaction, and some rearrangements - such as the Claisen rearrangement - are concerted reactions. The rate of the SN2 reaction is second order overall due to the reaction being bimolecular (i.e. there are two molecular species involved in the rate- determining step). The reaction does not have any intermediate steps, only a transition state.
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The most widely used banding methods are G-banding (Giemsa-banding) and R-banding (reverse-banding). These techniques produce a characteristic pattern of contrasting dark and light transverse bands on the chromosomes. Banding makes it possible to identify homologous chromosomes and construct chromosomal nomenclatures for many species. Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified.
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Pre-mRNA splicing requires rearrangements of five large RNP complexes, which are snRNPs U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6. DEAD box proteins are helicases that perform unwinding in an energy dependent approach and are able to perform these snRNP rearrangements in a quick and efficient manner. There are three DEAD box proteins in the yeast system, Sub2, Prp28, and Prp5, and have been proven to be required for in vivo splicing. Prp5 has been shown to assist in a conformational rearrangement of U2 snRNA, which makes the branch point recognition sequence of U2 available to bind the branch point sequence. Prp28 may have a role in recognizing the 5’ splice site and does not display RNA helicase activity, suggesting that other factors must be present in order to activate Prp28.
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An animation illustrating the anagrammatical origin of the name of the Florida town El Jobean These are geographic anagrams and ananyms. Anagrams are rearrangements of the letters of another name or word. Ananyms (also called reversals) are other names or words spelled backwards. Technically, a reversal is also an anagram, but the two are derived by different methods, so they are listed separately.
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Stieglitz Rearrangement hydroxylamines In general, the term "Stieglitz rearrangement" is used to describe a wide variety of rearrangement reactions of amines to imines. Although, it is generally associated with the rearrangement of triaryl hydroxylamines, that are well-reported in the academic literature, Stieglitz rearrangements can also occur on alkylated amine derivatives, haloamines and azides as well as other activated amine derivatives.
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In 2017, Mancuso founded a trio called “SNIPS”, which includes Salvatore Lima, on drums and Riccardo Oliva on bass. SNIPS is a Jazz\Fusion band and their music is based on rearrangements of popular fusion standards. Matteo recently formed a new trio with Stefano India (Bass) and Giuseppe Bruno (drums) and they are recently working on their first solo album.
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Kumamoto, A. T., Charter, S. J., Houk, M. L. and Frahm, M. (1996) Chromosomes of the Damaliscus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae): Simple and complex centric fusion rearrangements. Chromosome Research 4: 614–622. They also indicate that the hirola is in fact more closely related to Alcelaphus than to Damaliscus. Placing the hirola in its own genus is further supported by behavioural observations.
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In rats, this breakpoint was shown to be a common site of proviral integration in retrovirally induced T lymphomas. Transcription of PVT1 is regulated by Myc. Overexpression of PVT1 could lead to tumorigenesis in three ways. Rearrangements of DNA through the fusion of PVT1 and Oncogene tumor suppressor could lead to the dysregulation of oncogene or tumor suppressor genes, eventually leading to tumorigenesis.
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The concept of cooperative segmental mobility comes from the free volume quantification. With the reduction in temperature, the free volume occupied by the polymer segments is reduced. Due to this loss in free volume, cooperative segmental dynamics is significantly slowed near the glass transition temperature and is practically arrested at glass transition temperature. In other words, the molecular rearrangements are frozen.
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The profits were not substantial, however, and McLane was consumed with financing rearrangements and negotiations with Pennsylvania and Virginia over possible routes west. Ultimately Wheeling and an all Virginia route was decided upon, but it was left to McLane's immediate successor to see the goal realized. McLane never seemed to appreciate the value of this work and ultimately retired on September 13, 1848.
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Gingerich and Sahni considered both Indraloris and Sivaladapis to be adapids. Several other authors suggested similar taxonomic rearrangements around the same time. In 1979, Herbert Thomas and Surinder Verma agreed that Indraloris and Sivaladapis were adapids, but placed them in a subfamily of their own, Sivaladapinae. Also in 1979, Frederick Szalay and Eric Delson placed Indraloris in its own tribe, Indralorisini, within Adapidae.
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Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR defective cells. Higher levels of DNA damage cause increased mutation (right side of figure) and increased epimutation. During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damage, incompletely cleared repair sites can cause epigenetic gene silencing. Deficient expression of DNA repair proteins due to an inherited mutation can increase cancer risks.
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The airport's single runway direction is 070/250, having a length of 3,306 meters and a width of 60 meters. There are six taxiways connecting the runway with the terminal. Tarmac can accommodate up to 14 airplanes simultaneously and up to A380. New parking spots as well rearrangements on airplanes' parking patterns engaging ground vehicles is expected to increase capacity.
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German word order is variable and flexible and relies on a rich inflectional system. Rearrangements of an NP and PP can take place similar to English i.e. [NP PP V] or [PP NP V]. German does not allow a direct object NP to the right of a final verb.Hawkins, John A. A performance theory of order and constituency. Vol. 73.
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A summary of the types of breakages and subsequent rearrangements that lead to the formation of neocentromeres. Neocentromeres are new centromeres that form at a place on the chromosome that is usually not centromeric. They typically arise due to disruption of the normal centromere. These neocentromeres should not be confused with “knobs”, which were also described as “neocentromeres” in maize in the 1950s.
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Although genome skimming is mostly used to extract high-copy plastomes and mitogenomes, it can also provide partial sequences of low-copy nuclear sequences. These sequences may not be sufficiently complete for phylogenomic analysis, but can be sufficient for designing PCR primers and probes for hybridization-based approaches. Genome skimming is not dependent on any specific primers and remains unaffected by gene rearrangements.
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Modern fluorination methods have rendered sulfur trifluoride essentially obsolete. Use of the more easily handled reagent DAST (diethylaminosulfur trifluoride) is now preferred to SF4 for nucleophilic fluorination reactions. DAST is more selective in fluorinations of alcohols and promotes fewer rearrangements and eliminations in acid-sensitive substrates. The inconvenience of handling gaseous SF4 is a disadvantage of fluorinations employing this reagent.
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This change took place in 1935, with an initial budget of $450,000. With minor rearrangements over the years, the 1935 reforms have ruled the Texas Rangers' organization until present day. Hiring new members, which had been largely a political decision, was achieved through a series of examinations and merit evaluations. Promotion relied on seniority and performance in the line of duty.
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Different assembly tools have been developed to handle jumping library data. One example is DELLY. DELLY was developed to discover genomic structural variants and “integrates short insert paired-ends, long-range mate-pairs and split-read alignments” to detect rearrangements at sequence level. An example of joint development of new experimental design and algorithm development is demonstrated by the ALLPATHS-LG assembler.
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Balanced chromosomal rearrangements can have a significant contribution to diseases, as demonstrated by the studies of leukemia. However, many of them are undetected by chromosomal microarray. Karyotyping and FISH can identify balanced translocations and inversions but are labor-intensive and provide low resolution (small genomic changes are missed). A jumping library NGS combined approach can be applied to identify such genomic changes.
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Azarmina is also a concert musician and santour instructor. He has released 5 music albums, published two sheet music and wrote three chapters of Love Dynasty, a multimedia encyclopedia for Persian Music. His first solo album, Old Persian Dances was released in 1996 and contained novel rearrangements of old dance forms from the original repertoire for Persian music.Old Persian Dances, Kargah Mousighi, 1996.
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The new owner of the building gave its agreement for necessary rearrangements and renovations. Nowadays, the factory disposes of of space, dedicated to creation and diffusion. The building aesthetics of Polymer are typical Soviet industrial style. Concrete production facilities were transferred over time to incorporate new space for living, artistic use and events, with the old flair and keeping its authenticity.
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PARP1 is one of six enzymes required for the highly error-prone DNA repair pathway microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). MMEJ is associated with frequent chromosome abnormalities such as deletions, translocations, inversions and other complex rearrangements. When PARP1 is up-regulated, MMEJ is increased, causing genome instability. PARP1 is up-regulated and MMEJ is increased in tyrosine kinase-activated leukemias.
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Ketol isomerizations of secondary α-hydroxy carbonyl compounds, which proceed via tautomerization, are probably the closest relative of the α-ketol rearrangement discussed here. Also closely related are carbohydrate rearrangements such as the Lobry–de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation,Angyal, S. J. Top. Curr. Chem., 2001, 215, 1. which involve conversion to the open form followed by rearrangement and re-closing.
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In Bioinformatics, a sequence entropy, also known as sequence complexity or information profile, is a numerical sequence providing a quantitative measure of the local complexity of a DNA sequence, independently of the direction of processing. The manipulations of the information profiles enable the analysis of the sequences using alignment-free techniques, such as for example in motif and rearrangements detection.
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In 1915, he became the music editor for the St. Croix newspaper The Herald. A year later he became the band columnist for Boston's Jacobs' Band Monthly. Bands at the time mostly performed rearrangements of orchestral music and Adams highlighted original works. Adams' essays garnered the attention of leading musicians in the States, such as John Philip Sousa and Edwin Franko Goldman.
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Chromothripsis and cancer: causes and consequences of chromosome shattering. Nature Reviews Cancer, 12 663-670.Holland, A. J., & Cleveland, D. W. (2012). Chromoanagenesis and cancer: mechanisms and consequences of localized, complex chromosomal rearrangements. Nature Medicine, 18(11), 1630–8. doi:10.1038/nm.2988Haffner, M. C., Aryee, M. J., Toubaji, A., Esopi, D. M., Albadine, R., Gurel, B., ... Yegnasubramanian, S. (2010).
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Like the chimpanzee, changes were on the level of gene rearrangements rather than single mutations. Frequent insertions, deletions, changes in the order and number of genes, and segmental duplications near gaps, centromeres and telomeres occurred. So, macaque, chimpanzee, and human chromosomes are mosaics of each other. Some normal gene sequences in healthy macaques and chimpanzees cause profound disease in humans.
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The structure of iddingsite is difficult to characterize because of the complexity of the possible alterations that can occur from olivine. Iddingsite has the tendency to be optically homogeneous which indicates that there is some structural control. Structural rearrangements are controlled by hexagonal sequences of approximately close-packed oxygen sheets. These oxygen layers are perpendicular to the x-axis of an olivine cell.
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This gene is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region. This gene is within the telomeric copy of the duplication.
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The band first recorded in 2009 at Avatar Studios in Manhattan and released Hothouse Stomp in 2011 on Accurate Records. The band's repertoire features Carpenter's rearrangements and often avant-garde treatments of obscure music from the 1920s and 1930s. Much of the source material is culled from found 78s and rediscoveries by music historians and collectors such as Mitchell Kaba and Irwin Chusid.
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Type 1 concerns all 2-heterosubstituted alcohols. Substrates in type 2 rearrangements are allyl alcohols. The carbocation is formed by electrophilic addition to the alkene group with electrophiles such as halonium ions, Brønsted acids and Lewis acids. In type 3 the substrates are epoxides, notably 2,3-epoxy-alcohols and type 4 concerns the reactions of alpha hydroxyketones and alpha hydroxy imines.
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Deoxyadenosyl radical is a free radical that is structurally related to adenosine by removal of a 5'-hydroxy group from adenosine. This radical occurs in nature as a reactive intermediate. It is generated by radical SAM enzymes and by some varieties of vitamin B12. The deoxyadenosyl radical abstracts hydrogen atoms from substrates, causing rearrangements and other post transcriptional modifications required for biosynthesis.
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Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA clones (BAC and YAC clones, cosmids) allowed the construction of chromosome maps at a resolution of several megabases that could detect relatively small chromosome rearrangements. A resolution of several kilobases can be achieved on interphase chromatin. A limitation is that hybridization efficiencies decrease with increasing phylogenetic distance. Radiation hybrid (RH) genome mapping is another efficient approach.
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The defects have been imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and can be determined using various vibrational spectroscopy techniques. It has been proposed that the coalescence process of fullerenes or carbon nanotubes may occur through a sequence of such a rearrangements. The defect is thought to be responsible for nanoscale plasticity and the brittle–ductile transitions in carbon nanotubes.
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A technique for protein sequences has been implemented in the software program SAGA (Sequence Alignment by Genetic Algorithm) and its equivalent in RNA is called RAGA. The technique of simulated annealing, by which an existing MSA produced by another method is refined by a series of rearrangements designed to find better regions of alignment space than the one the input alignment already occupies. Like the genetic algorithm method, simulated annealing maximizes an objective function like the sum-of-pairs function. Simulated annealing uses a metaphorical "temperature factor" that determines the rate at which rearrangements proceed and the likelihood of each rearrangement; typical usage alternates periods of high rearrangement rates with relatively low likelihood (to explore more distant regions of alignment space) with periods of lower rates and higher likelihoods to more thoroughly explore local minima near the newly "colonized" regions.
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As far back as 1966, the ETH group had started to explore, once again in a model system, an alternative strategy of corrin synthesis in which the corrin ring would be closed between rings A and D. The project was inspired by the conceivable existence of a thus far unknown bond reoganisation process. This if existing would make possible the construction of cobyric acid from one single starting material. Importantly, the hypothetical process, being interpreted as implying two sequential rearrangements, was recognized to be formally covered by the new reactivity classifications of sigmatropic rearrangements and electrocyclizations propounded by Woodward and Hoffmann in the context of their orbital symmetry rules! By May 1968, the ETH group had demonstrated in a model study that the envisaged process, a photochemical A/D-seco-corrinate->corrinate cycloisomerization, does in fact exist.
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When sequence data is derived from a whole tumor, information about the differences in sequence and expression pattern between cells is lost. This difficulty can be ameliorated by single-cell analysis. Clinically significant properties of tumors, including drug resistance, are sometimes caused by large-scale rearrangements of the genome, rather than single mutations. In this case, information about single nucleotide variants will be of limited utility.
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Adhesin expression is the suspected first mechanism by which C. glabrata forms fungal biofilms, proved to be more resistant to antifungals than the planktonic cells. C. glabrata genome frequently undergoes rearrangements that are hypothesized to contribute to the improvement of this yeast's fitness towards exposure to stressful conditions, and some authors consider that this property is connected to the virulence potential of this yeast.
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Chordate genomics is the study of the evolution of the chordate clade based on a comparison of the genomes of several species within the clade. The field depends on whole genome data (the entire DNA sequence) of organisms. It uses comparisons of synteny blocks, chromosome translocation, and other genomic rearrangements to determine the evolutionary history of the clade, and to reconstruct the genome of the founding species.
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750px Another intriguing result was reported by Larsen in 1988. He was able to promote vinylcyclopropane rearrangements with substrates such as the one shown in the reaction below at temperatures as low as -78 °C. The substrates were generated in situ upon ringcontracting thiocarbonyl Diels-Alder adducts under basic conditions. This methodology allowed the formation of numerous highly functionalized cyclopentenes in a stereoselective manner.
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Regions of kataegis have been shown to be colocalised with regions of somatic genome rearrangements. In these regions, known as the breakpoints, basepairs are more prone to get deleted, substituted, or translocated. Most hypotheses of the kataegis involves errors during the frequent DNA repair at the breakpoints. A collection of enzymes from the DNA repair system will come in to excise the mismatch basepair.
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On evidence of immunofluorescence analysis, the CKAP2 product is a cytoplasmic protein associated with cytoskeletal fibrils. The CKAP2 gene is in chromosome 13q14. Rearrangements of this region result in various tumors. Thus deletions have been detected in multiple myeloma, prostate cancer, head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and in more than half cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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For example, the antibiotic rifampicin has been found to induce MDR1 expression. Experiments in different drug resistant cell lines and patient DNA revealed gene rearrangements which had initiated the activation or overexpression of MDR1. A C3435T polymorphism in exon 226 of MDR1 has also been strongly correlated with p-glycoprotein activities. MDR1 is activated through NF-κB, a protein complex which acts as a transcription factor.
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Micrograph showing an ALK positive adenocarcinoma of the lung. The ALK immunostain allows individuals with ALK rearrangements to be identified. ALK inhibitors are anti-cancer drugs that act on tumours with variations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) such as an EML4-ALK translocation. They fall under the category of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which work by inhibiting proteins involved in the abnormal growth of tumour cells.
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T-cell antibodies bind to antigens such as virus infected cells or tumor cells. In Lutzner cells, there is a mutation in the T-cell receptor that inhibits antigens like CD8 and CD7, but stimulates the over production of other antigens like CD4. This mutation is a clonal gene rearrangement at the TCR-γ gene. Clonal gene rearrangements create novel or new surface antibodies during early differentiation.
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Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of this variation. The term somaclonal variation is a phenomenon of broad taxonomic occurrence, reported for species of different ploidy levels, and for outcrossing and inbreeding, vegetatively and seed propagated, and cultivated and non-cultivated plants. Characters affected include both qualitative and quantitative traits.
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Mitochondrial DNA is susceptible to damage from free oxygen radicals from mistakes that occur during the production of ATP through the electron transport chain. These mistakes can be caused by genetic disorders, cancer, and temperature variations. These radicals can damage mtDNA molecules or change them, making it hard for mitochondrial polymerase to replicate them. Both cases can lead to deletions, rearrangements, and other mutations.
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Two strains of P. stutzeri can be classified in a single genomovar if DNA-DNA similarity is at least 70% similar. Seven genomovars have been characterized and their genome sizes range from 3.75–4.64 Mbp. These differences in genomovar genomes are believed to have been caused by chromosomal rearrangements during its evolution. The GC content of the genomes of P. stutzeri strains falls between 60 – 66 mol%.
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Oil accumulation mechanisms of the oleaginous microalga Chlorella protothecoides revealed-through its genome, transcriptomes and proteomes. BMC Genomics (2014) 15:582–595. It was found to have a smaller genome size that encodes fewer genes, fewer multi-copy genes, fewer unique genes, and fewer genome rearrangements than its close relatives. Furthermore, three genes were identified that enable the consumption of glucose and, thus, heterotrophic growth.
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If the methylene were a triplet, one would not expect the product to depend upon the starting alkene geometry, but rather a nearly identical mixture in each case. Reactivity of a particular carbene depends on the substituent groups. Their reactivity can be affected by metals. Some of the reactions carbenes can do are insertions into C-H bonds, skeletal rearrangements, and additions to double bonds.
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Isomerases are a general class of enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another. Isomerases facilitate intramolecular rearrangements in which bonds are broken and formed. The general form of such a reaction is as follows: A-B → B-A There is only one substrate yielding one product. This product has the same molecular formula as the substrate but differs in bond connectivity or spatial arrangement.
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Genome Organization and Function in the Cell Nucleus. Wiley- VCH, Ch. 18, 449-485. While these dynamic rearrangements are vitally important to ensure accurate and high-fidelity segregation of the genome, our understanding of mitotic chromosome structure remains largely incomplete. A few specific molecular players have been identified, however: Topoisomerase II uses ATP hydrolysis to catalyze decatenation of DNA entanglements, promoting sister chromatid resolution.
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Carbocation rearrangement reactions occur through three-center bond transition states. Because the three center bond structures have about the same energy as carbocations, there is generally virtually no activation energy for these rearrangements so they occur with extraordinarily high rates. Carbonium ions such as ethanium have three-center two-electron bonds. Perhaps the best known and studied structure of this sort is the 2-Norbornyl cation.
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During the time he worked at the University of Wisconsin the focus of his laboratory were the thermal and carbocationic rearrangements and the role of orbital symmetry in chemical reactions. Meanwhile, he had taken note of Erich Hückel's, which with Hund's Rule provided continuing themes in his thinking and research. While working at Yale University, he was part of many new studies, especially on non-Kekulé molecules.
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In cellular materials such as liquid foams or biological tissues, plasticity is mainly a consequence of bubble or cell rearrangements, notably T1 processes. For many ductile metals, tensile loading applied to a sample will cause it to behave in an elastic manner. Each increment of load is accompanied by a proportional increment in extension. When the load is removed, the piece returns to its original size.
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45,X/46,XY mosaicism, also known as X0/XY mosaicism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis, "45,X/46,XY including Y chromosome rearrangements". (PDF) Rarechromo.org is a rare disorder of sex development in humans associated with sex chromosome aneuploidy and mosaicism of the Y chromosome. This is called a mosaic karyotype because, like tiles in mosaic floors or walls, there is more than one type of cell.
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In all three species, immune response genes are under positive selection, and genes of T cell-mediated immunity, signal transduction, cell adhesion, and membrane proteins generally. Genes for keratin, which produce hair shafts, were rapidly evolving in all three species, possibly because of climate change or mate selection. The X chromosome has three times more rearrangements than other chromosomes. The macaque gained 1,358 genes by duplication.
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The protein may function in motility, invasion, and tubulin polymerization. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in tumor metastasis. Its high expression has been found in many tissues including lung, pancreas, heart, placenta, kidney, and low levels in skeletal muscle, liver, and brain tissue. S100A11 is implicated in membrane and cytoskeletar dynamics, vesicular transportation and processes of endo and exocytosis.
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Balada Shalawat (Ballad of Salah) is an Islamic religious album released in 2010 by Gita Gutawa. It was arranged, orchestrated and produced by Erwin Gutawa and published by Sony Music Indonesia. Written as a way to "bring people to pray and praise Allah", the album included two new songs and six covers or rearrangements. The proceeds from album sales were to be donated to the poor.
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However, inability to make these rearrangements under high confining stresses limits bacterial activity at larger depths. Furthermore, sediment-cell interaction may cause puncture or tensile failure of the cell membrane. Similarly, at larger depths, silt and sand particles may crush and cause a reduction in pore spaces, reducing the biological activity. Bacterial activity is also impacted by challenges such as predation, competition, pH, temperature, and nutrient availability.
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Chandler p. 328. The Baltic was dominated by Russia, a situation with which Britain was uncomfortable as the region provided valuable commodities like timber, tar, and hemp, crucial supplies to Britain's Empire. Additionally, Britain supported the Ottoman Empire against Russian incursions towards the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, French territorial rearrangements in Germany occurred without Russian consultation and Napoleon's annexations in the Po valley increasingly strained relations between the two.
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Parasite Eve Remixes is a ten-track album, featuring remixed versions of themes from Parasite Eve. The remixes were done by Shimomura, Tamaru, Hidenori Iwasaki and Keichi Takahashi. Multiple DJs also contributed, including Tomo, QUADRA, Dan K, Tribal Masters, Kay Nakayama, and Dummy Run. According to Shimomura, the album came about when someone suggested to her creating full remixes of themes rather than making simple rearrangements.
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The first oxyhydride to be discovered was lanthanum oxyhydride, a 1982 discovery. It was made by heating lanthanum oxide in an atmosphere of hydrogen at 900 °C. However heating transition metal oxides with hydrogen, usually results in reduction to the metal. Topochemical synthesis retains the basic structure of the parent compound, and only does the minimum rearrangements of atoms to convert to the final product.
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In 1968, Westheimer examined pseudorotation in phosphate ester chemistry and predicted the occurrence of pseudo-rotation of oxyphosphoranes. He showed the significance of this route and the importance of stereochemical rearrangements of the intermediates. Westheimer developed a set of guidelines, based on experimental observations, also known as Westheimer's rules. They have been widely used for describing and predicting the products and stereochemistry of substitution reactions involving phosphorus.
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Some alkylating agents may produce crosslinking of DNA. Some natural occurring chemicals may also promote crosslinking, such as psoralens after activation by UV radiation, and nitrous acid. Interstrand cross-linking is more damaging as it blocks replication and transcription and can cause chromosomal breakages and rearrangements. Some crosslinkers such as cyclophosphamide, mitomycin C and cisplatin are used as anticancer chemotherapeutic because of their high degree of toxicity to proliferating cells.
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This process takes place at the level of mRNAs processing. Random rearrangements and recombinations of the gene segments at DNA level to form one kappa or lambda light chain occurs in an orderly fashion. As a result, "a functional variable region gene of a light chain contains two coding segments that are separated by a non-coding DNA sequence in unrearranged germ-line DNA" (Barbara et al., 2007).
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When the B cells get activated, class switching can occur. The class switching involves switch regions that made up of multiple copies of short repeatts(GAGCT and TGGGG). These switches occur at the level of rearrangements of the DNA because there is a looping event that chops off the constant regions for IgM and IgD and form the IgG mRNAs. Any continuous looping occurrence will produce IgE or IgA mRNAs.
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The disproportionation is most likely catalyzed in the second coordination sphere, but the mechanism of electron transfer is still up for debate. It is possible that a quantum tunnelling event is involved. Nickel superoxide dismutase is an incredibly efficient enzyme, indicating the redox mechanism is very fast. This means that large structural rearrangements or dramatic changes to the coordination sphere are unlikely to be involved in the catalytic mechanism.
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Lymphocyte predominant HL is an uncommon subtype composed of vague nodules of numerous reactive lymphocytes admixed with large popcorn-shaped RSC. Unlike classic RSC, the non-classic popcorn-shaped RS cells of NLPHL are CD15 and CD30 negative while positive for the B cell marker CD20. The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab has been used in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma with encouraging results. BCL6 gene rearrangements have been frequently observed.
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Histologic transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can occur in up to 12% of cases. After transformation, neoplastic cells carry monoclonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. Histological transformation may lead to poor prognosis and therefore repeat biopsy is required at relapse. One study found a transformation rate of 7.6%, and suggested that prior exposure to chemotherapy and a presentation with splenic involvement were associated with increased risks of transformation.
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Tree rearrangements are used in heuristic algorithms devoted to searching for an optimal tree structure. They can be applied to any set of data that are naturally arranged into a tree, but have most applications in computational phylogenetics, especially in maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood searches of phylogenetic trees, which seek to identify one among many possible trees that best explains the evolutionary history of a particular gene or species.
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Moreover, this shift is likely as it would move place positive charge from a 1° carbon to a 3° carbon. In a mildly basic solvent such as water, this new intermediate could easily produce an olefin via an E1-like reaction. Such olefins are typically seen in simple Demjanov rearrangements but are not seen in the TDR. The alcohol's presence explains how this E1 reaction does not occur.
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The script of the play "remains 85% Shakespeare" and mostly follows the plot of Macbeth, although lines from other Shakespeare plays are included. MacHomer features, according to the San Francisco Chronicle, "clever rearrangements of lines, crosscuttings between scenes, sometimes topical interpolations and assignment of roles to cartoon entities [...]." During the MacBeth portion, Miller performs the various roles using voices from The Simpsons characters. He does more than 50 voices.
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As a probable result of their excessive proliferation, prolonged survival, and ability to avoid attack by a weakened immune system, the malignant cells in PEL exhibit a high degree of genomic instability, i.e. alterations in the structure and/or expression of their genetic material which are associated with the development and/or progression of PEL. These alterations include mutations (i.e. changes in nucleic acid sequences), chromosomal rearrangements (i.e.
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The interactions, reactions and transformations that are studied in chemistry are usually the result of interactions between atoms, leading to rearrangements of the chemical bonds which hold atoms together. Such behaviors are studied in a chemistry laboratory. The chemistry laboratory stereotypically uses various forms of laboratory glassware. However glassware is not central to chemistry, and a great deal of experimental (as well as applied/industrial) chemistry is done without it.
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The Meyer–Schuster rearrangement is the chemical reaction described as an acid-catalyzed rearrangement of secondary and tertiary propargyl alcohols to α,β-unsaturated ketones if the alkyne group is internal and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes if the alkyne group is terminal.Meyer, K. H.; Schuster, K. Ber. 1922, 55, 819.() Reviews have been published by Swaminathan and Narayan,Swaminathan, S.; Narayan, K. V. "The Rupe and Meyer-Schuster Rearrangements" Chem. Rev.
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"Flavor" is a song written and recorded by Tori Amos, originally appearing on her album Abnormally Attracted to Sin (2009) as a down-tempo song, and later released as the lead single from her album Gold Dust (2012) which features classical rearrangements of selected songs from her oeuvre. Amos stated she felt the song was overlooked on its original album and had to be re-worked and noticed on Gold Dust.
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Hydrogen cyanide alone is not reactive enough to add to carbonyl groups; as a result, base catalysis is necessary. Conjugative hydrocyanation is limited by some side reactions and the strongly basic conditions typically employed. Product hydrolysis should be expected in reactions of alkali metal cyanides. Epimerization at the α-position of carbonyls, double bond isomerization, and α-acetoxy rearrangements have all been observed as side reactions under basic conditions.
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In some cases, large segments of DNA are rearranged. Those large segments, also called large rearrangements, can be a deletion or a duplication of one or several exons in the gene. Classical methods for mutation detection (sequencing) are unable to reveal these types of mutation. Other methods have been proposed: traditional quantitative PCR, Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and Quantitative Multiplex PCR of Short Fluorescent Fragments (QMPSF).
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Therefore, the cell can replicate or segregate incorrect chromosomes. Faulty rearrangements can occur when homologous recombination fails to accurately repair double-stranded breaks. Since human chromosomes contain repetitive DNA sections, broken DNA segments from one chromosome can combine with similar sequences on a non-homologous chromosome. If repair enzymes do not catch this recombination event, the cell may contain non-reciprocal translocation where parts of non-homologous chromosomes are joined together.
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Over many generations, nucleic acid sequences in the genome of an evolutionary lineage can gradually change over time due to random mutations and deletions. Sequences may also recombine or be deleted due to chromosomal rearrangements. Conserved sequences are sequences which persist in the genome despite such forces, and have slower rates of mutation than the background mutation rate. Conservation can occur in coding and non-coding nucleic acid sequences.
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The halogen dance rearrangement is an organic reaction in which a halogen substituent moves to a new position on an aromatic ring system. The reaction belongs to a class of organic reactions called 1,2-rearrangements. The original halogen dance is the base-catalysed rearrangement of 1,2,4-tribromobenzene to 1,3,5-tribromobenzene in liquid ammonia with the aniline/potassium base system. The intermediate in this reaction is an aryl carbanion.
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In T-cell ALL, LYL1, TAL1, TLX1, and TLX3 rearrangements can occur. ALL results when enough of these genetic changes are present in a single lymphoblast. In childhood ALL, for example, one fusion gene translocation is often found along with six to eight other ALL-related genetic changes. The initial leukemic lymphoblast copies itself into an excessive number of new lymphoblasts, none of which can develop into functioning lymphocytes.
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It did however serve as the first time in the modern era that Abkhazia was defined as a geographic entity. The territory of the Democratic Republic of Georgia included some territories that today belong to other countries. It was circa 107,600 km2, compared to 69,700 km2 in modern Georgia. The Soviet occupation of the DRG led to significant territorial rearrangements by which Georgia lost almost a third of its territory.
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The SMN2 gene is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region. The telomeric (SMN1) and centromeric (SMN2) copies of this gene are nearly identical and encode the same protein.
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The cationic rearrangement contraction proceeds through the loss of a leaving group and the migration of an endocyclic bond to the carbocation. Pinacol type rearrangements are often used for this type of contraction. Like the expansion reaction this proceeds with an electron donating group aiding in the migration. Contraction reactions of one ring can be coupled with an expansion of another to give an unequal bicycle from equally sized fused ring.
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Although officially labeled a "non-aggression treaty," the pact included a secret protocol in which the independent countries of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania were divided into spheres of interest of the parties. The secret protocol explicitly assumed "territorial and political rearrangements" in those countries' areas. All of those mentioned countries were invaded, occupied, or forced to cede part of their territory by the Soviet Union, Germany, or both.
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The tracks consist of material previously available on the same website back in 2001, although some may have rearrangements of music and/or lyrics. "2045: Radical Man" was released on the soundtrack of Spike Lee's Bamboozled in 2001. "Peace" and "The Daisy Chain" were released as limited edition CD singles during Prince's 2001 Hit n Run Tour. In 2015, the album was released on the Tidal music service.
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Therefore, it was long assumed that eukaryotic genes were randomly distributed across the genome due to the high rate of chromosome rearrangements. But because the complete sequence of genomes became available it became possible to absolutely locate a gene and measure its distance to other genes. The first eukaryote genome ever sequenced was that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or budding yeast, in 1996. Half a year after that Velculescu et al.
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In contrast to the view that sex promotes genetic variation, Heng, and Gorelick and Heng reviewed evidence that sex actually acts as a constraint on genetic variation. They consider that sex acts as a coarse filter, weeding out major genetic changes, such as chromosomal rearrangements, but permitting minor variation, such as changes at the nucleotide or gene level (that are often neutral) to pass through the sexual sieve.
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Virtual karyotyping is another cost-effective, clinically available alternative to FISH panels using thousands to millions of probes on a single array to detect copy number changes, genome-wide, at unprecedented resolution. Currently, this type of analysis will only detect gains and losses of chromosomal material and will not detect balanced rearrangements, such as translocations and inversions which are hallmark aberrations seen in many types of leukemia and lymphoma.
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SMN1 is the telomeric copy of the gene encoding the SMN protein; the centromeric copy is termed SMN2. SMN1 and SMN2 are part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region.
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The following describes the internal territorial rearrangements which were made after the establishment of the German republic. During the period of the Hohenzollern empire there had been twenty-six states within the German federation. During the war the number had been reduced by one by the fusion of the principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. After the revolution there was a rapid reduction in the number of smaller states.
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These variants that are about 3 Mb or larger in size are considered microscopic structural variants. This scale is large enough to be visualized using a microscope and include aneuploidies, heteromorphisms, and chromosomal rearrangements. When DNA sequencing was introduced, it opened the door to finding smaller and incredibly more sequence variations including SNPs and minisatellites. This also includes small inversions, duplications, insertions, and deletions that are under 1 kb in size.
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A characteristic of many cancer cells is that parts of some genes contained within these cells have been recombined with other genes. One such gene fusion that has been identified in a MCF-7 breast cancer cell line is a chimera between the RAD51C and ATXN7 genes. Since the RAD51C protein is involved in repairing double strand chromosome breaks, this chromosomal rearrangement could be responsible for the other rearrangements.
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Almost immediately, major structural rearrangements such as rounded cells, cytoplasmic reorganization, and vacuolation of cells undergoing paraptosis can be seen through light microscopy. There is physical enlargement of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. This swollen appearance can be attributed to intracellular ion imbalance and eventual osmotic lysis. Once ruptured, particles and substances are released, including: (1) high mobility group B-1 (HMGB1) (2) heat shock proteins and (3) various other proteases.
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In isolated systems it is consistently observed that as time goes on internal rearrangements diminish and stable conditions are approached. Pressures and temperatures tend to equalize, and matter arranges itself into one or a few relatively homogeneous phases. A system in which all processes of change have gone practically to completion is considered in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. The thermodynamic properties of a system in equilibrium are unchanging in time.
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The minimal deletion causing this syndrome has been defined as a 3 megabase region that contains the genes GPR35, GPC1 and STK25. Almost all deletions are found to be terminal deletions at the end of chromosome 2. There is a high frequency of de novo deletions, but multiple cases within a single family are also observed. Equal proportions of maternally and paternally derived rearrangements were seen in Aldred's series.
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The off-target activity of an active nuclease may lead to unwanted double- strand breaks and may consequently yield chromosomal rearrangements and/or cell death. Studies have been carried out to compare the relative nuclease- associated toxicity of available technologies. Based on these studies and the maximal theoretical distance between DNA binding and nuclease activity, TALEN constructs are believed to have the greatest precision of the currently available technologies.
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Pl.): 134 (1866) (Unpublished fragment) The composition has varied, given the considerable rearrangements of the Amaryllidaceae that have taken place. For instance Hickey and Clive (1997) describe the Zephyrantheae as being one of ten tribes by which the Amaryllidaceae are divided, allocating Zephyranthes and Sternbergia to this tribe, while Traub (1952) included Habranthus. Other genera that have been placed in this tribe include Cooperia, Haylockia, Apodolirion, and Gethyllis.Markku Savela.
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Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NAIP gene. This gene is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region.
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Based on their morphological properties and genome organization, they are heavily scleractinian like in comparison to all other corallimorharians. This makes C. profundus an early diverging species that holds a key role in the coral to corallimorpharia transition.Lin, M., Kitahara, M. V., Luo, H., Tracey, D., Geller, J., Fukami, H., Miller, D. J., Chen, C. A. (2014). Mitochondrial Genome Rearrangements in the Scleractinia/Corallimorpharia Complex: Implications for Coral Phylogeny.
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Terzioglu died as a result of a heart attack in the morning of the opening day of the International Symposium organized to tribute Prof. Dr. Rolf Nevanlinna, who had been a teacher of Terzioglu. Albeit his unexpected loss, the symposium was completed after some rearrangements were made in the program. The guest mathematicians also attended the funeral ceremony on September 22 and the symposium began on September 23.
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Since then, CMS types C and S were used instead. Unfortunately, these lines are prone to environmentally induced fertility restoration and must be carefully monitored in the field. Environmentally induced, in contrast to genetic, restoration occurs when certain environmental stimuli signal the plant to bypass sterility restrictions and produce pollen anyway. Genome sequencing of mitochondrial genomes of crop plants has facilitated the identification of promising candidates for CMS-related mitochondrial rearrangements.
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Tiit is the daughter of mathematician and was born in Tartu on 22 April 1934. She went to a high school in Tallinn and completed her undergraduate studies in 1957 at the University of Tartu, then called Tartu State University. She remained at the same university for her doctoral work, defending a dissertation on Ridade ümberjärjestamisest (On rearrangements of series) in 1963 with Gunnar Kangro as her doctoral supervisor.
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He hopes to gain his wife back that way. With pictures, which promise hints about the killer of Taler’s wife, Knupp blackmails Taler and forces him to help with his rearrangements. Both men rebuild houses, gardens and Knupp’s house to their appearance in 1991 with extensive financial and temporal costs. During the rebuilding efforts, Taler finds out that Knupp is the killer of his wife and kills him right away.
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The stereochemical consequences of a concerted reaction pathway on the reaction outcome suggested an experiment where one would correlate the obtained reaction stereochemistry with the predicted reaction stereochemistry for a model substrate. Observing the formation of ai- and sr-cyclopentene products would support the notion that a stepwise, non-concerted mechanism is operative whereas their absence would point towards a fully concerted mechanism. As it turned out finding an appropriate substituted model substrate to study the stereochemical outcome of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement was much more challenging than initially thought since side reaction such as the homodienyl 1,5]-hydrogen shifts and more so thermal stereomutations tend to scramble stereochemical distinctions much faster than rearrangements lead to the cyclopentene products. Stereomutations Even though deconvolution of the complex kinetic scenarios underlying these rearrangements was difficult there have been several studies reported where exact and explicit deconvolutions of kinetic and stereochemical raw data to account for the stereochemical contributions arising from competitive stereomutations was possible.
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Specifically, he found that increased basal chromosomal numbers in diploid Clarkia were correlated with a xeric habitat, and hypothesized that the genus may have originated at the more mesic ecotone between the Arcto-Tertiary and Madro-Tertiary Floras and spread to more xeric habitats. His fourth paper in 1953 established what he hypothesized to be the primary mode of speciation in Clarkia: > Speciation in Clarkia...has probably resulted from a combination of a > variety of factors. Of these perhaps the most important has been the > differential accumulation in different populations of adapted gene > combinations associated with particular chromosome rearrangements. A by- > product of this accumulation of structural rearrangements has been the > establishment of strong barriers to gene exchange...These phenomena both > suggest that differentiation in Clarkia is often and perhaps usually a rapid > process. In 1954 he published on yet another new species, C. exilis, which was morphologically very similar to C. unguiculata.
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This occurs through a Brook-rearrangement initiated by attack at the carbonyl group. A related reaction, involving initial attack at the silicon center, causes migration of one of the silicon groups to the carbonyl carbon, which initiates a Brook-Rearrangement. If the silicon group was chiral, the end product is a chiral silyl ether, as the migration occurs stereospecifically. Rearrangements analogous to the Brook Rearrangement are known for many other types of atoms.
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Telomeric double stranded breaks or telomeric dysfunction is generated by exogenous agents or replicative stress. Telomeric dysfunctions are known to promote chromosomal abnormalities associated with cancer cells. For example, Telomeric double stranded breaks/ telomeric dysfunctions can cause sister chromatid/ end to end fusion and the formation of anaphase bridges resulting in dicentric chromosomes that can result in further rearrangements. This is a more plausible explanation as chromothripsis has been seen to mostly involve telomeric regions.
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Joining of fragments and rearrangements have also been shown to take place on paternal chromosomes. As well as in cancer cells, chromothripsis has also be reported in patients with developmental and congenital defects, i.e. germ line cells. Using multiple molecular techniques of these germ line cells that have appeared to have undergone a chromothripsis like process, as well as inversions and translocations, duplications and triplications were also seen and hence increases in copy number.
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It was pointed out that initial computational simulations underpinning the single-event nature of chromothripsis, which are central to the theory, did not necessarily prove the existence of a single event, and that known models of progressive cancer development do not contradict the occurrence of complex rearrangements. It has also been suggested that there is no single traumatic event, but that repeated breakage- fusion-bridge cycles might cause the complex genetic patterns.
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Both the X and Y chromosomes are acrocentric. The study also showed that the small-toothed sportive lemur was the sportive lemur species most genetically distinct from the weasel sportive lemur, despite their similar appearance. A total of 18 chromosomal rearrangements distinguished the two species, indicating that if the two shared the same range, hybrids would be either completely sterile or suffer greatly reduced fertility. In September 2006, Edward E. Louis, Jr., et al.
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This appears to be particularly the case when PTFL occurs in children, adolescents, and perhaps very young adults. A significant percentage of cases that were once diagnosed as PTFL are now regarded as being large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangements, a very rare disease that was provisionally defined by the World Health organization (2016) as distinctly separate from PTFL. PTFL is here described based on this recently formulated and important distinction.
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Recombination can also occur due to errors in DNA replication that lead to genomic rearrangements. These events are often associated with pathology. However, genomic rearrangement is also thought to be a driving force in evolutionary development as it gives rise to novel gene combinations. Recombination hotspots may arise from the interaction of the following selective forces: the benefit of driving genetic diversity through genomic rearrangement coupled with selection acting to maintain favorable gene combinations.
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Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangements of1-aminomethylcycloalkanols with alkyl substitutions on the side aminomethyl chain had been accomplished by many scientists before 1960. Smith and Baer investigated how such substitution affects the TDR by synthesizing various 1-hydroxycyclohexylbenzyl-amines and exposing them to TDR conditions . Seeing as six member rings are routinely enlarged by the TDR, one might expect the reaction to occur. However instead of the anticipated ring enlargements, only diols are seen as products.
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The resulting dicationic intermediate with an unusual R–N+=N+–R motif in this scheme has been observed by proton NMR in a system of fluoroantimonic acid and azoxybenzene at −50 °C.Stable carbocations. CXXIX. Mechanism of the benzidine and Wallach rearrangements based on direct observation of dicationic reaction intermediates and related model compounds George A. Olah, Kenneth Dunne, David P. Kelly, Y. K. Mo J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1972; 94(21); 7438–47.
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Durst currently resides in Stony Brook, New York. In 2007, Durst published her first novel, Into the Wild, for young adults. Into the Wild and its 2008 sequel, Out of the Wild, draw on fairy tale characters living in the real world to explore questions of free will. The Wild is an amoral force that seeks to organize people into stories with no concern for the effects these rearrangements have on individuals' lives.
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The original departments of France were established in 1790 when the French National Assembly split the country into 83 departments of roughly the same size and population. They were designed as sets of communes, and when better maps became available, certain revisions had to be made. After defeat by the Prussians in 1871, certain territories were ceded to them and some rearrangements made. In 1955 and 1957, some departments changed their names.
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Theme from Kosovarja, No. 2 by Rexho Mulliqi Rexho Mulliqi (1923–1982) was born in Gucia, present-day Montenegro. He went to school in Skoplje (now Skopje) and Pristina and then studied composition at the Academy of Music in Belgrade. His most recognised works are his second symphony Kosovarja and Baresha, for soprano and orchestra, sung by Nexhmije Pagarusha. His compositions are rearrangements of solo works and works for choir and orchestra.
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Also, there are no carbocation rearrangements, as the acylium ion is stabilized by a resonance structure in which the positive charge is on the oxygen. :Friedel–Crafts acylation overview The viability of the Friedel–Crafts acylation depends on the stability of the acyl chloride reagent. Formyl chloride, for example, is too unstable to be isolated. Thus, synthesis of benzaldehyde through the Friedel–Crafts pathway requires that formyl chloride be synthesized in situ.
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Mutations in this gene cause MDC1D, a novel form of congenital muscular dystrophy with severe mental retardation and abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants that encode the same protein. LARGE may also play a role in tumor-specific genomic rearrangements. Mutations in this gene may be involved in the development and progression of meningioma through modification of ganglioside composition and other glycosylated molecules in tumor cells.
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Cook Wilson often argued for the existence of God as an experiential reality. He is quoted saying 'We don't want merely inferred friends, could we be satisfied with an inferred God?' He also had a long running dispute with Lewis Carroll over the barbershop paradox. Cook Wilson's classical contributions should not be overlooked: "On Rearrangements of the Fifth Books of the Ethics" (1879), "On the Structure of the Seventh Book of the Nicomachean Ethics", ch.
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In neuronal exocytosis, the term priming has been used to include all of the molecular rearrangements and ATP-dependent protein and lipid modifications that take place after initial docking of a synaptic vesicle but before exocytosis, such that the influx of calcium ions is all that is needed to trigger nearly instantaneous neurotransmitter release. In other cell types, whose secretion is constitutive (i.e. continuous, calcium ion independent, non-triggered) there is no priming.
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Canela, A., Vera, E., Klatt, P., Blasco, MA. "High-throughput telomere length quantification by FISH and its application to human population studies." PNAS (2007) 104(13):5300-5305. Similarly, other methods like multiplex-FISH and cenM-FISH have been developed which can also be used in conjunction with Q-FISH. Multiplex-FISH uses a variety of probes to visualize the 24 chromosomes in different colours and identify intra- or inter- chromosomal rearrangements.
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The latter happened through catagenesis in which the reactions were mostly radical rearrangements of kerogen. These reactions took thousands to millions of years and no external reactants were involved. Due to radical nature of these reactions, kerogen reacted towards two classes of products: those with low H/C ratio (anthracene or products similar to it) and those with high H/C ratio (methane or products similar to it); i.e., carbon-rich or hydrogen-rich products.
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Several characteristic genetic changes lead to the creation of a leukemic lymphoblast. These changes include chromosomal translocations, intrachromosomal rearrangements, changes in the number of chromosomes in leukemic cells, and additional mutations in individual genes. Chromosomal translocations involve moving a large region of DNA from one chromosome to another. This move can result in placing a gene from one chromosome that promotes cell division to a more actively transcribed area on another chromosome.
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Indications of thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons were first noted in the early 20th century by natural products chemists who were working with sesquiterpenes. At the time, they noticed the automerization of a substituted azulene shown below, but no further structural or mechanistic investigations were made. upright=1.5 The oldest characterized thermal rearrangement of an aromatic compound was that of the isomerization of azulene to naphthalene by Heilbronner et al. in 1947.
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L1 comprise approximately 17% of the human genome. The majority of L1 in the human genome are inactive; however, about 80-100 have retained the ability to retrotranspose, with considerable variation between individuals. These active L1s can interrupt the genome through insertions, deletions, rearrangements, and copy number variations (CNV). L1 activity has contributed to the instability and evolution of genomes, and is tightly regulated in the germline by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and piRNA.
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2-AAF is a substrate for cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme, which is a part of a super family found in almost all organisms. This reaction results in the formation of hydroxyacetylaminofluorene which is a proximal carcinogen and is more potent than the parent molecule. The N-hydroxy metabolite undergoes several enzymatic and non-enzymatic rearrangements. It can be O-acetylated by cytosolic N-acetyltransferase enzyme to yield N-acetyl-N-acetoxyaminofluorene.
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It is specific for the phosphate groups of DNA and attaches itself to regions of DNA where there are high amounts of adenine-thymine bonding. Giemsa stain is used in Giemsa banding, commonly called G-banding, to stain chromosomes and often used to create a karyogram (chromosome map). It can identify chromosomal aberrations such as translocations and rearrangements. It stains the trophozoite Trichomonas vaginalis, which presents with greenish discharge and motile cells on wet prep.
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The Chocolate Invasion (Trax From the NPG Music Club Volume One) is the twenty-ninth studio album by American recording artist Prince. It was released on March 29, 2004 by NPG Records. The album was released as a download-only album through his website, NPG Music Club. All the tracks, except "The Dance", were previously available on the same website in 2001, although some may have rearrangements in music and/or lyrics.
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Over five distinct errors involving 11p15.5 have been identified in different BWS patients. Some patients have maternal chromosomal rearrangements of 11p15.5. Other patients have paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 11, meaning that the maternal copy of this chromosome is replaced with an extra paternal copy. Many other patients have abnormal DNA methylation in different areas of 11p15.5, meaning that normal epigenetic marks that regulate imprinted genes in this region are altered.
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If CSF cytology is negative or inconclusive and PIOL is suspected, a vitrectomy is often performed with cytologic analysis. Furthermore, adjunctive testing including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to identify monoclonal rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene (for B-cell lymphomas) or T-cell receptor (TCR, for the very rare T-cell lymphomas) can be performed. Previously, radiation therapy was the mainstay treatment for PCNSL/PIOL, but methotrexate has now become first-line.
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The pole cells are internalized by a different route. Germ band elongation involves many rearrangements of cells, and the appearance of distinct differences in the cells of the three germ bands and various regions of the embryo. The posterior region (including the hindgut) expands and extends towards the anterior pole along the dorsal side of the embryo. At this time, segments of the embryo become visible, creating a striped arrangement along the anterior-posterior axis.
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Myb proto-oncogene protein is a member of the MYB (myeloblastosis) family of transcription factors. The protein contains three domains, an N-terminal DNA-binding domain, a central transcriptional activation domain and a C-terminal domain involved in transcriptional repression. It may play a role in cell cycle regulation. Like the viral version, this gene is an oncogene, and rearrangements of the gene (often involving deletion in the C-terminal domain) causes cancer.
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Its expression is reduced in many types of cancer, thereby distinguishing the cancerous expression profile of the other proteins of the S100 group. It has been reported that S100A2 is downregulated in lung, kidney, prostate cancer and melanoma. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have also been implicated in breast cancer. In addition, its decline is associated with poor prognosis, disease progression, increased occurrence of metastasis and increased patient mortality.
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The reaction is a representative of 1,2-rearrangements. The long- established reaction mechanism was first proposed in its entirety by Christopher Kelk Ingold, and has been updated with in silico data as outlined below. The reaction is second order overall in terms of rate, being first order in diketone and first order in base. A hydroxide anion attacks one of the ketone groups in 1 in a nucleophilic addition to form the alkoxide 2.
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Overman's Ph.D. focused on the mechanism of rearrangements related to the biosynthesis of lanosterol from squalene oxide via lanosterol synthase. Overman has explained that this work gave him a lifelong love of rearrangement reactions. This was followed by two years as a postdoctoral fellow at Columbia University with Ronald Breslow, using non-covalent binding of cyclodextrin as a model of enzyme binding. Larry Overman began his career at University of California, Irvine in June 1971.
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The mechanism underlying complex rearrangements in chromoplexy has not been identified. A proposed model is that DNA is brought together in nuclear transcription hubs where genes across multiple chromosomes are co-regulated by transcription factors such as the Androgen receptor. This DNA may then sustain multiple transient breaks during transcription and sets of broken DNA ends may be ligated to one another in an incorrect configuration. This model has not been demonstrated experimentally.
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Chromoplexy is similar to, but distinct from chromothripsis, a phenomenon whereby a single catastrophic event causes “shattering” of a chromosome:. The precise delineation between chromothripsis and chromoplexy is unclear, however general distinctions are # Chromoplexy often involve segments of DNA from multiple chromosomes (e.g., five or more), while chromothripsis usually involves clustered regions of one or two chromosomes. # A single instance of chromoplexy often involves fewer rearrangements than the hundreds described in chromothripsis.
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Consequently, the anion-accelerated oxy-Cope reaction can proceed with high efficiency even in systems that do not permit efficient orbital overlap, as seen in this example from the synthesis periplanone B by Stuart Schreiber and S. Santini:Schreiber, S. L.; Santini, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 4038–4039. Example from [Stuart Schreiber The authors remark that the corresponding neutral oxy-Cope and siloxy-Cope rearrangements failed, giving only elimination products at 200 °C.
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Based on these observations, they determined that Saccharomyces cerevisiae underwent a whole genome duplication soon after its evolutionary split from Kluyveromyces, a genus of ascomycetous yeasts. Over time, many of the duplicate genes were deleted and rendered non-functional. A number of chromosomal rearrangements broke the original duplicate chromosomes into the current manifestation of homologous chromosomal regions. This idea was further solidified in looking at the genome of yeast's close relative Ashbya gossypii.
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Ohloff began his career in 1951 with in Miltitz near Leipzig, at that time the most renowned flavor and fragrance company. In 1953 he left Eastern Germany to take a position with Dragoco, Holzminden. In 1959 he was offered a position at the Max Planck Institute for Bioinorganic Chemistry in Mülheim with Günther Otto Schenck. There he worked on the industrial-scale application of photooxygenation reactions employing singlet oxygen, ene reactions and sigmatropic rearrangements.
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Genome instability (also genetic instability or genomic instability) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage. These mutations can include changes in nucleic acid sequences, chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy. Genome instability does occur in bacteria. In multicellular organisms genome instability is central to carcinogenesis, and in humans it is also a factor in some neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy.
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Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer Reduced expression of DNA repair genes causes deficient DNA repair. When DNA repair is deficient DNA damages remain in cells at a higher than usual level and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation or epimutation. Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR). Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR defective cells.
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The first episode was skipped altogether, and the series soundtrack produced by Yoko Kanno was partially replaced with more techno rearrangements by Inon Zur. This modified version of the series was canceled after ten episodes due to "low ratings". Fox explained that they edited to meet their own target audience, to comply with broadcast standards, and to fit the allowed timeslot. The Canadian television channel YTV acquired Fox's dubbed version of the series for broadcast.
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Genomic instability has been observed both in vitro and in vivo in the progeny of cells that are irradiated with heavy ions in several model systems. The presence of chromosomes that are lacking telomeres in the progeny of cells that were exposed to heavy ions is particularly interesting. Sabatier et al. found that rearrangements involving telomere regions are associated with chromosomal instability in human fibroblasts that occur many generations after exposure to accelerated heavy ions.
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A (3,3)Sigmatropic reaction takes place between the azide and the alkyne to the allenyl azide. This allene rearranges to the triazafulvene in a 6 pi electrocyclization. The exocyclic alkene in this intermediate is very electrophilic because the triazole group has a dipole moment of 5 debye. The reaction sequence concludes with nucleophilic attack of a second azide ion on this alkene with more double bond rearrangements and proton abstraction from a proton source.
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Four years later, he received a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. After serving on the chemistry faculty at Georgia Tech for 20 years, Hernandez moved to Johns Hopkins University in 2016. He has special interests in the dynamics of chemical reactions, transition state theory and non-equilibrium stochastic dynamics. Hernandez describes his area of study as "the interplay between molecular motions — such as reactions or rearrangements — and changes in their environments".
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Bonney served as the chief operating officer of the company from January 2002 to June 2003. In many media profiles, his first days at Cubist received mixed profit levels and failed to reach the same financial success as his work at Biogen. His first attempt at a launch failed with its first produce not passing the primary clinical trial. Cubist's stock decreased at a considerable rate which forced the company to make market rearrangements.
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Stieglitz rearrangements can also proceed on organic azides with molecular nitrogen as a good leaving group. Those reactions proceed comparably to steps of the Schmidt reaction, by which carboxylic acids can be transformed into amines through the addition of hydrazoic acid under acidic aqueous conditions. The Stieglitz rearrangement of azides generally profits from a protonic or thermal activation, which can also be combined. In both cases, molecular nitrogen is set free as a gas in an irreversible step.
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An alternative way for the production of protonated organic azides is the nuclophilic addition of hydrazoic acid to a carbocations, which can then also undergo Stieglitz rearrangements. and bromine substituted amines, often in combination with an organic base, such as sodium methoxide. The need for a base is generally affiliated with the need for a deprotonation of the amine. There, a ring formation takes place by a rearrangement on a secondary haloamine by subjecting it to silver tetrafluoroborate.
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During the development of B cells, the immunoglobulin gene undergoes sequences of rearrangements that lead to formation of the antibody repertoire. For example, in the lymphoid cell, a partial rearrangement of the heavy-chain gene occurs which is followed by complete rearrangement of heavy- chain gene. Here at this stage, Pre-B cell, mμ heavy chain and surrogate light chain are formed. The final rearrangement of the light chain gene generates immature B cell and mIgM.
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The use of many additional hydrogen bonds has several putative purposes. The stabilization of multiple hydrogen bonds to the enzyme helps overcome the entropic cost of binding. Additionally, the interactions help hold the substrate in a reactive conformation, and the enzyme-catalyzed reaction has near-zero entropy of activation, while typical Claisen rearrangements in solution have very negative entropies of activation. center The use of cation-pi interactions has also been successfully implemented in reactions with synthetic catalysts.
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Stress stimuli such as radiation, nutrient deprivation or oxygen deprivation which causes apoptosis will lead to fragmentation of chromatin and cause most cells to apoptose. However a small subset of cells will survive apoptosis. This cleaved DNA will require repair, and when this is done incorrectly, rearrangements will be introduced into the chromosome. There is currently speculation that chromothripsis might be driven by viruses such as γ-herpes viruses which cause cancer, possibly by the inhibition of apoptosis.
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These studies confirm that reactants that prefer s-trans conformations tend to undergo stepwise reaction. The degree of scrambling is also affected by carbene stability, migratory abilities, and nucleophilicity of solvent. The observation that the migratory ability of a substituent is inversely proportional to amount of carbene formed, indicates that under photolysis, there are competing pathways for many Wolff reactions. The only Wolff rearrangements that show no scrambling are s-cis constrained cyclic α-diazo ketones.
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The stem-loop secondary structure of a pri-microRNA from Brassica oleracea While environmental factors are significantly responsible for evolutionary change, they act merely as agents for natural selection. Some of the changes develop through interactions with pathogens. Change is inherently brought about via phenomena at the genetic level – mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and epigenetic changes. While the general types of mutations hold true across the living world, in plants, some other mechanisms have been implicated as highly significant.
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Hammond's postulate is especially important when looking at the rate-limiting step of a reaction. However, one must be cautious when examining a multistep reaction or one with the possibility of rearrangements during an intermediate stage. In some cases, the final products appear in skewed ratios in favor of a more unstable product (called the kinetic product) rather than the more stable product (the thermodynamic product). In this case one must examine the rate-limiting step and the intermediates.
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4, pp. 187-226 In the book The Century of Rearrangement (2005), Ibrulj investigated the concepts of relation between identity and knowledge in an ambient of intelligent space, which is designed by modern informational and communicational technology, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and the processes of globalisation. He made a distinction between two theories of identity: a strong theory of identity (“anchored identity”) and a weak theory of identity (“mobile identity” or “identity in action”).Ibrulj The Century of Rearrangements.
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The Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement (after Marc Tiffeneau and Nikolai Demjanov) is a variation of the Demjanov rearrangement, which involves both a ring expansion and the production of a ketone by using sodium nitrite and hydrogen cation. Using the Tiffeneau-Demjanov reaction is often advantageous as, while there are rearrangements possible in the products, the reactant always undergoes ring enlargement. As in the Demjanov rearrangement, products illustrate regioselectivity in the reaction. Migratory aptitudes of functional groups dictate rearrangement products.
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Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARAP3 gene. This gene encodes a phosphoinositide binding protein containing ARF-GAP, RHO-GAP, RAS-associating, and pleckstrin homology domains. The ARF-GAP and RHO-GAP domains cooperate in mediating rearrangements in the cell cytoskeleton and cell shape. It is a specific PtdIns(3,4,5)P3/PtdIns(3,4)P2-stimulated Arf6-GAP protein.
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The Cope rearrangement of 3-methyl-1,5-hexadiene In a rearrangement reaction, the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. These include hydride shift reactions such as the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, where a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon. Most rearrangements are associated with the breaking and formation of new carbon- carbon bonds. Other examples are sigmatropic reaction such as the Cope rearrangement.
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Rearrangements of glycosphingolipids, phospholipids, as well as cholesterol explains changes in membrane fluidity. Some studies developed at the Regional Center for Biotechnology at Haryana (India) have revealed that free hydroxyl groups on specific bile phospholipids increase solvent dipole penetration within the membrane. The number and order of these functional groups are tightly bound. Studies using mice have been of particular importance in sensing other biomolecules which influence glycerol and acyl chain regions of the plasma membrane.
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These circular plasmids consist of a conserved backbone responsible for replication and bacterial conjugation of the plasmid. This portion of the plasmid is highly conserved and found in nonpathogenic Rhodococci plasmids. In addition to the conserved region, the virulence plasmids contain a highly variable region that has undergone substantial genetic rearrangements, including inversion and deletions. This region has a different GC-content from the rest of the plasmid, and is flanked by genes associated with mobile genetic elements.
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FHV is a platform for nanotechnology and nanomedicine, for example, for epitope display and vaccine development. Viral entry into host cells occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Receptor binding initiates a sequence of events during which the virus exploits the host environment in order to deliver the viral cargo in to the host cytosol. Receptor binding prompts the meta- stability of the capsid–proteins, the coordinated rearrangements of which are crucial for subsequent steps in the infection pathway.
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Led Zeppelin is the debut album by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released on 12 January 1969 in the United States and on 31 March in the United Kingdom by Atlantic Records. The album was recorded in September and October 1968 at Olympic Studios in London, shortly after the band's formation. It contains a mix of original material worked out in the first rehearsals, and remakes and rearrangements of contemporary blues and folk songs.
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As a result, boroles exhibit unique electronic properties not found in other metalloles. The parent unsubstituted compound with the chemical formula C4H4BH has yet to be isolated outside a coordination sphere of transition metals. Substituted derivatives, which have been synthesized, can have various substituents at the 4 carbons and boron. The high electron deficiency leads to interesting reactivities such as metal free hydrogen activation and rearrangements upon cycloaddition which are unobserved in other structural analogues like pyrrole or furan.
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They also allow effective state estimation and pattern recognition. Markov chains also play an important role in reinforcement learning. Markov chains are also the basis for hidden Markov models, which are an important tool in such diverse fields as telephone networks (which use the Viterbi algorithm for error correction), speech recognition and bioinformatics (such as in rearrangements detection). The LZMA lossless data compression algorithm combines Markov chains with Lempel-Ziv compression to achieve very high compression ratios.
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Given a polynomial, it may be that some of the roots are connected by various algebraic equations. For example, it may be that for two of the roots, say and , that . The central idea of Galois' theory is to consider permutations (or rearrangements) of the roots such that any algebraic equation satisfied by the roots is still satisfied after the roots have been permuted. Originally, the theory had been developed for algebraic equations whose coefficients are rational numbers.
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Hammond's postulate is especially important when looking at the rate-limiting step of a reaction. However, one must be cautious when examining a multistep reaction or one with the possibility of rearrangements during an intermediate stage. In some cases, the final products appear in skewed ratios in favor of a more unstable product (called the kinetic product) rather than the more stable product (the thermodynamic product). In this case one must examine the rate- limiting step and the intermediates.
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Gardel joined the Department of Physics faculty at the University of Chicago in 2007, after completing her post-doctoral work. Shortly after she began teaching, Gardel received a Director’s Pioneer Award from the National Institutes of Health. The next year, Gardel was part of a research program examining "the sudden and dramatic transformations that occur in processes where small-scale structural rearrangements result in rapid and far-reaching outcomes." She was also awarded a Sloan research fellowships.
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Therefore, if another DSB occurs on a chromosome other than the bait sequence chromosome, both of them are joined leading to a translocation. Since the bait sequence is known, this translocated sequence is amplified with primers. In case there is no translocation, there is a restriction site within which gets cleaved in order to prevent amplification of only the bait sequence. The amplified DNA is then sequenced to study large genomic rearrangements due to off-target mutations.
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Figure 4: In the classical depiction of the 2-norbornyl cation, there is a rapid equilibrium between two asymmetric enantiomeric structures. According to proponents of a classical double-well potential, the 2-norbornyl cation exists in dynamic equilibrium between two enantiomeric asymmetric structures. The delocalized species central to the non-classical picture is merely a transition state between the two structures. Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements are invoked as the mechanism that converts between the two enantiomers (see Figure 4).
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Mobile genetic insertion sequences can play a role in genome rearrangement activities. Pathogens that do not live in an isolated environment have been found to contain a large number of insertion sequence elements and various repetitive segments of DNA. The combination of these two genetic elements is thought help mediate homologous recombination. There are pathogens, such as Burkholderia mallei, and Burkholderia pseudomallei which have been shown to exhibit genome-wide rearrangements due to insertion sequences and repetitive DNA segments.
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The subtelomeric region of chromosome 10q contains a tandem repeat structure highly homologous (99% identical) to 4q35. The repeats of 10q are termed "D4Z4-like" repeats. Because 10q usually lacks a polyadenylation sequence, it is generally not implicated in disease, except in the instance of chromosomal rearrangements between 4q and 10q leading to 4q D4Z4 contraction, or the other instance of transfer of a 4q D4Z4 repeat and polyadenylation signal onto 10q. Each triangle represents a D4Z4 repeat.
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The peaks show regions of high sequence similarity across all genomes, showing that this sequence is highly conserved. Whole genome alignments (WGAs) may also be used to identify highly conserved regions across species. Currently the accuracy and scalability of WGA tools remains limited due to the computational complexity of dealing with rearrangements, repeat regions and the large size of many eukaryotic genomes. However, WGAs of 30 or more closely related bacteria (prokaryotes) are now increasingly feasible.
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Having established that the sources of natural variation are mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, Dobzhansky considers what shapes and preserves this variation. In the first edition of this book, he considers genetic drift as important as natural selection. As an example, he argued that drift was the reason for racial variations that were observed in Partula, a land snail, so these variations had no adaptive advantage. He argued that most such variations, which he called microgeographic race, was nonadaptive.
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Mnozil has a wide repertoire. Their two-hour-long concerts feature the group playing all manners of music, always without sheet music, along with comedic antics and sketchlike parts. While the majority of items feature the band playing their brass instruments, they incorporate other instruments such as the recorder, as well as sing ("Bohemian Rhapsody" being a key example). Genres include Austrian drinking and folk songs, jazz, pop, rearrangements of classical pieces, movie soundtracks and schlager.
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Type I Manfred T. Reetz Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1971 Volume 11 Issue 2, Pages 129 - 130 Dyotropic Rearrangements, a New Class of Orbital-Symmetry Controlled Reactions. Type II Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1971 Volume 11, Issue 2, Date: February 1972, Pages: 130-131 Manfred T. Reetz In a type I reaction two migrating groups interchange their relative positions and a type II reaction involves migration to new bonding sites without positional interchange.
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Thyroidectomy and dissection of central neck compartment is initial step in treatment of thyroid cancer in the majority of cases. Thyroid- preserving operations may be applied in cases, when thyroid cancer exhibits low biological aggressiveness (e.g. well-differentiated cancer, no evidence of lymph-node metastases, low MIB-1 index, no major genetic alterations like BRAF mutations, RET/PTC rearrangements, p53 mutations etc.) in patients younger than 45 years. If the diagnosis of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (e.g.
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Being a strained and unsaturated molecule methylenecyclopropane undergoes many reactions, especially in the presence of metal catalysts. For example, methylenecyclopropanes can be converted to cyclobutenes in the presence of a Platinum catalyst.PtCl2-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Methylenecyclopropanes Alois Fürstner and Christophe Aïssa J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2006; 128(19) pp 6306 -6307; Abstract This can be considered similar to the ring expansion seen in vinylcyclopropane rearrangements :Methylene cyclopropane isomerization Substituted methylenecyclopropanes can also be involved in trimethylenemethane cycloaddition reactions.
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Typically hydrocarbon compounds are used as the feedstocks. For cyclic perfluorocarbon, the aromatic hydrocarbon is the preferred choice, so for example, toluene is the feedstock for perfluoromethylcyclohexane, rather than methylcyclohexane, as less fluorine is required. Often partially fluorinated feedstocks are used, for example, bis-1,3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene to make perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane. Although these are considerably more expensive, they require less fluorine and more importantly, they generally give higher yields, as the carbocation rearrangements are much less likely.
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In terms of the genetics of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia 11 of 18 known genes are caused by repeated expansions in corresponding proteins, sharing the same mutational mechanism. SCAs can be caused by conventional mutations or large rearrangements in genes that make glutamate and calcium signaling, channel function, tau regulation and mitochondrial activity or RNA alteration.Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias: polyglutamine expansions and beyond. Durr A. The mechanism of Type I is not completely known, however, Whaley, et al.
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Figure 1. Top) Thermal isomerization of azulene to naphthalene; Bottom) Thermal automerization of naphthalene. Thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons are considered to be unimolecular reactions that directly involve the atoms of an aromatic ring structure and require no other reagent than heat. These reactions can be categorized in two major types: one that involves a complete and permanent skeletal reorganization (isomerization), and one in which the atoms are scrambled but no net change in the aromatic ring occurs (automerization).
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The exact reactions during diagenesis are poorly understood, although some have proposed reductive desulphurization as a mechanism for saturation of okenone to okenane. There is always the possibility that okenane is created by abiotic reactions, possibly from methyl shifts in β-carotene. If this reaction was occurring, okenane would have multiple precursors and the biological specificity of the biomarker would be diminished. However, it is unlikely that isomer specific rearrangements of two methyl groups are occurring without enzymatic activity.
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The gene, HSP90AA1, encodes the human stress- inducible 90-kDa heat shock protein alpha (Hsp90A). Complemented by the constitutively expressed paralog Hsp90B which shares over 85% amino acid sequence identity, Hsp90A expression is initiated when a cell experiences proteotoxic stress. Once expressed Hsp90A dimers operate as molecular chaperones that bind and fold other proteins into their functional 3-dimensional structures. This molecular chaperoning ability of Hsp90A is driven by a cycle of structural rearrangements fueled by ATP hydrolysis.
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The genetic diversity was found to be lower in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) than in Sumatran ones (Pongo abelii), despite the fact that Borneo is home to six or seven times as many orangutans as Sumatra. The comparison has shown these two species diverged around 400,000 years ago, more recently than was previously thought. The orangutan genome also has fewer rearrangements than the chimpanzee/human lineage. The full sequence and annotation can be viewed on the Ensembl Genome Browser.
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This is called a mosaic karyotype because, like tiles in mosaic floors or walls, there is more than one type of cell. There are many chromosomal variations that cause the 45,X/46,XY karyotype, including malformation (isodicentricism) of the Y chromosomes, deletions of Y chromosome or translocations of Y chromosome segments. These rearrangements of the Y chromosome can lead to partial expression of the SRY gene which may lead to abnormal genitals and testosterone levels.
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There has been vast research into DNA mutations, epigenetic modifications, and rearrangements that may contribute to the onset of autism. In addition, environmental research, quantitative functional anatomy, and quantitive estimates of gene expression may help us understand "the entire cast of characters" involved in autism. These promising avenues of research heavily stem from Leo Kanner's life research. In honor of Dr. Kanner's work, all Johns Hopkins Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Fellows are now called Kanner Fellows.
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Although over 100 genes mutations have been identified in T-ALL patients, only NOTCH1 and CDKN2A mutations are considered to be common. In over 50% of pediatric T-ALL cases, mutations in epigenetic regulators have been identified. This activates mutations of NOTCH1 and gene FBXW7 causes the tumor-suppressing gene to lose its functions, leading to T-ALL. Near-telomeric location may sometimes generate subtle exchanges in DNA material at the loci involved in oncogenic rearrangements of T-ALL.
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The alpha subunit is a protein of about 268 to 286 amino acid residues and the beta subunit is approximately 280 amino acids, their sequences are well conserved in eukaryotic species. The actin filament system, a prominent part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, is both a static structure and a dynamic network that can undergo rearrangements: it is thought to be involved in processes such as cell movement and phagocytosis, as well as muscle contraction.
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Future Generation is the first studio album by Dutch project Laserdance. Originally released as LP record by Hotsound Records in 1987, the first spacesynth studio album was composed by Michiel Van Der Kuy and produced by Erik van Vliet. It was released as CD album by Galaxis in 1987 and later ZYX Music in 2001. Future Generation contains rearrangements of Laserdance's previously released singles Power Run, Humanoid Invasion and Goody's Return, while the album also features new tracks.
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Santonin can be converted to santonic acid (C15H20O4) via based-catalyzed hydrolysis followed by a multistep rearrangement process.Base-catalyzed rearrangements Santonin dissolves in alkalies with formation of salts of this carboxylic acid. Santonin, in acetic acid solution, when exposed to sunlight for about a month, is converted into (colorless) photosantonic acid (C15H22O5) which is generally regarded as less toxic. The ethyl ester of the latter is obtained when an alcoholic solution of santonin is exposed to sunlight (Sestini).
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For example, reformation of the aromatic ring from the semibenzene (cyclohexadienone) follows an energy drop of just under 36 kcal/mol. Such staunch drops have been experimentally shown to lead to efficient aromatization with high yields. Known von Auwers Rearrangements Other products including dioxocins and polymers can form depending upon the location of the initial addition of carbon tetrachloride. Furthermore, changes to the reagents such as the use of chloroform instead of carbon tetrachloride can form additional products.
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The re-recording remains remarkably faithful to the original, but includes some minor rearrangements and some extended sections. A live DVD, titled In From The Cold, was recorded at the Barbican Centre London. The Snow Goose tour had been a complete sellout and the band was asked to continue in early 2014. However, the second half of the tour featured Ton Scherpenzeel (Kayak) as keyboardist Guy Leblanc had become seriously ill, subsequently passing away on 27 April 2015.
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Gene expression profiling shows considerable variance from other DLBCLs and similarity to Hodgkin disease. PMLBCL is CD20 positive, expresses pan-B markers including CD79a, and has clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and mRNA but paradoxically does not express cytoplasmic or cell surface immunoglobulin. Clinically, PMLBCL is unusual in several respects. Despite 80% PMLBCL being stage I or II, the presenting anterior mediastinal mass is often over 10 cm and is locally invasive of lung, chest wall, pleura, and pericardium.
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However, the quality of chromosome damage is different when heavy ions are compared to sparsely ionizing radiation. Large differences in gene expression are observed between x-rays and HZE ions, thus reflecting differences in damages response pathways. Qualitative differences in the type of gene mutations have also been reported. Novel multicolor fluorescence painting techniques of human chromosomes have clearly demonstrated that high-LET α-particles and Fe-ions induce many more complex rearrangements will ultimately lead to cell death.
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Another strategy that has been explored is the stabilization of reactions that develop partial negative charges in the transition state. Examples of successful applications are most commonly reactions that are approximated concerted and pericyclic in nature. During the course of the reaction, one fragment develops partial negative character and the transition state can be stabilized by accepting hydrogen bond(s). A demonstrative example is the catalysis of Claisen rearrangements of ester-substituted allyl vinyl ethers reported by the Jacobsen research group.
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The orangutan genome has many unique features. Structural evolution of the orangutan genome has proceeded much slower than other great apes, evidenced by fewer rearrangements, less segmental duplication, and a lower rate of gene family turnover. Diversity among the orangutan populations may not be maintained with continued habitat loss and population fragmentation. Evolutionary evidence from other species suggests fragmentation will not halt diversity, but their slow reproduction rate and arboreal lifestyle may leave the orangutan species especially vulnerable to rapid dramatic environmental change.
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"Where No One Has Gone Before" was the second episode scored by Ron Jones. Some themes in the soundtrack were rearrangements of Jerry Goldsmith's score from Star Trek: The Motion Picture. In the piece "Talk with Mom" (played during Picard's meeting with his mother), Jones tried to create an effect identical to the finale of Aaron Copland's 1944 Appalachian Spring. Alexander Courage's themes from The Original Series are included in a seven-note ostinato in the pieces "Log", "Visitors", and "Fly-By".
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Working model of Cobl-induced actin nucleation. Cobl is responsible for the actin polymerization of filaments with fast- growing barbed ends. Cobl stabilizes a longitudinal actin-GTP dimer by two consecutive WH2 domains and it can interact laterally with another actin monomer to form an actin trimer. Rearrangements of the actin–actin contacts have to occur within this trimer to make a helical nucleus; the third WH2 domain of Cobl has been proposed to interact with the third actin subunit of this trimer.
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The majority cases are a result of a de novo (new to the family) deletion. This is because the 22q11 region has a structure that makes it highly prone to rearrangements during sperm or egg formation. The exact mechanism that causes all of the associated features of the syndrome is unknown. Of the 30–50 genes in the deleted region, a number have been identified as possibly playing a role in the development of some of the signs and symptoms.
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A Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement is a class of carbocation 1,2-rearrangement reactions in which a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon. They can be described as cationic [1,2]-sigmatropic rearrangements, proceeding suprafacially and with stereochemical retention. As such, a Wagner–Meerwein shift is a thermally allowed pericyclic process with the Woodward-Hoffmann symbol [ω0s \+ σ2s]. They are usually facile, and in many cases, they can take place at temperatures as low as –120 °C.
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This is related to the rearrangement of the elements of in which each element is replaced by the corresponding . For example, the permutation (3,1,2) mentioned above is described by the function \alpha defined as: : \alpha(1) = 3, \quad \alpha(2) = 1, \quad \alpha(3) = 2. The collection of all permutations of a set form a group called the symmetric group of the set. The group operation is the composition (performing two given rearrangements in succession), which results in another rearrangement.
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In general, the composition of two permutations is not commutative, that is, \pi\sigma eq \sigma\pi. As a bijection from a set to itself, a permutation is a function that performs a rearrangement of a set, and is not a rearrangement itself. An older and more elementary viewpoint is that permutations are the rearrangements themselves. To distinguish between these two, the identifiers active and passive are sometimes prefixed to the term permutation, whereas in older terminology substitutions and permutations are used.
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The Wurtz-Fittig Reaction has limited applicability since side reactions such as rearrangements and eliminations are prevalent. However, the reaction is useful for the laboratory synthesis of organosilicon compounds, although there are challenges in adapting the procedure to a large-scale industrial process. Organosilicon compounds successfully synthesized via the Wurtz-Fittig reaction include silylated calixarenes, t-Butylsilicon compounds, and vinylsilanes. For example, t-butyltriethoxysilane can be prepared via the Wurtz-Fitting reaction by combining tetraoxysilane, t-butyl chloride and molten sodium.
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AZFc is one of the most genetically dynamic regions in the human genome, possibly serving as counter against the genetic degeneracy associated with the lack of a partner chromosome during meiosis. However, such strategy comes has the adverse effects that some rearrangements represent a risk factor or a de facto causative agent of spermatogenic disruption. A specific partial deletion of AZFc called gr/gr deletion is significantly associated with male infertility among Caucasians in Europe and the Western Pacific region.
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In T-cells, WASp is important because it is known to be activated via T-cell receptor signaling pathways to induce cortical actin cytoskeleton rearrangements that are responsible for forming the immunological synapse. The severity of the symptoms produced by WAS mutations correlates with their effects on WASp. Alleles that produce no or truncated protein have more severe effects than missense mutations. Although autoimmune disease and malignancy may occur with both types of mutations, patients with truncated WASp carry a higher risk.
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In molecular biology, TCL-1/MTCP-1 is a protein domain found in proteins encoded for by two related protooncogenes, other words by genes that help promote cancer. They are, T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1A TCL1A encoded by oncogene TCL-1 SWISSPROT and Protein p13 MTCP-1 encoded by MTCP-1 SWISSPROT. These are overexpressed in T cell prolymphocytic leukemias as a result of chromosomal rearrangements that involve the translocation of one T cell receptor gene to either chromosome 14q32 or Xq28.
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Some of these rearrangements are ATRA-sensitive or have unknown sensitivity to ATRA because they are so rare; STAT5B/RARA and PLZF/RARA are known to be resistant to ATRA. The fusion of PML and RARA results in expression of a hybrid protein with altered functions. This fusion protein binds with enhanced affinity to sites on the cell's DNA, blocking transcription and differentiation of granulocytes. It does so by enhancing interaction of nuclear co-repressor (NCOR) molecule and histone deacetylase (HDAC).
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Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV3 gene. This gene is a member of the VAV gene family. The VAV proteins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho family GTPases that activate pathways leading to actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and transcriptional alterations. This gene product acts as a GEF preferentially for RhoG, RhoA, and to a lesser extent, RAC1, and it associates maximally with the nucleotide-free states of these GTPases.
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They identified the fundamental mechanism governing spatio-temporal correlations and fluctuations in soft solids and at the origin of their ageing. This soft solids include biopolymer networks, microgels, protein gels and even metallic glasses. Del Gado demonstrated that large stress heterogeneities frozen-in during solidification can result in microscopic ruptures and rearrangements, which are due to the elasticity stored in the material structure, which produces intermittent and strongly correlated dynamics. Del Gado has contributed to the new theoretical description of amorphous solids.
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Studies suggest that neocentromeres are ultimately formed from epigenetic processes, rather than from changes in DNA sequence. There is a general consensus that neocentromeres result from an attempt to fix chromosomes that lack a conventional centromere, through chromosome rearrangements. The most common type of rearrangement leading to a neocentromere is an inverted duplication, categorized as Class I. The resulting marker chromosome consists of two copies of the chromosome segment. Each of the two copies is a mirror image to the chromosome segment.
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Research has been focused on fusing the above algorithms to achieve better efficiency. Bitner's Algorithm uses MTF initially and then uses transpose method for finer rearrangements. Some algorithms are randomized and try to prevent the over-rewarding of infrequently accessed nodes that may occur in the MTF algorithm. Other techniques involve reorganizing the nodes based on the above algorithms after every n accesses on the list as a whole or after n accesses in a row on a particular node and so on.
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This was because P. bracteatum does not contain morphine, which is converted to heroin, but is high in thebaine for legal codeine production, which was in crisis at the time because of the dwindling Turkish supply. However, US government scientists feared Bentley compounds,BENTLEY, K. W. & HARDY, D. G. (1967) Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. III. Alcohols of the 6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydrooripavine series and derived analogues of N-allylnormorphine and norcodeine. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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The turkey has a diploid number of 80 (2n = 80) chromosomes. The karyotype contains an additional chromosomal pair relative to the chicken due to the presence of at least two fission/fusion differences (GGA2 = MGA3 and MGA6 and GGA4 = MGA4 and MGA9). Given these differences involving the macrochromosomes, an additional fission/fusion must also exist between the species involving the microchromosomes if the diploid numbers are valid. Other rearrangements have been identified through comparative genetic maps, physical maps and whole genome sequencing.
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The rise of the Labour Party from about 1900 coincided with a decline in the Liberal Party, which followed the Manchester School in economics, increasingly seen as permitting unjustified exploitation. However, Darwen usually voted for the Conservative Party until a Conservative government made unpopular administrative rearrangements in the early 1970s. Mohandas K. Gandhi in Darwen, 26 September 1931 with Mirabehn (Madeleine Slade). Andrew Carnegie financed a public library here; the town also had an art and technology college and a grammar school.
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" A 2013 study by Haber et al. found that "The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen." The authors explained that "religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations.
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To see whether effects of proteolytic cleavage of TcdB takes place at the cell surface or in acidic endosomes, studies used Bafilomycin A1, which is known to block the v-type H+-ATPases of endosomes. This reduces the acidity in endosomes. The physiological uptake pathway of TcdB prevents cytopathic activity by TcdB. When cells were in acidic conditions (pH 4.0) for 5 minutes after binding TcdB to the cell surface at 37 degree Celsius, the shape rearrangements and rounding were observed.
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The real political force behind him, however, was the hostility of Charles I to the Puritan colonists. In 1635, Morton's efforts were successful, and the Company's charter was revoked. Major political rearrangements occurred thereafter in New England, though these were mainly due to colonial rejection of the court decision, subsequent isolation, lack of supplies and overpopulation, and increased conflict between foreign colonists and natives. Nonetheless, Plymouth became a place of woe, and many left Massachusetts for the relative safety of Connecticut.
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Diamantane occurs naturally in crude petroleum. It is currently assumed that adamantanes and diamantanes were formed via the catalytic rearrangements of polycyclic naphthenic hydrocarbons. Although present in only trace concentrations in typical oils, due to their great thermodynamic stability, diamondoids such as diamantane are naturally concentrated by catagenesis, becoming important constituents of some natural gas condensates including those from the Norphlet Formation, U.S. Gulf of Mexico, and the Western Canada Basin. :Diamantane is the second member of this series of diamondoid hydrocarbons.
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While there, Fulks performs anything from current popular hits to jazz to obscure country masterpieces. He says he rarely performs his own compositions at these shows, preferring to explore other music that has caught his attention at the time. His live performances feature improvised rearrangements of his original songs, off-the-cuff musical humor, and covers of songs by Michael Jackson, Cher, Shania Twain, The Bangles, among others. Fulks has co-written with Dallas Wayne, NRBQ's Al Anderson, to name a few.
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The purpose of in vitro testing is to determine whether a substrate, product, or environmental factor induces genetic damage. One technique entails cytogenetic assays using different mammalian cells. The types of aberrations detected in cells affected by a genotoxic substance are chromatid and chromosome gaps, chromosome breaks, chromatid deletions, fragmentation, translocation, complex rearrangements, and many more. The clastogenic or aneugenic effects from the genotoxic damage will cause an increase in frequency of structural or numerical aberrations of the genetic material.
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They featured increasingly at larger events such as T in the Park and similar festivals. They became ‘ambassadors for Scotland’ when they accompanied a Scottish Government delegation to the 2008 Ryder Cup in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. Their company, Skerryvore, won the PSYBT Young Entrepreneurs of the Year in 2009. Skerryvore's third album, ‘Skerryvore,’ released in 2010, is almost entirely made up of the band's own compositions of songs and tunes with the addition of only a couple of rearrangements of traditional tunes.
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The researchers observed that the rearrangement of chromosomes was actually caused by the homologous recombination in the 8p-reps. Therefore, they concluded that the substrate used in order to make rearrangements at the intrachromosomal level are the genes for olfactory receptors. This discovery revealed the role that inverted duplicates have in affecting the development of structural variants. The mechanisms and ways in which structural variants are produced are important to better understand the development of these type of genetic variants.
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Interior cells of the blastoderm move towards the outer cells, thus "intercalating" with each other. The blastoderm begins to thin as it spreads toward the vegetal pole of the embryo until it has completely engulfed the yolk cell. The EVL also moves vegetally during epiboly, increasing its surface area as it spreads. Work in the ray-finned fish Fundulus has shown that no large rearrangements occur in the EVL; instead, cells at the leading edge of the EVL align and constrict.
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The dynamics of the particles in complex fluids are an area of current research. Energy lost due to friction may be a nonlinear function of the velocity and normal forces. The topological inhibition to flow by the crowding of constituent particles is a key element in these systems. Under certain conditions, including high densities and low temperatures, when externally driven to induce flow, complex fluids are characterized by irregular intervals of solid-like behavior followed by stress relaxations due to particle rearrangements.
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Similar to schizophrenia, studies have shown that intellectual disability and Tourette syndrome are also associated with NRXN1 deletions. A recent study shows that NRXN genes 1-3 are essential for survival and play a pivotal and overlapping role with each other in neurodevelopment. These genes have been directly disrupted in Tourette syndrome by independent genomic rearrangements. Another study suggests that NLGN4 mutations can be associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions and that carriers may be affected with milder symptoms.
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Oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OFD1 gene. Human chromosomal region Xp22.3-p21.3 comprises the area between the pseudoautosomal boundary and the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene (MIM 300377). This region harbors several disease loci, including OFD1 (MIM 311200), CFNS (MIM 304110), DFN6 (MIM 300066), and SEDT (MIM 313400). It also contains a region of homology with both the short and the long arms of the Y chromosome and undergoes frequent chromosomal rearrangements.
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He quotes repeatedly Mr. Andrew Hill, Mr. Pointer of Twickenham, 'Colborne,' and Parson Simson. 'Floraes Paradise' was reissued with some omissions and rearrangements by Charles Bellingham, who claimed relationship with Plat, in 1653, with a dedication to Francis Finch. It then bore the title 'The Garden of Eden; or an accurate Description of all Flowers and Fruits now growing in England. ... By that learned and great observer, Sir Hugh Plat, Knight,' London, 1653, called the fourth edition; another edition, 1659; 5th ed. 1660.
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Possibly the most widely encountered kind of process in cascade transformations, pericyclic reactions include cycloadditions, electrocyclic reactions and sigmatropic rearrangements. Although some of the abovementioned instances of nucleophilic/electrophilic and radical cascades involved pericyclic processes, this section contains only cascade sequences that are solely composed of pericyclic reactions or in which such a reaction arguably constitutes the key step. A representative example of a pericyclic cascade is the endiandric acid cascade reported by Nicolaou et al. in 1982 (Scheme 8).
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Additionally to N-hydroxy trityl amines, rearrangements in N-alkoxy trityl amines are also possible. However, those reactions are known for their intrinsically low yields. For example, N-benzyloxy substituted trityl amine can undergo a Stieglitz rearrangement in the presence of phosphorus pentachloride (160 °C, 40% yield) or with BF3 as a reagent (60 °C, 29% yield). In the latter case, BF3 acts as a Lewis acid in the electrophilic activation of the benzylic oxygen to allow for a nucleophilic attack on the adjacent nitrogen atom.
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In 2004 online game company Skotos acquired the rights to Arkham Horror from Richard Launius, and later arranged publication with Fantasy Flight Games. The game underwent several revisions in this process. Skotos reorganized many of the elements in the game for improved cohesion and arranged for it to more carefully follow the maps of Arkham created by Chaosium and used in their own Lovecraft Country: Arkham by Night online game. Launius added several new elements, including clue tokens and some rearrangements to the decks of cards.
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AllMusic described the album as "a unique, idiosyncratic, and often fascinating statement". It was nominated for both Juno and Maple Blues Awards. His follow-up was Ramblin' Son (2008), which saw original material interspersed with a cover version of Sister Rosetta Tharpe's "Can't No Grave Hold My Body Down", and rearrangements of Fats Waller's "Hopeless Love Affair", Guitar Slim's "Done Got Over That" and the Carter Family's "Can the Circle Be Unbroken (By and By)". Reddick and Rotundo both supplied harmonica parts to several tracks.
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Thereby rate constants for all four stereochemically distinct pathways of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement could be determined. Stereochemical distribution of products The data clearly indicated that the mechanistic preferences of the rearrangements are system dependent. Whereas trans- vinylcyclopropanes tend to form more of the symmetry-allowed ar- and si- cyclopentenes supportive of a concerted mechanism, the cis-vinylcyclopropanes preferentially yield the symmetry-forbidden ai- and sr- products suggesting a more stepwise, diradical mechanism. The influence of substituent effects on the reaction stereochemistry also becomes apparent from the data.
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Cell division orientation is one of the mechanisms that shapes tissue during development and morphogenesis. Along with cell shape changes, cell rearrangements, apoptosis and growth, oriented cell division modifies the geometry and topology of live tissue in order to create new organs and shape the organisms. Reproducible patterns of oriented cell divisions were described during morphogenesis of Drosophila embryos, Arabidopsis thaliana embryos, Drosophila pupa, zebrafish embryos and mouse early embryos. Oriented cell divisions contribute to the tissue elongation and the release of mechanical stress.
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1999 Oct;23(2):166-75. In addition, RUNX1 mutations have also been reported in Acute myeloid leukemia (AML).Haematologica. 2007 Aug;92(8):1123-6Blood. 2009 Oct 1;114(14):3001-7 The RUNX1 and CBFB genes are targets of chromosome rearrangements that create oncogenic fusion genes in leukemia. The chromosome translocation t(12;21) (p13.1;q22) causes the fusion of the ETS variant 6 (ETV6) and RUNX1 genes results in ETV6-RUNX1 gene fusion and is the most common genetic aberration in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
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PGT-SR, for structural rearrangements, involves testing embryos to establish a pregnancy unaffected by a structural chromosomal abnormality (translocation). PGT-A, for aneuploidy, was formerly called preimplantation genetic screening, and involved testing embryos to identify any de novo aneuploidy. The indications to carry out PGT-A are: previous aneuploidy in the couple, implantation failure, recurrent miscarriage, severe male factor or advanced maternal age. Finally, PGT seems to be: safe for the embryo, trustable in the diagnosis, more efficient from the reproductive point of view and cost-effective.
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Given a polynomial, it may be that some of the roots are connected by various algebraic equations. For example, it may be that for two of the roots, say A and B, that . The central idea of Galois theory is to consider those permutations (or rearrangements) of the roots having the property that any algebraic equation satisfied by the roots is still satisfied after the roots have been permuted. An important proviso is that we restrict ourselves to algebraic equations whose coefficients are rational numbers.
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At the glass transition temperature, rearrangements that occur in an amorphous material lead to characteristic discontinuities of coefficient of thermal expansion and specific heat. These discontinuities allow detection of the glass transition temperature where a supercooled liquid transforms to a glass. Absorption or desorption of water (or other solvents) can change the size of many common materials; many organic materials change size much more due to this effect than due to thermal expansion. Common plastics exposed to water can, in the long term, expand by many percent.
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Also, the cortical NMDA receptor influences membrane fluidity, and is altered in Alzheimer's disease. When the cell is infected by a non-enveloped virus, the virus first binds to specific membrane receptors and then passes itself or a subviral component to the cytoplasmic side of the cellular membrane. In the case of poliovirus, it is known in vitro that interactions with receptors cause conformational rearrangements which release a virion protein called VP4.The N terminus of VP4 is myristylated and thus hydrophobic【myristic acid=CH3(CH2)12COOH】.
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Metaltech has an acoustic alter-ego, Acoustech, comprising Erik Tyledisfunction, Laird Tarpaulin Combineharvester and Rory Spachemen. This band plays acoustic instruments, Erik on 6-string, Rory on 6 and 12 string guitars, and Laird on a custom fretless acoustic bass made by luthier Chris Larkin, and their songs are folk and country rearrangements of Metaltech's amplified songs. They first played on 10 February 2011, headlining an Edinburgh Unplugged folk night at Edinburgh's renowned Royal Oak pub, and an online rivalry has continued ever since.
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During early diagenesis, taraxerol loses its hydroxyl group and gets transformed to taraxer-14-ene. Taraxer-14-ene can undergo rapid isomerization to form 18β-olean-12-ene, in which the double bond can migrate and form a mixture of olean-12-ene, olean-13(18)-ene, and olean-18-ene. The oleanene isomers form rapidly from taraxerol rearrangements during diagenesis even under cool geothermal conditions. Further reduction during catagenesis of the three compounds gives predominantly 18α-oleanane and its counterpart 18β-oleanane as a minor product.
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This table provides pointers to the localizable strings that can be used to describe a feature to the end user and the appropriate flags to send to the text engine if the feature is selected. Features can be made invisible to the user by the simple expedient of not including entries in the "feat" table for them. Apple uses this approach, for example, to support required ligatures. Subtables may perform non-contextual glyph substitutions, contextual glyph substitutions, glyph rearrangements, glyph insertions, and ligature formation.
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Both hybridization and polyploidy have also been found to be major contributors to plant speciation. With the advent of molecular markers, "hybridization [is] considerably more frequent than previously believed". In addition to these two modes leading to speciation, pollinator preference and isolation, chromosomal rearrangements, and divergent natural selection have become critical to the speciation of plants. Furthermore, recent research suggests that sexual selection, epigenetic drivers, and the creation of incompatible allele combinations caused by balancing selection also contribute to the formation of new species.
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An example of hysteron proteron encountered in everyday life is the common reference to putting on one's "shoes and socks", rather than "socks and shoes". By this deliberate reversal, hysteron proteron draws attention to the important point, so giving it primacy. Hysteron proteron is a form of hyperbaton, which describes general rearrangements of the sentence. It can also be defined as a figure of speech consisting of the reversal of a natural or rational order (as in "then came the thunder and the lightning").
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Prp8 refers to both the Prp8 protein and Prp8 gene. Prp8's name originates from its involvement in pre-mRNA processing. The Prp8 protein is a large, highly conserved, and unique protein that resides in the catalytic core of the spliceosome and has been found to have a central role in molecular rearrangements that occur there. Prp8 protein is a major central component of the catalytic core in the spliceosome, and the spliceosome is responsible for splicing of precursor mRNA that contains introns and exons.
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It is now believed that the theory of 1% divergence only applies when looking at sequences that are aligned. After using resources not available in 1975, such as sequence data that is now available for multiple species, found multiple other aspects of the genome in humans and chimps that differ. This includes insertions and deletions as well as rearrangements and inversions of the genome. These genomic features help explain the changes that have occurred in humans since we last shared a common ancestor with chimps.
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However since mid 2012, due to the continual rearrangements of the larger synodal bodies in the USA, and their apparent lack of interest in Europe, the King's Family of Churches, for now, is represented at the local church level only again. The church upholds the historic three-fold ministry of bishops, presbyters, and deacons. The King's Family can trace its lines of apostolic succession through Anglican, Catholic and Apostolic lines.The King's Family of Churches received apostolic succession through bishops of the Communion of Evangelical Episcopal Churches.
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The adenosyl version of B12 catalyzes rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine. Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) converts MMl-CoA to Su-CoA, an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Although far less common than other metalloproteins (e.g. those of zinc and iron), other cobaltoproteins are known besides B12.
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Vitamin B12 functions as a coenzyme, meaning that its presence is required for enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Listed here are the three classes of enzymes that require B12 to function: # Isomerases #: Rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine. These use the adoB12 (adenosylcobalamin) form of the vitamin. # Methyltransferases #: Methyl (–CH3) group transfers between two molecules.
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Genotoxic effects such as deletions, breaks and/or rearrangements can lead to cancer if the damage does not immediately lead to cell death. Regions sensitive to breakage, called fragile sites, may result from genotoxic agents (such as pesticides). Some chemicals have the ability to induce fragile sites in regions of the chromosome where oncogenes are present, which could lead to carcinogenic effects. In keeping with this finding, occupational exposure to some mixtures of pesticides are positively correlated with increased genotoxic damage in the exposed individuals.
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By 2004, 58 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) were known, grouped into 20 subfamilies. They play pivotal roles in diverse cellular activities including growth (by signaling neurotrophins), differentiation, metabolism, adhesion, motility, death. RTKs are composed of an extracellular domain, which is able to bind a specific ligand, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular catalytic domain, which is able to bind and phosphorylate selected substrates. Binding of a ligand to the extracellular region causes a series of structural rearrangements in the RTK that lead to its enzymatic activation.
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The Front Line Covers is a remix album by Japanese music production unit I've Sound, released on December 28, 2008 at the 2008 Winter Comic Market event. It later received a commercial release on March 25, 2009. It contains rearrangements of twelve songs from their first three Girls Compilation albums (Regret, Verge and Disintegration), originally sung by vocalists no longer involved with the group, covered by their five current main vocalists: Eiko Shimamiya, Kaori Utatsuki, Kotoko, Mami Kawada and Mell. Sine6 contributes as a guest arranger.
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Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGLL1 gene. IGLL1 has also recently been designated CD179B (cluster of differentiation 179B). It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-2. The preB cell receptor is found on the surface of proB and preB cells, where it is involved in transduction of signals for cellular proliferation, differentiation from the proB cell to the preB cell stage, allelic exclusion at the Ig heavy chain gene locus, and promotion of Ig light chain gene rearrangements.
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The build-up of malignant T-cells in T-ALL are clones with identical T-cell receptor gene arrangements having taken rise from a single cell. The gene rearrangements, as a result of the malignant cell, juxtapose both TCR genes and other critical genes that code for transcription factors. This results in dysregulation of partner gene transcription, which serves as the main cause of leukemogenesis - a multi-step process of induction, development, and progression of leukemic diseases. 20% of all leukemias demonstrate simultaneous rearrangement of these genes.
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Naa10, as part of the NatA complex, is bound to the ribosome and co-translationally acetylates proteins starting with small side chains such as Ser, Ala, Thr, Gly, Val and Cys, after the initiator methionine (iMet) has been cleaved by methionine aminopeptidases (MetAP). Furthermore, post-translational acetylation by non-ribosome- associated Naa10 might occur. About 40-50 % of all proteins are potential NatA substrates. Additionally, in a monomeric state, structural rearrangements of the substrate binding pocket Naa10 allow acetylation of N-termini with acidic side chains.
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2012, 10, 3066. However, the isoxazoline product is not as stable as the triazole product of the CuAAC and the SpAAC, and can undergo rearrangements at biological conditions. Regardless, this reaction is still very useful as it has notably fast reaction kinetics. The applications of this reaction include labeling proteins containing serine as the first residue: the serine is oxidized to aldehyde with NaIO4 and then converted to nitrone with p-methoxybenzenethiol, N-methylhydroxylamine and p-ansidine, and finally incubated with cyclooctyne to give a click product.
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Volin participated in the publication of Dielo Truda (Causa Obrera), as part of the "Group of Russian Anarchists Abroad". However, following the publication of the controversial Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists in 1926, Volin broke with Nestor Makhno and Peter Arshinov. The bitter dispute marked a deep divide within the Russian anarchist movement in exile. In 1927 Volin founded the Association des Fédéralistes Anarchistes, a synthesist organization, and after several rearrangements of the French anarchist organizations, in 1934 he joined the editorial staff of Terre Libre.
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The diamond- square-diamond mechanism (diagram at left) was suggested by Lipscomb to explain this rearrangement of vertices. Following along in the diagram at left for example in the faces shaded in blue, a pair of triangular faces has a left-right diamond shape. First, the bond common to these adjacent triangles breaks, forming a square, and then the square collapses back to an up-down diamond shape by bonding the atoms that were not bonded before. Other researchers have discovered more about these rearrangements.
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A descendant of this eukaryotic alga was then itself engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote with which it formed its own symbiotic relationship and was preserved as a plastid. The apicoplast evolved in its new role to preserve only those functions and genes necessary to beneficially contribute to the host-organelle relationship. The ancestral genome of more than 150 kb was reduced through deletions and rearrangements to its present 35 kb size. During the reorganization of the plastid the apicoplast lost its ability to photosynthesize.
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The high frequency of mutations in the total genome within cancers suggests that, often, an early carcinogenic alteration may be a deficiency in DNA repair. Mutation rates substantially increase (sometimes by 100-fold) in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in homologous recombinational DNA repair. Also, chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy increase in humans defective in DNA repair gene BLM. A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone translesion synthesis past some of those damages may give rise to mutations.
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Since then, other alternative models have been developed such as centrifugal speciation, that posits that a species' population experiences periods of geographic range expansion followed by shrinking periods, leaving behind small isolated populations on the periphery of the main population. Other models have involved the effects of sexual selection on limited population sizes. Other related models of peripherally isolated populations based on chromosomal rearrangements have been developed such as budding speciation and quantum speciation. The existence of peripatric speciation is supported by observational evidence and laboratory experiments.
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As newspapers print fewer and fewer pages in the Sunday comics section and continue reducing broadsheet size, a variety of other formats have been introduced over the years, including formats that divide the page into vertical and horizontal sections. To fit the format of the weekly Grit, Little Annie Rooney and other Sunday strips were given extreme vertical rearrangements, which have grown very common in recent years (example: the Sunday strip for Non Sequitur is now available only in a vertical near-page-long format).
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This construction saw the removal of the original two-storey terrace to the southern facade. The weatherboard addition of staff facilities and storage occurred s, and a further addition of the cycle shed to the eastern end occurred later. Removal of wall fabric to expand and open up mail sorting, storage and contractor's room also occurred at this time. Major rearrangements of the retail counter area occurred in 1982-3, along with repairs and maintenance to the building, and during 1985 air conditioning was installed.
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However, as in conventional CGH, the main disadvantage of array CGH is its inability to detect aberrations that do not result in copy number changes and is limited in its ability to detect mosaicism. The level of mosaicism that can be detected is dependent on the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the clones. At present, rearrangements present in approximately 50% of the cells is the detection limit. For the detection of such abnormalities, other techniques, such as SKY (Spectral karyotyping) or FISH have to still be used.
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Comparative chromosome painting allows a rapid and efficient comparison of many species and the distribution of homologous regions makes it possible to track the translocation of chromosomal evolution. When many species covering different mammalian orders are compared, this analysis can provide information on trends and rates of chromosomal evolution in different branches. However, homology is only detected qualitatively, and resolution is limited by the size of visualized regions. Thus, the method does not detect all minuscule homologous regions from multiple rearrangements (as between mouse and human).
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Evans has made many scholarly contributions to the field of organic chemistry. Although he is best known for his work on the aldol reaction, he has also developed methodology for anionic oxy-Cope rearrangements, metal catalyzed hydroborations, and catalytic, enantioselective reactions based on bis-oxazoline (box) ligands. The Evans–Saksena reduction and Evans–Tishchenko reaction take their names from him. He is also well-known for preparing a set of unpublished though widely disseminated lecture notes for Chemistry 206, a graduate-level organic chemistry course at Harvard.
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The families differ in their developmental timing and transposition frequency, as well other types of genetic rearrangements. Ac or Ds element insertion near a locus causes unstable mutations. Ds elements are considered non-autonomous because they cannot transpose without the presence of the Ac element, since they themselves cannot produce the enzyme transposase needed for transposition. However, since Ds elements can utilize the transposase enzyme produced by the Ac elements, it shows that they have the structural information needed for transposition and only lack the information needed to produce the enzyme.
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Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (1996) pp. 231–86 In December 1804, an Anglo-Swedish agreement became the first step towards the creation of the Third Coalition. By April 1805, Britain had also signed an alliance with Russia.. Meanwhile, French territorial rearrangements in Germany occurred without Russian consultation and Napoleon's annexations in the Po valley increasingly strained relations between the two. Austria had been defeated by France twice in recent memory and wanted revenge, so it joined the coalition a few months later.
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Rainer Ludwig Claisen (; 14 January 1851 – 5 January 1930) was a German chemist best known for his work with condensations of carbonyls and sigmatropic rearrangements. He was born in Cologne as the son of a jurist and studied chemistry at the university of Bonn (1869), where he became a member of K.St.V. Arminia. He served in the army as a nurse in 1870-1871 and continued his studies at Göttingen University. He returned to the University of Bonn in 1872 and started his academic career at the same university in 1874.
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Despite the diversity of organisms containing plastids, the morphology, biochemistry, genomic organisation, and molecular phylogeny of plastid RNAs and proteins suggest a single origin of all extant plastids – although this theory is still debated. Some species including Pediculus humanus (lice) have multiple chromosomes in the mitochondrion. This and the phylogenetics of the genes encoded within the mitochondrion suggest that mitochondria have multiple ancestors, that these were acquired by endosymbiosis on several occasions rather than just once, and that there have been extensive mergers and rearrangements of genes on the several original mitochondrial chromosomes.
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The mechanisms leading to novel variation in newly formed allopolyploids may include gene dosage effects (resulting from more numerous copies of genome content), the reunion of divergent gene regulatory hierarchies, chromosomal rearrangements, and epigenetic remodeling, all of which affect gene content and/or expression levels. Many of these rapid changes may contribute to reproductive isolation and speciation. However seed generated from interploidy crosses, such as between polyploids and their parent species, usually suffer from aberrant endosperm development which impairs their viability, thus contributing to polyploid speciation. Some plants are triploid.
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Class I monolayer contains the same core structure as amyloid fibrils, and is positive to Congo red and thioflavin T. The monolayer formed by class I hydrophobins has a highly ordered structure, and can only be dissociated by concentrated trifluoroacetate or formic acid. Monolayer assembly involves large structural rearrangements with respect to the monomer. Fungi make complex aerial structures and spores even in aqueous environments. Hydrophobins have been identified in lichens as well as non-lichenized ascomycetes and basidiomycetes; whether they exist in other groups is not known.
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Cyclic rearrangements include cycloadditions and, more generally, pericyclic reactions, wherein two or more double bond-containing molecules form a cyclic molecule. An important example of cycloaddition reaction is the Diels–Alder reaction (the so-called [4+2] cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene to form a substituted cyclohexene system. Whether a certain cycloaddition would proceed depends on the electronic orbitals of the participating species, as only orbitals with the same sign of wave function will overlap and interact constructively to form new bonds. Cycloaddition is usually assisted by light or heat.
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The protein encoded by this proto-oncogene is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. The protein is important in hematopoiesis, playing a role in T-cell and B-cell development and activation. This particular GEF has been identified as the specific binding partner of Nef proteins from HIV-1. Coexpression and binding of these partners initiates profound morphological changes, cytoskeletal rearrangements and the JNK/SAPK signaling cascade, leading to increased levels of viral transcription and replication.
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Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, pp. 279-85, 554 As these command rearrangements were being made the 14th Panzer Division resumed its advance on August 5 and during the day thrust 30-40km north from Aksai, bypassing Group Chuikov's weak left flank and reaching Abganerovo Station, 70km southwest of Stalingrad. Despite this perilous position Chuikov's Group managed to halt the left wing of 4th Panzer Army along the lower Aksai for 12 days. This forced the Panzer Army to divide its forces instead of concentrating for a decisive advance on the city.
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Two of its subunits, the Actin-Related Proteins ARP2 and ARP3, closely resemble the structure of monomeric actin and serve as nucleation sites for new actin filaments. The complex binds to the sides of existing ("mother") filaments and initiates growth of a new ("daughter") filament at a distinctive 70 degree angle from the mother. Branched actin networks are created as a result of this nucleation of new filaments. The regulation of rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton is important for processes like cell locomotion, phagocytosis, and intracellular motility of lipid vesicles.
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Cognitive biology evaluates cognition as a basic biological function. W. Tecumseh Fitch, a professor of cognitive biology at the University of Vienna, is a leading theorist on ideas of cellular intentionality. The idea is that not only do whole organisms have a sense of "aboutness" of intentionality, but that single cells also carry a sense of intentionality through cells' ability to adapt and reorganize in response to certain stimuli. Fitch discusses the idea of nano-intentionality, specifically in regards to neurons, in their ability to adjust rearrangements in order to create neural networks.
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In addition to its importance as a pathogen, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium has been instrumental in the development of genetic tools that led to an understanding of fundamental bacterial physiology. These developments were enabled by the discovery of the first generalized transducing phage, P22, in Typhimurium that allowed quick and easy genetic exchange that allowed fine structure genetic analysis. The large number of mutants led to a revision of genetic nomenclature for bacteria. Many of the uses of transposons as genetic tools, including transposon delivery, mutagenesis, construction of chromosome rearrangements, were also developed in Typhimurium.
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To back up their suggestion of the non-classical nature of the 2-norbornyl cation, Winstein and Trifan first used kinetic evidence of the increased reaction rate for formation of the 2-exo-norbornyl cation over the 2-endo-norbornyl cation. Other researchers investigated the reaction rate of compounds that could feature anchimeric assistance but could not undergo rearrangements as the norbornyl system could show similar trends in rate enhancement. This has been claimed by some to be definitive evidence for the non-classical picture. But not all agree.
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Friedman, Transaction Publishers, 1992, see Chapter 1 with a summary in the IntroductionThe foreign policy of Palmerston, 1830–1841: Britain, the liberal movement and the Eastern question, Charles Kingsley Webster, Pub. G. Bell, 1951 Again during the lead-up to the Crimean War (1854), there was an opportunity for political rearrangements in the Near East. In July 1853, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, who was President of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews, wrote to Prime Minister Aberdeen urging Jewish restoration as a means of stabilizing the region.
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The active chaperonin role is in turn involved with specific chaperonin–substrate interactions that may be coupled to conformational rearrangements of the chaperonin. Probably the most popular model of the chaperonin active role is the iterative annealing mechanism (IAM), which focus on the effect of iterative, and hydrophobic in nature, binding of the protein substrate to the chaperonin. According to computational simulation studies, the IAM leads to more productive folding by unfolding the substrate from misfolded conformations or by prevention from protein misfolding through changing the folding pathway.
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A systematic model for the characterisation and interpretation of the archaeology of shipwrecks was first proposed by Keith Muckelroy in 1976 in a paper on the Kennemerland, which was wrecked in 1664.. Muckelroy's system model describes the evolution of the material remains of the ship from the wrecking process, subsequent salvage operations and the disintegration and rearrangements of the remains from environmental factors. Although Muckelroy considered both natural processes and human activity in his model, subsequent research has mainly expanded the environmental factors and there has been little published on the human processes.
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If the zinc finger domains are not specific enough for their target site or they do not target a unique site within the genome of interest, off-target cleavage may occur. Such off-target cleavage may lead to the production of enough double-strand breaks to overwhelm the repair machinery and, as a consequence, yield chromosomal rearrangements and/or cell death. Off-target cleavage events may also promote random integration of donor DNA. Two separate methods have been demonstrated to decrease off-target cleavage for 3-finger ZFNs that target two adjacent 9-basepair sites. .
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In some cases, metallocarbenes can also react directly with dipolarophiles.Hodgson, D. M.; Pierard, F. Y. T. M.; Stupple, P. A. Catalytic enantioselective rearrangements and cycloadditions involving ylides from diazo compounds Chem Soc Rev 2001, 30, 50. In these cases, the metallocarbene, such as the dirhodium(II)tetracarboxylate carbene, is stabilized through hyperconjugative metal enolate-type interactions.Costantino, G.; Rovito, R.; Macchiarulo, A.; Pellicciari, R. Structure of metal–carbenoid intermediates derived from the dirhodium(II)tetracarboxylate mediated decomposition of α-diazocarbonyl compounds: a DFT study J Mol Struc-Theochem 2002, 581, 111.
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However, telomere degeneration can also induce tumorigenesis in other cells. The key difference is the presence of a functional p53 damage response. When tumor cells have a mutation in p53 that results in a non- functional protein, telomeres can continue to shorten and proliferate, and the eroded segments are susceptible to chromosomal rearrangements through recombination and breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. Telomere loss can be lethal for many cells, but in the few that are able to restore the expression of telomerase can bring about a “stable” yet tumorigenic chromosome structure.
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Using these methods, Gogolla was able to graduate Summa Cum Laude the following year in 2007. Gogolla's dissertation was titled "Experience-dependent structural rearrangements of synaptic connectivity in the adult central nervous system". Her dissertation work highlighted the molecular mechanisms underlying experience dependent plasticity in the mossy fiber pathway of the hippocampus and she explored how age and lifestyle effect these mechansims in vitro. Before finishing her PhD, Gogolla co-first authored a paper in Neuron describing axonal plasticity mechanisms and the role of axonal plasticity in persistently modifying local circuit structure throughout the lifespan.
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In 2009, several rearrangements of the 3e schedule occurred. These included showing repeats of Xpose and Emmerdale straight after TV3, followed by putting Xpose on at 17:30 instead of 18:30 and removing repeat showings of Emmerdale and replacing them with repeat showings of Coronation Street. Each of the changes failed to ignite 3e audience share, at first a small drop was seen. Xpose was returned to 18:30, while a Coronation Street omnibus was on a Sunday afternoon, however ultimately both ITV soaps were dropped from the 3e schedule.
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Asymmetric localization of proteins to reciprocal cell borders in the apical plane of a polarized epithelial. The dorsal-ventral intercalation of cells during germ-band extension ultimately arises from the asymmetric localization of proteins within individual cells. Immunofluorescence reveals that non-muscle Myosin II localizes to the anterior-posterior boundaries of cells, destabilizing adherens junctions, whereas the Bazooka/Par-3 complex localizes to dorsal- ventral boundaries, stabilizing adherens junctions. Moreover, bazooka mutants are defective in germ-band extension, which supports the idea that polarized protein localization is critical for cell rearrangements.
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The gallery was forced to relocate to the eighteenth-century palace built by Francesco III, now known as the Palazzo dei Musei, where it coexists with the Lapidary Museum, the Civic Museum and Archives on the ground floor and the Estense library on the third floor. The gallery's itinerary has undergone several rearrangements over the years, with the curation of the rooms remaining in a constant state of revision. A notably recent change occurred following the earthquake in May 2012. After a three year renovation period, it was reopened to the public in 2015.
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Since a known fragment of DNA was inserted this can make mapping and cloning the gene much easier. Other methods such as using radiation to cause deletions and chromosomal rearrangements can be used to generate mutants as well. Once mutagenized and screened, typically a complementation test is done to ensure that mutant phenotypes arise from the same genes if the mutations are recessive. If the progeny after a cross between two recessive mutants have a wild-type phenotype, then it can be inferred that the phenotype is determined by more than one gene.
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Clinical genetics is the practice of clinical medicine with particular attention to hereditary disorders. Referrals are made to genetics clinics for a variety of reasons, including birth defects, developmental delay, autism, epilepsy, short stature, and many others. Examples of genetic syndromes that are commonly seen in the genetics clinic include chromosomal rearrangements, Down syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome), Fragile X syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Turner syndrome, and Williams syndrome. In the United States, Doctors who practice clinical genetics are accredited by the American Board of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ABMGG).
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Fresh or frozen tumors may be analyzed and categorized with respect to SCNAs, SNVs, and rearrangements quite well using whole genome DNAS approaches. Cancer scDNAseq is particularly useful for examining the depth of complexity and compound mutations present in amplified therapeutic targets such as receptor tyrosine kinase genes (EGFR, PDGFRA etc.) where conventional population-level approaches of the bulk tumor are not able to resolve the co-occurrence patterns of these mutations within single cells of the tumor. Such overlap may provide redundancy of pathway activation and tumor cell resistance.
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The relation between centromere abnormalities or chromosomal rearrangements and telomere length may have high clinical impact, since all appear important in pre- or post-natal diagnostics and tumor developments.Nietzel, A., Rocchi, M., Starke, H., Heller, A., Fielder, W., Wlodarska, I., Loncarevic, IF., Beensen, V., Claussen, U., and Liehr, T. "A new multi-colour FISH approach for the characterization of marker chromosomes: centromere-specific multicolor-FISH (cenM-FISH)." Human Genetics (2001) 108:199-204. These experiments can provide more enlightenment about the role of telomeres and the importance of telomere length.
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The palace is one of the most important historic houses in the country. Built in the 17th century and the 18th century, it retains much of the original structure because of numerous rearrangements alternated over the centuries until the first half of the 20th century . The building, place a long time one of the entrances to the village, the home was the factor responsible for managing the revenues of ecclesiastical estates. The strategic locations allowed to supervise the farmers, returning from the fields, and to record and store the harvest.
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Commonly, leaching is conducted between 70 and 100 °C. The surface area of Raney nickel (and related catalysts in general) tends to decrease with increasing leaching temperature. This is due to structural rearrangements within the alloy that may be considered analogous to sintering, where alloy ligaments would start adhering to each other at higher temperatures, leading to the loss of the porous structure. During the activation process, Al is leached out of the NiAl3 and Ni2Al3 phases that are present in the alloy, while most of the Ni remains, in the form of NiAl.
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It is highly enriched in serine amino acids, but its precise sequence is poorly conserved across related Raf genes. This region appears to be intrinsically unstructured, and very flexible. Its most likely role is to act as a natural "hinge" between the rigidly folded autoinhibitory and catalytic domains, enabling complex movements and profound conformational rearrangements within the molecule. This hinge region contains a small, conserved island of amino acids, that are responsible for 14-3-3 protein recognition, but only when a critical serine (Ser259 in human c-Raf) is phosphorylated.
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They also found chromosomal rearrangements: DNA breaks may origin by replication fork collapse or hydrolysis of RN on opposing DNA strands. Also, the marked activation of DNA damage signaling in embryo may produce a p53-mediated inhibition of proliferation that might contribute to the lethality of null embryos. 4\. Ribonucleotide incorporation in health and disease: Past studies reported only two contexts where there’s stable incorporation of ribonucleotides: 1) diRibonucleotides in S. pombe may be a signal to initiate homologous recombination. 2) Ribonucleotides in mtDNA (Mouse and HeLa cells).
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News at Ten is famed for its use of the Big Ben clockface, the headline "bongs" and the dramatic and familiar theme music, all retained and reworked into various guises across five decades. From 1967 to 1992, its opening and closing themes were straightforward excerpts from The Awakening, a piece of library music composed by Johnny Pearson. In 1992, composer Dave Hewson was appointed to produce a new arrangement of The Awakening. Since April 1995, Hewson has produced several rearrangements of the famous theme for all ITV News programmes.
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His band members told him to repeat the stunt at the next concert. In 1967, Emerson formed the Nice with Lee Jackson, also of the T-Bones, David O'List, and Ian Hague, after soul singer P. P. Arnold asked him to form a backing band. After replacing Hague with Brian Davison, the group set out on its own, quickly developing a strong live following. The group's sound was centred on Emerson's Hammond organ showmanship and theatrical abuse of the instrument, and their radical rearrangements of classical music themes as "symphonic rock".
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This process involves a number of complex interactions and signaling events between viral and host cell factors. Viroplasms are formed early during the infection; in many cases, the cellular rearrangements caused during virus infection lead to the construction of sophisticated inclusions —viroplasms— in the cell where the factory will be assembled. The viroplasm is where components such as replicase enzymes, virus genetic material, and host proteins required for replication concentrate, and thereby increase the efficiency of replication. At the same time, large amounts of ribosomes, protein-synthesis components, protein folding chaperones, and mitochondria are recruited.
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Kingsgate Castle in Kent was built by Holland, although most of the current structure is Victorian. In 1757, in the rearrangements of the government, Fox was ultimately excluded from the Cabinet and given the post of Paymaster of the Forces. The office of Paymaster of the Forces had a continuous history from 1662, when Henry Fox's own father, Sir Stephen Fox, had been the first tenant. Before his time, it had been the custom to appoint Treasurers at War ad hoc for specific campaigns; the practice of the Protectorate Government foreshadowed, however, a permanent office.
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Some species, such as the southern platyfish, have both systems and a male can be determined by XY or ZZ depending on the population.Wootton and Smith p. 71–80. Multifactorial sex determination occurs in numerous Neotropical species and involves both XY and ZW systems. Multifactorial systems involve rearrangements of sex chromosomes and autosomes. For example, the darter characine has a ZW multifactorial system where the female is determined by ZW1W2 and the male by ZZ. The wolf fish has a XY multifactorial system where females are determined by X1X1X2X2 and the male by X1X2Y.
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Koch reactions can involve a large number of side products, although high yields are generally possible (Koch and Haaf reported yields of over 80% for several alcohols in their 1958 paper). Carbocation rearrangements, etherization (in case an alcohol is used as a substrate, instead of an alkene), and occasionally substrate CN+1 carboxylic acids are observed due to fragmentation and dimerization of carbon monoxide-derived carbenium ions, especially since each step of the reaction is reversible.Stepanov, A. G., Luzgin, M. V., Romannikov, V. N., Zamaraev, K. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3615–16.
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The technical description of this formation was DMSO(A)+DMSO(B). When the units were first introduced, the final digit of the unit number and the final digit of the carriage numbers corresponded, such that unit 001 was formed of vehicles 121 and 221. However, since then, a few rearrangements have taken place to the unit formations. A Class 483 in the 'Dinosaur' livery at Ryde Pier Head In 1996, with the privatisation of British Rail, the Ryde–Shanklin line became the Island Line franchise, which was won by the Stagecoach Group.
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Using down stream inhibitors of Ras signaling components, they demonstrated activation of PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in LMP2A mediated B cell survival and resistance to apoptosis Caldwell et al. (1998) demonstrated the ability of LMP2A to provide survival signals to B-cells in vivo where expression of an LMP2A transgene in mice disrupts with normal B-cell development. This results in BCR-negative cells being able to exit the bone marrow and survive in peripheral lymphoid organs. B-cells from LMP2A transgenic E line undergo immunoglobulin light chain rearrangements, but not heavy chain rearrangement.
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Hartl L.D and Ruvolo M, 2012, Genetic Analysis of Genes and Genomes, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, pg. 529 A slippage event normally occurs when a sequence of repetitive nucleotides (tandem repeats) are found at the site of replication. Tandem repeats are unstable regions of the genome where frequent insertions and deletions of nucleotides can take place, resulting in genome rearrangements. DNA polymerase, the main enzyme to catalyze the polymerization of free deoxyribonucleotides into a newly forming DNA strand, plays a significant role in the occurrence of this mutation.
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Patients with the PDGFRB-ETV6 fusion protein-driven disease are more often adult males but rarely children. They present with anemia, increases in blood eosinophils and monocytes, splenomegaly, and, less often, lymphadenopathy. Bone marrow examination may reveal cellular features similar to that seen in the aforementioned diseases. Diagnosis is may by conventional cytogenetic examination of blood or bone marrow cells to test for PDGFRB rearrangements using Fluorescence in situ hybridization or to test for the fused FDGFRB-ATV6 fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or Real-time polymerase chain reaction using appropriate nucleotide probes.
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Richard Sharpe, however, argues that the wording of the text is too general to allow for any such historically specific interpretation. He dates the completion of the first draft to between 1108 and 1118, with a date nearer the early part of this range. According to Patrick Wormald, the anonymous author continually worked on and revised the collection. Since copies were made and sent out during the process, the author's shifting perceptions and intentions are reflected in the numerous amendments to and rearrangements of the texts which are encountered in the various manuscripts.
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This is similar to the micronucleus test and chromosome aberration assay, which detect structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells. In a specific mammalian tissue, one can perform a mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay to test for changes in the genetic material. Gene mutations are commonly point mutations, altering only one base within the genetic sequence to alter the ensuing transcript and amino acid sequence; these point mutations include base substitutions, deletions, frame-shifts, and rearrangements. Also, chromosomes' integrity may be altered through chromosome loss and clastogenic lesions causing multiple gene and multilocus deletions.
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Proteins usually readily adsorb to solid surfaces from aqueous solutions to form a protein film, typically mixed with water. Many types of interactions can mediate the adsorption; among these, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions have been identified as central factors determining protein adsorption to surfaces and the repulsive reaction to molecules in solution. In addition, structural rearrangements of proteins as well as hydrogen bonding are suggested to influence the adsorption. The glycosylated region of mucins extend into the water which forces the molecules to extend into the ambient solution in a random coil conformation.
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Coke claimed that "the words of my report do not import any new opinion, but only a relation of such authorities of law, as had been adjudged and resolved in former times, and were cited in the argument of Bonham's case". He refused to admit to any flaws with his writings, and his only corrections were minor errors and rearrangements of the language.Plucknett (2004) p.168 If he meant the case as an endorsement of judicial review instead of Parliamentary sovereignty, withdrawal of that endorsement has been inferred from his later writings.
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Timeless Sentence (失竊千年 ), a live album featuring acoustic rearrangements of songs from the two previous studio albums, was released in late 2014 by Spinefarm Records. In an interview, the band indicated that this will be their last acoustic album. Freddy Lim then expanded his political activities, founding the New Power Party in early 2015.New Power Party Platform(Chinese)Taiwan's newest politicians include a rock star and an aboriginal activist In January 2016, Lim was elected to Taiwan's Legislative Yuan representing Taipei City Constituency 5.
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Like other ketogenic rearrangements, the α-ketol rearrangement involves the transformation of an alkoxide into a carbonyl group with concomitant movement of the bonding electrons of the migrating group towards an adjacent trigonal center. A distinctive feature of this particular rearrangement, however, is its reversibility—as a result, the more stable α-hydroxy carbonyl compound is favored. A general scheme for the rearrangement is shown below. (1)330px This rearrangement differs from similar isomerizations of carbohydrates, which involve the migration of hydrogen and proceed through discrete enediol intermediates.
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The scope of rearrangements of α-hydroxy ketones and aldehydes is limited only by the fact that the product must be more thermodynamically stable than the starting material. In some cases, very subtle structural differences dictate the favored direction of isomerization. For instance, according to the "Favorskii rule," an empirical guideline with numerous exceptions, products with the carbonyl group adjacent to a methyl group or distal to a phenyl group are favored over the corresponding isomers.Colard, P.; Elphimoff-Felkin, I.; Verrier, M. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1961, 516.
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The term "adaptive" as used in immunology is problematic as acquired immune responses can be both adaptive and maladaptive in the physiological sense. Indeed, both acquired and innate immune responses can be both adaptive and maladaptive in the evolutionary sense. Most textbooks today, following the early use by Janeway, use "adaptive" almost exclusively and noting in glossaries that the term is synonymous with "acquired". The classic sense of "acquired immunity" came to mean, since Tonegawa's discovery, "antigen- specific immunity mediated by somatic gene rearrangements that create clone- defining antigen receptors".
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In the last decade, the term "adaptive" has been increasingly applied to another class of immune response not so-far associated with somatic gene rearrangements. These include expansion of natural killer (NK) cells with so-far unexplained specificity for antigens, expansion of NK cells expressing germ-line encoded receptors, and activation of other innate immune cells to an activated state that confers a short-term "immune memory". In this sense, "adaptive immunity" more closely resembles the concept of "activated state" or "heterostasis", thus returning in sense to the physiological sense of "adaptation" to environmental changes.
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The group's stage performances featured Emerson's Hammond organ showmanship and abuse of the instrument, such as playing rhythms while switching the reverb on and off while the spring unit was crashing about. Their compositions included radical rearrangements of classical music themes and Bob Dylan songs. The band achieved commercial success with an instrumental rearrangement of Leonard Bernstein's "America", following which O'List left the group. The remaining members carried on as a trio, releasing several albums, before Emerson decided to leave the band in early 1970 in order to form Emerson, Lake & Palmer.
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They found that tandem duplications comprised 83% of the CNVs while 8.4% were triplications, 4.2% were adjacent duplications, 2.5% were insertional translocations, and 1.7% were other complex rearrangements. The copy number variants were predominantly tandem duplications which made it the most common type of copy number variant in the human genome according to the results of the study on this population. More was needed on the mechanistic side of the formation of structural variants. There was a study that focused on the mechanisms of very interesting and rare pathogenic copy number variants.
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This phenomenon is demonstrated by observed selectivities in the rearrangements below. In the rearrangement on the left the thermodynamically unfavorable product is observed exclusively, while in the reaction on the right the product derived from the less stable radical intermediate is favored. Evidence for selectivity based on nitrogen lone pair orientation. Aubé takes advantage of this rearrangement as the key step in his synthesis of (+)-yohimbine, a natural medicine classified by the NIH as possibly effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and the sexual problems caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
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Basic karyotyping showed structural chromosomal rearrangements in 50-75% of T-ALL patients, primarily inversion and translocations. Diagnostic yield can be substantially increased through further diagnosis through Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and other various molecular technologies, for example Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) array. The most common structural abnormality is rearrangement of the TCR gene. 95% of T-Cell TCR consist of an alpha and beta chain (encoded by TRA and TRB, respectively), where only 5% of T-Cell TCR consists of gamma and delta chains (encoded by TRG and TRD, respectively).
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With these aircraft, the squadron participated in 1997 and 1999 NATO missions over the former Yugoslavia. During the Kosovo war, Amendola hosted Belgian and Dutch F-16. In 2002, the Italian Air Force received their first MQ-1 Predator drones, which later together with the AMX fighter aircraft, were used in Afghanistan. Because of the pending in Amendola introduction of Lockheed Martin F-35 and in connection therewith preparations and rearrangements one of two formerly stationed here AMX squadrons (13 Gruppo) was dissolved in December 2013 an refounded with F-35s.
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T cell receptors recognize foreign antigens which have been processed as small peptides and bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC) (APC). Each T cell receptor is a dimer consisting of one alpha and one beta chain or one delta and one gamma chain. In a single cell, the T cell receptor loci are rearranged and expressed in the order delta, gamma, beta, and alpha. If both delta and gamma rearrangements produce functional chains, the cell expresses delta and gamma.
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Bernard Malissen's work focused mainly on describing the genetic recombination mechanisms that allow the synthesis of T-cell receptors (TCR)Malissen, B. et al., « Direct evidence for chromosomal inversion during T-cell receptor beta-gene rearrangements », Nature, 319, 1986, p. 28-33 \- the surface receptor that triggers cell differentiation of the T-cell that carries it and contributes to the body's defences against infectious agents or tumours - and on studying their three-dimensional structure.Reiser, J.B. et al., « CDR3 loop flexibility contributes to the degeneracy of TCR recognition », Nat Immunol.
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A double-strand break is a kind of DNA damage in which both strands in the double helix are severed. They are particularly dangerous, because they can lead to genome rearrangements. Cases where the two strands are linked at the point of the double-strand break are even worse, because then the cell will not be able to complete mitosis when it next divides, and will either die or, in rare cases, undergo a mutation. Three mechanisms exist to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs): non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), MMEJ, and HRR.
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John Wiley & Sons, 2007 The chair transition state illustrated here is preferred in open-chain systems (as shown by the Doering-Roth experiments). However, conformationally constrained systems like cis-1,2-divinylcyclopropanes can undergo the rearrangement in the boat conformation. File:Cope.png It is currently generally accepted that most Cope rearrangements follows an allowed concerted route through a Hückel aromatic transition state and a diradical intermediate is not formed. However, the concerted reaction can often be asynchronous and electronically perturbed systems may have considerable diradical character at the transition state.
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In April 2009, users of the Death in June Yahoo Group pointed the YouTube videos from pianist Miro Snejdr doing covers of classic Death in June titles. > "I watched the videos Miro had posted on YouTube of instrumental songs from > Death In June’s The Rule Of Thirds album and was very impressed. Courtesy of > these members of the DIJ group we were put in contact with each other." Consequently, the piano-based album Peaceful Snow was released in November 2010, with rearrangements by Miro Snejdr of Douglas P.'s guitar-based demo recordings.
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The town was liberated from the Germans by the Red Army in September, 1944. In 1945 the border between Poland and the Soviet Union was moved somewhat eastwards from the San river, so Lesko ended up in Poland following the postwar territorial rearrangements. Nevertheless, it remained very close to the Soviet border until the 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange which moved the border further eastward. During the war, after the town was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941, its Jewish community (about 60% of the town's population) perished in the Holocaust.
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Transcriptional initiation, termination and regulation are mediated by “DNA looping” which brings together promoters, enhancers, transcription factors and RNA processing factors to accurately regulate gene expression. Chromosome conformation capture (3C) and more recently Hi-C techniques provided evidence that active chromatin regions are “compacted” in nuclear domains or bodies where transcriptional regulation is enhanced. The configuration of the genome is essential for enhancer-promoter proximity. Cell-fate decisions are mediated upon highly dynamic genomic reorganizations at interphase to modularly switch on or off entire gene regulatory networks through short to long range chromatin rearrangements.
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The following figure shows the proposed biosynthetic scheme for harmine. The Shikimate acid pathway yields the aromatic amino acid, L-tryptophan. Decarboxylation of L-tryptophan by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) produces tryptamine (I), which contains a nucleophilic center at the C-2 carbon of the indole ring due to the adjacent nitrogen atom that enables the participation in a mannich-type reaction. Rearrangements enable the formation of a Schiff base from tryptamine, which then reacts with pyruvate in II to form a β-carboline carboxylic acid.
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He matched his music to the scenario, characters and environments, since he desired to stir the players emotions without distracting from the game. Many of his tracks were created on request, but he otherwise had a high amount of creative freedom. Multiple tracks were remixes and rearrangements of Shimomura's original music for Parasite Eve: according to Mizuta, the arrangements were easy due to the original tracks' strength. In a later interview, Mizuta called his work on Parasite Eve II very different from his later work on Final Fantasy XI and The 4 Heroes of Light.
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In 1736 the last of the family died and the two potential inheritors, the Landgraves of Hesse- Darmstadt and of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) nearly went to war over it. It took 35 years to settle the conflict and to arrange a compromise under which the town of Babenhausen came to Hesse-Kassel. But this was soon revised by the territorial rearrangements during and after Napoleonic times: From the beginning 19th century Babenhausen belonged to Hesse-Darmstadt. In the aftermath of World War II Babenhausen was the site of a UNRRA-sponsored DP camp.
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Aluminium chloride finds a wide variety of other applications in organic chemistry.Galatsis, P. (1999) Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Acidic and Basic Reagents, H. J. Reich, J. H. Rigby (eds.) Wiley, New York City. pp. 12–15. . For example, it can catalyse the "ene reaction", such as the addition of 3-buten-2-one (methyl vinyl ketone) to carvone: :400px It is used to induce a variety of hydrocarbon couplings and rearrangements. Aluminium chloride combined with aluminium in the presence of an arene can be used to synthesize bis(arene) metal complexes, e.g.
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The Parliament Deputy Speaker and three out of the six chairpersons of parliamentary standing committees were also elected from the Republican Party. In May 2006 the Rule of Law Party left the parliamentary majority, and the National Assembly was subject to rearrangements of political forces, which resulted in RPA Chairman Tigran Torosyan becoming the Speaker of the Parliament. The RPA 10th extraordinary congress of July 2006 proclaimed the Republican Party of Armenia a national conservative party. The congress decided to restore the office of the party council chairperson, which had been abolished in 2005.
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HGT events cause the relevant gene trees to conflict with the species tree. Such HGT events can be simulated through subtree pruning and regrafting rearrangements of the species tree. However, it is important to simulate data that are realistic enough to be representative of the challenge provided by real datasets, and simulation under complex models are thus preferable. A model was developed to simulate gene trees with heterogeneous substitution processes in addition to the occurrence of transfer, and accounting for the fact that transfer can come from now extinct donor lineages.
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Among non-polyploid animals, Lepidoptera exhibit the highest variance in chromosome number between species within a genus and notable levels of interspecific and intraspecific karyotype variability. Lepidoptera indeed tolerate chromosomal variations in view of their holokinetic chromosomes, which facilitate the successful inheritance of novel fission or fusion fragments. As a consequence, Lepidoptera can avoid the deleterious consequences of large-scale chromosomal fission and fusion. Nevertheless, they can sometimes tolerate heterozygosity for multiple rearrangements in hybrids between population with differences in their karyotype, raising questions about additional mechanisms that rescue fertility in chromosomal hybrids.
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The first season of Dexter is based on the novel Darkly Dreaming Dexter by Jeff Lindsay. However, there are numerous differences, ranging from extra subplots to rearrangements and modifications of elements from the source material. The biggest change is the lead-up to and revelation of the identity of the "Ice Truck Killer", called the "Tamiami Butcher" in the novel. In the novel, Dexter is led to believe that he might be the one committing the murders, due to a series of strange dreams that connect him to the murder.
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Ghatak's contributions were primarily on stereochemically controlled organic synthesis and he was known developing methodologies for the synthesis of polycarbocyclic diterpenoids and bridged- ring compounds. His work on the four possible racemates of deoxypodocarpic acid, deisopropyl dehydroabietic acid and the corresponding 5-epimers reportedly clarified some of the stereochemical uncertainties existed till then. He demonstrated total synthesis of compounds related to gibberellins, a group of growth-regulating plant hormones. The regio- and stereo-specific intramolecular alkylation rearrangements through diazoketones as well as new annulation reactions involving cationic and radical processes he developed widened the understanding of free radical cyclization chemistry.
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In support of the release, the band toured with the new quartet lineup in June including dates at the Rochester International Jazz Festival and the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art. The band toured in September and October 2010 stretching from New Orleans to Louisville to Seattle to LA. In June 2010 JFJO premiered their "Ludwig" project, entailing of rearrangements of Beethoven's 3rd & 6th symphonies. The quartet was accompanied by the Bartlesville Symphony Orchestra for the world premiere at the OK Mozart festival. In January 2011 JFJO recorded a suite of music based on the Tulsa Race Riot.
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Karyotype of DFTD Tasmanian devil cells have 14 chromosomes; the oldest-known strain of the tumour cells have thirteen chromosomes, nine of which are recognisable and four of which are mutated "marker" chromosomes. More recently evolved strains have an additional mutant marker chromosome, for a total of fourteen chromosomes. Researchers identified the cancer as a neuroendocrine tumour, and found identical chromosomal rearrangements in all the cancer cells. The karyotype anomalies of DFTD cells are similar to those of cancer cells from canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT), a cancer of dogs that is transmitted by physical contact.
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The cation rearranges by a 1,2-migration of a cyclopropane C–C bond to the carbocation, forming the bond shown in blue to give a cyclobutyl carbocation. Subsequently, a second 1,2-migration occurs to form another cyclopropylcarbinyl cation, with the cation resting on a tertiary carbon. This resulting carbocation is then ring-opened by a hydride delivered by NADPH, giving squalene, which is then released by SQS into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. 434x434px While cyclopropylcarbinyl-cyclopropylcarbinyl rearrangements can proceed through discrete cyclobutyl cation intermediates, the supposed cyclobutyl cation could not be trapped in model studies.
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Abbazia di Nonantola, Basilica abbaziale, L' abbazia nei secoli: cronologia essenziale, retrieved: 5 November 2018. On 11 December 1821, Pope Pius VII confirmed in the bull Sacrorum canonum the rearrangements of the dioceses in the Duchy of Modena which had been worked out by the Sacred Consistorial Congregation. These adjustments had been made necessary by the intrusive enactments made by the occupying French governments of the Cisalpine Republic and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. Modena, which had been made a suffragan of Milan, was returned to the ecclesiastical province of Bologna, and its acquisition of the territorial Abbey of Nantola was confirmed.
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Substituents with increased radical stabilizing ability not only lower the rearrangements activation energy but also reclosure of the initially formed diradical species becomes slower relative to the rate of cyclopentene formation resulting in an overall more concerted mechanism with less stereomutation (e.g. entry 6 & 7). In all cases though all the four products were formed indicating that both orbital-symmetry controlled pericyclic, as well as diradical-mediated two-step mechanisms are operative either way. The data is consistent with the formation of biradical species on a relatively flat potential energy surface allowing for restricted conformational flexibility before the products are formed.
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750px A big improvement came in the mid-1970s from Barry M. Trost's group. It was found that siloxyvinylcyclopropanes as well as the analogous sulfinylvinylcyclopropanes could be used as substrates to build annulated cyclopentene structures. Albeit these reactions still required reaction temperatures above 300 °C they were able to make useful products arising from the annulation of cyclopentene to a present ring system. 750px Paquette demonstrated that vinylcyclopropane rearrangements can also be mediated photochemically. In a particularly intriguing example he was able to show that vinylcyclopropanes embedded within a cyclooctane core can be converted to the corresponding [5-5]-fused ring systems.
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Castilleja, commonly known as Indian paintbrush or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and one species as far west as the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia. These plants are classified in the family Orobanchaceae (following major rearrangements of the order Lamiales starting around 2001; sources which do not follow these reclassifications may place them in the Scrophulariaceae). They are hemiparasitic on the roots of grasses and forbs. The generic name honors Spanish botanist Domingo Castillejo.
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The music for Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy was composed by Takeharu Ishimoto and features multiple rearrangements from previous Final Fantasy themes by other composers. The American band Kidneythieves also sang the second part of the Feral Chaos' boss theme song, "God in Fire." Ishimoto wrote the song and requested Kidneythieves' collaboration with them to which the band stated it was entertaining. On March 3, 2011, Square Enix released the Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy Original Soundtrack featuring a total of three discs with the first one having 44, the second one 20, and the third one seven.
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This time around, Keenan was more active in vetoing or altering musical ideas, determined to make something different than just another hard rock album, in fear of it being redundant. Sessions became tense, with Howerdel preferring the heavier compositions written while waiting for Keenan to return to the band, and sometimes taking offense to Keenan's suggested mellower rearrangements. White would play the role of a mediator between the two; being newer to the band helped him provide an outsider's perspective, helping them to find a common ground. The band released their second album, Thirteenth Step, on September 16, 2003.
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Analysis of the genome was published in Nature on September 1, 2005, in an article produced by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, a group of scientists which is supported in part by the National Human Genome Research Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health. The article marked the completion of the draft genome sequence. A database now exists containing the genetic differences between human and chimpanzee genes, with about thirty-five million single- nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements. Gene duplications account for most of the sequence differences between humans and chimps.
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For example, treatment of a metal carbonyl with alkoxide generates an anionic metallaformate that is amenable to analysis by ESI-MS: :LnM(CO) + RO− → [LnM−C(=O)OR]− Some metal carbonyls react with azide to give isocyanato complexes with release of nitrogen. By adjusting the cone voltage or temperature, the degree of fragmentation can be controlled. The molar mass of the parent complex can be determined, as well as information about structural rearrangements involving loss of carbonyl ligands under ESI-MS conditions. Mass spectrometry combined with infrared photodissociation spectroscopy can provide vibrational informations for ionic carbonyl complexes in gas phase.
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Type II PEL also tends to involve malignant plasmablasts, anaplasts, and/or Reed-Sternberg-like cells that have somewhat different expression patters of protein markers (e.g. the malignant cells in Type II PEL frequently express CD20 but often do not express CD30) and gene abnormalities (e.g. the malignant cells in Type II PEL more commonly evidence rearrangements in their Myc, BCL2, and BCL6 genes) than the malignant cells in Type I PEL. The response to treatment and prognosis of Type II PEL is poor but may be somewhat better than the treatment- responsiveness and prognosis of Type I PEL.
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Raman spectra of the 2-norbornyl cation show a more symmetric species than would be expected for a pair of rapidly equilibrating classical ions. Since the proposed reaction rates for the classical ion rearrangements are slower than the Raman timescale, one would expect the Raman spectra to indicate a less symmetric species if the classical picture were correct. Some studies of the C NMR in particular favored interpretation via the protonated nortricyclene structure. In addition, Raman spectra of the 2-norbornyl cation in some acidic solvents show an absorption band at 3110 cm indicative of an electron-depleted cyclopropane ring.
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Young's research interests centered on molecular rearrangements of allyl groups, including higher-order allyl groups such as crotyl, prenyl, and various allyl organometallic reagents. In a series of over 30 subsequent publications, Young examined rate constants, substitution preference, stereochemistry, and alternate reaction sites of allyl transfers. He also collaborated with student groups to develop glassware and lab tools, for instance the ubiquitous glass helices found in fractionation columns used to separate isomeric volatiles. Perhaps Young's longest legacy - apart from his 130 research publications - was serving as the doctoral advisor to chemist and nuclear magnetic resonance pioneer John D. Roberts.
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Burton missed out on promotion on goal average in 1970–71, but finished as runners-up the following season and were promoted back to the Premier Division. The next two seasons saw them relegated, and then promoted back to the Premier Division again. They stayed in the same division until being relegated once more at the end of 1976–77. League rearrangements saw Burton moved to the Northern Premier League, because of their location in the central Midlands, and then back to the Southern League in 1987–88, the season after losing in a replayed FA Trophy Final to Kidderminster Harriers.
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Classical music in Kosovo saw its first developments in the 1940s with the first creations of classical music by Kosovans. This is also the time of establishment of the choir and the chamber orchestra of the cultural and artistic society Agimi in Prizren in 1944 and the opening of the music school in Prizren in 1948, which was the first music school in Kosovo. The first creations of classical music in Kosovo were a cappella choral compositions and were initially stylized rearrangements of folk music. Although some of these choral works were original creations, most of them relied on folk music.
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Double strand breaks are also generated during repair of DNA cross links. By repairing DNA, these proteins play a role in maintaining the stability of the human genome and prevent dangerous gene rearrangements that can lead to hematologic and other cancers. BRCA2 has been shown to possess a crucial role in protection from the MRE11-dependent nucleolytic degradation of the reversed forks that are forming during DNA replication fork stalling (caused by obstacles such as mutations, intercalating agents etc.). Like BRCA1, BRCA2 probably regulates the activity of other genes and plays a critical role in embryo development.
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A loss in the repair systems for DNA double-stranded breaks and eroded telomeres can allow chromosomal rearrangements that generate loss, amplification and/or exchange of chromosome segments. Some inherited genetic predispositions to cancer are the result of mutations in machinery that responds to and repairs DNA double-stranded breaks. Examples include ataxia telangiectasia – which is a mutation in the damage response kinase ATM – and BRCA1 or MRN complex mutations that play a role in responding to DNA damage. When the above components are not functional, the cell can also lose the ability to induce cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis.
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Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR- defective cells During repair of DNA double-strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damage, incompletely-cleared repair sites can cause epigenetic gene silencing. The somatic mutations and epigenetic alterations caused by DNA damage and deficiencies in DNA repair accumulate in field defects. Field defects are normal-appearing tissues with multiple alterations (discussed in the section below), and are common precursors to development of the disordered and over-proliferating clone of tissue in a cancer. Such field defects (second level from bottom of figure) may have numerous mutations and epigenetic alterations.
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More probes can be added to check for aneuploidies, particularly those that could give rise to a viable pregnancy (such as a trisomy 21). The use of probes for chromosomes X, Y, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21 and 22 has the potential of detecting 70% of the aneuploidies found in spontaneous abortions. In order to be able to analyse more chromosomes on the same sample, up to three consecutive rounds of FISH can be carried out. In the case of chromosome rearrangements, specific combinations of probes have to be chosen that flank the region of interest.
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PFOA has two main synthesis routes, electrochemical fluorination (ECF) and telomerization. The ECF route sees octanoyl chloride (the acid chloride of octanoic acid) reacted with hydrofluoric acid. Multiple products are formed by ECF with the target acid fluoride F(CF2)7COF being produced as only 10–15% of the yield, while the main products are perfluorinated cyclic ether isomers, including FC-75. This acid fluoride is hydrolyzed to yield PFOA as a mixture of straight-chain (78%), terminally branched (13%), and internally branched (9%) molecules, because ECF induces rearrangements the carbon tail of the acid chloride.
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Sigmatropic rearrangements are useful organic synthesis. In an effort to demonstrate the versatility of the Cope rearrangement by demonstrating its tolerance of an alcohol situated at C-3 of a 1,5-diene, Berson and Jones heated a bicyclic diene alcohol in the gas phase to give cis-∆5,6-octalone in fair yield. 309x309px The modification is immensely appealing as a result of the two new disparately placed functional groups that lend themselves well to a variety of previously unavailable synthetic manipulations. The next development occurred in 1975, when Evans and Golob reported the tremendous rate enhancements by base.
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Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), also known as alternative nonhomologous end-joining (Alt-NHEJ) is one of the pathways for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA. As reviewed by McVey and Lee, the foremost distinguishing property of MMEJ is the use of microhomologous sequences during the alignment of broken ends before joining, thereby resulting in deletions flanking the original break. MMEJ is frequently associated with chromosome abnormalities such as deletions, translocations, inversions and other complex rearrangements. There are multiple pathways for repairing double strand breaks, mainly non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), and MMEJ.
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On Christmas Day, 2011, the White House confirmed that U.S. officials had been in communication with top Nigerian officials to combat terrorism. Azazi took a systematic approach to the reform of Nigeria's security and intelligence apparatus, with a low-key demeanor that some critics termed as indifference. He was quoted as having said in effect that real reform comes with human development of national security personnel and officials and greater citizen participation, and not with mere documents, statements, and bureaucratic or leadership rearrangements. The few public statements Azazi made as the national security advisor on terrorism matters tended to be cautious and nuanced.
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Schickele's works attributed to P. D. Q. Bach often incorporate comical rearrangements of well-known works of other composers. The works use instruments not normally used in orchestras, such as the bagpipes, slide whistle, kazoo, and fictional or experimental instruments such as the pastaphone (made of uncooked manicotti), tromboon,Tromboon at Dolmetsch Music Dictionary hardart, lasso d'amore,Lasso d'amore at Dolmetsch Music Dictionary and left-handed sewer flute. There is often a startling juxtaposition of styles within a single Bach piece. The Prelude to Einstein on the Fritz, which alludes to Philip Glass' opera Einstein on the Beach, provides an example.
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TcdB accesses the interior of the cell through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, When toxin B is part of the cytosol, the glucosyltransferase passes through the endosomal membrane, which decreases pH, induces translocation and finally leads to morphological changes of translocation region residues (958–1130). The hydrophobic regions are embedded in the host membrane to form pores that allow glucosyltransferase domains to pass through. When cells are infected with TcdB in an acidic environment, it attenuates toxins and causes shape rearrangements (Fig. 6). As a consequence of acidic pH, TcdB displays clear differences in original fluorescence of tryptophan, susceptibility of proteases, and hydrophobic surfaces.
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When two lipid bilayers approach each other, they experience weak van der Waals attractive forces and much stronger repulsive forces due to hydration repulsion. These forces are normally dominant over the hydrophobic attractive forces between the membranes. Studies done on membrane bilayers using Surface forces apparatus (SFA) indicate that membrane fusion can instantaneously occur when two bilayers are still at a finite distance from each other without them having to overcome the short- range repulsive force barrier. This is attributed to the molecular rearrangements that occur resulting in the bypassing of these forces by the membranes.
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CISH is frequently applied to assess gene amplification, such as HER-2/neu status in breast cancer samples. HER-2/neu amplification is associated with higher mortality, higher recurrence rate, and poor prognosis in breast cancer. The monoclonal antibody trastuzumab is a receptor blocker that has been proven to be clinically very effective in HER-2/neu- overexpressing tumors. Therefore, it is crucial to determine receptor status before starting cancer treatment. CISH is also used for detection of chromosomal rearrangements and fusions, such as the fusion of ALK tyrosine kinase domain with the promoter and 5’ region of EML4 in lung cancer.
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Real telephone switching systems are rarely strict-sense nonblocking for reasons of cost, and they have a small probability of blocking, which may be evaluated by the Lee or Jacobaeus approximations, assuming no rearrangements of existing calls. Here, the potential number of other active calls on each ingress or egress switch is u = n−1\. In the Lee approximation, it is assumed that each internal link between stages is already occupied by a call with a certain probability p, and that this is completely independent between different links. This overestimates the blocking probability, particularly for small r.
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In the 1970s there was administrative reform throughout Germany, which also had its consequences in the Bad Camberg area. On 13 August 1970, the “Municipal Working Community of the Goldener Grund” came into force. Its goal was to unite the communities of the Goldener Grund through a voluntary merger. Ten communities, today's six constituent communities along with the Selters constituent communities of Niederselters, Eisenbach and Haintchen as well as Hasselbach, now belonging to Weilrod, signed this. On 11 December 1969, the Hessian interior minister announced that suggestions for municipal rearrangements were to be worked out for all communities in the state.
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A 2014 whole-genome molecular dating analysis indicated that the gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes (Hominidae) around 17 million years ago (), based on certain assumptions about the generation time and mutation rate. The extinct Bunopithecus sericus was a gibbon or gibbon-like ape. Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera within the Hylobatidae lineage between about 7 to 5 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera have been hard to resolve due to radiative speciations and extensive incomplete lineage sorting.
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Viroplasm is the location within the infected cell where viral replication and assembly take place. Wrapping the viroplasm with a membrane, concentrates the viral components required for the genome replication and the morphogenesis of new virus particles, so it increases the efficiency of the processes. The recruitment of cellular membranes and cytoskeleton to generate virus replication sites can also benefit viruses in other ways. Disruption of cellular membranes can, for example, slow the transport of immunomodulatory proteins to the surface of infected cells and protect against innate and acquired immune responses, and rearrangements to cytoskeleton can facilitate virus release.
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However, the Grand Trunk was still losing "staggering amounts of money" running the service. The eastbound Inter-City Limited was cut to Port Huron in November 1964, and cut entirely on October 29, 1967, along with the La Salle when the Chicago-Detroit Mohawk was added. In 1965, the pooling arrangement was terminated; in the ensuing rearrangements, only the Chicago–Toronto section (renumbered 155/156) retained the International Limited name. The International Limited was cut back to Port Huron on June 12, 1970, leaving the Maple Leaf (the westbound a 1966-renamed Inter-City Limited) as the railroad's only Toronto train.
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Formation of a ring chromosome. In order for a chromosome to form a ring, both ends of the chromosome are usually missing, enabling the broken ends to fuse together. In rare cases, the telomeres at the ends of a chromosome fuse without any loss of genetic material, which results in a normal phenotype.Mitotic and meiotic behaviour of a naturally transmitted ring Y chromosome: reproductive risk evaluation Núria Arnedo, Carme Nogués, Mercè Bosch and Cristina Templado Complex rearrangements, including segmental microdeletions and microduplications, have been seen in numerous ring chromosomes, providing important clues regarding the mechanisms of their formation.
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The mutation spectrum of an organism is the rate at which different types of mutations occur at different sites in the genome. The mutation spectrum matters because the rate alone gives a very incomplete picture of what is going on in a genome. For instance, mutations might occur at the same rate in two lineages, but the rate alone would not tell us if the mutations were all base substitutions in one lineage and all large-scale rearrangements in the other. Even within base substitutions, the spectrum can still be informative because a transition substitution is different from a transversion.
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Le Grand Orchestre de Paul Mauriat recorded an instrumental version of the song, making it the opening track of his album Paul Mauriat Plays Standards.. Adamo rereleased the song in 1993 with a new orchestra arrangement as part of his compilation album 30 ans with rearrangements for his biggest hits. In 2008, Adamo performed it as a duo with Jeanne Cherhal and with Nolwenn Leroy in 2011. In 2013, he performed it as a duo with David Madi, a contestant and eventual winner of The Voice Belgique in season 2. The song has been covered in many languages by a number of artists.
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Conversely, the sequence of an ancient gene for a given structure may have diverged considerably in different species while at the same time maintaining the same basic structural features. Recognizing any remaining sequence similarity in such cases may be a very difficult task. Second, two proteins that share a significant degree of sequence similarity either with each other or with a third sequence also share an evolutionary origin and should share some structural features also. However, gene duplication and genetic rearrangements during evolution may give rise to new gene copies, which can then evolve into proteins with new function and structure.
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He was among the earliest to use carbon-14 as a tracer in the study of reaction mechanisms and molecular rearrangements. He has been a leader in the use of NMR to establish mechanisms and structures particularly in demonstrating the fluxional nature of Grignard reagents and related molecules and in the observation of a symmetry in organic chemistry." # Elias J. Corey 1984 "For outstanding research in the synthesis of organic compounds, particularly the total synthesis of highly complex natural products such as prostaglandins, alkaloids, giberellic acid, hormones, toxins, triterpenes, and others. Many of these syntheses are considered to be milestones in their fields.
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The DNA sequence differences between humans and chimpanzees consist of about 35 million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements. Typical human and chimp protein homologs differ in an average of only two amino acids. About 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimp protein. Duplications of small parts of chromosomes have been the major source of differences between human and chimp genetic material; about 2.7% of the corresponding modern genomes represent differences, produced by gene duplications or deletions, since humans and chimps diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor.
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Warsaw became part of Imperial Russia in 1815, following the territorial rearrangements decided at the Congress of Vienna. The former capital of Poland, which ceased to exist in 1795 following the partitions of Poland, became a major administrative center in the Russian Empire, and one of its largest cities. By the second half of the 19th century, Warsaw housed a large Russian military garrison as a result of two failed uprisings against Russian rule. These developments were accompanied by a significant influx of Russian soldiers and officials into the city, most of them of the Russian Orthodox faith.
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24 and 25. An edition of the first three parts (reproduced, following unorthodox editing principles, partly in facsimile, and partly in printed transcript) was published by John Fowles and Rodney Legg in two volumes in 1980–82. This edition has, however, been criticised for doing Aubrey "less than justice" on various grounds: for a failure to consolidate what were essentially drafts and working notes into a coherent whole, for silent omissions and rearrangements, for inadequate and occasionally inaccurate annotation, and for the omission of the important fourth part of the work. ("less than justice")Burl 2010, pp. 9–10.
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In the case of an mFISH image, every combination of fluorochromes from the resulting original images is replaced by a pseudo color in a dedicated image analysis software. Thus, chromosomes or chromosome sections can be visualized and identified, allowing for the analysis of chromosomal rearrangements. In the case of spectral karyotyping, image processing software assigns a pseudo color to each spectrally different combination, allowing the visualization of the individually colored chromosomes. Spectral human karyotype Multicolor FISH is used to identify structural chromosome aberrations in cancer cells and other disease conditions when Giemsa banding or other techniques are not accurate enough.
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Asynchronously replicating autosomal RNAs (ASARs) are very long (~200kb) non-coding RNAs that are non- spliced, non-polyadenylated, and are required for normal DNA replication timing and chromosome stability. Deletion of any one of the genetic loci containing ASAR6, ASAR15, or ASAR6-141 results in the same phenotype of delayed replication timing and delayed mitotic condensation (DRT/DMC) of the entire chromosome. DRT/DMC results in chromosomal segregation errors that lead to increased frequency of secondary rearrangements and an unstable chromosome. Similar to Xist, ASARs show random monoallelic expression and exist in asynchronous DNA replication domains.
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Oxymercuration reductionOrganic Syntheses OS 6:766 LinkThe oxymercuration reaction is an electrophilic addition organic reaction that transforms an alkene into a neutral alcohol. In oxymercuration, the alkene reacts with mercuric acetate (AcO–Hg–OAc) in aqueous solution to yield the addition of an acetoxymercury (HgOAc) group and a hydroxy (OH) group across the double bond. Carbocations are not formed in this process and thus rearrangements are not observed. The reaction follows Markovnikov's rule (the hydroxy group will always be added to the more substituted carbon) and it is an anti addition (the two groups will be trans to each other).
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This method involves technology to separate nucleated cells from red blood cells, which lack a nucleus. All nucleated cells, including normal white blood cells and CTCs, are exposed to fluorescent-tagged antibodies specific for cancer biomarkers. In addition, Epic's imaging system captures pictures of all the cells on the slide (approximately 3 million), records the precise coordinates of each cell, and analyzes each cell for 90 different parameters, including the fluorescence intensity of the four fluorescent markers and 86 different morphological parameters. Epic can also use FISH and other staining techniques to look for abnormalities such as duplications, deletions, and rearrangements.
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Intensive logic is treated as the ground of all extensional logic, and extensional logic (along with all mathematical thinking above basic counting) is grounded in rearrangements of operational sign relations. Infinitely many extensional schemes are possible of the basis of intensive symbol functions, but all are well encompassed by the four-term semiotic schema Auxier provides. He treats Bergson's qualitative calculus and Whiteheads genetic and coordinate analyses as exemplars of his sign-theory. Auxier favors and teaches the analytical syllogistics of Delton Thomas HowardFor more, see: Delton Thomas Howard, Analytical Syllogistics: A Pragmatic Interpretation of the Aristotelian Logic (New York: AMS Press, 1970).
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When this protein is altered, there is potential for pharmaceuticals that block the action of the mutant ALK gene, but almost all patients develop resistance to them. It is known that non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) do not respond as effectively to combination drugs as other forms of lung cancer. Lovly has worked with computer scientists to develop algorithms that can identify the drug interactions that are effective at killing tumours and result in fewer side effects. Lovly has investigated TAK-788 as a targeted therapy for people with NSCLC and BLU-667 for patients with RET rearrangements.
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2005 15% of angiosperm and 31% of fern speciation events are accompanied by ploidy increase. Most polyploids display heterosis relative to their parental species, and may display novel variation or morphologies that may contribute to the processes of speciation and eco-niche exploitation. The mechanisms leading to novel variation in newly formed allopolyploids may include gene dosage effects (resulting from more numerous copies of genome content), the reunion of divergent gene regulatory hierarchies, chromosomal rearrangements, and epigenetic remodeling, all of which affect gene content and/or expression levels. Many of these rapid changes may contribute to reproductive isolation and speciation.
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As with previous albums, it included arrangements of classical material, in this case the Third Movement of Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony (Pathetique), and rearrangements of Bob Dylan's "She Belongs to Me" and Tim Hardin's "Hang on to a Dream". In 1969, the band found time to contribute to other projects. Emerson performed as a session player for Rod Stewart and the Faces, while the whole group provided instrumental backing for the track "Hell's Angels" on Harper's 1970 album Flat Baroque and Berserk. Mid-year, tour promoter Michael Emmerson asked the Nice to write some music for the Newcastle upon Tyne Arts Festival.
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Karyotyping showed that TRD and TRB undergo recombination most commonly, whereas TRA is seldom involved and TRG is rarely rearranged. These rearrangements affect the normal process of TCR and could lead to cellular machinery failing to correctly repair recombination- activating RAG protein induced double-strand breaks (DSBs). All 30 genes known to illegitimately recombine with TCR genes function primarily to regulate epigenetics through roles such as signal transducers, transcription factors (tumor suppressors or oncogenes), cell cycle regulators, or ribosomal proteins. T-Cell TCR encoded by TRA, TRD, and TRG at chromosome bands 14q11 and 7q34 become malignant in T-ALL patients.
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In contrast to the Claisen rearrangement, Cope rearrangements without strain release or electronic perturbation are often close to thermally neutral, and may therefore reach only partial conversion due to an insufficiently favorable equilibrium constant. In the case of hexa-1,5-diene, the rearrangement is degenerate (the product is identical to the starting material), so K = 1 by necessity. 176x176px In asymmetric dienes one often needs to consider the stereochemistry, which in the case of pericyclic reactions, such as the Cope rearrangement, can be predicted with the Woodward-Hoffmann rules and consideration of the preference for the chair transition state geometry.
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ESP was first developed and published in 2003 by Dr. Collins and his colleagues in University of California, San Francisco. Their study revealed the chromosome rearrangements and CNV of MCF7 human cancer cells at a 150kb resolution, which is much more accurate compared to both CGH and spectral karyotyping at that time. In 2007, Dr. Snyder and his group improved the ESP to 3kb resolution by sequencing both pairs of 3-kb DNA fragments without BAC construction. Their approach is able to identify deletions, inversions, insertions with an average breakpoint resolution of 644bp, which close to the resolution of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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Ball-and-stick model of mesityldiphenylmethylenephosphine, a phosphaalkene Phosphaalkenes (IUPAC name: alkylidenephosphanes) are organophosphorus compounds with double bonds between carbon and phosphorus(III) with the formula R2C=PR. In the compound phosphorine one carbon atom in benzene is replaced by phosphorus. The reactivity of phosphaalkenes is often compared to that of alkenes and not to that of imines because the HOMO of phosphaalkenes is not the phosphorus lone pair (as in imines the amine lone pair) but the double bond. Therefore like alkenes, phosphaalkenes engage in Wittig reactions, Peterson reactions, Cope rearrangements, and Diels-Alder reactions.
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It was envisaged that Taxol (51) could be accessed through tail addition of the Ojima lactam 48 to alcohol 47. Of the four rings of Taxol, the D ring was formed last, the result of a simple intramolecular SN2 reaction of hydroxytosylate 38, which could be synthesized from hydroxyketone 27. Formation of the six-membered C ring took place through a Dieckmann condensation of lactone 23, which could be obtained through a Chan rearrangement of carbonate ester 15. Substrate 15 could be derived from ketone 6, which, after several oxidations and rearrangements, could be furnished from commercially available patchoulene oxide 1.
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Moulton & Wiegmann (2007) Dolichocephala irrorata (alt= Among the subfamilies currently placed herein, not all are confirmed to be monophyletic groups. Some rearrangements, in particular regarding the delimitation of Empididae versus Dolichopodidae - which together represent the bulk and the most advanced lineages of the Empidoidea - are likely to take place in the future. The Brachystomatinae, Empidinae and Hemerodromiinae however seem to be natural groups of closest relatives in their entirety, and the Clinocerinae apparently are for the largest part. Based on the most recent phylogenetic studies, the relationship between Empididae and other members of Empidoidea is as follows.
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Monotremes possess four or five (platypus) pairs of XY sex chromosomes, each pair consisting of sex chromosomes with homologous regions. The chromosomes of neighboring pairs are partially homologous, such that a chain is formed during mitosis. The first X chromosome in the chain is also partially homologous with the last Y chromosome, indicating that profound rearrangements, some adding new pieces from autosomes, have occurred in history. Platypus sex chromosomes have strong sequence similarity with the avian Z chromosome, (indicating close homology), and the SRY gene so central to sex-determination in most other mammals is apparently not involved in platypus sex-determination.
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They are also very valuable in screening the genome for DNA gains and losses at an unprecedented resolution. Targeted arrays are designed for a specific region(s) of the genome for the purpose of evaluating that targeted segment. It may be designed to study a specific chromosome or chromosomal segment or to identify and evaluate specific DNA dosage abnormalities in individuals with suspected microdeletion syndromes or subtelomeric rearrangements. The crucial goal of a targeted microarray in medical practice is to provide clinically useful results for diagnosis, genetic counseling, prognosis, and clinical management of unbalanced cytogenetic abnormalities.
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Genetic alterations and rearrangements occur frequently in cancer and contribute to its pathogenesis. Detecting these aberrations by array CGH provides information on the locations of important cancer genes and can have clinical use in diagnosis, cancer classification and prognostification. However, not all of the losses of genetic material are pathogenetic, since some DNA material is physiologically lost during the rearrangement of immunoglobulin subgenes. In a recent study, array CGH has been implemented to identify regions of chromosomal aberration (copy-number variation) in several mouse models of breast cancer, leading to identification of cooperating genes during myc-induced oncogenesis.
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Wang Y, Ying J, Kuzma M, Chalifoux M, Sample A, McArthur C, Uchacz T, Sarvas C, Wan J, Dennis DT, McCourt P, & Huang Y (2005) Molecular tailoring of farnesylation for plant drought tolerance and yield protection. Plant J 43:413-424. Guard cells also provide an excellent model for basic studies on how a cell integrates numerous kinds of input signals to produce a response (stomatal opening or closing). These responses require coordination of numerous cell biological processes in guard cells, including signal reception, ion channel and pump regulation, membrane trafficking, transcription, cytoskeletal rearrangements and more.
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Using cladistic analysis rearrangements that have diversified the mammalian karyotype are more precisely mapped and placed in a phylogenomic perspective. "Comparative chromosomics" defines the field of cytogenetics dealing with molecular approaches, although "chromosomics" was originally introduced to define the research of chromatin dynamics and morphological changes in interphase chromosome structures. Chromosome painting or Zoo-FISH was the first technique to have a wide-ranging impact. With this method the homology of chromosome regions between different species are identified by hybridizing DNA probes of an individual, whole chromosomes of one species to metaphase chromosomes of another species.
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The creation of the Society of American Cantors in 1897 was partly in order to facilitate the composition of a hymnal for the UAHC (Union of American Hebrew Congregations). The first Union Hymnal (1897) they created featured abundant hymns, English translations of Hebrew prayers, adaptations of Protestant "favorites", and rearrangements of European classical music used as settings. The Central Conference of American Rabbis endorsed its use in 1903 "so that it may in reality become what it was intended to be, a bond of union for all congregations throughout the land."Yearbook of the Central Conference of American Rabbis Vol.
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Peter B. Dervan was born on June 28, 1945 in Boston, Massachusetts. Dervan received his B.S. degree from Boston College in 1967, where professor Francis Bennett sparked his interest in synthetic organic chemistry. He began graduate studies at the University of Wisconsin then moved with Jerome A. Berson's research group to Yale University where he completed his graduate research in physical organic chemistry, studying ways in which chemical bonds are created and broken apart. He received his Ph.D. degree from Yale in 1972, for The Stereochemistry of the Thermal Rearrangements of Trans-1,2-Dialkenylcyclobutanes and Cis-1,2-Dialkenylcyclobutanes.
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In eukaryotic phototrophs, these mechanisms include non-photochemical quenching mechanisms such as the xanthophyll cycle, biochemical pathways which serve as "relief valves", structural rearrangements of the complexes in the photosynthetic apparatus, and use of antioxidant molecules. Higher plants sometimes employ strategies such as reorientation of leaf axes to minimize incident light striking the surface. Mechanisms may also act on a longer time-scale, such as up-regulation of stress response proteins or down-regulation of pigment biosynthesis, although these processes are better characterized as "photoacclimatization" processes. Cyanobacteria possess some unique strategies for photoprotection which have not been identified in plants nor in algae.
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In the vast majority of cases, these diseases are transmitted by a female to her children, as the zygote derives its mitochondria and hence its mtDNA from the ovum. Diseases such as Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Pearson syndrome, and progressive external ophthalmoplegia are thought to be due to large-scale mtDNA rearrangements, whereas other diseases such as MELAS syndrome, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF), and others are due to point mutations in mtDNA. In other diseases, defects in nuclear genes lead to dysfunction of mitochondrial proteins. This is the case in Friedreich's ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and Wilson's disease.
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'" After auditioning a number of drummers ("maybe ten or a dozen" by Bernstein's estimates), Dylan replaced Wyeth with Denny Seiwell, who briefly played with Paul McCartney and Wings. When rehearsal was held on December 30, the band now included Stoner, Mansfield, Soles, guitarist Jesse Ed Davis, and singers Katey Sagal, Debbie Dye Gibson, and Frannie Eisenberg. This rehearsal was mostly dedicated to rearrangements of classic Dylan compositions, many of which drew heavily on the adult-contemporary pop of the time (Wayne Newton, Barry Manilow, Marvin Hamlisch). As biographer Clinton Heylin writes, "[Dylan] began to impose a grander vision on whatever sound the Revue veterans had initially conceived.
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MTV Asia Aid in Bangkok in February 2005 Amuro released her second compilation album, Love Enhanced Single Collection, on March 13, 2002. The album reworked nearly every single released after her return from hiatus in 1998, with new vocals, mixes or rearrangements. The single "I Will" was released a month before the album and became Amuro's first single below 100,000 units in sales. Although the album was moderately successful, peaking at number three and shifting over 300,000 units, it only sold a fraction of its predecessor 181920 (1998). In July 2002, Amuro divorced Maruyama, and legally changed her name back to Namie Amuro, having cited irreconcilable differences.
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The public are admitted, circa 1905, for a rare glimpse of the gardens at Brympton d'Evercy. During the 20th century, the house survived its owner's impoverishment and was alternately a private house, a school, an open "stately home", once again a private house, and is, today, a wedding venue. The unprecedented demolitions of the 20th century did not see the complete demise of the country house, but rather a consolidation of those that were most favoured by their owners. Many were the subject of comprehensive alteration and rearrangements of the interior, to facilitate a new way of life less dependent on vast armies of servants.
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Basic steps in electrochemotherapy treatment When a biological cell is exposed to an electric field of sufficient strength, an increase in the transmembrane voltage is generated, which leads to rearrangements of the cell membrane structure. These changes result in an increase of the cell membrane permeability, which allows nonpermeant molecules to enter the cell. This phenomenon is called electroporation (or electropermeabilization) and is becoming widely used to improve anticancer drug delivery into cells, which is being referred to as electrochemotherapy. All biomedical applications of cell electropermeabilization use direct currents (all unipolar) with short and intense pulses (even though in vitro, time-decayed pulses can be used).
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The Baltic was dominated by Russia, something Britain wasn't comfortable with since it provided valuable commodities like timber, tar and hemp, crucial supplies to Britain's empire. Britain supported the Ottoman Empire against Russian incursions towards the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, French territorial rearrangements in Germany occurred without Russian consultation and Napoleon's annexations in the Po valley increasingly strained relations between the two. Having been defeated twice in recent memory by France and keen on revenge,France had defeated Austrian in the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1801) Austria also joined the coalition a few months later.
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In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners." 2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen.
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Beyond the creation of databases, Kissinger focuses on the analysis and comparison of parasite genomes. Using genome assemblies from across the Apicomplexa (which includes malaria and toxoplasmosis parasites) it was shown that genetic synteny (genes arranged in the same groupings in different genomes) was substantially less than expected from animal genomes, suggesting that the parasite genomes have undergone major rearrangements or that their most recent common ancestor is more ancient than previously thought. In 2012 her lab helped develop a computational tool, MCScanX, to identify synteny across genomes, which has been cited >650 times. Kissinger continues to make big data obtained from investigations into parasites as accessible as it can be.
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BjF consists of two naphthalene-like structures which are fused by a cyclopentane structure. This cyclopentane is not included in the aromaticity of the molecule. BjF can be obtained when either 2-(1-chloroethenyl)benzo[c]phenanthrene or 6-(1-chloroethenyl)chrysene is treated by flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT) at high temperatures (above 900 °C) followed by ring rearrangements (ring contraction/expansion) to selectively yield BjF.M. Sarobe et al. (1 January 1997) "High temperature gas phase syntheses of C20H12 cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benz[l]acephenanthrylene and benz[j]acephenanthrylene and their selective rearrangement to benzo[j]fluoranthene" Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Trans.
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Self Portrait is presented as a two-disc release, delineating Hitomi's career into two distinct periods. Whereas the second half of Self Portrait is distinguished by Hitomi's early work under music producer Testuya Komuro, the introductory half chronicles her collaboration with Zentaro Watanabe. The first disc contains nearly every single from Thermo Plastic (1999), Love Life (2000), and Huma-rhythm (2002), bar "Inner Child", "Wish" and "Made to be in Love" from their triple A-side release with "Kimi no Tonari" (君のとなり). The singles "Maria" and "Kimi no Tonari" are rearrangements found on their parent albums, with the latter being a first press bonus track originally.
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HTM: Tiartrop Fles (stylized as HTM〜TIARTROP FLES〜) is a compilation album by Japanese singer and songwriter Hitomi. It was released on October 16, 2003, through Avex Trax. Promoted as a companion to Self Portrait (2002), the album collects B-sides or coupling songs (カップリング曲) that were not previously included on Love Life (2000), Huma- rhtyhm (2002) or Self Portrait itself. Its last four tracks make earlier appearances in other forms, with "Plastic Time Machine (8・2・1 Version)" and "Innocence (Regenerated Version)" being rearrangements, "My Planet" appearing on the Song Nation (2002) charity album, and "Elephant Love" on Doppler (2002) by Atami.
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A phase I/II clinical trial enrolled 12 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) to test the safety and effectiveness of administering ZFN-modified autologous helper T cells. Through targeted deletions, the custom ZFN disables the C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) gene, which encodes a co-receptor that is used by the HIV virus to enter the cell. As a result of the high degree of sequence homology between C-C chemokine receptors this ZFN also cleaves CCR2, leading to off-target ∼15kb deletions and genomic rearrangements. The impacts of these CCR2 modifications are still not known, and to date there have been no reported side effects.
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Since cells that lack the BRCA1 protein tend to repair DNA damages by alternative more error-prone mechanisms, the reduction or silencing of this protein generates mutations and gross chromosomal rearrangements that can lead to progression to breast cancer. Similarly, BRCA1 expression is low in the majority (55%) of sporadic epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) where EOCs are the most common type of ovarian cancer, representing approximately 90% of ovarian cancers. In serous ovarian carcinomas, a sub-category constituting about 2/3 of EOCs, low BRCA1 expression occurs in more than 50% of cases. Bowtell reviewed the literature indicating that deficient homologous recombination repair caused by BRCA1 deficiency is tumorigenic.
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In 2004, a comparative study of the karyotypes of the three traditional species of sifakas provided insight into the chromosomal arrangements of all three groups. This study found that the golden-crowned sifaka differs from P. verreauxi group and P. diadema group by 9 and 17 chromosomal rearrangements respectively, and conversely argued that the golden-crowned sifaka is indeed a separate species and is more closely related to the P. verreauxi group. More recently, in 2007 a craniodental (skull and tooth) study provided evidence for 9 or 10 distinct sifaka species, including the golden-crowned sifaka. It also placed the golden-crowned sifaka within the P. verreauxi group.
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During this ballistic process, energies of impinging ions displace atoms and electrons of the target material several lattice sites away, resulting in relocations there and interface mixing at the boundary layer. (Note that energies must be sufficiently high in order for the lattice rearrangements to be permanent rather than manifesting as mere vibrational responses to the impinging radiation, i.e. the kinetic energies must be above the threshold displacement energy of the material.) If energies are kept sufficiently high in these nuclear collisions, then, compared to traditional high-dose implantation processes, ballistic ion implantation produces higher intrafilm alloy concentrations at lower doses of irradiation compared to conventional implantation processes.
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These rearrangements have been shown to induce gene duplications and deletions that largely contribute to genome plasticity and dramatically change the dynamic of gene function. Furthermore, retroelements in general are largely prevalent in rapidly evolving, mammal-specific gene families whose function is largely related to the response to stress and external stimuli. In particular, both human class I and class II MHC genes have a high density of HERV elements as compared to other multi-locus-gene families. It has been shown that HERVs have contributed to the formation of extensively duplicated duplicon blocks that make up the HLA class 1 family of genes.
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Siepel has worked on various problems at the intersection of computer science, statistics, evolutionary biology, and genomics. At Los Alamos National Laboratory, he developed phylogenetic methods for detecting recombinant strains of HIV, and at the National Center for Genome Resources, he led the development of ISYS, a technology for integrating heterogeneous bioinformatics databases, analysis tools, and visualization programs. Siepel also did theoretical work on algorithms for phylogeny reconstruction based on genome rearrangements, working with Bernard Moret at the University of New Mexico. When Siepel left software development to join David Haussler's laboratory at the University of California, Santa Cruz, he turned to computational problems in comparative genomics.
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It presents new musical compositions, rearrangements of classic Yes hits such as "Owner of a Lonely Heart", "Roundabout" and "Wonderous Stories", as well as Ponty compositions with lyrics written by Anderson such as "Infinite Mirage" (based on Enigmatic Ocean's "Mirage") and "Listening with Me" (based on A Taste for Passion's "Stay with Me"). The band's original line-up, which played at Aspen, included the bass guitarist Baron Browne, the drummer Rayford Griffin, the keyboardist Wally Minko and the guitarist Jamie Dunlap. By January 2015, Dunlap had left the band and Ponty's guitarist, Jamie Glaser, subsequently overdubbed all of Dunlap's original parts for the album.
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In type I rearrangements (Y-A-B-X conversion to X-A-B-Y) the two migrating groups are oriented trans to each other and as a result of the rearrangement they migrate to opposite sides. The first example of a dyotropic rearrangement involving a carbon-carbon bond was reported by Cyril A. Grob and Saul Winstein.Organische und biologische Chemie Mechanismus der Mutarotation von 5,6-Dibromcholestan C.A. Grob, S. Winstein Helvetica Chimica Acta Volume 35 Issue 3, Pages 782 - 802 1952 They observed the interconversion of 2 bromine atoms in a certain steroid. In a straightforward example the two bromine atoms in 3-tert-butyl-trans-1,2-dibromohexane mutarotate by heating.
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Further, the duplicated genes were hypothesized to have arisen by translocations rather than by un-equal crossing over. Gottlieb applied gene duplications in determining the phylogeny of "Clarkia", because "Duplications originating by chromosomal rearrangements have a high probability of being unique. Thus species with the PGI duplication presumably descended from a single references ancestor and can now be grouped into a monophyletic assemblage..." He conducted biochemical studies of the cytosolic PGIs in Clarkia xantiana, and found that there was very little difference in PGI's produced by the duplicated genes. In this same review he reported on a "family" of duplicated genes in Stephanomeria exigua that controlled the production of ADH.
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Internal rearrangements to the magazines and boiler rooms resulted in "G2", while an attempt to move all of the gun turrets to the broadside was presented as "G3", but this proved to be unworkable. "G2" was chosen for continued refinement, becoming "G7" and then "G7b", which the Kaiser approved on 3 March 1906. The initial arrangement with three funnels was altered to just two, and a new bow was incorporated, securing approval from the Kaiser on 14 April as "G7d". Construction of the first vessel was authorized on 31 May; another member was added shortly thereafter, with another two authorized for the 1907 construction program.
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In spite of the lower stability of gold(III) complexes under catalytic conditions, simple AuCl3 was also found to be an efficient catalyst in some cases. For instance, Hashmi reported an AuCl3-catalyzed alkyne / furan Diels–Alder reaction - a type of cycloaddition that does not ordinarily occur - for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted phenols: :400x400px Further mechanistic studies conclude that this is not a concerted transformation, but rather an initial alkyne hydroarylation followed by a series of non-obvious intramolecular rearrangements, concluding with a 6π electrocyclization and rearomatization. Relativistic effects are significant in organogold chemistry due to the large nuclear charge of the metal (Z = 79).
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Patients who are refractory to, relapse within 1 year of diagnosis before starting, relapse within 6 months after completing, or progress within 2 years of starting R-CHOP have poorer prognoses. R-CHOP is less effective and not recommended for patients who have MYC, BL2, and/or BL6 rearrangements regardless of their GBC, ABC, or non-GBC type. One recommendation for treating these DH/THL cases is the DA-R-EPOCH regimen (dose-adjusted rituximab, etoposide, prednisolone, oncovin, cyclophosphamide, and hydroxydaunorubicin). S-R-EPOCH achieves 2 year survival rates of 40-67% compared to a ~25% survival rate for R-CHOP in these cases.
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CUDC-907, an inhibitor of PI3K and histone deacetylases, is being evaluated in two separate clinical trials for the treatment of refractory and/or relapsed DLBCL, NOS including cases with alterations in the MYC gene. GSK525762, an inhibitor of the BET family of proteins, suppresses expression of the MYC gene and is undergoing a phase I clinical trial for the treatment of high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC, BL2, and/or BL6 rearrangements (i.e. DH/THL). RO6870810, another BET inhibitor, in combination with Venetoclax, an inhibitor of the Bcl-2 protein, is likewise in a phase I clinical trial for the treatment of DH/THL.
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Jan Klemens Branicki succeeded Józef Potocki as Crown Hetman The magnate factions utilized foreign help: The Potocki group was supported by Prussia of Frederick II, the Familia of the Czartoryskis perceived imperial Russia as the future ultimate arbiter of the Commonwealth's fate. Amidst the domestic bickering and foreign meddling, the indispensable treasury and military reforms had never materialized, despite several apparent opportunities and close calls, most notably at the sejm of 1744. From the 1750s and for the remainder of the reign of Augustus III, the Commonwealth descended into anarchy, corrupt private pursuits and unrestrained violation by foreign forces. Significant rearrangements were taking place among the powers surrounding the Commonwealth.
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However alongside other rearrangements in the haulage trade, the Carmen separated and formed their own fellowship in 1668, but were unsuccessful in gaining the power to regulate carmen, until the Woodmongers became defunct in 1746. The Carmen did not acquire a Royal Charter until 1946. Now that carts have been rendered obsolete by trucks and vans, the Carmen remain as a charitable and ceremonial institution with over 500 Liverymen, 180 Freemen plus additional 23 apprentices. The Carmen organise the ceremony of Cart Marking, which originated in the rule that no cart could ply for hire within the City of London unless licensed by the Corporation.
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The images seem to conflict logically and chronologically, and have led different commentators to rearrange the lines or assume some lacuna in the text. More modern criticse.g. D. Thomas Benediktson - "Propertius: Modernist Poet of Antiquity", Southern Illinois University Press (1989) have pointed out that all the proposed rearrangements assume Propertius' original poetry adhered strictly to the classical literary principles as set down by Aristotle, and so the apparent jumble is a result of manuscript corruptions. Another possibility is that Propertius was deliberately presenting disjointed images in violation of principles such as the Classical Unities, a theory which argues for different unifying structures in Propertius' elegies.
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The loss of replication fork integrity, an event precipitated by DNA damage, unusual DNA sequence, or insufficient deoxyribonucleotide precursors, can lead to the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and chromosome rearrangements. Normally, these replication problems trigger an S-phase checkpoint that minimizes genomic damage by blocking further elongation and physically stabilizing protein-DNA associations at the replication fork until the problem is fixed. This stabilization of the replication fork requires the physical interaction of MCM2-7 with Mrc1, Tof1, and Csm3 (M/T/C complex). In the absence of these proteins, dsDNA unwinding and replisome movement powered by MCM2-7 continue, but DNA synthesis stops.
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Well-known catalysts of genetic instability include direct, inverted, and tandem repeats, which are known to be conspicuous in a large number of commercially available cloning and expression vectors. Insertion sequences can also severely impact plasmid function and yield, by leading to deletions and rearrangements, activation, down-regulation or inactivation of neighboring gene expression. Therefore, the reduction or complete elimination of extraneous noncoding backbone sequences would pointedly reduce the propensity for such events to take place, and consequently, the overall recombinogenic potential of the plasmid. A schematic representation of the pBR322 plasmid, one of the first plasmids to be used widely as a cloning vector.
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Cover artwork for Chrono Trigger Arranged Version: The Brink of Time Chrono Trigger Arranged Version: The Brink of Time is an album of acid jazz rearrangements of the music from Chrono Trigger, arranged and performed by GUIDO (Hiroshi Hata and Hidenobu Ootsuki). The soundtrack spans one disc and 10 tracks, covering a duration of 52:47. It was published by NTT Publishing on June 25, 1995, and reprinted on October 1, 2004. The Brink of Time came about because Mitsuda wanted to do something that no one else was doing, and he noted that acid jazz and its related genres were uncommon in the Japanese market.
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These proved difficult to incorporate, as the requested changes increased topweight, which necessitated reductions in armor thicknesses to keep the ship from becoming too top-heavy. The navy refused to allow the reductions, however, and so further rearrangements were considered. On 23 December, the designers evaluated a pair of proposals for the secondary gun turrets from Schneider-Creusot and the government-run Direction de l'artillerie (Artillery Directorate), and that from the latter was adopted for the new ship. These were new two-gun turrets, which allowed for a greater number of the secondary weapons to be carried in turrets, which were more flexible mounts than traditional casemates.
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These proved difficult to incorporate, as the requested changes increased topweight, which necessitated reductions in armor thicknesses to keep the ship from becoming too top-heavy. The navy refused to allow the reductions, however, and so further rearrangements were considered. On 23 December, the designers evaluated a pair of proposals for the secondary gun turrets from Schneider-Creusot and the government-run Direction de l'artillerie (Artillery Directorate), and that from the latter was adopted for the new ship. Another meeting on 28 April 1899 settled on the final characteristics of the design, and on 29 May, Bertin was directed to alter the design to conform to the adopted specifications.
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These two properties—weak interactions and thermodynamic stability—can be recalled to rationalise another property often found in self-assembled systems: the sensitivity to perturbations exerted by the external environment. These are small fluctuations that alter thermodynamic variables that might lead to marked changes in the structure and even compromise it, either during or after self-assembly. The weak nature of interactions is responsible for the flexibility of the architecture and allows for rearrangements of the structure in the direction determined by thermodynamics. If fluctuations bring the thermodynamic variables back to the starting condition, the structure is likely to go back to its initial configuration.
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Crystal structures have been solved for bacterial 70S ribosome bound to each of the three release factors, revealing details in codon recognition by RF1/2 and the EF-G-like rotation of RF3. Cryo-EM structures have been obtained for eukaryotic mamallian 80S ribosome bound to eRF1 and/or eRF3, providing a view of structural rearrangements caused by the factors. Fitting the EM images to previously known crystal structures of individual parts provides identification and a more detailed view of the process. In both systems, the class II (e)RF3 binds to the universal GTPase site on the ribosome, while the class I RFs occupy the A site.
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The music was composed by Motoi Sakuraba, who had composed for nearly all the previous Tales games, and his regular partner Shinji Tamura, the latter working under the alias Hibiki Aoyama. While creating the soundtrack, Sakuraba was caught in the transition between sequenced to prerecorded streamed music, the latter of which gave room for rearrangements and improvisation mid-production. Sequenced music had been used up to Abyss, so it was the first time in the series that Sakuraba used this method, although he had done so for all his other projects at the time. For some tracks, a heavy piano element was used, with Sakuraba playing the instrument.
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Following the tragic events of October 27, 1999, RPA representative Aram Sargsyan was appointed Prime Minister. Later, in May 2000 political rearrangements resulted in appointing Andranik Margaryan, chairman of the RPA council and the leader of the Unity faction, in capacity of Prime Minister. During his years in the Prime Minister's office significant positive moves took place in the country's economic and governing systems, and a tangible activity was carried out towards increasing the weight of national ideology in the social, political and public life. Being an ideological structure, the RPA has always focused on disseminating and enrooting its ideology and approach in the society.
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The album consists of a selection of rearrangements of older songs played by the "defrosted" lineup of the band in their style. Besides these songs, the "defrosted" P-Model also performed nine other songs from older albums (including In a Model Room, Landsale and Scuba, which are not represented in this selection) that did not receive studio remixes. It is part of a pair of conceptual takes on a live album, alongside Pause: For this album, Hirasawa aimed to replicate the songs as they sounded to the band members. Since the band heard their music on stage coming from multiple speakers/monitors, they got a "flood" of distorted sound.
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The Strachans' Millionaire soundtrack was honoured by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers with numerous awards, the earliest of them awarded in 2000. The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the U.S. version's clock format in 2008; for example, the question cues were synced to the "ticking" sounds of the game clock. Even later, the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010, in favour of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams, co-founders of the Los Angeles-based company Ah2 Music.
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Returning to Iberia, Vakhtang took up a series of measures aimed at strengthening the royal authority. Resenting Iranian encroachments on his independence, Vakhtang reversed his political orientation and effected a rapprochement with the Roman government. He married Helena, "daughter" (possibly relative) of Emperor Zeno, and received permission from Constantinople to elevate the head of the church of Iberia, the bishop of Mtskheta, to the rank of catholicos, which he sent, together with newly appointed 12 bishops, to be consecrated at Antioch. These rearrangements did not pass smoothly and the king had to overcome opposition, especially in the person of Mikel, the deposed bishop of Mtskheta.
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DNA may be modified, either naturally or artificially, by a number of physical, chemical and biological agents, resulting in mutations. Hermann Muller found that "High temperatures" have the ability to mutate genes in the early 1920s, and in 1927, demonstrated a causal link to mutation upon experimenting with an x-ray machine and noting phylogenetic changes when irradiating fruit flies with relatively high dose of X-rays. Muller observed a number of chromosome rearrangements in his experiments, and suggested mutation as a cause of cancer. The association of exposure to radiation and cancer had been observed as early as 1902, six years after the discovery of X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen and radioactivity by Henri Becquerel.
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Like previous games in the series, Ultimate features several well-known video game music composers and arrangers providing a mix of original music and rearrangements of various tracks for the represented franchises, with over 900 tracks in total. New to Ultimate is the tying of tracks to franchises instead of individual stages, as well as the ability to create custom playlists to listen to outside of the game when the Switch is in handheld mode. Sakurai stated that he began contacting composers over a year before release, providing them with a database of over a thousand suggested track ideas. In addition, he allowed them to submit their own personal favorites, with those choices being given priority for inclusion.
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Because Tenebra's atmosphere contains large quantities of sulphur, the planet's lakes and small oceans are filled with sulphuric acid. Throughout the day-night cycle the lakes and oceans rise and fall like tides in the Bay of Fundy, due to the heavy nightly rainfall and the easy evaporation of the liquid water (its heat of vaporization stands close to zero under Tenebran conditions). The constant ebb and flow of hot, pressurized sulphuric acid weakens the planet's crust, resulting in frequent earthquakes and minor rearrangements of the landscape. For two decades humans have been observing this world from the space station Vindemiatrix, which revolves about Tenebra on a synchronous orbit, one with a period just under 96 hours.
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It is therefore useful for finding exons, microdeletions, amplifications, or rearrangements. Before the combing improvement, FISH was too low-res to be of use in this case. With this technique, the resolution of FISH is theoretically limited only by the resolution of the epifluorescence microscope; in practice, resolutions of around 2 µm are obtained, for DNA molecules usually 200–600 kb long (though combing-FISH has been used with some success on molecules in excess of 1 Mb long), and there may be room for improvement through optimisation. Since DNA analyses using this technique are single-molecule, genomes from different cells can be compared to find anomalies, with implications for diagnosis of cancer and other genetic alterations.
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Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that the gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.9 – 17.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from Old World monkeys). Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera 5-7 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera has been hard to resolve, even with whole genome data, due to radiative speciations and extensive incomplete lineage sorting.Matsudaira K, Ishida T (2010) Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of the whole mitochondrial genome sequences among three gibbon genera. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
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In 1962 and 1963, with his next band, Harmoniler ("The Harmonies"), he recorded cover versions of some of popular American twist songs and rearrangements of Turkish folk songs in rock and roll form, marking the beginning of the Anatolian rock movement, a synthesis of Turkish folk music and rock. In this period, his key visual and musical influence was Elvis Presley. After graduating from high school in 1963, he moved to Europe, travelling around Paris and Liège, where he formed bands with local musicians and recorded some singles mainly in English and in French but also in Turkish. Then, in 1964, Barış Manço continued his studies at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Liège, Belgium.
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For example, the first remake introduced the ability to play as the heroine, but Adventures of Mana, like the original, only has a male playable character; conversely Adventures of Manas battle system, user interface and sword attack are based on Sword of Manas rather than the original's. Kenji Ito, the composer for Final Fantasy Adventure, returned to create updated and more dramatic rearrangements for the remake. The idea to develop a remake came when Oyamada, due to the Mana series' 25th anniversary in 2016, thought about how he would like players to be able to play through the series in sequential order on modern game platforms. The platforms – Android, iOS and PlayStation Vita – were decided on from the beginning.
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If, however, quicksort chooses some random element to be the pivot, then an adversary without knowledge of what random numbers are coming up cannot arrange the data to guarantee worst-case execution time for quicksort. The classic on-line problem first analysed with competitive analysis is the list update problem: Given a list of items and a sequence of requests for the various items, minimize the cost of accessing the list where the elements closer to the front of the list cost less to access. (Typically, the cost of accessing an item is equal to its position in the list.) After an access, the list may be rearranged. Most rearrangements have a cost.
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The 2-norbornyl cation can also be formed via rearrangements of similar ions, such as the 1-norbornyl and 7-norbornyl cations, though these are generally not as well understood. Carbon-14 radioactive isotope labeling experiments have shown that complex scrambling in norbornyl cation systems allow C to be present at all seven positions of the norbornyl system. By cycling between low and high temperatures during the hydrolyses of 1- and 7-choloronorbornanes, a large amount of 2-norbornanol was observed in addition to the expected 1- and 7-norbornanols, respectively. Thus the 1- and 7-norbornyl cations have some mechanism by which they can rearrange to the more stable 2-norbornyl cation on the timescale of solvolysis reactions.
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For molecules in dynamic equilibrium such as the 2-norbornyl cation, nuclei within each set can also be transformed to one another through rearrangements with fast reaction rates. Since the proposed dynamic equilibrium of the classical ion proponents had very fast rates of rearrangement, the first NMR studies did not favor nor invalidate any of the three proposed structures. But by using solid-state NMR analysis, one can lower the temperature of the NMR experiment to and thus significantly slow down any rearrangement phenomena. Solid-state C NMR spectra of the 2-norbornyl cation shows that carbons 1 and 2 are in identical chemical environments, which is consistent only with the non-classical picture of the 2-norbornyl cation.
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Some studies have used interesting comparisons in order to probe the energetic stability of the 2-norbornyl cation provided by its delocalized nature. Comparing the rearrangement between the 3-methyl-2-norbornyl cation and the 2-methyl-2-norbornyl cation to that between the tertiary and secondary isopentane carbocations, one finds that the change in enthalpy is about 6 kcal/mol less for the norbornyl system. Since the major difference between these two reversible rearrangements is the amount of delocalization possible in the electronic ground state, one can attribute the stabilization of the 3-methyl-2-norbornyl cation to its non-classical nature. However, some experimental studies failed to observe this stabilization in solvolysis reactions.
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It was originally announced that the revamped Archon Genomics X PRIZE presented by Medco would hold a $10-million grand prize competition in January 2013 for the team that reaches (or comes closest to reaching) the $1,000 genome. The grand prize would go to "the team(s) able to sequence 100 human genomes within 30 days to an accuracy of 1 error per 1,000,000 bases, with 98% completeness, identification of insertions, deletions and rearrangements, and a complete haplotype, at an audited total cost of $1,000 per genome." In August 2013 the Archon Genomics X PRIZE was cancelled, as the founders felt it had been "Outpaced by Innovation," and "was not incentivizing the technological changes".
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This relative isolation until recent times is due to Sussex's geography, with the sea to the south, the forest and sticky clays of the Weald to the north and coastal marshes to the east and west. Sussex escaped the wholesale rearrangements of life and customs which the Norse invasions brought to much of England and the Germanic culture of the South Saxons remained much more intact than that of the rest of England. The people of Sussex have a reputation for independence of thought and an aversion to being pushed around, as expressed through the Sussex motto, We wunt be druv. The reputation for independence also extends to admiration of the independence of others and toleration of others.
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The strongest possible evidence for de novo emergence is the inference of the specific mutation(s) that created coding potential, typically through the analysis of microsyntenic regions of closely related species. One challenge in applying synteny-based methods is the fact that synteny can be difficult to detect across longer timescales. To address this, various techniques have been tried, such as using exons clustered irrespective of their specific order to define syntenic blocks or algorithms that use well-conserved genomic regions to expand microsyntenic blocks. There are also difficulties associated with applying synteny-based approaches to genome assemblies that are fragmented or in lineages with high rates of chromosomal rearrangements, as is common in insects.
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As a homage to the original Mega Man series, each Navi has a musical theme, and most of them are rearrangements of the themes used for their Robot Master counterparts in the original games. For example, IceMan's theme is a remixed version of his stage theme from the very first Mega Man game released on the NES. These themes play on the PET menu interface for each Navi, and some Navis have additional remixes of the same themes used for mini-games unique to them. Furthermore, Navis like Roll (who did not have themes from the original games) or ThunderMan (who was created specifically for the Battle Network series) receive new themes for this game.
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At the base of this heterozygosity lies the occurrence of numeric and structural chromosomal rearrangements and changes as means of generating genetic diversity by chromosome length polymorphisms (contraction/expansion of repeats), reciprocal translocations, chromosome deletions, Nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms and trisomy of individual chromosomes. These karyotypic alterations lead to changes in the phenotype, which is an adaptation strategy of this fungus. These mechanisms are further being explored with the availability of the complete analysis of the C. albicans genome. An unusual feature of the genus Candida is that in many of its species (including C. albicans and C. tropicalis, but not, for instance, C. glabrata) the CUG codon, which normally specifies leucine, specifies serine in these species.
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Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte cell involved in the innate immune system's response to viral infection and tumor transformation of host cells. Like T cells, NK cells have many qualities characteristic of the adaptive immune system, including the production of “memory” cells that persist following encounter with antigens and the ability to create a secondary recall response. Unlike T cells, NK cell receptors are germline encoded, and therefore do not require somatic gene rearrangements. Because NK cells target self cells, they have an intricate mechanism by which they differentiate self and non-self cells in order to minimize the destruction of healthy cells and maximize the destruction of unhealthy cells.
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In photosynthesis, state transitions are rearrangements of the photosynthetic apparatus which occur on short time-scales (seconds to minutes). The effect is prominent in cyanobacteria, whereby the phycobilisome light-harvesting antenna complexes alter their preference for transfer of excitation energy between the two reaction centers, PS I and PS II. This shift helps to minimize photodamage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stressful conditions such as high light, but may also be used to offset imbalances between the rates of generating reductant and ATP. The phenomenon was first discovered in unicellular green algae, and may also occur in plants. However, in these organisms it occurs by a different mechanism, which is not as well understood.
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Sigmatropic rearrangements are concisely described by an order term [i,j], which is defined as the migration of a σ-bond adjacent to one or more π systems to a new position (i−1) and (j−1) atoms removed from the original location of the σ-bond. When the sum of i and j is an even number, this is an indication of the involvement of a neutral, all C atom chain. An odd number is an indication of the involvement of a charged C atom or of a heteroatom lone pair replacing a CC double bond. Thus, [1,5] and [3,3] shifts become [1,4] and [2,3] shifts with heteroatoms, while preserving symmetry considerations.
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The FDA has approved imatinib for use in adults with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), myelodysplastic/ myeloproliferative diseases associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor gene rearrangements, aggressive systemic mastocytosis without or an unknown D816V c-KIT mutation, hypereosinophilic syndrome and/or chronic eosinophilic leukemia who have the FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase (CHIC2 allele deletion) or FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion kinase negative or unknown, unresectable, recurrent and/or metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. On 25 January 2013, Gleevec was approved for use in children with Ph+ ALL. For treatment of progressive plexiform neurofibromas associated with neurofibromatosis type I, early research has shown potential for using the c-KIT tyrosine kinase blocking properties of imatinib.
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Other benefits of an Eco-house, aside from the obvious one of having minimal heating costs, are a healthy living environment. The heat recovery system can eliminate dampness and the moulds that are so often a health hazard. The air intake filters prevent dust coming in with the incoming fresh air and the internal vacuum cleaner system extracts dust from the house and vents it (via the dust collection bag and filter) to the outside, thus no microscopic particles of dust remain in the house. Load bearing internal walls are minimised to allow rearrangements of the interior spaces, and the build technology is such that local trades can carry out alterations and easy maintenance.
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In linear algebra and matroid theory, Rota's basis conjecture is an unproven conjecture concerning rearrangements of bases, named after Gian-Carlo Rota. It states that, if X is either a vector space of dimension n or more generally a matroid of rank n, with n disjoint bases Bi, then it is possible to arrange the elements of these bases into an n × n matrix in such a way that the rows of the matrix are exactly the given bases and the columns of the matrix are also bases. That is, it should be possible to find a second set of n disjoint bases Ci, each of which consists of one element from each of the bases Bi.
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ATM and the immune system As lymphocytes develop from stem cells in the bone marrow into mature lymphocytes in the periphery, they rearrange special segments of their DNA [V(D)J recombination process]. This process requires them to make DSBs, which are difficult to repair in the absence of ATM. As a result, most people with A–T have reduced numbers of lymphocytes and some impairment of lymphocyte function (such as an impaired ability to make antibodies in response to vaccines or infections). In addition, broken pieces of DNA in chromosomes involved in the above-mentioned rearrangements have a tendency to recombine with other genes (translocation), making the cells prone to the development of cancer (lymphoma and leukemia).
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In 1891, Otto Kuntze moved the species into Lactifluus, which was afterwards long considered a synonym of Lactarius but confirmed as a separate genus through molecular phylogenetics in 2008 and subsequent taxonomical rearrangements within the family Russulaceae. Another historical synonym is Lactarius lactifluus, used by Lucien Quélet in 1886, a renaming based on Linnaeus's Agaricus lactifluus. Lactarius wangii, reported by Hua-An Wen and Jian-Zhe Ying to be a new species from China in 2005, was synonymised two years later with L. volemus. The specific epithet "volemus" is derived from the Latin vola, meaning "the hollow of the hand", suggestive of Fries's reference to the large amount of latex "flowing enough to fill the hand".
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Within the U2 snRNA, there are other mutually exclusive rearrangements that occur between competing conformations. For example, in the active form, stem loop IIa is favored; in the inactive form a mutually exclusive interaction between the loop and a downstream sequence predominates. It is unclear how U4 is displaced from U6 snRNA, although RNA has been implicated in spliceosome assembly, and may function to unwind U4/U6 and promote the formation of a U2/U6 snRNA interaction. The interactions of U4/U6 stem loops I and II dissociate and the freed stem loop II region of U6 folds on itself to form an intramolecular stem loop and U4 is no longer required in further spliceosome assembly.
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These rearrangements and transformations may be hindered energetically, so that they do not occur immediately. In certain cases, random quantum vacuum fluctuations are theorized to promote relaxation to a lower energy state (the "decay") in a phenomenon known as quantum tunneling. Radioactive decay half-life of nuclides has been measured over timescales of 55 orders of magnitude, from 2.3 × 10−23 seconds (for hydrogen-7) to 6.9 × 1031 seconds (for tellurium-128).NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties The limits of these timescales are set by the sensitivity of instrumentation only, and there are no known natural limits to how brief or long a decay half-life for radioactive decay of a radionuclide may be.
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Liparit, of the Liparitids, took over Trialeti, where he built the stronghold Klde-Karni and placed himself under suzerainty of Guaram's nephew David I (son of Bagrat I) soon after 876. These rearrangements left Guaram's son Nasra essentially with no inheritance and probably induced him in 881 to murder his cousin David I in a plot. After the murder, Nasra fled to the Byzantine territory from where he was retrieved by his brother-in-law Bagrat I of Abkhazia, the latter managed to secure the Byzantine military aid and invaded the Bagratid possessions on Nasra's behalf. Anxious to counterbalance the Byzantine influence in the Caucasus, Ashot I of Armenia interfered in support of David I's son Adnarnase.
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Fiddler Craig Espie and bassist Barry Caulfield were added to the lineup. This increased the range and scope of the musical styles they could bring to their sound. When the second album, ‘On the Road’ was released in 2007, a brass section (The Horn Supremacy) was included. Tracks on ‘On the Road’ are also predominantly rearrangements of traditional tunes but with a rockier, funkier feel to them. Following a gig in their adopted home town of Glasgow, reviewer Stuart Morrison, in 'The Herald' stated that 'we could well have found a Runrig for the 21st century'. The band continued to build their following by touring throughout Scotland and by adding a growing number of foreign gigs.
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The facile nature of this rearrangement is attributed both to the fact that the cationic 2-aza-Cope is inherently thermoneutral, meaning there's no bias for the starting material or product, as well as to the presence of the charged heteroatom in the molecule, which lowers the activation barrier. Less common are the 1-aza-Cope rearrangement and the 3-aza-Cope rearrangement, which are the microscopic reverse of each other. The 1- and 3-aza-Cope rearrangements have high activation barriers and limited synthetic applicability, accounting for their relative obscurity. To maximize its synthetic utility, the cationic 2-aza-Cope rearrangement is normally paired with a thermodynamic bias toward one side of the rearrangement.
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Furthermore, Parker, after reviewing numerous genetic studies on plant disease resistance, failed to find a single example consistent with the concept that pathogens are the primary selective agent responsible for sexual reproduction in their host. At an even more fundamental level, Heng and Gorelick and Heng reviewed evidence that sex, rather than enhancing diversity, acts as a constraint on genetic diversity. They considered that sex acts as a coarse filter, weeding out major genetic changes, such as chromosomal rearrangements, but permitting minor variation, such as changes at the nucleotide or gene level (that are often neutral) to pass through the sexual sieve. The adaptive function of sex, today, remains a major unresolved issue in biology.
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There are at least five human RecQ genes; and mutations in three human RecQ genes are implicated in heritable human diseases: WRN gene in Werner syndrome (WS), BLM gene in Bloom syndrome (BS), and RECQL4 in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. These syndromes are characterized by premature aging, and can give rise to the diseases of cancer, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and atherosclerosis, which are commonly found in old age. These diseases are associated with high incidence of chromosomal abnormalities, including chromosome breaks, complex rearrangements, deletions and translocations, site specific mutations, and in particular sister chromatid exchanges (more common in BS) that are believed to be caused by a high level of somatic recombination.
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For example, Max Planck interpolated between the Wien and Jeans radiation laws and used Occam's razor logic to formulate the quantum hypothesis, even resisting that hypothesis as it became more obvious that it was correct. Appeals to simplicity were used to argue against the phenomena of meteorites, ball lightning, continental drift, and reverse transcriptase. One can argue for atomic building blocks for matter, because it provides a simpler explanation for the observed reversibility of both mixing and chemical reactions as simple separation and rearrangements of atomic building blocks. At the time, however, the atomic theory was considered more complex because it implied the existence of invisible particles that had not been directly detected.
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The Spanish translation adds new material quite freely and without acknowledgment, and mistranslates the Dutch frequently, while the English translation appears to be as much a translation of the Spanish edition, including most of its deviations from the Dutch original. The French translation of 1686 is substantially a new work with many additions, including new pirate biographies (Daniel Montbars and Alexandre Bras-de-Fer) and complete rearrangements in some sections incorporating new material of unknown source. Subsequent editions and translations added additional new material and whole biographies. Following publication of the English translation in 1684, Henry Morgan took steps to discredit the book and successfully brought a libel suit against the book's publishers William Crooke and Thomas Malthus.
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Instead of scaffolding on progenitor cells, neural crest migration is the result of repulsive guidance via EphB/EphrinB and semaphorin/neuropilin signaling, interactions with the extracellular matrix, and contact inhibition with one another. While Ephrin and Eph proteins have the capacity to undergo bi-directional signaling, neural crest cell repulsion employs predominantly forward signaling to initiate a response within the receptor bearing neural crest cell. Burgeoning neural crest cells express EphB, a receptor tyrosine kinase, which binds the EphrinB transmembrane ligand expressed in the caudal half of each somite. When these two domains interact it causes receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, activation of rhoGTPases, and eventual cytoskeletal rearrangements within the crest cells inducing them to repel.
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These annexed territories were subsequently incorporated into the Lithuanian, Byelorussian, and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics and remained within the Soviet Union in 1945 as a consequence of European-wide territorial rearrangements configured during the Tehran Conference of 1943 (see Western Betrayal). Poland was "compensated" for this territorial loss with the pre-War German eastern territories, at the expense of losing its eastern regions. The Polish People's Republic regime described the territories as the "Recovered Territories". The number of Poles in the Kresy in the year 1939 was around 5.274 million, but after ethnic cleansing in 1939-1945 by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and Ukrainian nationalist forces consisted of approximately 1.8 million inhabitants.
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Following previous important works several research groups worked on blue cone monochromacy with the aim to describe genotype and phenotype features of the disease. High- resolution imaging of the cone mosaic in the living human eye using Adaptive Optics has made it possible to address the question of how different genetic rearrangements affect the retinal phenotype at the cellular level. Cone Mosaic studies performed with Adaptive Optics technology revealed a disruption of the normal pattern of photoreceptors human cone mosaic in presence of the most frequent causative BCM genetic mutations. Adaptive optics images show that the number of visible cones was significantly reduced and the regularity of the cone mosaic was disrupted compared to normals.
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In Lepidoptera, therefore, chromosome evolution is believed to play a role in reinforcing speciation. Comparing the genomes of lepidopteran species it has been also possible to analyse the effect of holocentrism in terms of rate of fixed chromosomal rearrangements. This approach evidenced in Lepidoptera two chromosome breaks per megabase of DNA per Million of years: a rate that is much higher than what observed in Drosophila and it is a direct consequence of the holocentric nature of the lepidopteran genomes. At a structural level, insect holocentric chromosomes have not been studied in details, but it is interesting to underline the absence of homologues of CENP-C and CENP-A, previously considered essential for kinetochore functioning in eukaryotes.
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If the archivist is in a repository that holds other parts of the fonds, he or she should assemble a plan of work that encompasses, or at least acknowledges, the entire set of materials from the same originator. Surveying collections is a strictly observational task, without making any changes or rearrangements to the materials. Because many organizations require use of a template or worksheet to ensure the surveys are thorough and consistent, the typical end products of a collection survey is a completed survey worksheet and a processing plan. After the completion of the survey, the materials may be made available to researchers without additional processing, stored for future processing when resources are available, or progress to processing immediately.
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He ultimately decided that his work as a little book was not worthy a person of such great fame. There are over 100 surviving manuscripts which shows that the De Mulieribus Claris was "among the most popular works in the last age of the manuscript book". Boccaccio worked on this as a labor of love with several versions, editions, and rearrangements in the last twenty years or so of his life: studies have identified at least nine stages in its composition. In the last part of the 14th century after Boccaccio died a Donato degli Albanzani had a copy that his friend Boccaccio gave him and translated it from Latin into Italian.
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Other pre-modern versions of the Shōbōgenzō exist, all of which were rearrangements of the four main versions discussed above, often with additional material from Dōgen that he did not intend to include. Bonsei, who died in the early 15th century, created an 84 fascicle version consisting of the 75 fascicle version plus 9 books from the 60 fascicle version. Four copies of Bonsei's collection survive, with the oldest dating from 1644. An 89 fascicle version called the Daijōji manuscript was put together in 1689 by Manzan Dōhaku based on Bonsei's version of 84 plus 5 additional fascicles, including Bendōwa, Jūundō Shiki, and Jikuin Mon, which were not previously considered part of the Shōbōgenzō.
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Changes in chromosome number may involve even larger mutations, where segments of the DNA within chromosomes break and then rearrange. For example, in the Homininae, two chromosomes fused to produce human chromosome 2; this fusion did not occur in the lineage of the other apes, and they retain these separate chromosomes. In evolution, the most important role of such chromosomal rearrangements may be to accelerate the divergence of a population into new species by making populations less likely to interbreed, thereby preserving genetic differences between these populations. Sequences of DNA that can move about the genome, such as transposons, make up a major fraction of the genetic material of plants and animals, and may have been important in the evolution of genomes.
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For this purpose, an interchange discount system was launched with the introduction of the West Rail Line system, meaning that passengers would pay no more (and in some cases less) to travel on West Rail Line instead of the LRT for the main part of their journey. Although this most recent extension is the largest ever, no new vehicles were purchased. And although rearrangements were made, some infrequent and unreliable services resulted, causing passengers to blame the lack of vehicles and poor arrangement of new services.(8 December 2003)亞洲電視- 輕鐵新支線第一個工作天, YouTube The KCRC has since modified the inside of some vehicles to allow more standing room for passengers during peak hours.
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Later that year, he was sent as a special envoy to Turkey in an effort to mediate a peace deal between the Turkish government and the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Early in 1921, Mdivani, along with Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, played an important role in engineering the Red Army invasion of Georgia which toppled down the local Menshevik-dominated government in favor of the Bolshevik regime. However, with the establishment of the Georgian SSR, Mdivani emerged as one of the leading proponents of the republic’s sovereignty from Moscow. He protested against a series of territorial rearrangements in Transcaucasia that dispossessed Georgia of several of its former districts and advocated more tolerance towards political opposition to ensure the survival of the highly unpopular Bolshevik government.
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On December 5, 2012, a press release was held by Daesung's label YG Entertainment revealing their intentions to release a solo album on February 27, 2013. It was announced that is would be composed of 12 songs, including rearrangements of popular Japanese songs as well as his original songs "Baby Don't Cry" and "Wings". It was also announced that he would be holding his first solo concerts at Kobe’s World Memorial Hall from March 23 to the 24th and the Tokyo Nippon Budokan from March 30 to the 31st to promote the album. A month before its release, on January 30, 2013, the track list and album covers were revealed, as well as details about the differing versions of the album.
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The mitochondrial genome, or mitogenome, is used as a molecular marker in a great variety of studies because of its maternal inheritance, high copy-number in the cell, lack of recombination, and high mutation rate. It’s often used for phylogenetic studies as it is very uniform across metazoan groups, with a circular, double- stranded DNA molecule structure, about 15 to 20 kilobases, with 37 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. Mitochondrial barcode sequences, such as COI, NADH2, 16S rRNA, and 12S rRNA, can also be used for taxonomic identification. The increased publishing of complete mitogenomes allows for inference of robust phylogenies across many taxonomic groups, and it can capture events such as gene rearrangements and positioning of mobile genetic elements.
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Despite being pedestrian, Rua da Junqueira is the most famous and elder of those three streets. Junqueira, which links Praça do Almada to the waterfront, appeared in the written records in 1694, even though artifacts from the Roman era surfaced in diverse street rearrangements and is the site of an ancient Roman fish factory. In 1839, the Town Hall expressed concerns over urbanization issues due to popularity of this street, one of the busiest in Póvoa de Varzim, as it became in that century a full-blown shopping street, identity that it maintained to these days in which ancient stores survive. Undersized but charismatic squares in Junqueira district, between Praça do Almada and Passeio Alegre (waterfront) can be found: Praça da República and Largo David Alves.
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342 Those who adopted a more negative view at the time of the film's release came mostly from the classical music community. Many took fault with Stokowski's rearrangements and abridgements of the music. Igor Stravinsky, the only living composer whose music was featured in the film, expressed displeasure at how in Stokowski's arrangement of The Rite of Spring, "the order of the pieces had been shuffled, and the most difficult of them eliminated", and criticized the orchestra's performance, observing that the simplification of the score "did not save the musical performance, which was execrable". Other composers and music critics leveled criticism at the premise of the film itself, arguing that presenting classical music with visual images would rob the musical pieces of their integrity.
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MCS are important in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), since this is the major site of lipid synthesis within cells. The ER makes close contact with many organelles, including mitochondria, Golgi, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, chloroplasts and the plasma membrane. Both mitochondria and sorting endosomes undergo major rearrangements leading to fission where they contact the ER. Sites of close apposition can also form between most of these organelles most pairwise combinations. First mentions of these contact sites can be found in papers published in the late 1950s mainly visualized using electron microscopy (EM) techniques. Copeland and Dalton described them as “highly specialized tubular form of endoplasmic reticulum in association with the mitochondria and apparently in turn, with the vascular border of the cell”.
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His work emphasized that real world populations had far more genetic variability than the early population geneticists had assumed in their models, and that genetically distinct sub- populations were important. Dobzhansky argued that natural selection worked to maintain genetic diversity as well as driving change. He was influenced by his exposure in the 1920s to the work of Sergei Chetverikov, who had looked at the role of recessive genes in maintaining a reservoir of genetic variability in a population before his work was shut down by the rise of Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union. By 1937, Dobzhansky was able to argue that mutations were the main source of evolutionary changes and variability, along with chromosome rearrangements, effects of genes on their neighbours during development, and polyploidy.
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Sam Loyd's paradoxical dissection Sam Loyd's paradoxical dissection demonstrates two rearrangements of an 8×8 square. In the "larger" rearrangement (the 5×13 rectangle in the image to the right), the gaps between the figures have a combined unit square more area than their square gaps counterparts, creating an illusion that the figures there take up more space than those in the original square figure. In the "smaller" rearrangement (the shape below the 5×13 rectangle), each quadrilateral needs to overlap the triangle by an area of half a unit for its top/bottom edge to align with a grid line, resulting overall loss in one unit square area. Mitsunobu Matsuyama's "paradox" uses four congruent quadrilaterals and a small square, which form a larger square.
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Shortly after his appointment as prefect of the capital, Parsadan's harsh administrative rearrangements and new laws generated opposition from the Isfahanians, as well as his superior Ughurlu Beg, the divanbegi, who received complaints about Gorgijanidze's misgovernance. The divanbegi, apparently an enemy of the prefect, took the side of the citizens, and had a part in the rioting that ensued. Mohammad Beg, realizing that his scheme was getting thwarted by Ughurlu Beg, further molded the event to make it look like a "threat to security" for which the divanbegi should be held responsible, and blamed him for instigating the riots. Mohammad Beg convinced king Abbas II; Ughurlu Beg was removed from his post and blinded, while Parsadan was also dismissed from his post.
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Accompanied by Ann Marie Calhoun on violin, the band recorded acoustic rearrangements of 12 of their previously released songs, which resulted in a double-disc set, along with the band's concerts the previous year at Philadelphia's Electric Factory. The album, Both Sides Live, was released in November 2008. March 2008 saw The Hooters embark on a series of shows in the United States in support of 'Time Stand Still', which saw a Stateside release the previous month, including at B.B. King's Blues Club and Grill in New York City on Thursday, March 6, and The Birchmere in Alexandria, Virginia on Saturday, March 29. In July 2008, The Hooters launched a European summer tour, playing shows in Norway, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland.
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Consider first the territorial changes which had been brought about by the Treaty of Versailles (and also certain internal territorial rearrangements which had taken place as the result of the revolution). By the Treaty of Versailles provinces had been severed from Germany in almost all directions. The two most important cessions of territory were the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to France and of a large stretch of territory in West Prussia, Posen, and Upper Silesia to Poland. Of these, the territory ceded to Poland amounted to nearly , and, coupled with the establishment of Danzig as an independent state, which was also imposed upon Germany, this loss had the effect of cutting off East Prussia from the main territory of Germany.
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Molecular phylogenetics uncovered that, while macromorphologically well-defined, milk- caps were in fact a paraphyletic genus; as a consequence, the genera Lactifluus was split from Lactarius, and the species L. furcatus was moved to the new genus Multifurca, together with some former Russula species. Multifurca also represents the likely sister group of Lactarius (see phylogeny, right). In the course of these taxonomical rearrangements, the name Lactarius was conserved for the genus with the new type species Lactarius torminosus; this way, the name Lactarius could be retained for the bigger genus with many well-known temperate species, while the name Lactifluus has to be applied only to a smaller number of species, containing mainly tropical, but also some temperate milk-caps such as Lactifluus volemus and Lf. vellereus.
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Simultaneously with the shift, a pi bond forms from the oxygen to carbon, assisting in driving the migrating group off its position. The result is a ketone or aldehyde.Strategic applications of named reactions in organic synthesis: background and detailed mechanisms László Kürti, Barbara Czakó 2005 In another definition all semipinacol rearrangements "share a common reactive species in which an electrophilic carbon center, including but not limited to carbocations, is vicinal to an oxygen-containing carbon and can drive the 1,2-migration of a C–C or C–H bond to terminate the process, generating a carbonyl group ".Semipinacol Rearrangement in Natural Product Synthesis Zhen-Lei Song, Chun- An Fan, Yong-Qiang Tu Chemical Reviews The rearrangement reaction can be classified into 4 types.
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Numerous putative chimeric transcripts have been identified among the expressed sequence tags using high throughput RNA sequencing technology. In humans, chimeric transcripts can be generated in several ways such as trans-splicing of pre- mRNAs, RNA transcription runoff, from other errors in RNA transcription or they can also be the result of gene fusion following inter-chromosomal translocations or rearrangements. Among the few corresponding protein products that have been characterized so far, most result from chromosomal translocations and are associated with cancer. For instance, gene fusion in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) leads to an mRNA transcript that encompasses the 5′ end of the breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) gene and the 3′ end of the Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (ABL) gene.
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Sequence graphs can be used to represent multiple sequence alignments with the addition of a new kind of edge representing homology between segments. For a set of genomes, one can create an acyclic breakpoint graph with a thread for each genome. For two segments (a, b) and (c,d), where a,b,c, and d represent the endpoints of the two segments, homology edges can be created from a to c and b to d or from a to d and b to c \- representing the two possible orientations of the homology. The advantage of representing a multiple sequence alignment this way is that it is possible to include inversions and other structural rearrangements that wouldn't be allowable in a matrix representation.
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The simplest model as to how these rearrangements occur is through the simultaneous fragmentation of distinct chromosomal regions (breakpoints show a non-random distribution) and then subsequent imperfect reassembly by DNA repair pathways or aberrant DNA replication mechanisms. Chromothripsis occurs early in tumour development and leads to cellular transformation by loss of tumour suppressors and oncogene amplifications. In 2015, it was found that chromothripsis can also be curative: a woman who had WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis) syndrome, an extremely rare autosomal dominant combined immunodeficiency disease, found her symptoms disappeared during her 30s after chromothripsis of chromosome 2 deleted the disease allele. Chromothripsis is a neologism that comes from the Greek words chromo which means color (and represents chromosomes because they are strongly stained by particular dyes) and thripsis which means 'shattering into pieces'.
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The Ministry lasted until it was merged into the Ministry of Culture, Information, and Sports in 29 September 2004. The Ministry was created on 12 March 2010 as Ministry of Communications and Information after major changes and rearrangements in the Government through the incorporation of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Information and Communications which was reorganized into the Committee and Committee for Information and Archives of the former Ministry of Culture and Information. The Joint Stock Company "Arna Media National Information Holding" was also transferred to the new ministry, however, it was later disbanded. The Ministry was led by Askar Zhumagaliyev and was eventually disbanded on 20 January 2012 with all its functions being transferred to the Ministry of Culture and Information and Ministry of Transport and Communications.
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A survey of publications comparing the intrinsic qualities of modified and conventional crop lines (examining genomes, proteomes and metabolomes) concluded that GM crops had less impact on gene expression or on protein and metabolite levels than the variability generated by conventional breeding. In a 2013 review, Herman (Dow AgroSciences) and Price (FDA, retired) argued that transgenesis is less disruptive than traditional breeding techniques because the latter routinely involve more changes (mutations, deletions, insertions and rearrangements) than the relatively limited changes (often single gene) in genetic engineering. The FDA found that all of the 148 transgenic events that they evaluated to be substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts, as have Japanese regulators for 189 submissions including combined-trait products. This equivalence was confirmed by more than 80 peer-reviewed publications.
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The original Millionaire musical score holds the distinction of being the only game show soundtrack to be acknowledged by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, as the Strachans were honored with numerous ASCAP awards for their work, the earliest of them awarded in 2000. The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the clock format in 2008; for example, the question cues were synced to the "ticking" sounds of the game clock. Even later, the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010, in favor of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams, co-founders of the Los Angeles-based company Ah2 Music. When production resumed in 2020, the original Strachans' score was used.
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Jan O. Korbel (born 1975) is a German scientist working in the fields of Human Genetics, Genomics and Computational Biology. He is a tenured principal investigator and Head of Data Science at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg, Germany, and one of the co-directors jointly heading the Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU) of the EMBL and the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg. A particular focus of the Korbel group is on investigating a particular form of mutation, genomic structural variation, which includes deletions, inversions and more complex chromosomal rearrangements such as chromothripsis events that can occur in healthy individuals and in context of disease. His group's principal research objective is to understand genomic structural variations as a basis of phenotypic variation and cancer development.
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Wiehler was on the staff of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens from 1973 until 1982, when he left Selby to found the Gesneriad Research Foundation in Sarasota, Florida. Wiehler tended to be a taxonomic "splitter" but many of his generic rearrangements have found acceptance: the segregation of Gasteranthus from Besleria, of Alsobia, Chrysothemis, Nautilocalyx, and Paradrymonia from Episcia, and of Moussonia from Kohleria, have all withstood the tests of recent molecular phylogenies. However, most gesneriad specialists have not accepted his segregation of Bucinellina, Dalbergaria, Pentadenia, and Trichantha from Columnea, and his new genus Parakohleria has been synonymized under Pearcea. His rare instances of taxonomic "lumping" have not been as widely accepted; Gloxinia sensu Wiehler is a polyphyletic assemblage, recently dismembered, and no other botanists have accepted his synonymy of Rhytidophyllum and Pheidonocarpa under Gesneria.
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Its genome has been sequenced. Analysis of expressed sequence tags and the whole genome have shown a remarkable degree of similarity in the gene sequence conservation and complexity between the sea anemone and vertebrates. Recent sequencing of its complex genome has shown that it has an estimated complement of 18,000 protein-coding genes. Its repertoire, structure, and organization is very conserved when compared with that of vertebrates but surprisingly different from that of fruit flies and nematodes, which have lost many genes and introns and have experienced genome rearrangements, indicating the genome of their common ancestor also was a complex genome Researchers at the Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology have found that genes concerned in the formation of the head in higher animals are also present in Nematostella vectensis.
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Lack of BLM protein or protein activity leads to an increase in mutations; however, the molecular mechanism(s) by which BLM maintains stability of the chromosomes is still a very active area of research. Persons with Bloom syndrome have an enormous increase in exchange events between homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids (the two DNA molecules that are produced by the DNA replication process); and there are increases in chromosome breakage and rearrangements compared to persons who do not have Bloom's syndrome. Direct connections between the molecular processes in which BLM operates and the chromosomes themselves are under investigation. The relationships between molecular defects in Bloom syndrome cells, the chromosome mutations that accumulate in somatic cells (the cells of the body), and the many clinical features seen in Bloom syndrome are also areas of intense research.
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MTV Unplugged (listed on iTunes as MTV Unplugged: Katy Perry) is an extended play (EP) and live album by American singer Katy Perry, released in the United States on November 13, 2009 by Capitol Records. After airing more than 100 MTV Unplugged specials, MTV wanted to bring back the series, in order to expose them to a younger generation. The channel recruited various mainstream and popular artists to perform as part of the series, including Perry, who particularly expressed interest in the idea as it would allow her to showcase herself as an artist and share the stories behind her songs. The extended play includes rearrangements of five songs from Perry's album One of the Boys (2008), a previously unreleased original song and a cover version of a song by Fountains of Wayne.
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In particular, it was found that Me2AlCl is a very useful catalyst for the ene reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, as well as of other aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. The reason behind the success of this catalyst is the fact that the ene-adduct- Me2AlCl complex can further react to afford methane and aluminum alkoxide, which can prevent proton-catalyzed rearrangements and solvolysis (Figure 9). Figure 9: Me2AlCl-catalyzed carbonyl-ene reactions In the case of directed carbonyl-ene reactions, high levels of regio- and stereo-selectivity have been observed upon addition of a Lewis acid, which can be explained through chair-like transition states. Some of these reactions (Figure 10) can run at very low temperatures and still afford very good yields of a single regioisomer.
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The ETV6 gene (also known as translocation-Ets- leukemia) is a member of the ETS transcription factor family. The gene codes for a transcription factor protein, ETV6, which acts to inhibit the expression of various genes which in mice appear to be required for normal hematopoiesis and the development and maintenance of the vascular network. The gene is located on human chromosome 12 at position p13.2 and is well-known to be involved in a large number of chromosomal rearrangements associated with leukemia and congenital fibrosarcoma. Heterozygous ETV6 germline mutations have been identified in several families with inherited thrombocytopenia, variable red blood cell macrocytosis, and hematologic malignancies, primarily B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The ACSL6 gene encodes a protein, CSL6 acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 6 (or ACSL6 protein).
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The 5-10% of DLBCL, NOS cases in which the neoplastic cells express CD5 have a very poor prognosis that is not improved by even aggressive treatment regimens. Cases in which fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis show that the neoplastic cells' in this disease bear translocations in both the MYC and BCL2 genes or MYC and BCL6 genes (termed double hit lymphomas) or in all three genes (termed triple hit lymphomas) are associated with advanced disease that spreads to the central nervous system. These lymphomas, termed high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC, BL2, and/or BL6 rearrangements or, more simply, DH/THL, are regarded as borderline DLBCL,NOS. They represent 6-14% of all DLBCL, NOS and have had long-term survival rates of only 20-25%.
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Pitchfork call the E.P. "a coherent and unique entry in Antony's catalog", praising "Antony's singular voice and (the) deep rearrangements". Slant Magazine were less impressed, calling the E.P a "slim, paltry offering", calling the Lennon cover "facile" although the review praises the " interesting, somber interpretation" of Bob Dylan's "Pressing On". The review in AllMusic likes the Lennon cover better, stating that Hegarty's "falsetto moves the song from its trappings in the cultural imagination and liberates it as a respectful yet radical reinterpetation", summarizing that "as slight, whispy and utterly restrained as this set is, it offers an entirely different aural presentation of Hegarty". Fact call the E.P. "minimal in every respect", calling "My Lord My Love" the standout track with its "beautiful expressions of religious experience" but is mostly critical of the other tracks.
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CD) proteins, varies from patient to patient; furthermore, some of these clones also exhibit clonal rearrangements in their T-cell receptor gene. The most common immunophenotypes in lymphocyte-variant eosinophilia are: a) CD3(−), CD4(+) T cells, b) CD3(+), CD4+, CD8(−) T cells, c) CD3(+), CD4(+), CD7(−) T cells also bearing αβ+ T cell receptors, d) CD3(+), CD4(+), CD7(-) T cells, and e) CD3(+), CD4(+), CD2(-) T cells. Chromosome abnormalities such as breakage of the long ("q") arm of chromosome 16, partial deletions in the q arm of chromosome 6 or short ("p") arm of chromosome 10, and trisomy of chromosome 7 are occasionally detected in these T cells. Regardless of immunophenotype, these T cells typically express CD45RO plus HLA-DR and/or IL2RA (also termed CD25} cell surface antigens.
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In an ATP-dependent reaction, U2 snRNP becomes tightly associated with the branch point sequence (BPS) to form complex A. A duplex formed between U2 snRNP and the pre-mRNA branch region bulges out the branch adenosine specifying it as the nucleophile for the first transesterification. The presence of a pseudouridine residue in U2 snRNA, nearly opposite of the branch site, results in an altered conformation of the RNA-RNA duplex upon the U2 snRNP binding. Specifically, the altered structure of the duplex induced by the pseudouridine places the 2' OH of the bulged adenosine in a favorable position for the first step of splicing. The U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP (see Figure 1) is recruited to the assembling spliceosome to form complex B, and following several rearrangements, complex C is activated for catalysis.
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181 Victorian critics of the 19th century, who were hostile to Sterne for the alleged obscenity of his prose, used Ferriar's findings to defame Sterne, and claimed that he was artistically dishonest, and almost unanimously accused him of mindless plagiarism. Scholar Graham Petrie closely analysed the alleged passages in 1970; he observed that while more recent commentators now agree that Sterne "rearranged what he took to make it more humorous, or more sentimental, or more rhythmical", none of them "seems to have wondered whether Sterne had any further, more purely artistic, purpose". Studying a passage in Volume V, chapter 3, Petrie observes: "such passage...reveals that Sterne's copying was far from purely mechanical, and that his rearrangements go far beyond what would be necessary for merely stylistic ends".
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In terms of the structural architecture of copy number variations, research has suggested and defined hotspot regions in the genome where copy number variations are four times more enriched. These hotspot regions were defined to be regions containing long repeats that are 90–100% similar known as segmental duplications either tandem or interspersed and most importantly, these hotspot regions have an increased rate of chromosomal rearrangement. It was thought that these large-scale chromosomal rearrangements give rise to normal variation and genetic diseases, including copy number variations. Moreover, these copy number variation hotspots are consistent throughout many populations from different continents, implying that these hotspots were either independently acquired by all the populations and passed on through generations, or they were acquired in early human evolution before the populations split, the latter seems more likely.
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During the re- design process, Scheer requested that the new ships have increased armament, armor, and speed compared to the first four Mackensens, but owing to the constraints imposed, only the armament could be increased, and the deck armor and speed had to be reduced slightly to keep displacement in check. Displacement rose about compared to the Mackensen class, with about of that increase being a result of the heavier 38 cm guns. The length and draft were also increased to keep the ships' speed from falling too much. Since the ships' propulsion systems had already been ordered, they were kept essentially identical to the original Mackensen design, although internal rearrangements allowed the boilers to be trunked into one large funnel rather than the two of the Mackensens, which conferred several advantages.
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Deena informs Curtis of her career plans during a Vogue photo shoot ("One More Picture Please"), but Curtis refuses to let her go ("When I First Saw You"). Deena is not the only one chafing under Curtis's control: C.C. is enraged by Curtis's constant rearrangements of his songs, including an emotional ballad, entitled "One Night Only", which Curtis wants instead recorded to reflect the "new sound" he is inventing. Deena Jones and the Dreams and Jimmy Early perform at a National Democratic fundraiser, on a bill featuring such groups as The Five Tuxedos ("Got to Be Good Times"). While waiting backstage to go on, Jimmy finds himself in another argument with Lorrell as to the nature of their relationship and when, or if, Jimmy will tell his wife about their affair ("Ain't No Party").
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Clearly variations in the physiological levels of these proteins (such as Mad2 or BubR1) are associated with aneuploidy and tumorigenesis, and this has been demonstrated using animal models. However, recent studies indicate that what seems to happen is a more complicated scenario: aneuploidy would drive a high incidence of tumorigenesis only when alterations in the levels of specific mitotic checkpoint components (either reduction or overexpression) in tissues is also inducing other defects able to predispose them to tumors. That is, defects such as an increase in DNA damage, chromosomal rearrangements, and/or a decreased incidence of cell death. For some mitotic checkpoint components, it is known that they are implicated in functions outside mitosis: nuclear import (Mad1), transcriptional repression (Bub3), and cell death, DNA damage response, aging, and megakaryopoiesis for BubR1.
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Elsewhere within the Vatican, Bernini created systematic rearrangements and majestic embellishment of either empty or aesthetically undistinguished space that exist as he designed them to the present day and have become indelible icons of the splendor of the papal precincts. Within the hitherto unadorned apse of the basilica, the Cathedra Petri, the symbolic throne of St Peter, was rearranged as a monumental gilded bronze extravagance that matched the Baldacchino created earlier in the century. Bernini's complete reconstruction of the Scala Regia, the stately papal stairway between St. Peters's and the Vatican Palace, was slightly less ostentatious in appearance but still taxed Bernini's creative powers (employing, for example, clever tricks of optical illusion) to create a seemingly uniform, totally functional, but nonetheless regally impressive stairway to connect two irregular buildings within an even more irregular space.Hibbard, pp.
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The opening of the story begins with George entering the house complaining to his mother that his English teacher, Mr. Mottram, has assigned the students a three-page paper that must describe an event that changed their life. As George continues to complain that he does not like the assigned topic, his mother realizes that he had all of the Easter holidays to complete this assignment. Although his mother should scold him for not doing his assignment during the holiday, she feels sympathy for her son and says that she will only help him this one time. George agrees with his mother’s proposition, and they begin to compile ideas for George’s three page paper. George’s mother begins developing ideas to write about such as parents getting divorced, extreme arguments, terrifying dreams, and major life rearrangements after divorce.
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Site-specific recombination, also known as conservative site-specific recombination, is a type of genetic recombination in which DNA strand exchange takes place between segments possessing at least a certain degree of sequence homology. Enzymes known as site-specific recombinases (SSRs) perform rearrangements of DNA segments by recognizing and binding to short, specific DNA sequences (sites), at which they cleave the DNA backbone, exchange the two DNA helices involved, and rejoin the DNA strands. In some cases the presence of a recombinase enzyme and the recombination sites is sufficient for the reaction to proceed; in other systems a number of accessory proteins and/or accessory sites are required. Many different genome modification strategies, among these recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE), an advanced approach for the targeted introduction of transcription units into predetermined genomic loci, rely on SSRs.
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Acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by a chromosomal translocation involving the retinoic acid receptor-alpha gene on chromosome 17 (RARA). In 95% of cases of APL, retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARA) gene on chromosome 17 is involved in a reciprocal translocation with the promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML) on chromosome 15, a translocation denoted as t(15;17)(q24;q21). The RAR receptor is dependent on retinoic acid for regulation of transcription. Eight other rare gene rearrangements have been described in APL fusing RARA to promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF also known as ZBTB16), nucleophosmin (NPM1), nuclear matrix associated (NUMA1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5B), protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1α (PRKAR1A), factor interacting with PAPOLA and CPSF1 (FIP1L1), BCL6 corepressor (BCOR) or oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide- binding fold containing 2A (OBFC2A also known as NABP1) genes.
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The complex admixture of genes with large and > small, qualitative and quantitative, effects may prove typical as more > instances of morphological evolution are subjected to intensive genetic > analysis. In his last paper discussing the impact of simple genetic changes having large effects on plant morphology, Ford and Gottlieb in 1992 described a naturally occurring recessive gene that converts the petals of Clarkia concinna to sepals, making an eight sepaled plant with no petals. They concluded: > The absence of deleterious pleiotropy or fitness-reducing epistatic > interactions in bicalyx suggests that mutations with extensive morphological > consequences can be successfully accommodated by plant developmental > systems. If such mutants were to become associated with chromosomal > rearrangements reducing the fertility of hybrids between them and their > progenitors, a process that has occurred repeatedly in Clarkia, the new > population would probably be accorded species status.
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Following the extinction of the ruling house (vitaxae) of Gogarene, which had been in possession of several areas on the Georgian-Armenian frontier, Guaram acquired Javakheti, Trialeti, Ashots, and Artani. The 10th-century hagiographer Giorgi Merchule praises Guaram's dignities and refers to him as "the great". Prior to 876, Guaram handed over some of his possessions to his brothers, and gave Ashots to his Armenian brother-in-law, Ashot V. Liparit, of the Liparitids (Baguashi), took over Trialeti, where he built the stronghold Klde-Karni and placed himself under suzerainty of Guaram's nephew David I the Curopalate soon after 876. These rearrangements left Guaram's son Nasra essentially with no inheritance and probably induced him in 881 to murder his cousin David I in a plot of which Guaram is reported by a medieval chronicler to have been ignorant.
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"Sexy Music" is a 1981 single taken from Irish female vocal group The Nolans' 1980 album Making Waves, and later translated into Japanese and covered by Japanese idol duo Wink. The Nolans' version was released as a single in Japan in April 1981 after winning the Tokyo Music Festival a few days prior to this. It was cut from the album exclusively in Japan to be released as a 7-inch single and a LP containing rearrangements of tracks from Making Waves and Nolan Sisters, gaining commercial success with about 270,000 copies sold. In 1981, the song was covered by Taiwanese singer Frankie Kao (高凌風, Gāo Língfēng) as 冬天裡的一把火 (Dōngtiānli de Yì Bǎ Huŏ), which was later covered, with much more success, by Fei Xiang (費翔, Fèi Xiáng).
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This foreign honour was used also by his archdeaconal successors, at least catholic ones, but sometime in the next centuries it fell into disuse. Despite the heavy German influence during the medieval age, the elaborate German system, with numerous specific - especially comital - titles such as Landgraf, Reichsgraf, Burggraf and Pfalzgraf, was never applied as such in Finnish fiefs and nobility. Medieval Finnish frälse families included those of Särkilax, Tavast, Karp, Horn, Villnäs, Kurk of Laukko, Lepaa, Fincke, Dufva, Harviala, Sydänmaa, Karppalainen, Boije, Hästesko, Jägerhorn af Spurila, Pora (Spore), Gesterby and Sarvlax, as well as foreign-originated but establishedly Finlandic Danske, Fleming, Frille, Bidz and Diekn. The previous basis of entrance to the frälse was mostly demolished by Gustav I of Sweden in 1536 when he, among his rearrangements of the military, made a new organization of the cavalry.
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Rearrangements had been made to accommodate the paintings; connoisseurs particularly praised the Galerie à la Lanterne, with its even, sunless top light diffused from the cupola overhead.Penny, 462-5 has more details on the architectural setting For most of the 18th century it was easy to visit the collection, and very many people did so, helped by the printed catalogue of 1727, republished in 1737, Description des Tableaux du Palais Royal.Description des tableaux du Palais Royal avec la vie des peintres à la tête de leurs ouvrages, text by Louis- François Dubois de Saint-Gelais (1669-1737), who was later the secretary of the Académie royal de peinture et de sculpture; it was the first published catalogue of a French princely collection. This contained 495 paintings, though some continued to be added, and a few disposed of.
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RNA-binding protein EWS is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EWSR1 gene on human chromosome 22, specifically 22q12.2. This region of chromosome 22 encodes the N-terminal transactivation domain of the EWS protein and that region may become joined to one of several other chromosomes which encode various transcription factors, see The expression of a chimeric protein with the EWS transactivation domain fused to the DNA binding region of a transcription factor generates a powerful oncogenic protein causing Ewing sarcoma and other members of the Ewing family of tumors. These translocations can occur due to chromoplexy, a burst of complex chromosomal rearrangements seen in cancer cells. The normal EWS gene encodes a RNA binding protein closely related to FUS (gene) and TAF15, all of which have been associated to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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To that end, Fowler and coworkers installed a carbonyl group on the nitrogen, hypothesizing that the lone pair of the nitrogen would be stabilized by participation in an amide bond, and that the electronegativity of this amide group would lower the LUMO of the imine group, making the transition state more favorable. Using this strategy, Fowler and coworkers were able to use the 1-aza-Cope rearrangement to create piperidine and pyridine derivatives. This strategy was shown to be relatively robust, allowing for the formation of products even when forced through a boat transition state, when perturbed with substituent effects, or put in competition with alternative rearrangements. Also significant is the relative ease of production of the reactants, which uses a Diels-Alder reaction paired with relatively simple workup steps, allowing for syntheses using complex cycling.
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By this time, Gentle Giant had become a well-established live act in America and Europe, touring persistently and sharing stages with anyone from Sha Na Na to progressive rock contemporaries such as Jethro Tull and Yes. The band's notoriously virtuosic live act (featuring rapid-fire instrument-swapping and demanding rearrangements of the already complex studio pieces) made a powerful impression on audiences, meaning that Gentle Giant could equal almost any act on the bill. One 1975 show (at Detroit's Cobo Hall) saw them steal the show from both Gary Wright (debuting his Dream Weaver album) and Rick Wakeman (headlining with the touring version of The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table). In 1976 this side of the band was captured on the live album Playing the Fool, recorded during the European tour for Interview.
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Double-strand break repair pathway models Double-strand breaks, in which both strands in the double helix are severed, are particularly hazardous to the cell because they can lead to genome rearrangements. In fact, when a double-strand break is accompanied by a cross-linkage joining the two strands at the same point, neither strand can be used as a template for the repair mechanisms, so that the cell will not be able to complete mitosis when it next divides, and will either die or, in rare cases, undergo a mutation. Three mechanisms exist to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs): non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), and homologous recombination (HR). In an in vitro system, MMEJ occurred in mammalian cells at the levels of 10–20% of HR when both HR and NHEJ mechanisms were also available.
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In 1869, the mill is transformed into woolen mill (with 4 sets of carding and spinning spindles 144) led successively by Joseph Fulcrand, M. Bayle (1874) and David Saumade (from 1884, with a single range of chard). Mr. Saurin's son transforms spinning mill into a sawmill in 1902. The activity ceases before the Second World War. The building is then converted into a house. The vertical waterwheel with a fall of 2 meters (150 liters per second), built in 1869, is destroyed around 1965. The various rearrangements later made on this 275 m2 building makes it a mixture of different types of construction: various bays, mechanical roof tiles or slabs of schist ... Mill Montblanc (flour mill and woolen mill) The three story flour mill, built with pebble stones, belongs to Philippe Manoël de Nogaret from the castle of Ayres in 1841, according to the cadastre.
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MMEJ is the most mutagenic DSB repair mechanism due to generating deletions, insertion of various sizes, and other genome rearrangements in mammalians. As shown in figure 3, the processes of mtDNA insertion and DSB repair include few steps which are DNA segment alignment, DNA end-processing, DNA synthesis, and ligation. In each step, certain protein complexes are required to facilitate the occurrence of the indicated events. As shown in figure 3, in NHEJ, the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), for bringing DNA fragments end together, the Artemis nuclease and polynucleotide kinase 3' phosphatase (PNKP) , for the end processing, X family DNA polymerases (Pol μ and Pol λ) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) , for DNA synthesis, and XLF/XRCC4/LigIV complex, for completing the repair and joining the ends via a phosphodiester bond, are the protein complexes involved in DSB repair process in many higher organisms.
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It comprises 366 poems divided into two parts: 1–263 and 264–366. Petrarch gradually constructed this work, which is derived from the countless drafts and revisions that he made throughout its creation. It is famously known for “shed[ding] light on the generation of English sequence”. Petrarch's concern for rearrangements in and alterations to his sonnet sequence suggests that he treated his poems like works of art, in which there is always room for improvement. This idea can also be applied to Shakespeare's ideals, considering his sonnets 138 and 144 first appeared in 1599 in The Passionate Pilgrim, and then appeared “much revised and strengthened” in the 1609 publication of The Sonnets. There is a triple focus to all sonnet sequences that was originally put forth by the Italian model: “the poet-lover’s passion, the beloved who must be celebrated and won, and the poetry, which unites lover and beloved”.
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Puddephatt has conducted pioneering research on synthesis, reactivity and elucidation of mechanisms in the organometallic chemistry of the noble metals, particularly related to the role of organometallic compounds in catalysis and in materials science. He has elucidated the mechanisms of reactions which are fundamental in many homogenous catalytic processes, most notably in studies of oxidative addition and reductive elimination with alkylplatinum and alkyl–gold complexes and of skeletal rearrangements of metallacyclobutane complexes, often called the Puddephatt rearrangement. Remarkable coordinatively unsaturated platinum clusters and platinum–rhenium clusters have been synthesised and shown to be excellent mimics of the surface reactivity, related to heterogeneous catalysis by supported platinum and bimetallic platinum–rhenium catalysts. New, commercially useful organometallic precursors for chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of thin films of metals such as palladium, platinum, silver and gold have been discovered and the fundamental mechanisms of those CVD processes elucidated.
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The second category of anionic brook rearrangements involves nucleophilic attack at an sp2 hybridized center to generate an oxy-anion two atoms removed from the silicon atom. This can then undergoes intramolecular attack by the oxy-anion to yield the silyl ether, but the final fate of the carbanion often depends on the substrate in question. For example, attempting to perform a Wittig reaction on acylsilane results in the formation of a silyl enol ether instead of the expected alkene, due to elimination by the carbanion instead of protonation as seen above. 683x683px The Brook rearrangement has been shown to occur with retention of configuration at the silicon center as demonstrated in the following Walden cycle: The Brook rearrangement Walden cycle All steps in this cycle were known to proceed with retention of configuration except for attack of the lithium reagent (which proceeded by inversion) and the Brook Rearrangement, which was being investigated.
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While traditionally classified as such, it is not clear that IgM MGUS is a clonal plasma cell dyscrasia. IgM MGUS involves an increase in a B cell derivative with morphological features of both plasma cells and lymphocytes viz., lymphoplasmacytic cells. Studies indicate that both plasma cells and lymphoblastic cells infiltrate involved tissues and that one or perhaps both cell types harbor mutations in a) the MYD88 gene (~20% in IgM MGUS and >90% in IgM-related malignancies), almost all of which are L265P mutations (i.e. changing leucine to proline at the 265th amino acid position of the MYK88 protein thereby causing the protein to be continuously active in stimulating the same cell-activating pathways that Toll-like receptors activate intermittently and on a physiologically basis); b) the CXCR4 gene (8% in IgM MGUS, 25% in IgM-related malignancies); and c) increased gene copy number due to chromosomal rearrangements (36% in IgM MGUS, 82% in IgM-related malignancies).
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Liu's research group pioneered base editing, a new method of genome editing that enables the direct and precise conversion of a single base to another base in the genome of living cells, without making DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) that lead to complex mixtures of insertions, deletions, and DNA rearrangements. Liu's research group also pioneered prime editing, a versatile genome editing method that can install all possible base-to-base conversions, insertions, deletions, and combinations in mammalian cells without requiring double-strand DNA breaks or donor DNA templates. Additionally, Liu's group developed DNA-templated synthesis (DTS), a technique to translate DNA sequences into synthetic small molecules, rather than proteins, and applied DTS to the discovery of bioactive small molecules and new chemical reactions. His lab also developed phage- assisted continuous evolution (PACE), a technique that uses the short 10-minute lifespan of M13 bacteriophage to achieve the rapid evolution of useful proteins.
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The ETV6 gene codes for a transcription factor protein that in mice appears to be required for hematopoiesis and maintenance of the developing vascular network. The gene is located on human chromosome 12 at the p13 position, consists of 14 exons, and is well-known to be involved in a large number of chromosomal rearrangements associated with leukemia and congenital fibrosarcoma. Translocations between it and the PDGFRB gene, notated as t(5;12)(q33;p13), yield a PDGFRB-ETV6 fused gene that encodes a fusion protein, PDGFRB-ETV6. This chimeric protein, unlike the PDGFRB protein: a) has continuously active PDGFRB-mediated tyrosine kinase due to its forced dimerization by the PNT protein binding domain of the ETV6 protein; b) is highly stable due to its resistance to ubiquitin-Proteasome degradation; and c) therefore over- stimulates cell signaling pathways such as STAT5, NF-κB, and Extracellular signal-regulated kinases which promote cell growth and proliferation.
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The change in use necessitated a number of alterations to the fabric of the place, including rearrangements of offices, installation of a bar and fire-escapes, upgrading of bathroom facilities, new floor finishes, enclosure of verandahs and the enclosing of the previously open sub-floor in the main house. A garage and store were erected between the ward block and the river. Work to the grounds included new paving, new fences along the street frontages, new street entrances, new driveways, parking areas and tree planting along the Castlebar Street and southern boundaries. By 1981 the main house was used as an administrative headquarters and mess and as offices for the RAAF police; a Movement Control Centre had been established in the ward block; the headquarters of the Queensland Air Training Corps was located in the former kitchen block; the RAAF Public Relations and Photographic Section was accommodated in the garage/former postal depot; and the former orderlies building had been converted into a tavern.
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In 1962 Lewis published a more lengthy proposal for "catastrophic selection" as the primary mode of speciation in Clarkia: > ...catastrophic selection in ecologically marginal populations has had a > prominent role in speciation in the genus Clarkia.The following observations > compellingly suggest that speciation at the diploid level in this genus > ordinarily involves a rapid reorganization of the genome associated with > ecological differentiation, a reorganization that involves an intermediate > stage of low fertility: Closely related pairs of species bear a relationship > of parent to offspring and not one of siblings. They invariably differ by > several gross structural rearrangements of the chromosomes, and sometimes by > a change in basic number; as a consequence, hybrids between them are > essentially sterile. Recent derivatives occur at the margin of distribution > of the parental species,but the two species are unable to form stable mixed > populations because sterile hybrids are formed as readily as intraspecific > progenies; the derivative populations must, therefore, have arisen in > isolation.
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Using FISH probes, PCR and data sequencing, mapping and comparison, Ju and his teammate found that the mitochondrial-nuclear genome fusions occur at a similar rate per base pair of DNA as interchromosomal nuclear rearrangements, indicating the presence of a high frequency of contact between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in some somatic cells. Also, Ju and his teammates investigated the timing of somatic mtDNA integration into the nuclear genome by assessing cases in which a metastatic sample had been sequenced in addition to the primary tumor. In some cases, mtDNA transfers into the nucleus in somatic cells are very frequent and can occur after neoplastic formation and during the course of subclonal evolution of cancer which suggest that this event occurs in the common ancestral cancer clones or in normal somatic cells prior to the neoplastic change. These findings demonstrated that the presence of direct correlation between NUMT and cancer in different body organs.
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The karyotype of Przewalski's horse differs from that of the domestic horse, having 33 chromosome pairs versus 32, apparently due to a fission of a large chromosome ancestral to domestic horse chromosome 5 to produce Przewalski's horse chromosomes 23 and 24, though conversely, a Robertsonian translocation that fused two chromosomes ancestral to those seen in Przewalski's horse to produce the single large domestic horse chromosome has also been proposed.Jinlong Huang, et al. (2014), "Analysis of horse genomes provides insight into the diversification and adaptive evolution of karyotype", Scientific Reports 4: 4958 Many smaller inversions, insertions and other rearrangements were observed between the chromosomes of domestic and Przewalski's horses, while there was much lower heterozygosity in Przewalski's horses, with extensive segments devoid of genetic diversity, a consequence of the recent severe bottleneck of the captive Przewalski's horse population. In comparison, the chromosomal differences between domestic horses and zebras include numerous large-scale translocations, fusions, inversions, and centromere repositioning.
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In bilateria, Hox genes are often arranged in gene clusters, although there are many exceptions where the genes have been separated by chromosomal rearrangements . Comparing homeodomain sequences between Hox proteins often reveals greater similarity between species than within a species; this observation led to the conclusion that Hox gene clusters evolved early in animal evolution from a single Hox gene via tandem duplication and subsequent divergence, and that a prototypic Hox gene cluster containing at least seven different Hox genes was present in the common ancestor of all bilaterian animals. In most bilaterian animals, Hox genes are expressed in staggered domains along the head-to-tail axis of the embryo, suggesting that their role in specifying position is a shared, ancient feature . The functional conservation of Hox proteins can be demonstrated by the fact that a fly can function to a large degree with a chicken Hox protein in place of its own.
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In the E. coli DsbD system, electrons are transferred from NADPH in the cytoplasm to periplasmic dithiol/disulfide-containing proteins via an electron transfer chain that sequentially involves NADPH, thioredoxin reductase (TrxB; present in the cytoplasm), thioredoxin (TrxA; also in the cytoplasm), DsbD (the integral membrane constituent of the system), and the periplasmic electron acceptors (DsbC, DsbE (CcmG) and DsbG). All of these last three proteins (DsbC, DsbE (CcmG) and DsbG) can donate electrons to oxidized disulfide- containing proteins in the periplasm of a Gram-negative bacterium or presumably in the external milieu of a Gram-positive bacterium or an archaeon. Thus, the pathway is: NADPH → TrxB → TrxA → DsbD → (DsbC, DsbE, or DsbG) → proteins. DsbD contains three cysteine pairs that undergo reversible disulfide rearrangements. TrxA donates electrons to the transmembrane cysteines C163 (C3) and C285 (C5) in putative TMSs 1 and 4 in the DsbD model proposed by Katzen and Beckwith (2000).
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Berlin has undertaken research on a broad range of areas in both physical and theoretical chemistry, involving stochastic dynamics of complex systems, chemical kinetics and transport of active species in condensed phase and in biological molecules, physical chemistry of liquids and solids, theoretical biophysics and physical aspects of prebiotic evolution, physical methods for the initiation of chemical reactions, in particular cryochemistry, radiation chemistry, photo, and high pressure chemistry. His research covers a vast range of fields, such as the theory of excess electrons in non-polar liquids and liquid noble gases, charge transfer under extreme conditions, chemical processes coupled to structural rearrangements of molecular environment, dispersive kinetics, the effects of correlated fluctuations in chemical and biological properties, the role of static and dynamic disorder in the mechanism of chemical processes in condensed media. Later works are focused on mechanism and kinetics of charge transfer and transport in DNA,Y.A. Berlin and M.A. Ratner.
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Danheiser's research has focused on the development of new strategies for the synthesis of complex molecules and their application in the total synthesis of natural products. Synthetic methods invented in his laboratory include highly stereoselective [4 + 1] cyclopentene annulations based on oxyanion and carbanion-accelerated vinylcyclopropane rearrangements; the application of organosilanes (e.g., allenylsilanes, propargylsilanes, and allylsilanes) in a general [3 + 2] annulation strategy for the synthesis of five-membered carbocycles and heterocycles (the "Danheiser Annulation"); benzannulation strategies based on pericyclic transformations of vinylketenes (“Danheiser Benzannulation”); methods for the synthesis of aromatic and dihydroaromatic compounds based on cycloadditions of highly unsaturated conjugated molecules such as conjugated 1,3-enynes; and formal [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions based on propargylic ene reaction/Diels-Alder cycloaddition cascades. Natural products synthesized in his laboratory at MIT include the neurotoxic alkaloids anatoxin a and quinolizidine 217A, the immunosuppressant agent mycophenolic acid the antitumor agent ascochlorin and a number of diterpene quinones derived from the Chinese traditional medicine Dan Shen.
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The Planetarian Original Soundtrack, from the visual novel Planetarian: The Reverie of a Little Planet, was released on August 11, 2006 at Comiket 70 by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog number KSLA-0025; it was later re-released on December 28, 2006. The soundtrack contains one disc totaling twelve songs composed, arranged, and produced by Magome Togoshi, and Shinji Orito; themes originally composed by Charles Crozat Converse and Kenji Miyazawa were remixed on the soundtrack. Aside from the songs in the game like "Gentle Jena" and "Hoshi no Sekai (Opening)", the soundtrack includes new songs such as an arranged vocal version of "Hoshi Meguri no Uta", sung by Mell. The musical tracks played at the beginning and the end of the game (tracks one and eight in the original soundtrack) are rearrangements of the hymn "What a Friend We Have in Jesus" by Charles Crozat Converse, and their titles reflect this as well: "Hoshi no Sekai (Opening)" refers to the Japanese version of the hymn, named "Hoshi no Yo", and "Itsukushimi Fukaki" is the Japanese translation of the hymn's original title.
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Specifically, how eukaryotic cells generate pattern through self- organization with or without environmental cues, accomplish division or motility through coordinated structural rearrangements and force production, and, when challenged with stress and roadblocks, evolve innovative solutions to main vitality and functionality. A key part of her research is exploring how the ability to evolve is built into cellular systems and how that ability gives rise to a cell's properties. Li has published several seminal papers on the impact of aneuploidy on cellular fitness, gene expression, stress adaptation, and genome instability. As aneuploidy and chromosome instability are hallmarks of cancer, her results on how aneuploidy fuels the evolution of cellular adaptation and drug resistance have direct relevance to the understanding of cancer evolution and disease progression. Li has also studied the molecular mechanisms that lead to oocyte maturation, which can contribute to “advances in the treatment of infertility and the field of regenerative medicine.” Her early work with Andrew Murray at Harvard University provided the first insight into the genetic basis of the spindle assembly checkpoint.
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Upon arriving in the United States, Dr. Nikiforov worked at the Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, in Providence, RI, Cedar-Cinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, and University of Cincinnati, OH, where he completed his post-doctoral training in thyroid cancer genetics and focused his research on the genetics and pathology of thyroid cancer. He has received international acclaim for the discovery of several novel types of chromosomal rearrangements in thyroid cancer, which also linked them to exposure to ionizing radiation. He has discovered, detailed and scientifically described the exact mechanisms of radiation damage to human DNA on a molecular basis and explained why that damage causes cancer. His research interests evolved over time to include molecular diagnostic of thyroid and other types of cancer. Dr. Nikiforov and his team’s discoveries and scientific research of the field of genetics of thyroid cancer during almost three decades since the 1990s have led to the creation of genetic molecular test for thyroid nodules, which was first applied to patient care in 2007, It has been evolved and expanded since then.
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The dorsal lip refers to the section of tissue located at the site of the first invagination in the developing pregastula and is understood to act as both the neural inducer in the early embryo as well as the overall organizer of the entire body axis. Early transplantation experiments in developing embryos demonstrated that different layers of the embryo, when isolated and transplanted before gastrulation versus after gastrulation, would develop into distinctly different mature tissues. Dr. Hans Spemann noted this phenomenon and hypothesized that the tissue rearrangements that occurred during gastrulation must somehow be linked to controlling the fates of developing tissue in the embryo. His research focused on the dorsal lip as a possible organizer of these fate specification changes since it is the first structure to fold inwards during gastrulation. Transplantation of the dorsal lip from a Xenopus embryo into the ventral region of a different host embryo demonstrated that an entire secondary axis would form using the host embryo’s own tissue, indicating a clear role of the dorsal lip as a neural inducer and organizer.
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The general idea is that a charged species, RY+, can give rise to dissociation fragments via a transient complex, [R+ Y], in which the electrically charged partner, R+, can undergo molecular rearrangements at the same time as it rotates relative to the neutral partner, Y. Similarly, the neutral partner, Y, can also rotate relative to the charged partner, as well as having the ability to exchange Hydrogens and internal energy with it. More recently several research groups have provided evidence that revives Maccoll's original hypothesis, but with the variation that the fragments that sojourn in the presence of one another are both electrically uncharged.Suits, A.G., Roaming Atoms and Radicals: A New Mechanism in Molecular Dissociation Accounts of Chemical Research 2008, 41, 873–881 In other words, dissociations of a neutral molecule RX can take place in the gas phase via the intermediacy of radical pairs [R· X·], where X· can be as small as a hydrogen atom. In the gas phase such intermediates are often called roaming radicals.
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The SSE Hydro, where Bothy Culture and Beyond was performed. To celebrate the 20th anniversary of Bothy Culture, and the 25th anniversary of the Celtic Connections festival, arranger and conductor Greg Lawson's GRIT Orchestra, named after Bennett's final album Grit (2003) and containing some 100 traditional folk, classical and jazz musicians, performed the show Bothy Culture and Beyond at the SSE Hydro, Glasgow as part of the festival on 27 January 2018. The shows were billed as a "music-vision-dance- bike spectacular," and feature Lawson's rearrangements of the tracks from the album, as well as visual spectacles, including internationally famous Scottish stunt cyclist Danny MacAskill, whose appearance was inspired by the film The Ridge (2014), in which MacAskill performed a stunt to the soundtrack of Bennett's "Blackbird". The show was Lawson and the GRIT Orchestra's second tribute to a Bennett album, following their Celtic Connections tribute to his final album Grit in 2015, although the orchestra was even bigger for Bothy Culture and Beyond, adding a backline of Scottish fiddlers including Duncan Chisholm, Chris Stout and Aidan O'Rourke.
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In plants, holocentric chromosomes have been found in zygnematophycean algae, in the genera Myristica (Myristicaceae), Chionographis (Melanthiaceae), Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) and Droseraceae, in the species trithuria submersa (hydatellaceae), prionium serratum (thurniaceae) and, among higher-plants, in many genera belonging to families cyperaceae and juncaceae, including the snowy woodrush luzula nivea (juncaceae), the most well-studied holocentric plant. In Luzula spp, the centromeric activity is localized simultaneously at several evenly spaced sites along each chromosome and chromosomes can be fragmented naturally or by irradiation into smaller (but viable) chromosomes. The presence of rearranged karyotype does not affect fitness, as assessed by studies reporting that Luzula hybrids with parents possessing smaller and larger chromosomes showed the smaller chromosomes aligned and paired with the larger ones. Similarly, in plants belonging to the genus Carex, differentiation of the karyotype has been demonstrated to correlate with genetic divergence within species, among populations within species and within populations suggesting that, as previously reported in Lepidoptera, holocentric chromosome rearrangements contribute to genetic differentiation at different evolutionary scales in Carex evolution and speciation.
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Brown’s research is directed to the X-chromosome inactivation process in humans. Her lab has identified critical differences between mouse and human X-chromosome inactivation, such as the absence of paternal X inactivation in human extraembryonic tissues, the higher proportion of human “escapees” and the identification of different regulatory sequences of human XIST and mouse Xist. Her lab has been cataloging escape genes using both expression and DNA methylation analysis r to determine which genes contribute to sex differences in disease susceptibility, and which regions of DNA are susceptible to, or resistant to, epigenetic gene silencing. Since human embryonic stem cells are epigenetically unstable, Brown and colleagues have developed alternative model systems to study human inactivation, including inducible XIST transgenes in human somatic cells, human somatic cell hybrids retaining the active or the inactive X chromosome, and mouse cells with X-linked transgenes of human DNA. Her lab collaborates with other research groups at the B. C. Children’s Hospital and the BC Cancer Agency to investigate the clinical relevance of X-linked inactivation and expression in disease predisposition, cancer progression, and X-linked diseases, chromosome rearrangements and aneuploidies.
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In the early 1980s Crabtree worked with Albert J. Fornace Jr. to use early bioinformatics approaches to identify remnants of transposition events (rearrangements) in the human genome Fornace AJ, Cummings DE, Comeau CM, Kant JA, Crabtree GR. Single copy inverted repeats associated with regional duplications in gamma fibrinogen and immunoglobulin genes. Science. 224(4645): 161-164, 1984. . and to discover the HNF1 transcription factor.Courtois G, Morgan JG, Campbell LA, Fourel G, Crabtree, GR. Interaction of a liver-specific nuclear factor with the fibrinogen and alpha1- antitrypsin promoters. Science. 238(4827): 688-692, 1987. . In 1982 Crabtree discovered that one gene could produce more than one proteinKant JA, Crabtree GR. Alternative mRNA splicing patterns produce the gamma A and gamma B chains of fibrinogen. Cell. 31(1): 159-166, 1982.. thereby demonstrating that the coding capability of the genome is larger than expected and breaking the long-held dictum: “one gene; one protein”. In the late 1980s and early 1990s Crabtree, along with Stuart Schreiber defined the Ca2+/calcineurin/ NFAT signaling pathway,Shaw JP, Utz PJ, Durand DB, Toole JJ, Emmel EA, Crabtree GR. Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation genes. Science. 241(4862): 202-205, 1988. .
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In Clarkia, we have not observed marked changes in > physiology and pattern of development that could be described as > macroevolution. Reorganization of the genomes may, however, set the stage > for subsequent evolution along a very different course from that of the > ancestral populations Harlan Lewis refined this concept in a 1962 paper where he coined the term "Catastrophic Speciation" to describe this mode of speciation, since he theorized that the reductions in population size and consequent inbreeding that led to chromosomal rearrangements occurred in small populations that were subject to severe drought. Leslie D. Gottlieb in his 2003 summary of the subject in plants stated > we can define quantum speciation as the budding off of a new and very > different daughter species from a semi-isolated peripheral population of the > ancestral species in a cross-fertilizing organism...as compared with > geographical speciation, which is a gradual and conservative process, > quantum speciation is rapid and radical in its phenotypic or genotypic > effects or both. Gottlieb did not believe that sympatric speciation required disruptive selection to form a reproductive isolating barrier, as defined by Grant, and in fact Gottlieb stated that requiring disruptive selection was "unnecessarily restrictive" in identifying cases of sympatric speciation.
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For b = 10, the only positive perfect digital invariant for F_{2, b} is the trivial perfect digital invariant 1, and the only cycle is the eight-number cycle : 4 → 16 → 37 → 58 → 89 → 145 → 42 → 20 → 4 → ... and because all numbers are preperiodic points for F_{2, b}, all numbers either lead to 1 and are happy, or lead to the cycle and are unhappy. Because base 10 has no other perfect digital invariants except for 1, no positive integer other than 1 is the sum of the squares of its own digits. In base 10, the 143 10-happy numbers up to 1000 are: : 1, 7, 10, 13, 19, 23, 28, 31, 32, 44, 49, 68, 70, 79, 82, 86, 91, 94, 97, 100, 103, 109, 129, 130, 133, 139, 167, 176, 188, 190, 192, 193, 203, 208, 219, 226, 230, 236, 239, 262, 263, 280, 291, 293, 301, 302, 310, 313, 319, 320, 326, 329, 331, 338, 356, 362, 365, 367, 368, 376, 379, 383, 386, 391, 392, 397, 404, 409, 440, 446, 464, 469, 478, 487, 490, 496, 536, 556, 563, 565, 566, 608, 617, 622, 623, 632, 635, 637, 638, 644, 649, 653, 655, 656, 665, 671, 673, 680, 683, 694, 700, 709, 716, 736, 739, 748, 761, 763, 784, 790, 793, 802, 806, 818, 820, 833, 836, 847, 860, 863, 874, 881, 888, 899, 901, 904, 907, 910, 912, 913, 921, 923, 931, 932, 937, 940, 946, 964, 970, 973, 989, 998, 1000 . The distinct combinations of digits that form 10-happy numbers below 1000 are (the rest are just rearrangements and/or insertions of zero digits): : 1, 7, 13, 19, 23, 28, 44, 49, 68, 79, 129, 133, 139, 167, 188, 226, 236, 239, 338, 356, 367, 368, 379, 446, 469, 478, 556, 566, 888, 899. .
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