Defeat on the day should not translate into defeatism forever.
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Still, to do nothing about the problem reeks of defeatism.
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But climate change is too big a problem for defeatism.
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"Well, we don't listen to the council of defeatism," he said.
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That might seem like pragmatism, but it is really just defeatism.
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Maybe your defeatism is well grounded; maybe it's part of the problem.
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In their own minds it was not stoicism that sustained them but defeatism.
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Is it, as she suggests in a moment of defeatism, all in her head?
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Illiberals traffic in fear and nostalgia; liberals must offer hope instead of cultivating defeatism.
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Kim emerged from his limo looking positively grim, his bowed head conveyed a certain defeatism.
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A pall of defeatism has descended over those who used to trust the status quo.
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This is defeatism masquerading as realism — and it's exactly what corporations want you to believe.
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This dangerous combination of defeatism and self-doubt is a perfect prescription for paralysis and entrapment.
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That's too lucid a position to be called naïveté, and too defiant to be called defeatism.
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That's too lucid a position to be called naïveté, and too defiant to be called defeatism.
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This could lead to defeatism, because the problem is perceived as being out of control and unsolvable.
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The thing is, the kind of philosophically-inclined defeatism I just endorsed isn't really a crowd pleaser.
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It is particularly jarring to witness this defeatism in America, a country whose optimism reaches across continents.
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As a country we are too good, too strong, too wise to give in to defeatism and negativity.
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It is fascinating to think of Donald Trump as a sort of clarion call against that self-defeatism.
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A decade after the crisis they are stumbling around in a fog of bad performance, defeatism and complacency.
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From Reagan to Obama, each U.S. president has approached the theocracy in Iran with a sense of defeatism.
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As Boko Haram wreaked carnage in northeast Nigeria, there was a palpable sense of defeatism among the local population.
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To say this is to be accused of defeatism, of managing American decline and of giving up on American exceptionalism.
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To the extent that Posenenske and Parsons might be considered precursors, it could be both in their ambitions for a social art and as examples whose seeming defeatism — albeit a defeatism that's an indictment, a statement — asks to be creatively moved past: in light of their art, if you don't stop, what do you do?
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But defeatism and that kind of holier-than-thou perfectionism or the "You're doing it wrong" brigade makes people give up.
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Everything that happens in national politics must be set in a wide foreground of liberal vilification of conservatives -- and conservative defeatism.
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That is not a case for defeatism, and it's certainly not a case for fear, which only strengthens the terrorist groups.
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Their behavior goes to a question I've asked myself for years: Why are they filled with so much bitterness and defeatism?
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Instead, I want to suggest that we look at such art as a warning against defeatism and the appropriation of pathos.
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"Clinton will rebuke the fear, bigotry and misplaced defeatism that Trump has been selling to the American people," said one senior aide.
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This is not, despite critics' accusations, a philosophy of defeatism, but rather one of what the administration views as patience and optimism.
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Mr. Brook and Ms. Wells are in a sense not documenting a controversy at all; they are capturing an endemic, heartbreaking defeatism.
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Le Pen's partner, senior FN official Louis Aliot, made a similar point, telling supporters at the weekend not to give in to "defeatism".
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Mistaken as it was, this inured defeatism set the scene for the appearance of a new phenomenon in British politics: the sore winner.
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The war triggered in Unamuno the realization that, in hopeless times, quixotic lunacy could save people from the paralysis that often accompanies defeatism.
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And that's the greatest danger in all of this: that divisions in the West will encourage defeatism in Europe and adventurism in Moscow.
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"I think that we can't afford to adopt a demeanor of defeatism and the idea that all was lost, because it's not," Horton said.
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How did he not get tears on this The somber letter is full of the defeatism that seized Jorah the day he got greyscale.
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Yet, recalling the inexorable long-term progress the nation has made since the pioneering environmental achievements of the Nixon administration, defeatism too is unwarranted.
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" Saying to people, "Well, maybe your life isn't worth living and maybe you should give up," is an example of what he calls "moral defeatism.
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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ("The arc of history is long," she writes, "but it bends toward catastrophic annihilation") as incentive to action not defeatism.
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Most important in countering the defeatism with which Iran has been approached by Washington élites is to unpick the hidden assumptions which surround the JCPOA.
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But Adam's defeatism—his idea that humanity is doomed no matter which party controls the government—is based on a misunderstanding of the climate problem.
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But there's also a whiff of that judgmental attitude of the American middle-class liberal and more than a hint of the Democratic Party's defeatism.
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The depth of their defeatism reveals the limits of their musical world; the collapse of their own particular tradition doesn't mean the collapse of all music.
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Whether or not the crappy Kings made him this way, this is Boogie now: a transcendent player who dances between grumpy defeatism and alluring creative joy.
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But as the state's caucus-counters and national Democratic leaders slogged through a bleary, clarity-free Tuesday morning, the most pervasive emotion may have been defeatism.
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His bleak, defensive and atypically American vision of pessimism and defeatism was a de facto abdication of America's erstwhile role as undisputed global leader on economic issues.
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" Others in the "China lobby" like Douglas MacArthur would keep up the drum beat against Acheson by decrying those "who advocate appeasement and defeatism in the Pacific.
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We could fall back into defeatism and fatalism and it feels like the all the doors have closed, and this game will feel more relevant than ever.
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"We have to put an end to French defeatism, to people saying that apprenticeships are for those who have failed," Macron said this month while visiting a college.
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It reminded them that, regardless of the guilt and defeatism of the Vietnam War or the shame and cynicism of Watergate, the country remained a beacon of liberty.
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Mr. Creed-Miles gives his character a convincing sense of being overwhelmed by the world, a defeatism that George's wife, Kathy (Kierston Wareing), tries to help him overcome.
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I'm saying this not out of defeatism, but because it will in all likelihood be the efforts of tribal nations, and not the U.S., that saves Native languages.
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Lifestyle modifications are critically important to improving national health, but to present those efforts as alternatives to more technologically difficult efforts smacks of either defeatism or paternalism or both.
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Especially in the context of hip-hop, the record's lack of anything resembling anger, or swagger, or contempt, or defeatism, or even skepticism is remarkable; instead, behold faith, empathy, outreach.
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"This James Blake Bon iver track makes me hate everything I've ever produced," Taggart Tweeted last May, with a frown-y emoji that signaled performative defeatism by way of aspiration.
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Its ability to suggest either jubilance or frustration at any moment matches our culture's bipolar tendency to alternate constantly between precious optimism (à la Indiana's "LOVE") and glum defeatism (as in Ruscha's "OOF").
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To the Editor: Your editorial is punctuated with defeatism against the overwhelming optimism of the Afghan people for a future of peace with liberty and dignity, which is achievable with continued international support.
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"I&aposm countering voices of negativity and defeatism in our country with a more uplifting, proud, and powerful gesture of patriotism, because those negative voices don&apost speak for all of America," he said.
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That Trump is the consequence of the right's wild-eyed and unprincipled reaction to Barack Obama's presidency—a fostered, apocalyptic denialism and defeatism of which Trump is both the apotheosis and the promised remedy.
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"Sang" culture, which revels in often-ironic defeatism, is fueled by internet celebrities, through music and the popularity of certain mobile games and TV shows, as well as sad-faced emojis and pessimistic slogans.
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Steve Bannon, the president's chief strategist, seems to see red rural states as the essence of the "American spirit" and places like New York and Los Angeles as centers of internationalist dilution and defeatism.
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But defeatism is not unheard of in China, particularly among disillusioned millennials in big cities facing the pressure to survive in a country obsessed with marriage, home ownership and personal success as living costs rise.
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But it does give the pro-Europeans something with which to parry Eurosceptic defeatism ("Britain has virtually no influence in Brussels" bellowed a recent Express headline) and accusations of talking down Britain's prospects and ambitions.
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Though they entered their bye week without much outward defeatism, peppering their postgame remarks with platitudes involving words like "fight" and "pride" and "together," it was easy to glimpse the frustration simmering beneath the surface.
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When the fixture list was announced prior to the start of the season and Hull fans saw that they would be hosting Manchester United this weekend, they could have been forgiven for flirting with defeatism.
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A deft praise-and-worship band from Austin found some middle ground between gospel and Coldplay, and then Moore delivered his opening remarks, urging his congregation to urge their congregations not to buy into moral defeatism.
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They had a duty to maintain this critical attitude towards capitalism while at the same time doing as you said: trying to find ways of escaping the defeatism of the Left, of embracing what Thatcher offered people.
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Despite the defeatism among too many on our own side, and the ceaseless attacks we will face from the Republicans and the billionaire class they represent, the path ahead for real progressive change is clearer and clearer.
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Whether you see it as modesty or defeatism, and whether you pathologize it as a wise lesson from or an overreaction to America's disastrous invasion of Iraq, there is a very clear preoccupation, in Obama's thinking, with limitations.
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"Motion Pictures (for Carrie)" is a gorgeous breakup song, a simple, bluesy folk tune about the dissolution of his relationship with actress Carrie Snodgress, capturing the defeatism of seeing on the horizon the end of a powerful but difficult love.
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There is a brand of upbeat defeatism in Owen's exploration of this efficiency paradox: There is nothing I can do as an individual to solve this problem so perhaps I might as well not bother trying and just go golfing.
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Not a message of gloom-and-doom and defeatism, but a message of reasonable precaution where people can start taking action day-by-day now rather than finding themselves caught up in a panic if things worsen in a week or two.
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So explosive were the implications of Lenin's program, known as "revolutionary defeatism," that the German Foreign Office intervened to prevent this program from being distributed to front-line soldiers, lest it lead the czarist government to arrest Bolshevik Party members for treason.
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If a committed ideologue like myself — who has spent 38 years in the conservative movement — throws his hands in the air and watches a Hollywood movie rather than fight in the Rightist trenches, how will the GOP's defeatism and self-sabotage affect the party's volunteers and voters?
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Empathy is always the best tool for fighting despair, and since trying to hear what's behind all this anger and all this fear and all this defeatism is the surest route to empathy, I have unhidden the Bernie-or-busters I cut from my Facebook feed in 2016.
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"The way to get our friends and partners to understand how serious we are is finally, I'm afraid, to abandon the defeatism and negativity that has enfolded us in a great cloud for so long and to prepare confidently and seriously for a WTO or no-deal outcome," he told BBC TV. NO DEAL BORIS?
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"The way to get our friends and partners to understand how serious we are is finally, I'm afraid, to abandon the defeatism and negativity that has enfolded us in a great cloud for so long and to prepare confidently and seriously for a WTO or no-deal outcome," he said in the BBC TV interview on Monday evening.
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Within days, I was obsessed, binging through past seasons during the week to tide me over until Season 23's latest episode every Friday night, when I could obsess over the sudden downfall of Valentina, lament the unrelenting defeatism of Nina Bo'Nina Brown, and marvel at the buoyant virtuosity of dynamic duo Shea Couleé and Sasha Velour.
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The problem is that suddenly we are in a different world where we are in striking distance of actually implementing a coherent plan that will really work, and now that defeatism, that fatalism, that resignation, has become a huge part of the problem, because once you've made your peace with some terrible thing you know, it's very hard to reengage.
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A desultory skim is worth your while, though, as you'll learn, say, that El Patio is "a top Havana restaurant" to this day, or that "Les Apaches de Belleville" inspired "a rather violent Jazz Age dance, in which the partners cuff each other around and melt into a concluding waltz," or that, less whimsically, Zelda's brother was also mentally ill and his suicide resulted in a "new defeatism" on his sister's part, or so her worried husband saw fit to inform a doctor.
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But not because of any anti-life attitude, or pessimism, or defeatism.
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At the time of World War I the Sinistra espoused revolutionary defeatism, a Leninist theory.
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The term defeatism is commonly used in politics as a descriptor for an ideological stance that considers co-operation with the opposition party. In the military context, in wartime, and especially at the front, defeatism is synonymous with treason. Under military law, a soldier can be accused of being defeatist if he refuses to fight by voicing doubt of the ideological validity of national policy; thus, existential questions such as "Is the war already lost?" and "Is the fight worth the effort?" are defeatism that connote advocacy of an alternative end-to-the war other than military victory. During World War II, Adolf Hitler unexpectedly dismissed many generals for defeatism.
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Karl von Eberstein was dismissed from all posts on 20 April 1945 for "defeatism", by Gauleiter Paul Giesler, on orders from Martin Bormann.Yerger, pp. 41, 106. The charge of "defeatism" was made because he refused to support orders from the high command that prisoners held in camps within his administrative command be killed.
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Diana, faced with James' ambivalence and defeatism, returns to Bunny who takes her on a world cruise to try and rekindle their relationship.
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Convicted soldiers were either shot or sent to Strafbattalione. The GFP also investigated any claims of defeatism talk in ordinary infantry. Another specialist unit called Gruppe 729 was created to interrogate all Wehrmacht soldiers who had managed to escape from Soviet captivity. The general fear was that the NKVD may have "re-educated" these former captives to spread defeatism and anti-fascist propaganda (see Wehrkraftzersetzung).
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One of the main pillars of REBT is that irrational and dysfunctional ways and patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are contributing to human disturbance and emotional and behavioral self-defeatism and social defeatism. REBT generally teaches that when people turn flexible preferences, desires and wishes into grandiose, absolutistic and fatalistic dictates, this tends to contribute to disturbance and upset. These dysfunctional patterns are examples of cognitive distortions.
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Robert Dorsay (16 August 1904 - 29 October 1943) was a German actor, dancer, and singer who was executed in October 1943 for defeatism and defamation of National Socialism.
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The film was panned by the Soviet authorities. The poet, Demyan Bedny, attacked its "defeatism" over three columns of the newspaper Izvestia, and Dovzhenko was forced to re-edit it.
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Retrieved September 4, 2011 "undermining military morale",Translation of wehrkraftzersetzung Dict.cc online German-English dictionary. Retrieved September 4, 2011 and "sedition and defeatism".U-154: General notes on this boat uboat.
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668 The failed offensive after the recent May Days in Barcelona, increased the defeatism and the suspicions among the Republican troops in Aragon.Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.
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The Gotthard League was a Swiss civil society movement formed in 1940 with the aim to combat defeatism and Nazi propaganda at a time when the Swiss were surrounded by triumphant and obviously aggressive Axis powers armies.
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Vernon Blake was announced as substitute live bassist. The EP titled Logic Ravaged by Brute Force was released on 7 February 2020. The band released their sixteenth studio album, Throes of Joy in the Jaws of Defeatism, in September 2020.
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Meanwhile, a PLAN officer, Zhang Beihai, is inducted into China's new Space Force, where he displays an unwavering hope of victory, and blames the other officers for their Defeatism. Zhang secretly murders some scientists advocating chemical propulsion, so that research into fusion-drive receives priority. His proposal to enter hibernation for the purpose of fighting Defeatism among future generations is approved. Tyler designs a swarm of small, nuclear-equipped Kamikaze space-fighters, but his secret plan to work with the ETO to double- cross Earth's forces, and subsequently to triple-cross the Trisolarians, is published by his Wallbreaker.
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Agis Stinas (1900-1987), his real name was Spyros Priftis, was an executive of the Communist Party of Greece and then executive of various small Trotskyist parties. During axis occupation of Greece he promoted Revolutionary defeatism. He was political mentor of Cornelius Castoriadis.
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Despite his lack of faith in the monitors, Du Pont did not propose any alternative plans to capture Charleston. He concentrated instead on how to preserve his ships. His defeatism must be taken into account in any reckoning of results of the battle.
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2 August 2018Aleksandr Gorianin. About actual characteristics of the World War I: imperialist or what other? (О действительном характере Первой Мировой войны: империалистическая или какая-то иная?). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 February 1997 into a civil war and fought against social chauvinism and revolutionary defeatism.
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Heinesen was captivated by the mysterious part of life, calling himself religious in the broadest sense of the word. His life could be described as a struggle against defeatism with one oft-quoted aphorism of his is that "life is not despair, and death shall not rule".
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96 rising to 3000-5000 ca. 1914, and increasing sharply after that, reaching 100,000 at times. October 1918 issue of the ' "war book" The journal hosted topical literature on war politics and alarming reports from the field, including Spahn's coverage of civilian defeatism in Alsace- Lorraine.Verhey, p.
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Women were entrusted with all support functions. Soldiers went into battle without shoes or uniforms. López enforced the strictest discipline, executing even his two brothers and two brothers-in-law for alleged defeatism. By December 1867, there were 45,791 Brazilians, 6,000 Argentinians and 500 Uruguayans at the front.
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Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatism. The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln. The National Union Party was united by Lincoln's support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads.
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Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.845 Following the Fall of Barcelona on 27 January, Juan Hernández Saravia was relieved of his duties as leader of the Eastern Region Army Group, allegedly for his "defeatism" (derrotismo), but the real motives went far deeper.
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Here, as the German armed forces entered its death throes (Belgrade itself fell in October 1944), Waber apparently engaged in looting, theft of German government property, and permitting rampant black market activities in his command. Air Force chief Hermann Göring, angry at defeatism and unauthorized retreats in the Air Force, had Waber arrested (on November 1, 1944) along with three other Air Force generals. The other three were tried and acquitted, but Waber was judged guilty of "severe mismanagement in his headquarters and staff and rampant defeatism throughout his region" and given the death penalty. He was executed (either by hanging or firing squad, according to different sources) in Spandau Prison on February 6, 1945.
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Throes of Joy in the Jaws of Defeatism is the sixteenth studio album by British grindcore band Napalm Death. It was released on 18 September 2020 through Century Media. It is the band's first full-length studio album since 2015's Apex Predator – Easy Meat, making it their longest gap between albums.
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The details of his work there are not known. However, in August 1944, he had come to a view which was disparaging of Hitler's Ostpolitik. Two officers of his staff reported this to the Nazi Authorities and Niedermayer was arrested and charged with advocating defeatism against Nazi Germany. He was Court Martialed at Torgau.
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170 Himmler discusses the dismissal of Benito Mussolini, which is to have led to defeatism. A few death sentences imposed on the basis of making corrosive remarks are to serve as dissuasive warnings for thousands of others, and party members must display exemplary behaviour. Himmler then discusses his duties as Reich minister of the interior.
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Robert C. Williams Slavic Review Vol. 27, No. 4 (Dec., 1968), p. 591 Conservative émigrés such as those in the ROVS (founded in 1924) opposed the Smenoveknovstvo movement, viewing it as a promotion of defeatism and moral relativism, as a capitulation to the Bolsheviks, and as desirous of seeking compromise with the new Soviet regime.
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After the successful landing of the Western Allies, a rift developed between Goebbels and Berndt. Berndt commented, after a visit to Rommel's headquarters on the western front, that he was extremely pessimistic about the military situation. Goebbels accused Berndt of defeatism, pulled him from the propaganda department and suspended him indefinitely from the Ministry.
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The meeting, however, never took place as he preferred to go in a French warship and this never materialised. As the day wore on, Spears became more aware of defeatism – but the hard-liners tended to be socialists. His British uniform struck a false note and people avoided him.The Fall of France, pp. 282–288.
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The mixture of regionalism, anarchism, and defeatism, constituted a steady drain of the Republican war effort. Also the situation was unstable after the May incidents. ;August 17: Socialist Party and Communist Party unity pact. The Communist party had demanded the fusion of the Socialist Party with the Communist Party, as would later happen in all Communist-controlled countries.
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It was the last action of the International Brigades and the Republican air force. On 23 December, Nationalist forces launched their assault on Catalonia. By now, most Catalans were demoralized and tired of the fighting. Alienated by the Negrin government and the Communist party's nationalization of industry, the CNT was filled with defeatism and internal division.
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U-193 then left the port despite Allied protests and returned to La Pallice in France, where more extensive repairs were completed and Paukstadt was replaced by Kptlt. Dr. Ulrich Abel. Abel had served as Watch Officer on under the command of :de:Oskar Kusch. Abel denounced Kusch, which led to Kusch's court martial and execution for defeatism.
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Some 75% of the port's capacity was reduced at one point, and it lost of shipping to air attacks, with another damaged. Minister of Home Security Herbert Morrison was also worried that morale was breaking, noting the defeatism expressed by civilians. Operations against London up until May 1941 could also have a severe impact on morale.Hooton 1997, p. 37.
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Also in 2009, Hedluv the Musical was awarded "Film of the Festival" at the Cornwall Film Festival. In 2012, they performed at The Gilded Balloon for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Advertised as comedy, their show received mixed reviews, with The Guardian saying that 'their combination of demented commitment and catatonic defeatism [made] for an oddly mesmerising hour'.
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The review in The Times Literacy Supplement reflected the intense feud between McNamara and Rostow; the latter made much of the fact that McNamara often suffered from depression and suggested that his "defeatism" was due to an unsound mind. Rostow believed that McNamara had suffered a nervous breakdown in 1966 and his "defeatism" about Vietnam was due to the fact he had "cracked" under the strain of war. Milne wrote that it is indeed correct that McNamara suffered from bouts of depression, but there is nothing to support Rostow's claim he had lost his mind as Defense Secretary. Milne also wrote that Rostow's assertion that high economic growth rates in Southeast Asia justified the Vietnam War was callous towards the families of all the Americans and Vietnamese who died in the war.
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Service D was a small group of the Belgian resistance during the Second World War which operated chiefly in the provinces of Luxembourg, Liège and Limburg. The "D" in the group's name is said to have stood for the activities which the group was involved in: the fight against "Defeatism" and "Denunciation" as well as the "Demoralization" of the Germans.
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He did not have long to wait. The Dutch government was in a complete funk. Defeatism among the regents was rife. Against the advice of De Witt, the States of Holland already before the fall of Utrecht on June 23, had sent the Rotterdam Pensionary, Pieter de Groot (the son of Grotius) to parley with the king's envoys Louvois and Pomponne.
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Gehlen's cadre of FHO intelligence-officers produced accurate field-intelligence about the Red Army that contradicted rear-echelon perceptions of the Eastern battle front, which Hitler dismissed as defeatism, philosophically harmful to the Nazi cause against "Judeo-Bolshevism" in Russia. In April 1945, despite the accurate military intelligence, Hitler dismissed Gehlen, soon after his promotion to major general.Höhne & Zolling, p. 44.
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Women energetically participated in the war effort, with few signs of defeatism or resistance to government policies.Adam-Smith, Patsy. Australian Women at War (Thomas Nelson Australia, 1984) In 1922, the Country Women's Association was formed with the intention to improve the lives of women in rural Australia. It has since expanded to become the largest women's organisation in the country.
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His taking a pacifist stance, not to mention his Jewish family members, made him anathema to the Nazis. He wrote and published articles decrying Germany's military buildup toward war, and especially its establishment of the Luftwaffe. He predicted it would bring war home to German families and German soil. In retribution for his voiced 'defeatism', the Nazis held a secret trial in absentia.
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It said the situation was deteriorating, and a coup could occur at any time. The Prime Minister of the country, General Nguyen Khanh, stayed in power by placating various groups, while exhibiting little leadership of the country or the military. Defeatism was spreading from Saigon to the countryside, and was aggravated by a Montagnard revolt on September 20. No clear leadership was emerging.
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Air attacks sank of shipping, with another damaged. Minister of Home Security Herbert Morrison was also worried morale was breaking, noting the defeatism expressed by civilians. Other sources point out that half of the 144 berths in the port were rendered unusable and cargo unloading capability was reduced by 75 percent. Roads and railways were blocked and ships could not leave harbour.
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Jaurès, Kautsky, Bernstein, Martov and Chernov belonged to this camp; so, at first, did the Bolshevik Lev Kamenev. A minority led by Lenin advocated 'Revolutionary Defeatism': instead of seeking a peace agreement that would restore the status quo ante, socialists should seek to convert the 'imperialist war' into a revolutionary 'civil war', with each socialist party working for the defeat of its own country.
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The Yugoslav government invested great efforts to renew residential buildings and communications. Communist Party organisations, charged to prevent the spread of defeatism and demoralisation, still reported conflicts between Croats and Serbs. Communists were worried about the small number of Croats in the Communist Party. During the first three years of its rule, the Communist Party eliminated all possible opposition and their opponents' leaders were imprisoned.
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Few of his verses, however, are fairly explicit in their political militancy. This is especially the case of El Quijote carlista, a poem which gained sort of iconic status in the Carlist realmPoesía Carlista, [in:] Noticias y actualidades de Ferrer-Dalmau service, available here and is itself – like in case of del Burgo's late poems – a demonstration of pessimism if not defeatism among the Carlists.
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Books, paintings and archives had been secured beforehand in the basement of the Winifred Wagner Hospital, however a Gestapo official stopped Winifred from removing historic furnishings such as Wagner's writing desk, accusing her of "defeatism". As a result, these were later destroyed in the bombing.Spotts, Frederic. (1994). Bayreuth: A History of the Wagner Festival. Chapter 6: "All that lives and soon must die" (Parsifal).
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A contemporary, Lieutenant Colonel Tiilikainen, devotes an entire chapter to the reasons why he resigned in his book about the Cold War in Finland. Officially, the explanation was neglect of duties, working only an estimated 90 days annually. However, there was widespread resentment against him, both in the forces and later revealed in other memoirs from other generals. This hints towards a more serious accusation, defeatism.
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The battle between the Turks and the Christians, in the 16th century At the time of the Marburg Colloquy, Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army.Mallett, 198; Marius, 220. The siege was lifted on 14 October 1529, which Luther saw as a divine miracle. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism.
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During their separation, Catherine comes to believe Frederick has abandoned her. Following the Battle of Caporetto, Frederick and his close friend Major Alessandro Rinaldi (Vittorio De Sica) are among the dispirited and retreating Italian army. Along the path or the retreat, several people die or are left behind due to exhaustion. Raving with illness, exhaustion and depression, Major Rinaldi professes defeatism with the pair arrested by the Carabinieri.
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305 The Federals closed Mobile Bay by sea-based amphibious assault in August, ending Gulf coast trade east of the Mississippi River. In December, the Battle of Nashville ended Confederate operations in the western theater. Large numbers of families relocated to safer places, usually remote rural areas, bringing along household slaves if they had any. Mary Massey argues these elite exiles introduced an element of defeatism into the southern outlook.
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The document to create the Union was meant to be presented to the French Cabinet that evening as an alternative to requesting an armistice, but de Portes entered the stenographer's room where the document was being typed, read it, and then left to spread its contents among the Cabinet ministers who were leaning toward defeatism. Forewarned, the Cabinet rejected both the Union and Reynaud's government. The beaten premier resigned that evening.
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Reymann's Chief- of-Staff, Hans Refior, commented: "The rats are leaving the sinking ship". Both Wilhelm Burgdorf and Goebbels convinced Hitler that Reymann should be relieved of command. When Reymann chose not to locate his office next to Goebbels' office in the Zoo Tower, Goebbels held this act against him. On 22 April, Hitler relieved Reymann of his command for his defeatism and replaced him with newly promoted Generalleutnant Ernst Kaether.
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An attitude of apathy and defeatism swept through the Republican camp and most were resigned to the inevitable destruction of the party. One leader commented that it was highly unlikely "that the Republicans could succeed without federal troops in 1878 where they had failed with them in 1876."Holt, p. 215 Several Republican county organizations passed resolutions supporting Hampton's reelection for governor and even endorsed Democratic candidates for county offices.
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New York: Vintage Books. p. 382. . the concept appears to have gained support from more and more socialists, especially in Russia in 1917 after it was forcefully reaffirmed in Lenin's "April Theses" as Russia's war losses continued, even after the February Revolution as the Provisional Government kept them in the conflict. Using Lenin's terminology, revolutionary defeatism can be contrasted to revolutionary defencism and to social patriotism or social chauvinism.
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Wavell considered this to be defeatism, and stormed at Hutton in front of witnesses at a meeting on 28 February. He did not argue back, feeling that a dignified silence was the best rebuke.Allen, Burma:The Longest War, p.48 Hutton had already been superseded by General Harold Alexander as GOC of Burma Army, and appointed Alexander's Chief of Staff, an embarrassing appointment he held until Burma Army was disbanded later in the year.
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The WIL was pro-war, while the RSL was more fractured; the leadership adopted Trotsky's Proletarian Military Policy, while the Left Fraction and the Center supported "revolutionary defeatism.". Polemics were exchanged and the CPGB attacked Trotskyists with the pamphlet "Clear Out Hitler's Agents".. The Trotskyists unified as the Revolutionary Communist Party in 1944. The Allied victory in the war left the CPGB in its strongest position, with two MPs elected in 1945.
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After 20 July 1944 these threats were extended to include all German troops, in particular, German commanders. A decree of February 1945 threatened death to the relatives of military commanders who showed what Hitler regarded as cowardice or defeatism in the face of the enemy. After the surrender of Königsberg to the Soviets in April 1945, the family of the German commander General Otto Lasch were arrested. These arrests were publicized in the Völkischer Beobachter.
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Westfront 1918 was a critical success when it was released, although it was often shown in truncated form. With the rise of National Socialism, the German authorities quickly judged the film to be unsuitable for the public for its obvious pacifism and for its denunciation of war, which propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels labelled as "cowardly defeatism". Some shots from the film were used for scene-setting purposes in a 1937 BBC Television adaptation of the play Journey's End.
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Adherents employ a state of mind that continues to seek, find and execute ways to win, or find a desirable outcome, regardless of the circumstances. This concept is the opposite of negativity, defeatism and hopelessness. Optimism and hope are vital to the development of PMA. Positive mental attitude (PMA) is the philosophy of finding greater joy in small joys, to live without hesitation or holding back our most cherished, held in high esteem, and highest personal virtues and values.
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Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989; pp. 347-348. Riazanov was also a participant in the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of the Second International. Riazanov rejected both the social-patriotic support of World War I advanced by many Western European socialists as well as the revolutionary defeatism advanced by the Bolsheviks. During the war, Riazanov lived in Paris, where he was a frequent contributor to the Russian-language socialist newspapers Golos (The Voice) and Nashe Slovo (Our Word).
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By 1864 he had lost much of his control over the newspaper, but wrote an editorial expressing defeatism regarding Lincoln's chances of reelection. As his editorials were reprinted across the country, his pessimism was widely read. The New York Herald, under owner James Gordon Bennett, Sr., regularly criticized Lincoln's administration and policies, although Bennett and his paper strongly supported the Union. He had endorsed John C. Breckinridge early in the 1860 presidential campaign, then shifted to John Bell.
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Red Guards detachment along with Sivers, 1918 Rudolf Sivers (1892 - 1918) was a Russian revolutionary and military leader. Sivers was born in Saint Petersburg on 23 November 1892. A veteran of World War I, after the February Revolution he joined Bolsheviks party and became a chief editor of "Entrenched Truth" newspaper in the 12th Army. At the end of July 1917 he was arrested by the Russian Provisional Government for defeatism, but was released during the October Revolution.
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Revolutionary defeatism is a related idea, made most prominent by Vladimir Lenin, that establishes that the proletariat cannot win or gain in a capitalist war. Instead, according to Lenin, the true enemy of the proletariat is the imperialist leaders who send their lower classes into battle. Workers would gain more from their own nations’ defeats, he argued, if the war could be turned into civil war and then international revolution.Appignanesi, Richard (1977) Lenin For Beginners, p. 118.
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Retrieved August 16, 2011The term "Wehrkraftzersetzung" is also translated as "undermining military morale" and as "sedition and defeatism", as in the 1944 conviction of Oskar Kusch, one of two U-boat commanders to be condemned to death. According to the Oxford Companion to World War II, the term was also used with deserters. She was convicted and sentenced to death. She stayed at the women's prison on Barnimstraße, where she was one of the 300 prisoners who were executed.
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Men in the Sun has been translated into many languages. Its description of the hardships and insecurity of Palestinian refugee life, and its political and psychological subtext (subtly criticizing corruption, political passivity and defeatism within Arab and Palestinian society) affected the Arab cultural and political debate of the time. It also uses modernist narrative structures and storytelling methods. Men in the Sun has been filmed as al-Makhduun (The Deceived or The Dupes), by Egyptian director Tawfiq Saleh.
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A meeting of the four Nazis who imposed Nazi ideology on the legal system of Germany. From left to right: Roland Freisler, Franz Schlegelberger, Otto Georg Thierack and Curt Rothenberger. On 20 August 1942, Hitler promoted Otto Georg Thierack to Reich Justice Minister, replacing the retiring Schlegelberger, and named Freisler to succeed Thierack as president of the People's Court (Volksgerichtshof). This court had jurisdiction over a broad array of political offences, including black marketeering, work slowdowns and defeatism.
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In December 1708, Rákóczi tried to save the situation of his declining army by promising freedom and land grants to the peasants who fought by his side. However, this failed to have any notable effect, as peasants and nobles continued deserting from his army. The growing defeatism and moral decline provoked by the defeat at Trencsén (Trenčín) therefore marked the beginning of the ultimate defeat of Rákóczi's War for Independence and the perpetuation of the Kingdom of Hungary remaining subjugated to Austrian rule.
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A Soviet war poster conveying the message: "Don't chatter! Gossiping borders on treason" (1941). Soviet posters during the Eastern Front were visual aids meant to elaborate a certain point in an accessible form, such as the attitudes of the Soviet Government to current events taking place at the front, prevention of defeatism and pessimism, or the inspiration of the troops and the people. The Soviet posters of World War II are works of art and reflect elements of the Soviet cultural heritage.
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45-61, here p. 49. After the war, he was interned and spent 18 months in the Ludwigsburg camp before being released as a case of mistaken identity.Munzinger-Online, s.v.Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Accessed 2010-10-16 During the controversies of 1966, the magazine Der Spiegel unearthed a Memorandum dated 7 November 1944 (six months before the end of the war in Europe) in which two colleagues denounced to SS chief Heinrich Himmler a conspiracy including Kiesinger that was allegedly propagating defeatism.
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Throughout the raging European conflict he remained in his diocese to minister to refugees as well as to the wounded and to the poor. He also restored parishes that had been ruined and was even awarded the Cross of Merit for his good deeds. It was in that war that he helped to organize and run relief efforts for people. He and other priests were convicted of defeatism and imprisoned for a brief period since he chose no side in the conflict.
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Pernot was elected senator for Doubs in November 1935 on the first ballot. He criticized the Matignon accord of June 1936, which settled union grievances after the recent general strike, saying it was "an accord between workers and employers reached under government supervision that dealt with everything except family allowances; they thought of everything except the most important!". On 8 January 1938 Pernot gave a speech in the Senate on the demographic crisis. He rejected defeatism and stop-gap responses.
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The documentary also uses music from the Staple Singers, Neville Brothers, and Janet Jackson as well as documentary scenes of the 1960s. The film title originates from how the interview subjects say there was a "place of rage" within black people in the 1960s where they collected anger from being oppressed and released it against the persons oppressing them. The interview subjects stated that by the 1990s this shifted to a sense of defeatism and internal repression characterized by drug use and resignation.
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The candidates added that rapid modernization was putting too much political power in the hands of Eastern financiers and industrialists. They warned that the abolition of slavery would bring a flood of freed blacks into the labor market of the North. Republicans responded with claims of defeatism. They indicted Copperheads for criminal conspiracies to free Confederate prisoners of war, and played on the spirit of nationalism and the growing hatred of the slave owners, as the guilty party in the war.
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The pamphlet posited the idea of active defeatism, that was a compromise between principled pacifism and practical political resistance. It stated the future for Germany lay in establishing a socialist state that would form alliances with the USSR and progressive forces in Europe. It also offered advice to the individual resistor, do the opposite of what is asked of you. The group produced many hundreds of pamphlets that were spread over Berlin, in phone boxes, and sent to selected addresses.
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Revolutionary defeatism is a concept made most prominent by Vladimir Lenin in World War I. It is based on the Marxist idea of class struggle. Arguing that the proletariat could not win or gain in a capitalist war, Lenin declared its true enemy is the imperialist leaders who sent their lower classes into battle. Workers would gain more from their own nations' defeats, he argued, if the war could be turned into civil war and then international revolution.Appignanesi, Richard (1977).
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On 3 September, France declared war on Germany and entered World War II. On 20 October, Breton nationalist parties were suppressed, and their property was confiscated as enemy goods. Lainé was recalled into the army, promptly convicted of sowing defeatism within his unit, and sentenced to five years of imprisonment by a military tribunal. Other nationalists followed his orders, defecting to the Germans at any suitable opportunity. Abwehr and Ahnenerbe set up separate concentration camps for Breton prisoners of war.
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Rationing in Germany was introduced in 1939 immediately upon the outbreak of hostilities. Hitler was at first convinced that it would affect public support for the war if a strict rationing program was introduced. The Nazis were popular partly because Germany was relatively prosperous, and Hitler did not want to lose popularity or public support. Hitler felt that food and other shortages had been a major factor in destroying civilian morale during World War I, leading to defeatism and surrender.
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In The Hidden Civil War, Wood Gray decried the "defeatism" of the Copperheads. He argued they deliberately served the Confederacy's war aims. Also in 1942, George Fort Milton published Abraham Lincoln and the Fifth Column, which likewise condemned the traitorous Copperheads and praised Lincoln as a model defender of democracy. Gilbert R. Tredway, a professor of history, in his 1973 study Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana found most Indiana Democrats were loyal to the Union and desired national reunification.
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Finally, the general sense of defeatism of the missionaries in Japan and Church leaders in Salt Lake City influenced the decision to close the mission in Japan.; Nevertheless, even though they did not baptize many members, they translated the Book of Mormon into Japanese. They also wrote a Japanese hymnbook, a history of the Church, a biography of Joseph Smith, and other literature. Missionaries, as well as the Church in general, gained experience that would make the reestablishment of the mission in 1948 more successful.
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Censorship for both socio-political and religious justifications, intertwined, was widespread in Iraq's government in the 20th century. In particular, the Iraqi Law on the Censorship of Foreign Films of 1973 banned the showing of anything with "the propagation of reactionary, chauvinistic, populistic, racialist or regionist ideas, of favouring the spirit of defeatism, serving imperialism and Zionism", prohibiting as well anything "defaming the Arab nation and its goals". Iraq's government effectively had the ability to ban any film for any reason whatsoever at any notice.
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Several members of the German military resistance to Adolf Hitler served on his staff, including Henning von Tresckow. Kluge was aware of the plotters' activities but refused to offer his support unless Hitler was killed. His command on the Eastern Front lasted until October 1943 when Kluge was badly injured in a car accident. Following a lengthy recuperation, Kluge was appointed OB West (Supreme Commander West) in occupied France in July 1944, after his predecessor, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, was dismissed for defeatism.
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A political and philosophical novel, Une vie divine is both serious and humorous writing about the possibility of happiness, Nietzsche versus Schopenhauer. Its praises of joy alternate with sadness and ambient defeatism. In 2016, Sollers published the novel Mouvement centring on Hegel's philosophy and biography, with a radical rethinking of time and history. Sollers also sees himself and his novels in an 18th-century lineage with philosophers of the French Enlightenment such as Diderot and Voltaire, and therefore does not break with all tradition.
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Brauchitsch attempted to talk Hitler into putting off X-day by saying that morale in the German Army was worse than in 1918, a statement that enraged Hitler. He harshly berated Brauchitsch for incompetence. Brauchitsch went on to complain: "The aggressive spirit of the German infantry is sadly below the standard of the First World War ... [there have been] certain symptoms of insubordination similar to those of 1917–18." Hitler flew into a rage, accusing the General Staff and Brauchitsch personally of disloyalty, cowardice, sabotage, and defeatism.
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The French high command, however, was reeling from the shock of the sudden offensive and was stung by a sense of defeatism. On the morning of May 15, French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud telephoned newly minted Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and said "We have been defeated. We are beaten; we have lost the battle." Churchill, attempting to console Reynaud reminded the Prime Minister of the times the Germans had broken through allied lines in World War I only to be stopped.
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During World War I (1914–18) Janvion published an undated pamphlet, probably in late 1917, titled Le féminisme défaitiste (Defeatist Feminism). He identified pro-peace feminist leaders such as Hélène Brion, Séverine, Marguerite Durand, Hubertine Auclert and Nelly Roussel, and wrote, "the history of defeatism, when it is known, will demonstrate superabundantly that feminism will there merit, I dare say, the place of honor." Émile Janvion died on 21 July 1927 in Paris and was buried the next day in the cemetery of Bagneux, Ile de France.
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During World War I (1914–18) Colliard was assigned to a teaching position near the Swiss border. She received pacifist colleagues and helped them cross the border into Switzerland to attend the major meetings of international socialists and pacifists. In June 1917 Colliard was forced to move to a new school due to her "extreme pacifism" and because she had expressed sympathy for the German people. Georges Clemenceau returned to power in mid-November 1917, and launched a violent campaign against defeatism that lasted throughout 1918.
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With the fall of Kerch to Axis forces that month, Levchenko was arrested on a charge of inciting defeatism and panic. Grigory Kulik testified against him, and Levchenko was sentenced to 10 years in prison on 25 January 1942. He was pardoned on 31 January, though he was demoted to captain 1st rank on 19 March 1942. Assigned to the Baltic area of operations, Levchenko led an amphibious landing operation against the Finnish island of Someri in the Gulf of Finland on 8 July 1942.
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With Denis de Rougemont and Theophil Spoerri, he took an active part in the setting up of the Gotthard League, a civil society movement dedicated to countering "defeatism and deceptive propaganda" in the face of intense Nazi propaganda which Switzerland was subject to at the time. "We wanted to proclaim that our country would remain faithful to his multi-secular democratic tradition", he explained.Andrew Stallybrass, Obituary of Philippe Mottu on Initiatives of Change site He then joined the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs in Bern.
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War is afoot and Volodyovski is ordered by Radzivill to grant Kmita a commission to raise a force. He visits the wounded knight at Lyubich and knows he will render good service to the Commonwealth as well as blot out his past offences. Chapters XI – XV Kmita and Olenka enjoy sleighing together Great Poland is invaded by the Swedes and the nobles are led by Pan Kryshtof Opalinski, the powerful voivoda of Poznań. However, they have grown soft in peacetime and defeatism is in the air.
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He was outraged that despite the critical situation, the French Commander in Chief in North Africa was opposed to receiving troops from France. There was insufficient accommodation, no spare weapons, there was a shortage of doctors; moreover the climate was rather warm for young Frenchmen at this season! In Spears' view this was monstrous; why did Reynaud not dismiss the obstructionist general? He asked why the idea of forming a redoubt in Brittany had been dropped and why Reynaud did not dismiss General Weygand for his defeatism.
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Some were so corrupt their dealings extended as far as selling ammunition, food and uniforms to the enemy. Also guilty of this corruption were Huerta's two sons, Victoriano Jr. and Jorge, both of whom had been placed in important positions overseeing the procurement of arms, supplies, uniforms and ammunition. Despite these problems Huerta worked at creating an army capable of keeping him in power. He tried to expand the army by creating new units to distance them from the defeatism of the former Porfirista army.
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Oblt.z.S. Oskar-Heinz Kusch, who had commanded the boat in 1943 and the first month of 1944 and successfully attacked three ships, was court-martialled and shot in 1944, having been reported by his first officer,Sharpe 1998 p.53-54 Ulrich Abel, for "Wehrkraftzersetzung" (sedition and defeatism). Ulrich Abel gained his own command U-193 but will killed when it was sunk in April 1944. It was not until the 1990s that Kusch's legal record was wiped clean and a memorial to his memory was erected.
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Preti was born in Ferrara. He graduated in law from the University Ferrara and subsequently in Literature from the University of Bologna. After completing his studies, he taught history and philosophy in some high schools, and later became a professor of Institutions of Public Law at the University of Ferrara. The didactic activity was alternated with that of journalist and author of historical and legal publications. Preti did not hide his socialist ideas and when, in 1941, he was called to arms, he was denounced to the military court for "lese majesty, defeatism and insubordination".
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He became separated from his formation following a heavy flak attack and remains missing to this day in the area south of Aachen. Alfred Druschel was officially credited with seven aerial victories claimed in over 800 combat missions, he mainly flew ground support missions in Henschel Hs 123, Bf 109 and Fw 190 fighter-bombers. Druschel's brother Kurt, Oberleutnant Leitender Ingenieur (chief engineer) on , was a key witness in the court martial of Oberleutnant zur See Oskar Kusch. Kusch was sentenced to death for Wehrkraftzersetzung (sedition and defeatism).
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These are dragged in deliberately; to enhance the effect of 'insanity' which pervades the atmosphere of the story; to contrast the beauty of Nature with the ugliness in various aspects of human life on earth; to demonstrate that physical questions like eradication of poverty and curing of disease are more important than metaphysical questions about the cosmos. Shabdangal is a challenge to claims of 'respectability'. It sympathetically portrays the affliction of people suffering from sexually transmitted diseases, gonorrhoea and syphilis. Kesari, however sees in Basheer's work a defeatism born out of ignorance of scientific advancements.
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Meanwhile, the new Prime Minister Winston Churchill was keen to keep the land forces busy and pre-empt a spirit of defeatism from taking hold in the British Army. He also wished to prick the sense of invincibility of the Wehrmacht. His answer was a force of Commandos, volunteers to cross the Channel and harass the enemy garrisons the length of the coastline of occupied Europe. Legard became a member of this force and the Commandos soon developed an esprit de corps and a methodology and expertise in amphibious warfare.
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Adamthwaite, Anthony France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936–1939, London: Frank Cass, 1977 page 102 Georges Mandel said: "His long nose sniffs danger and responsibility from afar. He will hide under any flat stone to avoid it".Adamthwaite, Anthony France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936–1939, London: Frank Cass, 1977 page 103 The French columnist André Géraud, who wrote under the pen-name Pertinax, stated that Bonnet pursued only the line "of least resistance". Sir Winston Churchill described him as "the quintessence of defeatism".
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Sicily experienced one of the most significant population collapses in Europe in the fourteenth century, falling from approximately 850 thousand in 1277 to approximately 350 thousand in 1376. The population was therefore at an unusually low point at the time of Elizabeth's reign. The most significant contributor to this was the bubonic plague, which ravaged Sicily in the second half of the century. Although the lower population due to the bubonic plague undoubtedly benefited the lower class in the long term, its immediate effects were widespread attitudes of defeatism and uneasiness.
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Hindenburg, Wilhelm, and Ludendorff in January 1917 Wilhelm's role in wartime was one of ever-decreasing power as he increasingly handled awards ceremonies and honorific duties. The high command continued with its strategy even when it was clear that the Schlieffen plan had failed. By 1916 the Empire had effectively become a military dictatorship under the control of Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff. Increasingly cut off from reality and the political decision-making process, Wilhelm vacillated between defeatism and dreams of victory, depending upon the fortunes of his armies.
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In the view of Walter Lippmann, a political columnist, Donovan's findings about Britain's fighting capability "almost singlehandedly overcame the unmitigated defeatism which was paralyzing Washington." Donovan also examined U.S. naval defenses in the Pacific (which he found wanting) and visited several countries along the Mediterranean and in the Middle East, serving as an unofficial envoy for both the U.S. and Britain and urging leaders there to stand up to the Nazis.Waller 2011, p. 59–63. He also met frequently in New York with William Stephenson, a spy for MI6 who was known as "Intrepid".
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After the full-scale Sino-Japanese War broke out in China in August 1937, the CPC Central Committee held a Political Bureau meeting in Fengjia Village, Luochuan, Shaanxi Province. Zhang Wentian presided over the meeting and made an analytic report on the political situation both at home and abroad. He put forward a proposal of ten major of resistance against Japan and rejected national defeatism. By the end of November 1937, Wang Ming, Chen Yun and Kang Sheng returned to Yan’an from Moscow.程中原. 张闻天传. p. 254.
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Although in retreat, the German armies were still on French and Belgian territory when the war ended on 11 November. Ludendorf and Hindenburg soon proclaimed that it was the defeatism of the civilian population that had made defeat inevitable. The die- hard nationalists then blamed the civilians for betraying the army and the surrender. This was the "stab-in-the-back myth" that was unceasingly propagated by the right in the 1920s and ensured that many monarchists and conservatives would refuse to support the government of what they called the "November criminals".
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Luigi Fabbri (23 December 1877 – 24 June 1935) was an Italian anarchist, writer, and educator, who was charged with defeatism during World War I. He was the father of Luce Fabbri. Fabbri was first sentenced for anarchist activities at the age of 16 in Ancona, and spent many years in and out of Italian prisons. Fabbri was a long time and prolific contributor to the anarchist press in Europe and later South America, including co-editing, along with Errico Malatesta, the paper L'Agitazione. He helped edit the paper "Università popolare" in Milan.
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The Pomeyrol theses were a text written on 16 and 17 September 1941 by twelve members of the Reformed Church of France (ERF), in order to provide theological support for resistance to Nazism, against the spirit of collaboration and defeatism, by calling for spiritual resistance. The text took particular exception of the anti-semitic legislation passed by the Vichy regime, as the Barmen Declaration had done before them. The meeting took place on the premises of the newly established Pomeyrol Community, near Beaucaire in the southern Rhône valley.
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The governments of France and Belgium are about to capitulate. The British Expeditionary Force, transported to the continent during the months of “Phoney War”, have been cut off from their French allies and are scattered and stranded along the Channel coastline. Pummelled by the German Luftwaffe air superiority and pounded by the Wehrmacht’s Panzers, it faces total annihilation. This novel tells the story; of the political intrigue, of the internal cabinet dissension, and the indomitable will of the man who rallies a nation, turns the tide of defeatism, and convinces the entire population to “never surrender”.
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Chamberlain had an unbounded confidence in the ability of the Army and Navy to win the war, but on the home front, Chamberlain believed the Reich was "leaderless" as he viewed Bethmann-Hollweg as a Jewish "puppet" unwilling and unable to stop defeatism, corruption or the demand for more democracy. Besides supporting Tirpitz as Chancellor, Chamberlain was all for adopting unrestricted submarine warfare—even at the risk of provoking the United States into the war—as the best way of starving Britain into surrender.Field (1981), p. 384 Chamberlain was also a very public supporter of Zeppelin raids to destroy British cities.
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Schottland, as a customer at the antique shop, is summoned to headquarters for questioning. There Schottland is forced to watch as Gestapo officer Müller tortures Cornaz in a scene in which a fire hose is used to force water into Cornaz's bowels. This kills him, so there is little actual evidence to incriminate Schottland. Though he is arrested, the General is soon released on the intervention of a high-ranking Nazi, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who had been convinced of his sincerity when Schottland seemingly damaged his own position with his accusation of defeatism among the General Staff.
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People's Court on 8 September 1943 against the doctor Alois Geiger for defeatism. Wehrkraftzersetzung or Zersetzung der Wehrkraft (German for "undermining military force") was a sedition offence in German military law during the Nazi Germany era from 1938 to 1945. Wehrkraftzersetzung was enacted in 1938 by decree as Germany moved closer to World War II to suppress criticism of the Nazi Party and Wehrmacht leadership in the military, and in 1939, a second decree was issued extending the law to civilians.The term is nuanced, making it difficult to translate in a way that clearly conveys its sense.
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Carr does not, however, consider the prospect of human improvement a lost cause. At the end of The Twenty Years' Crisis, he actually advocates for the role of morality in international politics, and suggests that unmitigated Realism amounts to a dismal defeatism which we can ill afford. The sine qua non of his analysis is simply that in the conduct of international affairs, the relative balance of power must be acknowledged as a starting point. He concludes his discussion by suggesting that "elegant superstructures" such as the League of Nations "must wait until some progress has been made in digging the foundations".
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Among the co-accused were Goerdeler, Wirmer and Leuschner, all members of the formerly foreseen new government. In the course of the proceedings on 7 and 8 September, Lejeune-Jung became just as much a victim of Volksgerichtshof President Roland Freisler's infamous handling of trials as many others before and after him. On 8 September 1944, the second day of the trial, the accused Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, Wilhelm Leuschner, Josef Wirmer, Ulrich von Hassel and Paul Lejeune-Jung were sentenced to death by hanging. Together with the aforesaid charges, Leujeune-Jung was also found guilty of defeatism and supporting the enemy.
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Lenin condemned much of the center as "social pacifists" for several reasons, including their vote for war credits despite publicly opposing the war. Lenin's term "social pacifist" aimed in particular at Ramsay MacDonald, leader of the Independent Labour Party in Britain, who opposed the war on grounds of pacifism but did not actively fight against it. Discredited by its apathy towards world events, the Second International dissolved in 1916. In 1917, Lenin published the April Theses which openly supported revolutionary defeatism, where the Bolsheviks hoped that Russia would lose the war so that they could quickly cause a socialist insurrection.Service.
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He was described as "...curt, cold and some said ruthless....he was determined to squeeze the ultimate ounce of performance from men and machines". During his time in command, it was said that there was a "sense of desperation but never defeatism,"Ultimately, the strain of command and harsh living conditions seriously fatigued, both mentally and physically, the then 57-year-old Geiger. Geiger turned over the command on 7 November to his Chief of Staff, Brigadier General Louis E. Woods. Brigadier Woods, a 21-year aviation veteran, commanded the Cactus fliers during what was viewed as the lowest point of the campaign.
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Even before the Second World War began in September 1939, the British government had prepared for the evacuation of over a million vulnerable people, mainly children, from the towns and cities to safe areas in the countryside away from the risk of enemy bombing. It was widely believed that up to four million people could be killed by enemy attacks on British towns and cities. When war did eventually break out, the question of sending British children to Commonwealth countries was brought up in Parliament. It was initially rejected on the grounds of creating panic or spreading defeatism.
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The court had jurisdiction over a rather broad array of "political offenses", which included crimes like black marketeering, work slowdowns, defeatism, and treason against the Third Reich. These crimes were viewed by the court as Wehrkraftzersetzung ("disintegration of defensive capability") and were accordingly punished severely; the death penalty was meted out in numerous cases. The Court handed down an enormous number of death sentences under Judge-President Roland Freisler, including those that followed the plot to kill Hitler on 20 July 1944. Many of those found guilty by the Court were executed in Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.
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The Mezhraiontsy group, headed by Leon Trotsky, was firmly internationalist but not necessarily revolutionary defeatist; in 1918, Trotsky resigned his ministry rather than sign the harsh peace agreement of Brest- Litovsk proposed by the Germans. The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who counted the veteran Mark Natanson and many young militants among their number, were also firmly Internationalist but broke their short-lived coalition with the Bolsheviks when the latter signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Bolsheviks were fairly united in opposing the war, but not all Bolsheviks were comfortable with Lenin's Revolutionary Defeatism. Before Lenin's return to Russia, Joseph Stalin had even briefly adopted a Revolutionary Defencist position.
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A second Shaw film produced by Pascal, Major Barbara (1941), was less successful both artistically and commercially than Pygmalion, partly because of Pascal's insistence on directing, to which he was unsuited. Following the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939 and the rapid conquest of Poland, Shaw was accused of defeatism when, in a New Statesman article, he declared the war over and demanded a peace conference. Nevertheless, when he became convinced that a negotiated peace was impossible, he publicly urged the neutral United States to join the fight. The London blitz of 1940–41 led the Shaws, both in their mid-eighties, to live full-time at Ayot St Lawrence.
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A response to Bakshi claims that nation-based binaries are made visible through Yudi but undercut by frequently and recurrently giving Milind a similar space to Yudi's, bringing into focus the privileges that the nation confers upon Yudi. Set after the Bombay riots of 1992-93, Rao comments on how the idea of the nation is embedded in the idea of a community. Indian Islam is considered a result of alien Mughal invasions as opposed to Hinduism whose legitimacy is seen to come from its nativity. One review has called Rao's critique of the communal tensions as a critique of the nation-building processes, though being "verged on defeatism".
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Francis II Rákóczi, leader of the uprising against Habsburg rule in 1703–11 Between 1703 and 1711, there was a large-scale uprising led by Francis II Rákóczi, who after the dethronement of the Habsburgs in 1707 at the Diet of Ónod, took power provisionally as the Ruling Prince of Hungary for the wartime period, but refused the Hungarian Crown and the title "King". The uprisings lasted for years. The Hungarian Kuruc army, although taking over most of the country, lost the main battle at Trencsén (1708). Three years later, because of the growing desertion, defeatism and low morale, the Kuruc forces finally surrendered.
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It was alleged that Maley thought the situation was hopeless due to the sheer number of pro-French Haitians who were attacking the convoy, and he had attempted to strike the colors. The officers' reports also commended Porter, stating that he had saved Experiment and her convoy by acting on his own initiative to ignore Maley's defeatism, urging the crew to fight. Other American officials, such as the American consul at Leonge who was aboard the Experiment during the action, disagreed with Porter's accusations and instead lauded Maley for his bravery. Threats of court-martial were made against Maley, but no formal charges regarding the incident were ever brought.
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Corin met with fellow students at Stoneman Douglas, including David Hogg, Emma González and Cameron Kasky, at Kasky's house; they formed the Never Again MSD movement during these meetings. At first it was a small core group of students, but subsequent meetings came to about twenty students. She explained that their media strategy was to knock through the gun-safety defeatism, reframe the debate, and keep making noise with powerful demonstrations. They acted quickly to take advantage of the news coverage. Corin was a key organizer of the bus trip protest to the Florida state capital on February 20, six days after the shooting.
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According to Einsatzgruppe H's official records, the unit arrested 18,937 people: 9,653 Jews, 3,409 "bandits" (actual or suspected partisans), 2,186 defectors, 714 resistance members, 172 Romani people and 546 others. Of these, 2,257 were subjected to Sonderbehandlung (summary execution). The unit captured the leaders of the uprising, Generals Jan Golian and Rudolf Viest, as well as a few American and British military personnel and German soldiers suspected of defeatism or homosexuality. After the liberation of Slovakia by the Red Army, 211 mass graves with 5,304 victims shot by Axis forces in late 1944 and early 1945 were discovered; a quarter of the victims were women and children.
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Just one of their many exploits together had been secreting the Romanian crown jewels and Romanian treasury out of the Kremlin and back into Romania. In March–April 1918, he rescued some 50 high-ranking Rumanians held in Odessa by revolutionaries. This made Boyle a national hero in Romania and gave him influence within its royal court. At a time when defeatism was rampant in Romania, Boyle together with Queen Marie and her lover, Prince Barbu Știrbey were the main advocates that the Allies would still win the war. Over the queen's strong opposition, Romania signed on 7 May 1918 the humiliating Treaty of Bucharest.
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Hines conducts experiments to amplify intelligence, in the process discovering a means of implanting beliefs. The UN allows soldiers to use Hines's device to implant faith in victory against Trisolaris, as a controversial means of curbing Defeatism, but the program is later terminated, being seen as a crime against humanity. Luo refuses to work, and uses his funding to live a comfortable life, and to find an ideal woman to marry. However, he comes to realize some truths about galactic civilizations based on a conversation which he had many years ago with his former teacher, Ye Wenjie, who was later imprisoned for founding the ETO.
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On 24 October 1944, his case was heard before the People's Court, the accusation was to listen to enemy foes, to denigrate Hitler and for expressing defeatism. He is said to have described the war as already lost, the destruction of the Jews as a mistake. His work was important for the war, especially the Luftwaffe. He was nevertheless found guilty and sentenced to death, but intervention by Rohrbach and Alexander Nikuradse resulted in his death sentence being suspended for six months; he was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, later on 18 December 1944 to the Plötzensee Prison where he continued to undertake Mathematical calculations for the V-weapon programs.
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Brian Tokar has further criticised carbon trading in this way, suggesting that it augments existing class inequality and gives the "largest 'players' [...] substantial control over the whole 'game'".Tokar, B., Earth for Sale, 1997 (Boston:South End Press). In addition, Kovel criticises the "defeatism" of voluntarism in some local forms of environmentalism that do not connect: he suggests that they can be "drawn off into individualism" or co-opted to the demands of capitalism, as in the case of certain recycling projects, where citizens are "induced to provide free labor" to waste management industries who are involved in the "capitalization of nature". He labels the notion on voluntarism "ecopolitics without struggle".
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Kaitlin, his daughter, becomes caught up in the hysteria and joins a pro-Kuin youth cult; while trying to find her, Scott meets Ashlee, a single mother whose son Adam Mills joined the same cult. This leads to Scott and his companions being on hand to witness yet another chronolith appearance in Mexico. Sue Chopra comes to believe that Kuin has made the chronoliths in order to inspire fear and defeatism, making the future victories inevitable by gaining support ahead of time. In an effort to fight Kuin's growing influence, Scott, Sue Chopra, and her team plan to destroy the first chronolith predicted to appear in the United States.
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However, one historian states that the lack of damage in Sydney Harbour was due to "a combination of good luck and aggressive counter-attack". The main impact of the midget submarine attack and subsequent operations was psychological; dispelling any belief that Sydney was immune to Japanese attack and highlighting Australia's proximity to the Pacific War. There was no official inquiry into the attacks, despite demand from some sections of the media, as there was concern that an inquiry would lead to defeatism and reduce faith in John Curtin's government, particularly after the damaging inquiry into Australian defences that had followed the Japanese aerial attack on Darwin three months earlier.
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Custer was concerned that if he did not immediately move to the attack, the village would scatter and disperse, denying the army the armed confrontation it sought with the Sioux/Cheyenne forces. Goes Ahead and the others took off their Army issued uniforms and put on traditional Crow clothing with eagle feathers to assist their flight to the spirit world should they be killed. When Custer saw this, he was enraged seeing the move as defeatism and he dismissed the scouts. Goes Ahead and the others joined Major Marcus Reno on the ridge overlooking the last stand. Attacked but not overrun, most of Reno’s men survived the engagement.
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The next day he clashed with Camille Chautemps, Vice-President of the cabinet, upbraiding him for his defeatism and praising the spirit of the French soldiers that he had known during the First World War. He later spoke to Roland de Margerie, Reynaud's Chef de cabinet and raised the matter of several hundred German pilots who were prisoners of the French, asking that they be handed over to the British. However, there was much confusion and telephone communications were difficult even within the city of Bordeaux itself. Spears now had misgivings about Reynaud's determination to stay in the war, if necessary from French North Africa.
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This new approach stressed actively working to change a client's self-defeating beliefs and behaviours by demonstrating their irrationality, self-defeatism and rigidity. Ellis believed that through rational analysis and cognitive reconstruction, people could understand their self-defeatingness in light of their core irrational beliefs and then develop more rational constructs. In 1954, Ellis began teaching his new techniques to other therapists, and by 1957, he formally set forth the first cognitive behavioral therapy by proposing that therapists help people adjust their thinking and behavior as the treatment for emotional and behavioral problems. Two years later, Ellis published How to Live with a Neurotic, which elaborated on his new method.
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It offended a number of society figures, many tracing direct lineage to the major magnate families whose members are portrayed in the painting as traitors to the Polish cause. There were a number of critical reviews of the work in the contemporary press, Matejko received anonymous threats, and some aristocrats are said to have considered buying the painting only to destroy it. Some accused him of defeatism, pessimism, exploiting public sentiment over a historical scandal for contemporary publicity; it was thus criticized by notable artists such as Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and Cyprian Norwid. In Paris, a French-Polish aristocrat, Count Alexandre Joseph Colonna- Walewski, campaigned against including it in an exhibition.
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Witte, Rosen, Plancon; and the Japanese at near side of table are Adachi, Ochiai, Komura, Takahira, Satō. The large conference table is today preserved at the Museum Meiji-mura in Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Military leaders and senior tsarist officials agreed before the war that Russia was a much stronger nation and had little to fear from the Oriental newcomer. The fanatical zeal of the Japanese infantrymen astonished the Russians, who were dismayed by the apathy, backwardness, and defeatism of their own soldiers.Donald P. Wright, “‘Clouds Gathering on the Horizon’: The Russian Army and the Preparation of the Imperial Population for War, 1906-1914,” ‘’ Journal of Military History’’ 83#4 (Dec 2019 ) pp 1133 - 1160, quoting p. 1136-37.
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In a polemic, he described his main differences with the Trotskyists as being "on revolutionary defeatism, on support for left-bourgeois governments, on support for third capitalist parties".Hugo Oehler, The Ukraine question: A Reply to Trotsky's Polemic With the declaration of the Trotskyist Fourth International, Oehler concentrated on finding international contacts, which he grouped into the Provisional International Contact Commission for the New Communist (Fourth) International. However, World War II proved the start of a dramatic decline for the RWL, which appears to have been disbanded in the early 1950s, and Oehler faded into obscurity. In the 1970s, Oehler lived in Denver, Colorado, and was interviewed there by Prometheus Research Library archivist Carl Lichtenstein.
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Louis XIV and Charles II of England had intended that William become Sovereign Prince at the head of a Hollandic rump state principality, a joint protectorate (with the British occupying key Hollandic cities and the isle of Walcheren). Louis halted his army to allow the Orangists to take over Holland and come to an arrangement with him [NB]. He offered the Dutch peace in exchange for either the southern fortresses, religious freedom for Catholics and six million guilders, or the retention of his present conquests and sixteen million guilders. These demands, especially the financial portions, led to a renewed public outrage and the Dutch mood abruptly changed from defeatism to a dogged determination to resist the French.
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The Raid on Boulogne in 1804 was a naval assault by elements of the Royal Navy on the fortified French port of Boulogne, during the Napoleonic Wars. It differed from the conventional tactics of naval assaults of the period by utilizing a wide range of new equipment produced by the American-born inventor Robert Fulton, with the backing of the Admiralty. Despite its ambitious aims the assault produced little material damage to the French fleet anchored in the harbour, but did perhaps contribute to a growing sense of defeatism amongst the French as to their chances of crossing the English Channel in the face of the Royal Navy and launching a successful invasion of the United Kingdom.
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He also touches upon the situation in the Balkans and other occupied territories, whose acts of resistance he disregards as irritating pinpricks. The war in the air and sea is also mentioned, as well as the domestic front (die innere Front) and factors from it such as enemy radio broadcasters and defeatism stemming from air raids. Subsequently, Himmler turns to the situation on the enemy's side, speculating over the relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States and their resilience and readiness for war. He goes into extensive detail about variances in the SS, individual divisions, police organisations, and outlines his duties regarding economic operations of the SS and being a minister of the Reich.
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Written in 1969, the poem was first published in 1970 with only two long poems, then reissued two years later with an additional poem ("A Grave for New York"), in "A Time Between Ashes and Roses" collection of poems. In the poem, Adonis, spurred by the Arabs' shock and bewilderment after the Six- Day War, renders a claustrophobic yet seemingly infinite apocalypse. Adonis is hard at work undermining the social discourse that has turned catastrophe into a firmer bond with dogma and cynical defeatism throughout the Arab world. To mark this ubiquitous malaise, the poet attempts to find a language that matches it, and he fashions a vocal arrangement that swerves and beguiles.
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Following the Fall of Barcelona on 27 January, Juan Hernández Saravia was relieved of his duties as leader of the Eastern Region Army Group, allegedly for his "defeatism" (derrotismo), but the real motives went far deeper. General Hernández Saravia had fallen from grace because his views had often conflicted with those of the Chief of the General Staff of the Central Region, Vicente Rojo, and the President of the Council of Ministers, Juan Negrín.Hugh Thomas (1976) p. 947 Hernández Saravia had tried to replace Juan Modesto, the head of the Ebro Army, whom he saw as self-important and not up to the markManuela Aroca Mohedano, General Juan Hernández Saravia: el ayudante militar de Azaña.
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Apparently, a major factor in the thinking of the government was the storm raised in the press, on how the Belgians had lost out to the Dutch, and how Belgium had been left with the rotten parts of the company; this led to an atmosphere of defeatism, and they just wanted to be rid of the mess. Negotiations with BNP Paribas did not go smoothly, the French being adamant that they wanted only the banking parts and certainly wanted no part in the risky 'toxic' structured products. Also, they wanted the bank cheaply. Finally, the government caved and agreed to let Fortis Group deal with the 'toxic' structured products (after all, Fortis had caused the problem), while selling only the actual bank to BNP Paribas.
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Following its success in Britain, the series was shown in the United States on public television and broadcast all over the world, and became the first BBC television programme to be sold to the Soviet Union. The worldwide audience was estimated as something in the region of 160 million. The series won a Royal Television Society Silver Medal and a BAFTA for Best Drama Series or Serial. Following its transmission in 1967 by RTÉ, Ireland's public broadcaster, the BBC production won a Jacob's Award at the annual presentation ceremony in Dublin.The Irish Times, "RTÉ advised to fight defeatism", 7 December 1967 The series' success prompted companies to invest in similarly scaled drama serials, which resulted in programmes such as Upstairs, Downstairs and The Pallisers.
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At an after-dinner speech in Burnley on 8 January, Prime Minister Harold Wilson criticised those who were "complaining that the other fellow is not pulling his weight" including trade unionists who pointed to the failures of individual employers. Wilson declared "What we want is 'back Britain', not back-biting".John Chartres, "Wilson Joins 'I Back Britain'", The Times, 9 January 1968, p. 1. Wilson, who later wrote that the campaign "was a helpful and robust response to the gloom and near-defeatism" after devaluation, put Edmund Dell, Under-Secretary at the Department of Economic Affairs, in charge of government assistance. Dell visited Colt on 8 January 1968"Sponsor to Run 'Back Britain'", The Times, 9 January 1968, p. 2.
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Eberstein refused to order the shooting of the prisoners and stated that it would be impossible to find any Luftwaffe commander to give the order to bomb. Giesler then said he would poison the prisoners; Eberstein claimed he stopped Giesler by obtaining an order from Himmler to simply surrender the camps. Giesler then fired Eberstein on 20 April, on orders of Martin Bormann, for 'defeatism'. IMT, Trial of Major War Criminals, Day 195Yerger, p 41 During the last chaotic days of Nazi Germany, Giesler was behind the worst of the violence directed against "defeatists" and those seeking to surrender their districts without pointless destruction, the Penzberger Mordnacht (Night of Penzberg Murder) being one of the best known examples of this.
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215 In William's absence, Queen Mary and her advisors – the 'Council of Nine' – hastened to take measures for the defence of the country.Council of Nine, Queen Mary was left to govern England in William's absence. She was to be advised by the 'Council of Nine', Devonshire, Dorset, Mordaunt, Russell, Carmarthen, Nottingham, Pembroke, Sir John Lowther and for military advice, the Earl of Marlborough Carmarthen thought that it was advisable to fight, as did Nottingham and Admiral Russell, who were unconvinced that the French were as strong as Torrington reported and considered that only the admiral's pessimism, defeatism or treachery could account for his reports. As the two fleets moved slowly up the channel (with Torrington keeping carefully out of range), Russell drafted the order to fight.
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During a visit to London on Sunday 26 May, the French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud had reported to Churchill the view of the new Commander-in-Chief General Maxime Weygand that the struggle had become hopeless. On 27 May, Churchill demanded an immediate report from Spears, who was told to resist such defeatism. Reynaud referred to 'mortal danger' with reference to a possible attack by the Italians, who had not yet entered the war; Spears' view was that the French army in the Alps was strong and that the only danger from the Italians would be if they interfered with the transport of troops from North Africa. Yet perversely, Italian intervention might be good for allied morale: 'our combined fleets would whip them around the Mediterranean'.
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Victor Emmanuel rejected this offer, and in September 1941, when Count Ciano told him the war was lost, blasted him for his "defeatism", saying he still believed in Mussolini. On 11 December 1941, Victor Emmanuel rather glibly agreed to Mussolini's request to declare war on the United States. Failing to anticipate the American "Europe First" strategy, the king believed that the Americans would follow an "Asia First" strategy of focusing all their efforts against Japan in revenge for Pearl Harbor, and that declaring war on the United States was a harmless move. The king was pleased by the news of Japan entering the war, believing that with Britain's Asian colonies in danger that this would force the British to redeploy their forces to Asia and might finally allow for the Axis conquest of Egypt.
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1, pp. 256–705. argue that negative press reports contributed to an attitude of defeatism and despair at the very moment American troops were winning against the VC. As such they claim, Tet was a major strategic political and psychological triumph for Communist forces in the conflict. Whatever the merits of these debates or claims, it is clear that the Communist strategy of attritional conflict engendered an increasing war-weariness among their American opponents, whether the pressure was applied over time or more acutely during Tet, or whether guerrilla or conventional warfare was prominent at a particular time. After 1968, the US increasingly sought to withdraw from the conflict, and the future freedom of action by US leaders such as Richard Nixon was hindered by domestic anti-war opposition.
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Thomas Fairfax (commander of the New Model Army) by Robert Walker and studio. After two years of ruinous but indecisive military campaigning, Parliament passed the Self-denying Ordinance (by which members of both Houses of Parliament were deprived of military office, a measure originally introduced to replace some high-ranking officers who were suspected of disloyalty or defeatism), and created the New Model Army, the first professional standing army in Modern English history. An experienced soldier, Sir Thomas Fairfax, was appointed its Lord General. The New Model Army proved supreme in field, no more so than in the Second English Civil War which was succinctly described by Sir Winston Churchill: From its foundation, the New Model Army adopted social and religious policies which were increasingly at odds with those of Parliament.
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The RSHA favored shooting all of the women protesting on Rosenstrasse, but this plan was vetoed by Goebbels, who argued that the protests were apolitical, an attempt by women to keep their families together rather an attempt to bring down the Nazi regime. In the aftermath of the Battle of Stalingrad, a defeat which had gravely shaken German morale and led to the first signs of defeatism among the German people, Goebbels had proclaimed a policy of Total War. Goebbels argued that there was no way the regime could massacre thousands of unarmed women in the middle of Berlin and keep the massacre secret, and the news of the massacre would further undermine German morale by showing that the German people were not all united in the Volksgemeinschaft for Total War.
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However, Rowse that he was alone with Trott that the latter said: "If they kill me, you will never forgive them, will you?" Trott's ideas led to a complete rejection of democracy as a system morally no different from National Socialism. In 1938, Trott wrote to a British friend that what was happening in Germany was a "European phenomenon", believing that with the Industrial Revolution, European society had become dehumanised and lost its spiritual core. Trott wrote this was much a problem of democratic as totalitarian countries, writing: "It is my opinion that this pandering to the instinctual side of human consciousness, as much by democracy as by totalitarianism, is what has led to the sterile and cynical defeatism that lies at the root of Europe's intellectual chaos".
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After getting degrees from Yale and Harvard Law School, the Canadian-born Frum became part of the conservative movement in the mid-1980s, serving as editor of The Wall Street Journals right-leaning editorial pages and later writing a column for Forbes. He aligned himself with the neoconservative faction of the movement, supporting an activist American foreign policy that confronted certain repressive foreign regimes. Frum was not afraid to criticize other factions, as he did in his 1994 memoir Dead Right, where he suggested that the movement should pay less heed to social conservatives and strict supply-side economics advocates. Frum was particularly repulsed by paleoconservatism, in which he saw strong antisemitic elements, defeatism, and a willingness to abandon core tenets of conservatism such as governmental restraint in favor of nationalistic or racialistic agendas.
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Ulrikh personally executed Yan Karlovich Berzin, former head of Red Army Intelligence Directorate, later called GRU Vadim Bristein SMERSH: Stalin's Secret Weapon, Soviet counterintelligence in ww2 page 65 During the Great Patriotic War, Ulrikh continued to hand down death sentences to people accused of sabotage and defeatism. He was also the chief judge during the Trial of the Sixteen leaders of the Polish Secret State and Home Army in 1945. After the conclusion of the war, Ulrikh presided over a number of the early trials of the Zhdanovshchina. In 1948 a number of top judges, including Ulrikh, were removed from their positions for severe drawbacks in the judicial system, including corruption and what were classified as political errors.„Члены Верховного суда брали взятки“ ("Members of the Superior Court Took Bribes") magazine «Коммерсантъ Власть», no.
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Rodgers was so disheartened by this that he wrote a resignation letter to Callaghan, saying "the Government is not even in the front line" and accusing it of "defeatism of a most reprehensible kind." He ultimately decided to remain in the Cabinet.Lopez, 101-103 A further plan was drawn up to call a state of emergency and safeguard essential supplies through the Army, regarding which the government warned the TGWU leadership, which resulted in the union accepting on 12 January 1979 a list of emergency supplies which were officially exempt from action. In practice, what counted as an emergency was left up to local officials of the TGWU to determine, and practice across the country varied according to the views of the local shop stewards who established "dispensation committees" to decide.
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France's actions during the Rhineland crisis have often used as support of the décadence thesis that during the interwar period the supposed decadence of the French way of life caused the French people to degenerate physically and morally to the point that the French were simply unable to stand up to Hitler, and the French in some way had it coming when they were defeated in 1940.Young, (1996), p. 146. Shirer wrote that the French could have easily turned back the German battalions in the Rhineland had the French people not been "sinking into defeatism" in 1936. Historians such as the American historian Stephen A. Schuker who have examined the relevant French primary sources have rejected Shirer's claims, finding that a major paralyzing factor on French policy was the economic situation.
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Recluse and Fanelli were at odds over Recluse's friendships with Spanish republicans and Fanelli soon left Barcelona for Madrid. Fanelli stayed in Madrid until the end of January 1869, conducting meetings to introduce Spanish workers, including Anselmo Lorenzo, to the First National. In February 1869, Fanelli left Madrid, journeying home via Barcelona. He met with painter Josep Lluís Pellicer and his cousin Rafael Farga i Pellicer, along with others who were to play an important role establishing the International in Barcelona as well as the Alliance section. In 1870, Bakunin led a failed uprising in Lyon on the principles later exemplified by the Paris Commune, calling for a general uprising in response to the collapse of the French government during the Franco-Prussian War, seeking to transform an imperialist conflict into social revolution, or what Vladimir Lenin later termed revolutionary defeatism.
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Marjoribanks next posting on 30 November 1940 was as Consul General to Jacksonville, Florida, United States,“Meade Greets His Successor As British Consul in Jax”, Jacksonville Journal, 30 November 1940 Marjoribanks takes over his new consular post where he emphasised Britain's determination to fight on and encouraged the Americans to become more active in the war.”British Won’t Give Up, Says New Consul”, Jacksonville Journal, 20 November 1940”No Defeatism In Britain Today Consul from Jacksonville Says”, The Valdosta Times, 10 March 1941 Marjoribanks Interview in Valdosta, Georgia His personal experience of Japanese and German aggression was very valuable to him when arguing the case for Britain. He came to know the Duke of Windsor who was governor of the Bahamas at that time.”Windsors Drop In On Miami – Royal Couple Welcome”, Miami Daily News, 23 September 1941.
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Mass evacuations were a partial answer for six million civilians, but this had a severe effect on morale as German families were split up to live in difficult conditions. By 1944, absenteeism rates of 20–25 percent were not unusual and in post-war analysis 91 percent of civilians stated bombing was the most difficult hardship to endure and was the key factor in the collapse of their own morale.Buckley 1998, p. 166. The United States Strategic Bombing Survey concluded that the bombing was not stiffening morale but seriously depressing it; fatalism, apathy, defeatism were apparent in bombed areas. The Luftwaffe was blamed for not warding off the attacks and confidence in the Nazi regime fell by 14 percent. By the spring of 1944, some 75 percent of Germans believed the war was lost, owing to the intensity of the bombing.
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Some of these posters contained the most well known slogans of the war and many were depicted by propaganda artist Cyril Kenneth Bird.Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York Other slogans used for this type of poster were “loose talk costs lives”, "loose lips sink ships", “Another careless word, another wooden cross”, and “bits of careless talk are pieced together by the enemy”. Stories also emphasized an anti-rumor theme, as when one woman advised another not to talk with a man about her war job, because the woman he is dating is untrustworthy and might be an enemy agent.Maureen Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender and Propaganda during World War II, p 193-4, Rumor mongering was discouraged on the grounds it fomented divisions in America and promoted defeatism and alarmism.
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He was opposed to hunting, gambling and adultery; did not drink as much as most MPs at the time, gave generously to charity, and enjoyed spending time with his thirteen children. After a late entry into politics, his rise to power was rapid; he was appointed as Solicitor General and Attorney General, respectively, in the Addington ministry; Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons in the Portland ministry; and became Prime Minister in 1809. At the head of a weak ministry, Perceval faced a number of crises during his term in office, including an inquiry into the Walcheren expedition, the madness of King George III, economic depression, and Luddite riots. He overcame these crises, successfully pursued the Peninsular War in the face of opposition defeatism, and won the support of the Prince Regent.
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Alternately, people may indulge in pleasurable activities that they worry may not be readily accessible in a future society adapted to climate change. #"Entente with nihilism, defeatism, and depression" – In Hoexter's view, genuine nihilism remains a tendency within "hard" denialism; however, people who feel disempowered or overwhelmed about climate change may come to accept an uneasy coexistence with such nihilism. According to Anne Pasek, the difficulty of comprehending the sheer scale of global warming and its effects can result in sincere (albeit ill-founded) belief that individual changes in behavior will suffice to address the problem without requiring more fundamental structural changes. In political terms, soft climate denial can stem from concerns about the economics and economic impacts of climate change, particularly the concern that strong measures to combat global warming or mitigate its impacts will seriously inhibit economic growth.
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She is briefly reunited with Friedhelm, Wilhelm, and Charlotte in her improvised dressing room after her performance, but cuts short the reunion (much to the other friends' dismay) to attend a private party held by the senior commanders. Greta is stranded when her driver and pilot leave her behind at the start of the Battle of Kursk as she takes too long to pack her belongings. Charlotte forces her to help tend to wounded Heer soldiers at her field hospital, and the experience clearly traumatizes Greta. By chance she manages to return to her bar in Berlin, where she openly expresses her doubts in the Endsieg to a group of partying soldiers, and angers Dorn by revealing their affair to his wife, both of which lead to her getting arrested and imprisoned for Wehrkraftzersetzung ("subversion of the war effort") and defeatism.
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Early in the Battle of Stalingrad, Wietersheim used his tanks to protect the advance from the Don River to the Volga, which was criticized for being an inappropriate use of an armored formation. Soon after, having encountered exceptionally strong resistance from Red Army troops, he suggested a partial withdrawal to the Don, due to high casualties among his troops in the salient north of Stalingrad, just to the west of the Volga. Deemed acts of incompetence and defeatism, he was relieved of command by the head of the German Sixth Army, Friedrich Paulus, and subsequently dismissed by Hitler. Historian Alan Clark reported that Wietersheim returned to Germany after his dismissal, only reappearing in any military context in 1945 as a private in a Pomeranian Volkssturm unit.Alan Clark, Barbarossa: The Russian German Conflict, 1941-1945 (New York: W. Morrow), 233.
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The Islamic revival offers a way of life in which young people can be respected for their piety and Islamic learning rather than for their titles or wealth, and in which it is considered admirable to live simply. The view that it is the duty of every Muslim to be involved in political and social reform (which the Brotherhood particularly emphasises) acts as an antidote to political alienation and defeatism, enabling young people to feel more optimistic about the future. Women from lower-middle-class backgrounds have found that stricter religious observance gives them increased respectability, enabling them to disregard other social codes that would otherwise limit their options in areas such as education, career and marriage. Young people's work in the Brotherhood includes organising Islamic seminars and plays, supporting Brotherhood candidates in elections in student unions, professional associations and parliament, and participating in demonstrations.
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To refuse to accept > the challenge it presents would be an act of defeatism. The impact of the motor car was compared with that of a heavy goods vehicle which; > given its head, would wreck our towns within a decade... The problems of > traffic are crowding in upon us with desperate urgency. Unless steps are > taken, the motor vehicle will defeat its own utility and bring about a > disastrous degradation of the surroundings for living... Either the utility > of vehicles in town will decline rapidly, or the pleasantness and safety of > surroundings will deteriorate catastrophically – in all probability both > will happen. > Indeed it can be said in advance that the measures required to deal with the > full potential amount of motor traffic in big cities are so formidable that > society will have to ask itself seriously how far it is prepared to go with > the motor vehicle.
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He studied at the University of Neuchâtel and in Vienna, and then moved to Paris in 1930. There he wrote for and edited various publications, associating with the personalist groupings and the non-conformists of the 1930s: with Emmanuel Mounier and Arnaud Dandieu, he founded the magazines Esprit and L'Ordre Nouveau, and he also founded a magazine on existential theology, Hic et Nunc.Denis de Rougemont (1956/1966), Love in the Western World, trans., Montgomery Belgion, revised edition, reprint, New York: Fawcett, p. [i]. In June 1940, fearing that defeatism and the pressure of Nazi propaganda (and armies) would lead the federal government to submit to the Germans and give up the traditional democratic values of Switzerland, he led with Zurich University Professor Theophil Spoerri a group of young people which created a civil society organisation called the Gotthard League in order to defend both Christian values and the independence of Switzerland.
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Williams, p. 175 The intellectuals were stuck at an impasse; they recognized the government's increasing normalization, but they were unsure whether to trust that the measures were only temporary or demand more. For example, still believing in Dubcek's promises for reform, Milan Kundera published the article "Cesky udel" (Our Czech Destiny) in Literarni listy on 19 December.Williams, p. 182 He wrote: "People who today are falling into depression and defeatism, commenting that there are not enough guarantees, that everything could end badly, that we might again end up in a marasmus of censorship and trials, that this or that could happen, are simply weak people, who can live only in illusions of certainty."Williams, p. 183 In March 1969, however, the new Soviet-backed Czechoslovakian government instituted full censorship, effectively ending the hopes that normalization would lead back to the freedoms enjoyed during the Prague Spring.
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18, Babeș-Bolyai University Center for Imagination Studies, Cluj-Napoca, 2010, pp. 68–82. The heightened sense of crisis prompted Iorga to issue appeals against defeatism and reissue Neamul Românesc from Iași, explaining: "I realized at once what moral use could come out of this for the thousands of discouraged and disillusioned people and against the traitors who were creeping up all over the place."Iova, p. xliii The goal was again reflected in his complementary lectures (where he discussed the "national principle") and a new set of works; these featured musings on the Allied commitment (Relations des Roumains avec les Alliès, "The Romanians' Relations with the Allies"; Histoire des relations entre la France et les roumains, "The History of Relations between France and the Romanians"), the national character (Sufletul românesc, "The Romanian Soul") or columns against the loss of morale (Armistițiul, "The Armistice").
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On 17 June 1940, Prytz had a meeting with the British Foreign Office Minister Rab Butler, at which the possibility of Britain making a compromise peace with Nazi Germany was discussed. Prytz reported back to Stockholm that Butler, after consulting with Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax, had declared that British policy must be determined by "common sense not bravado" and that "no opportunity for reaching a compromise (peace) would be neglected if the possibility were offered on reasonable conditions."Anthony Howard RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler, Jonathan Cape 1987 Prytz reported the details of the meeting in a telegram to the Swedish government the same day, and Churchill discovered this, probably because the Government Code and Cypher School was intercepting and decrypting Swedish diplomatic cables. Churchill wrote to Halifax on 26 June 1940, complaining that Butler's "odd language", hinted at defeatism and embarrassed the British government.
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These theses were in favor of "Revolutionary defeatism", which argues that the real enemy is those who send the proletariat into war, as opposed to the "imperialist war" (whose "link to Capital" must be demonstrated to the masses) and the "social- chauvinists" (such as Georgi Plekhanov, the grandfather of Russian socialism), who supported the war. The theses were read by Lenin to a meeting of only Bolsheviks and again to a meeting of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, both being extreme leftist parties, and was also published. He believed that the most effective way to overthrow the government was to be a minority party and to give no support to the Provisional Government. Lenin also tried to take control of the Bolshevik movement and attempted to win proletariat support by the use of slogans such as "Peace, bread and land", "End the war without annexations or indemnities", "All power to the Soviet" and "All land to those who work it".
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In 1911, Morgari inaugurated his activity as a "diplomat of Socialism" with a trip to the Far East, which would become his main preoccupation in the years of World War I; he took part in preparing the Zimmerwald Conference, celebrated the October Revolution and Bolshevist Russia, and signed the April 1, 1919 letter that declared the PSI adherence to the Comintern. Nevertheless, he remained inside the PSI when its Bolshevik factions left to form the Italian Communist Party. He left the party in 1922 to join Filippo Turati and Claudio Treves in creating the Unitary Socialist Party (PSU). With Fascism and the March on Rome came a debate among socialists over the conflict and pacifism: in 1934, Morgari showed himself to be a partisan of an understanding with the Soviet Union, and called for defeatism to be applied as a revolutionary tactic in case Italy was to be led into war by Benito Mussolini.
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Outlet Nalewki at Arsenal, 1775, Canaletto painting Nalewki Street on a postcard from the early 20th century Nalewki Street on postcard after 1906 year Świętojerska Street after defeatism of Warsaw in 1939 Bohaterów Getta Street with old tram track of Nalewki Street Nalewki is a former name of the Bohaterów Getta (Heroes of the Ghetto) street in Warsaw, Poland, as well as a name applied to the entire borough around it. The street runs from the Długa Street (Long Street) in the New Town towards what was the northern outskirts of the city in the 19th century, and the neighbourhood of Muranów. Until World War II inhabited primarily by Jews, after the war it was rebuilt only partially, part of its former course taken up by a park established after the war. (The historical Nalewki Street's intersection with Franciszkańska was one of the busiest corners of pre-World War II Warsaw; the present Bohaterow Getta does not get that far).
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The organization gained further prominence when the Dnevni telegraf (daily tabloid owned and edited by Slavko Ćuruvija) 7 November issue appeared on newsstands with Otpor's ad featuring the clenched fist symbol on the front page. The paper had previously been banned for "spreading defeatism by running subversive headlines", a punishment meted out under the controversial new government decree. And though the ban was lifted within a week as the decree was put out of effect only to be replaced by the new information law, Dnevni telegraf's publishing hiatus continued past the ban being lifted and the 7 November issue was its return to the newsstands. Seeing the Otpor ad on the front page, the authorities quickly reacted again, taking Ćuruvija and his collaborators to court within days via a trumped up private citizen's complaint and handing them another draconian fine under the information law, this time prompting the newspaper's relocation to Podgorica.
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In November 1938, Corbin reported that one public opinion poll showed that the majority of the British people favored a "national registry" of young men. At the same time, Corbin told the Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax, that there was growing defeatism in France and that Bonnet had his own agenda of reaching an understanding with the Reich that might very well be at Britain's expense. To counter Bonnet, Corbin urged Halifax that Britain should make an effort to stand by France such as making the "continental commitment", saying that as long the French believed the British "would fight to the last Frenchman", the appeal of Bonnet would continue to grow. On 1 November 1938, Lord Halifax in a dispatch to Sir Eric Phipps, the British ambassador in Paris, stated his fear that France: "turn so defeatist as to give up the struggle of maintaining adequate forces even for the safety of metropolitan France".
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Kossert, Damals ..., p. 143 On October 16, 1944 the Red Army reached German territory for the first time in World War II in the southern part of East Prussia near Gumbinnen, encountering German civilians and committing the Nemmersdorf massacre. After the Wehrmacht managed to reconquer large parts of the territory, the East Prussian Gauleiter Erich Koch partially conceded the requests of the Wehrmacht and gave permission to evacuate a small strip of 30 km directly behind the front line. Civilians from that area were sent to the northern parts of East Prussia.Kossert, Damals ..., p. 145 The third wave of evacuation happened in January 1945, when the East Prussian Offensive was already in progress. While Nazi authorities propagated the faith in the Final victory, any individual initiatives involving evacuation was labelled as defeatism. Most civilians left their homes just hours before Red Army units overran them, and were often directly involved in combat.
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The military situation of the Spanish Republic deteriorated steadily under Negrín's government, largely because of the superior quality of the opposing generals and officers many of whom were veterans of the Rif War, and by 1938 the overwhelming advantage of the rebels in terms of men (20%), aircraft and artillery provided by Germany and Italy. Throughout 1938, the unremitting succession of serious military defeats and the failure of all the provisions of Franco-British aid, was reflected in a deterioration of material living conditions in the rear (especially in terms of food) that deeply affected the political morale of the popular and military resistance of the Republican side. Late 1938, the freezing and half starved civilian population in the Siege of Madrid was suffering from severe malnutrition due to the restricted daily ration of 100 grams of bread and lentils (nicknamed "Dr Negrín’s pills"). Disheartened by a fifth column, a war weariness took hold of Madrid and defeatism was widespread.
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Prevost kept the bulk of his forces in Lower Canada to protect Quebec, and opposed any attack into United States. Brock also believed that he was handicapped by inertia and defeatism among the Legislature and other officials. He wrote to Prevost's Adjutant General, > My situation is most critical, not from anything the enemy can do, but from > the disposition of the people – The Population, believe me is essentially > bad – A full belief possesses them that this Province must inevitably > succumb – This Prepossession is fatal to every exertion – Legislators, > Magistrates, Militia Officers, all, have imbibed the idea, and are so > sluggish and indifferent in all their respective offices that the artful and > active scoundrel is allowed to parade the Country without interruption, and > commit all imaginable mischief... What a change an additional regiment would > make in this part of the Province! Most of the people have lost all > confidence – I however speak loud and look big.
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The September–October 1942 issue of PR carried Orwell's reply to letters sent in by D. S. Savage, George Woodcock and Alex Comfort in response to his "London Letter" of the March–April issue, in which he had criticised "left-wing defeatism" and "turn-the-other-cheek" pacifists, stating that they were "objectively pro-Fascist". In his article he had mentioned several people by name, including Comfort, and referred to the review Now, of which Woodcock was editor, as an example of "the overlap between Fascism and pacifism" for publishing contributions by authors who defended these tendencies.Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds.) The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 2: My Country Right or Left, pp. 211–212 (London, Penguin) In his reply, Orwell reiterated that "Pacifism is objectively pro-Fascist"; defended his work for the BBC's Indian broadcasts and refuted Comfort's accusation that he was "intellectual-hunting again".
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Despite his political views, he was one of the first to show his respect to Jaurès' remains after his assassination on the eve of World War I. During World War I, Barrès was one of the proponents of the Union Sacrée, which earned him the nickname "nightingale of bloodshed" ("rossignol des carnages"). The Canard enchaîné satirical newspaper called him the "chief of the tribe of brainwashers" ("chef de la tribu des bourreurs de crâne").Biographical notice of Barrès on the Académie française's website His personal notes showed however that he himself did not always believe in his purported war optimism, being at times close to defeatism. During the war Barrès also partly came back on the mistakes of his youth, by paying tribute to French Jews in Les familles spirituelles de la France, where he placed them as one of the four elements of the "national genius", alongside Traditionalists, Protestants and Socialists – thus opposing himself to Maurras who saw in them the "four confederate states" of "Anti-France".
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With the alternative being partition of Balkan Albanian inhabited lands by neighbouring countries, overcoming a fragile national consciousness and multiple internal divisions was paramount for nationalists like state leader Ismail Qemali. Developing a strong Albanian national consciousness and sentiment overrode other concerns such as annexing areas with an Albanian population like Kosovo.. Kosovar Albanian nationalism has been defined through its clash with Serbian nationalism where both view Kosovo as the birthplace of their cultural and national identities.. Ottoman rule ended in 1912 during the Balkan Wars with Kosovo and North Macedonia becoming part of Serbia. During this time Serb forces in Kosovo engaged in killings and forced migration of Albanians while the national building aims of the Serbian state were to assimilate some and remove most Albanians by replacing them with Serbian settlers. The Serb state believed that Albanians had no sense of nationhood while Albanian nationalism was viewed as the result of Austro-Hungarian and Italian intrigue.. These events fostered feelings of Albanian victimisation and defeatism, grudges against the Serbs and Great Powers who had agreed to that state of affairs which ran alongside Albanian nationalism.
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Service on the Home Front Americans were called upon to support the war effort in many ways. Cartoons depicted those who talked about victory but clearly were sitting around waiting for others to ensure itRichard H. Minear, Dr. Seuss Goes to War: The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 186 or showed how red tape was detrimental to the war effort.Richard H. Minear, Dr. Seuss Goes to War: The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 187 Defeatism was attacked,Richard H. Minear, Dr. Seuss Goes to War: The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 189 national unity was promoted,Richard H. Minear, Dr. Seuss Goes to War: The World War II Editorial Cartons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p 191 and themes of community and sacrifice were emphasized.Maureen Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender and Propaganda during World War II, p 52-3, Fictional characters were sharply divided into selfish villains and heroes who put the needs of others firstMaureen Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender and Propaganda during World War II, p 87, and learned to identify with the defenders of freedom.
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Smaad en geweld Van militairen Tegen hun oversten tijdens de eerste wereldoorlog They were required to work 12 hours a day in harsh living conditions, they were paid 1 Belgian franc each day. The 10 soldiers were Paul Davidts (oldest of the 10Davidts, Paul, Gaston Durnez, NEVB Online and spokesperson of the group , lawyer and later acquitted by the court-martialMaurits Basse, De Vlaamsche Beweging van 1905 tot 1930(1930-1933), article in Dutch , Lode Beets, Pol Bogaert (from Mechelen), Alfons De Schepper, Karel-Lodewijk De Schepper, Pieter Dox (from Lier, Born 7 May 1898)Krant 't Pallieterke, 18 juli 1986, article in Dutch, , Ward HermansMaurice de Wilde, 1985, België in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, deel 5, de kollaboratie, article in Dutch, (from Turnhout, writer)Schrijversgewijs, Vlaamse schrijvers vanaf 1830, article in Dutch, , Maurits Geerardyn, Clement Ledegen and Frans Vannyvel.Reproductie zwart wit foto van de "De Vlaamsche houthakkers", article in Dutch, The attitude of the 10 soldiers was defined as defeatism by the French-speaking military leaders. Fearing that the soldiers would desert to the German forces they were sent deep into France to work as woodchoppers.
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On 25 April, 40 marines from the 9th MAB on the were flown in by Air America helicopters in civilian clothes to the DAO Compound to augment the 18 Marine Security Guards assigned to defend the embassy, an additional 6 marines were assigned to protect Ambassador Martin. Ambassador Martin remained optimistic that a negotiated settlement could be reached whereby the United States would not have to pull out of South Vietnam and, in an effort to avert defeatism and panic he specifically instructed Major James Kean, commanding officer of the Marine Security Guard Battalion and ground support force commander United States Embassy Compound, that he could not begin to remove trees and shrubbery which prevented the use of the embassy parking lot as a helicopter landing zone. On 28 April at 18:00 Tan Son Nhut Air Base was bombed by three A-37 Dragonflies piloted by former RVNAF pilots who had defected to the Vietnamese People's Air Force at the fall of Da Nang. Sporadic People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) rocket and artillery attacks also started to hit the airport, increasing to 40 rounds per hour by 04:00 on 29 April.
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The Anglo- French-Polish statement of 18 April 1940 accused Germany of "brutal attacks upon the civilian population of Poland in defiance of the accepted principles of international law", of "a policy deliberately aiming at the destruction of the Polish nation" and mentioned the "atrocious treatment" inflicted on the Jewish community of Poland. However, Lord Halifax told Corbin and Raczyński that the British regarded the statement of 18 April 1940 as only a "statement of principle", not a "contractual obligation" like the Anglo-French-Russian declaration of 1915, and that his government was still opposed to the war crimes trials, repeating his standard claim the Allies should try to divide the Wehrmacht from the Nazis. Corbin was with Jean Monnet on 16 June 1940 when the proposal for the union of France and United Kingdom was put to de Gaulle, who had been sent to London by the French Premier Paul Reynaud. The proposed Declaration of Union was a desperate last-minute attempt to bolster French resistance in the face of defeatism among the ranks of the French cabinet to keep the Franco-British alliance alive.
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In practise, the formalities of political participation (the electoral plurality of a multi-party system with the State Duma and the Russian Constitution of 1906) were the Tsar's piecemeal and cosmetic concessions to social progress because public office remained available only to the aristocracy, the gentry and the bourgeoisie. These reforms resolved neither the illiteracy, the poverty, nor malnutrition of the proletarian majority of Imperial Russia.Ulam, p. 269. Rosa Luxemburg, a Polish Marxist who supported Lenin's revolutionary defeatism In Swiss exile, Lenin developed Marx's philosophy and extrapolated decolonisation by colonial revolt as a reinforcement of proletarian revolution in Europe.Bottomore, p. 98. In 1912, Lenin resolved a factional challenge to his ideological leadership of the RSDLP by the Forward Group in the party, usurping the all-party congress to transform the RSDLP into the Bolshevik party.Ulam, pp. 282–284. In the early 1910s, Lenin remained highly unpopular and was so unpopular amongst international socialist movement that by 1914 it considered censoring him. Unlike the European socialists who chose bellicose nationalism to anti-war internationalism, whose philosophical and political break was consequence of the internationalist–defencist schism among socialists, the Bolsheviks opposed the Great War (1914–1918).Anderson, Kevin (1995).
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Fearing that defeatism and the effects of the Nazi propaganda would lead the federal government to submit to the Germans and give up the traditional democratic values of Switzerland, a group of young people led by Denis de Rougemont and Professor Theophil Spoerri founded the Gotthard League on 30 June 1940 in order to defend both these values and the independence of Switzerland. On 22 July an “Appeal to the Swiss People” written by de Rougemont was published in the Swiss press to rally support for the movement.Christian Ackermann, Denis de Rougemont : une biographie intellectuelle, Labor et Fides, 1996, 1284 pages, , p. 652 Signatories were, besides de Rougemont and Spoerri, , who was at the time a military instructor and later became a politician within the Radical- Democratic Party (PRD);Biography of Walther Allgöwer, , from the conservative- liberal movement Redressement national;Biography of Robert Eibel, Christian Gasser, from the liberal “Ligue des Non-Subventionnés”;Biography of Christian Gasser, , a social-democrat Christian trade-unionist;Biography of René Leyvraz, Philippe Mottu, from Moral Rearmament; Paul Schäfer, also from Moral Rearmament;Philippe Muller, Tout ce que ta main--, Publisher: L'âge d'homme, Lausanne, 1991, , 164 pages, p. 36 Heinrich Schnyder, a manager from the Migros groceries firm. Charles-F.
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It appealed strongly in favour of the military defense of the réduit national around the Saint-Gotthard Massif – as advocated by General Guisan, of intelligence gathering, of a series of economic and political reforms and of a "struggle against defeatism and deceitful propaganda". The plea in favour of the country’s military defense was totally in line with General Guisan’s strategy. (On 25 July 1940, General Guisan had delivered a historic address to the entire Swiss Officer Corps assembled on the Rütli, a location identified as the site of the founding act of the Swiss confederation in 1291. He had taken every disposition so that Switzerland could resist Nazi invasion and had made it very clear there would never be any surrender; Swiss citizens had been instructed to disregard any surrender broadcast, as it would either be done under threat or be enemy propaganda.Willi Gautschi, General Henri Guisan: Commander-In-Chief of the Swiss Army in World War, Front Street Press, 2003, 912 pages) This is hardly surprising since both Denis de Rougemont and Philippe Mottu worked for the "Army and Home" section at the Swiss Army's headquarters, an internal propaganda department which General Guisan strongly developed during the war years.
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