528 Sentences With "dead wood" | Random Sentence Generator

He said that "there is two times more dead wood than in the managed part of the forest," not that "there is two times more dead wood than living."

The government is packed with enough dead wood as it is.

"Beetles can feast on dead wood, and humans can feast on beetles."

And there is a lot of dead wood, which many insects love.

The foresters say dead wood must be clear-cut for safety reasons.

"We've upped that bill because we've simply found more dead wood in the business," Lacik said.

He referred to other older workers as "dead wood" and "millstones around my neck," it said.

"No one will tell you this, but there's a lot of dead wood around here," he said.

Humans wouldn't be able to digest that dead wood, of course, but mushrooms could — no photosynthesis required.

Conditions are generally too arid for the dead wood to rot; instead, it erodes, sanded down like rock.

It's that a bunch of dead wood stays on, as well, and it's a cost to the institution.

Armies of forest rangers relentlessly clear dead wood and underbrush to create near perfect carpets beneath the pines.

Then there's the fact that dying trees can fuel wildfires since fires spread quicker with dead wood—tree corpses—in forests.

You want to give him enough time to replace you, but not so much that you begin to resemble dead wood.

Forest sounds fill the space, where trees from the same material as the tunnel angle their dead wood roots into the water.

Because tanoaks quickly fall to the disease, the danger of fire fed by dead wood will rise and the redwood ecosystem may be damaged.

"We watch over the tree with a lot of care, pruning dead wood and doing what we can to keep it healthy," Wilson said.

It would be able to clear the Cabinet of the dead wood that has accumulated there under Mrs May, particularly Chris Grayling, the transport secretary.

Dry forests in the American West rely on regular fires to clear up dead wood and regenerate, in some places as often as every three to seven years.

The dead wood of the old governments has yet to be cut away, and Sarraj's GNA has yet to dominate the militias that must sustain and protect it.

Heading into winter and the storms that it might bring, fall is a good time to trim off any dead wood from trees and bushes on your property.

"She eliminated the dead wood, drove out the politics, put in place compensation policies that rewarded high achievers and energized people to create great products again," he said.

Many flies do an enormous service for us and the planet by cleaning up all sorts of the biological world's detritus, from dead wood to the slime in drainpipes.

Factor in human shortcomings — poor or absent forest management, a failure to clear out ignitable dead wood, the darker temptation of arson, unchecked carelessness — and you have a lethal recipe.

As they age, trees form new distinctive rings, outward from the center, and each year a new, distinct circle of dead wood is created around the trunk of most trees.

Then she makes a fire of dry grass and dead wood, skewers the rabbit, and roasts it over the fire, looking by turns at the fire and out at the valley.

Chocolate maker and retailer Seneca Klassen, 48, of Honolulu, spent all of Wednesday at his 13-acre cacao farm, trimming trees with a chain saw and clearing dead wood and debris.

Some economists even hailed recessions for their "cleansing" effects, purging unproductive companies in much the same way that forest fires burn up dead wood and release seeds that provide new growth.

"In the natural forest, there is two times more dead wood than in the managed part of the forest," said Mr. Bohdan, who took part in the protests a year ago.

Half a dozen communities located in forest in the western province of Alberta were variously clearing out dead wood, pruning back the most flammable kinds of trees and banning open fires, officials said.

"State and local forest managers need the flexibility to remove trees and dead wood that fuel these terrible fires," Barrasso, who chairs the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, said in a statement.

But massive-scale fire suppression made dead wood, brush, and fuels build up over time, so these days when fires ignite they burn hotter and faster, and are more destructive and much harder to fight.

Experts have suggested that having too much dead wood on the forest floor can actually damage the soil when wildfires do happen, since fires have too much fuel and therefore burn at very high temperatures.

But some environmentalists have advocated for leaving the trees in the forests, saying it's part of the life-cycle of a forest for dead wood to decompose and provide wildlife habitat on the forest floor.

Di Maio said the coalition, which took office in June, would look to eliminate waste from the budget "and cut away all the dead wood" to free up resources for the new set of priorities.

For you democracy is dead, replaced by technocracy, the rule of Plato's golden souls who know (how do they?) all the outcomes, the ideal way forward, the prescriptions for universal happiness, unlike us benighted, dead-wood, has-beens.

"You can't let 15 and 20 years of leaves and broken trees and dead wood that after the first 18 months is dry as a bone — you can't let that be there," he said on Tuesday in Iowa.

Mr Hunt or Mr Javid would do a better job—at the very least they would be able to clear out the accumulated dead wood from the cabinet, such as Chris Grayling, the hapless transport secretary, and promote a new generation.

With a UFC record of 3-2, Seery feels it's appropriate to work alongside his training regimen considering the fact he could be cut from the UFC roster at any moment due to the promotion's current culture of culling the dead wood.

Dead wood rots quickly, so the locals often build with metal—or with wood that is still alive, training the aerial roots of Ficus elastica, the rubber fig, to form bridges over the rivers and streams by which the water flows down to the plains below.

Essentially, their analysis shows that while it wouldn't make financial sense for power companies to go around looting the forest for dead trees just to do it, the economics start to become favorable when you consider the fact that removing dead wood could effectively subsidize wildfire prevention.

It is so dry in the conservation area that everything left behind simply sits on the sand, seemingly forever, from dead wood to neatly knapped stone tools to the bones of a burrowing bettong (or boodie), something like a cat-sized kangaroo with a huge spherical rump.

Watching these ratcheting graphite guns replace the perfected design of the classic yellow No.2 is yet another reminder of how many are losing touch with intimate interactions with the natural world — even if it is through bringing form to thoughts using dead wood and a little carbon.

It turns out gamebooks are making something of a comeback in the Kindle age, thanks to this essential efficiency: tapping on a "go to page X" option on your ebook is just a hell of a lot faster than flicking back and forth through sheaves of dead wood.

And I picked on the whims of a thousand or more, Still pursuing the path that's been buried for years, All the dead wood from jungles and cities on fire, Can't replace or relate, can't release or repair, Take my hand and I'll show you what was and will be.

They bore in dead wood or pith. The larvae of subspecies H. c. percondita probably feed on dead wood. Larvae of subspecies H. c.

Feeding on fungi is crucial for dead wood eaters as this is the only way to acquire nutrients not available in nutritionally scarce dead wood.

The larvae feed on fungus under dead wood or bark.

Glyptotermes minutus, is a species of damp wood termite of the genus Glyptotermes. It is found in Sri Lanka. It is a pest of dead wood of Albizia saman and dead wood of Cupressus knightiana.

The larvae feed on dead wood of Metrosideros and Pelea species.

The larvae have been recorded in dead wood of Acacia koa.

Gymnopilus chrysopellus has been found growing on dead wood in Cuba.

P. lichenum are found in natural habitats in association with dead wood.

The food plant is unknown, but it is thought to feed on dead wood.

The larvae feed on mushrooms, particularly Piptoporus betulinus and Ganoderma applanatum, and dead wood.

Larval development sites were found in proximity of dead wood of the allochthonous Quercus rubra.

It hibernates on land in frost-resisting dens like hollows under stones or dead wood.

Species appear to be saprotrophic, growing on dead wood or plant remains. Their distribution is cosmopolitan.

The larvae feed on Smilax sandwicensis. They bore in dead wood. They do not make a case.

The host species of this moth are unknown, however larvae are likely to feed on dead wood.

It excavates its nest in dead wood, often close to the ground, smearing the entrance with pitch.

Adults can usually be found in forests, on branches or under the bark of trees, especially in the abundance of dead wood. The larvae live in dead wood, but also in hard seasoned wood. Some species are soil-dwelling, living and feeding on the roots of dead trees.

The larvae feed on Metrosideros species. The type specimen was bred from a larva found in dead wood.

Adults have been found mostly in forests. Larvae have been reared from dead wood and decaying organic material.

Dead wood provides a habitat for stag beetle larvae. There is access from Deben Road and Barbel Road.

Trichoderma longibrachiatum is a soil fungus often found on dead wood, other fungi, building material and sometimes animals.

Uses have been found for the dead wood including composting and in construction, and potentially to make biochar.

Larvae have been reared from dead wood of apple (probably Malus domesticus) and from dead branches of Melicytus ramiflorus.

It has been hypothesised that larvae of this species inhabits dead wood boring into it and feeding on it.

It has been hypothesised that P. technica larva inhabit and consume dead leaves of large monocots or dead wood.

Polyporus melanopus is a species of mushroom in the genus Polyporus. It can be found growing on dead wood.

Bisaya nossidiiformis is a beetle that is native to Iran. Its diet consists of mainly dead wood and leaf litter .

The larvae feed on Acacia koa and Melicope species. They bore in dead wood. They do not make a case.

The adults have mainly been found in forests, while larvae have been reared from dead wood and decaying organic material.

It is likely that the larvae of this species either consumes decomposing plant matter, dead wood or alternatively fungi or lichens.

The suppliers of "dead wood" emphasise its age: the wood has developed with dehydration in the dry coldness of the subarctic zones, the tree having stopped growing after some 300–400 years, and the tree has remained upright for another few hundred years. "Dead wood" logs are easier to transport and handle than normal logs due to their lightness.

Sophora chathamica Larvae have been found in dead elm wood (Ulmus species). They probably also feed on dead wood of Sophora species.

The larvae are associated with an ant species of the genus Crematogaster. This ant was found living in burrows in dead wood.

Pruning out diseased and cankered limbs and dead wood during the dormant season is an important practice to reduce the inoculum sources.

It is also frost tolerant but needs to occasionally be heavily pruned in order to maintain its shape and to remove dead wood.

The effect of dead wood management could be exacerbated if X. micans has a level of host specificity when determining a nesting site.

Tradition has it that a walnut tree should be beaten. This would have the benefit of removing dead wood and stimulating shoot formation.

The moth's food source is unknown, but the larvae are expected to be found on dead wood and are presumed to be case-makers.

The larvae feed on Pittosporum. It has been collected only as larvae in dead wood of Pittosporum at Kuliouou Valley, Oahu. Adults were reared.

Larvae have been reared from dead wood of Pittosporum tenuifolium and Fuchsia excorticata and dead standing wood of a Coprosma species (probably Coprosma grandifolia).

They then spend the winter under bark, in gaps in dead wood as well as in tree stubs and will be active the following year.

Hexagonia hydnoides is a species of fungus in the Polyporaceae family. It is a plant pathogen. This fungus is largely saprophytic, decaying dead wood tissues.

The larvae feed on dead wood and fungus under the bark of various trees. The larvae hibernate. Pupation takes place in the larval feeding place.

However, solitary bees make individual nests for larvae and are not always in colonies. Solitary bees will burrow into the ground, dead wood and plants.

Hypoxylon is a genus of ascomycetes commonly found on dead wood, and usually one of the earliest species to colonise dead wood. A common European species is Hypoxylon fragiforme which is particular common on dead trunks of beech. Based on morphological studies and gene sequence analyses, 27 species formerly assigned to Hypoxylon sect. Annulata were reassigned to a new genus called Annulohypoxylon in 2005.

Dead Wood is a 2007 British horror film, written, produced and directed by Richard Stiles and David Bryant and starring Emily Juniper, Fergus March, Rebecca Craven, Nina Kwok and John Samuel Worsey with Bryant appearing in a small role. Dead Wood was shown at film festivals across Italy, the UK and the United States, before being released on DVD throughout Europe and North America in 2009.

Stemonitis axifera is a species of slime mold. It fruits in clusters on dead wood, and has distinctive tall reddish-brown sporangia, supported on slender stalks.

The larvae have been recorded on Acacia koa (in branches affected with rust galls), Pteralyxia (in dead twigs), Sophora tomentosa (in old pods), Wikstroemia (from dead wood).

The larvae feed on bracket fungus or dead wood, and possibly on dried grain or stored produce. Recorded food includes Coriolus versicolor, Laetiporus sulphureus and Polyporus squamosus.

The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, found in forests around the world. Its species cause a white soft rot on dead wood as they break down lignin.

They actually benefit the forest by decomposing the dead wood, returning vital elements and minerals to the ecosystem in a form usable to other plants and organisms.

Girdling can be used to create standing dead wood, or snags. This can provide a valuable habitat for a variety of wildlife, including insects and nesting birds.

Pleurotus dryinus is a species of fungus in the family Pleurotaceae. It grows on dead wood and is also a weak pathogen; infecting especially broad-leaved trees.

Peniophora quercina typically grows upon dead wood, which can be attached to the tree or fallen, where it causes white rot. It favours oak, but can also be found on other deciduous trees, such as beech. P. quercina is known to be a pioneer species on dead wood, which means it can be the first species to grow. It is found in Europe, where it is very common.

Dorcatoma dresdensis is a species of beetle in the family Ptinidae.Dorcatoma dresdensis. Fauna Europaea. Like others of its genus, this beetle lives in dead wood infested with fungi.

This liverwort can be found on tree bark and dead wood in undisturbed lowland rainforest. The main threat to the species is deforestation.Bryophyte Specialist Group 2000. Caudalejeunea grolleana.

The cotyledon of the nut is eaten boiled or roasted. Its dead wood serves as host to many mushroom types, including the shiitake, which literally means Castanopsis mushroom.

The larvae of this species are likely to inhabit dead wood. The adult moths are on the wing in November. The habitat these moths have frequented is scrub forest.

Papyrius is a genus of ants in the subfamily Dolichoderinae. The genus is known only from Australia and New Guinea, where they nest in dead wood in forested areas.

XXXVIII, Nos. 4 and 7. 18\. A short preliminary note on the suitability of dead wood of Acacia catechu for Katha making by Puran Singh. Indian Forester (1912), Vol.

It is a multi-stemmed tree. It has smaller flowers than A. burkei and produces more seeds. The wood is soft and semi-succulent, and dead wood decays quickly.

It was found growing on the dead wood of Lithocarpus havilandii, a stone oak tree in the beech family. Variety subglobospora, found in Sabah, has spores that are almost spherical.

The eating of wood, whether live or dead, is known as xylophagy. The activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro-xylophagy and those animals, sapro-xylophagous.

Thirty five bryophytes have been recorded and invertebrates include two rare hoverflies which live on dead wood, Cheilosa carbonaria and Cheilosa nigripes. There is no public access to the site.

Metuloidea murashkinskyi is a white rot fungus that feeds on the dead wood of deciduous trees. It is known to occur in the Russian Far East, Slovakia, China, and Korea.

The Hyaloscyphaceae are a family of fungi in the Helotiales order. Species in this family have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are saprobic, growing on dead wood and other plant matter.

They have a mild taste, but a strong smell of iodoform; they are not edible. The species grows on dead wood in autumn months, and can be found throughout Europe.

Conturbatia crenata lives in woodland areas with Pterocarpus indicus, also known as the New Guinea Rosewood tree. It inhabits leaf litter and habitats with dead wood. Conturbatia crenata feeds on carrion.

Exidiopsis effusa is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae, and the type species of the genus Exidiopsis. It is associated with the formation of hair ice on dead wood.

The Steccherinaceae are a family of about 200 species of fungi in the order Polyporales. It includes crust-like, toothed, and poroid species that cause a white rot in dead wood.

There is a considerable amount of dead wood, which attracts a variety of birds, including all three native species of woodpecker. There is access by a track from the Whitwick Road.

Ecosystems engineers, such as earthworms, modify their environment and create habitat for other smaller organisms. Earthworms also stimulate microbial activity by increasing soil aeration and moisture, and transporting litter into the ground where it becomes available to other soil fauna. Fungi create nutritional niche for other organisms by enriching nutritionally extremely scarce food - the dead wood. This allows xylophages to develop and in turn affect dead wood, contributing to wood decomposition and nutrient cycling in the forest floor.

The cutting of live trees for firewood is traditionally prohibited; thus only dead wood may be used. Drought is largely held responsible for the forest degradation, with only 4% attributing this to cattle grazing. With the initiative of the local organization Djibouti Nature, residents have built stone walls and fences out of dead wood to help protect areas of the forest from cattle. This initiative has had a visible, positive impact on the condition of the forest.

Munidopsis andamanica is a species of squat lobster that lives in the deep sea and eats dead wood. It has long chelipeds (claw-bearing legs), which are twice as long as the carapace.

Larvae feed during the winter in dead wood, including moist logs on the forest floor, and drier standing dead wood. They have been recorded from dead branches of Aristotelia serrata, Coprosma grandifolia and probably Coprosma robusta, Cordyline australis, Coriaria arborea, Laurelia novae-zelandiae, Litsea calicaris, Melicytus ramiflorus and Olearia rani. They tunnel into the wood and produce copious frass, which is often conspicuous on the outside of the affected branch. Many larvae often occur together in a single branch or log.

"Kelo wood" ("dead wood") used in Finland in the manufacture of rustic furniture products. In Scandinavia and Finland snags, invariably pine trees, known in Finnish as kelo and in Swedish as torraka, are collected for the production of different objects, from furniture to entire log houses. Commercial enterprises market them abroad as "dead wood" or in Finland as "kelo wood". They have been especially prized for their silver-grey weathered surface in the manufacture of vernacular or national romantic products.

Auriscalpium villipes is a species of fungus in the family Auriscalpiaceae of the Russulales order. It is a spine fungus that grows on dead wood, and is found in South America (Brazil) and Mexico.

Coriaria arborea Specimens have been reared from Populus species, presumably from the dead wood, and also from pine logs. Larvae of this species have also been extracted or reared from Coriaria arborea and Coprosma species.

No provisions except for fish are available. There is sufficient dead wood to burn lime and there is coral for building but all labourers and rations would have to come from Mahé at great expense”.

Larvae have been recorded in dead branches of Coriaria arborea. One specimen was reared from a larva in dead Fuchsia excorticata. Further rearing records are from dead wood of Alnus rubra, Quercus species and Pittosporum tenuifolium.

In extreme cases, this disease can lead to death in which the wood takes on a blue appearance. Treatments for the disease are mostly done after tree death and consist of cleaning and cutting dead wood.

Mordella is the type genus of the tumbling flower beetle family (Mordellidae), its subfamily Mordellinae and the tribe Mordellini. It is widely distributed in the Holarctic and adjacent regions. The larvae are primarily dead wood borers.

Exidiopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 30 species. One species, Exidiopsis effusa, is responsible for the formation of hair ice on dead wood.

Chris Longmuir's Dead Wood (2009) was a grizzly crime novel set in a world of violence and gangland retribution. The List calls it "lacklustre", "Flat and clunky", and "a poor addition to the Scottish crime genre".

Cryptotermes perforans is a species of dry wood termite of the genus Cryptotermes. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. It is found in dead wood of Syzygium cumini, attack on other dressed timber and wooden furniture.

Although the nearest known velvet worm species, from Malaya, are typically found in dead wood, these were found mainly under large stones near the roots of trees. It is the only South Asian species in the phylum.

The Ascoideaceae are a family of yeasts in the order Saccharomycetales. A monotypic taxon, it contains the single genus Ascoidea. Species in the family have a widespread distribution, and typically grow in beetle galleries in dead wood.

At this time, Boothroyd indicated his intentions to cull the squad and remove some "dead wood" to put together another promotion push. On 20 May 2010, Boothroyd left the club to take over Championship side Coventry City.

The Quantocks are also an important site for red deer (Cervus elaphus). Invertebrates of note include the silver-washed fritillary butterfly (Argynnis paphia), and three nationally rare dead-wood beetles: Thymalus limbatus, Orchesia undulata and Rhinosimus ruficollis.

This species mainly inhabits both the plains and the mountains. It prefers open, deciduous woods and forests and it is associated with dead wood. In the UK, however, it often can be found in old fruit orchards.

' leaves of an Alocasia plant ' flowers of Plumbago auriculata'' Trametes versicolor, the turkey tail fungus, is a ' that consumes dead wood in forests. Its common name comes from the conspicuously patterned brackets, but the main body of the saprotroph consists of the largely invisible that penetrates the dead wood and digests it. Strawberry plants reproduce mainly by s, such as these, often called ; at their nodes the sarments put up tufts of leaves and strike root if there is any good soil beneath. This Caloplaca marina lichen is ' because it grows on stone.

The natural progression of woodland into dead wood make the site an ideal habitat for stag beetles lucanidae, iconic insects requiring large sections of dead wood to feed and for the development of larvae. Kingfishers of type alcedo atthis often are seen at these zones using the river as a foraging corridor. The marginal and in- channel habitat along with the sections of still water also offers ideal refuge for amphibians. In 2016 a project was undertaken alongside the Environment Agency which formed part of the ColnCAN's "Weir today: gone tomorrow" programme.

Blue palo verde with dead wood suitable for colonisation After a mating flight, individual reproductives walk across the substrate, searching for a suitable hole or crevice in dry dead wood. They do not bore a hole, but may enlarge an existing one. They may be later joined in the hole by another individual, and one to three days later, seal the entrance with a faecal plug. colony founding is a very slow process; after the nest has been in existence for a year, their offspring may number somewhere between zero and twelve.

It inserts its bill into soft dead wood or plants and uses its beak to force said plant open to expose insects hiding inside. It feeds on insects, spiders, fruits, and also accepts sunflower seeds from bird feeders.

A batch of eggs of the land snail Amphidromus inversus, found in a piece of dead wood on the island of Kapas, Terengganu, Malaysia Schilthuizen et al. (2005) described spatial structure of population of Amphidromus inversus in Malaysia.

Ecology Letters, . The consumption of wood, whether alive or dead, is known as xylophagy. The activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro-xylophagy and those animals, sapro- xylophagous. It is a good source of manure.

Coastal animals are larger on average. They prefer open canopy areas with grasses and less dead wood or bare ground. In general they are found in open areas with thick low vegetation. They are also found in rocky areas.

Acta Hort. (ISHS) 288: 127-132 . Tropical carpenter bees choose dead wood, pithy stems and bamboo culms for nesting. Preferred wood species for the tropical carpenter bee include, Syzygium cumini, Cassia siamea, Dyera costulata (jelutong), Agathis alba (damar minyak), Alstonia spp.

All species cause brown-rot. Typically, basidiospores are thin- walled, cylindrical, and narrowly ellipsoidal or fusiform in shape. Most species grow on the wood of coniferous trees, except for A. albida, which grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees.

Trametes hirsuta, commonly known as hairy bracket, is a fungal plant pathogen. It is found on dead wood of deciduous trees, especially beechwood. It is found all year round and persists due to its leathery nature.Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub.

In the national park over 1800 beetle species have currently been identified, including 14 ancient woodland specialist species. Very rare insect species such as Tragosoma depsarium, a longhorn beetle which can only be found in forests rich in dead wood.

Larvae of these of wood-boring beetles feed on dead wood, dead branches and tree stumps of various deciduous and coniferous trees (mainly fir, pine and spruce). The development requires two to three years. The adults fly from May to August.

The fruit bodies of Rimbachia paradoxa are somewhat flattened, with the cap is attached to the stem at an angle, and the spore-bearing surface (the hymenium) is reticulate and gill-like. The fruit bodies are saprobic, growing on dead wood.

In food webs, thanatophages generally play the roles of decomposers. The eating of wood, whether live or dead, is known as xylophagy. The activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro-xylophagy and those animals, sapro- xylophagous.

Detail of hair ice Example of the hydraulic power of capillary freezing (an early state of hair ice), British Columbia, Canada Hair ice, also known as ice wool or frost beard, is a type of ice that forms on dead wood and takes the shape of fine, silky hair. It is somewhat uncommon, and has been reported mostly at latitudes between 45–55 °N in broadleaf forests. The meteorologist and discoverer of continental drift, Alfred Wegener, described hair ice on wet dead wood in 1918,Alfred Wegener: Haareis auf morschem Holz. Die Naturwissenschaften 6/1, 1918. S. 598–601.

Black Mountain Grove gets fire threats from around the area; for example, from Long Canyon or South and Middle Fork. There was a lot of dead wood around Black Mountain Grove, the dead wood, or just the high fuel in general, has not been removed since 2003; which means, it would burn a good portion of the sequoias if it were to catch on fire. This high fuel load caused the MSA to demand a “fuel load reduction plan,” which included plans for logging. Unfortunately this dense fuel load would go on to fuel two devastating wildfires in 2008 and 2017.

Members of the Sarcoscyphaceae grow as saprotrophs on dead wood, and especially in the case of Sarcoscypha, on mostly damp branches or twigs of hard-wood species often in association with damp loving mosses. There is a strong association with damp places and north facing slopes. Typical locations include woods in damp stream valleys. Fruiting in most species tends to be in late winter or early spring with fruiting bodies produced on the dead wood within which the mycelium grows, although in some cases the apothecium appears to arise from amongst moss or from the leaf-litter.

Pleurotus australis, the brown oyster mushroom, is a gilled fungus native to Australia and New Zealand. It is found on dead wood. Although morphologically similar to some other Pleurotus fungi, it has been shown to be a distinct species incapable of cross-breeding.

Non flowering plants include ivy. Various fungi are present including bracket fungi which are largely responsible for the natural recycling of dead wood. In 2011 an area of hawthorn was removed from Trench Wood and a collection of native tree species was planted.

M. incisus occurs in moist to wet forest habitats, from sea level to 1000 m elevation. It is most often encountered as workers in Winkler samples of sifted leaf litter. Colonies have twice been collected from dead wood on the forest floor.

Regeneration has been a natural process as part of the management plan since 1960. This is supported by selective thinning and felling of some mature timber trees. Invasive sycamore has been controlled by methods to leave standing dead wood (ringbarking) and also removal.

Her work appeared at the Southampton Art Gallery exhibition "Dead Wood Alive" in 1977. In the early 1990s Hopkinson's work was also exhibited in the New Forest, alongside that of Royal Academy painter Barry Peckham, whose subjects include the Solent and Hampshire.

Lepidoptera of Belgium They feed on fungus mycelia on dead wood and take two years to develop. Albert Grabe Eigenartige Geschmacksrichtungen bei Kleinschmetterlingsraupen (Strange tastes among micromoth caterpillars) They have also been recorded to eat the sac fungus King Alfred's cake (Daldinia concentrica).

Beast Moans is the debut album by Canadian indie rock supergroup Swan Lake, released in November 2006 on the label Jagjaguwar. It was recorded at Dead Wood Studios in Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia as well as at a house in Victoria, British Columbia.

Solitary bees are either stingless or very unlikely to sting (only in self-defense, if ever). The mason bee Osmia cornifrons nests in a hole in dead wood. Bee "hotels" are often sold for this purpose. While solitary, females each make individual nests.

The mushrooms of the Hydnum group grow both on ground and on wood. Some species have teeth which hang from ascending branches, while other species have teeth which project downwards from the undersurfaces of dead wood. Most Hydnum are safe to eat.

Fungi can be found in niches ranging from ocean depths and coastal waters to mangrove swamps and estuaries with low salinity levels. Marine fungi can be saprobic or parasitic on animals, saprobic or parasitic on algae, saprobic on plants or saprobic on dead wood.

This species is commonly found near native forest. Larvae have been recorded feeding on the dead wood of a variety of angiosperm species. They bore tunnels into the wood. The larvae usually prefer standing dead trees rather than wood found on the forest floor.

This mushroom is widely distributed across western Europe and Siberia. It is found on hardwoods - Alnus, Eucalyptus, Fagus, Populus and Quercus. It is always found growing on wood. Summer-fall, solitary or gregarious on dead wood of hardwoods, in damp forests on flood-plains.

Taiwanascus is a genus of fungi in the family Niessliaceae. It was circumscribed in 2007 to contain the type, Taiwanascus tetrasporus, found growing on dead wood in Taipei, Taiwan. T. samuelsii, described from the Western Ghats, India, was added to the genus in 2013.

Life cycle last 2 years. Larvae develop in dead wood of deciduous trees. They mainly feed on Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur), Fig (Ficus carica), White Willow (Salix alba), Dog-rose (Rosa canina) and Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum). Adults can be seen from May to September.

Most species of Trulla are found in tropical areas, although in some cases the distribution extends to south temperate regions in North America and Asia. Like all members of the Steccherinaceae, Trulla are wood-decay fungi that cause a white rot in dead wood.

It is common in some areas, and quite uncommon in others. It inhabits wetlands but has been found in drier habitat types.Apamea inebriata. NatureServe. 2012. The moth is streaked with yellow, reddish brown, black, and gray, making it cryptic when resting on dead wood.

Prostomidae is a family of beetles with no vernacular common name, though recent authors have coined the name jugular-horned beetles. They are often found in dead wood. The family consist of two genera with about 20 species. Prostomis mandibularis is known from North America.

Zonitoides excavatus lives in leaf litter and under dead wood in old natural forests, sometimes also in swamps (western Ireland and western Great Britain). It lives only on non- calcareous soils. It tolerates some degree of human disturbance and replanting, but usually not in forest plantations.

This bird feeds on animal matter. It eats fruits such as strawberries, ripened papaya, guavas and also various species of Diptera, Mollusca, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. Its food is usually gathered from foliage and dead wood and it usually searches for food in lower strata of vegetation.

A sawmill was set up to process the timber, which was all standing dead wood found near the site. A shop was built first to house machinery for construction. The main lodge was built between 1920 and 1924. The other outbuildings were also built during this time.

Standing snags provide food sources and habitat for many types of organisms. In particular, many species of dead-wood predators such as woodpeckers must have standing snags available for feeding. In North America, the spotted owl is well known for needing standing snags for nesting habitat.

The hindwings are black with a yellow spot in the centre. This larvae feed on lichens and algae growing on dead wood. Pupation takes place in a cocoon which has the form of an open square mesh cage, constructed out of larval hairs held together with silk.

Composed largely of logs and dead wood, there is also an assortment of garbage that collects in the channel. The TRCA corrals this material with a boom across the channel. There can be significant flotsam where the Keating Channel enters Toronto Harbour, especially after a big storm.

The colonies are commonly found in dry habitats, especially open forests and forest edges. C. vagus most typically builds its nests in dead wood, but colonies can also be founder under stones. An average colony has 1,000 to 4,000 workers, but larger colonies contain up to 10,000 individuals.

Queen Elizabeth's Oak had died by the 1870s. The tree was left standing as dead wood, partly supported by a large growth of ivy. The tree was a stump by 1979 and fell during a storm in June 1991. The dead tree was left lying on the ground.

Scolecocampa liburna, the dead-wood borer, is a moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Carl Geyer in 1837. It is found in the US from southern Wisconsin and Michigan to central New England south to Florida and Texas. The wingspan is 35–43 mm.

Mordella inusitata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1893. The larvae bore into dead wood, and in Australia have been recorded on the introduced conifers of pine and Douglas fir.

Kuehneromyces mutabilis (synonym: Pholiota mutabilis), commonly known as the sheathed woodtuft, is an edible mushroom that grows in clumps on tree stumps or other dead wood. A few other species have been described in the genus Kuehneromyces, but K. mutabilis is by far the most common and best known.

F. rosea grows in Western North America, most often in spruce forests. Specimens from Vancouver Island, Prince George, and Wells Gray Park have helped characterize the species. This conk grows exclusively on dead wood, with a preference for Picea, Pseudotsuga, or Populus logs. It causes a brown cubical rot.

Adults are phytophagous. They can mostly be encountered from May through July feeding on pollen and nectar mainly of Apiaceae species, especially, Angelica sylvestris and Heracleum sphondylium, but also on Cistus salviifolius (Cistaceae) and Achillea millefolium(Asteraceae). The larvae live inside roots or in dead wood, being xylophages.

Coppersmith barbet in Queen Sirikit Park Throughout its range, it inhabits gardens, groves and sparse woodland. Habitats with dead wood suitable for excavation of nests are important. In the Palni Hills it occurs below . In northern India, it occurs in the valleys of the outer Himalayas up to .

A widely distributed fungus, S. amorpha is found in Africa, Australia, China, and Europe. It causes a white rot in the dead wood of various species of the pine family, particularly pine, but also fir, larch, and spruce. Rarely, it grows on hardwoods such as alder, beech, and oak.

Library of Congress Catalog Card 6822996 It was described by Anglo- Irish naturalist Edward Donovan in 1805. In the warmer months, adults are seen on flowering plants, feeding on the pollen and nectar, particularly those in the myrtle family. Larvae feed on dead wood of a variety of trees.

Indriids such as the sifakas use their toothcombs to gouge bark or dead wood (bark-prising), which is done before scent-marking with the gland on their chest. The more robust structure of their toothcomb is thought to help it withstand the compressive forces experienced during regular bark-prising.

James Francis Stephens A description of Chiasognathus grantii C. grantii is considered a rare and vulnerable species, with a high probability of extinction, mainly as a consequence of the global climate change. The adults of these beetles primarily feed on tree juices, while the larvae eat dead wood.

In the tree layer of forest communities: pedunculate oak, heart-leaved linden, Norway maple, common ash, black alder (sticky), elm, aspen, etc. In the dense shrub layer: bird cherry, brittle buckthorn, blood-red svidina, common viburnum, euonymus warty, kumanika, raspberry, etc. In the plantation, dying trees, dead wood and dead wood are noted. In the herbaceous layer, nemoral forest and wet meadow species are common: hairy sedge, raven's eye, stiff-leaved stellate, meadow beetle, oak beetle, hedgehog, creeping buttercup, river gravilat, common runny, ivy budra, plantain large, timothy grass , loosestrife, meadowsweet, lily of the valley, spring rank, unclear lungwort, wintering horsetail, medicinal comfrey, willow loosestrife, double-leaved minecloth, common bracken, common blackhead, etc .

Izatha austera is a species of moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand. The larvae of this species feed on dead wood by tunnelling into branches of its host species. The larvae matures from September and is on the wing in the months of December to January.

Flora includes saplings, mosses, lichens and fungi. Visitors to the reserve must be careful to cause minimal impact to the ground, rocks, dead wood or living things. Flowers, mosses, lichens or wood fungi must not be picked or dug up. No motor vehicles are allowed, or dogs off the leash.

He then played the Player in the 1987 New York revival of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. Wood then returned to England and the RSC for three towering roles over the next three years. In 1988 he played an acclaimed and successful Prospero in Nicholas Hyner's production of The Tempest.

The western end of Hawkcombe Woods Hawkcombe Woods is a national nature reserve near Porlock on Exmoor, Somerset, England. The woodlands are notable for their lichens, heath fritillary butterfly, red wood ant colonies, dead wood invertebrates and ancient pollards. They are part of the North Exmoor Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Ichneumonid wasp, Megarhyssa macrurus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Insectimages.org (2010-05-04). Retrieved on 2010-12-17. It is a parasitoid, notable for its extremely long ovipositor which it uses to deposit an egg into a tunnel in dead wood bored by its host, the larva of a similarly large species of horntail.

Although widespread in the Neotropics, from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, Megalomyrmex species are never abundant. They occur in low to middle elevation wet to dry forest habitats. Some species are free-living with large diffuse nests in the soil (e.g. Megalomyrmex modestus) or small nests in dead wood (e.g.

Sparassiella is a fungal genus in the family Sparassidaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species Sparassiella longistipitata, described as new to science in 1964. This fungus is found in the former USSR. The type collection was made in Kazakhstan, where it was found growing on the dead wood of Scots pine.

Coquerel's sifaka's herbivorous diet varies by season. In the wet season, it eats immature leaves, flowers, fruit, bark, and dead wood. In the dry season, it eats mature leaves and buds. It may browse nearly 100 plant species, but the majority of its feeding time is concentrated on about 10% of these.

The males use their "horns" to fight for the females. Each male tries to tilt his opponent over his back by pushing the horn under him. As with most other Cetoniinae, the larvae develop in dark, dead wood, and the adult beetles often visit flowers. The species is linked to the forest.

This snail has a golden-tan coloration, specially adapted mouthparts, and sensitive chemical receptors. It hunts and feeds in the same fashion as its larger congener, the rosy wolf snail, Euglandina rosea. Euglandina singleyana is typically found in West Texas. It prefers areas of prairie and forest, under substrate of dead wood.

Vermilacinia cephalota was first recognized as Ramalina ceruchis f. cephalota by Edward Tuckerman in 1882 as an “inferior form” of the species that grew upon “dead wood” based upon a specimen collected by “D. Anderson” at Santa Cruz, CaliforniaTuckerman, E. 1882. Synopsis of the North American Lichens: Part I, Parmeliacei, Cladoniei, and Coenogoniei.

Hypotermes makhamensis is native to Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. It is a forest-dwelling species and the colony builds and lives inside a complex epigeal (mound) nest. Termites are important in the ecology of the tropical and subtropical forests in the region as degraders of leaf litter and decomposers of dead wood.

The rare spider species Tegenaria silvestris is mostly found in caves, or on dumps; sometimes it occurs on forest edges, or in dry forests. It constructs its web under tree trunks and dead wood, and in tree caves. It was transferred to the genus Malthonica in 2005, but back to Tegenaria in 2013.

In the Czech Republic it is strictly associated with trees, restricted to undisturbed and hardly accessible natural beech forests. Pseudofusulus varians is strictly dendrophilous species, so the main threat is dead wood removing and clearcutting. As it is endangered in the whole Europe, it is very important to protect its modern sites.

There are two other polypores with a black stem at the base, Polyporus badius with a shiny red-brown to purple-black cap which can grow up to 20 cm across, and the dark brown, velvety Polyporus melanopus, which grows up to 10 cm across and can be found on dead wood.

The golden-whiskered barbet spends most of the day in the forest canopy. It forages mostly on figs and berries. As it has been observed picking on dead wood, it is assumed that it also looks for insects. It sings a series of 'too- tuk' notes, and when breeding also despite high temperatures during day.

The spores are still viable and this enables the fungus to spread and form associations with uninfected trees. It has been found that if a forest is clear cut and all the dead wood removed, R. vinicolor and other mycorrhiza stop fruiting, the vole population dies out and any newly planted trees fail to thrive.

This fungus is known from Europe, Asia, and North America. It is a saprotroph, growing directly from dead wood from hardwoods, including both fallen branches and stumps. It causes soft rot in its host. In Europe, it favours the wood of sycamores, while collections in North America have favoured the wood of maples and beeches.

The Auriculariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 100 species are known worldwide. All are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood.

These gastropods live in forests and humid shady places, in dead wood logs, under stones, on humus and in soil litter, sometimes in colonies, at an elevation of above sea level. They can live both in natural habitats and in environments modified by humans, like gardens.Wiese, V. 2014. Die Landschnecken Deutschlands: Finden - Erkennen - Bestimmen.

Moreover, insects endemic to the area depend on the dead wood on location. Other fauna include roe deer, herons and purple emperor butterflies. Additionally, there are flora such as common spotted orchids and southern marsh orchids. The Thames Down Link long distance footpath from Kingston upon Thames to Box Hill station runs through the common.

Stereum sanguinolentum is a species of fungus in the Stereaceae family. A plant pathogen, it causes red heart rot, a red discoloration on conifers, particularly spruces or Douglas-firs. Fruit bodies are produced on dead wood, or sometimes on dead branches of living trees. They are a thin leathery crust of the wood surface.

Abortiporus is a genus of fungi in the family Meruliaceae. The widely distributed genus contains three species. Species in the genus grow on the wood of hardwoods and conifers, either alone or around the stumps and living trees. It causes a white rot in dead wood and a white trunk rot in living wood.

It reaches in length, and flies well in sunshine from May to July, often visiting flowers for pollen and nectar. It is harmless but is protected by its wasp-like colours and movements, making it a Batesian mimic. The larvae live in dead wood. It also emanates a wasp buzz- like noise when threatened.

Dilobocondyla bangalorica is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. This arboreal ant nests in dead wood and crevices in tree barks. The species name is after the type locality, Bangalore, where the ant was discovered in 2006. The ants build their nest in the Frangipani plant species Plumeria alba and Plumeria rubra.

Xylocopa violacea, the violet carpenter bee, is the common European species of carpenter bee, and one of the largest bees in Europe. It is also native to Asia. Like most members of the genus Xylocopa, it makes its nests in dead wood. It is not particularly aggressive, and will attack only if forced to.

Fruit bodies grow singly or in overlapping clusters on dead wood. Phyllotopsis nidulans is widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Its range extends north to Alaska, and includes Costa Rica, where it has been recorded in the Talamanca mountains and on the Poas Volcano. In Asia, it has been recorded in Korea.

The mantle, back and wings are olive-greenish, and usually spotted or barred in buffy to golden yellow. The shafts of the remiges and rectrices are yellow to golden yellow. The underpart plumage is spotted black to a lesser or greater degree. Some species include drumming on dead wood as a means of non-vocal signaling.

Zopherus species are adapted for boring into wood, some species even being reported to bore into sound wood, rather than only dead wood. Z. tristis lives under the bark of the desert tamarisk in the Colorado Desert, while Z. granicollis bores into the root crowns of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and single-leaf pine (Pinus monophylla).

This bird often drums loudly on branches, finishing each drum-roll with four taps. The nest hole is drilled in dead wood, up to above the ground. A clutch averaging three eggs is laid and incubation, by both parents, lasts thirteen days. The chicks are cared for by both birds and remain in the nest for about four weeks.

While most New World barbet species inhabit lowland forest, some range into montane and temperate forests as well. Most are restricted to habitats containing trees with dead wood, which are used for nesting. The diet of barbets is mixed, with fruit being the dominant part of the diet. Small prey items are also taken, especially when nesting.

For this reason the common name of the insect is "the mother of the snake" in Spanish. The insect plays an important ecosystem role in decomposition of dead wood. The larval stage has been found living in approximately 30 species of trees, both indigenous and invasive. This includes Eucalyptus which is an invasive tree in Chile.

The host species for the larvae of this moth is unknown. It has been hypothesised that the larvae of this species feeds on dead wood. It has also been suggested that the species might be associated with lichens and/or epiphytic mosses. Hudson collected the five known species of this moth by beating coastal scrub at Point Howard.

These wasps fly from late May to early October. They mainly parasitize hymenoptera in the Apidae family (Ceratina), Colletidae family (Hylaeus), Megachilidae family (Anthidium) and in the Crabronidae family (Pemphredon lethifera, Pemphredon unicolor, Passaloecus gracilis, Passaloecus turionum, Passaloecus brevicornis, Rhopalum coarctatum, Psenulus and Trypoxylon). Larvae mainly can be found in blackberry and raspberry branches and dead wood.

It has a mosaic forest that has not been affected by forest management for many years. This includes plenty of dead wood and deciduous trees, valuable for bird life. Some parts are dominated by pine or spruce. In the southwestern part there is aspen and birch, and some gray and black alder, and an unusual variety of elder.

Hainich contains the largest coherent area of deciduous trees in Germany. The main trees are beech, mixed with ash, maple, tilia cordata, hornbeam and chequer tree (Sorbus torminalis). Hainich is also known as an important habitat for European wildcat (Felis silvestris). Central parts of Hainich National Park, so Weberstedt and Schöndorf forest, are rich on dead wood.

Indeed, dead wood trunks on the ground or standing are ideal shelters for birds, rodents, insects and fungi. A few years after the fire, the forest begins to regain its appearance and slowly resumes its cycle of natural succession. On September 13, 2017, the Grands-Jardins National Park was enlarged by to reach an area of .

This mushroom grows in often large clumps at the base of trees, or on roots or stumps. It is always associated with wood, which may however be buried and not immediately visible. Its main host is oak, but sometimes it is also found on beech. This mushroom is saprobic on dead wood and it is also a serious parasite.

The majority of species within the Auriculariaceae produce gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on dead wood. In some these are conspicuous and may be ear-shaped, button-shaped, lobed, or effused. Their hymenophores (spore-bearing surfaces) may be smooth, warted, veined, or spiny. Some species, however, produce dry, leathery, or web-like fruit bodies resembling those of the corticioid fungi.

Lycus trabeatus, common name tailed net-winged beetle, is a species of beetle in the Lycidae family, which is native to the eastern, southern Afrotropics and Arabian Peninsula. They are diurnal, aposematic insects. Adults feed on various flowers and their nectar, while larvae live under tree bark, in dead wood, or in detritus where they may live on fungi.

Luteolejeunea herzogii is a species of liverwort in the family Lejeuneaceae. This species is distributed in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Peru, and it is known from more than 25 locations. It grows on dead wood in tropical forest and lowland habitat. There are no immediate threats and it is probably not in decline at this time.

They deliver nutrients needed by xylophages to nutritionally scarce dead wood. Thanks to this nutritional enrichment the larvae of woodboring insect is able to grow and develop to adulthood. The larvae of many families of fungicolous flies, particularly those within the superfamily Sciaroidea such as the Mycetophilidae and some Keroplatidae feed on fungal fruiting bodies and sterile mycorrhizae.

B. nobilissimus fruit bodies do not occur on fallen logs or other forms of dead wood lacking roots or some connection to a root system. Conks have been found growing on the still-living roots of an upturned, windthrown tree, while a once-living conk died within several years after the host tree was uprooted by a fallen tree.

The larvae develop in rotten, often dead, wood which is contact with living wood, often of different type of trees. Development usually takes two to three years. Adult beetles are most active in mid-summer, and visit a variety of flowers, particularly apiaceae and other plants with white, open flowers. This is not true of all species.

G. sulphureus is able to fix nitrogen. An experiment in Thailand found that they fix around 250 grams of nitrogen per hectare per year. Although this contribution is only between 7% and 22% of the total nitrogen inputs in the ecosystem it is thought to be relatively important as termites add it to dead wood, thereby accelerating its decomposition.

The genus is related to the genus Calocybe. The species form huge pale fleshy mushrooms that often grow in clumps on dead wood in the ground. The weight of the cluster may exceed 30 kg. The caps are convex to depressed, and sometimes have a central boss (umbo), and are white to cream or pale ochre or grey.

The spore print is white. The round to oval spores are less than 10 micrometres long and smooth. The species are saprobic, growing on dead wood in grass generally. One species, M. gigantea, has been found growing on elephant dung in Kerala state in India, and M. crassa has been cultivated on horse manure in Thailand.

Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees. Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species. Pleurotus populinus, the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of Populus trees in North America.

The Quinnipiac River is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map , accessed April 1, 2011 long river in the New England region of the United States, located entirely in the state of Connecticut. The river rises in West Central Connecticut from Dead Wood Swamp near the city of New Britain.

CABI Europe. but a large part of the diversity is still unknown even in relatively well-studied temperate areas. Polypores are much more diverse in old natural forests with abundant dead wood than in younger managed forests or plantations. Consequently, a number of species have declined drastically and are under threat of extinction due to logging and deforestation.

It is cultivated in China to a small extent for cork production, though its yield is lower than that of the related cork oak. It is also occasionally grown as an ornamental tree. For pharmaceutical grade production of Ganoderma lucidum, known in China as ‘the mushroom of immortality,’ the dead wood logs of Q. variabilis are used.

Cathedral by Kevin Atherton, one of the most iconic of the sculptures on the Forest of Dean Sculpture Trail. Iron Road by Keir Smith, carved from old railway sleepers and located on a disused railway embankment. Dead Wood / Bois Mort by Carole Drake opened in 1995. The sunken steel plates suggest nameless graves in forests visited by war.

The species has only one generation per year (univoltine). Adults fly from May to July. The females usually build their nests in old beetle burrows found in dead wood, but they also may use hollow plant stalks. It has a aspecialized preference (oligolecty) for the flowers of Ranunculus species (mainly Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus bulbosus, Ranunculus repens, Ranunculus lanuginosus).

However, new shoots appeared in the spring and, once the dead wood was removed, became the basis for new fruit-producing trees. In this way, an olive tree can live for centuries or even millennia. Olives grow very slowly, and over many years, the trunk can attain a considerable diameter. A. P. de Candolle recorded one exceeding in girth.

Exidia is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. The species are saprotrophic, occurring in attached or recently fallen dead wood, and produce gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies). The fruit bodies are diverse, pustular, lobed, button-shaped or cup-shaped. Several species, including the type species Exidia glandulosa, have sterile pegs or pimples on their spore- bearing surface.

The mantle, back and wings are olive- greenish, and usually spotted or barred in buffy to golden yellow. The shafts of the remiges and rectrices are yellow to golden yellow. The underpart plumage is spotted black to a lesser or greater degree. Some species include drumming on dead wood as a means of non-vocal signaling.

C. albomarginatus is known to occur over sand and gravel partially covered with mud, leaves and dead wood. C. nigricaudus occurs in pools and in the backwater of rapids and fast streams with sand, rocks, and decaying wood on the bottom; it is found together with Bryconops caudomaculatus, Characidium blennoides, Pimelodella cristata, Leporinus friderici and Astyanax meunieri.

Pleurotus populinus, the aspen oyster mushroom, is a gilled fungus native to North America. It is found on dead wood of aspen and cottonwood trees (genus Populus). Although morphologically similar to Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius, it has been shown to be a distinct species incapable of cross-breeding. P. populinus is reported to be edible.

Similarly, dead wood, the habitat of the corticioid Russulaceae, is rare in many exploited forests and needs special management. Recent studies have found some traditional Russulaceae species to comprise several cryptic species (see Systematics and taxonomy: Species diversity). This may imply that distribution range and population size for each of such distinct species are smaller than previously thought.

Retrieved 23 April 2010Coulbeck B. "National Trust 'dawn raid' angers Friends". Chester Chronicle (31 October 2008). Retrieved 23 April 2010 Woodland areas are managed to encourage the development of trees of a wide range of ages by halo thinning around older trees, thinning in denser woodland and planting new trees. Dead wood forms an important habitat and is retained.

As larvae, Pseudomacrochenus wusuae spend their time living in dead wood. Little is known of their early life, but they are known to spend around 28 days in their last instar before pupating. They will stay as a pupa for another roughly 31 days before emerging as an adult. Their only known host plant is Craspedolobium schochii.

Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol 9 Part 3. Royal Entomological Society. pdf Larvae develop in dead wood and in soil litter, feeding probably on microfungi.Jakovlev, J. 2011: Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea) associated with dead woodand wood growing fungi: new rearing data from Finland and Russian Karelia and general analysis of known larval microhabitats in Europe. Entomol.

Saddleback feeding on nectar from a plant. The diet of North Island saddlebacks mostly consists of insects, berries, invertebrates, and nectar. Their bill allows them to force open dead wood to expose insects such as grubs. In forests, saddlebacks forage at all heights, but tend to spend most of the time on the forest floor browsing in leaf litter.

P. aztecorum fruits in high- elevation meadows and open woodlands. A lignicolous species, Psilocybe aztecorum lives in and decays dead wood, leaves, sticks, or other similar organic debris. Mushrooms typically fruit in groups of 5 to 20, sometimes in bundles. Usual substrates include wood debris buried in soil, twigs or very rotten logs, and, rarely, pine cones.

Carabus intricatus are nocturnal carnivores that are mainly active in the spring and early summer. Tests have shown they prefer slugs from the genus Limax, especially Limax marginatus. They were also found to have a taste for liver, dog food, and crabsticks. In the wild, the adults are found under bark on dead wood, and under rocks.

It is on many national lists of threatened species in Europe. Forest management practices include the removal of dead wood and dying trees, reducing available habitat and food sources for the beetle.Horak, J., Vávrová, E., & Chobot, K. (2010). Habitat preferences influencing populations, distribution and conservation of the endangered saproxylic beetle Cucujus cinnaberinus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) at the landscape level.

Hyposmocoma unicolor is a species of moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Molokai and possibly Kauai and Oahu. Larvae of what were considered to be this species were discovered in the dead wood of Acacia koa, Alectryon, Bidens, Cheirodendron, Clermontia, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Freycinetia, Diospyros and Wikstroemia.

The adult mammoth wasps feed on nectar from flowers. In Malta they have been associated with wild artichoke and Carpobrotus edulis. The female hunts in dead wood for the grubs of the European rhinoceros beetle which it paralyses by stinging it and then lays a single egg on the larva. The larval wasp consumes the beetle larva apart from its skin.

Ramaria stricta, commonly known as the strict-branch coral is a coral fungus of the genus Ramaria. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, and grows on dead wood, stumps, trunks, and branches of both deciduous and coniferous trees. Its fruit body is up to tall, made of multiple slender, compact, and vertical parallel branches. Its color is typically light tan to vinaceous-brown.

Izatha copiosella is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is found on the south-eastern parts of the North Island and throughout the South Island except the West Coast. Larvae are found in dead wood and are likely to use kōwhai species as hosts. The adults are night fliers and are attracted to light.

Records compilation entitled Good for You, released in February 2016. The album featured songs from Cloher, Courtney Barnett, The Finks, Ouch My Face, East Brunswick All Girls Choir and Fraser A. Gorman. The EP was supported with a nation tour. Later that year, Dead Wood Falls was released on vinyl for the very first time in celebration of its 10-year anniversary.

Trametes gibbosa, commonly known as the lumpy bracket, is a polypore mushroom that causes a white rot. It is found on beech stumps and the dead wood of other hardwood species. Fruit bodies are 8–15 cm in diameter and semicircular in shape. The upper surface is usually gray or white, but may be greenish in older specimens due to algal growth.

Some are specialists and are associated with coniferous or deciduous woodland or even, like the acorn woodpecker, with individual tree genera (oaks in this case). Other species are generalists and are able to adapt to forest clearance by exploiting secondary growth, plantations, orchards and parks. In general, forest-dwelling species need rotting or dead wood on which to forage.Gorman 2014, p.

Three nests were destroyed. Dead wood left in the forests after the hurricane fuelled large forest fires in Indio- Maíz, Nicaragua, in 2018, destroying 5,500 hectares. In southern Ecuador it was reported in 2000 that capture of chicks of ssp. guayaquilensis for national commerce continued to be a problem, at times by attempting to fell trees to get at the nest.

This allows fungus to reach up from the soil and decompose fallen wood releasing nutrients at a much quicker rate then if the wood is left standing. Additionally it is important to leave dead wood on site for decomposition back into the soil. This philosophy is similarly based to the fact that clear cutting of a forest reduces soil nutrients and thickness.

Frequency of social nesting in the sweat bee Megalopta genalis (Halictidae) does not vary across a rainfall gradient, despite disparity in brood production and body size. Insectes Sociaux 60(2), 163-72. The species creates nests in dead wood, usually in a tunnel-like fashion. It typically uses fallen branches and vines that lie in tangles in the understory of rain forests.

These beetles, which can be found from May to June on flowers or wood, are relatively common. The species has one generation (univoltine) and hibernates as a pupa. Adult females usually oviposit to moist, rotting wood ad use their acuminate telson to create the site of oviposition. The larvae live in the soil and feed on dead wood of birch and other trees.

Made of dead wood, the artist has created a large ring based on the concept of a witches' circle. Many birds roost in the dead hedge so formed. The museum is run by the society of the same name (Grenzmuseum Sorge) and, since 2006, has been checkpoint no. 46 in the system of checkpoints of the Harzer Wandernadel hiking network.

Jobellisia is a genus of fungi within the family Jobiellaceae, class Sordariomycetes. The genus was circumscribed by Margaret Elizabeth Barr- Bigelow in 1993 with J. luteola as the type species. It contains species that grow on dead wood and bark in tropical and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Barr originally classified Jobellisia in the family Clypeosphaeriaceae of the order Xylariales.

Hericium abietis causes a white pocket rot of conifers; this is a form of wood decay featuring a selective attack on lignin and hemicellulose in wood. The fruit bodies grow singly or occasionally in small groups on the dead wood of conifers, especially fir and Douglas fir. It can also be cultivated on conifer sawdust. The species is found throughout North America.

Auriporia are characterized by crust-like fruit bodies with a yellowish pore surface that grow on dead wood. They have a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae that are clamped, and thin to thick-walled. The cystidia are smooth with short side branches or protuberances, and are typically incrusted at the apex. The spores produced are hyaline (translucent), oblong, and ellipsoid in shape.

Old Broom is a 6.5 hectare nature reserve north of Risby in Suffolk. It is managed by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust. This is a remnant of an ancient wood- pasture landscape with oak pollards between 250 and 500 years old. The dead wood and hollow centres of these trees provide a habitat for fungi and invertebrates, while the bark hosts mosses and lichens.

Brackish water populations have much higher accumulation of ninhydrin-positive substances in the foot. This species lives on hard benthic substrates, typically rocks. It lives on pebbles, sometimes on boulders, and rarely on dead wood. It tolerates mild organic pollution, low oxygen content (down to below 2 mg/liter) but it does not tolerate long periods of droughts, or ice.

Gymnopilus aeruginosus, also known as the Magic Blue Gym, is a mushroom which grows in clusters on dead wood and wood chip mulch. It is widely distributed and common in the Pacific Northwest. It has a rusty orange spore print and a bitter taste and contains the hallucinogen psilocybin. It was given its current name by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951.

Bjerkandera adusta, commonly known as the smoky polypore or smoky bracket, is a species of fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It is a plant pathogen that causes white rot in live trees, but most commonly appears on dead wood. It was first described scientifically as Boletus adustus by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1787. The genome sequence of Bjerkandera adusta was reported in 2013.

The fungus can develop an extensive system of underground root- like structures, called rhizomorphs, that help it to efficiently decompose dead wood in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. It has been the subject of considerable scientific research due to its importance as a plant pathogen, its ability to bioluminesce, its unusual life cycle, and its ability to form large and long-lived colonies.

Fruit bodies can grow singly or in loose groups. The fungus fruits singly or in loose groups on the ground under hardwood trees, in rich humus. Common habitats include near stumps and other dead wood, particularly oak, and along river bottoms. In the southern states, it can appear as early as March, but elsewhere it typically fruits in April and May.

Dentocorticium bicolor is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was originally described by Patric Henry Brabazon Talbot in 1948 as Grandinia bicolor. The type was collected in the Pietermaritzburg district of Natal Province in South Africa, where it was found growing on dead wood. It has also been found in Australia, East Asia, North America, and South America.

The behaviour of the workers who forage differs depending on their activity. Those trying to catch flies move quickly from one flower head to the next and pounce on prey when it is found. In comparison, wasps that forage for nectar move slower and spend more time at each flower. Other workers collect pulp from dead wood to use for nest construction.

P. quercina is the type species of the genus Peniophora, with the species being reclassified as a member of the genus upon the latter's creation by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke. P. quercina is found primarily in Europe, where it can be encountered all year. Though primarily growing upon dead wood, especially oak, it is also capable of growing upon still-living wood.

Hypholoma fasciculare grows prolifically on the dead wood of both deciduous and coniferous trees. It is more commonly found on decaying deciduous wood due to the lower lignin content of this wood relative to coniferous wood. Hypholoma fasciculare is widespread and abundant in northern Europe and North America. It has been recorded from Iran, and also eastern Anatolia in Turkey.

Carpenter bees are species in the genus Xylocopa of the subfamily Xylocopinae. The genus includes some 500 bees in 31 subgenera. The common name "carpenter bee" derives from their nesting behavior; nearly all species burrow into hard plant material such as dead wood or bamboo. The main exceptions are species in the subgenus Proxylocopa; they dig nesting tunnels in suitable soil.

The wasp parasitizes bees of the genera Heriades, Osmia and Anthophora. The females are often found near the nest openings of bees in dead wood or hollow stalks. An egg is laid anywhere in an unsealed brood cell of bees, filled with pollen and nectar. The wasp larva hatching from it first sucks out the bee egg and then feeds on the supplies.

This mushroom is saprobic on dead wood and can also be a weak parasite. It occurs stumps and fallen trunks of oak, beech, elm, and other broad-leaved trees. Appearing from spring to late summer, it is distributed in the wild throughout Europe, where it varies locally between common and fairly rare. It is also reported from the U.S. and Mexico.

Amylostereum is the single genus in the fungal family Amylostereaceae. The genus currently comprises four saprotrophic and parasitic species, which live off living or dead wood. The Amylostereaceae cause white rot in the wood by disintegrating the tissue component lignin. They produce crust-like, partially wavy fruit bodies on the surface of infested trees, which are similar to those produced by Stereum species.

In northern Namibia Like most other barbets, the acacia pied barbet drills holes into dead wood to create cavity nests, like a woodpecker. It lays two to four eggs from August to April, and both sexes incubate the eggs. The acacia pied barbet has been observed taking fruit from various trees and shrubs, such as Ficus, Rhus and Phoenix reclinata, as well as Aloe nectar and insects.

Byssomerulius psittacinus is a species of crust fungus in the family Irpicaceae. It was described as new to science in 2000 by mycologists Peter Buchanan, Leif Ryvarden, and Masana Izawa. The type was found in Fiordland National Park, where it was growing on the dead wood of Nothofagus. The specific epithet psittacinus ("parrot-like") refers to the wide range of colours observed in the fruit bodies.

Their leaf shredding habit and their fungal cultivation are beneficial to the forest. These types of ants are many, an example being the weaver ants. The termites are also in large numbers in our forest. The termites feed on soft timber trunks, thus they are usually considered as pests, but they play a great role in reducing the dead wood in forests to humus.

Izatha huttonii is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is known from the Wellington district of the North Island, the South Island, and Stewart Island. Although similar in appearance to related species I. huttonii can be distinguished as it has a distinctive "M" shaped mark on its forewings. The larvae feed on the dead wood of makomako and karamu.

Parasitic fungi derive some or all of their nutritional requirements from plants, other fungi, or animals. Unlike mycorrhizal fungi which have a mutualistic relationship with their host plants, they are pathogenic. For example, the honey fungi in the genus Armillaria grow in the roots of a wide variety of trees, and eventually kill them. They then continue to live in the dead wood, feeding saprophytically.

The SSSI was notified in 1989 due to its value as an old deer park consisting of a variety of unimproved grassland communities with parkland trees which support a large invertebrate population. The park has been found to be of exceptional importance for the conservation of invertebrates, especially beetles and flies found on the marshlands and riverbanks as well as over mature trees and dead wood.

Here the ground is damp and parts of Birch Copse barely see daylight. While some of the tall pines seem senescent, other plantation firs are green and vibrant. Many varieties of fungi can be seen in profusion in October, but dead-wood fungi are common enough throughout the year. At the southeast edge of the forest are good examples of Sweet Chestnut and Yew.

Gymnopilus purpuratus is mushroom which grows in clusters on dead wood, pig dung and wood chip mulch. It is widely distributed and has been recorded in Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand, the UK and Germany. It has a rusty orange spore print and contains the hallucinogen psilocybin. A chemical analysis done by Jochen Gartz found that this species contains 0.34% psilocybin, 0.29% psilocin and 0.05% baeocystin.

While representing Fay Richwhite at the Winebox Inquiry she misled the inquiry and brought in a fake film crew to collect footage of MP Winston Peters. Boag was a National Party Dominion councillor and on the Dominion Publicity Committee. In 2002 she became National Party president. In her time as president she rejuvenated the party, manipulating candidate selections to remove those she saw as "dead wood".

Antrodia albida is a species of fungus in the genus Antrodia that grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees. A widely distributed species, it is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, North America, and South America. The fungus was first described under the name Daedalea albida by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1815 work Observationes mycologicae. Marinus Anton Donk transferred it to Antrodia in 1960.

It is abundant yet localised species in Orange County, being found in dead wood or in tussocks of marsh grasses. O. glaber is an arboreal nesting species. It lives in open areas or savannah woodland, nesting under stones or old dry logs, or else in hollow trees, plant stems or rotten wood. It is also often found in gardens, where it may be conspicuous.

It usually lives in pairs or small parties and is best located by its loud, raucous two-note call (chik-ree, chik-ree) with head-swinging. It often peers over or around rocks at intruders. The diet of the ground woodpecker consists mainly of ants with their eggs, larvae and pupae. These are extracted from dead wood or between rocks, using its long, sticky tongue.

Skeletocutis causes a white rot in a diverse array of woody substrates. Although the majority of species are found growing on the dead wood of various conifer and hardwood genera, some are known to grow on the dead fruit bodies of other polypores. For example, S. brevispora feeds on Phellinidium ferrugineofuscum, while S. chrysella eats Phellinus chrysoloma. The tropical Chinese species S. bambusicola grows on dead bamboo.

Clytorhynchus pachycephaloīdes The shrikebills are the monarch flycatcher genus Clytorhynchus. The five species have long laterally compressed bills similar to true shrikes that give them their names. The genus is endemic to the islands of Melanesia and western Polynesia. The shrikebills are insectivorous, and use their large heavy bills to explore tangles of dead leaves and dead wood; an unusual foraging strategy for their family.

This mushroom is saprobic on dead wood and can also be a weak parasite of trees. It occurs especially on oak (from which it derives its name), but also on beech, other broad-leaved trees, and occasionally on conifers. It is often solitary or may grow in small groups. Appearing from summer to autumn, it is distributed throughout Europe, where it varies locally between common and rare.

Lophiostoma is a genus of ascomycetous fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae. Species are commonly found growing both on living and dead wood, bark of deciduous trees, on shrubs and on herbaceous hosts. They are also found in freshwater, and marine environments. The genus both forms fruit bodies with sexual reproducing with ascocarp in the form of a perithecium and asexual reproduction in the form of conidia.

Dormice can be found within the reserve, feeding off the brambles, hazel, honeysuckle, oak and sycamore. Roe deer are also present, but can cause a problem through over- grazing, therefore some parts of the woodland are fenced-off to protect it. In addition, the nature reserve's management policy, which includes leaving fallen or standing dead wood in situ, also provides ideal habitats for fungi and invertebrates.

Typhula quisquiliaris, commonly known as the bracken club, is a species of club fungus in the family Typhulaceae. It produces small, white fruit bodies up to in height, each with a single distinct "head" and "stem". The head is fertile, while the stem attaches to a sclerotium embedded in the substrate. The fruit bodies grow from dead wood, and strongly favours bracken, where the species feeds saprotrophically.

Leaving more dead wood will encourage invertebrates, fungi, and birds. The diversity of habits will encourage red kites to breed on the site each spring. Excessive grazing by domestic animals and deer reduces the natural regeneration of the wood and fencing should be improved. Alien tree species such as sycamore and beech are present, in small numbers, but they generate excessive shade and persistent leaf litter.

Natural Resources Wales would like the raised bog to occupy about 65% of the site and marshy grassland about 15%. Scrub and woodland would be restricted to 20%. Locally native trees, such as willow, of all ages would dominate the woodland, and dead wood can provide an environment for birds, invertebrates, and fungi. The site could also include the Bagous frit weevil and the black bog ant.

It has a warty, brownish-black back, and a rather ribbed appearance on its flanks, with a creamy white, V-shaped mark between the eyes. The underside is covered in black and white markings, with pinkish-red underside to legs and tail. The spectacled salamander is most often found near streams, in dense vegetation, under leaf litter, dead wood, or stones. It is nocturnal and terrestrial.

Worker termite Xylophagy is a term used in ecology to describe the habits of an herbivorous animal whose diet consists primarily (often solely) of wood. The word derives from Greek ξυλοφάγος (xulophagos) "eating wood", from ξύλον (') "wood" and φαγεῖν (') "to eat", an ancient Greek name for a kind of a worm-eating bird. Animals feeding only on dead wood are called sapro- xylophagous or saproxylic.

Pluteus leoninus, commonly known as lion shield, can occasionally be found growing on dead wood in Europe and North Africa. The underside of the cap is typical of the genus Pluteus — the gills are pale, soon becoming pink when the spores ripen. But the upper surface is a bright tawny or olivaceous yellow. The species name leoninus (meaning leonine) refers to this cap colour.

Ferns, mushrooms and other plants which require tree cover and a lot of humus started appearing after just a few years in the forest. At first only a few species were found flourishing but more species are now appearing, some on branches, trunks of dead wood and on the rock cliff faces. Leaf shedding ants are useful in cutting leaves into small pieces. The ants work day and night.

Ramaria stricta has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is a fairly common species. The fungus is lignicolous, common in late summer and fall in coniferous forests of the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountains. The fungus grows on dead wood, stumps, trunks, and branches of both leafy and coniferous trees. The form that grows on deciduous wood tends to be more orange and less bushy than those which grow on coniferous wood.

Ribbed bog moss grows on organic surface layers overlying varying soil textures. Ribbed bog moss also grows on burned substrates including ash, mineral soil, scorched organic soil, scorched peat, and scorched downed woody debris. Ribbed bog moss grows on peat and other organic soil layers more often than on downed bark or wood, but is reported growing on woody debris or other dead wood in a few locations.

This species is found in central Europe, eastern Europe and western Europe. It is absent from northern Europe as well as south of the Pyrenees in western Europe. This species lives in humid, cool deciduous forests and mixed forests, and also in unwooded areas at high elevations. It can be found under loose bark or in dead wood, and also in bogs, especially in mountains or in foreland up to .

Chrysis inaequalis is a species of cuckoo wasps (insects in the family Chrysididae). The species occurs in Central and Southern Europe and in the Near East. The head and the thorax are shiny metallic blue-green, while the abdomen is red. Adults grow up to long and can be encountered from late June to mid September, especially flying on sun-exposed walls, on rocks and on dead wood.

Leucostoma Canker of Stone Fruits Disease Cycle Although the Leucostoma pathogen can undergo sexual stages, the asexual cycle is far more important for disease development. The fungus that causes disease overwinters in cankers or previously invaded dead wood. Environmental cues, such as cool, moist weather in the early spring, cause conidia to be released from pycnidia in sticky masses. The conidia are then spread via wind or water splashes.

Under the outer bark, orange and brown patches of necrosis spread out from leaf nodes until they encircle the stem, which then dies. Flower spikes may be affected during flowering season. In humid spells during warm weather, white or pink spore tendrils are produced on dead wood. One affected stand monitored over three years from October 1989 to June 1992 showed a 97% mortality of plants (compared with a baseline 40%).

Paper wasps (Polistes major) at the P.B. County SWA Greenway Trail Paper wasps are vespid wasps that gather fibers from dead wood and plant stems, which they mix with saliva, and use to construct nests made of gray or brown papery material. Some types of paper wasps are also sometimes called umbrella wasps, due to the distinctive design of their nests."Paper Wasp" Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006.

Vivekananda drew attention to the extent of poverty in the country, and maintained that addressing such poverty was a prerequisite for national awakening. His nationalistic ideas influenced many Indian thinkers and leaders. Sri Aurobindo regarded Vivekananda as the one who awakened India spiritually. Mahatma Gandhi counted him among the few Hindu reformers "who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the dead wood of tradition".

Areas inhabited by S. atra aurorae are in the range 1200–1800 m and include both moderately inclined slopes and narrow valleys facing south. The substrate is rocky, calcareous and karstic. Most sites are covered with forest stands with Beech, Silver Fir and Norway Spruce, with variable abundance of leaf litter, dead wood on the ground, and patches of grass and moss. Only a few records are from shrubby meadows.

As a consequence of this protest the planting programme was halted and has not been continued. More recently management practices have been much more sympathetic to the Wood's indigenous flora and fauna. Certain areas have been fenced to allow the regeneration of the vegetation free of trampling, and dead wood is allowed to decay ‘’in situ’’ — to the great benefit of saprotrophic fungi and a wide range of invertebrates.

This insect gets its common name 'carpenter bee' from the way that females form nests. They bore holes into the branches and trunks of trees and lay their eggs within the solitary cavities. They prefer to bore holes into soft dead wood, such as the wood of sea hibiscus, Croton, palo santo and coral trees. Male Galápagos carpenter bees have been recorded exhibiting territorial behavior, and may defend plants from intruders.

The felled trees were found to contain bee and wasp nests, large amounts of mistletoe and much dead wood. They were replaced with hybrid limes at much wider spacing which are now reaching maturity. The clone that was planted produces a large number of epicomic sprouts which have to be pruned off annually. Opposite the School Boathouse is the remains of a wooden post used by a ferry crossing the river.

This terrestrial species is found on the forest floor, among leaf litter, in rotten logs, under stones and fallen timber. Nests have been reported from such places as the inside of dead wood lying on the ground, and in one instance, in the soil in coarse grassland. This nest had multiple entrances and was about in diameter. In this species, unmated workers can lay eggs, and these always develop into males.

Ambassador Joseph Davies, author of Mission to Moscow, wrote that "It is generally accepted by members of the Diplomatic Corps that the accused must have been guilty of an offense which in the Soviet Union would merit the death penalty".Davies, Joseph E. Mission to Moscow. Garden City: Garden City Press, 1941. Beatrice Webb, the British Fabian, stated that she was happy that Stalin had "cut out the dead wood".

Ptinomorphus imperialis is a species of beetle in family Ptinidae. It is found in the Palearctic Joy, N 1932 A Practical Handbook of British Beetles It is common in Europe in the north to Denmark and the south of Norway and Finland. In England and Ireland it is only to be found locally. P. imperialis is found in old deciduous forest where the larvae feed on dead wood.

The fish may even lie on its side among the leaf litter as a form of camouflage. It can easily be mistaken as a piece of dead wood when it rests on its side, motionless on the bottom. It often swims on one side in undulating movements. When disturbed, H. marmoratus will move upwards through the root- tangle, exposing its head or fore body above the water surface.

Fire suppression by humans is believed to negatively affect northern hawk-owl populations by reducing open areas for hunting and dead wood to nest in. The status and conservation of this species is uncertain. A report by the Committee On the Status of Endangered Wildlife In Canada (COSEWIC) recommended that no designation be assigned for the northern hawk-owl.Duncan PA, Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (1992).

The Hyaloriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on septate basidia and, as such, were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi". All appear to be saprotrophic, growing on dead wood or plant remains. Less than 10 species are currently included within the Hyaloriaceae, but the family has not been extensively researched.

This was also used as the first obstacle on the approach of castles, town and city walls, and schanzen, and was made of felled trees and cut logs, shrubs and thorns. Abatis were also used during the building of a landwehr, if necessary, until it was ready. Since the obstacle was made of dead wood, it was relatively easy to remove by burning once it had dried out.

Xylocopa nasalis is a member of the genus Xylocopa, first described in 1802 by French entomologist Pierre André Latreille. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek and translates to ¨wood-cutter.¨ Xylocopa is comprised specifically of carpenter bees, who build their nests in burrows in dead wood, bamboo, or structural timbers. The genus is also related to the genus of Ceratina, which are referred to as ¨small carpenter bees.

They fly mainly in the hottest and driest months of summer, preferring subtropical and Mediterranean climates. They favor dry areas and sandy soils; each species is confined to a narrow type of microhabitat where adults may rest or find hosts to parasitize, for example on bare soil or on dead wood where other solitary wasps have their nest holes. Some species visit flowers such as of the Umbelliferae, Compositae and Euphorbiae.

Numbers have increased in Europe due to the planting of forests, which provides breeding habitat, and more available dead wood, and this species has profited from its flexibility with regard to types of woodland and its ability to thrive in proximity to humans. Harsh winters are a problem, and fragmentation of woodland can cause local difficulties. The Canary Islands populations of D. m. canariensis on Tenerife and D. m.

A. auricula-judae growing in wet evergreen and shola forests shows remarkable variation in size, shape and colour. In Australia, it is found in Eucalyptus woodland and rainforests; in the rainforests, it can grow in very large colonies on fallen logs.Young and Smith 2004, p. 64 It favours older branches, where it feeds as a saprophyte (on dead wood) or a weak parasite (on living wood), and it causes white rot.

246(2-3), 232-239. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.04.005] The beetle has no preference for hard or soft wood as it resides inside the Beech trees and some Eucalyptus species. Platypus resides in the dead wood of the tree but when numbers grow due to sufficient breeding material, healthy trees are threatened by their invasion. They are considered pests at times to native forests but only when they threaten healthy trees.

Under the outer bark, orange and brown patches of necrosis spread out from leaf nodes until they encircle the stem, which then dies. Flower spikes may be affected during flowering season. In humid spells during warm weather, white or pink spore tendrils are produced on dead wood. One affected stand monitored over three years from October 1989 to June 1992 showed a 97% mortality of plants (compared with a baseline 40%).

Termite faecal pellets Termites are detritivores, consuming dead plants at any level of decomposition. They also play a vital role in the ecosystem by recycling waste material such as dead wood, faeces and plants. Many species eat cellulose, having a specialised midgut that breaks down the fibre. Termites are considered to be a major source (11%) of atmospheric methane, one of the prime greenhouse gases, produced from the breakdown of cellulose.

This gave the club the chance to clear out the dead wood and the team bounced back into Division 2 at the first time of asking. The 2010–11 season saw promotion back into the top flight, its first full season back. 2011–12, saw a 3rd-place finish and the Scottish cup for the second time. Gala finished 2012–13 as both Premier Division and Scottish cup runners-up.

In Scotland the flight period is from late April or May to early July. This species has a single-brood in any season. It chooses preexisting cavities: insect burrows in dead wood or bark, especially those of the longhorn beetle Rhagium inquisitor and has used drilled borings in wooden blocks; between the thick bark of pine trees. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of leaf mastic.

Cuckoo Wood is a 2.5 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Braintree in Essex. It is owned by Braintree District Council and managed by Essex County Council as an educational resource. The site has amenity grassland, meadows, woods, lakes, ponds, ditches and hedgerows. It has some locally rare species, and is described by Natural England as a very good habitat for fungi, due to a large amount of dead wood.

The island is rich in bird species, including rare and endangered species. Most of the island is used for commercial forestry, but there is a small strip of virgin forest along the south and southeast, mostly on rocky ground. These are the oldest undisturbed forests in the Skellefteå archipelago and in Västerbotten County. The old forest is sparse, made up of pines around 200–300 years old, with much dead wood.

"Secondary cavity nesters", like this blue-winged parrotlet, use natural cavities or holes excavated by other species. The cavity nest is a chamber, typically in living or dead wood, but sometimes in the trunks of tree ferns or large cacti, including saguaro. In tropical areas, cavities are sometimes excavated in arboreal insect nests. A relatively small number of species, including woodpeckers, trogons, some nuthatches and many barbets, can excavate their own cavities.

Only the insects of the forests have been reliably inventoried, but more than 70 species of insect are already inscribed on the list of species endangered in Sweden. The presence of dead wood favors the presence of numerous insects.p. 29 Most of the forest insects live in the sapwood or between the sapwood and the bark. In particular, the Norway spruce and the English oak are the trees supporting the greatest richness in insects.

Host species Elaeocarpus dentatus Larvae have been reported feeding under the bark of dead Elaeocarpus dentatus, Aristotelia serrata, Nothofagus, Myoporum laetum and Rhopalostylis sapida. Larvae feed on the soft inner surface of the bark. This species has also been recorded from dead wood of Castanea, Litsea calicaris, Olearia paniculata, Pinus patula, Pinus radiata and Sophora species. In Auckland, larvae have been recorded as feeding on dead rotten wood laying on the ground.

The unusual morphology of the mandibles suggests that Lenomyrmex is a specialist predator on an unknown prey. This habit is possibly linked to its apparent rarity and restricted elevational distribution. The degree of queen-worker dimorphism is weak, suggesting small colony sizes and absence of claustral independent colony foundation. In a study, a thorough inspection of the dead wood laying on the ground and of soil samples failed to uncover any nest of L. inusitatus.

The City of London Corporation's maintenance of the wood was not always sympathetic to its historical origins. On acquisition, asphalt paths were laid, ornamental trees were planted and dead wood was assiduously removed and burned. Highgate Wood was managed more as an urban park than ancient woodland. In 1968 the Conservation Committee of the London Natural History Society expressed its concern at the planting of exotic conifers as being inappropriate for ancient woodland.

Wood fuel can refer to several fuels such as firewood, charcoal, wood chips sheets, pellets, and sawdust. The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no tools in the case of picking up dead wood, or few tools. Today, burning of wood is the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass.

This method is a simple means to inoculate a tree. Additionally plug spawn can be implemented and injected into wood mass again prompting colonization by the selected fungus. Eventually repeated colonization efforts should not be necessary as many fungal life forms are strong and will spread and sustain in the soil on their own. In management of the mycoforestry system it is important that dead wood be in contact with the ground.

Bonsai artists sometimes create or emphasize the appearance of dead wood on a bonsai tree, reflecting the occasional presence of dead branches or snags on full-sized trees. Two specific styles of deadwood are jin and shari. The presence of deadwood is not as common as most of the other points mentioned here, but can be used very effectively on selected tree species and bonsai styles. See deadwood techniques for more details.

Burley and Rushpit Woods is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in the parish of Burley, east of Oakham in Rutland. These woods on upper Lias clay have many mature and over-mature trees and considerable dead wood. The dominant tree is oak in most of the forest, giving way to ash in the remainder. The lichens are of regional importance, and the invertebrates include one Red Data Book and five nationally scarce species.

Like other woodpeckers, the Arabian woodpecker feeds on insect grubs which it extracts from holes in tree trunks and branches with its long tongue. It also feeds on spiders, aphids, fig-wasps and flying insects. The nest is in a hole in the trunk or branch of a tree, usually below , excavated in dead wood. The main breeding season is from March to May, but a second brood is sometimes reared in November in Yemen.

The shingle beach has sandy soil and rocks for dragonflies to breed and butterflies to bask. The carr is a waterlogged woodland dominated by alder, which tolerates submerged roots in wet ground. There is also dead wood in the area, providing habitats for invertebrates. Willow in the park is coppiced on a regular basis and stocked up as mulch to lie on the ground to retain moisture and prevent grass from growing.

Some furniture and art employ whole round branches, which reduces cracking and preserves the deep red color. The dead wood decays slowly and can last for many years, on and off the plant. Sunlight smooths and bleaches manzanita to light grey or white, rendering it superficially akin to animal bones. Because of this and the stunted growth of many species, manzanita is often collected in its more unusual shapes, giving it the nickname mountain driftwood.

The mushrooms are edible but some people may be intolerant to them. This species is capable of producing light via bioluminescence in its mycelium. Armillaria mellea is widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The fruit body or mushroom, commonly known as stump mushroom, stumpie, honey mushroom, pipinky or pinky, grows typically on hardwoods but may be found around and on other living and dead wood or in open areas.

The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 200 species are known worldwide, placed in six or more families, though the status of these families is currently uncertain. All species in the Auriculariales are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood.

The majority of species within the Auriculariales produce gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on dead wood. In some these are conspicuous and may be ear-shaped, button-shaped, lobed, or effused. Their hymenophores (spore-bearing surfaces) may be smooth, warted, veined, toothed (as in the genus Pseudohydnum), or poroid (as in the genera Elmerina and Protomerulius). Some species, however, produce dry, leathery, or web-like fruit bodies resembling those of the corticioid fungi.

It lives in mesotrophic waters, and sometimes in oligotrophic waters. Theodoxus fluviatilis serves an indicator species for river monitoring (in Germany); however the spreading populations also have a high tolerance for degraded habitats. Theodoxus fluviatilis has a large phenotypic plasticity: it was found living on stones and on dead wood in freshwater environments; whereas it lives on stones and on Fucus vesiculosus, Potamogeton spp. and Zostera marina in brackish water in the Baltic Sea.

Some Xylocopinae have a cavity between the thorax and abdomen, called acarinarium, which provides accommodation for a colony of predatory mites, cleaning their hosts of external parasites."The Arthropods of Southern Africa" - Holm & Dippenaar-Schoeman (Lapa 2010) The vast majority of the Xylocopinae species make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith, and while many are solitary, many are also communal or primitively social. Some genera of Allodapines commonly form eusocial colonies.

Doratomyces (Dor-ah-toe-mice’-ees) is a genus of the fungi imperfecti, closely related to Scopulariopsis. Their conidiophores gather together to form a stalk-like inflorescence known as a synnema or coremia; Scopulariopsis being distinguished in their lack of such a structure. Usually associated with decay, they are usually found in association with dead wood, rotting plants, and in soil or dung. Economically, they can cause rot in potatoes, oats and corn.

The larvae of the butterfly species, Bungalotis diophorus feed exclusively on saplings and treelets of S. amara. Two termite species have been observed living on S. amara in Panama, Calcaritermes brevicollis in dead wood and Microcerotermes arboreus nesting in a gallery on a branch. Bullet ants (Paraponera clavata) have been found to nest at the base of S. amara trees. The Hemiptera, Enchophora sanguinea (Fulgoridae) has been found preferentially on the trunks of S. amara.

This species grows on dead wood in tropical locales like Indonesia (Java and Sumatra), and near India (Sri Lanka), where it is prolific in some areas. It is not found in North America. In Germany, it has been found growing in greenhouses, and is known in the vernacular as the Gewächshaus-Häubling, meaning "greenhouse Galerina". In one instance, the mushroom was discovered fruiting in dense groups in pots of orchids standing on moist conifer sawdust.

Thus, species that are abundant in old-growth forests with abundant dead wood can be totally absent from managed forests. For instance Amylocystis lapponica and Fomitopsis rosea are dominant species in North European old-growth spruce forests from Poland to Norway, but absent in managed forests. Climate change may cause a problem for polypores that are already dependent on a few fragments of old-growth forests and may be unable to migrate with changing vegetation.

Xiphydria camelus The Xiphydriidae are a family of wood wasps with the distinct characteristic of having globose heads borne on their long, skinny "necks"; they are also unusual in the habit of boring into dead wood, rather than living trees. The family is small and ancient, with only around 140 living species in several genera, largely restricted to the Northern Hemisphere (with a few Neotropical species), and a number of fossil taxa.

Violet carpenter bees hibernate overwinter and they emerge in the spring, usually around April or May. Hibernation is undertaken by the adults in wood where there are abandoned nest tunnels. In the late spring or early summer, they may be seen around searching for mates and suitable nesting sites. After mating, the gravid females bore tunnels in dead wood, which is where the name "carpenter bee" comes from, although old nest tunnels may be used.

Clause 5 limits penalties that the earl's court could apply, but Graeme White argues that this applied only to the specific of non-attendance by judges and suitors; a far more restricted context than that specified in Magna Carta clauses 20 and 21. Clause Six grants various rights within the Cheshire forests: to assart, cultivate land and sell dead wood. Clause 8 protects widows and heirs, but makes no specific mention of wardship.

As the cap expands and flattens with age, the partial veil tears, leaving a faint ring around the stem. The cylindrical straight or curved stem is itself covered in yellow squamules below the ring. The base of the stem, typically more orange in color than the upper portion, is firmly attached to the dead wood from which the fungus arises. The section of stem above the ring bears little or no protuberances.

The grey-and-buff woodpecker is usually seen singly or in pairs, but sometimes occurs in mixed species flocks foraging in the canopy. It mainly feeds by gleaning rather than by drilling into the wood, the diet consisting of insects and fruit, including mistletoe (Loranthus) berries. The birds roost communally at night in shallow holes they excavate near each other in dead wood. Nesting takes place in deeper holes or crevices, the breeding season being between December and July.

O'Connor was nominated for 'Most Popular New Male Talent' at the 2006 Logie Awards for his portrayal of Ned. In 2007, O'Connor and co-star Natalie Blair (Carmella Cammeniti) were named 'King and Queen of Teen' at Dolly magazine's Dolly Teen Choice Awards. Ned has received negative criticism from Ruth Deller of television website Lowculture.co.uk. In a feature specially dedicated to Ned called "Clearing out the dead wood", Deller expressed her delight that the character was leaving Neighbours.

Pleurotus purpureo-olivaceus is a gilled fungus native to Australia and New Zealand. It is found on dead wood of Nothofagus trees. Although morphologically similar to some other Pleurotus fungi, it has been shown to be a distinct species incapable of cross-breeding and phylogenetically removed from other species of Pleurotus. The caps of the fruit bodies are up to wide, and are dark violet to brown to olive to yellow-green, depending on light exposure.

Haynes is forced to run the piece when Whiting gives Templeton his full support. Templeton also submits a story about a mother of four who has died of a toxic reaction to blue crabs. He claims the woman's sister is collecting for a fund to pay for the children's education. When buyouts are announced at the paper, Templeton comments to his colleagues that he hopes they will get rid of some of the "dead wood" in the newsroom.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta is a species of lichen in the fungal family Arthoniaceae. The species is distributed in subtropical and tropical locations throughout the southeastern United States, as well as Central and South America, and has been collected infrequently in a few locales in Africa. The body of the lichen forms continuous, circular crust-like patches on dead wood, readily recognizable by the prominent red pigment. The older, central region is covered with red, spherical to cylindrical granules.

When trees are defoliated two or more years in a row, this leads to "branch dieback, loss of diameter growth, and tree decline". The oak leaftier has caused "considerable tree mortality", especially in the Appalachian region. Dead wood in affected trees is attacked by fungi such as the shoestring root fungus and wood borers like the twolined chestnut borer. A major outbreak occurred in the 1960s and 1970s in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia.

There were no statistical differences in bird species diversity between the forest edge and interior. However, there was significantly greater species turnover at the edge. The difference in bird species composition between the forest edge and interior was due to various edge-effects: removal of dead wood for firewood, soil compaction by cattle, and generally greater levels of disturbance. We question the wisdom of the generally applied edge-effect principle in the conservation of forest biodiversity.

Like other Xylocopa, X. micans creates nests by excavating in woody plant material, such as the dead wood of nearly any species. However, the nests of X. micans have rarely been observed in nature. Females use strong jaws to vibrate holes in wood, and then burrow to form a nest of roughly 8 mm in diameter, with several brood cells spaced along the length of the nest. The entire length of the nest is roughly 12 cm.

Coptis aspleniifolia leavesThe species inhabits warm and cold temperate forests of oak-rhododendron association. It is occasionally seen growing under bamboo thickets around Mayodia region of Dibang Valley district in the Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It flowers during early spring March–April and sets fruit/seed in July–August. The seedlings are rare and are often found germinating on moss laden dead wood on the forest floor or even on moss laden branches of Rhododendron.

A fir tree snag among living fir trees In forest ecology, a snag refers to a standing, dead or dying tree, often missing a top or most of the smaller branches. In freshwater ecology it refers to trees, branches, and other pieces of naturally occurring wood found sunken in rivers and streams; it is also known as coarse woody debris. When used in manufacturing, especially in Scandinavia, they are often called "dead wood" and in Finland "kelo wood".

Leith Hill SSSI is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-east of Dorking in Surrey. The SSSI consists of four wooded areas surrounding Leith Hill. These woods support diverse breeding birds, including all three species of British woodpeckers. The invertebrate population is outstanding, with many nationally rare and uncommon species, such as the beetles Notolaemus unifasciatus, which is found on dead wood, Silvanus bidentatus, which feeds on fungus, and the water beetle Agabus melanarius.

For instance, brush/forest fires are a natural occurrence in many areas. Such fires are inconvenient and thus we may wish that they are diligently extinguished. This leads to long periods without inconvenient fires, however, in the absence of fires, dead wood accumulates. Once this accumulation reaches a critical point, and a fire starts, the fire becomes so large that it cannot be controlled—a singular event that could be considered to be a dragon king.

Polistes canadensis, commonly known as the red paper wasp, is a Neotropical, primitively eusocial wasp. A largely predatory species, it hunts for caterpillar meat to supply its colony, often supplementing its developing larvae with nectar. The most widely distributed American species of the genus Polistes, it colonises multiple combs, which it rears year-round. Emerging from hibernation in the spring, the females found nests built out of plant material such as dry grass and dead wood.

The monarchs are a diverse family of passerine birds that are generally arboreal (with the exception of the magpie-larks). They are mostly slim birds and possess broad bills. The bills of some species are quite large and the heavy-set bills of the shrikebills are used to probe dead wood and leaves. The plumage of the family ranges from sombre, such as the almost monochrome black monarch, to spectacular, as displayed by the golden monarch.

These beetles tend to be elongated with a parallel-sided body, ranging in length from , with colors brownish, blackish, or gray. The larvae are wood-borers, typically living in fungus-infested wood, and sometimes found in wood construction. The larvae eat the fungus-infested dead wood or tree roots while the adults are believed to subsist on pollen and plant sap. Males of Priacma serrata (western North America) are notable for being strongly attracted to common household bleach.

The soil is shallow, arid, and infertile. Dead wood, ericaceous shrubs, and a thick layer of poorly decomposed plant litter make this habitat very fire-prone. Most examples are dominated by table mountain pine (Pinus pungens), often with pitch pine (Pinus rigida) or Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), and occasionally with Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). This habitat takes the form of patchy to open woodlands, although closed-canopy may also be found.

Urnula craterium is a species of cup fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. It is parasitic on oak and various other hardwood species; it is also saprobic, as the fruit bodies develop on dead wood after it has fallen to the ground. Appearing in early spring, its distinctive goblet-shaped and dark-colored fruit bodies have earned it the common names devil's urn and the gray urn. The distribution of U. craterium includes eastern North America, Europe, and Asia.

Ham Street Woods is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south of Ashford in Kent. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I. and an area of is a National Nature Reserve This semi-natural wood is more than 400 years old, and it has rich and diverse invertebrates, including 12 rare or scarce dead wood species, such as the nationally rare beetle, Tomoxia biguttata. There is access from the Greensand Way, which crosses the site.

The first has a background colour of yellowish-green with pastel violet spots. The second morph has a greyish-green background colour with yellowish-green patches faintly visible as transverse rows and pastel violet spots on the costal margin. The hindwings are pale orange in the basal area, blending into orange-white over the remainder of the hindwing.Description of the male of the endemic New Caledonian species Aenetus cohici (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) The larvae have been recorded feeding on dead wood and polypore fungi.

It is edible and considered choice. The underside of the fruiting body, from which the spores are ejected, is a mass of tubules. The genus name is a diminutive of the Latin word fistula and means "small tube", whilst the species name hepatica means "liver-like", referring to the consistency of the flesh. The species is fairly common, and can often be found on oaks and sweet chestnut, from August to the end of autumn, on either living or dead wood.

Pleurotus tuber-regium, the king tuber mushroom, is an edible gilled fungus native to the tropics, including Africa, Asia, and Australasia. It has been shown to be a distinct species incapable of cross-breeding and phylogenetically removed from other species of Pleurotus. P. tuber-regium is a saprotroph found on dead wood, including Daniellia trees in Africa. As the fungus consumes the wood, it produces a sclerotium, or storage tuber, either within the decaying wood or in the underlying soil.

Pruning can help to control fruit size, plant size, harvest date and to simplify the harvesting of fruits. Cutting the tip of young plants leads to the desired branch height. Once the tree shape has been formed, pruning is reduced to the removal of old or dead wood and previously fruited branches, since branches that have already carried fruits will produce smaller fruits with lower quality the next time. Light pruning leads to medium-sized, heavy pruning to large sized fruits.

On the East side of the peninsula lie the Salt marsh and Mudflats of the River Garnock estuary which form part of the Bogside Flats SSSI. Parts of the northern half of the peninsula were planted with conifers, mainly Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra) in the middle of the 20th Century. These plantations have been left largely untouched. The resulting over-mature pine forest is a rare habitat in southern Scotland and is particularly noteworthy in terms of its large quantities of dead wood.

In the 1980s, with others, he set up the anarchist paper Class War. The confrontational style of the paper led to Bone becoming an infamous figure in the politics of the 1980s. Based in London for most of the 1980s, he moved to Bristol in the early 1990s, where he became involved in various campaigns, but often keeping a low profile. Bone left the Class War federation in 1992, citing "too much dead wood" as the reason for his departure.

Rhodotus palmatus is saprobic, meaning it obtains nutrients from decomposing organic matter. It grows scattered or clustered in small groups on rotting hardwoods, such as basswood, maple, and especially elm; in Europe it is known to grow on horse chestnut. The mushroom prefers low-lying logs in areas that are periodically flooded and that receive little sunlight, such as areas shaded by forest canopy. A pioneer species in the fungal colonization of dead wood, it prefers to grow on relatively undecayed substrates.

Hoherius meinertzhageni Toxonotus cornutus Fungus weevil Anthribidae is a family of beetles also known as fungus weevils. The antennae are not elbowed, may occasionally be longer than the body and thread-like, and can be the longest of any members of Curculionoidea. As in the Nemonychidae, the labrum appears as a separate segment to the clypeus, and the maxillary palps are long and projecting. Most anthribids feed upon fungi or decaying plant matter, and the larvae feed within dead wood.

There are many ancient coppice stools in the wood; coppicing was practiced from at least the 13th Century until the early 20th Century, with a revival from 1964. Dead wood is left as it is an excellent habitat for liverworts and woodpeckers. The rides and glades are mown to keep nutrient levels down. Most of the wood is surrounded by a fence, erected in 1972, to exclude deer, which has had the effect of reversing the decline in Hayley Wood's Oxlip population.

Major problems faced the mountainous interior regions of Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumatra. These problems included deforestation, soil erosion, massive forest fires, and even desertification resulting from intensive commercial logging—all these threatened to create environmental disasters. In 1983 some 30,000 km2 of prime tropical forest worth at least US$10 billion were destroyed in a fire in Kalimantan Timur Province. The disastrous scale of this fire was made possible by the piles of dead wood left behind by the timber industry.

A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer Fernão Vaz Dourado (c. 1520–c. 1580). It belongs to the so-called plane chart model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon). Mapping can be done with GPS and laser rangefinder directly in the field. Image shows mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy).

Dolichurus is a genus of cockroach wasps in the family Ampulicidae; they are generally found on dead wood, leaf litter, or on tree trunks. There are at least 50 described species in Dolichurus. These wasps are small in size with an elongate body and slender appendages; legs are modified for running. Sexual dimorphism is not marked; antennae have 12 segments in females and 13 segments in males; females have six visible metasomal segments and males usually have only three visible segments.

Others suffer from lack of open forest- fire habitat in areas where fire suppression is done (e.g. Gloeophyllum carbonarium in Nordic countries where forest fires are part of the natural forest dynamics). For most declining species the main problem is lack of dead wood in the forest. When suitable tree trunks are too sparse in the landscape, not all species are able to spread to new trunks after old ones have been consumed, causing the population to decline and eventually vanish.

Beetle Termitotrox cupido walking on a fungus garden of H. makhamensis In a study of termites in a forest in Thailand, fourteen nests of Hypotermes makhamensis were found per hectare. The termites forage on the forest floor, feeding on leaf litter and small and large pieces of dead wood. These termites play an important role in the forest ecosystem and cultivate fungus gardens. The termites chew up fallen leaves and rotten wood and deposit faecal pellets in chambers in the nest.

However, the specific location of Methuselah is a very closely guarded secret. The other two species, Pinus balfouriana and Pinus aristata, are also long- lived, though not to the extreme extent of P. longaeva; specimens of both have been measured or estimated to be up to 3,000 years old. The longevity of the trees is believed to be related to the proportion of dead wood to live wood. This high ratio reduces respiration and water loss, thereby extending the life of the tree.

Larva of D. hercules Not much is known about the life cycle in the wild, but much evidence has been gained through observations of captive-bred populations. The mating season for adults typically occurs during the rainy season (July to December). Females have an average gestation period of 30 days from copulation to egg-laying, and may lay up to 100 eggs on the ground or on dead wood. The eggs have an incubation period of approximately 27.7 days before they hatch.

Older specimens are more likely to be overlooked, as their brown color blends into the surrounding environment of dead leaves and dead wood. The puffball is used by various species of scuttle flies (family Phoridae) as larval food. This species has been collected from eastern central Africa, China, Costa Rica, Iran, Japan, and Europe (including Britain, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland). In North America, it is "locally frequent" east of the Rocky Mountains.

Teleomorphic species of the Tremellaceae are parasitic on other fungi in the phyla Ascomycota (including lichens) and Basidiomycota. They typically parasitize species that grow on dead wood of living shrubs and trees and it may be that their gelatinous fruit bodies are an adaption to such a periodically arid environment. The family is cosmopolitan in distribution, though individual species may be restricted to temperate regions or the tropics. The anamorphic yeast states are typically widespread and not restricted to host or substrate.

Consistent long-term population declines have resulted in red-headed woodpecker's threatened status in Canada and several states in the US. Throughout most of its range it inhabits areas that have been heavily altered by humans. Factors suggested for red-headed woodpecker declines include: loss of overall habitat and, within habitats, standing dead wood required for nest sites,Smith, K. G., J. H. Withgott, and P. G. Rodewald. (2000). Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). The Birds of North America Online (A.

Adults have a flight period from May to October. D.variegatus will utilise almost any kind of pre-existing cavity including dead plant stems, dead wood, masonry cavities and even old snail shells. The nest cavity is plugged with sand grains, soil or plant debris which is bound together by spider silk collected by the female using the maxillar bristles which give the genus Dipogon its name. In small cavities single cells may be constructed but if space permits multiple cells will be built.

In northern British Columbia, ribbed bog moss substrates included disturbed forest floors, logs, and stumps at 44%, 13%, and 3% frequencies, respectively. Ribbed bog moss was found on downed woody debris in a mixed quaking aspen-paper birch-balsam fir (Populus tremuloides-Betula papyrifera-Abies balsamifera) forest in east-central Alberta and on stumps in a mixed-hardwood forest in Wisconsin. Ribbed bog moss rarely grows on standing live or dead wood. Ribbed bog moss showed broad substrate tolerances in a greenhouse common pot study in Scotland.

The spore print is white and the spores are ellipsoidal with flattened ends and containing several oil droplets. On the outside of the cup the hairs are curly or corkscrew shaped. These features distinguishes this species from the rather similar Sarcoscypha coccinea and Sarcoscypha juranaLeif Goodwin: Sarcoscypha austriaca It is reported to grow on the dead wood of such hosts as Alnus incana, species of Salix, Acer and Robinia.Grzyby Polski: Sarcoscypha austriaca It is part of a complex of species which includes Sarcoscypha coccinea and Sarcoscypha dudleyi.

As far as is known, their larvae like those of other Belidae feed on the wood and fruits of diseased or dying plants or on deadwood; they tend to avoid healthy plants. Aglycyderes larvae feed on the dead wood of spurges (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae). Aralius larvae eat deadwood of Pseudopanax (Araliaceae). The larvae of most Proterhinus also live on deadwood (some are leaf miners), but are found on a wide range of plants, unusual for belids which tend to have coevolved with their host plants since the Mesozoic.

The white-throated treecreeper is predominantly insectivorous, eating mainly ants, although will eat also nectar. A 2007 study in the Australian Capital Territory showed the white-throated treecreeper preferred foraging on the rough-barked eucalypt, the red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha), rather than the smooth barked species, the inland scribbly gum (Eucalyptus rossii). Birds would glean (take prey while bird is perched) and peer, as well as drill in dead wood, for insects. A female was observed feeding on white punk (Laetiporus portentosus), a bracket fungus.

A solitary beech tree immediately to the south and a gnarled and bizarrely grown linden tree on the lake shore north of Badenburg, also a solitary common beech tree at a junction south of the Amalienburg, a weeping beech tree near the swan bridge and an oak in The Village. Human intervention such as care of the lawns, artificial plantings and the removal of dead wood in the context of traffic safety obligations are classified under low intensity. Meadow mowing has been rated as positive for biodiversity.

Overhall Grove is a 17.4 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest to the east of Knapwell in Cambridgeshire. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade II, and it is managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire. This site is the largest elm woodland in the county. It was seriously affected by Dutch elm disease, but many trees have regenerated from their bases, and the mixture of new growth and dead wood provides a very good habitat for insects and birds.

A gel bait containing hydramethylnon has been effective in experiments. In the movement away from pesticides other treatments have been developed, such as the blasting of hot air into the colonies, or the application of liquid nitrogen. A microwave- emitting device can be used to "cook" the colony, or a low-current, high- voltage "gun" device can deliver an electric shock. If possible, infested wood can simply be removed from the structure and replaced, and infested trees or dead wood piles can be removed.

Among the most conspicuous is that of the introduced gypsy moth ('), which infests primarily oaks, causing severe defoliation and tree mortality. But it also has the benefit of eliminating weak individuals, and thus improving the genetic stock, as well as creating rich habitat of a type through accumulation of dead wood. Because hardwoods sprout so readily, this moth is not as harmful as the hemlock woolly adelgid. Perhaps more serious is the introduced beech bark disease complex, which includes both a scale insect (') and fungal components.

Gymnopils maritimus is clearly a different species from other members of its clade, despite their close relation. All other species in the clade grow upon dead wood and have well-developed rings on their stems. The spores also differ; in the case of G. junonius and G. spectabilis (often considered synonymous), as well as G. pampeanus, they are narrower, and in the case of G. imperialis, they are wider. Of the other members of the clade, only G. junonius and G. spectabilis also grow in Europe.

At least one species of stingless bee has a relationship with a fungus in the genus Monascus, where the larvae consume and depend on fungus transferred from old to new nests. Termites on the African savannah are also known to cultivate fungi, and yeasts of the genera Candida and Lachancea inhabit the gut of a wide range of insects, including neuropterans, beetles, and cockroaches; it is not known whether these fungi benefit their hosts. Fungi ingrowing dead wood are essential for xylophagous insects (e.g. woodboring beetles).

In Tasmania, this species is referred to by the "common name" of Christmas beetle, a name that is normally used for beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, genus Anoplognathus."Christmas Beetles" in Tasmania Females are smaller than the males, and males have the mandibles enlarged and prolonged forwards. The colour of the males is typically metallic golden green or golden yellow, while females may be blue, blue-green or also dull brown. These beetles are sapro-xylophagous, feeding only on dead wood, mainly Eucalyptus species (Myrtaceae) or Acacia.

Marasmius rotula is a saprobic species and as such obtains nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter. It grows in deciduous forests and fruits in groups or clusters on dead wood (especially beech), woody debris such as twigs or sticks, and occasionally on rotting leaves. The fruit bodies, which are easily overlooked because of their diminutive size, are often present in abundance after rains. The species is relatively intolerant of low water potentials, and will grow poorly or not at all under water stress conditions.

Millipedes occur on all continents except Antarctica, and occupy almost all terrestrial habitats, ranging as far north as the Arctic Circle in Iceland, Norway, and Central Russia, and as far south as Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Typically forest floor dwellers, they live in leaf litter, dead wood, or soil, with a preference for humid conditions. In temperate zones, millipedes are most abundant in moist deciduous forests, and may reach densities of over 1,000 individuals per square metre. Other habitats include coniferous forests, caves, and alpine ecosystems.

Polypores have been used as indicator species of healthy natural forests or old-growth forests in Europe. They are good indicators of invertebrate diversity on dead wood and include many endangered species. Polypores make good indicators because they are relatively easy to find – many species produce conspicuous and long-lasting fruiting bodies – and because they can be identified in the field. The first indicator list of polypores widely used in forest inventories and conservation work was developed in northern Sweden in 1992 ("Steget före" method).

Bredon and its surroundings are exceptionally rich in wildlife, boasting sites of international importance for their rare fauna.Natural England, Bredon Hill SSSI citation. The parish contains parts of the Bredon Hill Special Area of Conservation; parts of three Sites of Special Scientific Interest; and parts of twelve Local Wildlife Sites (the best sites in Worcestershire not covered by national designations). Bredon Hill has been recognised as the third most important site in the UK for dead-wood beetles and other invertebrates,Whitehead P & J. (1991–96).

Macrolepiota albuminosa is the fungus used by the termite Odontotermes obesus in the fungus garden (also called the comb) in its underground nest. The termites collect and chew up dead wood, leaf litter and other vegetable debris, depositing their faeces in the fungus garden situated in a central chamber of their nest. The hyphae of the fungus grow through the comb and the termites feed on the fungal threads. Periodically the fungus sends hyphae to the surface of the ground where mushroom-like fruiting bodies are formed.

Hampstead Heath Woods is a 16.6 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Hampstead in the London Borough of Camden. It is in two separate areas within Hampstead Heath, North Wood between Kenwood House and Hampstead Lane, and the larger Ken Wood, south of Kenwood House. The site has many old and over-mature trees, and extensive dead wood which provides a habitat for invertebrates, including the nationally rare jewel beetle Agrilus pannonicus. This type of canopy is uncommon nationally and very scarce in Greater London.

Coarse woody debris and its subsequent decomposition recycles nutrients that are essential for living organisms, such as carbon, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. Saprotrophic fungi and detritivores such as bacteria and insects directly consume dead wood, releasing nutrients by converting them into other forms of organic matter which may then be consumed by other organisms. However CWD itself is extremely scarce in physiologically important nutrients. To fulfill nutritional requirements of consumers, CWD must be first nutritionally enriched by transport of nutrients from outside of CWD.

Phellinus ellipsoideus (formerly Fomitiporia ellipsoidea) is a species of polypore fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae, a specimen of which produced the largest fungal fruit body ever recorded. Found in China, the fruit bodies produced by the species are brown, woody basidiocarps that grow on dead wood, where the fungus feeds as a saprotroph. The basidiocarps are perennial, allowing them to grow very large under favourable circumstances. They are resupinate, measuring or more in length, though typically extending less than a centimetre from the surface of the wood.

According to the United States Department of Agriculture, without intervention, this pest spreads about 13 miles per year. A study published in 2012 suggests that storms can accelerate the spread, hypothesizing that strong easterly winds carried larvae across Lake Michigan to Wisconsin, a distance of at least 50 miles. Firewood transport is a common way for the eggs to spread, since the moths will lay their eggs on dead wood. Attempts have been made to limit the movement of firewood to reduce the moth's spread.

Like all Phallaceae species, C. columnatus is saprobic, and uses extracellular digestion to acquire nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter, like wood. As a consequence of its predilection for dead wood, the fungus is often associated with disturbed habitats. It can often be found growing in and around gardens and residences where areas of cultivation or landscaping have resulted in accumulations of mulch, wood chips or other cellulose-rich materials. The mycelial cords can be traced to buried roots, stumps, and other woody material.

This five-and-a-half hectare site is part of an internationally important yew woodland complex. The steep chalky slopes of the central part of the wood are occupied by a dense stand of yew overtopped in places by mature ash and beech, with some field maple, wild cherry and oak. Some of the beech trees are fine specimens whilst others have died and provide important dead wood habitat for many insects and fungi. A large section in the centre of the reserve was flattened by the October 1987 storm.

The geographer Christian A. Kull argues that human interventions in tapia forests, including fire-setting and removal of dead wood, actually favour the growth of tapia trees and the associated silkworms. Rather than "forest", he uses the term "woodland" or "wooded savannas", implying a more open-canopy vegetation type. He suggests that tapia woodland has changed little in extent over the last century, and considers human impact a landscape "transformation" and form of sustainable use rather than a "degradation". Local legislation and traditions often ban the cutting of tapia trees.

Chris Longmuir's Dead Wood (2009) was a grizzly crime novel set in a world of violence and gangland retribution. Alan Wright's Act of Murder (2010) was a tale of magic, poisonings and thespians, with some gruesome murders thrown in for good measure. Simon Ashe-Browne's Nothing Human Left (2011) was a psychological thriller set in a Dublin public school as a schoolboy's criminal desires reach a frightening conclusion. Jacob Appel's The Man Who Wouldn't Stand Up was a satire of Post-9/11 patriotism in the United States.

They are omnivorous, although fruit is the most important part of their diet, and they may locate fruiting trees by following the calls of frugivorous birds such as hornbills. Important fruit tree species for Odsman Hill's mangabey include Erythrophleum suaveolens and Enantia chlorantha. They also spend a lot of time splitting dead wood, excavating bark and searching through liana tangles and epiphyte masses searching for invertebrates. Osman Hill's mangabey is a social species living in groups of 10-20 individuals which consist of a few males, several females and their dependent young.

Like other bees of its genus, M. genalis nests in dead wood. They live in the range between Mexico and Southern Brazil, and are therefore often studied in the Republic of Panama and northern Colombia, where they are largely prevalent. This bee collects pollen from tropical plants in its habitat, including kapok (Ceiba pentandra), pochote (Pachira quinata), hog plums (Spondias spp.), and acacias, as well as Vismia baccifera and Pseudobombax septenatum. Females either exhibit solitary or social behavior, where they build their nests in small branches above the ground.

The environmentally most valuable part of Seč are Ostrůvek and the Oheb peninsula, which consists of a steep rock that ends with a small rocky promontory covered with pines. This place is a home to some rare invertebrate species (snails, beetles) as well as a natural habitat of Eurasian eagle-owls. The forest that covers the Oheb rock consists of some very old species of European beeches. Dead trees are left to decay and become hosts for a wide range of polypores that feed on their dead wood.

The patent-leather beetle is considered beneficial in its activities to decompose dead wood, and is harmless to humans. The increase in habitat loss due to deforestation for agriculture has caused a decline in populations as they do not react well to fragmentation. Studies reveal that a decrease in suitable habitat and increased open areas between forests have been the two leading causes of population decline and potential extirpation of some areas. Shrinking habitat would also cause an increase in competition and infanticidal behaviors, further straining reproductive success.

In July 2010, Quin-Ankrah received a nomination in the "Best Newcomer" category at the 2010 Inside Soap Awards for her portrayal of Cheryl. Jim Shelley of the Daily Mirror said that the serial had a lot of "dead wood" characters such as Cheryl and branded her "deadly boring". A writer for the website of television programme This Morning, said that Cheryl's life "seemed to be going well once she shacked up with kind-hearted cabbie Lloyd." They described her as "silly" for letting her feelings for Chris re-surface.

Exidia glandulosa is a wood-rotting species, typically found on dead attached branches of broadleaf trees, especially oak, occasionally hazel or beech. It is a pioneer species capable of colonizing living or recently dead wood. A study of the wood decay process in attached oak branches showed that E. glandulosa is a member of a community of eight basidiomycetous fungi consistently associated with the decay of dying branches on living trees. Specifically, its role is to disintegrate the tissue of the vascular cambium, which loosens the attached bark.

As a general pollinator, X. micans is key to the reproduction of many plants within its habitat. In the nesting sites of many Xylocopa bee populations, destruction and removal of woody plants have caused the loss and extinction of those populations. Land clearing can lead to the loss of natural nesting sites, which can cause either the loss or the migration of certain species. X. micans may face a similar loss of location if land management practices reducing available dead wood removes potential nesting sites for the bee.

In general, pruning dead wood and small branches can be done at any time of year. Depending on the species, many temperate plants can be pruned either during dormancy in winter, or, for species where winter frost can harm a recently pruned plant, after flowering is completed. In the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere autumn pruning should be avoided, as the spores of disease and decay fungi are abundant at this time of year. Some woody plants tend to bleed profusely from cuts, such as mesquite and maple.

An important aspect of Hawk's spirituality was his commitment to environmentalism and the connectedness of all life. The flute was his connection with the past and the future, and he combined historical and modern methods in its making. Like many flute makers, Hawk often used dead wood or scrap wood, especially due to the quality of wood in the wild and of old growth wood used in the old buildings. He used a modern lathe to shape the flute, but burned the holes in the traditional fashion with heated steel rods.

Both names for the wood, Great Ridge and Chicklade, are old. The Penny Cyclopaedia of 1843 says: The 'Great Ridge Wood' is referred to in W. H. Hudson's A Shepherd's Life (1910), in which he reports that in the 19th century the old people of Fonthill Bishop and other villages were allowed to take from it as much dead wood as they could find.W. H. Hudson, A Shepherd's Life (BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008 edition), p. 148 As with most land in Great Britain, the Great Ridge is owned by people or organisations.

A colony is usually founded by a winged male and female termite after a nuptial flight. Having discarded their wings, the reproductives choose a suitable tree with an area of dead wood and create a chamber under the bark, often entering through a beetle hole. The first egg develops into a small soldier termite, recognisable by its dark head and slashing mandibles; soldiers protect the colony from other termites and from marauding ants. The next eggs develop into workers, which expand the colony by chewing into the wood that surrounds them.

When the dead wood is exhausted, the colony will die out. As they continue to grow and moult, some of the workers may develop into full-sized soldiers, while others may begin to grow wingbuds, finally differentiating into primary reproductives; these become more numerous when the colony's resources are nearly depleted. Another group of workers may develop into golden-coloured wingless, secondary reproductives; this normally happens after the death of the primary reproductives, perhaps through strife with neighbouring colonies which often results in the two colonies merging. Merged colonies may contain numerous secondary reproductives.

Scarce dagger larva feeding on the moor birch The larva of the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) feeds on the foliage of Betula pubescens and other tree species. In outbreak years, large areas of birch forest can be defoliated by this insect. Damage to the leaf tissue stimulates the tree to produce chemicals that reduce foliage quality, retarding the growth of the larvae and reducing their pupal weights. In Greenland, about seventy species of fungi have been found growing in association with B. pubescens, as parasites or saprobes on living or dead wood.

Cyathus striatus, commonly known as the fluted bird's nest, is a common saprobic bird's nest fungus with a widespread distribution throughout temperate regions of the world. This fungus resembles a miniature bird's nest with numerous tiny "eggs"; the eggs, or peridioles, are actually lens-shaped bodies that contain spores. C. striatus can be distinguished from most other bird's nest fungi by its hairy exterior and grooved (striated) inner walls. Although most frequently found growing on dead wood in open forests, it also grows on wood chip mulch in urban areas.

Polistes canadensis is a large-bodied wasp with a wing length ranging from 17.0 to 24.5 mm. Nests are constructed from plant fibers such as dry grass and dead wood, which, as with other paper wasps, are mixed with saliva to create water-resistant nests made out of papery material. These nests are not covered with an outer envelope and feature hexagonal cells in which eggs are laid and larvae develop. A growing Polistes canadensis colony often engages in fission into several combs, with an average size of 30.8 cells per comb.

Thrips are believed to have descended from a fungus-feeding ancestor during the Mesozoic, and many groups still feed upon and inadvertently redistribute fungal spores. These live among leaf litter or on dead wood and are important members of the ecosystem, their diet often being supplemented with pollen. Other species are primitively eusocial and form plant galls and still others are predatory on mites and other thrips. Two species of Aulacothrips, A. tenuis and A. levinotus, have been found to be ectoparasites on aetalionid and membracid plant-hoppers in Brazil.

Queens appear between early April and mid-May, and workers appear at the end of April/early May to mid-October. Young queens and drones can be found from mid-August to late October. When queens search for suitable places to nest, they fly just above the vegetation, for example on forest edges, investigating cavities such as holes in the ground or niches in dead wood and grass. The nests can be constructed above or under ground, preferably in old mouse nests, but also in bird nests, barns, and sheds.

Habitat clearing and large, intense bushfires led to extinction in some areas. The last green carpenter bee seen in Victoria was in December 1938 in the Grampians, not long before the Black Friday fires of January 1939. Fire destroys the dead wood the bee needs for nesting, and the flowers which it needs all the time. In 2007 a huge fire destroyed much of the vegetation in Flinders Chase National Park on Kangaroo Island, but left dry grass-tree stalks in the adjacent areas which were colonised by the bees.

Xylaria is a genus of ascomycetous fungi commonly found growing on dead wood. The name comes from the Greek xýlon meaning wood (see xylem). Two of the common species of the genus are Xylaria hypoxylon and Xylaria polymorpha. Xylaria hypoxylon, known by the common names stag's horn and candle-snuff fungus, is the most conspicuous because of its erect, 3–7 cm tall, antler-like ascocarps (fruitbodies) which are black at the base (where the perithecia are embedded) but white and branched towards the top, where the fruiting bodies produce white conidia (asexual spores).

The Eurasian lynx – once again found living wild in the Harz A multitude of wild animals live in the beech forests of the Harz Mountains. Over 5,000 species, most of them insects, have their home in these woods. They include many species that help to decompose leaves and work them into the soil and ground cover, including springtails, oribatid mites, woodlice, roundworms, millipedes, earthworms and snails. Characteristic breeding birds in the beech woods, with their abundance of dead wood, are the black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) and stock dove (Columba oenas).

The invertebrate fauna of the reserve has been surveyed in detail in 2002 and 2012, and surveyors found a rich and diverse fauna with an abundance of ancient woodland associated species. A total of 650 species have been identified and the reserve is now known to be of SSSI quality for saproxylic invertebrates (dead wood specialists).Alexander, K. A. (2012) Briddlesford Copses Invertebrate Survey 2012. Report for People's Trust for Endangered Species (PTES) Of special interest is the rare fungus weevil Pseudeuparius sepicola, a Red Data Book species.

Living grown structures have a number of structural mechanical advantages over those constructed of lumber and are more resistant to decay. While there are some decay organisms that can rot live wood from the outside, and though living trees can carry decayed and decaying heartwood inside them; in general, living trees decay from the inside out and dead wood decays from the outside in. Living wood tissue, particularly sapwood, wields a very potent defense against decay from either direction, known as compartmentalization. This protection applies to living trees only and varies among species.

Eriodictyon trichocalyx is a shrub growing erect up to about 2 meters tall, with lance-shaped to oval leaves up to 14 centimeters long. They are hairless and resinous to densely woolly. The inflorescence is a cluster of white to light purple bell-shaped flowers. At higher elevations, the plant tends to a much smaller stature and often appear more thin and ratty; rare, large plants at these elevations tend to be old and woody, and may have a large, tree-like trunk at their base and a great deal of dead wood and twigs.

Perenniporia meridionalis is a poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as a new species by Cony Decock and Joost Stalpers in 2006. The holotype specimen was collected in the Province of Nuoro in Italy, where it was found growing on dead wood of Quercus ilex. Distinguishing characteristics of this fungus include its relatively large pores (typically numbering 3 or 4 per millimetre), the hyaline vegetative hyphae that are yellowish to slightly dextrinoid in Melzer's reagent, and large spores measuring 6.0–7.7 by 4.5–6.2 µm.

On the Central Valley side, it has been collected at 1600 m at Zurqui. In the Monteverde area, it occurs in the community area, up to the highest ridges at 1700 m, and down to 800 m in the Penas Blancas Valley. In Monteverde, it is the main pest in gardens, and enters houses at night to cut bread, cabbage, or fruit that has been left out. The nests are often in or under a piece of dead wood, and often with a superstructure of loose, dead leaf fragments.

These include siskins - a bird that comes in the winter months to feed on alder seeds. Areas of the reserve have been left to mature and reach old age, with plenty of dead wood habitat for fungi and insects. In contrast, other sections see the trees are coppiced to create open areas and denser woodland with its own community of plants and animals. The reserve further includes five lakes and a mixed habitat of ponds, seasonally flooded pools, and reedbed; and the combination of wetland and woodland enables the reserve to support a diverse community of plants, fungi and animals.

Such high levels of biomass and tall vertical structures represent large stores of potential energy that can be converted to kinetic energy under the right circumstances. The world’s forests contain about 606 gigatonnes of living biomass (above- and below-ground) and 59 gigatonnes of dead wood. Two such conversions of great importance are fires and treefalls, both of which radically alter the biota and the physical environment where they occur. Also, in forests of high productivity, the rapid growth of the trees themselves induces biotic and environmental changes, although at a slower rate and lower intensity than relatively instantaneous disturbances such as fires.

The forests of conifers, principally of Norway spruce, are in particular present in the south of the park, around Tinäset, on the isle of Torrön and the peninsula of Öbyhalvön.p. 18 These forests have not been logged since the 1950s and certain trees are themselves over 120 years old. These old trees as well as the presence of dead wood give this forest a very ancient appearance, and contribute to a great richness of lichens and fungi. The soil is often covered in moss, the characteristic species being Hylocomium splendens, but Anastrophyllum hellerianum and Nowellia curvifolia are also common.p.

Temperate rainforest in Tasmania's Hellyer Gorge Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. The world's forests contain about 606 gigatonnes of living biomass (above- and below- ground) and 59 gigatonnes of dead wood. The total biomass has decreased slightly since 1990 but biomass per unit area has increased. Forest ecosystems can be found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth, at altitudes up to the tree line, except where natural fire frequency or other disturbance is too high, or where the environment has been altered by human activity.

Eudicella gralli, sometimes called the flamboyant flower beetle or striped love beetle, is a brightly coloured member of the scarab beetle family, in the subfamily known as flower beetles. Their shells seem to have a prismatic quality, refracting the ambient light to give the green of their carapace a rainbow tint. This species of flower beetle lives in the rainforests of Africa, where it feeds on the nectar and pollen of flowers, but is popular in the exotic pet trade. The larvae of the flower beetle live in decaying wood, feeding on dead wood and leaf litter.

Clavaria zollingeri The clavarioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having erect, simple or branched basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the ground, on decaying vegetation, or on dead wood. They are colloquially called club fungi and coral fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Clavaria ("clavarioid" means Clavaria-like), but it is now known that clavarioid species are not all closely related. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "clavarioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papers.

These plant fibers are collected from dead wood. By mixing the plant fibers with water, wasps are able to create pulp which is then used to help the construction of nests. P. fuscatus is considered to be a generalist prey forager, but may also act as a specialist due to its habit of commonly returning to a specific location or to prey on the same species. They use the scavenged animal protein from both vertebrates and arthropods such as: caterpillars, flies, alate ants, termites, spiders, bees, and other wasps to help the development of their brood.

Individuals overwinter underground, most probably at some depth in the soil, where they remain inactive for at least 6 months. Since late April to mid October, instead, they still spend most part of the time resting in the soil, however often in the most upper level, sometimes concealed under occasional shelters (e.g., stones emerging from the ground, dead wood or pieces of barks on the surface). During this period, they exit and move on the surface only when the surface is wet and the air is very humid, especially after intense rains following dry periods, independently from the daily cycle of light.

Wood is also used as a primary building material, only adding further incentive to remove trees from the forest. With the depletion of dead wood from the forest patches, the people have begun to remove young, healthy trees. This is seen most commonly in areas closest to villages. Although the shapes and sizes of forest fragments around the Daraina region have been mostly stable for 50 years prior to a study in 2002, the six years preceding the study had seen 5% of the small- to medium-sized forest fragments disappear due to increased human encroachment.

Bevan-Jones 2004, p. 49. In the mid-1990s the church oil tank stood in the space between the two trunk fragments; however, this was moved when it was realised that the tree was ancient. When this tank was built a lot of the dead wood was removed from the site which makes dating the age of the tree more difficult for dendrochronologists. In June 2002, the Tree Council, in celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II designated the Llangernyw Yew tree one of the Fifty Great British trees in recognition of its place in national heritage.

Crinipellis zonata, commonly known as the zoned Crinipellis or the zoned-cap Collybia, is a species of gilled mushroom in the family Marasmiaceae. Though considered a little brown mushroom of unknown edibility, it is distinctive because of its thick covering of coarse hairs, and differentiated from other members of Crinipellis by its slightly larger cap size, which reaches up to in diameter. The white gills on the underside of the cap are crowded closely together, and are free from attachment to the stem. Saprobic, it grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees from late summer to autumn.

Wood burning A stack of split firewood in Japan Pile of wood pellets Wood fuel (or fuelwood) is a fuel such as firewood, charcoal, chips, sheets, pellets, and sawdust. The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no tools in the case of picking up dead wood, or few tools, although as in any industry, specialized tools, such as skidders and hydraulic wood splitters, have been developed to mechanize production. Sawmill waste and construction industry by-products also include various forms of lumber tailings.

In the organically-shaped cascading pools by John Wilkes, the water makes flowing lemniscate patterns with various rhythms according to the different basin widths. The trick fountains are supplied with rainwater from the gutters through three tanks; enhanced by the invigorating motion in the flowform basins, the water is used for garden irrigation. In the Vortex Garden, garden soil and plant maintenance is based on principles of the permaculture approach. On the recommendations of Hermann Benjes, a relatively large number of dead wood stacks and woodpiles provide choice breeding grounds for microorganisms in this town garden.

Bonsai growers create or shape dead wood using techniques such as jin and shari to simulate age and maturity in a bonsai. Jin is the term used when the bark from an entire branch is removed to create the impression of a snag of deadwood. Shari denotes stripping bark from areas of the trunk to simulate natural scarring from a broken limb or lightning strike. In addition to stripping bark, deadwood techniques may also involve the use of tools to scar the deadwood or to raise its grain, and the application of chemicals (usually lime sulfur) to bleach and preserve the exposed deadwood.

Oxshott Heath and Woods an off-road section Oxshott Heath and Woods is an area of woods and heathland in Oxshott, Surrey, England covering approximately , as an area of common land. It is owned by a local authority, however historic rights of access and gathering dead wood where necessary for individual fires are shared and exercised by landowners in the parish of Oxshott which has existed since the end of the 19th century, created from the east of the village of Stoke D'Abernon which in this area was extremely scantly populated until the construction of Oxshott railway station.

Though it can be encountered all year, it produces spores in late summer and autumn. It has also been recorded in Amur, in eastern Asia. The species has also been identified in living sapwood, though it is latent at this time, and it is probable that it waits until the wood begins to die (when it is drier, but contains more oxygen) before the mycelia begin to grow. When the species was inoculated into living wood, it did grow, but only around the inoculation wound; the species did not spread as it would have done on dead wood.

By providing both food and microhabitats for many species, coarse woody debris helps to maintain the biodiversity of forest ecosystems. Up to forty percent of all forest fauna is dependent on CWD. Studies in western North America showed that only five per cent of living trees consisted of living cells by volume, whereas in dead wood it was as high as forty percent by volume, mainly fungi and bacteria. Colonizing organisms that live on the remains of cambium and sapwood of dead trees aid decomposition and attract predators that prey on them and so continue the chain of metabolizing the biomass.

Cuckoo flowerWatercress Fields has formal football pitches and a play area as well as areas for informal recreation. It is an important site linking areas in the south of Ashford to the town centre and other parts of the Green Corridor. The river has a natural profile with many meanders, and wide margins of vegetation that support riverside species such as cuckoo flower and alder (some of the alders have succumbed to a disease – however dead wood is a good habitat for invertebrates). The river itself supports Water Voles, having sufficient food resources and bankside cover.

Fruiting of the fungus takes place in well decayed timber when the nutrients are becoming exhausted. Because the fruiting bodies are underground, the spores are not liberated into the air as in most fungal species. However, the spores are found in the vole's droppings and are deposited throughout its burrows, thus enabling the fungus to spread and form associations with uninfected trees. It has been found that in a clear-cut forest where all the dead wood and trimmings are removed, the mycorrhiza stops fruiting, the vole population dies out and newly planted trees fail to thrive.

The cosmopolitan bee genus Ceratina, often referred to as small carpenter bees,Small Carpenter Bee – Ceratina sp. Red Planet Inc. is the sole lineage of the tribe Ceratinini, and closely related to the more familiar carpenter bees. They make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith, and while many are solitary, a number are subsocial, with mothers caring for their larvae, and in a few cases where multiple females are found in a single nest, daughters or sisters may form very small, weakly eusocial colonies (where one bee forages and the other remains in the nest and lays eggs).

Many phrases in the Cheshire charter are similar to those in Magna Carta and appear to have been adapted directly from it. Clause 1 in the Cheshire charter refers to 'pleas of the sword' (exceptis placitis ad gladium meum pertinentibus), similar to Clause One of Magna Carta's 'pleas of the Crown.' Similarly, Clauses 1 and 4 conclude with references to a private prosecutor and witnesses respectively, paralleling the provisions made in Magna Carta Clause 38 to prevent unsupported allegations by local officials. Clause 6 grants the Cheshire barons rights within the Cheshire forests to: assart; cultivate land; and sell dead wood.

Trogons excavate their nests by chewing cavities into very soft dead wood; some species make completely enclosed chambers (accessed by upward-slanting entrance tunnels), while others—like the extravagantly plumed resplendent quetzal—construct more open niches. In most trogon species, both sexes help with nest construction. The process may take several months, and a single pair may start several excavations before finding a tree or stump with wood of the right consistency. Common myna nest in an areca palm cavity Species which use natural cavities or old woodpecker nests sometimes line the cavity with soft material such as grass, moss, lichen, feathers or fur.

Dead-Wood Borer Moth (Scolecocampa liburna) Many instruments are made of wood, therefore wood eating insects could damage them if left in a dark, damp, and drafty space. A careful way to get rid of the infestation is through “asphyxiation by carbon dioxide or nitrogen [because they] are the preferred methods, although some work still has to be done on the effects of changes in moisture content of artifacts during treatment.” Additionally, a conservator may choose to place an instrument in a freezer for a period of time as another method of pest eradication. Basic cleanliness of storage areas prevents larger infestations such as rats or roaches.

E. parryi is a fast- growing opportunist, and when mixed in with E. trichocalyx may be obviously fresher and younger. Yerba santa may grow by crown sprouting in burn areas, while E. parryi grows in these areas from seed. E. trichocalyx, being a slower-growing perennial, often has leaves that show damage from previous years. Although both plants can grow to be as tall as a person, E. trichocalyx tends to a much smaller stature at the higher elevations; rare, large plants at these elevations tend to be old and woody, and may have a large, tree-like trunk at their base and a great deal of dead wood and twigs.

At the age of 13, he did his first wood engraving of the coat of arms of his home town. At 17, he was sent to London to learn more about the glove- making business in the extensive dry goods establishment of his uncle, but every moment that could be snatched from the "dreary drudgery of the desk's dead wood" was surreptitiously devoted to sketching, drawing or engraving. His father, uncle and relatives so discouraged his artistic aspirations, that he was constrained to keep his work a secret from them. He contributed sketches to the Illustrated London News, signing them as Frank Leslie to insure his anonymity.

Buckley had previously managed Wolverhampton Wanderers to a runners-up position in the league, and to the FA Cup Final. However, his first season in charge of Leeds was another relegation battle, with Leeds eventually finishing 15th in the 1948–49 season that saw John Charles make his league debut. The following 1949–50 season saw Buckley clear much of the dead wood from the side, replacing them with younger, fitter players. Buckley's new side finished a creditable 5th in the Second Division, and enjoyed a run to the 6th round of the FA Cup. The season also saw Leeds sign a 15-year-old Jack Charlton.

This is a form of wood decay in which the wood assumes a bleached appearance and where lignin as well as cellulose and hemicellulose is broken down by enzymes secreted by the fungus. Fruit bodies are usually found in tightly overlapping clusters on the sides of hardwood trees, on logs, stumps, and fallen branches. Although most commonly found on dead wood, it can also grow opportunistically in the wounds of living trees. In North America, its preferred hosts are oak, birch, maple, hickory, pecan, and American hornbeam, while in Europe, it is commonly found growing on oak, birch, alder, beech, hazel, chestnut, and ash.

After the storm, conservation and forest managers decided to leave the 10-hectare windthrow area of the Lothar Path to recover unaided as an area of protected forest or Bannwald, in order to be able to observe the long-term, natural regeneration of the habitat. The project was entrusted to the Black Forest National Park. In June 2003, as part of the EU-sponsored Grinde Black Forest project, an 800-metre-long educational and discovery path was constructed by the Black Forest High Road (B 500) between Ruhestein and Kniebis-Alexanderschanze. The path runs along steps, bridges and footbridges made from the dead wood, over and under the fallen trees.

Caridina linduensis is a species of freshwater shrimp in the family Atyidae, endemic to Lake Lindu and its effluent stream in Sulawesi. It was known only from the type series, collected in 1904, and was recorded again in 2011 in a survey around Lake Lindu and is found in shallow littoral habitats of leaf litter, macrophytes, and dead wood. In the effluent stream it is found on soft substrates and slow flowing water, and is less common in the lake itself. The type locality of Lake Lindu was designated as a Recreation Park in 1978, and is part of the larger Lore Lindu National Park and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

In December, she was elected the party's executive secretary, becoming a vice-president of the PD-L a year later. In these capacities, she promoted the party and spoke approvingly of the president, for instance ahead of the 2008 local election. "Elena Udrea: Nu-i partid ca PD-L, deşi avem şi noi uscături" ("Elena Udrea: There Is No Party like the PD-L, although We too Have Dead Wood"), Ziare.com, 12 April 2008, retrieved 25 February 2009 From February to November 2005, while away from her law practice, Udrea was a state counsellor and head of the Presidential Chancellery under President Traian Băsescu.

Further tree and shrub pruning work is required in terms of removing risks to visitors and structures, removing dead wood, and reinstating views of significance. A lack of funds has to date not enabled the Trust to repair the pump on the grotto pool, although this is proposed. Further research work is required to clarify the roles and contribution made to the place by Henri van der Velde and Paul Sorenson, to identify the changes made to the garden post 1947 (cf those made pre-1947), and clarify the relative significance of each, in order to prioritise conservation and other works required to the garden. This work is currently underway.

Navisporus fungi have pale brown to brown context, and a dimitic hyphal system, meaning they have both generative and skeletal hyphae. Ryvarden described the genus as being close to Pseudopiptoporus (published by Ryvarden simultaneously with Navisporus), but with dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, and lacking gloeopleurous hyphae. Navisporus spores are long, navicular (boat-shaped) and non- dextrinoid. N. terrestris is the only species in the genus that has a fruit body with a stipe, and also the only member of the genus that fruits on soil All of the other species fruit as a stipeless (sessile) cap on dead wood, or alternately in effused-reflexed form—i.e.

Humor is often derived from the uneven relationship between two partners, usually of the same gender, age, ethnic origin, and profession but drastically different in terms of personality or behavior. One member of the duo—the "straight man", "feed", "dead wood", or stooge—is often portrayed as reasonable and serious, while the other one—the funny man, "banana man", or comic—is portrayed as funny, less educated or less intelligent, silly, or unorthodox. When the audience identifies primarily with one character, the other is often referred to as a comic foil. The term "feed" comes from the way a straight man sets up jokes and then "feeds" them to his partner.

After finishing his mandatory military service in 1995, Wang worked in Taipei, where he felt like a seed that fell far from his tree, yet once he landed in this new fertile land, he gained confidence in himself and put down firm roots. In 2001 he packed up and traveled alone to England, France and Spain for almost three months, greatly expanding his worldview. In London’s Chelsea Physic Garden he discovered a Spanish pineapple hanging from dead wood, with no roots to nourish it, surviving on nothing but the moisture in the air. This inspired Wang, who then decided he wanted to become a true citizen of the world.

According to The Independent, he brought professionalism to orchestras by shaking them free of dead wood, clearing out talented dilettantes and pushing the survivors to perform at their best through relentless rehearsal."The affairs of a Casanova conductor", 15 July 2001 After giving a Daily Telegraph interview in 1936 in which he said that an orchestral musician did not deserve a "job for life" and should "give of his lifeblood with every bar he plays," Sargent lost much favour with musicians. They were particularly annoyed because of their support of him during his long illness, and thereafter he faced frequent hostility from British orchestras.

The open-woodland animals survive in small numbers along woodland rides or not at all, and many of these once-common species have become rare. Overstood coppice is a habitat of relatively low biodiversityit does not support the open-woodland species, but neither does it support many of the characteristic species of high forest, because it lacks many high-forest features such as substantial dead-wood, clearings and stems of varied ages. Suitable conservation management of these abandoned coppices may be to restart coppice management, or in some cases it may be more appropriate to use singling and selective clearance to establish a high-forest structure.

As forests increasingly dwindled and when, in the 12th century the cutting and burning of wood was limited or banned, ash burners collected dead wood from the forests as well as fireplace ash from homes. Towards the end of the 19th century the occupation of ash burner declined with the increasing importance of coal and improved means of transport through the railways. Potash as an industrial raw material was replaced by potassium minerals obtained by mining. Contemporary witness, teacher and local historian, Lukas Grünenwald, recorded the recollections from his youth in Dernbach in the Palatinate region:Helmut Seebach: Altes Handwerk und Gewerbe in der Pfalz. Vol.

Parc le Breos was a great medieval deer park in the south of the Gower Peninsula, about west of Swansea, Wales, and about north of the Bristol Channel. The park was an enclosed, oval area of in circumference, covering about and measuring miles (east–west) by just over miles (4.1 km by 2.9 km). Parc le Breos was established in the 1220s CE by John de Braose (of the powerful Cambro-Norman de Braose dynasty), Marcher Lord of Gower and husband to Margaret Ferch Llywelyn, Llywelyn Fawr's daughter. Other than for deer husbandry, the park received an income from agistment, pannage, and from sales of wild honey, ferns and dead wood.

The main principles of maintenance in this case are to make sure that the woodland is appropriate for the site's history, geology and geography, that it can continue to regenerate following the clearcutting of the 1930s, and that the protected habitat and biota can be supported. This means that there should be old and young trees, and some mature trees with a thick understorey. Dead wood is good for fungi and invertebrates, but this wood constitutes a public area, so dying trees must be made safe especially in popular places. Invertebrates and butterflies will benefit from occasional lighter man-made clearings; this may require cutting, coppicing or even felling trees.

C. olla growing on dead wood Being a saprobic fungus, Cyathus olla obtains nutrients from the breakdown of dead organic matter, and as such is usually found growing on woody debris; specimens found growing on soil are usually attached to bits of wood or stems present in the soil.Brodie, The Bird's Nest Fungi, p. 105. Brodie notes that this species usually grows in moist and shaded locations, although its discovery in the arid regions of Lima, Peru, suggest that it is tolerant of low-moisture conditions. It is the most abundant species of Cyathus found in Europe, and is also common in North America.

The main threats to this NP are illicit felling of commercially important teak, intensive collection of fuel wood and over grazing of livestock. Fuel wood collection takes many forms, from collection of dead wood to harvesting of branches and whole stem which if not sustainably done may damage the ecological balance of this NP. Continuous droughts and civil strife have resulted in a large increase in the number of people along the boundaries of the park in the last three decades. Most of these people own livestock and engage in subsistence agriculture. The presence of large numbers of livestock has increased pressure on the national park.

Harvey notes that Aristotle mentions light produced by dead fish and flesh, and that both Aristotle and Pliny the Elder (in his Natural History) mention light from damp wood. He also records that Robert Boyle experimented on these light sources, and showed that both they and the glowworm require air for light to be produced. Harvey notes that in 1753, J. Baker identified the flagellate Noctiluca "as a luminous animal" "just visible to the naked eye",Harvey cites this as Baker, J.: 1743–1753, The Microscope Made Easy and Employment for the Microscope. and in 1854 Johann Florian Heller (1813–1871) identified strands (hyphae) of fungi as the source of light in dead wood.

Several conditions are required to support local populations, including: "vegetative continuity (never cut), natural tree species composition, multi-aged structure, rich presence of dead wood in various stages of decay, relatively large area of virgin forest surrounded by near- natural forest, and a stable, cold and humid meso- and microclimate." Because of this requirement the species is rare. For example, in the Czech Republic, despite the long and intensive history of polypore study in that area, A. lapponica has only been recorded from the Boubínský prales virgin forest, even though there are other old-growth forests in the country. Similarly, in Poland it is known only from Białowieża Forest (Białowieża National Park).

Jackson (2004), page 15 Similarly, ivory-billed woodpeckers have been observed feeding on the same tree as the only other large woodpecker with which they share a range, the pileated woodpecker, without any hostile interactions.Jackson (2004), page 41 Although not migratory, the ivory-billed woodpecker is sometimes described as nomadic; birds relocate from time to time to areas where disasters such as fires or floods have created large amounts of dead wood, and subsequently large numbers of beetle larva upon which they prefer to feed.Jackson (2004), page 47 Ornithologists speculate that they may live as long as 30 years. No species (other than humans) are known to be predators of ivory-billed woodpeckers.

Humanities Press, 1937 There also seemed to be a conscious element of deception. In the third edition of Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation (1941), for instance, the Webbs voiced the opinion that in 1937 "strenuous efforts had been made, both in the trade union organisation and in the Communist Party, to cut out the dead wood".Archie Brown, The Rise and Fall of Communism (2009), p. 122. This phrase was used to reassure a wider public about the grotesque accusations against former leading Bolsheviks. In her diaries Beatrice did not hide her disquiet, at the opening of the Moscow Trials in the summer of 1936,See diary entry - 28 August 1936, pp.

Another best practice is to leave dead wood lying, for the benefit of invertebrates. In Savernake fallen trees are left to decay and dead standing trees (monoliths) are generally left standing. In 2003 White Park cattle were introduced into Savernake Forest, to forage freely in the Red Vein Bottom area, a semi-open area of relict wood pasture which had not been grazed in more than 60 years. Such controlled grazing should recreate the naturally open glades ideal for the ancient oak and beech and their specialist lichen and fungal communities, as well as rare woodland and grassland flora; the exact wildlife features for which Savernake Forest is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Wild fire is created by lightning on average twice per year, usually in May or June. Although fire created by lightning is a natural disturbance and can be a threat, it is an important factor for ensuring biodiversity; Some native species, such as table mountain pines and woodpeckers, benefit from the environmental changes after fire. In the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the National Park Service performs controlled burns: "to invigorate a species or ecosystem that benefits from fire" and "to reduce heavy accumulations of dead wood and brush which under drought conditions could produce catastrophic wildfires that threaten human life and valuable property." While some rare plants thrive after a controlled fire, many others are destroyed.

Osmia caerulescens uses a variety of preexisting cavities for nesting in such as insect burrows in dead wood and drilled borings in wooden blocks; hollow stems, drilled borings in pithy stems or burrows created by other insects in the ground; insect burrows in the ground, abandoned cells in exposed nests of other aculeates, cavities in banks, holes and crevices in walls and glass tubes. The cell partitions and the nest plug are made of masticated leaf material and sometimes chewed petals are used as well. Any irregularities in the nest burrows are lined with leaf pulp. In larger cavities, the cells are irregularly arranged and the cell walls are partially or wholly built of chewed leaves.

As a saprobic fungus, Sarcoscypha occidentalis is part of a community of fungi that play an important role in the forest ecosystem by breaking down the complex insoluble molecules cellulose and lignin of wood and leaf litter into smaller oligosaccharides that may be used by a variety of microbes. Fruit bodies of S. coccinea may grow either solitarily, scattered or grouped together on sticks, twigs, and fragments of dead wood, usually somewhat decomposed and partially buried in the top of soil and forest litter. It prefers soil that is moist and shaded and has a high content of humus. Like all Sarcoscypha species, it prefers the wood of angiosperms, such as oak, maple, and basswood; one field guide notes a preference for shagbark hickory.

Then he transferred to the Glaciers National Park. Daniel and his colleagues had to pay close attention to the condition of the fuel, so it would only burn dead wood, small trees, the grasses and all things which were there and shouldn’t have been. He was studying how flammable they were and looked at the conditions of the weather before burning so that if they start a fire, they could control it and the fire would burn only what they want it to burn, so they had to fit a very tight prescription at first. They found that as soon as the fuels were safely removed they could go there a few years later and not pay so much attention.

Spryfield has a history of large forest fires, which in more recent decades seems to have peaked in the 1960s, when a number of large fires burned a significant proportion of the forests in the area. The largest Spryfield fire of the 21st century began on April 30, 2009 when a forest fire erupted in the afternoon in the Green Acres area, forcing as many as 1,000 people to flee their homes. As many as 12 houses were destroyed and an area of approximately 800 hectares burned, between the Herring Cove and Purcell's Cove Roads: the fire travelled quickly between these major highways but did not cross either of them. The cause was not determined but dead wood from trees downed during Hurricane Juan fueled the blaze.

" Writing for The Toronto Sun, Bruce Kirland stressed the setting of the Great Depression, suggesting it was, "the rural reflection of the film versions of The Great Gatsby, which are based on the classic 1925 novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald." Nevertheless, he called the film a "colossal bore."Bruce Kirkland, 'Serena' review: Third time not the charm for Jennifer Lawrence and Bradley Cooper, Toronto Sun, December 4, 2014 In The Daily Telegraph, Robbie Collin praised Lawrence's acting at the expense of Cooper's, suggesting, "Lawrence comes out of it significantly better than Cooper," adding that she was "effectively Lady Macbeth in jodhpurs and a pussy-bow blouse." He concluded on a despondent note, writing "all [the film] amounts to is dead wood.

Clearing of native vegetation and removal of dead wood and dead trees have been recognised as key threatening processes for the species in NSW. Additional key threatening processes that are considered likely to impact S. eleryi include: the alteration to natural flow regimes, competition from introduced western honey bees (Apis mellifera) for tree hollows, inappropriate fire regimes, reduction of invertebrate prey related to pesticide drift and lack of tree regeneration due to overgrazing and weeds. Climate can influence bat distribution, movements and biogeography, access to food resources, timing of reproduction, and emergence and rate of energy expenditure. In combination with other factors, including ongoing loss and degradation of habitat, global climate change or global warming presents a serious and increasing threat to bats and other fauna.

Rhagium bifasciatum, sometimes called the two-banded longhorn beetle, is one of the most common longhorn beetles in Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus, although it is absent from the far north-east of Europe and some offshore islands, such as Malta. It may reach long and can be distinguished by the two prominent pale yellow bands on each of the elytra, although up to seventeen different patterns have been recognised. Dorsal view showing the distinctive elytral markings Like other longhorn beetles, R. bifasciatum lays its eggs in dead wood, mostly of coniferous trees, where they bore deep, broad tunnels until they are ready to pupate after about two years. The adults feed on a wide variety of coniferous and broad-leaved trees.

Often the weight of the branches cannot be supported by the parent tree, and the large amount of dead wood in the forest supports numerous rare species of fungi and invertebrates. Secondary woodland in Epping Forest Predominant tree species are Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), European hornbeam (Carpinus betuloides), silver birch (Betula pendula) and European holly (Ilex aquifolium). Indicator species of long-uninterrupted woodland include service-tree (Sorbus torminalis) butcher's-broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and drooping sedge (Carex pendula) A wide range of animals are found, including fallow deer (Dama dama), muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and European adder (Vipera berus). Although the Epping Forest Act almost certainly saved the forest from total destruction, it has to some extent had a deleterious effect on the area's biodiversity.

On the town's southeastern outskirts is found an indoor swimming pool with an integrated medical rehabilitation centre, and a sport and fitness area. Right nearby is a miniature golf course. The Kyrill Path was established in May 2008, after the Kyrill storm laid waste to woodlands in 2007. Along the 800 m-long path leading through 1.5 ha of woodland devastated by the storm, the visitor can get an idea of the destruction wrought by the Kyrill storm and also learn something about the regeneration of new forest. Ten information stations deal in detail with geology, pedology, root development, climate, weather, life in dead wood, the bark beetle’s voraciousness, natural and artificial forest rejuvenation, mechanized wood harvesting and modern forestry.

Fires are a natural part of Australian environment because they are needed for the renewal of ecosystems; however, in recent times these bushfires have been occurring outside normal frequencies, intensities, seasons and scale of what fauna and flora can tolerate. To reduce the potential impact of fire on the park, controlled burns are conducted throughout specific months of the year and are carefully managed by Parks Victoria and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP). The controlled burns are used to reduce the amount of fuel, such as dead wood, leaf litter, bark or shrubs that could easily catch alight during the summer months. A reduced amount of fuel decreases the impact of a bushfire because it lowers its intensity.

The party revolt turned out to be a blessing in disguise for Smith, Berlyn comments, as it allowed him to "shed the dead wood of the right wing", giving him more freedom in negotiations with the nationalists. The need for a settlement was becoming urgent—the war was escalating sharply, white emigration was climbing and the economy was starting to struggle as the UN sanctions finally began to have a serious effect. alt=A portrait photograph of Abel Muzorewa In March 1978, Smith and non-militant nationalist groups headed by Muzorewa, Sithole and Chief Jeremiah Chirau agreed what became the "Internal Settlement", under which the country would be reconstituted as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979 after multiracial elections. ZANU and ZAPU were invited to participate, but refused; Nkomo sardonically dubbed Smith's black colleagues "the blacksmiths".

In the western savannas, private ownership of stands of hashab (gum arabic) trees could be registered, an exception to the usual government ownership of the forests, but dead wood for domestic fuel and the underlying grass were common property. Water, a matter of greatest importance to stock raisers, was open to all if free standing, but wells and the associated drinking troughs were private property and retained by the digger season after season. In Northern Sudan, especially in the western region where increasing population and animal numbers placed pressure on the land, violations of customary laws and conflicts between ethnic groups over rights to pasturage and water increased during the 1990s and early 2000s. These were major factors behind the warfare that began in Western Sudan in early 2003.

The incoming transfers were notable in the fact that less media attention or marketing involved in the signing of these players; Cannavaro had been fresh off of captaining Italy to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but had left Juventus after it was relegated to Serie B, while Van Nistelrooy had fallen out of favour at Manchester United. Both signings were seen as needed for the team, which lacked stability in both attack and defence in the season prior. Following Pérez's departure, Calderón hired Fabio Capello with a mandate of "reining in the players and clearing out dead wood". Capello balanced the team out and moved away from the galáctico approach enforced previously, with Capello famously dropping Beckham for periods of the season, due to form and inability to be integrated into the starting eleven.

Their goals include promoting insect habitats in the agricultural landscape, and reducing pesticide use, light pollution, and pollutants in soil and water. In a 2019 paper, scientists Olivier Dangles and Jérôme Casas listed 100 studies and other references suggesting that insects can help meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) adopted in 2015 by the United Nations. They argued that the global policy-making community should continue its transition from seeing insects as enemies, to the current view of insects as "providers of ecosystem services", and should advance to a view of insects as "solutions for SDGs" (such as using them as food and biological pest control). The Entomological Society of America suggests that people maintain plant diversity in their gardens and leave "natural habitat, like leaf litter and dead wood".

As a consolation for the end of his active military career at age 35, he was promoted to the rank of field marshal and appointed Ranger of Hampton Court Park on 5 September 1805.Whitehall, 25 November 1805. His Majesty has been pleased to grant unto His Royal Highness Edward Duke of Kent the Offices and Places of Keeper and Paler of the House Park of Hampton- Court, and of Mower of the Brakes there, and of the Herbage and Passage of the said Park, with the Wood called Browsings, Windfall Wood, and dead Wood, happening in the said Park; and of all the Barns, Stables, Outhouses, Gardens and Curtilages belonging to the Great Lodge in the said Park, together with the said Lodge itself &c.; during his Majesty's pleasure.

A pond lies within the eastern pocket of woodland and provides a refuge for wildfowl such as ducks and coots, and is also home to rare Sphagnum moss and marsh cinquefoil. The pond within Palmers Rough An independent ecological survey was undertaken in 2004, which recommended several long term management tasks including for thinning, coppicing, introducing glades, improving dead wood resources, and managing weeds, brambles and non-native species. The survey was one of many undertaken borough wide as part of the Solihull Woodland Management Programme, which aims to provide a commitment to conserving and improving the various woodlands and parks within the borough. Active woodland management includes for Hazel coppicing, and the use of shire horses, as an alternative to damaging wheeled or tracked vehicles, for removing felled timber.

As a rule, replant disease persists for around fifteen years in the soil, although this varies with local conditions. Pathogens survive in dead wood and organic matter until exposed to predation by their home rotting away, and will also depend on whether the original orchard was planted with dwarf or standard trees. Standards have more vigorous - therefore larger - roots, and are thus likely to take longer to degrade. It is good organic rotation practice not to follow ‘like with like’ and this rule applies to long lived trees as much as annual vegetables. In the case of temperate fruit trees, the 'Pomes and Stones' rule for rotation should be observed- don't follow a ‘pome’ fruit (with an apple-type core--apples, pears, medlar, quince) with a tree from the same group. A ‘stone’ fruit (i.e.

Eating sounds of an Old-house borer Adults are most active in the summer (June–September). Only the larvae feed on the wood, with a preference for dead wood of pines (Pinus), fir, spruce (Picea abies), Araucaria and Pseudotsuga species .Agriculture Victoria The life cycle from egg to beetle typically takes two to ten years, depending on the type of wood, its age and quality, its moisture content, and also depending on environmental conditions such as temperature. Larvae usually pupate just beneath the wood surface and eclose in mid to late summer. Once the exoskeleton of the newly emerged adult beetle has hardened sufficiently the adults cut oval exit holes 6–10 mm (¼ to 3/8 in) in diameter, typically leaving coarse, powdery frass in the vicinity of the hole.

In Britain, the lawyer and Labour MP Denis Nowell Pritt, for example, wrote: "Once again the more faint-hearted socialists are beset with doubts and anxieties," but "once again we can feel confident that when the smoke has rolled away from the battlefield of controversy it will be realized that the charge was true, the confessions correct and the prosecution fairly conducted," while socialist thinker Beatrice Webb "was pleased that Stalin had 'cut out the dead wood'."Snyder 2010, p. 74. Communist Party leader Harry Pollitt, in the Daily Worker of March 12, 1936, told the world that "the trials in Moscow represent a new triumph in the history of progress." The article was ironically illustrated by a photograph of Stalin with Yezhov, himself shortly to vanish and his photographs airbrushed from history by NKVD archivists.

Many different techniques (free climbing, self-belayed climbing with a doubled-rope technique, single-rope technique, and lead climbing) are used to climb trees depending on the climber's individual style, purpose, and preferences. Of course free tree climbing has been practiced throughout the history of the human race, and is much more common than using any kind of technological aid. Technologically-aided tree climbing is performed by lapping a long rope over a limb and ascending the fallen end using a friction knot tied from initial tie's excess "tail." The difficulty of any particular climb depends on many factors: the regularity of branching, the brittleness of dead wood in some species, whether the bark is rough or smooth, the width of the trunk and branches, the height of the tree, the location of the tree, and the weather are all factors.

He is described as "greatly venerable in life and always and everywhere devoted to God and the Blessed Virgin Mary" and as > A man of most beautiful appearance, as regards externals...and in good works > also he fought a good fight for Christ, for he used a hair shirt to conquer > the flesh, and by this discipline subdued it to the spirit. He rarely or > never ate meat. A chronicle of Vale Royal Abbey—probably written in the 1330s—states that the early abbots were under almost continual assault from a disgruntled populace. Abbot Walter spent much of his tenure defending the rights and prerogatives of his house (even, in 1302, securing the rights to all the dead wood on the ground within Peak Forest and at the same time petitioning parliament for the payment of arrears needed to pay for the ongoing works at the Abbey).

Patterns in tree- ring growth can be used to establish the age of old wood samples, and also give some hints to local climatic conditions. This technique is useful to about 9,000 years ago for samples from the western United States using overlapping tree-ring series from living and dead wood. The Earth's orbital motions (inclination of the earth's axis on its orbit with respect to the sun, gyroscopic precession of the earth's axis every 26,000 years; free precession every 440 days,The axis of rotation is inclined 0.2 seconds from the axis of symmetry, with an observed effect that the axis of rotation moves about its axis of symmetry every ~440days. - Analytic Mechanics, Grant R. Fowles, 1962, Holt, Reinehart & Winston, New York precession of earth orbit and orbital variations such as perihelion precession every 19,000 and 23,000 years) leave traces visible in the geological record.

Georgios Tzavellas with Monaco in 2010 An injury to his left knee towards the end of the 2010-11 season, put the knockout and the relegation of the team, substantially accelerated its consignment of borrowing to Monaco at the end of next season. On 31 January 2012, it was announced that Tzavellas would leave Eintracht Frankfurt and join Ligue 2 outfit Monaco with immediate effect. Under the guidance of Claudio Ranieri, the Greek international left-back, helped the Monegasque escalate in Ligue 1, scoring twice in 24 appearances during their promotion season, but French Football News understands that Monaco’s left back Giorgos Tzavellas is in advanced negotiations with PAOK Salonika after being considered as ‘dead wood’ by Monaco manager. It is also the towering hurdle set by the Russian team owner, Dmitry Rybolovlev and very expensive signings made, essentially paved the way for the repatriation and the agreement with PAOK.

Especially felling in space-limited environments poses significant risks: the vicinity of power or telephone lines, insufficient protective gear (against falling dead wood, chainsaw wounds, etc.) and narrow felling zones with endangered nearby buildings, parking cars, etc.. The required equipment and experience usually transcends private means and is often considered too costly as a permanent part of the public infrastructure. In singular cases, traditional tools like handsaws may suffice, but large-scale tree care usually calls for heavy machinery like cranes, bucket trucks,harvesters, and woodchippers. Road side trees are especially prone to biotic stress by exhaust fumes, toxic road debris, soil compaction, and drought which makes them susceptible to fungal infections and various plant pests. When tree removal is not an option, because of road ecology considerations, the main challenge is to achieve road safety (visibility of road signs, blockage-free lanes, etc.) while maintaining tree health.

Typical residents amongst the bird population include the crested tit (Parus cristatus), goldcrest and firecrest (Regulus regulus and Regulus ignicapillus), siskin (Carduelis spinus), treecreeper (Certhia familiaris), coal tit (Parus ater) and crossbill (Loxia curvirostra). Special mention should be made here of the pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum) which is threatened with extinction and which lives in the submontane to subalpine zones within mixed and pine forests interspersed with open areas. They prefer spruce woods for breeding, but feed in more open stands of trees or on open moorland. Like the black stork, the pygmy owl had long since disappeared from the Harz, but returned in the 1980s of its own volition, as its ancestral homeland once again became more natural, so that there was sufficient food to support it (insects, small mammals and small birds) as well as standing dead wood (spruce trees with woodpecker holes).

McAlpin had inherited a disorganized and dispirited regiment which was in danger of being disbanded by the State of New York. He aggressively cut dead wood from the ranks and reorganized the officer ranks to the extent that the "Army and Navy Journal" called it on July 18, 1885 "virtually a new regiment, so much has its personnel changed during the past six months...". The Journal placed the credit squarely on McAlpin's shoulders writing, "Colonel Edwin A. McAlpin, the but recently elected commander, has certainly developed energy, pluck and good sense in the management of his organization, which has, in turn, been followed by most encouraging results..." After retiring from the service he was appointed Adjutant General of the State by Governor Levi P. Morton, in 1895 with the rank of Major General. In this role he deployed his units to suppress several disorders in the New York City vicinity, but saw no formal combat.

He oversaw the tests that proved the unreliability of U.S. torpedoes, which at the time were often running too deep or failing to detonate, and prompted the improvements that made them the highly effective weapons they became in 1944 and 1945. In fighting for better torpedoes, Lockwood had to fight the Mark 14 torpedo and Mark 6 exploder supporter Rear Admiral Ralph Waldo Christie, who had been involved in the development of these weapon systems in the 1920s and 1930s, and who was convinced that their reported problems were caused by poor maintenance and errors on the part of the captain and crew. Most importantly, Lockwood cleaned out the "dead wood", replacing timid and unproductive submarine skippers with (often) younger and more aggressive officers. During the early stages of the Pacific War, U.S. skippers were relatively complacent and docile, compared to their German counterparts who understood the "life and death" urgency in the Atlantic.

There are many trees of considerable diameter and height of about forty years old. These species are gradually going to be replaced by other species more typical of the remnant plain forests: there are in fact several saplings of common oak (Quercu robur L.) and field elm (Ulmus minor Mill.). Inside the woodland are numerous ecological niches (dead wood in different stages of decomposition, shady and humid microenvironments alternated with little meadows) which are essential for the life of many biodiversity taxa (insects, small mammals, mushrooms, plants) linked to wild forests; indeed these species aren’t able to survive in more conventional urban green areas. Until now, field surveys reported at least 150 plant species, most of them typical of woodland or ecotones environment. Regarding bird life, researchers highlight the presence of European robin (Erithacus rubecula), a species which normally doesn’t nest in urban areas, common nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) and peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), which flies above the woodland for trophic reasons.

With the exception of some aphids and thrips, all eusocial species live in a communal nest which provides both shelter and access to food resources. Mole rats, many bees, most termites, and most ants live in burrows in the soil; wasps, some bees, some ants, and some termites build above-ground nests or inhabit above-ground cavities; thrips and aphids inhabit galls (neoplastic outgrowths) induced on plants; ambrosia beetles and some termites nest together in dead wood; and snapping shrimp inhabit crevices in marine sponges. For many species the habitat outside the nest is often extremely arid or barren, creating such a high cost to dispersal that the chance to take over the colony following parental death is greater than the chance of dispersing to form a new colony. Defense of such fortresses from both predators and competitors often favors the evolution of non-reproductive soldier castes, while the high costs of nest construction and expansion favor non-reproductive worker castes.

She said "The thing I love about music and songwriting and making albums is you get to be in control... whereas with acting it felt a little bit like I was waiting for someone to say 'Oh yep, we'll take you for this role'." In the late 1990s, Cloher colloboared with Sydney collective Bonepeople on the track "Looking for More". In 2001, Cloher relocated to Melbourne after she had heard the music scene was thriving. Later that year, she released her debut EP titled, Movement Involves Danger on Regency Records. Cloher released the EP Permanent Marker, via Shiny Records in 2005. The single, "Rain" was played on Triple J. In 2006, Dead Wood Falls was released credited to Jen Cloher and the Endless Sea, a collective of musicians that originally included drummer Jen Sholakis, bassist Geoffrey Dunbar, guitarist Michael Hubbard, pianist Ross Calia and violinist Andrea Summer. Cloher herself was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Female Artist at the ARIA Music Awards of 2006. In 2009, Cloher's mother was diagnosed with Alzheimer's and Cloher found songwriting a way of expressing herself.

As in the tenpin game, splits can also occur in the New England and Canadian Maritimes-centered sport of candlepin bowling. As candlepin bowling uniquely allows the use of fallen "dead wood" pins to remain on the lane to be used in assisting the felling of standing pins for spare and split conversions, still the most notable split in the candlepin sport is the "spread eagle", the six-pin leave made up of the 2-3-4-6-7-10 combination, that due to the aforementioned "fit split" status of the 2-3 split in tenpins (but, with the smaller candlepin ball, the 2 and 3 pin can't be hit together with it) and the "spread eagle" almost never occurs in tenpins, with the closest split to it being the 2-(or 3-)4-6-7-10. In contrast, even more difficult splits such as the infamous 7–10 split may be easier to convert in candlepin, since fallen pins are left on the lane after being knocked down; thus, if enough pins are spread across the lane, a strategically bowled ball could knock the fallen pins into both the 7 and 10 at the same time.

Some 84% of the of Polish forest is outside the national park; almost half of all the wood in the forest is dead – 10 times more than in managed forests – with half the 12,000 species depend on decaying logs, including the near-threatened beetle Cucujus cinnaberinus. Traditional forest management would remove the dead wood, as a fire risk. In 2011, Zdzisław Szkiruć, director of the Białowieża National Park, said that cutting and replanting allows for re-establishment of the forest in 50 years, rather than the 300–400 years that nature would require; environmentalist Janusz Korbel argued that the unique nature of the primeval forest demands a lighter style of management. Andrzej Kraszewski, Poland's Environment Minister from February 2010 to November 2011, sought to increase protection over the whole forest, starting with a more modest expansion, against opposition from the local community and the Forestry Service. Environmentalists say that logging is threatening the flora and fauna in the forest, including species of rare birds, such as the white-backed woodpecker, who lost 30% of their population in forestry-managed areas in the 1990s and 2000s.