It's a socializing piece — if only we could conjugate it like that.
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Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine Meningococcal conjugate vaccine How to protect your kids from meningococcal meningitis Virginia teen dies from highly contagious infection Each option helps prevent different strands of the infection.
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Enfortumab vedotin is a new type of treatment called an antibody-drug conjugate.
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Dr. Robbins's conjugate Hib vaccine protected babies as young as 2 months old.
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An antibody-drug conjugate by Roche, the same class of drug as the Seattle Genetics trial suspended.
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Fda grants fast track designation for her2-targeting antibody drug conjugate ds-8201 for her2-positive metastatic breast cancer * Daiichi sankyo -fda grantd fast track designation to investigational her2-targeting antibody drug conjugate ds-8201 for her2-positive metastatic breast cancer Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
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In 2010, the drug company Pfizer saw an even greater number of deaths with another antibody-drug conjugate, Mylotarg.
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They are both values for you, so you conjugate them; you try to figure out how to do it.
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I alone could grok and conjugate Todbaum's sensibility, and, besides, he had a place picked out for us in Burbank.
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Because the list of irregular verbs (and how to conjugate them) is so extensive, you'll have to look into them individually.
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While 38 children given meningococcal conjugate vaccine developed typhoid fever, there were only 7 cases among the youngsters given the TCV.
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For children 11 years and older: Meningococcal conjugate, diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis, and human papillomavirus vaccine (starting at 9 years of age).
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The World Health Organization's expert panel on vaccines is due next month to consider whether to recommend Vi-conjugate vaccines to prevent typhoid.
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After a few months sitting with Peterson's book and now-defunct Dothraki Wiki, Hayslett could conjugate the verb for "to ride" in every tense.
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It was there, during this year of instructing teenagers how to conjugate, that I realised how intensely personal our relationship with music can be.
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If you attend a language class at the Alliance Francaise in Paris, that phrase is one of the first things you learn to conjugate.
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These can include the hepatitis A and B vaccines, as well as the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which fends off strains of bacteria that cause pneumonia.
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This vaccine is different from the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, which kids between the ages of 11 to 12 should get, along with a booster at 16.
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The TV talking head Tucker Carlson, in a typically nasty flourish, called Black English "a language where nobody knows how to conjugate the verbs," McWhorter recalls.
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The treatment, called antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), is designed to attack only cancer cells while sparing the healthy cells that are usually damaged during typical chemotherapy treatments.
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The technique is reinforced by TruAccent, Rosetta Stone's advanced speech recognition technology that teaches you, among other things, how to roll your R's and conjugate your verbs.
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Indicated 14 percent lower Immunogen will not exercise a late stage co-development option for the U.S. market with Biotest's antibody-drug conjugate, the company said on Friday.
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Early-stage trial results showed that for advanced ovarian cancer patients treated with Avastin and the ImmunoGen antibody-drug conjugate, 29 percent responded to the treatment with a median progression-free survival of 9.5 months.
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Over the first year of a baby's life, the AAP recommends vaccinations for Hepatitis B, rotavirus (RV) RV1, RV5, DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis), Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal conjugate, inactivated poliovirus and influenza.
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Kate Elder, vaccines policy advisor for MSF, says that in Niger, her organization had to pay $15.50 per dose of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which is recommended for all children under the age of five.
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"Universal coverage with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, something that is already used in many parts of the world, could largely prevent the 800,000 yearly deaths of children under five caused by Streptococcus pneumonia," O'Neill said.
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"This supports Statoil's exploration strategy of early access at scale and enables us to apply the exploration knowledge and experience we have gained globally and specifically on the conjugate margin offshore Newfoundland," the company added.
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"Our study provides further evidence to support the development of Vi-conjugate vaccines as a control measure to reduce the burden of typhoid fever," said Andrew Pollard of Oxford University's vaccine group, who co-led the trial.
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The other study, also published in the New England Journal of Medicine last week, found that the experimental drug conjugate called trastuzumab deruxtecan was able to substantially reduce tumor activity in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
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The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends vaccinations for Hepatitis B, rotavirus (RV) RV1, RV5, DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis), Haemophilus influenza type B, pneumococcal conjugate, inactivated poliovirus and influenza over the first year of a baby's life.
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In addition, it also reported positive top-line results from another late-stage study testing its pneumococcal conjugate vaccine candidate in adults 18 years of age or older not previously vaccinated against pneumococcal disease, a type of bacterial infection.
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On Wednesday it announced a tie-up to test a combination of its antibody drug conjugate DS-8201 with immuno-oncology drug Opdivo from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. [nL4N1LE5FS] Daiichi Sankyo's share price was up 5 percent when trading was suspended.
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Results of a mid-stage trial of the vaccine, a so-called Vi-conjugate shot which, its developers say, could also be used safely in babies, showed it was able to prevent half of those vaccinated from developing typhoid when they were exposed to it.
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Parents were willing to upend their lives, quit jobs, learn the new ways of long division, hire tutors, sit down and conjugate French verbs all for the purpose of avoiding a series of injections that would protect their children and the children of other families.
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For those in high-risk populations, three types of pneumonia vaccines are currently available: PCV13 or pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which protects against a few serotypes of Streptococal bacteria; PPSV23 or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, which protects against many more; and Hib, or Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.
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Passing towns with names like Central Point and Frog Level, one follows the old Pamunkey trail or the Mattaponi trail to spaces where blacks, whites and Native American Virginians conjugate rich and sometimes perplexing bloodlines where the markers between the races are often less than clear.
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Kadcyla, which also recently won expanded approval in the United States, Canada and Europe for more breast-cancer patients, is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a class of therapies that combine monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic chemical that in 2019 picked up momentum with a record number of U.S. approvals.
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Kadcyla, which also recently won expanded approval in the United States, Canada and Europe for more breast-cancer patients, is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a class of therapies that combine monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic chemical that in 2019 picked up momentum with a record number of U.S. approvals.
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Two weeks before Dr. Robbins died, the first large rollout of a conjugate typhoid fever vaccine, which he had also helped invent, began, with 10 million children in Pakistan inoculated, according to Dr. Anita Zaidi, an expert on intestinal diseases at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which funded research on that vaccine.
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Indeed , meaning: in fact/ en efecto , meaning: in reality/ de hecho , meaning to say now what I always meant to tell him in both languages: thank you/ gracias for surrendering the past tense of your life so that I might conjugate myself here in the present of this country, in truth/ así es, indeed .
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The result in 2016 is a large moral, economic and political stake in the success of the mainland, the dominant institution of whose common civic life is currently—like it or not—the EU. To be "pro-European", really, is not to have a passion for Beethoven, or to be able to conjugate a passé simple.
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Assuming a fully exercised greenshoe option, free float will be around 46.4% Edmond De Rothschild Holding SA and associates control 99.59% of the share capital and 99.85% of the voting rights of Edmond de Rothschild (Suisse), according to provisional results of a tender offer * Peptidream said it had struck a peptide drug conjugate collaboration agreement with Novartis.
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To preserve the last line of defense, public health officials have launched a campaign to vaccinate 250,000 children in Hyderabad using a new typhoid conjugate vaccine, Typbar-TCV, recently prequalified by the W.H.O. The vaccine lasts at least five years and can be given to children as young as six months old, according to the W.H.O. Experts are also reinforcing hygiene habits for prevention: washing hands frequently, boiling drinking water and eating well-cooked foods.
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Conjugate lines are defined dually. The line joining two self-conjugate points cannot be a self-conjugate line. A line cannot contain more than two self-conjugate points. A polarity induces an involution of conjugate points on any line that is not self-conjugate.
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What makes this approach particularly useful is if one uses conjugate priors: individual conjugate priors have easily computed posteriors, and thus a mixture of conjugate priors is the same mixture of posteriors: one only needs to know how each conjugate prior changes. Using a single conjugate prior may be too restrictive, but using a mixture of conjugate priors may give one the desired distribution in a form that is easy to compute with. This is similar to decomposing a function in terms of eigenfunctions – see Conjugate prior: Analogy with eigenfunctions.
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Brønsted and Lowry generalised this further to a proton exchange reaction: Includes discussion of many organic Brønsted acids. Chapter 5: Acids and Bases Chapter 6: Acids, Bases and Ions in Aqueous Solution : acid + base conjugate base + conjugate acid. The acid loses a proton, leaving a conjugate base; the proton is transferred to the base, creating a conjugate acid. For aqueous solutions of an acid HA, the base is water; the conjugate base is A− and the conjugate acid is the hydronium ion.
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In the expressions above, A^\dagger is used as the symbol for the Hermitian conjugate (also called the conjugate transpose) of A, defined as applying both the complex conjugate and the transpose transformations to the operator A, in any order. The dagger (\dagger) is an old notation in mathematics, but is still widespread in quantum-mechanics. In mathematics (particularly linear algebra) the Hermitian conjugate of A is commonly written as A^\ast, but in quantum mechanics the asterisk (\ast) notation is sometimes used for the complex conjugate only, and not the combined conjugate transpose (Hermitian conjugate).
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The simplest anion which can be a conjugate base is the solvated electron whose conjugate acid is the atomic hydrogen.
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Microcystin-LR is known to be excreted as glutathione conjugate, cysteine conjugate and an oxidized ADDA diene conjugate. The glutathione and cysteine conjugate with the Mda-moiety. The oxidized ADDA is conjugated at the conjugated bond.Kondo, F., Matsumoto, H., Yamada, S., Ishikawa, N., Ito, E., Nagata, S., Ueno, Y.,Suzuki, M. and Harada, K.-I.
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The most commonly used conjugate vaccine is the Hib conjugate vaccine. Other pathogens that are combined in a conjugate vaccine to increase an immune response are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis', both of which are conjugated to protein carriers like those used in the Hib conjugate vaccine. Both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are similar to Hib in that infection can lead to meningitis. As of 2018, the latest conjugate vaccine is typhoid conjugate vaccine which may be more effective and prevents typhoid fever in many children under the age of five years.
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In general, conjugate pairs can be defined with respect to any thermodynamic state function. Conjugate pairs with respect to entropy are often used, in which the product of the conjugate pairs yields an entropy. Such conjugate pairs are particularly useful in the analysis of irreversible processes, as exemplified in the derivation of the Onsager reciprocal relations.
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The major metabolite was the O-conjugate of temazepam (90%); the O-conjugate of N-desmethyl temazepam was a minor metabolite (7%).
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The two members of such respective specific pairs are mutually conjugate. Either one, but not both, of a conjugate pair may be set up as an independent state variable of a thermodynamic system. Conjugate setups are associated by Legendre transformations.
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The designation of an acid or base as "conjugate" depends on the context. The conjugate acid BH+ of a base B dissociates according to :BH+ \+ OH− B + H2O which is the reverse of the equilibrium :H2O (acid) + B (base) OH− (conjugate base) + BH+ (conjugate acid). The hydroxide ion OH−, a well known base, is here acting as the conjugate base of the acid water. Acids and bases are thus regarded simply as donors and acceptors of protons respectively.
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This terminology stems from the use of two conjugate hyperbolas in the pseudo-Euclidean plane: conjugate diameters of these hyperbolas are hyperbolic-orthogonal.
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Disulfate is the conjugate base of the hydrogen disulfate (hydrogen pyrosulfate) ion , which in turn is the conjugate base of disulfuric acid (pyrosulfuric acid).
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Brønsted and Lowry characterized an acid–base equilibrium as involving a proton exchange reaction: Includes discussion of many organic Brønsted acids. Chapter 5: Acids and Bases Chapter 6: Acids, Bases and Ions in Aqueous Solution :acid + base conjugate base + conjugate acid. An acid is a proton donor; the proton is transferred to the base, a proton acceptor, creating a conjugate acid. For aqueous solutions of an acid HA, the base is water; the conjugate base is A− and the conjugate acid is the solvated hydrogen ion.
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The Enneper surface is conjugate to itself: it is left invariant as θ changes. Conjugate surfaces have the property that any straight line on a surface maps to a planar geodesic on its conjugate surface and vice versa. If a patch of one surface is bounded by a straight line, then the conjugate patch is bounded by a planar symmetry line. This is useful for constructing minimal surfaces by going to the conjugate space: being bound by planes is equivalent to being bound by a polygon.
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It is the conjugate prior for the precision (i.e. inverse of the variance) of a normal distribution. It is also the conjugate prior for the exponential distribution.
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Unilateral irritative stimulation of a FEF causes conjugate gaze contralateral to the stimulation. Conversely, a unilateral destructive lesion of the FEF causes conjugate gaze towards the lesion.
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A diameter of one hyperbola is conjugate to its reflection in the asymptote, which is a diameter of the other hyperbola. As perpendicularity is the relation of conjugate diameters of a circle, so hyperbolic orthogonality is the relation of conjugate diameters of rectangular hyperbolas. The placement of tie rods reinforcing a square assembly of girders is guided by the relation of conjugate diameters in a book on analytic geometry. Conjugate diameters of hyperbolas are also useful for stating the principle of relativity in the modern physics of spacetime.
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Let be a group. Two elements and of are conjugate, if there exists an element in such that . One says also that is a conjugate of and that is a conjugate of . In the case of the group of invertible matrices, the conjugacy relation is called matrix similarity.
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The intensive (force) variable is the derivative of the internal energy with respect to the extensive (displacement) variable, while all other extensive variables are held constant. The thermodynamic square can be used as a tool to recall and derive some of the thermodynamic potentials based on conjugate variables. In the above description, the product of two conjugate variables yields an energy. In other words, the conjugate pairs are conjugate with respect to energy.
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The potential Φ(r) is real, so that the complex conjugate of the expansion is equally valid. Taking of the complex conjugate leads to a definition of the multipole moment which is proportional to Ylm, not to its complex conjugate. This is a common convention, see molecular multipoles for more on this.
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In enzymology, a cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :RS-CH2-CH(NH3+)COO- \rightleftharpoons RSH + NH3 \+ pyruvate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, RS-CH2-CH(NH3+)COO-, but 3 products: RSH, NH3, and pyruvate. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-cysteine-S-conjugate thiol-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include cysteine conjugate beta- lyase, glutamine transaminase K/cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, and L-cysteine- S-conjugate thiol-lyase (deaminating).
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Deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), also known as deoxyuridylic acid or deoxyuridylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a deoxynucleotide. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of deoxyribonucleotides.
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In a telescope, the subject focal plane is at infinity and the conjugate image plane, at which the image sensor is placed, is said to be an infinite conjugate. In microscopy and macro photography, the subject is close to the lens, so the plane at which the image sensor is placed is said to be a finite conjugate. Within a system with relay lenses or eyepieces, there may be planes that are conjugate to the aperture.
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The power conjugate variables are a pair of variables whose product is power. In the electrical domain the power conjugate variables chosen are invariably voltage (v) and current (i). Thus, the power conjugate variables in the mechanical domain are analogs. However, this is not enough to make the choice of mechanical fundamental variables unique.
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Opossum spermatozoa exhibit sperm-pairing, forming conjugate pairs in the epididymis. This may ensure that flagella movement can be accurately coordinated for maximal motility. Conjugate pairs dissociate into separate spermatozoa before fertilization.
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Every word is conjugate to a cyclically reduced word, and a cyclically reduced conjugate of a cyclically reduced word is a cyclic permutation of the letters in the word. For instance b−1abcb is not cyclically reduced, but is conjugate to abc, which is cyclically reduced. The only cyclically reduced conjugates of abc are abc, bca, and cab.
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To determine whether or not a given base will be sufficient to deprotonate a specific acid, compare the conjugate base with the original base. A conjugate base is formed when the acid is deprotonated by the base. In the image above, hydroxide acts as a base to deprotonate the carboxylic acid. The conjugate base is the carboxylate salt.
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Denoting this dual operation as x▷, we define x▷z as ¬(x\¬z). Similarly we define another operation z◁y as ¬(¬z/y). By analogy with x\ as the residual operation associated with the operation x•, we refer to x▷ as the conjugate operation, or simply conjugate, of x•. Likewise ◁y is the conjugate of •y.
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The strength of a conjugate acid is directly proportional to its dissociation constant. If a conjugate acid is strong, its dissociation will have a higher equilibrium constant and the products of the reaction will be favored. The strength of a conjugate base can be seen as the tendency of the species to "pull" hydrogen protons towards itself. If a conjugate base is classified as strong, it will "hold on" to the hydrogen proton when in solution and its acid will not dissociate.
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If a species is classified as a strong acid, its conjugate base will be weak. An example of this case would be the dissociation of hydrochloric acid in water. Since HCl is a strong acid (it dissociates to a great extent), its conjugate base () will be a weak conjugate base. Therefore, in this system, most will be in the form of a hydronium ion instead of attached to a Cl− anion and the conjugate base will be weaker than a water molecule.
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The convex conjugate of a closed convex function is again a closed convex function. The convex conjugate of a polyhedral convex function (a convex function with polyhedral epigraph) is again a polyhedral convex function.
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The conjugate bases are also used in generating chiral ion pairs.
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It is primarily excreted in urine as the glucuronide conjugate form.
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The unconstraint inputs are checked in parallel in the conjugate space.
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Trastuzumab deruxtecan is an antibody-drug conjugate that includes a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-directed antibody trastuzumab and a topoisomerase I inhibitor conjugate deruxtecan (a derivative of exatecan).A HER2-Targeting Antibody–Drug Conjugate, Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (DS-8201a), Enhances Antitumor Immunity in a Mouse Model It was approved for use in the United States in December 2019.
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The conjugate anion of a heteropoly acid is known as a polyoxometalate.
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Extracted features are accurately reconstructed using an iterative conjugate gradient matrix method.
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In a group, the conjugate by g of h is ghg−1.
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Figure 6: A conjugate pair of solutions to Apollonius's problem (pink circles), with given circles in black. Solutions to Apollonius's problem generally occur in pairs; for each solution circle, there is a conjugate solution circle (Figure 6). One solution circle excludes the given circles that are enclosed by its conjugate solution, and vice versa. For example, in Figure 6, one solution circle (pink, upper left) encloses two given circles (black), but excludes a third; conversely, its conjugate solution (also pink, lower right) encloses that third given circle, but excludes the other two.
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For an ellipse, two diameters are said to be conjugate if and only if the tangent line to the ellipse at an endpoint of one diameter is parallel to the other diameter. Each pair of conjugate diameters of an ellipse has a corresponding tangent parallelogram, sometimes called a bounding parallelogram, formed by the tangent lines to the ellipse at the four endpoints of the conjugate diameters. All tangent parallelograms for a given ellipse have the same area. It is possible to reconstruct an ellipse from any pair of conjugate diameters, or from any tangent parallelogram.
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Conjugate, or sequent, depths are the paired depths that result upstream and downstream of a hydraulic jump, with the upstream flow being supercritical and downstream flow being subcritical. Conjugate depths can be found either graphically using a specific momentum curve or algebraically with a set of equations. Because momentum is conserved over a hydraulic jump conjugate depths have equivalent momentum, and given a discharge, the conjugate to any flow depth can be determined with an M-y diagram (Figure 6). A vertical line that crosses the M-y curve twice (i.e.
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Just as one can easily analyze how a linear combination of eigenfunctions evolves under application of an operator (because, with respect to these functions, the operator is diagonalized), one can easily analyze how a convex combination of conjugate priors evolves under conditioning; this is called using a hyperprior, and corresponds to using a mixture density of conjugate priors, rather than a single conjugate prior.
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A GPC3 specific antibody drug conjugate (ADC) can also inhibit neuroblastoma cell proliferation.
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In this case the Cartan subgroups are connected, nilpotent, and are all conjugate.
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Additionally, Johns Hopkins University honored Henney's work at the Conference of Conjugate Duality.
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In Bayesian inference, the gamma distribution is the conjugate prior to many likelihood distributions: the Poisson, exponential, normal (with known mean), Pareto, gamma with known shape σ, inverse gamma with known shape parameter, and Gompertz with known scale parameter. The gamma distribution's conjugate prior is:Fink, D. 1995 A Compendium of Conjugate Priors. In progress report: Extension and enhancement of methods for setting data quality objectives. (DOE contract 95‑831).
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Conjugate hydrocyanation is most comparable to the conjugate addition of alkyl groups mediated by organocopper species. Whereas copper conjugate addition is best suited for the introduction of alkyl groups at the β-position, hydrocyanation works well for the introduction of functional groups that may undergo further transformations. Cyanating reagents are much less sensitive to the steric environment of the β-position than organocopper reagents,Posner, H. Org. React. 1972, 19, 1.
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A buffer solution contains an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. Addition of the conjugate ion will result in a change of pH of the buffer solution. For example, if both sodium acetate and acetic acid are dissolved in the same solution they both dissociate and ionize to produce acetate ions. Sodium acetate is a strong electrolyte, so it dissociates completely in solution.
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On the other hand, if a species is classified as a weak acid its conjugate base will not necessarily be a strong base. Consider that acetate, the conjugate base of acetic acid, has a base dissociation constant (Kb) of approximately 5.6x10−10, making it a weak base. In order for a species to have a strong conjugate base it has to be a very weak acid, like water for example.
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This form shows its resemblance to the Dirichlet distribution, which is its conjugate prior.
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The conjugate of a weak acid is often a weak base and vice versa.
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In an acid-base reaction, an acid plus a base reacts to form a conjugate base plus a conjugate acid: Conjugates are formed when an acid loses a hydrogen proton or a base gains a hydrogen proton. Refer to the following figure: File:Conjugate base reaction.jpg We say that the water molecule is the conjugate acid of the hydroxide ion after the latter received the hydrogen proton donated by ammonium. On the other hand, ammonia is the conjugate base for the acid ammonium after ammonium has donated a hydrogen ion towards the production of the water molecule.
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Starting from simple examples in the 1960s, the conjugate heat transfer methods have become a more powerful tool for modeling and investigating nature phenomena and engineering systems in different areas ranging from aerospace and nuclear reactors to thermal goods treatment and food processing, from complex procedures in medicine to atmosphere/ocean thermal interaction in meteorology, and from relatively simple units to multistage, nonlinear processes. A detailed review of more than 100 examples of conjugate modeling selected from a list of 200 early and modern publications shows that conjugate methods is now used extensively in a wide range of applications. That also is confirmed by numerous results published after this book appearance (2009) that one may see, for example, at the Web of Science. The applications in specific areas of conjugate heat transfer at periodic boundary conditionsZudin, Y. B., 2011, Theory of Periodic Conjugate Heat Transfer, Springer and in exchanger ductsZhang, Li-Zhi, 2013, Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer in Heat Mass Exchanger Ducts, Academic Press inc.
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Define the polynomial as the product of the differences over the conjugate sublattices. As a polynomial in , has coefficients that are polynomials over in . On the conjugate lattices, the modular group acts as . It follows that has Galois group isomorphic to over .
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Organotantalum reagents arise via transmetalation of organotin compounds with tantalum(V) chloride. These organotantalum reagents promote the conjugate allylation of enones. Although the direct allylation of carbonyl groups is prevalent throughout the literature, little has been reported on the conjugate allylation of enones.
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In geometry, two diameters of a conic section are said to be conjugate if each chord parallel to one diameter is bisected by the other diameter. For example, two diameters of a circle are conjugate if and only if they are perpendicular.
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Often, a polyatomic ion can be considered as the conjugate acid or base of a neutral molecule. For example, the conjugate base of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is the polyatomic hydrogen sulfate anion (). The removal of another hydrogen ion produces the sulfate anion ().
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Most, but not all, common families of distributions belong to the exponential family of distributions. Exponential families have a large number of useful properties. One of which is that all members have conjugate prior distributions — whereas very few other distributions have conjugate priors.
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With metal salts, the conjugate base of DBM forms complexes akin to the metal acetylacetonates.
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A device producing the phase-conjugation effect is known as a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM).
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The associates (unit multiples) and the complex conjugate of any Eisenstein prime are also prime.
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CRM197 is used as a carrier protein in a number of approved conjugate vaccines. HibtiterTM, a vaccine to protect against Haemophius influenzae type b, approved by the FDA in 1990, was the first conjugate vaccine to use CRM197 (the vaccine was discontinued in 2007). Pfizer's Prevnar, which in 2000 became the first pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to gain FDA approval, comprises polysaccharides from pneumococcal serotypes conjugated to CRM197.A larger number of clinical and pre-clinical conjugate vaccines using CRM197 as the carrier protein are being evaluated. A further example of a vaccine currently in use that is a CRM197 conjugate is the meningitis ACWY vaccine, Menveo, produced by GlaxoSmithKline. CRM197 possess a binding site for EGF receptor heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a member of the EGF family.
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This can be shown using Euler's formula. The product of a complex number and its conjugate is a real number: a^2 + b^2 (or r^2 in polar coordinates). Complex conjugates are important for finding roots of polynomials. According to the complex conjugate root theorem, if a complex number is a root to a polynomial in one variable with real coefficients (such as a quadratic or a cubic equation), then so is its conjugate.
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Example for 1st case of equidivisibility: m="UNCLE", n="ANLY", p="UN", q="CLEANLY", and s="CLE" We define a pair of words in A∗ of the form uv and vu as conjugate: the conjugates of a word are thus its circular shifts.Sakarovitch (2009) p.27 Two words are conjugate in this sense if they are conjugate in the sense of group theory as elements of the free group generated by A.
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The choice depends on what the analysis is intended to achieve. If it is desired to correctly model energy flows throughout the entire system then a pair of variables whose product is power (power conjugate variables) in one energy domain must map to power conjugate variables in other domains. Power conjugate variables are not unique so care needs to be taken to use the same mapping of variables throughout the system.Busch-Vishniac, p.
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Disorders of conjugate gaze typically consist of the inability to move one or both eyes in the desired direction, or the inability to prevent eyes from making vergence movements. Conjugate gaze palsy: Conjugate gaze palsies typically affect horizontal gaze, although some affect upward gaze. Few affect downward gaze. These effects can range in severity from a complete lack of voluntary eye movement to mild impairments in speed, accuracy or range of eye movement.
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Organotantalum reagents are useful for conjugate addition to enones. Of particular interest is the ability of certain organotantalum reagents to promote the conjugate allylation of enones. Although the direct allylation of carbonyl groups is prevalent throughout the literature, little has been reported on the conjugate allylation of enones. Prior to Shibata and Baba's report, only three methods existed to selectively allylate enones, via: Hosomi Sakurai reaction (allylsilane and TiCl4), allylbarium reagents, and allylcopper reagents.
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In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is expressed in terms of pairs of conjugate variables such as temperature and entropy or pressure and volume. In fact, all thermodynamic potentials are expressed in terms of conjugate pairs. The product of two quantities that are conjugate has units of energy or sometimes power. For a mechanical system, a small increment of energy is the product of a force times a small displacement.
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The conjugate acid [HP(MeNCH2CH2)3N]+ has a pKa of 32.9 in acetonitrile. For comparison, the conjugate acid of triethylamine has a pKa's near 17 in acetonitrile. Owing to its ability to deprotonate weak carbon acids, the Verkade base catalyzes a variety of condensation reactions.
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Near physiological pH, methanearsonic acid converts to its conjugate bases, the methylarsonates. These include CH3AsO3H− and .
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Any two positive norm primitive vectors with the same norm are conjugate under the automorphism group.
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The salt is the conjugate base of arsenic acid. It is a white, water-soluble solid.
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Protonation of the conjugate base O2NCH2−, which is nearly isosteric with nitrate, occurs initially at oxygen.
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If any of the coefficients were nonreal, the roots would not necessarily come in conjugate pairs.
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Unlike residuals, conjugacy is an equivalence relation between operations: if f is the conjugate of g then g is also the conjugate of f, i.e. the conjugate of the conjugate of f is f. Another advantage of conjugacy is that it becomes unnecessary to speak of right and left conjugates, that distinction now being inherited from the difference between x• and •x, which have as their respective conjugates x▷ and ◁x. (But this advantage accrues also to residuals when x\ is taken to be the residual operation to x•.) All this yields (along with the Boolean algebra and monoid axioms) the following equivalent axiomatization of a residuated Boolean algebra.
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In parameterized form, the prior distribution is often assumed to come from a family of distributions called conjugate priors. The usefulness of a conjugate prior is that the corresponding posterior distribution will be in the same family, and the calculation may be expressed in closed form.
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For reversible processes, an isentropic transformation is carried out by thermally "insulating" the system from its surroundings. Temperature is the thermodynamic conjugate variable to entropy, thus the conjugate process would be an isothermal process, in which the system is thermally "connected" to a constant-temperature heat bath.
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The adjoint of an operator may also be called the Hermitian conjugate, Hermitian or Hermitian transpose (after Charles Hermite) of and is denoted by or (the latter especially when used in conjunction with the bra–ket notation). Confusingly, may also be used to represent the conjugate of .
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The idea of a conjugate vaccine first appeared in experiments involving rabbits in 1927, when the immune response to the Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 polysaccharide antigen was increased by combining the polysaccharide antigen with a protein carrier. The first conjugate vaccine used in humans became available in 1987. This was the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate, which protects against meningitis. The vaccine was soon incorporated with the schedule for infant immunization in the United States.
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For the circle and ellipse, let a grid of parallel chords be superimposed over the figure such that the longest is a diameter and the others are successively shorter until the last is not a chord, but is a tangent point. The tangent must be parallel to the diameter. A conjugate diameter bisects the chords, being placed between the centroid and the tangent point. Moreover, both diameters are conjugate to each other, being called a conjugate pair.
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We can also refer to OH- as a conjugate base of , since the water molecule donates a proton towards the production of in the reverse reaction, which is the predominating process in nature due to the strength of the base over the hydroxide ion. Based on this information, it is clear that the terms "Acid", "Base", "conjugate acid", and "conjugate base" are not fixed for a certain chemical species; but are interchangeable according to the reaction taking place.
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Houghton Mifflin, 2007, Because some acids are capable of releasing multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic. In summary, this can be represented as the following chemical reaction: :Acid + Base Conjugate Base + Conjugate Acid Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry introduced the Brønsted–Lowry theory, which proposed that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base. A proton is a nuclear particle with a unit positive electrical charge; it is represented by the symbol H+ because it constitutes the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, that is, a hydrogen cation. A cation can be a conjugate acid, and an anion can be a conjugate base, depending on which substance is involved and which acid–base theory is the viewpoint.
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Peroxynitrate, the conjugate base of peroxynitric acid, is formed rapidly during decomposition of peroxynitrite in neutral conditions.
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Alternative methods to produce nitrile anions include conjugate addition to α,β-unsaturated nitriles, reduction, and transmetallation.
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This halving depends on an arbitrary choice, called a polarization. The conjugate model contains the missing degrees of freedom, and so by tensoring the B-model and its conjugate one reobtains all of the missing degrees of freedom and also eliminates the dependence on the arbitrary choice of polarization.
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It is a group-theoretic analogue of the Jacobi identity for the ring-theoretic commutator (see next section). N.B., the above definition of the conjugate of by is used by some group theorists. Many other group theorists define the conjugate of by as . This is often written {}^x a.
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Hydrozirconation is a form of hydrometalation. Substrates for hydrozirconation are alkenes and alkynes. With terminal alkynes the terminal vinyl zirconium product is predominantly formed. Secondary reactions are nucleophilic additions, transmetalations, conjugate additions,Conjugate Addition Of A Vinylzirconium Reagent: 3-(1-Octen-1-Yl)Cyclopentanone, Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol.
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The conjugate gradient method can be derived from several different perspectives, including specialization of the conjugate direction method for optimization, and variation of the Arnoldi/Lanczos iteration for eigenvalue problems. Despite differences in their approaches, these derivations share a common topic—proving the orthogonality of the residuals and conjugacy of the search directions. These two properties are crucial to developing the well-known succinct formulation of the method. The conjugate gradient method can also be derived using optimal control theory.
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Selective enzyme and antibody separation can be achieved with the use of specific end groups that conjugate with the specific compounds. This results in a formation of a polymer-enzyme conjugate which can be reversibly precipitated and dissolved by changing the temperature. Chen and Hoffman used N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester functional end group on NIPAAm to conjugate selectively with β-D-glucosidase. They found that the conjugated enzyme could be repeatedly precipitated and dissolved in solution and still maintain sufficient enzymatic activity.
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The purpose of biotinylating the cytokine-specific detection antibodies added to the wells in the previous step is so that the antibody can bind to the new streptavidin- enzyme conjugate. Biotinylation basically creates a strong affinity between the biotin on the cytokine-specific antibody and the streptavidin on the conjugate. #Addition of substrate: A substrate is added to the wells, and is catalyzed by the enzyme conjugate added in the previous step. This reaction forms insoluble precipitate that forms spots in the wells.
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The phosphate ion has a molar mass of 94.97 g/mol, and consists of a central phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogen phosphate ion , which in turn is the conjugate base of the dihydrogen phosphate ion , which in turn is the conjugate base of orthophosphoric acid, . Many phosphates are not soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure. The sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and ammonium phosphates are all water-soluble.
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Diameters and their conjugates are defined in Book I (Definitions 4-6). Not every diameter has a conjugate.
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A prominent example is heptafluorobutyric acid. This species and its conjugate base heptafluorobutyrate (C3F7CO2−) are precursors to surfactants.
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Every imaginary point belongs to exactly one real line, the line through the point and its complex conjugate.
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He was the discoverer of conjugate tangents to a point on a surface and of the Dupin indicatrix.
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Any two of these operations are said to be "conjugate" or "parastrophic" to each other (and to themselves).
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In May 2017, the Government of India decided to include pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in its Universal Immunization Programme.
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A comparison of the convergence of gradient descent with optimal step size (in green) and conjugate vector (in red) for minimizing a quadratic function associated with a given linear system. Conjugate gradient, assuming exact arithmetic, converges in at most n steps, where n is the size of the matrix of the system (here n = 2). In mathematics, the conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations, namely those whose matrix is symmetric and positive-definite. The conjugate gradient method is often implemented as an iterative algorithm, applicable to sparse systems that are too large to be handled by a direct implementation or other direct methods such as the Cholesky decomposition.
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Verbs conjugate for three tenses: past, present, future; four moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; independent and dependent forms. Verbs conjugate for three persons and an impersonal, agentless form (agent). There are a number of preverbal particles marking the negative, interrogative, subjunctive, relative clauses, etc. Prepositions inflect for person and number.
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The concept of using pHPMA as polymeric drug carriers has opened a new perspective in modern pharmaceutical science, and developed into the first polymer-drug conjugate entering clinical trials (i.e. PK1; HPMA copolymer-doxorubicin conjugate). The HPMA copolymers are also used as a scaffold for iBodies, polymer-based antibody mimetics.
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Vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine is effective in preventing Hib infection but does not prevent infection with NTHi strains.
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The conjugate base is called a nitronate, they are formed as intermediates in the nitroaldol reaction and Nef reactions.
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It may be considered the conjugate acid of the azide anion, and is similarly analogous to the hydrohalic acids.
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Working with Richard Lind, they demonstrated the first laser with a phase conjugate mirror using degenerate four-wave mixing.
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Conjugate ring-closure of chalcones results in the familiar form of flavonoids, the three-ringed structure of a flavone.
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The nucleophiles used are typically generated from precursors (pronucleophiles) in situ after their deprotonation with base.Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis (Paperback) by Laszlo Kurti, Barbara Czako These nucleophiles are then subdivided into "hard" and "soft" nucleophiles using a paradigm for describing nucleophiles that largely rests on the of their conjugate acids. "Hard" nucleophiles typically have conjugate acids with greater than 25, while "soft" nucleophiles typically have conjugate acids with less than 25.Trost, B. M.; Thaisrivongs, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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A consequence is that every point on an object ray is conjugate to some point on the conjugate image ray. Geometrical similarity implies the image is a scale model of the object. There is no restriction on the image's orientation. The image may be inverted or otherwise rotated with respect to the object.
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In mathematics, more specifically in numerical linear algebra, the biconjugate gradient method is an algorithm to solve systems of linear equations :A x= b.\, Unlike the conjugate gradient method, this algorithm does not require the matrix A to be self-adjoint, but instead one needs to perform multiplications by the conjugate transpose .
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Any involution in Co0 can be shown to be conjugate to an element of the Golay code. Co0 has 4 conjugacy classes of involutions. A permutation matrix of shape 212 can be shown to be conjugate to a dodecad. Its centralizer has the form 212:M12 and has conjugates inside the monomial subgroup.
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Sodium ethyl xanthate is a pale yellow powder. It is relatively stable in water at high pH if not heated. It rapidly hydrolyses at pH <9 at 25 °C. It is the conjugate base of the unknown strong acid with pKa of 1.6 and pKb estimated as 12.4 for the conjugate base.
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Verbs in Cebuano not only conjugate according to the argumentative role of the noun that is marked by the absolutive/direct case, but also according to the voice, the form, the mood, and the aspect/tense of the sentence. Cebuano verbs conjugate accordingly through the use of affixes on the verb stem.
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Free base (freebase, free-base) is the conjugate base (deprotonated) form of an amine, as opposed to its conjugate acid (protonated) form. The amine is often an alkaloid, such as nicotine, cocaine, morphine, and ephedrine, or derivatives thereof. Freebasing is a more efficient method of self- administering alkaloids via the smoking route.
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This is proved in a manner similar to the argument of Lemma 2 (or by simply taking the Hermitian conjugate).
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Hypofluorites are formally derivatives of OF−, which is the conjugate base of hypofluorous acid. One example is trifluoromethyl hypofluorite (CF3OF).
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This causes the eye under the prism to remain stationary, therefore the fellow eye does not make a conjugate movement.
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Pilkington, Mark (1997). 3-D Magnetic Imaging using Conjugate Gradients: Temagami anomaly Geophysics, Vol. 62, No. 4 (July–August 1997).
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Siegel disc is a connected component in the Fatou set where the dynamics is analytically conjugate to an irrational rotation.
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In the case of enone substrates, where two sites of nucleophilic addition are possible (1,2 addition to the carbonyl carbon or 1,4 conjugate addition to the β carbon), most highly reactive organolithium species favor the 1,2 addition, however, there are several ways to propel organolithium reagents to undergo conjugate addition. First, since the 1,4 adduct is the likely to be the more thermodynamically favorable species, conjugate addition can be achieved through equilibration (isomerization of the two product), especially when the lithium nucleophile is weak and 1,2 addition is reversible. Secondly, adding donor ligands to the reaction forms heteroatom-stabilized lithium species which favors 1,4 conjugate addition. In one example, addition of low-level of HMPA to the solvent favors the 1,4 addition.
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For instance, Coolidge wrote:J. L. Coolidge (1940) A History of Geometrical Methods, pages 100, 101, Oxford University Press :How do we add two distances together? We give them the same starting point, find the point midway between their terminal points, that is to say, the harmonic conjugate of infinity with regard to their terminal points, and then find the harmonic conjugate of the initial point with regard to this mid-point and infinity. Generalizing this, if we wish to add throws (CA,BD) and (CA,BD' ), we find M the harmonic conjugate of C with regard to D and D' , and then S the harmonic conjugate of A with regard to C and M : ::(CA,BD) + (CA,BD') = (CA,BS) .
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This follows from the modular property of groups. If all subgroups are quasinormal, then the group is called an Iwasawa group-- sometimes also called a modular group, although this latter term has other meanings. In any group, every quasinormal subgroup is ascendant. A conjugate permutable subgroup is one that commutes with all its conjugate subgroups.
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3,5-Dimethylpyrazole is an organic compound with the formula (CH3C)2CHN2H. It is one of several isomeric derivatives of pyrazole that contain two methyl substituents. The compound is unsymmetrical but the corresponding conjugate acid (pyrazolium) and conjugate base (pyrazolide) have C2v symmetry. It is a white solid that dissolves well in polar organic solvents.
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A magnetically conjugate radar was constructed in Antarctica at Halley Research Station in 1988 as part of the Polar Anglo–American Conjugate Experiment (PACE). PACE provided simultaneous conjugate studies of ionospheric and magnetospheric phenomena. From PACE, which was only able to determine a single component of the 2D ionospheric velocity, it became apparent that determining the 2D ionospheric velocity would be advantageous. Combining velocity measurements from Goose Bay with a second coherent-scatter radar in Schefferville in 1989 allowed for a 2D determination of the F region ionospheric velocity.
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The analyte-enzyme-fragment-conjugate is still able to reassemble with the other enzyme fragment to form an active enzyme. However it is unable to do this if the analyte is bound to an antibody. To determine the quantity of analyte in a sample, an aliquot of sample must be added to a solution containing enzyme-fragment-analyte-conjugate, the other enzyme fragment, antibody directed against the analyte and substrate for the enzyme reaction. Competition for the antibody occurs between the analyte in the sample and the enzyme-fragment-analyte-conjugate.
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Quantum cryptography was proposed first by Stephen Wiesner, then at Columbia University in New York, who, in the early 1970s, introduced the concept of quantum conjugate coding. His seminal paper titled "Conjugate Coding" was rejected by IEEE Information Theory but was eventually published in 1983 in SIGACT News (15:1 pp. 78–88, 1983). In this paper he showed how to store or transmit two messages by encoding them in two "conjugate observables", such as linear and circular polarization of light, so that either, but not both, of which may be received and decoded.
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The conjugate gradient method can also be seen as a variant of the Arnoldi/Lanczos iteration applied to solving linear systems.
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Lemaréchal's research also led to his work on (conjugate) subgradient methods and on bundle methods of descent for convex minimization problems.
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Pyrithione is the conjugate base derived from 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide (CAS# 1121-31-9), a derivative of pyridine-N-oxide.
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Because HFPO-DA is a strong acid, it deprotonates into its conjugate base, which can then be detected in the water.
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The acronym DOTA (for dodecane tetraacetic acid) is shorthand for both the tetracarboxylic acid and its various conjugate bases. In the area of coordination chemistry, the tetraacid is called H4DOTA and its fully deprotonated derivative is DOTA4−. Many related ligands are referred to using the DOTA acronym, although these derivatives are generally not tetracarboxylic acids or the conjugate bases.
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Let n denote the number of observations. In all cases below, the data is assumed to consist of n points x_1,\ldots,x_n (which will be random vectors in the multivariate cases). If the likelihood function belongs to the exponential family, then a conjugate prior exists, often also in the exponential family; see Exponential family: Conjugate distributions.
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MAP estimates can be computed in several ways: # Analytically, when the mode(s) of the posterior distribution can be given in closed form. This is the case when conjugate priors are used. # Via numerical optimization such as the conjugate gradient method or Newton's method. This usually requires first or second derivatives, which have to be evaluated analytically or numerically.
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In mathematics, in particular field theory, the conjugate elements of an algebraic element α, over a field extension L/K, are the roots of the minimal polynomial pK,α(x) of α over K. Conjugate elements are also called Galois conjugates or simply conjugates. Normally α itself is included in the set of conjugates of α.
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In mathematics and mathematical optimization, the convex conjugate of a function is a generalization of the Legendre transformation which applies to non-convex functions. It is also known as Legendre–Fenchel transformation, Fenchel transformation, or Fenchel conjugate (after Adrien-Marie Legendre and Werner Fenchel). It allows in particular for a far reaching generalization of Lagrangian duality.
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The protein is the target for the antibody-drug conjugate ASG-15ME which is in phase 1 clinical trials for urothelial cancer.
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Aspartate (the conjugate base of aspartic acid) stimulates NMDA receptors, though not as strongly as the amino acid neurotransmitter L-glutamate does.
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It is often useful to group processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a conjugate pair.
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In this monocation, the chloride spontaneously dissociates from this conjugate base of the starting complex. This pathway is called the Sn1CB mechanism.
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Peroxynitrous acid (HNO3) is a reactive nitrogen-containing species. It is the conjugate acid of peroxynitrite. It has a pKa of ~6.8.
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Estradiol 17β-sulfate is an estrogen conjugate which is produced from estradiol by sulfation of the C17β hydroxyl group by estrogen sulfotransferases.
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Specificity of folate conjugates for the FR has been shown by competition tests with free folate. When this ligand, known to bind the FR, is added in excess of the folate conjugate, it outcompetes the conjugate, indicating that the folate conjugate specifically binds the FR, and not other receptors, in the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Addition of an enzyme that frees the folate receptor from the cell membrane and addition of antibodies to the FR also reverse the internalization of folate conjugates, providing further evidence that folate conjugates bind the FR with specificity. While some drugs and radioimaging agents are delivered to cells as folate conjugates in a one-to-one folate-to-conjugate ratio, folate- targeted liposomes allow for the delivery of larger amounts of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Nitrophenols are compounds of the formula HOC6H5−x(NO2)x. The conjugate bases are called nitrophenolates. Nitrophenols are more acidic than phenol itself.
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Motor symptoms vary more from patient to patient, but can include incoordination and tremors, nystagmus, loss of conjugate eye movements, rigidity and hemiparesis.
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Stearates are the salts or esters of stearic acid. The conjugate base of stearic acid, C17H35COO−, is also known as the stearate anion.
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Fluorophosphoric acid is a dibasic acid, with pKas of 3.5 and around 8.5. The conjugate bases are the monofluorophosphates, which are hydrolytically robust.
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In Hamiltonian fluid mechanics and quantum hydrodynamics, the action itself (or velocity potential) is the conjugate variable of the density (or probability density).
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Like other nitriles and amides, benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to benzoic acid or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.
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As shown, the well-known Duhamel's integral for heat flux on a plate with arbitrary variable temperature is a sum of series of consequent temperature derivatives. This series in fact is a general boundary condition which becomes a condition of the third kind in the first approximation. Each of those two expressions in the form of Duhamel's integral or in a series of derivatives reduces a conjugate problem to the solution of only the conduction equation for the body at given conjugate conditions. An example of an early conjugate problem solution using Duhamel's integral has been performed.
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Quantum cryptography attributes its beginning by the work of Stephen Wiesner and Gilles Brassard. In the early 1970s, Wiesner, then at Columbia University in New York, introduced the concept of quantum conjugate coding. His seminal paper titled "Conjugate Coding" was rejected by the IEEE Information Theory Society, but was eventually published in 1983 in SIGACT News. In this paper he showed how to store or transmit two messages by encoding them in two "conjugate observables", such as linear and circular polarization of photons, so that either, but not both, of which may be received and decoded.
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The following reaction represents the general reaction between a base (B) and water to produce a conjugate acid (BH+) and a conjugate base (OH−): : B(aq) \+ H2O(l) ⇌ BH+(aq) \+ OH−(aq) The equilibrium constant, Kb, for this reaction can be found using the following general equation: : Kb = [BH+][OH−]/[B] In this equation, the base (B) and the extremely strong base (the conjugate base OH−) compete for the proton. As a result, bases that react with water have relatively small equilibrium constant values. The base is weaker when it has a lower equilibrium constant value.
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In 2006 he was awarded a knighthood of the Order of the Netherlands Lion. Henk van der Vorst is a Fellow of Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). His major contributions include preconditioned iterative methods, in particular the ICCG (incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient) method (developed together with Koos Meijerink), a version of preconditioned conjugate gradient method, the BiCGSTAB and (together with Kees Vuik) GMRESR Krylov subspace methods and (together with Gerard Sleijpen) the Jacobi-Davidson method for solving ordinary, generalized, and nonlinear eigenproblems. He has analyzed convergence behavior of the conjugate gradient and Lanczos methods.
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Conjugate eye movement refers to motor coordination of the eyes that allows for bilateral fixation on a single object. A conjugate eye movement is a movement of both eyes in the same direction to maintain binocular gaze (also referred to as “yoked” eye movement). This is in contrast to vergence eye movement, where binocular gaze is maintained by moving eyes in opposite directions, such as going “cross eyed” to view an object moving towards the face. Conjugate eye movements can be in any direction, and can accompany both saccadic eye movements and smooth pursuit eye movements.
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The stereoselectivity in the reaction is typically controlled by the asymmetric ligands used providing a strategy to introduce controlled asymmetry into the molecule.D. Müller, A. Alexakis, Rhodium and copper-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of alkenyl nucleophilesChem. Commun. (2012), doi:10.1039/c2cc34607a.D. Müller, A. Alexakis, Formation of quaternary stereogenic centers by copper-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition reactions of alkenylaluminums to trisubstituted enones, Chem.
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High concentrations of analyte in the sample lead to a relatively small amount of the enzyme- fragment-analyte-conjugate being prevented from forming active enzyme and therefore high enzyme activity. Conversely, low concentrations of analyte in the sample lead to a relatively large amount of the enzyme-fragment-analyte- conjugate being prevented from forming active enzymes and therefore low enzyme activity.
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Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases. While the conjugate acid of an amine has a pKa of about 9.5, the conjugate acid of an amide has a pKa around −0.5. Therefore, amides don't have as clearly noticeable acid–base properties in water. This relative lack of basicity is explained by the withdrawing of electrons from the amine by the carbonyl.
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Standard direct methods, i.e., methods that use some matrix decomposition are Gaussian elimination, LU decomposition, Cholesky decomposition for symmetric (or hermitian) and positive-definite matrix, and QR decomposition for non-square matrices. Iterative methods such as the Jacobi method, Gauss–Seidel method, successive over-relaxation and conjugate gradient methodHestenes, Magnus R.; Stiefel, Eduard (December 1952). "Methods of Conjugate Gradients for Solving Linear Systems".
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As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid is metabolized in the liver. Conjugation with glycine forms salicyluric acid, and with glucuronic acid to form two different glucuronide esters. The conjugate with the acetyl group intact is referred to as the acyl glucuronide; the deacetylated conjugate is the phenolic glucuronide. These metabolic pathways have only a limited capacity.
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In a similar way, temperature differences drive changes in entropy, and their product is the energy transferred by heating. Temperature is the driving force, entropy is the associated displacement, and the two form a pair of conjugate variables. The temperature/entropy pair of conjugate variables is the only heat term; the other terms are essentially all various forms of work.
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Andrew Lees (born February 1953 in Massachusetts, United States) is an American vaccine chemist known for developing the CDAP conjugation method, used in vaccines manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis ) and conjugate vaccines currently in clinical development by the Serum Institute of India and Chengdu Institute of Biological Products. Currently, Andrew Lees holds 25 patents in the area of conjugate vaccines.
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This latest method has the potential to significantly reduce costs and create new IP, allowing developing country manufacturers undertake more conjugate vaccine development projects.
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A Life of Magic Chemistry: Autobiographical Reflections Including Post-Nobel Prize Years and the Methanol Economy, 159p Its conjugate base is the borohydride anion.
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Na'vi verbs primarily use affixes to modify their meaning. They do not conjugate for person, but for tense. Each affix has a specific location.
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Such single strand-nanoparticle conjugate structures have led to interesting advances in their own right, but do not exhibit the unique properties of SNAs.
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Milnacipran is conjugated to the inactive glucuronide and excreted in the urine as unchanged drug and conjugate. Only traces of active metabolites are found.
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Frattini's argument shows that a Sylow subgroup of a normal subgroup provides a factorization of a finite group. A slight generalization known as Burnside's fusion theorem states that if G is a finite group with Sylow p-subgroup P and two subsets A and B normalized by P, then A and B are G-conjugate if and only if they are NG(P)-conjugate. The proof is a simple application of Sylow's theorem: If B=Ag, then the normalizer of B contains not only P but also Pg (since Pg is contained in the normalizer of Ag). By Sylow's theorem P and Pg are conjugate not only in G, but in the normalizer of B. Hence gh−1 normalizes P for some h that normalizes B, and then Agh−1 = Bh−1 = B, so that A and B are NG(P)-conjugate.
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Conjugate transfer zones must have major normal faults dipping in the opposite direction. This classification can be farther divided into convergent and divergent transfer zones.
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Pyridinium refers to the cation [C5H5NH]+. It is the conjugate acid of pyridine. Many related cations are known involving substituted pyridines, e.g. picolines, lutidines, collidines.
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The thermal power station subsystem involves multiphase flow, phase transformation and complex chemical reaction associated with conjugate heat transfer. Typical layout of thermal power plant.
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Another local way to conjugate the I person plural is nóter càntem where the clitic pronoun seems to have shifted and merged with the declension.
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In concentrated sulfuric acid, [TcO4]− converts to the octahedral form TcO3(OH)(H2O)2, the conjugate base of the hypothetical triaquo complex [TcO3(H2O)3]+.
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Once soaked, the fluid flows to the second conjugate pad in which the manufacturer has stored freeze dried bio-active particles called conjugates (see below) in a salt-sugar matrix. The conjugate pad contains all the reagents required for an optimized chemical reaction between the target molecule (e.g., an antigen) and its chemical partner (e.g., antibody) that has been immobilized on the particle's surface.
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It is obvious that any conjugate pair of a circle are perpendicular to each other, but in an ellipse, only the major and minor axes are, the elongation destroying the perpendicularity in all other cases. Conjugates are defined for the two branches of a hyperbola resulting from the cutting of a double cone by a single plane. They are called conjugate branches. They have the same diameter.
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The carbonate ion is the simplest oxocarbon anion. It consists of one carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms, in a trigonal planar arrangement, with D3h molecular symmetry. It has a molecular mass of 60.01 g/mol and carries a total formal charge of −2. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) ion, , which is the conjugate base of , carbonic acid.
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In fluid dynamics, the conjugate depths refer to the depth (y1) upstream and the depth (y2) downstream of the hydraulic jump whose momentum fluxes are equal for a given discharge (volume flux) q. The depth upstream of a hydraulic jump is always supercritical. It is important to note that the conjugate depth is different from the alternate depths for flow which are used in energy conservation calculations.
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The dipoles of course interact with one another via their electric fields, so the DDA is also sometimes referred to as the coupled dipole approximation. The resulting linear system of equations is commonly solved using conjugate gradient iterations. The discretization matrix has symmetries (the integral form of Maxwell equations has form of convolution) enabling fast Fourier transform to multiply matrix times vector during conjugate gradient iterations.
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In general, any conjugate prior can be collapsed out, if its only children have distributions conjugate to it. The relevant math is discussed in the article on compound distributions. If there is only one child node, the result will often assume a known distribution. For example, collapsing an inverse-gamma-distributed variance out of a network with a single Gaussian child will yield a Student's t-distribution.
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In abstract algebra, a split complex number (or hyperbolic number, also perplex number, double number) has two real number components x and y, and is written , where . The conjugate of z is . Since , the product of a number z with its conjugate is , an isotropic quadratic form, . The collection D of all split complex numbers for forms an algebra over the field of real numbers.
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There are several properties that polarities in a projective plane have. Given a polarity , a point lies on line , the polar of point if and only if lies on , the polar of . Points and that are in this relation are called conjugate points with respect to . Absolute points are called self-conjugate in keeping with this definition since they are incident with their own polars.
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In mathematics, the Denjoy theorem gives a sufficient condition for a diffeomorphism of the circle to be topologically conjugate to a diffeomorphism of a special kind, namely an irrational rotation. proved the theorem in the course of his topological classification of homeomorphisms of the circle. He also gave an example of a C1 diffeomorphism with an irrational rotation number that is not conjugate to a rotation.
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The addition of H+ to the H2O (acting as a base) forms the hydronium ion, H3O+, the conjugate acid of the base. Water is amphoteric—that is, it can act as both an acid and a base. The Brønsted-Lowry model explains this, showing the dissociation of water into low concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions: :H2O + H2O H3O+ \+ OH− This equation is demonstrated in the image below: center Here, one molecule of water acts as an acid, donating an H+ and forming the conjugate base, OH−, and a second molecule of water acts as a base, accepting the H+ ion and forming the conjugate acid, H3O+.
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In enzymology, a cysteine-conjugate transaminase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :S-(4-bromophenyl)-L-cysteine + 2-oxoglutarate \rightleftharpoons S-(4-bromophenyl)mercaptopyruvate + L-glutamate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-(4-bromophenyl)-L-cysteine and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are S-(4-bromophenyl)mercaptopyruvate and L-glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-(4-bromophenyl)-L-cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include cysteine conjugate aminotransferase, and cysteine-conjugate alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase (CAT-1).
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When following a moving object, conjugate eye movements allow individuals to stabilize their perception of the moving object, and focus on the object rather than the rest of the visual world. When changing focus, conjugate eye movements allow for the perception of a stabilized world relative to an individual, rather than the perception of the world “jumping” as the individual’s gaze shifts. Without conjugate eye movements, there would be no synchronicity of the information obtained by each eye, so an individual would not be able to willingly move their eyes around a scene while still maintaining depth perception and scene or object stability.Enderle, J. D. (2010).
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A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a chemical compound formed when an acid donates a proton (H+) to a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it, as in the reverse reaction it loses a hydrogen ion. On the other hand, a conjugate base is what is left over after an acid has donated a proton during a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a species formed by the removal of a proton from an acid, as in the reverse reaction it is able to gain a hydrogen ion.Zumdahl, Stephen S., & Zumdahl, Susan A. Chemistry.
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The inductive effect caused by the electronegative halogens often result in the higher acidity of these compounds by stabilising the negative charge of the conjugate base.
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Glufosfamide is, basically, a glycosidic conjugate between β-D-glucose and the active alkylating moiety of the well-known antineoplasic drug ifosfamide, so- called "isophosphoramide mustard".
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Its metabolism has been studied extensively in the field of microbiology. Its conjugate base is part of the pathway of 2-fluorobiphenyl metabolism by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.
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Euxanthic acid is a xanthonoid glycoside, a conjugate of the aglycone euxanthone with glucuronic acid. Its magnesium salt is the primary colourant of the pigment Indian Yellow.
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The conjugate base is hypoiodite (IO−). Salts of this anion can be prepared by treating I2 with alkali hydroxides. They rapidly disproportionate to form iodides and iodates.
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In Bayesian statistics, in the context of the multivariate normal distribution, the Wishart distribution is the conjugate prior to the precision matrix , where is the covariance matrix.
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If this process converges, the desired accuracy may be achieved. However, the rate of convergence highly depends on the first guessing condition, and there is no way to find a proper one, except through trial and error. Another numerical conjugate procedure is grounded on the simultaneous solution of a large set of governing equations for both subdomains and conjugate conditions. PatankarPatankar, S. V., 1980, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow.
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This comes from the principle of reversibility which states light rays will travel along the originating path if the light's direction is reversed. The points that span conjugate planes are called conjugate points.Fundamentals of Optics, Fourth Ed. (1976) Francis A. Jenkins, Harvey E. White p. 48 It comes from the mirror formula 1/v+1/u=1/f where if u and v are interchanged then the equation remains same.
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Reactions of acids are often generalized in the form HA H+ \+ A−, where HA represents the acid and A− is the conjugate base. This reaction is referred to as protolysis. The protonated form (HA) of an acid is also sometimes referred to as the free acid. Acid-base conjugate pairs differ by one proton, and can be interconverted by the addition or removal of a proton (protonation and deprotonation, respectively).
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Quaternionic representations are similar to real representations in that they are isomorphic to their complex conjugate representation. Here a real representation is taken to be a complex representation with an invariant real structure, i.e., an antilinear equivariant map :j\colon V\to V which satisfies :j^2=+1. A representation which is isomorphic to its complex conjugate, but which is not a real representation, is sometimes called a pseudoreal representation.
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He clearly identified the fundamental conjugate variables of spinorial gravity: The configuration variable is as a spinoral connection (a rule for parallel transport; technically, a connection) and the conjugate momentum variable is a coordinate frame (called a vierbein) at each point.Abhay Ashtekar, "New variables for classical and quantum gravity," Phys. Rev. Lett., 57, 2244-2247, 1986.Abhay Ashtekar, "New Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity," Phys. Rev. D36, 1587-1602, 1987.
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It is sometimes stated that "the conjugate of a weak acid is a strong base". Such a statement is incorrect. For example, acetic acid is a weak acid which has a Ka = 1.75 x 10−5. Its conjugate base is the acetate ion with Kb = 10−14/Ka = 5.7 x 10−10 (from the relationship Ka × Kb = 10−14), which certainly does not correspond to a strong base.
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Unprimed letters like t or v indicate object space and primed letters like t′ or v′ indicate image space. Intermediate spaces are indicated by additional primes such as r″, z″, or q″. The same letter is used to indicate points or distances that share a conjugate relationship. The only exception is the use of F and F′ to indicate respectively object and image space focal points (which are not conjugate).
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For instance, for a spin system, the control parameter may be an external magnetic field, q=h, and the conjugate variable may be the total magnetization, \Phi = M.
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Commutator identities are an important tool in group theory. The expression denotes the conjugate of by , defined as . # x^y = x[x, y]. # [y, x] = [x,y]^{-1}.
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For example, the N-dimensional fundamental representation of SU(N) for N greater than two is a complex representation whose complex conjugate is often called the antifundamental representation.
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Anions have the general formula . These anions are the conjugate bases of the hydrogen polysulfides H2Sn. Organic polysulfides generally have the formulae RSnR, where R = alkyl or aryl.
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Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is a pneumococcal vaccine and a conjugate vaccine used to protect infants, young children, and adults against disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). It contains purified capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcal serotypes conjugated to a carrier protein to improve antibody response compared to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of the conjugate vaccine in routine immunizations given to children. The most common side effects in children are decreased appetite, fever (only very common in children aged six weeks to five years), irritability, reactions at the site of injection (reddening or hardening of the skin, swelling, pain or tenderness), somnolence (sleepiness) and poor quality sleep.
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The reception of a proton by a base produces its conjugate acid, which is the base with a hydrogen ion added. Unlike the previous definitions, the Brønsted–Lowry definition does not refer to the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of conjugate acids and conjugate bases, produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base. In this approach, acids and bases are fundamentally different in behavior from salts, which are seen as electrolytes, subject to the theories of Debye, Onsager, and others. An acid and a base react not to produce a salt and a solvent, but to form a new acid and a new base.
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Phase conjugate velocimeters have proved to correctly measure the flow velocity in the case of laminar flows in tubes, vortex flows under rotating disks and immersed jets in water.
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Its conjugate base has been used as a ligand in coordination chemistryTorrens, Hugo "Pentafluorobenzenethiolato derivatives of the platinum group metals" Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2000, vol. 196, pp. 331-352.
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In mathematics, a real differential one-form ω on a surface is called a harmonic differential if ω and its conjugate one-form, written as ω∗, are both closed.
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Visionen, Paradigmen, Leitmotive. Berlin, Springer 2004, . p. 185. The biconjugate gradient method provides a generalization to non-symmetric matrices. Various nonlinear conjugate gradient methods seek minima of nonlinear equations.
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Squalamine is a steroid-polyamine conjugate. It was first isolated from the liver of sharks of the genus Squalus but methods to make it synthetically have been subsequently developed.
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In geometric topology, the spherical space form conjecture states that a finite group acting on the 3-sphere is conjugate to a group of isometries of the 3-sphere.
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For n even there is instead an outer automorphism interchanging the two types of reflections (properly, a class of outer automorphisms, which are all conjugate by an inner automorphism).
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A version combined with hepatitis A is also available. Results of a phase 3 trial of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in December 2019 reported 81% fewer cases among children.
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The conjugates of a reflection are reflections with a translated, rotated, and reflected mirror plane. The conjugate closure of a singleton containing a reflection is the whole E(n).
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Verbs are conjugated with the use of suffixes, it is an Aspect dominant language, as opposed to Tense dominant like English. Githabul suffixes mostly conjugate for aspect and mood.
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The Brønsted–Lowry theory is an acid–base reaction theory which was proposed independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry in 1923. The fundamental concept of this theory is that when an acid and a base react with each other, the acid forms its conjugate base, and the base forms its conjugate acid by exchange of a proton (the hydrogen cation, or H+). This theory is a generalization of the Arrhenius theory.
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Deprotonation of acetic acid by a hydroxide ion Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid-base reaction. The species formed is the conjugate base of that acid. The complementary process, when a proton is added (transferred) to a Brønsted–Lowry base, is protonation (or hydronation). The species formed is the conjugate acid of that base.
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Every quasinormal subgroup of a finite group is a subnormal subgroup. This follows from the somewhat stronger statement that every conjugate permutable subgroup is subnormal, which in turn follows from the statement that every maximal conjugate permutable subgroup is normal. (The finiteness is used crucially in the proofs.) In summary, a subgroup H of a finite group G is permutable in G if and only if H is both modular and subnormal in G.
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This figure shows copper and oxygen bonded at differing ratios. Furthermore, his work on high and mixed valent copper species including [CuOH]+2 and its conjugate base, [CuO]+ is also very notable. His work with [CuOH]+2 reveals a high reactivity with C-H and O-H bonds as compared to its conjugate acid pair. This is of importance when trying to replicate biological mechanisms, such as copper-catalyzed oxidation in vitro.
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Another viewpoint is that conjugate points tell when the geodesics fail to be length-minimizing. All geodesics are locally length-minimizing, but, for example, on a sphere, any geodesic passing through the north-pole can be extended to reach the south-pole, and hence any geodesic segment connecting the poles is not (uniquely) globally length minimizing. This tells us that any pair of antipodal points on the standard 2-sphere are conjugate points.Cheeger, Ebin.
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CD74 is an attractive target for a drug conjugate because of its rapid internalizing property. In preclinical studies with human lymphomas and myelomas, both naked Milatuzumab and the Milatuzumab conjugated with doxorubicin,Anti-CD74 antibody-doxorubicin conjugate, IMMU-110, in a human multiple myeloma xenograft and in monkeys. P. Sapra, R. Stein, J. Pickett, Z. Qu, S.V. Govindan, T.M. Cardillo, H.J. Hansen, I.D. Horak, G.L. Griffiths, D.M. Goldenberg. Clin Cancer Res 11:5257-5264, 2005.
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Unlike rays in mathematics, optical rays extend to infinity in both directions. Rays are real when they are in the part of the optical system to which they apply, and are virtual elsewhere. For example, object rays are real on the object side of the optical system. In stigmatic imaging an object ray intersecting any specific point in object space must be conjugate to an image ray intersecting the conjugate point in image space.
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It was announced in February 2006, that the UK government would introduce vaccination with the conjugate vaccine in children aged 2, 4 and 13 months. This included changes to the immunisation programme in general. In 2009, the European Medicines Agency approved the use of a 10 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for use in Europe. The 13 valent pneumococcal vaccine was introduced in the routine immunization schedule of the UK in April 2010.
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Because such facts are themselves potentially in doubt, an approach that does not rely too sensitively on the analysts getting the details exactly right would be preferred. There are several ways to design and conduct a robust Bayes analysis, including the use of (i) parametric conjugate families of distributions, (ii) parametric but non-conjugate families, (iii) density-ratio (bounded density distributions),DeRobertis, L., and J.A. Hartigan (1981). Bayesian inference using intervals of measures.
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Adhesion of cells on a surface coated with a thermoresponsive polymer. Displayed is a polymer with LCST Thermoresponsive polymers can be functionalized with moieties that bind to specific biomolecules. The polymer-biomolecule conjugate can be precipitated from solution by a small change of temperature.Jing Ping Chen, Allan S. Hoffman, Polymer-Protein Conjugates II. Affinity precipitation separation of human immunogammaglobulin by a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-protein A conjugate, Biomaterials, 1990, Volume 11, pp 631-634.
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The Clifton–Pohl tori are also remarkable by the fact that they are the only non-flat Lorentzian tori with no conjugate points that are known. The extended Clifton–Pohl plane contains a lot of pairs of conjugate points, some of them being in the boundary of (-\pi/2,\pi/2)^2 i.e. "at infinity" in M . Recall also that, by a theorem of E. Hopf no such tori exists in the Riemannian setting.
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Coin of Strato I and Agathokleia. Obv: Conjugate busts of Strato and Agathokleia. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΙΑΣ "Of Saviour King Strato, and Agathokleia". Rev: Athena throwing thunderbolt.
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In neuroanatomy, corticomesencephalic tract is a descending nerve tract that originates in the frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8) and terminate in the midbrain. Its fibers mediate conjugate eye movement.
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Hyperpriors, like conjugate priors, are a computational convenience – they do not change the process of Bayesian inference, but simply allow one to more easily describe and compute with the prior.
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A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. All mineral acids form hydrogen ions and the conjugate base when dissolved in water.
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3-Fluorobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C7H5FO2. It is the meta form of fluorobenzoic acid. Its conjugate base is 3-fluorobenzoate. The compound is an irritant.
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Aceturic acid (N-acetylglycine) is a derivative of the amino acid glycine. The conjugate base of this carboxylic acid is called aceturate, a term used for its esters and salts.
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Dysadherin interferes with cell adhesion via beta1 subunit interactions. Dysdaherin is a target for an extracellular antibody drug conjugate where the antibody to dysadherin is attached to a cardiac glycoside.
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2-Fluorobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula FC6H4CO2H. It is one of three isomeric fluorobenzoic acids. Its conjugate base is 2-fluorobenzoate. The compound is an irritant.
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"Preliminary Plan for Operation Fishbowl." Report ADA469481, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. November 1961. The map shown here actually indicates the detonation point and southern conjugate point for Starfish Prime.
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Prymnesins-B1 is formed of a large polyether polycyclic core with several conjugate double and triple bonds, chlorine and nitrogen heteroatoms and a single sugar moiety consisting of α-D-galactopyranose.
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1968, 45, 581. Experimental results agree with the theory—softer hydride reagents afford higher yields of the conjugate reduction product.Bottin, J.; Eisenstein, O.; Minot, C.; Anh, T. Tetrahedron Lett., 1972, 3015.
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The protonated chitosan is broken down by lysozyme in the body to glucosamine and the conjugate base of the acid (such as lactate or succinate), substances naturally found in the body.
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A variety of complexes are known with bidentate ligands. Hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF6) is derived from phosphorus pentafluoride and hydrogen fluoride. Its conjugate base, hexafluorophosphate (PF6–), is a useful non-coordinating anion.
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Between the two extremes the realizations are discrete distributions with less and less concentration as \alpha increases. The Dirichlet process can also be seen as the infinite-dimensional generalization of the Dirichlet distribution. In the same way as the Dirichlet distribution is the conjugate prior for the categorical distribution, the Dirichlet process is the conjugate prior for infinite, nonparametric discrete distributions. A particularly important application of Dirichlet processes is as a prior probability distribution in infinite mixture models.
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The southern conjugate region is not directly south of the detonation point since the Earth's magnetic field lines do not run in a geographically north-south direction. Also, the magnetic equator of the Earth in this region is slightly to the south of the geographic equator. The detonation point and southern conjugate region were taken from Figure 3 of planning report ADA469481, which was originally a hand-drawn planning map for the Bluegill test.Air Force Special Weapons Center.
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A second metabolite, 21(R)-hydroxypromegestone, circulates at far lower concentrations ( ratio for the (S)- and (R)-isomers of about 21). The elimination half-life of trimegestone is 13.8 to 15.6 hours. Promegestone, trimegestone, and 21(R)-hydroxypromegestone are not excreted in urine, while 3% of a dose is recovered as the glucuronide and/or sulfate conjugate of trimegestone and 1% of a dose is recovered as the glucuronide and/or sulfate conjugate of 21(R)-hydroxypromegestone.
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The term conjugate problem was coined by a group of scientists led by the academician A. V. Luikov in the former Soviet Union who, among others in the 1960s, began to investigate heat transfer as a coupled problem. At that time, many other researchers started to solve simple problems using different approaches and joining the solutions for body and fluid on their interface. A review of early conjugate solutions may be found in the book by Dorfman.
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It is a conjugate of the humanized anti-Trop-2 monoclonal antibody linked with SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan.Sacituzumab Govitecan (IMMU-132), an Anti-Trop-2/SN-38 Antibody- Drug Conjugate: Characterization and Efficacy in Pancreatic, Gastric, and Other Cancers. 2015 Each antibody having on average 7.6 molecules of SN-38 attached. SN-38 is too toxic to administer directly to patients, but linkage to an antibody allows the drug to specifically target cells containing Trop-2.
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With an acid, HA, the equation can be written symbolically as: :HA + B <=> A- + HB+ The equilibrium sign, ⇌, is used because the reaction can occur in both forward and backward directions. The acid, HA, can lose a proton to become its conjugate base, A−. The base, B, can accept a proton to become its conjugate acid, HB+. Most acid- base reactions are fast so that the components of the reaction are usually in dynamic equilibrium with each other.
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The reverse of an acid-base reaction is also an acid-base reaction, between the conjugate acid of the base in the first reaction and the conjugate base of the acid. In the above example, acetate is the base of the reverse reaction and hydronium ion is the acid. :H3O ^{+} + CH3 COO- <=> CH3 COOH + H2O The power of the Brønsted–Lowry theory is that, in contrast to Arrhenius theory, it does not require an acid to dissociate.
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The mechanism by which edaravone might be effective in ALS is unknown. The drug is known to be an antioxidant, and oxidative stress has been hypothesized to be part of the process that kills neurons in people with ALS. The half-life of edaravone is 4.5 to 6 hours and the half-lives of its metabolites are 2 to 3 hours. It is metabolized to a sulfate conjugate and a glucuronide conjugate, neither of which are active.
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2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (conjugate base 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) (2,3-BPG), also known as 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (conjugate base 2,3-diphosphoglycerate) (2,3-DPG), is a three-carbon isomer of the glycolytic intermediate 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-BPG). 2,3-BPG is present in human red blood cells (RBC; erythrocyte) at approximately 5 mmol/L. It binds with greater affinity to deoxygenated hemoglobin (e.g. when the red blood cell is near respiring tissue) than it does to oxygenated hemoglobin (e.g.
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Nucleophilic conjugate additionNucleophilic conjugate addition is a type of organic reaction. Ordinary nucleophilic additions or 1,2-nucleophilic additions deal mostly with additions to carbonyl compounds. Simple alkene compounds do not show 1,2 reactivity due to lack of polarity, unless the alkene is activated with special substituents. With α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds such as cyclohexenone it can be deduced from resonance structures that the β position is an electrophilic site which can react with a nucleophile.
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Mechanical work performed on a working fluid causes a change in the mechanical constraints of the system; in other words, for work to occur, the volume must be altered. Hence volume is an important parameter in characterizing many thermodynamic processes where an exchange of energy in the form of work is involved. Volume is one of a pair of conjugate variables, the other being pressure. As with all conjugate pairs, the product is a form of energy.
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When the real projective line is considered in the context of the real projective plane, then the consequences of Desargues' theorem are implicit. In particular, the construction of the projective harmonic conjugate relation between points is part of the structure of the real projective line. For instance, given any pair of points, the point at infinity is the projective harmonic conjugate of their midpoint. As projectivities preserve the harmonic relation, they form the automorphisms of the real projective line.
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Conjugate coding is a cryptographic tool, introduced by Stephen Wiesner in the late 1960s. It is part of the two applications Wiesner described for quantum coding, along with a method for creating fraud-proof banking notes. The application that the concept was based on was a method of transmitting multiple messages in such a way that reading one destroys the others. This is called quantum multiplexing and it uses photons polarized in conjugate bases as "qubits" to pass information.
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The Darboux cubic may be defined from the de Longchamps point, as the locus of points X such that X, the isogonal conjugate of X, and the de Longchamps point are collinear. It is the only cubic curve invariant of a triangle that is both isogonally self-conjugate and centrally symmetric; its center of symmetry is the circumcenter of the triangle.. The de Longchamps point itself lies on this curve, as does its reflection the orthocenter.
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In afocal systems an object ray parallel to the optical axis is conjugate to an image ray parallel to the optical axis. Such systems have no focal points (hence afocal) and also lack principal and nodal points. The system is focal if an object ray parallel to the axis is conjugate to an image ray that intersects the optical axis. The intersection of the image ray with the optical axis is the focal point F' in image space.
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An amphoteric substance is one that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH. Water (below) is amphoteric. Another example of an amphoteric molecule is the bicarbonate ion that is the conjugate base of the carbonic acid molecule H2CO3 in the equilibrium :H2CO3 \+ H2O + H3O+ but also the conjugate acid of the carbonate ion in (the reverse of) the equilibrium : + OH− \+ H2O. Carbonic acid equilibria are important for acid–base homeostasis in the human body.
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In 3D, the conjugate by a translation of a rotation about an axis is the corresponding rotation about the translated axis. Such a conjugation produces he screw displacement known to express an arbitrary Euclidean motion according to Chasles' theorem. The conjugacy class within the Euclidean group E(3) of a rotation about an axis is a rotation by the same angle about any axis. The conjugate closure of a singleton containing a rotation in 3D is E+(3).
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Monomethyl auristatin E is an antimitotic agent which inhibits cell division by blocking the polymerisation of tubulin. The linker to the monoclonal antibody is stable in extracellular fluid, but is cleaved by cathepsin once the conjugate has entered a tumour cell, thus activating the antimitotic mechanism.Seattle Genetics: Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) :Structure of a MMAE-MAB-conjugate. The linker, consisting of the amino acids valine (Val) and citrulline (Cit), is cleaved by cathepsin inside tumour cells.
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The conjugate acid of Tris has a pKa of 8.07 at 25 °C, which implies that the buffer has an effective pH range between 7.1 and 9.1 (pKa ± 1) at room temperature.
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Sodium salt are salt composed of sodium cation and the conjugate base anion of some inorganic or organic acid. They can be formed by the neutralization of the acid with sodium hydroxide.
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Rockafellar, R. Tyrrell. Conjugate duality and optimization. Lectures given at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, June, 1973. Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics, No. 16.
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Thiols are easily deprotonated. Relative to the alcohols, thiols are more acidic. The conjugate base of a thiol is called a thiolate. Butanethiol has a pKa of 10.5 vs 15 for butanol.
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The result extends to the case that G is the amalgamated product along a common subgroup C, under the condition that H meets every conjugate of C only in the identity element.
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Nitrile anions are the conjugate bases of alkyl nitriles. They undergo nucleophilic addition and substitution reactions with various electrophiles.Arseniyadis, S.; Kyler, K. S.; Watt, D. S. Org. React. 1984, 31, 1-71.
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An immunotoxin, BL22, that targets this receptor is being tested at the NIH. As a treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), Inotuzumab ozogamicin is an antibody-drug conjugate that targets this molecule.
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Health Canada's general recommendations are 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV 13) vaccine for children aged 2 months to 18 years and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV 23) vaccine for adults.
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There are quantitative forms of this, stating more precisely bounds (depending on degree) on the largest absolute value of a conjugate that imply that an algebraic integer is a root of unity.
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It may be that all the roots are real or instead there may be some that are complex numbers. In the latter case, all the complex roots come in complex conjugate pairs.
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Ethanesulfonic acid (esylic acid) is a sulfonic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2SO3H. The conjugate base is known as ethanesulfonate or, when used in pharmaceutical formulations, as esilate. It is a colorless liquid.
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Taylor & Francis. proposed a method and software for such solutions using one generalized expression for continuously computing the velocities and temperature fields through the whole problem domain while satisfying the conjugate boundary conditions.
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Medronic acid (conjugate base, medronate), also known as methylene diphosphonate, is the smallest bisphosphonate. Its complex with radioactive technetium, 99mTc medronic acid, is used in nuclear medicine to detect bone abnormalities, including metastases.
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Thiols are readily alkylated to give thioethers. The reaction is typically conducted in the presence of a base or using the conjugate base of the thiol. Thioethers undergo alkylation to give sulfonium ions.
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The conjugate base of a sulfinic acid is a sulfinate anion. The enzyme cysteine dioxygenase converts cysteine into the corresponding sulfinate. One product of this catabolic reaction is the sulfinic acid derivative hypotaurine.
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Prevention of bacterial pneumonia is by vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children), Haemophilus influenzae type B, meningococcus, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, and Yersinia pestis.
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When the notions of conjugate hyperbolas and hyperbolic angles are understood, then the classical complex numbers, which are built around the unit circle, can be replaced with numbers built around the unit hyperbola.
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Upper Triassic salt forms salt domes in the Essaouira Basin onshore and offshore Morocco. An equivalent salt sequence, the Argo Formation is associated with salt dome formation on the conjugate Nova Scotia margin.
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Because all nodes in VMP come from exponential families and all parents of nodes are conjugate to their children nodes, the expectation of the sufficient statistic can be computed from the normalization factor.
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Protonation of Verkade base. Its conjugate acid has a pKa of 32.9 in acetonitrile. Organic superbases are almost always charge-neutral, amine- containing species. Despite enormous proton affinity, some organosuperbases exhibit low nucleophilicity.
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The two conjugate solution circles are related by inversion, by the following argument. In general, any three distinct circles have a unique circle—the radical circle—that intersects all of them perpendicularly; the center of that circle is the radical center of the three circles. For illustration, the orange circle in Figure 6 crosses the black given circles at right angles. Inversion in the radical circle leaves the given circles unchanged, but transforms the two conjugate pink solution circles into one another.
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Complex eigenvalues of an arbitrary map (dots). In case of the Hopf bifurcation, two complex conjugate eigenvalues cross the imaginary axis. In the mathematical theory of bifurcations, a Hopf bifurcation is a critical point where a system's stability switches and a periodic solution arises. More accurately, it is a local bifurcation in which a fixed point of a dynamical system loses stability, as a pair of complex conjugate eigenvalues—of the linearization around the fixed point—crosses the complex plane imaginary axis.
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D is the harmonic conjugate of C w.r.t. A and B. A, D, B, C form a harmonic range. KLMN is a complete quadrangle generating it. In projective geometry, the harmonic conjugate point of an ordered triple of points on the real projective line is defined by the following construction: :Given three collinear points A, B, C, let L be a point not lying on their join and let any line through C meet LA, LB at M, N respectively.
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The object and corresponding image points can be interchanged In optics, a conjugate plane or conjugate focal plane of a given plane P, is the plane P′ such that points on P are imaged on P′.Warren J. Smith. Modern Optical Engineering Third ed. p. 9 If an object is moved to the point occupied by its image, then the moved object's new image will appear at the point where the object originated. In other words, the object and its image are interchangeable.
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The sulfate anion consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The symmetry is the same as that of methane. The sulfur atom is in the +6 oxidation state while the four oxygen atoms are each in the −2 state. The sulfate ion carries an overall charge of −2 and it is the conjugate base of the bisulfate (or hydrogen sulfate) ion, , which is in turn the conjugate base of , sulfuric acid.
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Biotinylated cytokine-specific detection antibodies are then added to the well. These cytokine-specific detection antibodies will bind to any cytokine that is left in the well since the cytokine is still attached to the first set of antibodies used. Since the cytokine attached to the first set of antibodies coating the wells, the cytokine was not washed away when the wells were rinsed. #Streptavidin-enzyme conjugate: Streptavidin-enzyme conjugate is added to the wells in order to bind with the detection antibodies.
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There was also a positive correlation between the intensity of excitation light and percentage of cell death. Infrared light alone or mAb- IR700 conjugate alone did not cause any damage to normal cells. When tumor- xenografted mice were treated with mAb-IR700 and near-infrared light, significant tumor shrinkage was observed. With fractionated administration of mAB–IR700 conjugate followed by systematic repeated NIR light irradiation to the tumor, 80 percent of tumor cells were eradicated and the mice’s survival were significantly prolonged.
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It is important not to confuse conjugate depths (between which momentum is conserved) with alternate depths (between which energy is conserved). In the case of a hydraulic jump, the flow experiences a certain amount of energy headloss so that the subcritical flow downstream of the jump contains less energy than the supercritical flow upstream of the jump. Alternate depths are valid over energy conserving devices such as sluice gates and conjugate depths are valid over momentum conserving devices such as hydraulic jumps.
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The conjugate of the inversion in a point by a translation is the inversion in the translated point, etc. Thus the conjugacy class within the Euclidean group E(n) of inversion in a point is the set of inversions in all points. Since a combination of two inversions is a translation, the conjugate closure of a singleton containing inversion in a point is the set of all translations and the inversions in all points. This is the generalized dihedral group dih (Rn).
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Drugs which may be present in the urine specimen compete against their respective drug conjugate for binding sites on their specific antibody. During testing, a urine specimen migrates upward by capillary action. A drug, if present in the urine specimen below its cut-off concentration, will not saturate the binding sites of its specific antibody. The antibody will then react with the drug-protein conjugate and a visible colored line will show up in the test line region of the specific drug strip.
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In the open-channel flow of rectangular channels, the alternate depth equation relates the upstream(y1) and downstream(y2) steady-state flow depths of a flow that encounters a control device, such as a sluice gate, which conserves energy for a given discharge. The alternate depth equation can be derived in a similar fashion as the conjugate depth equation. In the open-channel flow of rectangular channels, the conjugate depth equation relates the upstream(y1) and downstream(y2) steady-state flow depths for a flow that encounters a pure hydraulic jump, which conserves momentum for a given discharge. The mathematical derivation of the conjugate depth equation can be a useful tool in understanding the derivation of the alternate depth equation, please refer to the above link for a more in-depth discussion of its derivation.
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Restricting the standard absolute value on R to F gives an archimedean absolute value on F; such an absolute value is also referred to as a real place of F. On the other hand, the roots of factors of degree two are pairs of conjugate complex numbers, which allows for two conjugate embeddings into C. Either one of this pair of embeddings can be used to define an absolute value on F, which is the same for both embeddings since they are conjugate. This absolute value is called a complex place of F.Cohn, Chapter 11 §C p. 108Conrad If all roots of f above are real (respectively, complex) or, equivalently, any possible embedding F ⊂ C is actually forced to be inside R (resp. C), F is called totally real (resp.
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Suppose that H is a subgroup of a finite group G, K is an invariant subset of H such that if two elements in K are conjugate in G, then they are conjugate in H, and π a set of primes containing all prime divisors of the orders of elements of K. The Dade lifting is a linear map f → fσ from class functions f of H with support on K to class functions fσ of G, which is defined as follows: fσ(x) is f(k) if there is an element k ∈ K conjugate to the π-part of x, and 0 otherwise. The Dade lifting is an isometry if for each k ∈ K, the centralizer CG(k) is the semidirect product of a normal Hall π' subgroup I(K) with CH(k).
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Saha, S., et al. (2002). "Using the transcriptome to annotate the genome." Nat Biotechnol 20(5): 508-512. Pfizer is targeting PTK7 for cancer by generating an antibody- drug conjugate against the PTK7 receptor.
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Essentially the same applies to any other thermodynamic system, where P and V are replaced by a different pair of conjugate variables, e.g. magnetic field and magnetization or chemical potential and number of particles.
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He has introduced the term conjugate-permutable subgroup. In the past, Professor Foguel has also taught at the University of the West Indies, North Dakota State University, Auburn University Montgomery, and Western Carolina University.
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During the break-up of the South Atlantic, Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) age salt was deposited within the area of thinned crust on both the Brazilian and conjugate Angola/Gabon margins forming many salt domes.
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Unlike limitations in DFT and FFT methods, explicit numerical integration can have any desired step size and compute the Fourier transform over any desired range of the conjugate Fourier transform variable (for example, frequency).
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Institute for Advanced Study: A Community of Scholars He was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Arens, Richard F. "Operations induced in conjugate spaces." In Proc. Internat. Congr. of Math.
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Valproic acid (VPA) is an organic weak acid. The conjugate base is valproate. The sodium salt of the acid is sodium valproate and a coordination complex of the two is known as valproate semisodium.
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For any given choice of cube root and its conjugate, this contains nested radicals involving complex numbers, yet it is reducible (even though not obviously so) to one of the solutions 1, 2, or –3.
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The sulfonate ion. A sulfonate is a salt or ester of a sulfonic acid. It contains the functional group R-SO3−, where R is an organic group. Sulfonates are the conjugate base of sulfonic acids.
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The CDC and the WHO recommend that all infants be vaccinated using a polysaccharide-protein conjugate Hib vaccine, starting after the age of six weeks. The vaccination is also indicated in people without a spleen.
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For any function and its convex conjugate Fenchel's inequality (also known as the Fenchel–Young inequality) holds for every and , i.e., independent pairs, :\left\langle p,x \right\rangle \le f(x) + f^\star(p).
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Mutations of this gene result in gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe corneal amyloidosis leading to blindness. This antigen is the target of sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate.
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Any of the axioms of an inner product may be weakened, yielding generalized notions. The generalizations that are closest to inner products occur where bilinearity and conjugate symmetry are retained, but positive-definiteness is weakened.
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Sandwich assays are generally used for larger analytes because they tend to have multiple binding sites. As the sample migrates through the assay it first encounters a conjugate, which is an antibody specific to the target analyte labelled with a visual tag, usually colloidal gold. The antibodies bind to the target analyte within the sample and migrate together until they reach the test line. The test line also contains immobilized antibodies specific to the target analyte, which bind to the migrated analyte bound conjugate molecules.
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Many vaccines contain a single antigen that the body will recognize. However, the antigen of some pathogenic bacteria does not elicit a strong response from the immune system, so a vaccination against this weak antigen would not protect the person later in life. In this case, a conjugate vaccine is used in order to invoke an immune system response against the weak antigen. In a conjugate vaccine, the weak antigen is covalently attached to a strong antigen, thereby eliciting a stronger immunological response to the weak antigen.
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In the other cases, the intersection of with the ombilic consists of two different pairs of complex conjugate points. As is a curve of degree two, its intersection with the plane at infinity consists of two points, possibly equal. The curve is thus a circle, if these two points are one of these two pairs of complex conjugate points on the ombilic. Each of these pairs defines a real line (passing through the points), which is the intersection of with the plane at infinity.
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The pKa of a compound is determined by many aspects, but the most significant is the stability of the conjugate base. This is primarily determined by the ability (or inability) of the conjugated base to stabilize negative charge. One of the most important ways of assessing a conjugate base's ability to distribute negative charge is using resonance. Electron withdrawing groups (which can stabilize the molecule by increasing charge distribution) or electron donating groups (which destabilize by decreasing charge distribution) present on a molecule also determine its pKa.
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In this case, hydroxide is a strong enough base to deprotonate the carboxylic acid because the conjugate base is more stable than the base because the negative charge is delocalized over two electronegative atoms compared to one. Using pKa values, the carboxylic acid is approximately 4 and the conjugate acid, water, is 15.7. Because acids with higher pKa values are less likely to donate their protons, the equilibrium will favor their formation. Therefore, the side of the equation with water will be formed preferentially.
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In 1983, Cacchi and coworkers disclosed a reductive Heck arylation of enones and enals in the presence of a trialkylamine base, tetrabutylammonium halide, and formic acid additive. Under these conditions, the conjugate addition product is formed preferentially to the vinylic substitution (Mizoroki–Heck) product in high yield and selectivity. Notably, reductive Heck coupling on enones/enals features some mechanistically distinct aspects, as described in studies by Cacchi and later Minnaard. Both the conjugate addition and vinylic substitution mechanisms proceed through a common alkylpalladium(II) intermediate 34.
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In both the original and the preconditioned conjugate gradient methods one only needs to set \beta_k := 0 in order to make them locally optimal, using the line search, steepest descent methods. With this substitution, vectors are always the same as vectors , so there is no need to store vectors . Thus, every iteration of these steepest descent methods is a bit cheaper compared to that for the conjugate gradient methods. However, the latter converge faster, unless a (highly) variable and/or non-SPD preconditioner is used, see above.
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The mission of the Project is to eliminate meningitis as a public health problem in sub- Saharan Africa through the development, testing, introduction, and widespread use of conjugate meningococcal vaccines.Meningitis Vaccine Project, Mission Statement [www.meningvax.org/mission.php], accessed November 15, 2010 The Project recently developed MenAfriVac, a low-cost conjugate A vaccine that is ready for widespread distribution to people between the ages of 1 and 29 in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger, three countries in the African meningitis belt with the highest rates of meningitis.
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The strategy behind the use of Legendre transforms in thermodynamics is to shift from a function that depends on a variable to a new (conjugate) function that depends on a new variable, the conjugate of the original one. The new variable is the partial derivative of the original function with respect to the original variable. The new function is the difference between the original function and the product of the old and new variables. Typically, this transformation is useful because it shifts the dependence of, e.g.
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If pH is above the pKa value, the concentration of the conjugate base is greater than the concentration of the acid, and the color associated with the conjugate base dominates. If pH is below the pKa value, the converse is true. Usually, the color change is not instantaneous at the pKa value, but a pH range exists where a mixture of colors is present. This pH range varies between indicators, but as a rule of thumb, it falls between the pKa value plus or minus one.
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In order for a protonated acid to lose a proton, the pH of the system must rise above the pKa of the acid. The decreased concentration of H+ in that basic solution shifts the equilibrium towards the conjugate base form (the deprotonated form of the acid). In lower-pH (more acidic) solutions, there is a high enough H+ concentration in the solution to cause the acid to remain in its protonated form. Solutions of weak acids and salts of their conjugate bases form buffer solutions.
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Conjugate coding also is a simple extension of a random number generator. At the behest of Charles Bennett, Wiesner published the manuscript explaining the basic idea of conjugate coding with a number of examples but it was not embraced because it was significantly ahead of its time. Because its publication has been rejected, it was developed to the world of public-key cryptography in the 1980s as Oblivious Transfer, first by Michael Rabin and then by Shimon Even. It is used in the field of quantum computing.
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Squaric acid, also called quadratic acid because its four carbon atoms approximately form a square, is a dibasic organic acid with the chemical formula 4O2(OH)2. The conjugate base of squaric acid is the hydrogensquarate anion ; and the conjugate base of the hydrogensquarate anion is the divalent squarate anion . This is one of the oxocarbon anions, which consist only of carbon and oxygen. Squaric acid is a reagent for chemical synthesis, used for instance to make photosensitive squaraine dyes and inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases.
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In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis, each bounded linear operator on a complex Hilbert space has a corresponding Hermitian adjoint (or adjoint operator). Adjoints of operators generalize conjugate transposes of square matrices to (possibly) infinite-dimensional situations. If one thinks of operators on a complex Hilbert space as generalized complex numbers, then the adjoint of an operator plays the role of the complex conjugate of a complex number. In a similar sense, one can define an adjoint operator for linear (and possibly unbounded) operators between Banach spaces.
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The complex conjugate root theorem states that if the coefficients of a polynomial are real, then the non-real roots appear in pairs of the form . It follows that the roots of a polynomial with real coefficients are mirror-symmetric with respect to the real axis. This can be extended to algebraic conjugation: the roots of a polynomial with rational coefficients are conjugate (that is, invariant) under the action of the Galois group of the polynomial. However, this symmetry can rarely be interpreted geometrically.
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Continued extension of the lithosphere will eventually lead to decompression melting of the mantle and the formation of a mid-ocean ridge. This process results in the creation of an ocean basin, and possibly conjugate NVPM.
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This is independent of the selection of the gear teeth as long as the tooth profiles are conjugate, with the exception that the circumferences of the pitch circles must provide for a whole number of teeth.
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The illumination of the image is reduced uniformly. A second lens is used to image the test section to the viewing screen. The viewing screen is located a conjugate distance from the plane of the schliere.
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In principle, tellurous acid would form by treatment of tellurium dioxide with water, that is by hydrolysis. The related conjugate base is well known in the form of several salts such as potassium hydrogen tellurite, KHTeO3.
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A map of the Riemann sphere onto itself is conformal if and only if it is a Möbius transformation. The complex conjugate of a Möbius transformation preserves angles, but reverses the orientation. For example, circle inversions.
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Focal systems also have an axial object point F such that any ray through F is conjugate to an image ray parallel to the optical axis. F is the object space focal point of the system.
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The transformation between object space and image space is completely defined by the cardinal points of the system, and these points can be used to map any point on the object to its conjugate image point.
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The sixth nerve is one of the final common pathways for numerous cortical systems that control eye movement in general. Cortical control of eye movement (saccades, smooth pursuit, accommodation) involves conjugate gaze, not unilateral eye movement.
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The C1 and C8 hydroxy groups were not essential, but they enhance the activity. The conjugate diene in the triene side chain also enhances the toxicity. Structure of gambierol with the stereocenters and atom numbers indicated.
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This ether may also be prepared by way of the Williamson ether synthesis in which n-propoxide, the conjugate base of n-propanol, is reacted with an n-propyl halide: :Williamson ether synthesis of dipropyl ether.
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These enzymes use co-transcription to conjugate ubiquitin to histone H2B. Histone H2B’s level of ubiquitination varies throughout the cell cycle. All ubiquitin moieties are removed from histone H2B during metaphase and re-conjugated during anaphase.
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The golden ratio is also an algebraic number and even an algebraic integer. It has minimal polynomial :x^2 - x - 1. Having degree 2, this polynomial actually has two roots, the other being the golden ratio conjugate.
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Consider the case of real one-forms defined on a two dimensional real manifold. Moreover, consider real one-forms that are the real parts of complex differentials. Let , and formally define the conjugate one- form to be .
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Pneumosil is a decavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine produced by the Serum Institute of India. It contains the serotypes 1, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 19A, 19F, and 23F, and was prequalified by WHO in January 2020.
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Acetic acid, a weak acid, donates a proton (hydrogen ion, highlighted in green) to water in an equilibrium reaction to give the acetate ion and the hydronium ion. Red: oxygen, black: carbon, white: hydrogen. Consider the following acid–base reaction: :CH3 COOH + H2O <=> CH3 COO ^{-} + H3O+ Acetic acid, CH3COOH, is an acid because it donates a proton to water (H2O) and becomes its conjugate base, the acetate ion (CH3COO−). H2O is a base because it accepts a proton from CH3COOH and becomes its conjugate acid, the hydronium ion, (H3O+).
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A number of vaccines are available in the U.S. to prevent meningococcal disease. Some of the vaccines cover serogroup B, while others cover A, C, W, and Y. A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) has been available since the 1970s and is the only meningococcal vaccine licensed for people older than 55. MPSV4 may be used in people 2–55 years old if the MCV4 vaccines are not available or contraindicated. Two meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV4) are licensed for use in the U.S. The first conjugate vaccine was licensed in 2005, the second in 2010.
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Phosphorous acid has a pKa in the range 1.26–1.3. :HP(O)(OH)2 → HP(O)2(OH)− \+ H+ pKa = 1.3 It is a diprotic acid, the hydrogenphosphite ion, HP(O)2(OH)− is a weak acid: :HP(O)2(OH)− → + H+ pKa = 6.7 The conjugate base HP(O)2(OH)− is called hydrogen phosphite, and the second conjugate base, , is the phosphite ion. (Note that the IUPAC recommendations are hydrogen phosphonate and phosphonate respectively). The hydrogen atom bonded directly to the phosphorus atom is not readily ionizable.
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The conjugate base of oxalic acid is the hydrogenoxalate anion, and its conjugate base (oxalate) is a competitive inhibitor of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme. LDH catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid (end product of the fermentation (anaerobic) process) oxidising the coenzyme NADH to NAD+ and H+ concurrently. Restoring NAD+ levels is essential to the continuation of anaerobic energy metabolism through glycolysis. As cancer cells preferentially use anaerobic metabolism (see Warburg effect) inhibition of LDH has been shown to inhibit tumor formation and growth, thus is an interesting potential course of cancer treatment.
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The general procedure to produce polyclonal antibodies is as follows: # Antigen preparation # Adjuvant selection and preparation # Animal selection # Injection process # Blood serum extraction An antigen/adjuvant conjugate is injected into an animal of choice to initiate an amplified immune response. After a series of injections over a specific length of time, the animal is expected to have created antibodies against the conjugate. Blood is then extracted from the animal and then purified to obtain the antibody of interest. Inoculation is performed on a suitable mammal, such as a mouse, rabbit or goat.
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Suppose p and q are points on a Riemannian manifold, and \gamma is a geodesic that connects p and q. Then p and q are conjugate points along \gamma if there exists a non-zero Jacobi field along \gamma that vanishes at p and q. Recall that any Jacobi field can be written as the derivative of a geodesic variation (see the article on Jacobi fields). Therefore, if p and q are conjugate along \gamma, one can construct a family of geodesics that start at p and almost end at q.
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A few military ships and aircraft were also positioned in the region of the South Pacific Ocean near the Samoan Islands. This location was at the southern end of the magnetic field line of the Earth's magnetic field from the position of the nuclear detonation, an area known as the "southern conjugate region" for the test. An uninvited scientific expeditionary ship from the Soviet Union was stationed near Johnston Atoll for the test, and another Soviet scientific expeditionary ship was in the southern conjugate region near the Samoan Islands.United States Central Intelligence Agency.
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Whereas the unit circle is associated with complex numbers, the unit hyperbola is key to the split-complex number plane consisting of z = x + yj, where j 2 = +1. Then jz = y + xj, so the action of j on the plane is to swap the coordinates. In particular, this action swaps the unit hyperbola with its conjugate and swaps pairs of conjugate diameters of the hyperbolas. In terms of the hyperbolic angle parameter a, the unit hyperbola consists of points :\pm(\cosh a + j \sinh a) , where j = (0,1).
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Note that the acid can be the charged species and the conjugate base can be neutral in which case the generalized reaction scheme could be written as HA+ H+ \+ A. In solution there exists an equilibrium between the acid and its conjugate base. The equilibrium constant K is an expression of the equilibrium concentrations of the molecules or the ions in solution. Brackets indicate concentration, such that [H2O] means the concentration of H2O. The acid dissociation constant Ka is generally used in the context of acid-base reactions.
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The concept of relativity is first introduced in a plane consisting of a single dimension in space, the second dimension being time. In such a plane, one hyperbola corresponds to events a constant space- like interval from the origin event, the other hyperbola corresponds to events a constant time-like interval from it. The principle of relativity can be formulated "Any pair of conjugate diameters of conjugate hyperbolas can be taken for the axes of space and time". This interpretation of relativity was enunciated by E. T. Whittaker in 1910.
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Contrary to classical mechanics, one can never make simultaneous predictions of conjugate variables, such as position and momentum, to arbitrary precision. For instance, electrons may be considered (to a certain probability) to be located somewhere within a given region of space, but with their exact positions unknown. Contours of constant probability density, often referred to as "clouds", may be drawn around the nucleus of an atom to conceptualize where the electron might be located with the most probability. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle quantifies the inability to precisely locate the particle given its conjugate momentum.
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These are known as eigenstates of the observable ("eigen" can be translated from German as meaning "inherent" or "characteristic"). In the everyday world, it is natural and intuitive to think of everything (every observable) as being in an eigenstate. Everything appears to have a definite position, a definite momentum, a definite energy, and a definite time of occurrence. However, quantum mechanics does not pinpoint the exact values of a particle's position and momentum (since they are conjugate pairs) or its energy and time (since they too are conjugate pairs).
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Before reaching this point, however, solvent and nucleophile screens, order of addition adjustments, and counterion adjustments can be made to optimize the one-pot process for a particular combination of carbonyl compound, nucleophile, and alkylating (or acylating) agent. Solvent adjustments between the two steps are common; if one solvent is used, tetrahydrofuran is the solvent of choice. Polar aprotic solvents should be avoided for the conjugate addition step. Concerning temperature, conjugate additions are usually carried out at low temperatures (-78 °C), while alkylations are carried out at slightly higher temperatures (0 to -30 °C).
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The conjugate (10S,11S) JH diol phosphate is the product of a two-step enzymatic process: conversion of JH to JH diol and then addition of a phosphate group to C10.Halarnkar, P.P., Jackson, G.P., Straub, K.M., Schooley, D.A., 1993. Juvenile hormone catabolism in Manduca sexta - homologue selectivity of catabolism and identification of a diol-phosphate conjugate as a major end product. Experientia 49, 988-994Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of juvenile hormone and its metabolites, and its application for an in vivo juvenile hormone catabolism study in Manduca sexta. Anal. Biochem.
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LiHMDS is often used in organic chemistry as a strong non-nucleophilic base. Its conjugate acid has a pKa of ~26, making it is less basic than other lithium bases, such as LDA (pKa of conjugate acid ~36), but it is more sterically hindered and hence less nucleophilic. It can be used to form various organolithium compounds, including acetylides or lithium enolates. center As such, it finds use in a range of coupling reactions, particularly carbon-carbon bond forming reactions such as the Fráter–Seebach alkylation and mixed Claisen condensations.
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Limit set of a quasifuchsian group A Kleinian group that preserves a Jordan curve is called a quasi-Fuchsian group. When the Jordan curve is a circle or a straight line these are just conjugate to Fuchsian groups under conformal transformations. Finitely generated quasi- Fuchsian groups are conjugate to Fuchsian groups under quasi-conformal transformations. The limit set is contained in the invariant Jordan curve, and it is equal to the Jordan curve the group is said to be of type one, and otherwise it is said to be of type 2.
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In ring theory, an antihomomorphism is a map between two rings that preserves addition, but reverses the order of multiplication. So is a ring antihomomorphism if and only if: :φ(1) = 1 :φ(x + y) = φ(x) + φ(y) :φ(xy) = φ(y)φ(x) for all x, y in X. For algebras over a field K, φ must be a K-linear map of the underlying vector space. If the underlying field has an involution, one can instead ask φ to be conjugate-linear, as in conjugate transpose, below.
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In mathematics, the complex conjugate root theorem states that if P is a polynomial in one variable with real coefficients, and a + bi is a root of P with a and b real numbers, then its complex conjugate a − bi is also a root of P. Preview available at Google books It follows from this (and the fundamental theorem of algebra), that if the degree of a real polynomial is odd, it must have at least one real root. That fact can also be proven by using the intermediate value theorem.
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Here, the kets and columns are identified with the vectors of , and the bras and rows with the linear functionals (covectors) of the dual space , with conjugacy associated with duality. This reverse order is now occasionally followed in the more abstract literature, taking to be conjugate linear in rather than . A few instead find a middle ground by recognizing both and as distinct notations—differing only in which argument is conjugate linear. There are various technical reasons why it is necessary to restrict the base field to and in the definition.
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The future system is formed with the suffixation of sya or iṣya and guṇa. Verbs then conjugate as though they were thematic verbs in the present system. The imperfect of the future system is used as a conditional.
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The best known Krylov subspace methods are the Arnoldi, Lanczos, Conjugate gradient, IDR(s) (Induced dimension reduction), GMRES (generalized minimum residual), BiCGSTAB (biconjugate gradient stabilized), QMR (quasi minimal residual), TFQMR (transpose-free QMR), and MINRES (minimal residual) methods.
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The negative charge in these structures is stored as an alkoxide anion. Such a nucleophilic addition is called a nucleophilic conjugate addition or 1,4-nucleophilic addition. The most important active alkenes are the aforementioned conjugated carbonyls and acrylonitriles.
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1973, 47, 417. Alternative methods to produce nitrile anions include conjugate addition to α,β-unsaturated nitriles,Barrett, G.; Grattan, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 4237. reductionT. Saegusa, Y. Ito, H. Kinoshita, and S. Tomita, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.
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Hayashi, T.; Konishi, M.; Kumada, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 4963. (8)File:SiAddScope2.png Conjugate addition reactions of allylsilanes are possible, although unsaturated aldehydes undergo only 1,2 addition.Majetich, G.; Behnke, M.; Hull, K. J. Org. Chem.
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All verbs conjugate in the same fashion (without a thematic vowel, simply by adding the personal endings directly to the stem), nevertheless, Bulgarian grammar books divide them into two classes, depending on the final vowel of the stem.
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A few highly irregular verbs require 11 principal parts to conjugate them fully. It includes all of the seven principal parts as well as a subjunctive form and different present participle forms, imperative forms and present-participle forms.
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Imidazolate (C3H3N) is the conjugate base of imidazole. It is a nucleophile and a strong base. The free anion has C2v symmetry. Imidazole has a pKa of 14.05, so the deprotonation of imidazole (C3H3N2H) requires a strong base.
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Not like the grafting from and grafting to approach which can conjugate several polymers onto one protein core, the grafting through approach enables several proteins to connect to one polymer chain due to the multivalent nature of protein.
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Verbs in Cebuano conjugate according to several factors: to divulge/agree with the argumentative role that the noun marked by the absolutive/direct case has; the voice; the form; the mood; and the aspect/tense of the sentence.
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The definition for Hamiltonian matrices can be extended to complex matrices in two ways. One possibility is to say that a matrix is Hamiltonian if , as above. Another possibility is to use the condition where denotes the conjugate transpose..
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UDP-glucuronate is used to conjugate bilirubin to a more water-soluble bilirubin diglucuronide. UTP is also used to activate amino sugars like Glucosamine-1-phosphate to UDP- glucosamine, and N-acetyl-glucosamine-1-phosphate to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.
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Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium is the chemical compound with the formula Al(C9H6NO)3. Widely abbreviated Alq3, it is a coordination complex wherein aluminium is bonded in a bidentate manner to the conjugate base of three 8-hydroxyquinoline ligands.
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Suitably soluble Michael acceptors are toxic, because they alkylate DNA by conjugate addition. Such modification induces mutations, which are cytotoxic and carcinogenic. However, glutathione is also able to react with them and for example dimethyl fumarate reacts with it.
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Chlorite (ClO2−), a halite A halite, also known as a halogenite, is an oxyanion containing a halogen in a III oxidation state. It is the conjugate base of a halous acid. The known halites are chlorite, bromite, and iodite.
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A phosphite anion or phosphite in inorganic chemistry usually refers to [HPO3]2− but includes [H2PO3]− ([HPO2(OH)]−). These anions are the conjugate bases of phosphorous acid (H3PO3). The corresponding salts, e.g. sodium phosphite (Na2HPO3) are reducing in character.
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Structure of thiosulfonate ester. Thiosulfonates are organosulfur compounds with the formula RSO2SR'. Thiosulfonate esters are produced by oxidation of disulfides or by the reaction or organosulfonyl halides with thiolates. Alkali metal thiosulfonates are the conjugate base of thiosulfuric acid.
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Thiocyanate (also known as rhodanide) is the anion [SCN]−. It is the conjugate base of thiocyanic acid. Common derivatives include the colourless salts potassium thiocyanate and sodium thiocyanate. Organic compounds containing the functional group SCN are also called thiocyanates.
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This is done by one application of the interior correction as above. Then the forces inside the subdomains stay zero during the conjugate gradients iterations, and so the first interior correction in each application of BDDC can be omitted.
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Cr:YAG has been demonstrated in an application of non-linear optics as a self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror in a Nd:YAG "loop resonator". Such a mirror provides compensation of both phase and polarization aberrations induced into the loop resonator.
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These vaccines are generally safe. With the conjugate vaccine about 10% of babies develop redness at the site of injection, fever, or change in sleep. Severe allergies are very rare. The first pneumococcal vaccine was developed in the 1980s.
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About 1818 Danish scholar Ferdinand Degen displayed the Degen's eight-square identity, which was later connected with norms of elements of the octonion algebra: :Historically, the first non- associative algebra, the Cayley numbers ... arose in the context of the number-theoretic problem of quadratic forms permitting composition…this number-theoretic question can be transformed into one concerning certain algebraic systems, the composition algebras... In 1919 Leonard Dickson advanced the study of the Hurwitz problem with a survey of efforts to that date, and by exhibiting the method of doubling the quaternions to obtain Cayley numbers. He introduced a new imaginary unit , and for quaternions and writes a Cayley number . Denoting the quaternion conjugate by , the product of two Cayley numbers is :(q + Qe)(r + Re) = (qr - R'Q) + (Rq + Q r')e . The conjugate of a Cayley number is , and the quadratic form is , obtained by multiplying the number by its conjugate.
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The concept of neutralization is thus absent. Brønsted–Lowry acid–base behavior is formally independent of any solvent, making it more all-encompassing than the Arrhenius model. The calculation of pH under the Arrhenius model depended on alkalis (bases) dissolving in water (aqueous solution). The Brønsted–Lowry model expanded what could be pH tested using insoluble and soluble solutions (gas, liquid, solid). The general formula for acid–base reactions according to the Brønsted–Lowry definition is: :HA + B → BH+ \+ A− where HA represents the acid, B represents the base, BH+ represents the conjugate acid of B, and A− represents the conjugate base of HA. For example, a Brønsted-Lowry model for the dissociation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in aqueous solution would be the following: :HCl + H2O H3O+ \+ Cl− The removal of H+ from the HCl produces the chloride ion, Cl−, the conjugate base of the acid.
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Prefixes, suffixes, and enclitics are used to conjugate verbs. There are four person categories in Yawuru: first person, second person, third person, and fourth person, which is made up by a first person inclusive (includes the speaker and the hearer).
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If there is no degeneracy they can only differ by a factor. In the time-dependent equation, complex conjugate waves move in opposite directions. If is one solution, then so is . The symmetry of complex conjugation is called time-reversal symmetry.
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Pyruvic acid (CH3C(O)CO2H) is the parent 2-ketoacid. Its conjugate base, pyruvate (CH3C(O)CO2−), is a component of the citric acid cycle and product of glucose metabolism (glycolysis). The corresponding aldehyde-acid is glyoxalic acid (HC(O)CO2H).
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Malonic acid and its esters are the parent members of this class of dicarbonyls. Also common are the 2-substituted derivatives with the formula RCH(CO2R)2, which arise by C-alkylation of the conjugate base (the enolate) NaCH(CO2R)2.
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Conjugate cyclorotations of the eye (that is, cyclorotations in the same direction) are called cycloversion. They mainly occur due to Listing's law, which, under normal circumstances, constrains the cyclorotation in dependence on the vertical and horizontal movements of the eye.
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The enzyme's action can be inhibited by the coenzyme A-conjugate of bempedoic acid, a compound which lowers LDL cholesterol in humans. The drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in February 2020 for use in the United States.
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Selenols have few commercial applications, being limited by the high toxicity of selenium as well as the sensitivity of the Se–H bond. Their conjugate bases, the selenolates, do have limited applications in organic synthesis. L-selenocysteine, a naturally occurring selenol.
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Busch-Vishniac, pp. 19–20 There are some commonly used analogies that do not use power conjugate pairs. For sensors, correctly modelling energy flows may not be so important. Sensors often extract only tiny amounts of energy into the system.
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An isovalerate or 3-methylbutanoate ion is (CH3)2CHCH2COO−, the conjugate base of the acid. It is the form found in biological systems at physiological pH. An isovalerate or 3-methylbutanoate compound is a salt or ester of the acid.
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A transfer function may have multiple zeroes at the same frequency. A transfer function may have any number of transmission zeroes at zero frequency and infinite frequency, but transmission zeroes at finite non- zero frequency always come in conjugate pairs.
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Hodgson, D. (n.d.). The Classification of Eye Movements. Retrieved from Conjugate eye movements are used to change the direction of gaze without changing the depth of gaze. This can be used to either follow a moving object, or change focus entirely.
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Peroxynitrous acid (HNO3) is a reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It is the conjugate acid of peroxynitrite (ONOO−). It has a pKa of approximately 6.8. It is formed in vivo from the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitrogen monoxide (ON•) and superoxide ().
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The Amazonian region has a variant similar to the Central Andean dialect, though there are little differences. For instance, the quijo population from the northern areas, use the 2nd pronoun tú but conjugate the following verb with the 3rd person, usted.
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Other verbs do not conjugate whatsoever, and the present and perfect tense is often the same, and context is used. This is shown in "Ee say he goo down-a poost arfice" for "he said he went to the post office".
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Cytochromes are conjugate proteins that contain a haem group. The iron atom from this group undergoes redox reactions: :Fe3+ + e- -> Fe2+ (Reduction) :Fe3+ + e- <\- Fe2+ (Oxidation) The light-dependent redox reaction takes place before the light-independent reaction in photosynthesis.
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Glycocholic acid, or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with glycine. Its anion is called glycocholate.
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Injectivity radius The injectivity radius at a point p of a Riemannian manifold is the largest radius for which the exponential map at p is a diffeomorphism. The injectivity radius of a Riemannian manifold is the infimum of the injectivity radii at all points. See also cut locus. For complete manifolds, if the injectivity radius at p is a finite number r, then either there is a geodesic of length 2r which starts and ends at p or there is a point q conjugate to p (see conjugate point above) and on the distance r from p.
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If it is the result of a reaction between a strong acid and a strong base, the result is a neutral salt. Weak acids reacted with weak bases can produce ionic compounds with both the conjugate base ion and conjugate acid ion, such as ammonium acetate. Some ions are classed as amphoteric, being able to react with either an acid or a base. This is also true of some compounds with ionic character, typically oxides or hydroxides of less- electropositive metals (so the compound also has significant covalent character), such as zinc oxide, aluminium hydroxide, aluminium oxide and lead(II) oxide.
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Unimolecular refers to the fact that the rate- determining step of this reaction only involves one molecular entity. Finally, conjugate base refers to the formation of the carbanion intermediate, which is the conjugate base of the starting material. E1cB should be thought of as being on one end of a continuum, which includes the E1 mechanism at the opposite end and the E2 mechanism in the middle. The E1 mechanism usually has the opposite characteristics: the leaving group is a good one (like -OTs or -Br), while the hydrogen is not particularly acidic and a strong base is absent.
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Aramchol is an investigational drug being developed by Galmed Pharmaceuticals as a first-in-class, potentially disease modifying treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH, a more advanced condition of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aramchol, a conjugate of cholic acid and arachidic acid, is a member of a synthetic fatty-acid/bile-acid conjugate (FABAC). FABACs are composed of endogenous compounds, orally administrated with potentially good safety and tolerability parameters. Aramchol affects liver fat metabolism and has been shown in a Phase IIa clinical study to significantly reduce liver fat content as well as improve metabolic parameters associated with fatty liver disease.
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In the Arrhenius theory, acids are defined as substances that dissociate in aqueous solution to give H+ (hydrogen ions), while bases are defined as substances that dissociate in aqueous solution to give OH− (hydroxide ions). In 1923 physical chemists Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Thomas Martin Lowry in England both independently proposed the theory that carries their names. In the Brønsted–Lowry theory acids and bases are defined by the way they react with each other, which allows for greater generality. The definition is expressed in terms of an equilibrium expression : acid + base ⇌ conjugate base + conjugate acid.
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The adjoint allows us to consider whether is equal to . In particular, this allows the orthogonal group over a vector space with a quadratic form to be defined without reference to matrices (nor the components thereof) as the set of all linear maps for which the adjoint equals the inverse. Over a complex vector space, one often works with sesquilinear forms (conjugate-linear in one argument) instead of bilinear forms. The Hermitian adjoint of a map between such spaces is defined similarly, and the matrix of the Hermitian adjoint is given by the conjugate transpose matrix if the bases are orthonormal.
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The imidazol-2-ylidenes are strong bases, having a pKa of ca. 24 for the conjugate acid in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): Measurement of the pKa value for the conjugate acid of an imidazol-2-ylidene However, further work showed that diaminocarbenes will deprotonate the DMSO solvent, with the resulting anion reacting with the resulting amidinium salt. Using D6-DMSO as an NMR solvent can have unexpected results. Reaction of imidazol-2-ylidenes with 1-bromohexane gave 90% of the 2-substituted adduct, with only 10% of the corresponding alkene, indicating that these molecules are also reasonably nucleophilic.
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Herbert shows that for pairs of conjugate variables, such as position and momentum, these bandwidths are linked such that their product has a finite lower bound, thereby illustrating the basis of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle: any single property can be measured to arbitrary precision, but conjugate properties cannot simultaneously be known to arbitrary precision. Herbert identifies two philosophical problems presented by quantum theory—the interpretation question, concerning the physical nature of the reality underlying observation; and the measurement problem, concerning the apparently special role of the measurement act in quantum theory, and various approaches to formally defining the measurement act.
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All three protons can be successively lost to yield H2PO, then HPO, and finally PO, the orthophosphate ion, usually just called phosphate. Even though the positions of the three protons on the original phosphoric acid molecule are equivalent, the successive Ka values differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose a proton if the conjugate base is more negatively charged. An organic example of a triprotic acid is citric acid, which can successively lose three protons to finally form the citrate ion. Although the subsequent loss of each hydrogen ion is less favorable, all of the conjugate bases are present in solution.
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When using a conjugate prior, the posterior distribution will be from the same family, but will have different hyperparameters, which reflect the added information from the data: in subjective terms, one's beliefs have been updated. For a general prior distribution, this is computationally very involved, and the posterior may have an unusual or hard to describe form, but with a conjugate prior, there is generally a simple formula relating the values of the hyperparameters of the posterior to the values of the hyperparameters of the prior, and thus the computation of the posterior distribution is very easy.
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Orthogonal diameters of a circle with a square of tangents, midpoints of parallel chords and an affine image, which is an ellipse with conjugate diameters, a parallelogram of tangents and midpoints of chords. A circle has the following property: : The midpoints of parallel chords lie on a diameter. An affine transformation preserves parallelism and midpoints of line segments, so this property is true for any ellipse. (Note that the parallel chords and the diameter are no longer orthogonal.) ; Definition: Two diameters d_1,\, d_2 of an ellipse are conjugate if the midpoints of chords parallel to d_1 lie on d_2\ .
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In physics, where representations are often viewed concretely in terms of matrices, a real representation is one in which the entries of the matrices representing the group elements are real numbers. These matrices can act either on real or complex column vectors. A real representation on a complex vector space is isomorphic to its complex conjugate representation, but the converse is not true: a representation which is isomorphic to its complex conjugate but which is not real is called a pseudoreal representation. An irreducible pseudoreal representation V is necessarily a quaternionic representation: it admits an invariant quaternionic structure, i.e.
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Thymidine monophosphate (TMP), also known as thymidylic acid (conjugate base thymidylate), deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), or deoxythymidylic acid (conjugate base deoxythymidylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in DNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine. dTMP consists of a phosphate group, the pentose sugar deoxyribose, and the nucleobase thymine. Unlike the other deoxyribonucleotides, thymidine monophosphate often does not contain the "deoxy" prefix in its name; nevertheless, its symbol often includes a "d" ("dTMP"). Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary provides an explanation of the nomenclature variation at its entry for thymidine.
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Ovandrotone albumin (, ) (brand names Fecundin, Ovastim), also known as polyandroalbumin, as well as ovandrotone:human serum albumin conjugate, is an immunogen and vaccine against androstenedione that is used in veterinary medicine to increase the ovulation rate and number of lambs born to ewes.International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for biological and biotechnological substances It is a conjugate of ovandrotone (androstenedione-7α-carboxyethylthioether) and human serum albumin. The drug was developed by 1981 and was introduced in Australia and New Zealand in 1983. Ovandrotone albumin produces transient immunity against androstenedione, and the generation of antibodies against androstenedione presumably decreases circulating levels of androstenedione.
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The Fishbowl tests were monitored by a large number of surface and aircraft-based stations in the wide area around the planned detonations and also in the region in the southern hemisphere in the Samoan Islands region, which was known in these tests as the southern conjugate region. Johnston Island is in the northern hemisphere, as were all of the planned Operation Fishbowl nuclear detonation locations. It was known from previous high altitude tests, as well as from theoretical work done in the late 1950s, that high-altitude nuclear tests produce a number of unique geophysical phenomena at the opposite end of the magnetic field line of the Earth's magnetic field. Explanation of magnetic conjugate regions The red burst southwest of Johnston Island indicates the typical detonation point for the Operation Fishbowl tests, and the blue round spot southeast of Fiji indicates the southern magnetic conjugate region where additional auroras were expected and were actually observed.
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Specifically, when a glucose molecule is to be detected at a certain position in a larger molecule, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography analysis or lectin immunostaining is performed with concanavalin A reporter enzyme conjugate (that binds only glucose or mannose).
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Danh, N. C.; Arnaud, C.; Huet, J. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1974, 1071. On the other hand, use of the bulky reagent LTBA leads to a high yield of the conjugate addition product (Eq. ()).Durand, J.; Anh, N. T.; Huet, J. Tetrahedron Lett.
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Oxalic acid and its esters define this family of compounds. The diacid is produced industrially by oxidation waste sugars. It occurs naturally (as the conjugate base), notably in members of the plant species Oxalis. Condensation of the diesters with diamines gives cyclic diamides.
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CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2007. or the Standard Solid Model (eq. 7.20-7.21) in (section 7.1.3). Once the parameters of the creep model are known, produce relaxation pseudo-data with the conjugate relaxation model for the same times of the original data.
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But unlike SO(4), in SO(6) and all higher even-dimensional rotation groups any pair of isoclinic rotations through the same angle is conjugate. The sets of all isoclinic rotations are not even subgroups of SO(2), let alone normal subgroups.
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These findings indicate that uniform pure shear is not in effect in the PRMB. While some have suggested that the PRMB is on the upper plate in a simple shear model, findings in the conjugate margin, the Dangerous Grounds, also dispute this model.
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Let Γ and Δ be discrete subgroups of the isometry group of hyperbolic n-space H, where n ≥ 3, whose quotients H/Γ and H/Δ have finite volume. If Γ and Δ are isomorphic as discrete groups then they are conjugate.
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With Na2O it gives Na4SeO5, containing the square pyramidal SeVIO54−, with Se−O bond lengths ranging from range 1.729 → 1.815 pm, and Na12(SeO4)3(SeO6), containing octahedral SeVIO66−. SeVIO66− is the conjugate base of the unknown orthoselenic acid (Se(OH)6).
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In geometry, Hesse's theorem, named for Otto Hesse, states that if two pairs of opposite vertices of a quadrilateral are conjugate with respect to some conic, then so is the third pair. A quadrilateral with this property is called a Hesse quadrilateral.
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The same is true more generally in the calculus of variations: if a family of extremals to a functional through a given point P has an envelope, then a point where an extremal intersects the envelope is a conjugate point to P.
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Viewed as conjugate harmonic functions, the Cauchy–Riemann equations are a simple example of a Bäcklund transform. More complicated, generally non-linear Bäcklund transforms, such as in the sine-Gordon equation, are of great interest in the theory of solitons and integrable systems.
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O'Leary was born November 20, 1951, in Chicago. She majored in mathematics at Purdue University, graduating in 1972, and completed her Ph.D. in computer science at Stanford University in 1976. Her dissertation, Hybrid Conjugate Gradient Algorithms, was supervised by Gene H. Golub.
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Industrially, cyclohexenone is prepared from phenol by Birch reduction.Organic Building Blocks of the Chemical Industry, Harry H. Szmant, Cyclohexenone is a ketone, or more precisely an enone. Common reactions include nucleophilic conjugate addition with organocopper reagents, Michael reactions and Robinson annulations.Tetrahedron Lett.
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442, section 4.3.1 Hypobromous acid, hypoiodous acid, and their conjugate bases (hypobromite and hypoiodite) are also unstable, undergoing disproportionation reactions like :3BrO−(aq) → 2Br−(aq) + (aq) and :3HIO → 2HI + HIO3 that result in the corresponding hydrogen halides/halide ions and halic acids/halates.
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Magnus Rudolph Hestenes (February 13, 1906 – May 31, 1991) was an American mathematician best known for his contributions to calculus of variations and optimal control. As a pioneer in computer science, he devised the conjugate gradient method, published jointly with Eduard Stiefel.
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Hydrogel scaffolds are created by cross-linking hydrophilic polymers through various reaction such as free radical polymerization or conjugate addition reaction. Hydrogels are beneficial because they have a high water content, which allows the ease of nutrients and small materials to pass through.
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The Thomson cubic (black curve) contains the point X whose isogonal conjugate (X) is on the line X(2)-X. In geometry, the Thomson cubic of a triangle is the locus of centers of circumconics whose normals at the vertices are concurrent.
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Therefore, the absolute value of z, the argument of z, the real part of z and the imaginary part of z are not holomorphic. Another typical example of a continuous function which is not holomorphic is the complex conjugate formed by complex conjugation.
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Co. ; New York, 1978, . The state variables may be measurable, e.g., crack density, or inferred from the effect they have on some macroscopic property, such as stiffness, coefficient of thermal expansion, remaining life, etc. The state variables have conjugate thermodynamic forces that motivate further damage.
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A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the Cannabis plant. It is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a diterpenoid, a polyketide, a member of resorcinols and a phytocannabinoid. It derives from an olivetolic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a cannabigerolate.
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An equation for the circumcircle in trilinear coordinates x : y : z is . An equation for the circumcircle in barycentric coordinates x : y : z is . The isogonal conjugate of the circumcircle is the line at infinity, given in trilinear coordinates by and in barycentric coordinates by .
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He is well remembered by the Jerabek hyperbola, the locus of the isogonal conjugate of a point that traverses the Euler line of a triangle. He was honorary member of the Union of Czech mathematicians and member of the scientific societies of Moravia and Bohemia.
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But mapping of gravitational anomalies shows a definite lineament, some 700 km (about 400 miles) long, called the Klamath- Blue Mountain Lineament (KBML).. This lineament is of interest here because of the possibility it was formerly conjugate with OWL, discussed in the next section.
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2,2'-Dipyridylamine is an organic compound with the formula (C5H4N)2NH. It consists of a pair of 2-pyridyl groups (C5H4N) linked to a secondary amine. The compound forms a range of coordination complexes. Its conjugate base, 2,2'-dipyridylamide, forms extended metal atom chains.
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Diastereoselective conjugate addition reactions of chiral organocuprates provide β-functionalized ketones in high yield and diastereoselectivity. A disadvantage of these reactions is the requirement of a full equivalent of enantiopure starting material.Malmberg, H.; Nilsson, M.; Ullenius, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23, 3823. (3)File:CopperStereo1.
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S.G. Krein, Ju.I. Petunin, E.M. Semenov, Interpolation of linear operators, Providence, R.I. : American Mathematical Society, 1982. vii, 375 p., He solved Banach's problem of norming subspaces in conjugate Banach spaces as well as a problem posted by Calderón and Lions concerning interpolation in factor spaces.
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Other weak acids serve as buffers with their conjugate bases to keep the body's pH from undergoing large scale changes which would be harmful to cells. The rest of the dicarboxylic acids also participate in the synthesis of various biologically important compounds in human bodies.
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School nurses monitor each pupil for this compliance. Nurses also monitor each child's weight. Beginning with the 2017-18 school year, high school students are mandated to receive a dose of MCV meningococcal conjugate vaccine for 12th grade entry. Nurses also monitor each child's weight.
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Most typical deliver of drugs is through the mouth, skin, transmucosal and inhalation. Drug polymer conjugate follow these to some degree, but they are usually administered via injection. Many enzymes in the body decompose the drug if the drug is taken by other means.
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Progesterone conjugate - Levolta Pharmaceuticals. springer.com Some 19-nortestosterone progestins, including the marketed progestins norgestimate and norelgestromin and the non-marketed progestin norethisterone acetate oxime, are C3 oximes, although they have potent progestogenic activity of their own and are not necessarily prodrugs of the corresponding ketones.
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Lead(IV) hydroxide, Pb(OH)4, also called ortho-plumbic acid, is the notional conjugate acid of the ortho-plumbate(IV) ion, PbO44−, found in compounds such as calcium orthoplumbate, Ca2PbO4. Like its tin analog Sn(OH)4, Pb(OH)4 has not been isolated.
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PIT is a promising highly selective and clinically feasible therapeutic method for treatment of mAb-binding tumors with minimal off-target effects. For future directions, researchers are trying to conjugate a variety of other monoclonal antibodies to phthalocyanine, creating a highly flexible therapeutic platform.
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In this environment, cysteines are, in general, oxidized to cystine and are no longer functional as a nucleophiles. Aside from its oxidation to cystine, cysteine participates in numerous post-translational modifications. The nucleophilic sulfhydryl group allows cysteine to conjugate to other groups, e.g., in prenylation.
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1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate is the conjugate base of 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. It is phosphorylated at the number 1 and 3 carbons. The result of this phosphorylation gives 1,3BPG important biological properties such as the ability to phosphorylate ADP to form the energy storage molecule ATP.
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If the set Q has two quasigroup operations, ∗ and ·, and one of them is isotopic to a conjugate of the other, the operations are said to be isostrophic to each other. There are also many other names for this relation of "isostrophe", e.g., paratopy.
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Both iterative and direct methods exist for sparse matrix solving. Iterative methods, such as conjugate gradient method and GMRES utilize fast computations of matrix-vector products Ax_i, where matrix A is sparse. The use of preconditioners can significantly accelerate convergence of such iterative methods.
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The Majorana is similar to the Dirac equation in the sense that it involves four-component spinors, gamma matrices, and mass terms, but includes the charge conjugate \psi_c of a spinor \psi. In contrast, the Weyl equation is for two-component spinor without mass.
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If the trilinears for P are p : q : r, then the trilinears for the isotomic conjugate of P are :a−2p−1 : b−2q−1 : c−2r−1, where a, b and c are the side lengths opposite vertices A, B, and C respectively.
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It follows that, for truncated Newton methods to work, the inner solver needs to produce a good approximation in a finite number of iterations; conjugate gradient has been suggested and evaluated as a candidate inner loop. Another prerequisite is good preconditioning for the inner algorithm.
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Prevnar is also the most successful commercial vaccine of all time with sales exceeding four billion dollars per year. Siber also developed Cytogam, the first Cytomegalovirus immune Globulin, BabyBIG, the first infant botulism immune globulin, the Haemophilus influenzae conjugate vaccine in Quinvaxim licensed to Berna, Acellimune, an Acellular pertussis combination vaccine, Meningitex, the first Meningoccus C conjugate vaccine, Rotashield, the first Rotavirus diarrhea vaccine, and FluMist, the first Live attenuated influenza vaccine. Siber became a diplomate with the National Board of Medical Examiners in 1971, a diplomate with the American Board of Internal Medicine in 1973, and a diplomate in infectious diseases for the American Board of Internal Medicine.
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The relative movement of gears with conjugate tooth profiles is defined by the distance from the center of each gear to the point at which the profile normal intersects the line of centers. This is known as the radius of the pitch circle for each gear. The calculation of the speed ratios for a gear train with conjugate gear teeth becomes a calculation using the ratios of the radii of the pitch circles that make up the gear train. Gear train design uses the desired speed ratio for a system of gears to select the number of gears, their configuration, and the size of their pitch circles.
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The tetrahedral structure of P4O10 and P4S10. The most prevalent compounds of phosphorus are derivatives of phosphate (PO43−), a tetrahedral anion.D. E. C. Corbridge "Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam 1995. . Phosphate is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid, which is produced on a massive scale for use in fertilisers. Being triprotic, phosphoric acid converts stepwise to three conjugate bases: :H3PO4 \+ H2O H3O+ \+ H2PO4− Ka1= 7.25×10−3 :H2PO4− \+ H2O H3O+ \+ HPO42− Ka2= 6.31×10−8 :HPO42− \+ H2O H3O+ \+ PO43− Ka3= 3.98×10−13 Phosphate exhibits a tendency to form chains and rings containing P-O-P bonds.
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Microscopic changes in the polymer structure are manifested as precipitate formation, which may be used to aid separation of trapped proteins from solution. These systems work when a protein or other molecule that is to be separated from a mix, forms a bioconjugate with the polymer, and precipitates with the polymer when its environment undergoes a change. The precipitate is removed from the media, thus separating the desired component of the conjugate from the rest of the mixture. Removal of this component from the conjugate depends on recovery of the polymer and a return to its original state, thus hydrogels are very useful for such processes.
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The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one mole of a strong acid HA dissolves in water yielding one mole of H+ and one mole of the conjugate base, A−, and none of the protonated acid HA. In contrast, a weak acid only partially dissociates and at equilibrium both the acid and the conjugate base are in solution. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydroiodic acid (HI), hydrobromic acid (HBr), perchloric acid (HClO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%.
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Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism describes a variety of reactions involving glyoxylate or dicarboxylates. Glyoxylate is the conjugate base of glyoxylic acid, and within a buffered environment of known pH such as the cell cytoplasm these terms can be used almost interchangeably, as the gain or loss of a hydrogen ion is all that distinguishes them, and this can occur in the aqueous environment at any time. Likewise dicarboxylates are the conjugate bases of dicarboxylic acids, a general class of organic compounds containing two carboxylic acid groups, such as oxalic acid or succinic acid. A compact graphical description of major biochemical reactions involved can be found at KEGG at KEGG.
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The bicarbonate ion (hydrogencarbonate ion) is an anion with the empirical formula and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens. It is isoelectronic with nitric acid . The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is an amphiprotic species which has both acidic and basic properties. It is both the conjugate base of carbonic acid ; and the conjugate acid of , the carbonate ion, as shown by these equilibrium reactions: : + 2 H2O + H2O + OH− H2CO3 \+ 2 OH− :H2CO3 \+ 2 H2O + H3O+ \+ H2O + 2 H3O+.
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In 2012, Healthy Egyptians also succeeded in raising funds to provide children from low socio-economic classes in Egypt with 30,000 doses of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, with a net value of EGP 11,500,000 (around $2,000,000, using 2012 exchange rates). The vaccines were provided free of charge to university and government hospitals all around the country. In 2014, the Egyptian Ministry of Health introduced the Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) vaccine in the National Immunisation Program, an important milestone in the fight against preventable diseases. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, the rotavirus vaccine and the Hepatitis A vaccine are yet to be introduced to the National Immunisation Program.
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Another use of AB5 toxins is using members of the LT family as adjuvants. This allows the toxin to promote immunological responses such as IgG2a, IgA, and Th17 to fight for instance gastric Helicobacter pylori infection when a vaccine is given. In addition to some of these AB5 toxins being used to create vaccines to prevent bacterial infection, they are also being researched to work as a conjugate to prevent viral infections. For example, systemic immunization along with co-administered intra-nasal delivery of virus-cholera toxin conjugate vaccine induced a virus- specific antibody response and showed some degree of protection to the upper respiratory tract from Sendai virus.
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The acidity of was found to vastly exceed that of triflic acid, , and bistriflimide, , compounds previously regarded as the strongest isolable acids. Their high acidities stem from the extensive delocalization of their conjugate bases, carboranate anions (CXB11Y5Z6–), which are usually further stabilized by electronegative groups like Cl, F, and CF3. Due to the lack of oxidizing properties and the exceptionally low nucleophilicity and high stability of their conjugate bases, they are the only superacids known to protonate C60 fullerene without decomposing it. Additionally, they form stable, isolable salts with protonated benzene, C6H7+, the parent compound of the Wheland intermediates encountered in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
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Heating reduces the density of the lithosphere and elevates the lower crust and lithosphere. In addition, mantle plumes may heat the lithosphere and cause prodigious igneous activity. Once a mid-oceanic ridge forms and seafloor spreading begins, the original site of rifting is separated into conjugate passive margins (for example, the eastern US and NW African margins were parts of the same rift in early Mesozoic time and are now conjugate margins) and migrates away from the zone of mantle upwelling and heating and cooling begins. The mantle lithosphere below the thinned and faulted continental oceanic transition cools, thickens, increases in density and thus begins to subside.
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The stability of the leaving group as an anion and the strength of its bond to the carbon atom both affect the rate of reaction. The more stable the conjugate base of the leaving group is, the more likely that it will take the two electrons of its bond to carbon during the reaction. Therefore, the weaker the leaving group is as a conjugate base, and thus the stronger its corresponding acid, the better the leaving group. Examples of good leaving groups are therefore the halides (except fluoride, due to its strong bond to the carbon atom) and tosylate, whereas HO− and H2N− are not.
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Prior to secreting any of the bile acids (primary or secondary, see below), liver cells conjugate them with either glycine or taurine, to form a total of 8 possible conjugated bile acids. These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts. The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water. Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4.
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W and Y, X and Z are conjugate pairs A hybrid coil (or bridge transformer, or sometimes hybrid) is a transformer that has three windings, and which is designed to be configured as a circuit having four ports that are conjugate in pairs. A signal arriving at one port is divided equally between the two adjacent ports but does not appear at the opposite port. In the schematic diagram, the signal into W splits between X and Z, and no signal passes to Y. Similarly, signals into X split to W and Y with none to Z, etc. Correct operation requires matched characteristic impedance at all four ports.
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Red litmus contains a weak diprotic acid. When it is exposed to a basic compound, the hydrogen ions react with the added base. The conjugate base formed from the litmus acid has a blue color, so the wet red litmus paper turns blue in alkaline solution.
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Though prepositions are also sometimes employed, the language is foremost inflectional. Prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes are all used. Verbs conjugate in infinitive, past, present, future, two imperatives and (archaic) participle; they also agree with person, number and polarity. Nouns divide into two classes, inanimate and animate.
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Also, fibers to the paramedian pontine reticular formation mediates the movements with the oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerves through the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). The MLF coordinates the interaction between the oculomotor (III) and the abducens (VI) nuclei, which create bilateral conjugate horizontal eye movements.
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Alkylbenzene sulfonates are detergents found in shampoos, toothpaste laundry detergent, dishwashing liquid, etc. Anions with the general formula RSO3− are called sulfonates. They are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids with formula RSO2OH. As sulfonic acids tend to be strong acids, the corresponding sulfonates are weak bases.
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PhSeH is acidic with a pKa of 5.9. Thus at neutral pH, it is mostly ionized: : PhSeH -> PhSe- \+ H+ It is approximately seven times more acidic than the related thiophenol. Both compounds dissolve in water upon the addition of base. The conjugate base PhSe−, a potent nucleophile.
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Tetramethylguanidine is an organic compound with the formula HNC(N(CH)). This colourless liquid is a strong base, as judged by the high pK of it conjugate acid. It was originally prepared from tetramethylthiourea via S-methylation and amination, but alternative methods start from cyanogen iodide.
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Squalamine is a steroid-polyamine conjugate compound with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and anti-angiogenic activity. It was studied as a potential cancer drug and as a potential treatment for wet macular degeneration but as of 2018 had not succeeded in Phase III trials for any use.
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The 111In-pentetreotide radiopharmaceutical is prepared from a kit in a radiopharmacy. Pentetreotide is a DTPA conjugate of octreotide. Approximately 200 megabecquerels of Indium-111 is injected intravenously. Imaging takes place 24 hours after injection, but may also be carried out at 4 and 48 hours.
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This space Ar consists of all complex continuous functions on the unit circle T whose conjugate function is also continuous. The Franklin system is another Schauder basis for C([0, 1]), and it is a Schauder basis in Lp([0, 1]) when .see p. 164, III.
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Over 1% is excreted in urine as carnitine conjugate of 3,3-dimethylbutyric acid. Other minor metabolites form. Methanol of neotame metabolism is insignificant at regulated levels used in foods and in comparison to methanol naturally found in foods. Nitrosation of neotame to nitroso compounds is hypothetical.
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The highest risk was when individuals "received a dose of Soliris within 2 weeks after being vaccinated with Bexsero".Health Canada 16 September 2016 Despite initial concerns about Guillain-Barré syndrome, subsequent studies in 2012 have shown no increased risk of GBS after meningococcal conjugate vaccination.
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Sodium phenoxide (sodium phenolate) is an organic compound with the formula NaOC6H5. It is a white crystalline solid. Its anion, phenoxide, also known as phenolate, is the conjugate base of phenol. It is used as a precursor to many other organic compounds, such as aryl ethers.
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In mathematics, an antifundamental representation of a Lie group is the complex conjugate of the fundamental representation,. although the distinction between the fundamental and the antifundamental representation is a matter of convention. However, these two are often non-equivalent, because each of them is a complex representation.
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Any matrix in this conjugacy class has trace 0. A permutation matrix of shape 2818 can be shown to be conjugate to an octad; it has trace 8. This and its negative (trace −8) have a common centralizer of the form , a subgroup maximal in Co0.
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Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines against the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Their use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines: conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. They are given by injection either into a muscle or just under the skin.
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ATG12 is conjugated to ATG5 in a ubiquitin-like reaction that requires ATG7 and ATG10. The Atg12–Atg5 conjugate then interacts non-covalently with ATG16 to form a large complex. LC3/ATG8 is cleaved at its C terminus by ATG4 protease to generate the cytosolic LC3-I.
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It also forms the square planar complexes Ni(OEP) and Cu(OEP). Saturated solution of H2OEP in dichloromethane. Unlike naturally occurring porphyrins, the conjugate base of H2OEP has four-fold symmetry, which simplifies spectroscopic analysis. In contrast to tetraphenylporphyrin and related analogues, H2OEP features unprotected meso positions.
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Supported functions include conjugate, real/imaginary component, absolute value. Other new functions include integral calculation (Simpson's Rule, max 99 intervals), random number generators (0-1 real, integer). Stacks were increased to 23 pending operations, 8 pending values. Cosmetic changes include a D-pad and a restyled case.
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Collateral damage to other structures will usually dominate the clinical picture. The fourth nerve is one of the final common pathways for cortical systems that control eye movement in general. Cortical control of eye movement (saccades, smooth pursuit, accommodation) involves conjugate gaze, not unilateral eye movement.
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Another approach to the harmonic conjugate is through the concept of a complete quadrangle such as KLMN in the above diagram. Based on four points, the complete quadrangle has pairs of opposite sides and diagonals. In the expression of harmonic conjugates by H. S. M. Coxeter, the diagonals are considered a pair of opposite sides: :D is the harmonic conjugate of C with respect to A and B, which means that there is a quadrangle IJKL such that one pair of opposite sides intersect at A, and a second pair at B, while the third pair meet AB at C and D.H. S. M. Coxeter (1942) Non-Euclidean Geometry, page 29, University of Toronto Press It was Karl von Staudt that first used the harmonic conjugate as the basis for projective geometry independent of metric considerations: :...Staudt succeeded in freeing projective geometry from elementary geometry. In his Geometrie der Lage Staudt introduced a harmonic quadruple of elements independently of the concept of the cross ratio following a purely projective route, using a complete quadrangle or quadrilateral.
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For example, in Gambia, provision of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine costs $670 per DALY saved. This number can then be compared to other treatments for other diseases, to determine whether investing resources in preventing or treating a different disease would be more efficient in terms of overall health.
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With a pKa near 2.5, this acid is almost 100x more acidic than benzoic acid.Matthys J. Janssen "Carboxylic Acids and Esters" in PATAI's Chemistry of Functional Groups: Carboxylic Acids and Esters, Saul Patai, Ed. John Wiley, 1969, New York: pp. 705–764. The conjugate base is thiobenzoate, C6H5COS−.
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Cantuzumab ravtansine (huC242-SPDB-DM4) is an antibody-drug conjugate designed for the treatment of cancers. The humanized monoclonal antibody cantuzumab (huC242) is linked to a cytotoxic agent, ravtansine (DM4). It uses a more hindered disulfide linkage than cantuzumab mertansine.Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Immunotoxins: From Pre-Clinical Development to ...
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This basic rack is the profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius (i.e. a toothed straight edge). A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter.
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In the latter case, a "time-reversed" wave is generated by the PCM with temporal encoding of the phase-conjugate wave (see, e.g., SciAm, Oct. 1990, "The Photorefractive Effect," David M. Pepper, et al.). Inexpensive corner-aiming retroreflectors are used in user-controlled technology as optical datalink devices.
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The fundamental theorem of algebra states that every polynomial of degree n has n complex roots, counted with their multiplicities. The non-real roots of polynomials with real coefficients come in conjugate pairs. Vieta's formulas relate the coefficients of a polynomial to sums and products of its roots.
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Estradiol disulfate (E2DS), or estradiol 3,17β-disulfate, is an endogenous estrogen conjugate and metabolite of estradiol. It is related to estradiol 3-sulfate and estradiol 17β-sulfate. Estradiol disulfate has 0.0004% of the relative binding affinity of estradiol for the ERα, one of the two estrogen receptors (ERs).
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Aconitic acid is an organic acid. The two isomers are cis-aconitic acid and trans-aconitic acid. The conjugate base of cis-aconitic acid, cis-aconitate is an intermediate in the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate in the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by the enzyme aconitase.
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A space-filling model of the sulfite anion. Sulfites or sulphites are compounds that contain the sulfite ion (or the sulfate(IV) ion, from its correct systematic name), . The sulfite ion is the conjugate base of bisulfite. Although its acid (sulfurous acid) is elusive, its salts are widely used.
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Morpholine is an organic chemical compound having the chemical formula O(CH2CH2)2NH. This heterocycle features both amine and ether functional groups. Because of the amine, morpholine is a base; its conjugate acid is called morpholinium. For example, treating morpholine with hydrochloric acid makes the salt morpholinium chloride.
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Watercolor is a conjugate usage of water and colors. It is a special method with transparent colors in which one layer being covered by another layer to create extraordinary visual effects. Watercolor pencils may be used either wet or dry. It is often used in fresh and bright paintings.
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Acetaminophen is metabolized in the liver via glucuronide conjugation, sulfate conjugation or oxidation. The CYP450 dependent (CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4) oxidation pathway produces a reactive metabolite that conjugates with glutathione. The glutathione conjugate is then metabolized to cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates. Hydrocodone is mainly excreted in the urine.
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The pKa of (3-ClC6H4)Si(CH3)2OH is 11. Because of their greater acidity, silanols can be fully deprotonated in aqueous solution, especially the arylsilanols. The conjugate base is called a siloxide or a silanolate. Despite the disparity in acidity, the basicities of alkoxides and siloxides are similar.
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Eribulin was approved in the US in Nov 2010. A targeted therapy drug, Kadcyla, was approved in February 2013. This antibody-drug conjugate targets only cancerous cells. It works by only releasing its toxic payload when triggered by a protein found in the cancerous cells in HER2+ breast cancer.
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It is a white solid with a sweet smell that can be described as caramelized sugar and cooked fruit. The conjugate base derived from ethylmaltol, again like maltol, has a high affinity for iron, forming a red coordination complex. In such compounds, the heterocycle is a bidentate ligand.
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In general, under high stress conditions like nutrient starvation, haploid cells will die; under the same conditions, however, diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and produce a variety of haploid spores, which can go on to mate (conjugate) and reform the diploid.
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B-Phycoerythrin may also be less "sticky" than R-Phycoerythrin and contributes less to background signal due to non-specific binding in certain applications. However, R-PE is much more commonly available as an antibody conjugate. R-Phycoerythrin and B-Phycoerythrin are among the brightest fluorescent dyes ever identified.
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Experiments have shown that (global) communications due to synchronization on a distributed computers takes a dominated share in a sparse iterative solver. This problem is receiving increasing attention after the emergence of a new benchmark metric, the High Performance Conjugate Gradient(HPCG), for ranking the top 500 supercomputers.
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For example, acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione) and a primary alkyl- or arylamine will react, typically in acidified ethanol, to form a diketimine. 1,3-Diketimines are often referred to as HNacNac, a modification of the abbreviation Hacac for the conjugate acid of acetylacetone. These species form anionic bidentate anionic ligands.
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The bisulfide anion can accept a proton: Because of its affinity to accept a proton (H+), bisulfide has a basic character. In aqueous solution, it has a corresponding pKa value of 6.9. Its conjugate acid is hydrogen sulfide (). However, bisulfide's basicity stems from its behavior as an Arrhenius base.
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Permanganic acid (or manganic(VII) acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula HMnO4. This strong oxoacid has been isolated as its dihydrate. It is the conjugate acid of permanganate salts. It is the subject of few publications and its characterization as well as its uses are very limited.
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The Nagel point is the isotomic conjugate of the Gergonne point. The Nagel point, the centroid, and the incenter are collinear on a line called the Nagel line. The incenter is the Nagel point of the medial triangle; equivalently, the Nagel point is the incenter of the anticomplementary triangle.
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The Thermal module of SimScale uses OpenFOAM for solid-solid and fluid-solid thermal interaction problems. For thermo- structural analysis, SimScale uses Code_Aster and CalculiX. At present, SimScale allows uncoupled thermo-mechanical simulations, conjugate heat transfer and convective heat transfer analysis. Both steady-state and transient simulations are possible.
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Copper benzoate is the chemical compound with the formula Cu(C6H5CO2)2. This coordination complex is derived from the cupric ion and the conjugate base of benzoic acid. Because copper emits blue in a flame, this salt has found some use as a source of blue light in fireworks.
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Stryker's reagent ([(PPh3)CuH]6), also known as the Osborn complex, is a hexameric copper hydride ligated with triphenylphosphine. It is a brick red, air-sensitive solid. Stryker's reagent is a mildly hydridic reagent, used in homogeneous catalysis of conjugate reduction reactions of enones, enoates, and related substrates.
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For bacteria with a polysaccharide coating, like Haemophilus influenzae type b, the best way to prevent infection is to use a conjugate vaccine. A conjugate vaccine is a type of vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen. Vaccines are used to prevent diseases by invoking an immune response to an antigen, the foreign part of a bacteria or virus that the immune system recognizes. This is usually accomplished with an attenuated or dead version of a pathogenic bacterium or virus in the vaccine, so that the immune system can recognize the antigen later in life.
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As a result, the E1cB mechanism can be broken down into three categories: #E1cBanion is when the carbanion is stable and/or a strong base is used in excess of the substrate, making deprotonation irreversible, followed by rate-determining loss of the leaving group (k1[base] ≫ k2). #E1cBrev is when the first step is reversible but the formation of product is slower than reforming the starting material, this again results from a slow second step (k−1[conjugate acid] ≫ k2). #E1cBirr is when the first step is slow, but once the anion is formed the product quickly follows (k2 ≫ k−1[conjugate acid]). This leads to an irreversible first step but unlike E1cBanion, deprotonation is rate determining.
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A third, much less common way of producing a retroreflector is to use the nonlinear optical phenomenon of phase conjugation. This technique is used in advanced optical systems such as high-power lasers and optical transmission lines. Phase-conjugate mirrors reflects an incoming wave so that the reflected wave exactly follows the path it has previously taken, and require a comparatively expensive and complex apparatus, as well as large quantities of power (as nonlinear optical processes can be efficient only at high enough intensities). However, phase-conjugate mirrors have an inherently much greater accuracy in the direction of the retroreflection, which in passive elements is limited by the mechanical accuracy of the construction.
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To date, four distinct FA- drug conjugates have entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer: Vintafolide (EC145) represents a novel water-soluble FA conjugate of the powerful microtubule destabilizing agent, desacetylvinblastine monohydrazide (DAVLBH; a derivative of the natural product, vinblastine). EC145 was found to produce marked anti-tumor effect against well-established, subcutaneous FR- positive tumor xenografts using well tolerated regimens. EC145 also represents the first FA-drug conjugate to be evaluated in clinical trials, and it is currently (2009) being tested in a multi-national randomized Phase 2b trial in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil). EC0225 represents the "first in class" multi-drug, FA-targeted agent to be reported.
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Since the radical axis is a line this means that the three homothetic centers are collinear Let C1 and C2 be a conjugate pair of circles tangent to all three given circles (Figure 11). By conjugate we imply that both tangent circles belong to the same family with respect to any one of the given pairs of circles. As we've already seen, the radical axis of any two tangent circles from the same family passes through the homothetic center of the two given circles. Since the tangent circles are common for all three pairs of given circles then their homothetic centers all belong to the radical axis of C1 and C2 e.g.
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The substrate that you use in this step will depend on the type of enzyme used in the previous step. If streptavidin-ALP (streptavidin and alkaline phosphatase conjugate) is used, then using BCIP/NBT-plus (a mixture of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride) as a substrate will produce more distinct spots that are easier to analyze. If streptavidin-HRP (streptavidin and horseradish peroxidase conjugate) is used, then using TMB (tetramethylbenzidine) as a substrate will produce better results. #Analysis: The spots that are formed can then be read on an automated ELISpot reader, or counted under a dissection microscope, and further used to calculate the frequency of cytokine secretion.
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A square matrix A that is equal to its transpose, that is, A = A, is a symmetric matrix. If instead, A is equal to the negative of its transpose, that is, A = −A, then A is a skew-symmetric matrix. In complex matrices, symmetry is often replaced by the concept of Hermitian matrices, which satisfy A = A, where the star or asterisk denotes the conjugate transpose of the matrix, that is, the transpose of the complex conjugate of A. By the spectral theorem, real symmetric matrices and complex Hermitian matrices have an eigenbasis; that is, every vector is expressible as a linear combination of eigenvectors. In both cases, all eigenvalues are real.
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The way buffering agents work can be seen by calculating how little the pH of buffer solutions will change after addition of a strong acid or a strong base, whereas the same addition would significantly change the pH of a non-buffered solution. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation we get an equilibrium expression between the acid and conjugate base in terms of the log of the ratio of the acid to conjugate base (the salt of the acid). The concentrations of the weak acid and its salt can change significantly, but the log of their ratio will not. The resulting pH of this combination can be found by using Le Chatelier's principle.
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TIQM is explicitly non-local and, as a consequence, logically consistent with counterfactual definiteness (CFD), the minimum realist assumption. As such it incorporates the non-locality demonstrated by the Bell test experiments and eliminates the observer- dependent reality that has been criticized as part of the Copenhagen interpretation. Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state the key advance over Everett's Relative State Interpretation is to regard the conjugate state vector of the Dirac formalism as ontologically real, incorporating a part of the formalism that, prior to TIQM, had been interpretationally neglected. Having interpreted the conjugate state vector as an advanced wave, it is shown that the origins of the Born rule follow naturally from the description of a transaction.
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In one reaction mechanism the nucleophile attacks not directly at the electrophilic site but in a conjugate addition over the double bond: :SN2 accent reaction mechanism This is usual in allylic compounds which have a bulky leaving group in SN2 conditions or bulky non-leaving substituent which give rise to significant steric hindrance, thereby increasing the conjugate substitution. This kind of reaction is termed SN1' or SN2', depending on whether the reaction follows SN1-like mechanism or SN2-like mechanism. Similar to how there are SN1' and SN2' analogues for SN1 and SN2 reactions respectively, there also is an analogue for SNi, that being the SNi', applicable for reactions betwixt allylic compounds and reagents like SOCl2.
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The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) by John G. Cramer is an interpretation of quantum mechanics inspired by the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory. It describes the collapse of the wave function as resulting from a time-symmetric transaction between a possibility wave from the source to the receiver (the wave function) and a possibility wave from the receiver to source (the complex conjugate of the wave function). This interpretation of quantum mechanics is unique in that it not only views the wave function as a real entity, but the complex conjugate of the wave function, which appears in the Born rule for calculating the expected value for an observable, as also real.
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Salpn is the common name for a chelating ligand, properly called N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-propanediamine, used as a motor oil additive. The molecular structure of pure (metal-free) salpn, sometimes denoted H2(salpn) or salpnH2, can be described as the salen ligand with a methyl group attached to the ethylene bridge. As in the case of salen compound, the actual ligand is usually the conjugate base salpn2-, the divalent anion that result from the metal-free compound by the loss of two hydroxyl protons. This dianion is commonly denoted "(salpn)" in formulas of metal complexes. The abbreviation "salpn" is also sometimes used for the structural isomer N,N‘-bis(salicylidene)-1,3-diaminopropane and its conjugate base.
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In addition, an uninvited observation ship from the Soviet Union was stationed near Johnston Island for the test and another Soviet scientific expeditionary ship was located in the southern conjugate region,United States Central Intelligence Agency. National Intelligence Estimate. Number 11-2A-63. "The Soviet Atomic Energy Program." page 44.
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A halous acid, also known as a halogenous acid, is an oxyacid consisting of a halogen atom in the +3 oxidation state single-bonded to a hydroxyl group and double-bonded to an oxygen atom. Examples include chlorous acid, bromous acid, and iodous acid. The conjugate base is a halite.
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These broad highs can have vast effect of drainage as they can potentially split basins. Synthetic relay ramp style transfer zones are frequently observed in Lake Malawi. Brief examples have been given but all types within the synthetic and conjugate classification have been observed in the East African rift system.
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Potassium gluconate is the potassium salt of the conjugate base of gluconic acid. It is also referred to as 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxycaproic acid potassium salt, D-gluconic acid potassium salt, or potassium D-gluconate. It contains 16.69% potassium by mass. Thus 5.99 g of potassium gluconate contains 1 g of potassium.
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Glembatumumab vedotin (also known as CDX-011 and CR011-vcMMAE) is an antibody- drug conjugate (ADC) that targets cancer cells expressing transmembrane glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB). In May 2010, the U.S FDA granted Fast Track designation to CDX-011 for the treatment of advanced, refractory, or resistant GPNMB-expressing breast cancer.
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It is an amino alcohol and a bioactive sphingoid. Its distinctive trait is that the terminal hydroxy group has been replaced by an hydrogen. It has the role of antineoplastic agent, which means that can inhibits or prevent the neoplasms' proliferation. It is also, the conjugate base of 1-deoxysphinganine (1+).
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Certain organic compounds in addition to metal redox catalysts can also produce reactive oxygen species. One of the most important classes of these is the quinones. Quinones can redox cycle with their conjugate semiquinones and hydroquinones, in some cases catalyzing the production of superoxide from dioxygen or hydrogen peroxide from superoxide.
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Thiolates are relatively basic ligands, being derived from conjugate acids with pKa's of 6.5 (thiophenol) to 10.5 (butanethiol). Consequently, thiolate ligand often bridge pairs of metals. One example is Fe2(SCH3)2(CO)6. Thiolate ligands, especially when nonbridging, are susceptible to attack by electrophiles including acids, alkylating agents, and oxidants.
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A function on complex affine space is holomorphic if its complex conjugate is Lie derived along the difference space V. This gives any complex affine space the structure of a complex manifold. Every affine function from A to the complex numbers is holomorphic. Hence, so is every polynomial in affine functions.
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Imetelstat (development code GRN163L) is an experimental anticancer drug. It is the first telomerase inhibitor to enter clinical trials. It is currently in Phase 2/3 trials for various cancer types. Chemically, imetelstat is a synthetic conjugate consisting of three parts: GRN163, a thiophosphoramide oligonucleotide, and a palmitoyl lipid group.
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In 1974 the WCHS Media program began. The class was first named Telecommunications and taught students broadcasting skills. The program continues to operate nearly 40 years later. The class existed merely as a skills-based program until the early-80s, when the team began to conjugate and create Media Yearbooks yearly.
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Fluoroboric acid is corrosive and attacks the skin. It is available commercially as a solution in water and other solvents such as diethyl ether. It is a strong acid with a weakly coordinating, non-oxidizing conjugate base. It is structurally similar to perchloric acid, but lacks the hazards associated with oxidants.
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Vertical conjugate gaze is controlled by the nuclei of CN III and the Trochlear nerve, CN IV, the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF), and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal.Fine structure of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal of the cat. J Anat. 1995 August; 187(Pt 1): 141–150.
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Ruben, M. (2017, November). Conjugate Gaze Palsies - Neurologic Disorders. Retrieved from Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia affects horizontal gaze, such that one eye is capable of full horizontal movement, while the other is incapable of gazing in the direction contralateral to the affected eye.Toral, M., Haugsdal, J., & Wall, M. (2017, June 08).
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The ammine ligands are more acidic than is ammonia (pKa ~ 33). For highly cationic complexes such as [Pt(NH3)6]4+, the conjugate base can be obtained. The deprotonation of cobalt(III) ammine-halide complexes, e.g. [CoCl(NH3)5]2+ labilises the Co-Cl bond, according to the Sn1CB mechanism.
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In 2D it is different in the case of a k-fold rotation: the conjugate closure contains k rotations (including the identity) combined with all translations. E(2) has quotient group O(2) / Ck and E+(2) has quotient group SO(2) / Ck . For k = 2 this was already covered above.
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Under these conditions, this is the only metal that precipitates; at pH 3.3, nickel also precipitates. Iron (III) will interfere. It has been used as an ionophore in ion selective electrodes, with good response to Pb2+ and Ni2+. Structure of the copper(II) complex of the conjugate base of salicylaldoxime.
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A parabola has symmetry in one dimension. If you imagine it folded on its one diameter, the two halves are congruent, or fit over each other. The same may be said of one branch of a hyperbola. Conjugate diameters (Greek suzugeis diametroi, where suzugeis is “yoked together”), however, are symmetric in two dimensions.
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The ligand structure of Jacobsen’s catalyst is easily modified for use over a wide range of reactions, such as epoxide-ring openings, Diels-Alder reactions, and conjugate additions. For example, an analogous catalyst with an aluminum metal center has been used for the carbonylation of epoxides in order to obtain beta-lactones.
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Suppose q is in the cut locus of p in M. A standard result is that either (1) there is more than one minimizing geodesic joining p to q, or (2) p and q are conjugate along some geodesic which joins them. It is possible for both (1) and (2) to hold.
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The methoxide ion has the formula of CH3O− and is the conjugate base of methanol. It is a strong organic base, even stronger than the inorganic hydroxide ion. As such, methoxide solutions must be kept free of water; otherwise, the methoxide will remove a proton from a water molecule, yielding methanol and hydroxide.
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The pH of a sodium chloride solution remains ≈7 due to the extremely weak basicity of the Cl− ion, which is the conjugate base of the strong acid HCl. In other words, NaCl has no effect on system pH in diluted solutions where the effects of ionic strength and activity coefficients are negligible.
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We conclude with: :\Delta Q\ = m c_v \Delta T\ Isochoric process in the pressure volume diagram. In this diagram, pressure increases, but volume remains constant. On a pressure volume diagram, an isochoric process appears as a straight vertical line. Its thermodynamic conjugate, an isobaric process would appear as a straight horizontal line.
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Sturamustine, also known as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a C17β nitrosourea conjugate of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) which was developed as a cytostatic antineoplastic agent (i.e., a chemotherapy drug) for the treatment of hormone-dependent tumors but was never marketed. It was synthesized in 1982.
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Arecoline is a base, and its conjugate acid has a pKa ~ 6.8.The Merck Index, 10th Ed. (1983) p.113, Rahway: Merck & Co. Arecoline is volatile in steam, miscible with most organic solvents and water, but extractable from water by ether in presence of dissolved salts. Being basic, arecoline forms salts with acids.
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Potassium tert-butoxide is the chemical compound with the formula K+(CH3)3CO−. This colourless solid is a strong base (pKa of conjugate acid around 17), which is useful in organic synthesis. It exists as a tetrameric cubane-type cluster. It is often seen written in chemical literature as potassium t-butoxide.
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The nitrogen center of pyridine features a basic lone pair of electrons. This lone pair does not overlap with the aromatic π-system ring, consequently pyridine is basic, having chemical properties similar to those of tertiary amines. Protonation gives pyridinium, C5H5NH+.The pKa of the conjugate acid (the pyridinium cation) is 5.25.
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The focal subgroup of a finite group G with Sylow p-subgroup P is given by: :P∩[G,G] = P∩Ap(G) = P∩ker(v) = FocG(P) = ⟨ x−1 y x,y in P and x is G-conjugate to y ⟩ where v is the transfer homomorphism from G to P/[P,P], .
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They introduce a generalized momentum, also known as the canonical or conjugate momentum, that extends the concepts of both linear momentum and angular momentum. To distinguish it from generalized momentum, the product of mass and velocity is also referred to as mechanical, kinetic or kinematic momentum. The two main methods are described below.
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Conservation of momentum is a mathematical consequence of the homogeneity (shift symmetry) of space (position in space is the canonical conjugate quantity to momentum). That is, conservation of momentum is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not depend on position; this is a special case of Noether's theorem.
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The dihydrogen phosphate anion consists of a central phosphorus atom surrounded by 2 equivalent oxygen atoms and 2 hydroxy groups in a tetrahedral arrangement. The phosphorus atom is in the 5+ oxidation state. The dihydrogen phosphate ion carries an overall charge of −1 and it is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid.
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Sodium methanethiolate or sodium thiomethoxide (CH3SNa, MeSNa) is the sodium conjugate base of methanethiol. This compound is commercially available as a white solid. It is a powerful nucleophile that can be used to prepare methylthioethers. Its hydrolysis in moist air produces methanethiol, which has a low odor threshold and a noxious fecal smell.
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Benzoylacetone is the organic compound with the nominal formula C6H5C(O)CH2C(O)CH3. As a 1,3-dicarbonyl, it is a precursor to many heterocycles, such as pyrazoles. It exists predominantly as the enol tautomer C6H5C(OH)=CHC(O)CH3. Its conjugate base (pKa=8.7) forms stable complexes with transition metals and lanthanides.
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A complex polygon is a (complex) two-dimensional (i.e. four spatial dimensions) analogue of a real polygon. As such it is an example of the more general complex polytope in any number of complex dimensions. In a real plane, a visible figure can be constructed as the real conjugate of some complex polygon.
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These oblique vein sets (which may simply be conjugate fractures as a product of how the faulting influenced the host Muzo Formation (rheology during formation)) represent the primary source of emeralds in the current operations at La Pita. These vein sets are productive up to several meters away from the fault itself.
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Speciation diagram for a 10-millimolar solution of citric acid. The violet curve corresponds to the trisodium citrate. As a conjugate base of a weak acid, citrate can perform as a buffering agent or acidity regulator, resisting changes in pH. It is used to control acidity in some substances, such as gelatin desserts.
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Nitroxyl (common name) or azanone (IUPAC name) is the chemical compound HNO. It is well known in the gas phase. Nitroxyl can be formed as a short-lived intermediate in the solution phase. The conjugate base, NO−, nitroxide anion, is the reduced form of nitric oxide (NO) and is isoelectronic with dioxygen.
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Discotic liquid crystals are mesophases formed from disc-shaped molecules known as "discotic mesogens". These phases are often also referred to as columnar phases. Discotic mesogens are typically composed of an aromatic core surrounded by flexible alkyl chains. The aromatic cores allow charge transfer in the stacking direction through the π conjugate systems.
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Their point of concurrence is known as the triangle's Kosnita point (named by Rigby in 1997). It is the isogonal conjugate of the nine-point center. It is triangle center X(54) in Clark Kimberling's list. This theorem is special case of Dao's theorem on six circumcenters associated with a cyclic hexagon in.
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Silicate anions are formally the conjugate bases of silicic acids. For example, orthosilicate can be viewed as the fourfold deprotonated orthosilicic acid . Silicic acids are generally very weak and cannot be isolated in pure form. They exist in water solution, as mixtures of condensed and partially protonated anions, in a dynamic equilibrium.
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Students can be excluded from school unless they comply with all the State Department of Health's extensive immunization mandates. School nurses monitor each pupil for this compliance. Beginning with the 2017-18 school year, high school students are mandated to receive a dose of MCV meningococcal conjugate vaccine for 12th grade entry.
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Similarly, in the theories where the effects of quantum mechanics are irrelevant, the value of Planck constant (h) can be neglected. For example, setting h → 0 in the commutation relation of quantum mechanics, the uncertainty in the simultaneous measurement of two conjugate variables tends to zero, approximating quantum mechanics with classical mechanics.
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Students can be excluded from school unless they comply with all the State Department of Health's extensive immunization mandates. School nurses monitor each pupil for this compliance. Beginning with the 2017-18 school year, high school students are mandated to receive a dose of MCV meningococcal conjugate vaccine for 12th grade entry.
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4-Methylpyridine is the organic compound with the formula CH3C5H4N. It is one of the three isomers of methylpyridine. This pungent liquid is a building block for the synthesis of other heterocyclic compounds. Its conjugate acid, the 4-methylpyridinium ion, has a pKa of 5.98, about 0.7 units above that of pyridine itself.
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In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which the values for certain pairs of physical quantities of a particle, such as position, x, and momentum, p, can be predicted from initial conditions. Such variable pairs are known as complementary variables or canonically conjugate variables, and, depending on interpretation, the uncertainty principle limits to what extent such conjugate properties maintain their approximate meaning, as the mathematical framework of quantum physics does not support the notion of simultaneously well-defined conjugate properties expressed by a single value. The uncertainty principle implies that it is in general not possible to predict the value of a quantity with arbitrary certainty, even if all initial conditions are specified. Introduced first in 1927 by the German physicist Werner Heisenberg, the uncertainty principle states that the more precisely the position of some particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be predicted from initial conditions, and vice versa.. Annotated pre- publication proof sheet of Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik, March 21, 1927.
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Owing to its non-specific cytotoxicity, instability under ambient conditions, and relative expense of isolation and manufacture, kedarcidin chromophore has not been investigated rigorously as a therapeutic candidate. However, the recent scientific advances discussed above have served to diminish this last hurdle, as fully synthetic and biosynthetic routes toward scalable kedarcidin production are now within reach. Moreover, with the rising popularity of antibody-drug conjugate therapies, toxicity liabilities may be mitigated through targeted delivery of this potent cytotoxin, potentially enabling efficient therapies that use minimal quantities of this complex material. The recent development of inotuzumab ozogamicin, a calicheamicin-based antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, reinforces the potential of enediynes to find critical use in the treatment of human disease.
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This equation is called the canonical form of a hyperbola, because any hyperbola, regardless of its orientation relative to the Cartesian axes and regardless of the location of its center, can be transformed to this form by a change of variables, giving a hyperbola that is congruent to the original (see below). The axes of symmetry or principal axes are the transverse axis (containing the segment of length 2a with endpoints at the vertices) and the conjugate axis (containing the segment of length 2b perpendicular to the transverse axis and with midpoint at the hyperbola's center). As opposed to an ellipse, a hyperbola has only two vertices: (a,0),\; (-a,0). The two points (0,b),\; (0,-b) on the conjugate axes are not on the hyperbola.
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A quasi-sphere } in a quadratic space has a counter- sphere }. Furthermore, if and is an isotropic line in through , then , puncturing the union of quasi-sphere and counter-sphere. One example is the unit hyperbola that forms a quasi-sphere of the hyperbolic plane, and its conjugate hyperbola, which is its counter-sphere.
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The monster group is generated by a triad of elements of orders , , and . All such triads are conjugate. The prototype for rigidity is the symmetric group , which is generated by an -cycle and a transposition whose product is an -cycle. The construction in the preceding section used these generators to establish a polynomial's Galois group.
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Di-tert-butylcyclopentadiene is an organic compound with the formula (Me3C)2C5H4, where Me = methyl. It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. The compound is the conjugate acid of the di-tert- butylcyclopentadienyl ligand, (sometimes abbreviated Cp‡). Two regioisomers of di-tert-butylcyclopentadiene exist, depending on the location of the diene.
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34 Chest x-ray, showing pneumonia in right lower lobe. Although pneumococcal vaccination lowers the prevalence of occult pneumonia, it does not make radiographic diagnosis superfluous at patients with prolonged fever, cough or leukocytosis.M.S. Rutman, R. Bachur, M.B. Harper Radiographic pneumonia in young, highly febrile children with leukocytosis before and after universal conjugate pneumococcal vaccination.
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For example, in the representation theory of SL(2,C) these represent a pair of complex numbers i.e. spinors transforming according to the fundamental representation of SL(2,C) and the complex conjugate respectively. On the other hand, for the CG problem of SU(1,1), they transform according to two distinct SU(1,1) groups.
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Some phosphate-acetylcholinesterase conjugates continue to react after the phosphate docks to the site, evolving into a more recalcitrant state. This process is known as aging. Aged phosphate-acetylcholinesterase conjugate are resistant to antidotes such as pralidoxime. Pralidoxime is often used with atropine (a muscarinic antagonist) to help reduce the parasympathetic effects of organophosphate poisoning.
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Alternatively, the SusQ-Cyber Charter School has contracted with Geisinger Health Systems for school physician services to conduct 11th grade physicals.SusQ-Cyber Charter School administration, Student Handbook Health Policy, 2003 Beginning with the 2017–18 school year, high school students are mandated to receive a dose of MCV meningococcal conjugate vaccine for 12th grade entry.
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Cantuzumab mertansine (SB-408075; huC242-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate investigated to treat colorectal cancer and other types of cancer.Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The Usan Council - Cantuzumab mertansine, American Medical Association. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody, cantuzumab (huC242) linked to a cytotoxic agent, mertansine (DM1). It was developed by ImmunoGen.
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Space-filling model of the perbromate anion, In chemistry, the perbromate ion is the anion having the chemical formula . It is an oxyanion of bromine, the conjugate base of perbromic acid, in which bromine has the oxidation state +7. Unlike its chlorine () and iodine () analogs, it is difficult to synthesize. It has tetrahedral molecular geometry.
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Trithionate is an oxyanion of sulfur with the chemical formula [S3O6]2−. It is the conjugate base of trithionic acid.Dilute NaOH hydrolyzes S4N4 as follows, yielding thiosulfate and trithionate: 2 S4N4 + 6 OH− + 9 H2O → S2O2− 3 + 2 S3O2− 6 + 8 NH3 Certain sulfate-reducing bacteria have been known to use the compound in respiration.
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It was first isolated in 1890 by Theodor Curtius. The acid has few applications, but its conjugate base, the azide ion, is useful in specialized processes. Hydrazoic acid, like its fellow mineral acids, is soluble in water. Undiluted hydrazoic acid is dangerously explosive with a standard enthalpy of formation ΔfHo (l, 298K) = +264 kJmol−1.
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1955, 88, 742. (3)File:CNAl1.png When neutral, pre-formed dialkylaluminum cyanides are used, both carbonyl activation and nucleophilic attack of cyanide are facilitated by the organoaluminum reagent. 1,2-Addition is rapid in this case but is also reversible, and slow but irreversible 1,4-addition eventually leads to the conjugate addition product.Nagata, W. Proc.
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1998, 39, 6135. :File:EFStereo3.png Tandem conjugate addition incorporating a chiral nucleophile has been used to synthesize β-amino α-fluoro esters in chiral, non-racemic form. :File:EFStereo1.png Enantioselective methods employ stoichiometric amounts of chiral fluorinating agents. N-fluoroammonium salts of cinchona alkaloids represent the state of the art for reactions of this type.
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Lastly, Book VIII principally treats mechanics, the center of gravity's properties, and some mechanical powers. Interspersed are some propositions on pure geometry. Proposition 14 shows how to draw an ellipse through five given points, and Prop. 15 gives a simple construction for the axes of an ellipse when a pair of conjugate diameters are given.
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Sodium methylsulfinylmethylide (also called NaDMSO or dimsyl sodium) is the sodium salt of the conjugate base of dimethyl sulfoxide. This unusual salt has some uses in organic chemistry as a base and nucleophile. Since the first publication in 1965 by Corey et al., a number of additional uses for this reagent have been identified.
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In July, the business entered into its second collaboration with Daiichi Sankyo, centred around the development of DS-1062, an antibody drug conjugate. The deal could potentially be worth up to $6 billion for Daiichi. In September, AstraZeneca announced it had acquired the preclinical oral PCSK9 inhibitor programme from Dogma Therapeutics for an undisclosed sum.
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Verbs can be conjugated from the infinitive into the present tense, the past singular, the past plural and the past participle. There exist strong and weak verbs in Mercian that too conjugate in their own ways. The future tense requires an auxiliary verb, like will (Mercian wyllen). There are three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
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In theory, hypomanganate would be the conjugate base of hypomanganic acid . This acid cannot be formed because of its rapid disproportionation, but its third acid dissociation constant has been estimated by pulse radiolysis techniques: :HMnO MnO + H+ pKa = Cyclic esters of hypomanganic acid are thought to be intermediates in the oxidation of alkenes by permanganate.
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With a pKa of 3.47, 3-nitrobenzoic acid is about ten times more acidic than benzoic acid. The conjugate base of benzoic acid is stabilised by the presence of the electron withdrawing nitro group which explains its increased acidity in comparison to unsubstituted benzoic acid. It is typically soluble in oxygenated and chlorinated solvents.
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In differential geometry, conjugate points or focal pointsBishop, Richard L. and Crittenden, Richard J. Geometry of Manifolds. AMS Chelsea Publishing, 2001, pp.224-225. are, roughly, points that can almost be joined by a 1-parameter family of geodesics. For example, on a sphere, the north-pole and south-pole are connected by any meridian.
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Opsoclonus refers to uncontrolled, irregular, and nonrhythmic eye movement. Opsoclonus consists of rapid, involuntary, multivectorial (horizontal and vertical), unpredictable, conjugate fast eye movements without inter-saccadic intervals. It is also referred to as saccadomania or reflexive saccade. The movements of opsoclonus may have a very small amplitude, appearing as tiny deviations from primary position.
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Sodium pyruvate is a salt of the conjugate anion form of pyruvic acid, known as pyruvate. It is commonly added to cell culture media as an additional source of energy, but may also have protective effects against hydrogen peroxide. This was reported by Giandomenico et al. and has been confirmed by several independent groups.
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She published her thesis in 2016 titled Are We Studying Who We Think We're Studying? Role of Socioeconomic Status in the Validity of Estimates of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States Public Deposited. Following graduation, Link-Gelles received an award from Delta Omega, Theta Chapter and joined the CDC’s Epidemic Intelligence Service.
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Like other hydrocarbons, methane is a very weak acid. Its pKa in DMSO is estimated to be 56. It cannot be deprotonated in solution, but the conjugate base is known in forms such as methyllithium. A variety of positive ions derived from methane have been observed, mostly as unstable species in low-pressure gas mixtures.
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In probability theory and statistics, the normal-Wishart distribution (or Gaussian-Wishart distribution) is a multivariate four-parameter family of continuous probability distributions. It is the conjugate prior of a multivariate normal distribution with unknown mean and precision matrix (the inverse of the covariance matrix).Bishop, Christopher M. (2006). Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning.
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Juvenile hormone catabolism in Manduca sexta - homologue selectivity of catabolism and identification of a diol- phosphate conjugate as a major end product. Experientia 49, 988-994 Maxwell et al.Maxwell, R.A., Welch, W.H., Schooley, D.A., 2002. JH diol kinase: part I-Purification, characterization and substrate specificity of juvenile hormone selective diol kinase from Manduca sexta.
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With a pKa of 5.25 for its conjugate acid, pyridine is about 15x less basic than imidazole. Pyridine is a weak pi-acceptor ligand. Trends in the M-N distances for complexes of the type [MCl2(py)4]2+ reveal an anticorrelation with d-electron count. Few low-valent metal complexes of pyridines are known.
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With a pKa near 3.4, thioacetic acid is about 15x more acidic than acetic acid.Matthys J. Janssen "Carboxylic Acids and Esters" in PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups: Carboxylic Acids and Esters, Saul Patai, Ed. pp. 705–764, 1969. The conjugate base is thioacetate: CH3COSH → CH3COS− \+ H+ In neutral water, thioacetic acid is fully ionized.
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Quercetin-3-sulfate 3'-sulfotransferase is an enzyme that uses 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and quercetin 3-sulfate to produce adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate and quercetin 3,3'-bissulfate. The enzyme can be found in F. chlorifolia. Ombuin 3-sulfate, the sulfate conjugate of ombuin, can be isolated from F. chlorifolia.Ombuin 3-sulphate from Flaveria chloraefolia.
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The Closterium peracerosum-strigosum- littorale (C. psl) complex is a unicellular, isogamous charophycean alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants. Heterothallic strains of different mating type can conjugate to form zygospores. Sex pheromones termed protoplast-release inducing proteins (glycopolypeptides) produced by mating-type (-) and mating-type (+) cells facilitate this process.
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The probe to be detected is labeled with some biotin-molecules. After incubation with a gold- coupled anti-biotin conjugate, silver nitrate and a reducing agent are added. The reaction starts whereas the gold particle serves as a starting point for the silver precipitation. The reaction needs to be stopped after a specific time.
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Classical and Standard Arabic verbs conjugate for at least three distinct moods in the imperfect: indicative, subjunctive and jussive. In the dialects, these moods are not morphologically marked. The jussive is used after the preposition li- 'to' to express a command to a third person. : :li-yaf‘al-hu :to-do-it :'Let him do it.
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Any Fuchsian group (a discrete subgroup of SL(2, R)) is a Kleinian group, and conversely any Kleinian group preserving the real line (in its action on the Riemann sphere) is a Fuchsian group. More generally, every Kleinian group preserving a circle or straight line in the Riemann sphere is conjugate to a Fuchsian group.
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Cyclic groups are Abelian, so the conjugate by every element of every element is the latter. Zmn / Zm \cong Zn. Zmn is the direct product of Zm and Zn if and only if m and n are coprime. Thus e.g. Z12 is the direct product of Z3 and Z4, but not of Z6 and Z2.
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Nickel(II) is square planar. It is surrounded by two equivalents of the conjugate base (dmgH−) of dimethylglyoxime (dmgH2). The pair of organic ligands are joined through hydrogen bonds to give a macrocyclic ligand. The complex is distinctively colored and insoluble leading to its use as a chelating agent in the gravimetric analysis of nickel.
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His theorem gives a positive answer to the question Is it always possible to transform a given knot into a closed braid? A good construction example is found in Colin Adams's book. However, the correspondence between knots and braids is clearly not one-to-one: a knot may have many braid representations. For example, conjugate braids yield equivalent knots.
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The Hib conjugate vaccine is combined with one of several different carrier proteins, such as the diphtheria toxoid or the tetanus toxoid. Soon after the vaccine was made available the rates of Hib infection dropped, with a decrease of 90.7% between 1987 and 1991. Infection rates diminished even more once the vaccine was made available for infants.
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Protonated molecular oxygen or just protonated oxygen is an ion with formula HO2+. It is formed when hydrogen containing substances combust, and exists in the ionosphere, and in plasmas that contain oxygen and hydrogen. Oxidation by O2 in superacids could be by way of the production of protonated molecular oxygen. It is the conjugate acid of dioxygen.
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In numerical analysis, Bairstow's method is an efficient algorithm for finding the roots of a real polynomial of arbitrary degree. The algorithm first appeared in the appendix of the 1920 book Applied Aerodynamics by Leonard Bairstow. The algorithm finds the roots in complex conjugate pairs using only real arithmetic. See root-finding algorithm for other algorithms.
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Fish will conjugate near warm water inlets during the winter months. This poses a risk for fishermen since there is a higher risk of weak ice. Although, with higher activity and density of fishes, anglers can sometimes be more successful catching fish. "Winterkill" may kill a large amount of fish when a lake experiences especially harsh winter weather.
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Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as natural sources. Lactic acid is an alpha- hydroxy acid (AHA) due to the presence of a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group. It is used as a synthetic intermediate in many organic synthesis industries and in various biochemical industries. The conjugate base of lactic acid is called lactate.
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Convexity is an important topic in economics. In the Arrow–Debreu model of general economic equilibrium, agents have convex budget sets and convex preferences: At equilibrium prices, the budget hyperplane supports the best attainable indifference curve. The profit function is the convex conjugate of the cost function. Convex analysis is the standard tool for analyzing textbook economics.
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Finnish and Hungarian, both members of the Uralic language family, have morphological present (non-past) and past tenses. The Hungarian verb van ("to be") also has a future form. Turkish verbs conjugate for past, present and future, with a variety of aspects and moods. Arabic verbs have past and non-past; future can be indicated by a prefix.
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Oxalate, the conjugate base of oxalic acid, is an excellent ligand for metal ions. It usually binds as a bidentate ligand forming a 5-membered MO2C2 ring. An illustrative complex is potassium ferrioxalate, K3[Fe(C2O4)3]. The drug oxaliplatin exhibits improved water solubility relative to older platinum-based drugs, avoiding the dose- limiting side-effect of nephrotoxicity.
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Structure of the methoxide anion. Although alkali metal alkoxides are not salts and adopt complex structures, they behave chemically as sources of RO−. An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an alcohol and therefore consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom. They are written as RO−, where R is the organic substituent.
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Further information is needed, namely, of the constitutive properties of the system. It may be admitted that on repeated measurement of those conjugate intensive functions of state, they are found to have slightly different values from time to time. Such variability is regarded as due to internal fluctuations. The different measured values average to their nominal values.
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Lanthanide triflates consist of a lanthanide metal ion and three triflate ions. The lanthanides, or rare earth metals, are the elements from lanthanum to lutetium in the periodic table. Triflate is a contraction of trifluoromethanesulfonate; its molecular formula is CF3SO3, and is commonly designated ‘OTf’. Triflic acid is a ‘superacid’ so its conjugate base ions are very stable.
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Locally Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (LOBPCG) is a matrix- free method for finding the largest (or smallest) eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of a symmetric positive definite generalized eigenvalue problem :A x= \lambda B x, for a given pair (A, B) of complex Hermitian or real symmetric matrices, where the matrix B is also assumed positive-definite.
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Hydrazine, for example, condenses to give pyrazoles. The conjugate base derived from 1,3-ketones can serve as ligand s to form metal acetylacetonate coordination complexes. In the DeMayo reaction 1,3-diketones react with alkenes in a photochemical pericyclic reaction to form (substituted) 1,5-diketones. Classically, 1,3-diketones are prepared by the Claisen condensation of a ketone with an ester.
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Protonation is usually reversible, and the structure and bonding of the conjugate base are normally unchanged on protonation. In some cases, however, protonation induces isomerization, for example cis-alkenes can be converted to trans-alkenes using a catalytic amount of protonating agent. Many enzymes, such as the serine hydrolases, operate by mechanisms that involve reversible protonation of substrates.
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The appearance or the disappearance of a periodic orbit through a local change in the stability properties of a fixed point is known as the Hopf bifurcation. The following theorem works for fixed points with one pair of conjugate nonzero purely imaginary eigenvalues. It tells the conditions under which this bifurcation phenomenon occurs. Theorem (see section 11.2 of ).
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Let J_0 be the Jacobian of a continuous parametric dynamical system evaluated at a steady point Z_e. Suppose that all eigenvalues of J_0 have negative real part except one conjugate nonzero purely imaginary pair \pm i\beta. A Hopf bifurcation arises when these two eigenvalues cross the imaginary axis because of a variation of the system parameters.
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After phase II reactions, the xenobiotic conjugates may be further metabolized. A common example is the processing of glutathione conjugates to acetylcysteine (mercapturic acid) conjugates. Here, the γ-glutamate and glycine residues in the glutathione molecule are removed by Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and dipeptidases. In the final step, the cystine residue in the conjugate is acetylated.
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2-Chloropropionic acid (2-chloropropanoic acid) is the chemical compound with the formula CH3CHClCO2H. This colorless liquid is the simplest chiral chlorocarboxylic acid, and it is noteworthy for being readily available as a single enantiomer. The conjugate base of 2-chloropropionic acid (CH3CHClCO2−), as well as its salts and esters, are known as 2-chloropropionates or 2-chloropropanoates.
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Conjugate addition is the vinylogous counterpart of direct nucleophilic addition. A nucleophile reacts with a α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound in the β position. The negative charge carried by the nucleophile is now delocalized in the alkoxide anion and the α carbon carbanion by resonance. Protonation leads through keto-enol tautomerism to the saturated carbonyl compound.
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Ross, I. M., "An Optimal Control Theory for Accelerated Optimization," , 2019. In this approach, the conjugate gradient method falls out as an optimal feedback controller,u = k(x, v):= -\gamma_a abla f(x) - \gamma_b v for the double integrator system,\dot x = v, \quad \dot v = u The quantities \gamma_a and \gamma_b are variable feedback gains.
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Conducting the reaction at high temperatures under basic conditions thus facilitates formation of the conjugate addition product. Additions of alkali metal cyanides, for instance, lead exclusively to 1,4-addition.Mowry, T. Chem. Rev. 1948, 42, 189. (2)502px When organoaluminum cyanides are used as the source of the nucleophile, two distinct mechanisms are possible, depending on the organoaluminum employed.
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In mathematics, the HNN extension is an important construction of combinatorial group theory. Introduced in a 1949 paper Embedding Theorems for Groups by Graham Higman, Bernhard Neumann, and Hanna Neumann, it embeds a given group G into another group G' , in such a way that two given isomorphic subgroups of G are conjugate (through a given isomorphism) in G' .
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Estrone sulfate, also known as E1S, E1SO4 and estrone 3-sulfate, is a natural, endogenous steroid and an estrogen ester and conjugate. In addition to its role as a natural hormone, estrone sulfate is used as a medication, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy; for information on estrone sulfate as a medication, see the estrone sulfate (medication) article.
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Students can be excluded from school unless they comply with all the State Department of Health's extensive immunization mandates. School nurses monitor each pupil for this compliance. Beginning with the 2017-18 school year, high school students are mandated to receive a dose of MCV meningococcal conjugate vaccine for 12th grade entry. Nurses also monitor each child's weight.
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NHCs are often strongly basic (the pKa value of the conjugate acid of an imidazol-2-ylidene was measured at ca. 24) and react with oxygen. Clearly these reactions are performed using air-free techniques, avoiding compounds of even moderate acidity. Although imidazolium salts are stable to nucleophilic addition, other non-aromatic salts are not (i.e.
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In quantum mechanics, as well as some fields of mathematics, conjugate variables are a form of paired opposites, in which knowledge of one precludes knowledge of the other. A standard example is the relation between position (x) and momentum (p), which can be expressed in terms of the uncertainty principle as \Delta p \Delta x \geq \hbar.
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Baudelocque is credited for correcting errors regarding childbirth and wrote a popular book on midwifery. He refined André Levret's (1703–1780) "pelvic forceps" and constructed a pelvimeter for use in obstetrics. His pelvimeter were anthropometric calipers used to measure external pelvic dimensions. This distance was to become known as "Baudelocque's diameter" (the external conjugate diameter of the pelvis).
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With the N-methyl group, this particular derivative of imidazole cannot tautomerize. It is slightly more basic than imidazole, as indicated by the pKa's of the conjugate acids of 7.0 and 7.4.Albert, A., Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; 1968 Athlone Press, Methylation also provides a significantly lower melting point, which makes 1-methylimidazole a useful solvent.
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Beginning with the 2017-18 school year, high school students are mandated to receive a dose of MCV meningococcal conjugate vaccine for 12th grade entry. Nurses also monitor each child's weight. Nurses also monitor each child's weight. In 2016, the Pennsylvania Department of Health distributed to each Pennsylvania high school the overdose antidote drug naloxone in a nasal spray.
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Rytz von Brugg is famous for a geometrical method which is known as Rytz’s axis construction. This classical procedure retrieves the semi-axes of an Ellipse from any pair of conjugate diameters. This method is known since 1845, when it was published within a paper by Leopold Moosbrugger.Siegfried Gottwald, Hans-Joachim Ilgauds, Karl-Heinz Schlote (Hrsg.): Lexikon bedeutender Mathematiker.
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A Fano subplane likewise satisfies suitable uniqueness conditions. To W21 append 3 new points and let the automorphisms in PΓL(3,4) but not in M21 permute these new points. An S(3,6,22) system W22 is formed by appending just one new point to each of the 21 lines and new blocks are 56 hyperovals conjugate under M21.
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The valerate, or pentanoate, ion is C4H9COO−, the conjugate base of valeric acid. It is the form found in biological systems at physiological pH. A valerate, or pentanoate, compound is a salt or ester of valeric acid. Many steroid-based pharmaceuticals, for example ones based on betamethasone or hydrocortisone, include the steroid as the valerate ester.
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Quinuclidine is an organic compound and a bicyclic amine and used as a catalyst and a chemical building block. It is a strong base with pKa of the conjugate acid of 11.0. It can be prepared by reduction of quinuclidone. In alkane solvents quinuclidine is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids.
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A common choice is to make pairs of power conjugate variables analogous. These are variables which when multiplied together have units of power. In the impedance analogy, for instance, this results in force and velocity being analogous to voltage and current respectively. Variations of these analogies are used for rotating mechanical systems, such as in electric motors.
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Déviation conjuguée, also termed conjugate eye deviation (CED) or ipsilesional gaze shift, is a medical sign indicating brain damage (e.g. a stroke in the middle cerebral artery), wherein the pupils of the eye tend to move toward the side of the body where the lesion is located. The symptom was described by Swiss neurologist Jean-Louis Prévost in 1868.
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In her eighties she was mugged on the streets of Paris. The thief tried to snatch her purse, which contained nothing of value. It was reported she bit off his thumb. She delighted in teaching Beginning Latin classes, which she called "Baby Latin", and made the students translate, parse, conjugate and decline out loud in turns around the room.
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The antibody component of inotuzumab ozogamicin binds to CD22 receptors, which are expressed mostly on B cells. The whole conjugate is then drawn into the cell, where the ozogamicin is cleaved from the antibody by the acidic environment of the lysosome. The ozogamicin eventually travels to the nucleus where it breaks up DNA, causing the cell to die.
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In the early seventies Stephen Wiesner introduced a primitive called multiplexing in his seminal paper "Conjugate Coding", which was the starting point of quantum cryptography. Unfortunately it took more than ten years to be published. Even though this primitive was equivalent to what was later called 1–2 oblivious transfer, Wiesner did not see its application to cryptography.
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Tantalum alkylidene complexes arise by treating trialkyltantalum dichloride with alkyl lithium reagents. This reaction initially forms a thermally unstable tetraalkyl- monochloro-tantalum complex, which undergoes α-hydrogen elimination, followed by alkylation of the remaining chloride. thumb Tantalum alkylidene complexes are nucleophilic. They effect a number of reactions including: olefinations, olefin metathesis, hydroaminoalkylation of olefins, and conjugate allylation of enones.
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Price, D. A.; Simpkins, N. S.; MacLeod, A. M.; Watt, A. P. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 1961. (6)File:CrAreneScope2.png Site-selective conjugate addition to chiral aryl hydrazone complexes can also be used for the enantioselective formation of planar chiral chromium arenes. Hydride abstraction neutralizes the addition product, and treatment with acid cleaves the hydrazone.
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Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an ambiphilic bile acid. It is the taurine conjugate form of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Humans are found to have trace amounts of TUDCA. However, bears contain large amounts of TUDCA in their bile; UDCA and conjugates comprise about 47% of the bile in American black bears and up to 76% in Asiatic bears.
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Unlike oxides of phosphorus and arsenic, these oxides are amphoteric, do not form well-defined oxoacids, and react with acids to form antimony salts. Antimonous acid is unknown, but the conjugate base sodium antimonite () forms upon fusing sodium oxide and . Transition metal antimonites are also known. Antimonic acid exists only as the hydrate , forming salts as the antimonate anion .
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A noncompact Lie group need not have any nontrivial tori (e.g. Rn). The dimension of a maximal torus in G is called the rank of G. The rank is well-defined since all maximal tori turn out to be conjugate. For semisimple groups the rank is equal to the number of nodes in the associated Dynkin diagram.
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The total synthesis of moroidin has not yet been described. Partial syntheses including the Leu- Trp and Trp-His linkages have been achieved. In their total synthesis of celogentin C, Castle and coworkers first obtained the Leu-Trp cross-link. The formation of this bond involved an intermolecular Knoevenagel condensation followed by radical conjugate addition and nitro reduction.
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For imides derived from ammonia, the N–H center is weakly acidic. Thus, alkali metal salts of imides can be prepared by conventional bases such as potassium hydroxide. The conjugate base of phthalimide is potassium phthalimide. These anion can be alkylated to give N-alkylimides, which in turn can be degraded to release the primary amine.
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In acidic form it is a highly reactive strong acid. In its conjugate base form as a salt it is stable and commonly ion paired with ammonium. In the commercial product Surflon S-111 (CAS 72968-3-88) it is the primary compound present by weight. PFNA is used as surfactant for the production of the fluoropolymer polyvinylidene fluoride.
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The gradient descent can be combined with a line search, finding the locally optimal step size \gamma on every iteration. Performing the line search can be time-consuming. Conversely, using a fixed small \gamma can yield poor convergence. Methods based on Newton's method and inversion of the Hessian using conjugate gradient techniques can be better alternatives.
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To obtain many of many of these bonds the use of peptides or amino acids. There is a strong desire to synthesize polymeric conjugates with bioactive components and other drugs. The tendency of polymer drug conjugate to react with the proper type cell(s) needs to still be worked on, despite many current advances.Khandare, Jayant, and Tamara Minko.
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A rather intuitive route to cyclic isomers is the intramolecular conjugate addition to α,β–unsaturated carbonyls (intramolecular Michael addition or IMA). Competent Michael acceptors include conjugated enones, enals or nitroalkene derivatives and examples of other acceptors are sparse.Nodes, W. J.; Nutt, D. R.; Chippindale, A. M.; Cobb, A. J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 16016–16017.
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Organometallic nucleophiles used for conjugate additions are most often prepared in situ. The use of anhydrous equipment and inert atmosphere is necessary. Because these factors are sometimes difficult to control and the strength of freshly prepared reagents can vary substantially, titration methods are necessary to verify the purity of reagents. A number of efficient titration methodologies exist.
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The apex is directed downward and presents an oval facet for articulation with the coccyx. The sacral canal as a continuation of the vertebral canal runs throughout the greater part of the sacrum. The sacral angle is the angle formed by the true conjugate with the two pieces of sacrum. Normally it is greater than 60 degrees.
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In quantum mechanical processes the total number of particles may not be preserved. The concept is therefore generalized to the particle number operator, that is, the observable that counts the number of constituent particles. In quantum field theory, the particle number operator (see Fock state) is conjugate to the phase of the classical wave (see coherent state).
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If the given polynomial only has real coefficients, one may wish to avoid computations with complex numbers. To that effect, one has to find quadratic factors for pairs of conjugate complex roots. The application of the multidimensional Newton's method to this task results in Bairstow's method. The real variant of Jenkins–Traub algorithm is an improvement of this method.
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Models of horizontal eye movements: Part I: Early models of Saccades and smooth pursuit. S.l.: Morgan & Claypool. Several centers in the brainstem are involved. Horizontal conjugate gaze is controlled by the nuclei of the Ocular Nerve, CN III, and the Abducens nerve, CN VI, the paramedian pontine reticular formation, and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi-medial vestibular nucleus.
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Fluoride can act as a base. It can combine with a proton (): This neutralization reaction forms hydrogen fluoride (HF), the conjugate acid of fluoride. In aqueous solution, fluoride has a pKb value of 10.8. It is therefore a weak base, and tends to remain as the fluoride ion rather than generating a substantial amount of hydrogen fluoride.
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Students can be excluded from school unless they comply with all the State Department of Health's extensive immunization mandates. School nurses monitor each pupil for this compliance. Beginning with the 2017-18 school year, high school students are mandated to receive a dose of MCV meningococcal conjugate vaccine for 12th grade entry. Nurses also monitor each child's weight.
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Foscarnet (phosphonomethanoic acid), known by its brand name Foscavir, is an antiviral medication which is primarily used to treat viral infections involving the Herpesviridae family. It is classified as a pyrophosphate analog DNA polymerase inhibitor. Foscarnet is the conjugate base of a chemical compound with the formula HO2CPO3H2. Foscarnet was approved for medical use in 1991.
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The gametes conjugate outside in open sea to produce zygotes and the B form then develops and matures during the second summer. Lister (1895) observed Elphidium in two different forms as megalospheric form (sexual form) and microsperic form (asexual form). The megalosperic form was developed from the microsperic form. The gametes which gives rise to microspheric form by syngamy.
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He has developed nonequilibrium simulation methods including the SLLOD algorithm for the study of shear flow, the Evans' method for heat flow, the color conductivity method for the determination of self diffusion. He is also well known for the development of links between the theory of chaos and properties of fluids including the development of the Conjugate Pairing Rule.
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Consimilarity arises as a result of studying antilinear transformations referred to different bases. A matrix is consimilar to itself, its complex conjugate, its transpose and its adjoint matrix. Every matrix is consimilar to a real matrix and to a Hermitian matrix. There is a standard form for the consimilarity class, analogous to the Jordan normal form.
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Phosphirane is the organophosphorus compound with the formula C2H4PH. It is a colorless gas of no commercial value. As the simplest cyclic, saturated organophosphorus compound, phosphirane is the prototype of a family of related compounds that have attracted attention from the research community. Phosphirane was first prepared by reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane with the conjugate base of phosphine.
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Its binding by WIPI2 recruits it to the phagophore and mediates its activity. The first of the two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems involved in autophagy covalently binds the ubiquitin-like protein Atg12 to Atg5. The resulting conjugate protein then binds Atg16L1 to form an E3-like complex which functions as part of the second ubiquitin-like conjugation system.
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The photorefractive effect is a nonlinear optical effect seen in certain crystals and other materials that respond to light by altering their refractive index. The effect can be used to store temporary, erasable holograms and is useful for holographic data storage. It can also be used to create a phase-conjugate mirror or an optical spatial soliton.
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The special case when the Jordan curve is a circle or line is called a Fuchsian group, named after Lazarus Fuchs by Henri Poincaré. Finitely generated quasi-Fuchsian groups are conjugate to Fuchsian groups under quasi-conformal transformations. The space of quasi-Fuchsian groups of the first kind is described by the simultaneous uniformization theorem of Bers.
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The Wigner D-matrix is a unitary matrix in an irreducible representation of the groups SU(2) and SO(3). The complex conjugate of the D-matrix is an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian of spherical and symmetric rigid rotors. The matrix was introduced in 1927 by Eugene Wigner. stands for Darstellung, which means "representation" in German.
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One litre of sugar (about 970 grams) can dissolve in 0.6 litres of hot water, producing a total volume of less than one litre. In differential geometry, volume is expressed by means of the volume form, and is an important global Riemannian invariant. In thermodynamics, volume is a fundamental parameter, and is a conjugate variable to pressure.
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Together with its conjugate base superoxide, hydroperoxyl is an important reactive oxygen species. Unlike , which has reducing properties, HO2 can act as an oxidant in a number of biologically important reactions, such as the abstraction of hydrogen atoms from tocopherol and polyunstaturated fatty acids in the lipid bilayer. As such, it may be an important initiator of lipid peroxidation.
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The accelerated approval was based on the surrogate endpoint of response rate. It was the first antibody-drug conjugate to be approved. Within the first year after approval, the FDA required a black box warning be added to gemtuzumab packaging. The drug was noted to increase the risk of veno-occlusive disease in the absence of bone marrow transplantation.
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Reactions of peroxynitrite leading to either apoptotic or necrotic cell death Peroxynitrite (sometimes called peroxonitrite) is an ion with the formula ONOO−. It is an unstable structural isomer of nitrate, . Although its conjugate acid peroxynitrous acid is highly reactive, peroxynitrite is stable in basic solutions.Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. .
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The GIG distribution is conjugate to the normal distribution when serving as the mixing distribution in a normal variance-mean mixture.Dimitris Karlis, "An EM type algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of the normal–inverse Gaussian distribution", Statistics & Probability Letters 57 (2002) 43–52.Barndorf-Nielsen, O.E., 1997. Normal Inverse Gaussian Distributions and stochastic volatility modelling. Scand.
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Electron-deficient olefins, such as enones and acryl derivatives can be epoxidized using nucleophilic oxygen compounds such as peroxides. The reaction is a two-step mechanism. First the oxygen performs a nucleophilic conjugate addition to give a stabilized carbanion. This carbanion then attacks the same oxygen atom, displacing a leaving group from it, to close the epoxide ring.
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Salicylaldoxime is the conjugate acid of a bidentate ligand: :2 C6H4CH=NOH-2-OH + Cu2+ → Cu(C6H4CH=NOH-2-O)2 \+ 2 H+ In highly acidic media, the ligand decomplexes and the metal aqua complex is liberated. In this way the ligand is used as a recyclable extractant. It typically forms charge-neutral complexes with divalent metal ions.
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Bijaoui and Rué Bijaoui, A., Rué, F.: 1995, A Multiscale Vision Model, Signal Processing 46, 345 associate structures detected in scale-space above a minimum noise threshold into an object tree which spans multiple scales and corresponds to a kind of feature in the original signal. Extracted features are accurately reconstructed using an iterative conjugate gradient matrix method.
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Oberwolfach, 1978 Eduard L. Stiefel (21 April 1909 – 25 November 1978) was a Swiss mathematician. Together with Cornelius Lanczos and Magnus Hestenes, he invented the conjugate gradient method, and gave what is now understood to be a partial construction of the Stiefel–Whitney classes of a real vector bundle, thus co-founding the study of characteristic classes.
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In addition, fluid simulations also allow usage of Turbulence models. Types of analysis possible using SimScale include: Conjugate heat transfer (CHT), simulates the thermal energy transfer between a solid and a fluid, was added most recently to SimScale physics portfolio. It is most commonly used in the design of heat exchangers, heaters, coolers, electronic components and other heat sources.
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Water is more difficult to oxidize than its conjugate base hydroxide. Hydroxide is stabilized by coordination to metal cations. Some metal hydroxides, those featuring redox-active metal centers, can be oxidized to give metal oxo complexes. Attack of water on metal oxo centers represents one pathway for the formation of the O-O bond, leading to dioxygen.
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Hypothiocyanite is the anion [OSCN]− and the conjugate base of hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). It is an organic compound part of the thiocyanates as it contains the functional group SCN. It is formed when an oxygen is singly bonded to the thiocyanate group. Hypothiocyanous acid is a fairly weak acid; its acid dissociation constant (pKa) is 5.3.
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The iodate anion, Space-filling model of the iodate anion An iodate is a conjugate base of iodic acid.Merriam-Webster definition In the iodate anion, iodine is bonded to three oxygen atoms and the molecular formula is . The molecular geometry of iodate is trigonal pyramidal. Iodate can be obtained by reducing a periodate with a sulfide.
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a disorder of conjugate lateral gaze in which the affected eye shows impairment of adduction. When an attempt is made to gaze contralaterally (relative to the affected eye), the affected eye adducts minimally, if at all. The contralateral eye abducts, however with nystagmus. Additionally, the divergence of the eyes leads to horizontal diplopia.
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Bra–ket notation was designed to facilitate the formal manipulation of linear- algebraic expressions. Some of the properties that allow this manipulation are listed herein. In what follows, and denote arbitrary complex numbers, denotes the complex conjugate of , and denote arbitrary linear operators, and these properties are to hold for any choice of bras and kets.
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In general, in a group across the periodic table, the more basic the ion (the higher the pKa of the conjugate acid) the more reactive it is as a nucleophile. Within a series of nucleophiles with the same attacking element (e.g. oxygen), the order of nucleophilicity will follow basicity. Sulfur is in general a better nucleophile than oxygen.
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The structural formula of the docusate anion is , where R is the 2-ethylhexyl group . The conjugate acid can be described as the twofold carboxylate ester of sulfosuccinic acid with 2-ethylhexanol. The compound is a white, wax-like, plastic solid, with an odor suggestive of octyl alcohol. It starts to decompose at about 220 °C.
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Trastuzumab emtansine also known as ado-trastuzumab emtansine and sold under the trade name Kadcyla, is an antibody-drug conjugate consisting of the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) covalently linked to the cytotoxic agent DM1. Trastuzumab alone stops growth of cancer cells by binding to the HER2 receptor, whereas trastuzumab emtansine undergoes receptor- mediated internalization into cells, is catabolized in lysosomes where DM1-containing catabolites are released and subsequently bind tubulin to cause mitotic arrest and cell death. Trastuzumab binding to HER2 prevents homodimerization or heterodimerization (HER2/HER3) of the receptor, ultimately inhibiting the activation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT cellular signalling pathways. Because the monoclonal antibody targets HER2, and HER2 is only over-expressed in cancer cells, the conjugate delivers the cytotoxic agent DM1 specifically to tumor cells.
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Conjugate addition is effective in the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds with the help of organometallic reagents such as the organozinc iodide reaction with methylvinylketone. (4R',5R')-5-(5-Ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]-dioxolan-4-yl)-pentan-2-one An example of an asymmetric synthesis by conjugate addition is the synthesis of (R)-3-phenyl-cyclohexanone from cyclohexenone, phenylboronic acid, a rhodium acac catalyst and the chiral ligand BINAP. :(R)-3-phenyl-cyclohanone In another example of asymmetric synthesis the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound first reacts with a chiral imidazolidinone catalyst and chiral auxiliary to an iminium compound in an alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution which then reacts enantioselective with the furan nucleophile. The immediate reaction product is a nucleophilic enamine and the reaction cascades with abstraction of chlorine from a chlorinated quinone.
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It is often useful to think of the hyperparameters of a conjugate prior distribution as corresponding to having observed a certain number of pseudo-observations with properties specified by the parameters. For example, the values \alpha and \beta of a beta distribution can be thought of as corresponding to \alpha-1 successes and \beta-1 failures if the posterior mode is used to choose an optimal parameter setting, or \alpha successes and \beta failures if the posterior mean is used to choose an optimal parameter setting. In general, for nearly all conjugate prior distributions, the hyperparameters can be interpreted in terms of pseudo-observations. This can help both in providing an intuition behind the often messy update equations, as well as to help choose reasonable hyperparameters for a prior.
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Conjugate priors are analogous to eigenfunctions in operator theory, in that they are distributions on which the "conditioning operator" acts in a well-understood way, thinking of the process of changing from the prior to the posterior as an operator. In both eigenfunctions and conjugate priors, there is a finite-dimensional space which is preserved by the operator: the output is of the same form (in the same space) as the input. This greatly simplifies the analysis, as it otherwise considers an infinite- dimensional space (space of all functions, space of all distributions). However, the processes are only analogous, not identical: conditioning is not linear, as the space of distributions is not closed under linear combination, only convex combination, and the posterior is only of the same form as the prior, not a scalar multiple.
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Therefore, Apollonius' problem has at most eight independent solutions (Figure 2). One way to avoid this double-counting is to consider only solution circles with non-negative radius. The two roots of any quadratic equation may be of three possible types: two different real numbers, two identical real numbers (i.e., a degenerate double root), or a pair of complex conjugate roots.
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Its centroid bisects the segment between vertices. There is room for one more diameter-like line: let a grid of lines parallel to the diameter cut both branches of the hyperbola. These lines are chord-like except that they do not terminate on the same continuous curve. A conjugate diameter can be drawn from the centroid to bisect the chord-like lines.
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The acid can lose one proton from its second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base, the singly-negative anion glutamate −OOC- CH()-()2-COO−. This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions. The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation.Robert Sapolsky (2005), Biology and Human Behavior: The Neurological Origins of Individuality (2nd edition); The Teaching Company. pp.
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These series are said conjugate, and are considered as a single branch of the curve, of ramification index . In the case of a real curve, that is a curve defined by a polynomial with real coefficients, three cases may occur. If none has real coefficients, then one has a non-real branch. If some has real coefficients, then one may choose it as .
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A cubic hypersurface in P4 has at most 10 nodes, and up to isomorphism the Segre cubic is the unique one with 10 nodes. Its nodes are the points conjugate to (1:1:1:−1:−1:−1) under permutations of coordinates. The Segre cubic is rational and furthermore birationally equivalent to a compactification of the Siegel modular variety A2(2).
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The acquisition allowed Catalent to expand its portfolio of drug delivery technologies. In 2016, Catalent licensed the anti-body drug conjugate (ADC) to Triphase Accelerator to help with oncology development, and bought Pharmatek Laboratories to add spray drying to their manufacturing capabilities. In September 2017, Catalent agreed to acquire Cook Pharmica for $950 million, allowing Catalent to expand their biologic manufacturing.
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Applying g−1 to both sides of this equality yields ; that is, . An opposite inclusion follows similarly by taking and supposing . The above says that the stabilizers of elements in the same orbit are conjugate to each other. Thus, to each orbit, we can associate a conjugacy class of a subgroup of G (that is, the set of all conjugates of the subgroup).
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This is because the single measurements might have been made during a slight fluctuation, away from another set of nominal values of those conjugate intensive functions of state, that is due to unknown and different constitutive properties. A single measurement cannot tell whether that might be so, unless there is also knowledge of the nominal values that belong to the equilibrium state.
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Generalized forces find use in Lagrangian mechanics, where they play a role conjugate to generalized coordinates. They are obtained from the applied forces, Fi, i=1,..., n, acting on a system that has its configuration defined in terms of generalized coordinates. In the formulation of virtual work, each generalized force is the coefficient of the variation of a generalized coordinate.
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In infants and young children, H. influenzae type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, epiglottitis and acute bacterial meningitis. On occasion, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and infectious arthritis. It is one cause of neonatal infection. Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children.
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The Back Scattering Alignment (BSA) is a coordinate system used in coherent electromagnetic scattering. The coordinate system is defined from the viewpoint of the wave source, before and after scattering. The BSA is most commonly used in radar, specifically when working with a Sinclair Matrix because the monostatic radar detector and source are physically coaligned. BSA gives rise to conjugate eigenvalue equations.
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Deprotonation can be an important step in a chemical reaction. Acid–base reactions typically occur faster than any other step which may determine the product of a reaction. The conjugate base is more electron- rich than the molecule which can alter the reactivity of the molecule. For example, deprotonation of an alcohol forms the negatively charged alkoxide, which is a much stronger nucleophile.
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In vitro studies suggest sulfamethoxazole is not a substrate of the P-glycoprotein transporter. Excretion Sulfamethoxazole is primarily renally excreted via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. About 20% of the sulfamethoxazole in urine is the unchanged drug, about 15–20% is the N-glucuronide conjugate, and about 50–70 % is the acetylated metabolite. Sulfamethoxazole is also excreted in human milk.
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Perrhenate, like its conjugate acid perrhenic acid, features rhenium in the oxidation state of +7 with a d0 configuration. Solid perrhenate salts takes on the color of the cation. Typical perrhenate salts are the alkali metal derivatives and ammonium perrhenate. These salts are prepared by oxidation of rhenium compounds with nitric acid followed by neutralization of the resulting perrhenic acid.
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Oxazole is the parent compound for a vast class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds. These are azoles with an oxygen and a nitrogen separated by one carbon.Heterocyclic Chemistry TL Gilchrist, The Bath press 1985 Oxazoles are aromatic compounds but less so than the thiazoles. Oxazole is a weak base; its conjugate acid has a pKa of 0.8, compared to 7 for imidazole.
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The Hib vaccine is available by itself, in combination with the diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine, and in combination with the hepatitis B vaccine, among others. All Hib vaccines that are currently used are conjugate vaccine. An initial Hib vaccine was developed in 1977, which was replaced by a more effective formulation in the 1990s. , 184 countries include it in their routine vaccinations.
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Since optimal contact between B cells and T cells is required (via MHC II) to maximize antibody production, it is reasoned that the conjugate vaccine allows B cells to properly recruit T cells, this is in contrast to the polysaccharide form in which it is speculated that B cells do not interact optimally with T cells leading to the TI interaction.
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The drug metabolizing enzymes primarily responsible for rabeprazole's metabolism are CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. However, rabeprazole is mainly metabolized through non-enzymatic reduction to a thioether metabolite. Some of rabeprazole's metabolites include the following: a thioether carboxylic acid metabolite, a thioether glucuronide metabolite, and a sulfone metabolite. The most common metabolites excreted in the urine are the mercapturic acid conjugate and carboxylic acid.
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Hydrocyanation refers to the addition of the elements of hydrogen and cyanide across a multiple bond. When the multiple bond is polarized by an electron-withdrawing group, selective addition results. However, when the electron-withdrawing group is a carbonyl, the possibility of 1,2 (direct) addition to the carbonyl group exists. Methodological advances now permit access to both direct and conjugate addition products.
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Benzenesulfonic acid (conjugate base benzenesulfonate) is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H6O3S. It is the simplest aromatic sulfonic acid. It forms white deliquescent sheet crystals or a white waxy solid that is soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene and insoluble in nonpolar solvents like diethyl ether. It is often stored in the form of alkali metal salts.
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Nouns decline for 7 cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative, vocative; 3 genders: masculine, feminine, neuter; and 2 numbers: singular, plural. Adjectives agree with nouns in case, gender, and number. Verbs conjugate for 3 tenses: past, present, future; 2 voices: active, mediopassive, 3 persons: first, second, third; and 2 numbers, singular, and plural. Ukrainian verbs come in aspect pairs: perfective, and imperfective.
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It exothermically reacts with water to produce oxonium hexafluorophosphate () and hydrofluoric acid. Additionally, such solutions often contain products derived from hydrolysis of the P-F bonds, including , , and , and their conjugate bases. Hexafluorophosphoric acid attacks glass. Upon heating, it decomposes to generate HF. Crystalline has been obtained as the hexahydrate, wherein is enclosed in truncated octahedral cages defined by the water and protons.
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1984, 25, 5959. (13)File:CopperScope9.png Conjugate addition reactions of higher-order cyanocuprates represent another useful application for boron trifluoride etherate. The vinyl group is transferred selectively in this reaction; this is in contrast to substitution reactions employing the same reagent, which result in selective transfer of the methyl group.Lipshutz, B. H.; Wilhelm, R. S.; Kozlowski, J. A. J. Org. Chem.
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20 There are two other power conjugate systems on the same variables that are in use. The mobility analogy maps mechanical force to electric current instead of voltage. This analogy is widely used by mechanical filter designers and frequently in audio electronics also. The mapping has the advantage of preserving network topologies across domains but does not maintain the mapping of impedances.
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The EM method was modified to compute maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates for Bayesian inference in the original paper by Dempster, Laird, and Rubin. Other methods exist to find maximum likelihood estimates, such as gradient descent, conjugate gradient, or variants of the Gauss–Newton algorithm. Unlike EM, such methods typically require the evaluation of first and/or second derivatives of the likelihood function.
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Like saccades, microsaccades are usually binocular, and conjugate movements with comparable amplitudes and directions in both eyes. In the 1960s, scientists suggested the maximum amplitude for microsaccades should be 12 arcminutes to distinguish microsaccades and saccades. However, further studies have shown that microsaccades can certainly exceed this value. Therefore, amplitude can no longer be used to distinguish microsaccades and saccades.
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In his doctoral dissertation and numerous later publications, Rockafellar developed a general duality theory based on convex conjugate functions that centers on embedding a problem within a family of problems obtained by a perturbation of parameters. This encapsulates linear programming duality and Lagrangian duality, and extends to general convex problems as well as nonconvex ones, especially when combined with an augmentation.
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A variety of syntheses of lanthionine have been published including sulfur extrusion from cystine,Harpp, D. N.; Gleason, J. G. (1971) Preparation and Mass Spectral Properties of Cystine and Lanthionine Derivatives. Novel Synthesis of L-Lanthionine by Selective Desulfurization. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 36, 73-80. ring opening of serine β-lactone, and hetero-conjugate addition of cysteine to dehydroalanine.
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Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (conjugate base perfluorooctanesulfonate) (PFOS) is an anthropogenic fluorosurfactant and global pollutant. PFOS was the key ingredient in Scotchgard, a fabric protector made by 3M, and numerous stain repellents. It was added to Annex B of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in May 2009. PFOS can be synthesized in industrial production or result from the degradation of precursors.
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There are two ways that the two pairs of power conjugate variables can be associated with each other in the analogy. For instance the associations F with v and u with i can be made. However, the alternative associations u with v and F with i are also possible. This leads to two classes of analogies, the impedance analogies and the mobility analogies.
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In particular, if \gamma_s(t) is the family of geodesics whose derivative in s at s=0 generates the Jacobi field J, then the end point of the variation, namely \gamma_s(1), is the point q only up to first order in s. Therefore, if two points are conjugate, it is not necessary that there exist two distinct geodesics joining them.
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PAH Metabolites in Bile Fluids of Dab (Limanda limanda) and Flounder (Platichthys flesus): Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Changes. Ulrike Kammann, Environmental Science and Pollution Research - International, March 2007, Volume 14, Issue 2, pages 102-108, The model fungus Cunninghamella elegans produces, in the case of the biodegradation of phenanthrene, a glucoside conjugate of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (phenanthrene 1-O-beta-glucose).
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Deprotonation gives the imidazole anion, which is symmetrical. As a base, the pKa of the conjugate acid (cited as pKBH+ to avoid confusion between the two) is approximately 7, making imidazole approximately sixty times more basic than pyridine. The basic site is the nitrogen with the lone pair (and not bound to hydrogen). Protonation gives the imidazolium cation, which is symmetrical.
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To each port a unique protocol is assigned. A protocol in ROOM defines a set of outgoing and a set of incoming messages. Ports can be connected with a binding if they belong to the same protocol and are conjugate to each other. That means that one port is sending the outgoing messages of the protocol and receiving the incoming ones.
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The reactivity of hydroquinone's O-H groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic. The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers. Similarly, hydroquinone is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel-Crafts reactions such as alkylation. This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert- butyl-4-methoxyphenol ("BHA").
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E1S, also known as estrone 3-sulfate or as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one 3-sulfate, is a naturally occurring estrane steroid and a derivative of estrone. It is an estrogen conjugate or ester, and is specifically the C3 sulfate ester of estrone. Salts of E1S include sodium estrone sulfate and estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate). The logP of E1S is 1.4.
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Efferent fibers of these nuclei terminates in cranial nerve nuclei involved in extraocular movement (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens), the cerebellum, and the thalamus. The perihypoglossal nuclei and their connections are part of a complex circuitry related to eye movements. Lesions in the nucleus prepositus impair the ability to keep the eyes fixed on a visual target, although conjugate movements are still performed accurately.
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There is a generalized "force" of condensation that drives vapor molecules out of the vapor. Only when these two "forces" (or chemical potentials) are equal is there equilibrium, and the net rate of transfer zero. The two thermodynamic parameters that form a generalized force-displacement pair are called "conjugate variables". The two most familiar pairs are, of course, pressure- volume, and temperature-entropy.
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Variational message passing (VMP) is an approximate inference technique for continuous- or discrete-valued Bayesian networks, with conjugate-exponential parents, developed by John Winn. VMP was developed as a means of generalizing the approximate variational methods used by such techniques as Latent Dirichlet allocation and works by updating an approximate distribution at each node through messages in the node's Markov blanket.
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One often uses a prior which comes from a parametric family of probability distributions – this is done partly for explicitness (so one can write down a distribution, and choose the form by varying the hyperparameter, rather than trying to produce an arbitrary function), and partly so that one can vary the hyperparameter, particularly in the method of conjugate priors, or for sensitivity analysis.
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The conjugate bases of amines are known as amides. Thus, a lithium amide may also refer to any compound in the class of the lithium salt of an amine. These compounds have the general form Li2, with the chemical lithium amide itself as the parent structure. Common lithium amides include lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), lithium tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP), and lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS).
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In geometrical optics for each ray entering an optical system a single, unique, ray exits. In mathematical terms, the optical system performs a transformation that maps every object ray to an image ray. The object ray and its associated image ray are said to be conjugate to each other. This term also applies to corresponding pairs of object and image points and planes.
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Paclitaxel trevatide (development codes NG1005 and GRN1005) is an experimental chemotherapy drug that is under development by Angiochem Inc, a Canadian biotech company. Phase II clinical trials have completed for several indications, and the company is preparing for phase III trials. Paclitaxel trevatide is a paclitaxel-Angiopep-2 conjugate. Various Angiopep vectors have been composed and differ by their anti-cancer moieties.
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In linear algebra, the adjugate or classical adjoint of a square matrix is the transpose of its cofactor matrix. It is also occasionally known as adjunct matrix, though this nomenclature appears to have decreased in usage. The adjugate has sometimes been called the "adjoint", but today the "adjoint" of a matrix normally refers to its corresponding adjoint operator, which is its conjugate transpose.
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In 2016, the BBSO multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) called Clear with its three identical 357 actuator DMs enjoyed a successful first light trebling the corrected field of view by strongly reducing anisoplanatism. By 2020, Clear became a facility instrument, largely replacing CAO and holding lock as well as CAO ever did. Clear is the only MCAO system operating at any solar observatory.
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The hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization: :CH3COOH CH3CO2− \+ H+ Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character. Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid. In aqueous solution, it has a pKa value of 4.76. Its conjugate base is acetate (CH3COO−).
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Schematic structure of an antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate (AOC) Antibody- oligonucleotide conjugates or AOCs belong to a class of chimeric molecules combining in their structure two important families of biomolecules: monoclonal antibodies and oligonucleotides. Combination of exceptional targeting capabilities of monoclonal antibodies with numerous functional modalities of oligonucleotides has been fruitful for a variety of applications with AOC including imaging, detection and targeted therapeutics.
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In mathematics, there are two different notions of semi-inner-product. The first, and more common, is that of an inner product which is not required to be strictly positive. This article will deal with the second, called a L-semi- inner product or semi-inner product in the sense of Lumer. which is an inner product not required to be conjugate symmetric.
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Somali verbs consist of a stem to which suffixes are added. Verbs in indicative mood exist in four tenses, present, present continuous, past and past continuous, in addition to a subjunctive mood form for present and future tense. Verbs in Somali conjugate mainly through the addition of suffixes, although a very small number of common verbs use a conjugation using prefixes.
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Podophyllotoxin has been successfully synthesized in a laboratory; however, synthesis mechanisms require many steps, resulting resulted in low overall yield. It therefore remains more efficient to obtain podophyllotoxin from natural sources. Four routes have been used to synthesize podophyllotoxin with varying success: an oxo ester route, lactonization of a dihydroxy acid, cyclization of a conjugate addition product, and a Diels-Alder reaction.
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Classically, aromatization reactions involve changing the C:H ratio of a substrate. When applied to cyclopentadiene, proton removal gives the aromatic conjugate base cyclopentadienyl anion, isolable as sodium cyclopentadienide: :2 Na + 2 C5H6 -> 2 NaC5H5 \+ H2 Aromatization can entail removal of hydride. Tropylium, arises by the aromatization reaction of cycloheptatriene with hydride acceptors. : + → + + Ciamician-Dennstedt rearrangement of a pyrrole to a pyridine.
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A calculated titration curve for oxalic acid is shown at the right. Oxalic acid has pKa values of 1.27 and 4.27. Therefore, the buffer regions will be centered at about pH 1.3 and pH 4.3. The buffer regions carry the information necessary to get the pKa values as the concentrations of acid and conjugate base change along a buffer region.
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The initial step of autophagosome formation of an omegasome on the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by of elongation of structures called phagophores. The formation of autophagosomes is controlled by Atg genes through Atg12-Atg5 and LC3 complexes. The conjugate of Atg12-Atg5 also interacts with Atg16 to form larger complexes. Modification of Atg5 by Atg12 is essential for the elongation of the initial membrane.
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Tris-buffered saline (TBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Tris (with HCl) has a slightly alkaline buffering capacity in the 7–9.2 range. The conjugate acid of Tris has a pKa of 8.07 at 25 °C. The pKa declines approximately 0.03 units per degree Celsius rise in temperature.
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Vorsetuzumab mafodotin (SGN-75) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) directed to the protein CD70 designed for the treatment of cancer.Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council: Vorsetuzumab Mafodotin, American Medical Association. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody, vorsetuzumab, conjugated with noncleavable monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), a cytotoxic agent. This drug was developed by Seattle Genetics, Inc.
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Conventions differ as to which argument should be linear. In the commutative case, we shall take the first to be linear, as is common in the mathematical literature, except in the section devoted to sesquilinear forms on complex vector spaces. There we use the other convention and take the first argument to be conjugate-linear (i.e. antilinear) and the second to be linear.
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The sulfide ion in sulfide salts such as sodium sulfide can incorporate a proton into the salt by protonation: : + → Because of this capture of the proton (), sodium sulfide has basic character. Sodium sulfide is strongly basic, able to absorb two protons. Its conjugate acid is sodium hydrosulfide (). An aqueous solution contains a significant portion of sulfide ions that are singly protonated.
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Coxeter and several other authors use the term self-conjugate instead of absolute. A polarity may or may not have absolute points. A polarity with absolute points is called a hyperbolic polarity and one without absolute points is called an elliptic polarity. In the complex projective plane all polarities are hyperbolic but in the real projective plane only some are.
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General map of central and southern Tibet depicting the Bangong suture (located between the BSZ and Qiangtang terrane) and Bangong suture zone (BSZ) and surrounding terranes. Map is modified from Guynn et al., 2011. The Bangong suture zone is approximately 1200 km long and trends in an east–west orientation, and a key location in the central Tibet conjugate fault zone.
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Depatuxizumab mafodotin (INN; development code ABT-414) is an antibody-drug conjugate designed for the treatment of cancer.Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council - Depatuxizumab Mafodotin, American Medical Association. It is composed of an EGFR IGg1 monoclonal antibody (depatuxizumab) conjugated to the tubulin inhibitor monomethyl auristatin F via a stable maleimidocaproyl link. This drug was developed by AbbVie.
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For cancer therapy, research has suggested that manipulation of ELPs, through the addition of functional groups, can enable the ELP to conjugate with cytotoxic drugs. Also, ELPs may be able to function as polymeric scaffolds, which promote tissue regeneration. This capacity of ELPs has been studied particularly in the context of bone growth. ELPs can be engineered to recognize specific proteins in solution.
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Cupferron is jargon for the ammonium salt of the conjugate base derived from N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylamine. It once was a common reagent for the complexation of metal ions, being of interest in the area of qualitative inorganic analysis. Its formula is NH4[C6H5N(O)NO]. The anion binds to metal cations through the two oxygen atoms, forming five-membered chelate rings.
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A hypohalous acid is an oxyacid consisting of a hydroxyl group single-bonded to any halogen. Examples include hypofluorous acid, hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, and hypoiodous acid. The conjugate base is a hypohalite. They can be formed by reacting the corresponding diatomic halogen molecule (, , , ) with water in the reaction: : + + This also results in the corresponding hydrogen halide, which is also acidic.
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Aldoxorubicin (INNO-206) is a tumor-targeted doxorubicin conjugate in development by CytRx. Specifically, it is the (6-maleimidocaproyl) hydrazone of doxorubicin. Essentially, this chemical name describes doxorubicin attached to an acid sensitive linker (N-ε-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide, or EMCH). The proposed mechanism of action is as follows: # After administration, aldoxorubicin rapidly binds endogenous circulating albumin through the EMCH linker.
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It is worth noting that these QDs are also flexible to conjugate with other agents such as metallic nanoparticles, radioactive labels and even Raman tags. Thus, multimodal imaging can be achieved with the multifunctional nanotags based on Cd-free QDs. Another useful application is to use these designed Cd- free QDs as nanoplatforms to do non-invasive therapeutics and diagnostics (i.e., theranostics).
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Scheme 13. Asymmetric Intermolecular Stetter Reaction with Nitroalkenes Another contribution to the development of asymmetric intermolecular Stetter reactions came from Glorius and coworkers in 2011. They demonstrated the synthesis of α-amino acids enantioselectively by utilizing N-acylamido acrylate as the conjugate acceptor. Significantly, the reaction can be run on a 5 mmol scale without loss of yield or enantioselectivity.
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Ovandrotone, also known as androstenedione-7α-carboxyethylthioether, is a synthetic androstane steroid and the C7α carboxyethylthioether of androstenedione. It is a component of ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin), a conjugate of androstenedione and human serum albumin and an immunogen and vaccine against androstenedione that is used to generate androgen immunity and thereby increase the ovulation rate and number of lambs born to ewes.
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VOLT-02 is a water-soluble conjugate of progesterone and a neurosteroid which is under development by Levolta Pharmaceuticals (formerly Voltarra Pharmaceuticals) for the treatment of traumatic brain injury, gynecological disorders, and menstrual disorders. As of March 2017, it is in phase II clinical trials for these indications. The chemical structure of VOLT-02 does not appear to have been released yet.
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The conjugate base of dihydroxycarbene is the carbonite anion, . Alkali metal salts, such as , , and , have been observed at 15 K.Zakya H. Kafafi, Robert H. Hauge, W. Edward Billups, and John L. Margrave (1983) Carbon dioxide activation by lithium metal. 1. Infrared spectra of , , and in inert- gas matrices. Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 183, pages 3886 --3893.
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Sigal Gottlieb is the daughter and co-author of applied mathematician David Gottlieb. She completed her undergraduate, masters and her Ph.D. at Brown University. She defended her Ph.D. thesis in 1998 under the supervision of Chi-Wang Shu; her dissertation was Convergence to Steady State of Weighted ENO Schemes, Norm Preserving Runge-Kutta Methods and a Modified Conjugate Gradient Method.
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The conjugate gradient method can be applied to an arbitrary n-by-m matrix by applying it to normal equations ATA and right-hand side vector ATb, since ATA is a symmetric positive-semidefinite matrix for any A. The result is conjugate gradient on the normal equations (CGNR). : ATAx = ATb As an iterative method, it is not necessary to form ATA explicitly in memory but only to perform the matrix-vector and transpose matrix-vector multiplications. Therefore, CGNR is particularly useful when A is a sparse matrix since these operations are usually extremely efficient. However the downside of forming the normal equations is that the condition number κ(ATA) is equal to κ2(A) and so the rate of convergence of CGNR may be slow and the quality of the approximate solution may be sensitive to roundoff errors.
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Simulated titration of an acidified solution of a weak acid (pKa = 4.7) with alkali Buffer solutions achieve their resistance to pH change because of the presence of an equilibrium between the weak acid HA and its conjugate base A−: : HA H+ \+ A− When some strong acid is added to an equilibrium mixture of the weak acid and its conjugate base, hydrogen ions (H+) are added, and the equilibrium is shifted to the left, in accordance with Le Châtelier's principle. Because of this, the hydrogen ion concentration increases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of strong acid added. Similarly, if strong alkali is added to the mixture, the hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of alkali added. The effect is illustrated by the simulated titration of a weak acid with pKa = 4.7.
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The involvement of the otherwise rare Cu(III) oxidation state has been demonstrated in the conjugate addition of the Gilman reagent to an enone: In a so-called rapid-injection NMR experiment at -100 °C, the Gilman reagent Me2CuLi (stabilized by lithium iodide) was introduced to cyclohexenone (1) enabling the detection of the copper — alkene pi complex 2. On subsequent addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide the Cu(III) species 3 is formed (indefinitely stable at that temperature) and on increasing the temperature to -80 °C the conjugate addition product 4. According to an accompanying in silico experiments the Cu(III) intermediate has a square planar molecular geometry with the cyano group in cis orientation with respect to the cyclohexenyl methine group and anti-parallel to the methine proton. With other ligands than the cyano group this study predicts room temperature stable Cu(III) compounds.
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Since the first economic analysis of routine childhood immunizations in the United States in 2001 that reported cost savings over the lifetime of children born in 2001, other analyses of the economic costs and potential benefits to individuals and society have since been studied, evaluated, and calculated. In 2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics published a decision analysis that evaluated direct costs (program costs such as vaccine cost, administrative burden, negative vaccine-linked reactions, and transportation time lost to parents to seek health providers for vaccination). The study focused on diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenza type b conjugate, poliovirus, measles/mumps/rubella (MMR), hepatitis B, varicella, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate, hepatitis A, and rotavirus vaccines, but excluded influenza. Estimated costs and benefits were adjusted to 2009 dollars and projected over time at 3% annual interest rate.
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Primary immunization with meningitis A, C, Y and W-135 vaccines is recommended for college students who plan to live in dormitories, although the risk for meningococcal disease for college students 18–24 years of age is similar to that of the general population of similar age. Routine primary immunization against meningococcal disease is recommended for most adults living in areas where meningococcal disease is endemic or who are planning to travel to such areas. Although conjugate vaccines are the preferred meningococcal vaccine in adults 55 years of age or younger, polysaccharide vaccines are an acceptable alternative for adults in this age group if the conjugated vaccine is unavailable. Since safety and efficacy of conjugate vaccines in adults older than 55 years of age have not been established to date, polysaccharide vaccines should be used for primary immunization in this group.
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The geometric requirement that ensures smooth movement of contacting gear teeth is known as the fundamental law of gearing. This law states that for two bodies rotating about separate centers and in contact along their profiles, the relative angular velocity of the two will be constant as long as the line perpendicular to the point of contact of their two profiles, the profile normal, passes through the same point along the line between their centers through out their movement. A pair of tooth profiles that satisfy the fundamental law of gearing are said to be conjugate to each other. The involute profile that is used for most gear teeth today is self-conjugate, which means that if the teeth of two gears are the same size then they will mesh smoothly independent of the diameters of the mating gears.
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About 52% of an oral or intravenous dose of moxifloxacin is metabolized via glucuronide and sulfate conjugation. The cytochrome P450 system is not involved in moxifloxacin metabolism, and is not affected by moxifloxacin. The sulfate conjugate (M1) accounts for around 38% of the dose, and is eliminated primarily in the feces. Approximately 14% of an oral or intravenous dose is converted to a glucuronide conjugate (M2), which is excreted exclusively in the urine. Peak plasma concentrations of M2 are about 40% those of the parent drug, while plasma concentrations of M1 are, in general, less than 10% those of moxifloxacin. In vitro studies with cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzymes indicate that moxifloxacin does not inhibit 80 CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP1A2, suggesting that moxifloxacin is unlikely to alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
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If K is given inside an algebraically closed field C, then the conjugates can be taken inside C. If no such C is specified, one can take the conjugates in some relatively small field L. The smallest possible choice for L is to take a splitting field over K of pK,α, containing α. If L is any normal extension of K containing α, then by definition it already contains such a splitting field. Given then a normal extension L of K, with automorphism group Aut(L/K) = G, and containing α, any element g(α) for g in G will be a conjugate of α, since the automorphism g sends roots of p to roots of p. Conversely any conjugate β of α is of this form: in other words, G acts transitively on the conjugates.
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Because of its polarity and thermal stability, MSM is used industrially as a high-temperature solvent for both inorganic and organic substances. It is used as a medium in organic synthesis. For example, displacement of aryl chlorides by potassium fluoride can be usefully conducted in molten MSM. With a pKa of 31, it can be deprotonated with sodium amide, and the conjugate base is an effective nucleophile.
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The conjugate is abbreviated T-DM1. In the EMILIA clinical trial of women with advanced HER2 positive breast cancer who were already resistant to trastuzumab alone, it improved median overall survival by 5.8 months (30.9 months vs. 25.1 months) compared to the combination of lapatinib and capecitabine. Based on that trial, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved marketing on 22 February 2013.
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Chlorous acid is an inorganic compound with the formula HClO2. It is a weak acid. Chlorine has oxidation state +3 in this acid. The pure substance is unstable, disproportionating to hypochlorous acid (Cl oxidation state +1) and chloric acid (Cl oxidation state +5): : 2 HClO2 → HClO + HClO3 Although the acid is difficult to obtain in pure substance, the conjugate base, chlorite, derived from this acid is stable.
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These concepts mainly from Book I get us started on the 51 propositions of Book VII defining in detail the relationships between sections, diameters, and conjugate diameters. As with some of Apollonius other specialized topics, their utility today compared to Analytic Geometry remains to be seen, although he affirms in Preface VII that they are both useful and innovative; i.e., he takes the credit for them.
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The class of locally finite groups is closed under subgroups, quotients, and extensions . Locally finite groups satisfy a weaker form of Sylow's theorems. If a locally finite group has a finite p-subgroup contained in no other p-subgroups, then all maximal p-subgroups are finite and conjugate. If there are finitely many conjugates, then the number of conjugates is congruent to 1 modulo p.
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It can also be explained with reference to the sampling and Nyquist frequency. Take a window of N samples from an arbitrary real-valued signal at sampling rate fs . Taking the Fourier transform produces N complex coefficients. Of these coefficients only half are useful (the last N/2 being the complex conjugate of the first N/2 in reverse order, as this is a real valued signal).
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In the next step 5 reacts with a second aniline molecule in a nucleophilic conjugate addition to imine 6 and subsequent electrophilic addition and proton transfer to leads to 7. elimination of one aniline molecule through 8 and rearomatization leads to final product 9. Because α-amino protons are not available in this model compound the reaction is not taken to the fully fledged quinoline.
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There are an infinite number of refractive-index profiles that can produce this effect. The simplest such solution was proposed by Rudolf Luneburg in 1944. Luneburg's solution for the refractive index creates two conjugate foci outside of the lens. The solution takes a simple and explicit form if one focal point lies at infinity, and the other on the opposite surface of the lens.
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Vanadyl acetylacetonate is the chemical compound with the formula VO(acac)2, where acac– is the conjugate base of acetylacetone. It is a blue-green solid that dissolves in polar organic solvents. The coordination complex consists of the vanadyl group, VO2+, bound to two acac– ligands via the two oxygen atoms on each. Like other charge-neutral acetylacetonate complexes, it is not soluble in water.
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The -SH groups on these residues act as strong nucleophiles, which can conjugate with a variety of molecules, including other glutathione molecules. Sulfur itself is able to exist in several different oxidation states; this redox flexibility combined with its strong nucleophilic properties allows glutathione to oxidize/readily pick up electrons from reactive oxygen species. Glutathione transferases play a key role in catalyzing such reactions.
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First, a base abstracts the relatively acidic proton to generate a stabilized anion. The lone pair of electrons on the anion then moves to the neighboring atom, thus expelling the leaving group and forming double or triple bond. The name of the mechanism - E1cB - stands for Elimination Unimolecular conjugate Base. Elimination refers to the fact that the mechanism is an elimination reaction and will lose two substituents.
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This step was taken by Sommerfeld, who proposed the general quantization rule for an integrable system, : J_k = h n_k. \, Each action variable is a separate integer, a separate quantum number. This condition reproduces the circular orbit condition for two dimensional motion: let be polar coordinates for a central potential. Then is already an angle variable, and the canonical momentum conjugate is , the angular momentum.
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Pure anhydrous caffeine is a bitter-tasting, white, odorless powder with a melting point of 235–238 °C. Caffeine is moderately soluble in water at room temperature (2 g/100 mL), but very soluble in boiling water (66 g/100 mL). It is also moderately soluble in ethanol (1.5 g/100 mL). It is weakly basic (pKa of conjugate acid = ~0.6) requiring strong acid to protonate it.
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Thus, a polarity relates a point with a line and, following Gergonne, is called the polar of and the pole of . An absolute point (line) of a polarity is one which is incident with its polar (pole).Coxeter and several other authors use the term self-conjugate instead of absolute. A von Staudt conic in the real projective plane is equivalent to a Steiner conic.
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If these points are real, the curve is a hyperbola; if they are imaginary conjugates, it is an ellipse; if there is only one double point, it is a parabola. If the points at infinity are the cyclic points and , the conic section is a circle. If the coefficients of a conic section are real, the points at infinity are either real or complex conjugate.
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Ph2Se2 is prepared by the oxidation of benzeneselenoate, the conjugate base of benzeneselenol which is generated via the Grignard reagent: :PhMgBr + Se -> PhSeMgBr :2 PhSeMgBr + Br2 -> Ph2Se2 \+ 2 MgBr2 The molecule has idealized C2-symmetry, like hydrogen peroxide and related molecules. The Se-Se bond length of 2.29 Å the C-Se-Se-C dihedral angle is 82° and the C-Se-Se angles are near 110°.
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Abelson graduated with an A.B. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1969 after completing a senior thesis, titled "Actions with fixed-point set: a homology sphere", under the supervision of William Browder. He later received a Ph.D. in mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1973 after completing his doctoral dissertation, titled "Topologically distinct conjugate varieties with finite fundamental group", under the supervision Dennis Sullivan.
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A hyperprior is a distribution on the space of possible hyperparameters. If one is using conjugate priors, then this space is preserved by moving to posteriors – thus as data arrives, the distribution changes, but remains on this space: as data arrives, the distribution evolves as a dynamical system (each point of hyperparameter space evolving to the updated hyperparameters), over time converging, just as the prior itself converges.
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Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H. Oxaloacetic acid, in the form of its conjugate base oxaloacetate, is a metabolic intermediate in many processes that occur in animals. It takes part in gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and the citric acid cycle.
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Structure of [Ni(cysteinate)2]2-. Transition metal amino acid complexes are a large family of coordination complexes containing the conjugate bases of the amino acids, the 2-aminocarboxylates. Amino acids are prevalent in nature, and all of them function as ligands toward the transition metals. Not included in this article are complexes of the amides (including peptide) and ester derivatives of amino acids.
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Primary immunization against meningococcal disease with meningitis A, C, Y and W-135 vaccines is recommended for all young adolescents at 11–12 years of age and all unvaccinated older adolescents at 15 years of age. Although conjugate vaccines are the preferred meningococcal vaccine in adolescents 11 years of age or older, polysaccharide vaccines are an acceptable alternative if the conjugated vaccine is unavailable.
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Proceedings of ICAAC New Orleans 1996. Abstract No. I60Kroon FP, Bruisten S, Swieten PV et al. No increase in HIV-load following immunization with conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, Pneumovax, or Typhim-Vi. Proceedings of ICAAC New Orleans 1996. Abstract No. I61Tasker SA, Treanor J, Rossetti R et al. Whole virion influenza vaccine has protective efficacy in the setting of HIV infection. Proceedings of ICAAC New Orleans 1996.
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Guanidinium thiocyanate or guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) is a chemical compound used as a general protein denaturant, being a chaotropic agent, although it is most commonly used as a nucleic acid protector in the extraction of DNA and RNA from cells. GITC may also be recognized as guanidine thiocyanate. This is because guanidinium is the conjugate acid of guanidine and is called the guanidinium cation, [CH6N3]+.
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Proceedings of ICAAC New Orleans 1996. Abstract No. I60Kroon FP, Bruisten S, Swieten PV et al. No increase in HIV-load following immunization with conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, Pneumovax, or Typhim-Vi. Proceedings of ICAAC New Orleans 1996. Abstract No. I61Tasker SA, Treanor J, Rossetti R et al. Whole virion influenza vaccine has protective efficacy in the setting of HIV infection. Proceedings of ICAAC New Orleans 1996.
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ERx is a putative membrane estrogen receptor (mER) of which little is currently known. It was discovered as a gene transcription signature induced by estradiol that is independent of the ERα/ERβ and GPER and was identified using the membrane-impermeable estradiol conjugate E2-BSA in the absence or presence of the ERα/ERβ antagonist fulvestrant (ICI-182,780) and the GPER antagonist G-15.
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The multiplicative decomposition states that if g is an element of the corresponding connected semisimple Lie group G with corresponding Iwasawa decomposition G = KAN, then g can be written as the product of three commuting elements g = sdu with s, d and u conjugate to elements of K, A and N respectively. In general the terms in the Iwasawa decomposition g = kan do not commute.
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Its major metabolite is an inactive 2-n-glucuronide conjugate. Lamotrigine has fewer drug interactions than many anticonvulsant drugs, although pharmacokinetic interactions with carbamazepine, phenytoin and other hepatic enzyme inducing medications may shorten half-life. Dose adjustments should be made on clinical response, but monitoring may be of benefit in assessing compliance. The capacity of available tests to detect potentially adverse consequences of melanin binding is unknown.
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The reason lies in the higher acidity of the heavier hydrohalic acids as well as the higher nucleophilicity of the respective conjugate base. Fluoride is not nucleophilic enough to allow for usage of hydrofluoric acid to cleave ethers in protic media. Regardless of which hydrohalic acid is used, the rate of reaction is comparably low, so that heating of the reaction mixture is required.
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Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live vaccine given by mouth) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective for the first two years depending on the specific vaccine in question. The Vi-rEPA vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in children.
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In mathematics, the Bochner–Kodaira–Nakano identity is an analogue of the Weitzenböck identity for hermitian manifolds, giving an expression for the antiholomorphic Laplacian of a vector bundle over a hermitian manifold in terms of its complex conjugate and the curvature of the bundle and the torsion of the metric of the manifold. It is named after Salomon Bochner, Kunihiko Kodaira, and Shigeo Nakano.
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Note that patients with gaze palsy still have conjugate eye movements and therefore do not complain of diplopia. The human Robo gene acts as a receptor for a midline repulsive cue. When Robo is mutated, the longitudinal tract formation is disrupted and therefore normal neuronal connections cannot form. This leads to the reduced hindbrain volume and scoliosis, which are common symptoms of horizontal gaze palsy.
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For example, conjugate diameters have the property that a tangent line to the ellipse at the endpoint of one of them is parallel to the other one. The longest diameter is called the major axis. The word "diameter" is derived from Greek διάμετρος (diametros), "diameter of a circle", from διά (dia), "across, through" and μέτρον (metron), "measure". It is often abbreviated DIA, dia, d, or ⌀.
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Cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones are the most commonly employed substrates for vicinal difunctionalization. They tend to be more reactive than acyclic analogues and undergo less direct addition than aldehydes. Amides and esters can be used to encourage conjugate addition in cases when direct addition may be competitive (as in the addition of organolithium compounds).Franck, W.; Bhat, V.; Subramanian, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PG) is the conjugate acid of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP). The glycerate is a biochemically significant metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle. This anion is often termed as PGA when referring to the Calvin cycle. In the Calvin cycle, 3-phosphoglycerate is the product of the spontaneous scission of an unstable 6-carbon intermediate formed upon CO2 fixation.
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Mertansine, also called DM1 (and in some of its forms emtansine), is a thiol- containing maytansinoid that for therapeutic purposes is attached to a monoclonal antibody through reaction of the thiol group with a linker structure to create an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). ADCs with this design include trastuzumab emtansine, lorvotuzumab mertansine, and cantuzumab mertansine. Some are still experimental; others are in regular clinical use.
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Virastyar (, meaning "editing assistant") is a Persian add-in for Microsoft Word that performs Persian spell checking, character standardization, Pinglish transliteration, punctuation correction and calendar conversion.What is Virastyar? It can conjugate approximately 46,000 simple verb tense and use inflection and morphological rules to recognize possible extensions of a word. It covers approximately 2,800 non-verbal inflections for nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, numerals, classifiers, and pronouns.
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Sodium telluride is the chemical compound with the formula Na2Te. This salt is the conjugate base of the thermally unstable acid hydrogen telluride, but it is usually prepared by reduction of tellurium with sodium. Na2Te is a challenging material to handle because it is very sensitive to air. Air oxidizes it initially to polytellurides, which have the formula Na2Tex (x > 1), and ultimately Te metal.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of the conjugate vaccine in the routine immunizations given to children. This includes those with HIV/AIDS. The recommended three or four doses are between 71 and 93% effective at preventing severe pneumococcal disease. The polysaccharide vaccines, while effective in healthy adults, are not effective in children less than two years old or those with poor immune function.
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The Brønsted–Lowry definition applies to other solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide: the solvent S acts as a base, accepting a proton and forming the conjugate acid SH+. :HA + S A− \+ SH+. In solution chemistry, it is common to use H+ as an abbreviation for the solvated hydrogen ion, regardless of the solvent. In aqueous solution H+ denotes a solvated hydronium ion rather than a proton.
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Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), also known as 5'-guanidylic acid or guanylic acid (conjugate base guanylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine; hence it is a ribonucleoside monophosphate. Guanosine monophosphate is commercially produced by microbial fermentation.
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Heme is bound to the protein either covalently or noncovalently or both.Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. "Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry" 3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York, 2000. . The heme consists of iron cation bound at the center of the conjugate base of the porphyrin, as well as other ligands attached to the "axial sites" of the iron. The porphyrin ring is a planar dianionic, tetradentate ligand.
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In conjunction with the University of Oxford, this team will coordinate and perform a range of activities designed to estimate the total reduction in disease burden attributable to programmatic use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine following introduction into the routine childhood immunization schedule. The pneumococcal surveillance and post- vaccine introduction evaluation being conducted is a multi-year project.
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The intonation of words in Suffolk is very peculiar. Words have a notable range of rise and fall in pitch and can often sound as if the speaker were asking a question. This is one of the main features that distinguish Suffolk speech from Norfolk, which is characterised by a distinctive 'drawl'. Verbs very rarely conjugate, the only exceptions being 'to be' and 'to have'.
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If we are to show that , , are collinear for concyclic , then notice that and are similar, and that and will correspond to the isogonal conjugate if we overlap the similar triangles. This means that , hence making collinear. A short proof can be constructed using cross-ratio preservation. Projecting tetrad from onto line , we obtain tetrad , and projecting tetrad from onto line , we obtain tetrad .
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Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide is a lithiated organosilicon compound with the formula LiN(SiMe3)2. It is commonly abbreviated as LiHMDS (lithium hexamethyldisilazide - a reference to its conjugate acid HMDS) and is primarily used as a strong non-nucleophilic base and as a ligand. Like many lithium reagents, it has a tendency to aggregate and will form a cyclic trimer in the absence of coordinating species.
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In geometry, the isotomic conjugate of a point P with respect to a triangle ABC is another point, defined in a specific way from P and ABC: If the base points of the lines PA, PB, and PC on the sides opposite A, B, and C are reflected about the midpoints of their respective sides, the resulting lines intersect at the isotomic congugate of P.
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Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, sold under the brand name Mylotarg, is an antibody-drug conjugate (a drug-linked monoclonal antibody) that is used to treat acute myeloid leukemia. The most common grade 3 and higher adverse reactions that occurred during Induction 1 and Intensification 2 in ≥ 5% of people who received gemtuzumab ozogamicin were infection, febrile neutropenia, decreased appetite, hyperglycemia, mucositis, hypoxia, hemorrhage, increased transaminase, diarrhea, nausea, and hypotension.
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The two plasmids are pTiC58, responsible for the processes involved in virulence, and pAtC58, dubbed the "cryptic" plasmid. The pAtC58 plasmid has been shown to be involved in the metabolism of opines and to conjugate with other bacteria in the absence of the pTiC58 plasmid. If the pTi plasmid is removed, the tumor growth that is the means of classifying this species of bacteria does not occur.
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Prymnesin-1 is formed of a large polyether polycyclic core with several conjugate double and triple bonds, chlorine and nitrogen heteroatoms and O-linked sugar moieties including α-D-ribofuranose, α-L-arabinopyranose, and β-D-galactofuranose, unlike the single linked L-xylose of prymnesin-2. There are three forms of prymnesin known, prymnesin 1 and 2, differing in their glycosylation, and prymnesin B1 differing in backbone.
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Saha, S.; Schön, E.; Cativiela, C.; Díaz Díaz, D.; Banerjee, R. Proton-Conducting Supramolecular Metallogels From The Lowest Molecular Weight Assembler Ligand: A Quote For Simplicity. Chemistry - A European Journal 2013, 19, 9562-9568. Furthermore, a bile acid–picolinic acid conjugate can form gels in solvents that are 30%-50% organic. The increased water content renders this gel more bio-compatible, offering room for further investigation.
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Methylmalonic acid (MMA) (conjugate base methylmalonate) is a dicarboxylic acid that is a C-methylated derivative of malonate. The coenzyme A linked form of methylmalonic acid, methylmalonyl-CoA, is converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, in a reaction that requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor. In this way, it enters the Krebs cycle, and is thus part of one of the anaplerotic reactions.
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This is mainly due to the conjugate base action of βHB (βHB-) which fully dissociates within the blood; this mildly raises the blood and urine pH which is further increased as the kidneys excrete the excess cations (Na+, Ca+, K+). Ketone esters reduce the blood pH because KE hydrolysis proves β-HB with butanediol. These two undergoe a hepatic metabolism, forming a keto-acid.
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Bu4NOH is a strong base that is used often under phase-transfer conditions to effect alkylations and deprotonations. Typical reactions include benzylation of amines and generation of dichlorocarbene from chloroform. Bu4NOH can be neutralized with a variety of mineral acids to give lipophilic salts of the conjugate base. For example, treatment of Bu4NOH with disodium pyrophosphate, Na2H2P2O7, gives (Bu4N)3[HP2O7], which is soluble in organic solvents.
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Depending on the initial conditions, even with all roots real the iterates can experience a transitory tendency to go above and below the steady state value. But true cyclicity involves a permanent tendency to fluctuate, and this occurs if there is at least one pair of complex conjugate characteristic roots. This can be seen in the trigonometric form of their contribution to the solution equation, involving and .
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Sodium ions react very little with the hydroxide ions whereas the acetate ions combine with hydronium ions to produce acetic acid. In this case the net result is a relative excess of hydroxide ions, yielding a basic solution. Strong acids also undergo hydrolysis. For example, dissolving sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in water is accompanied by hydrolysis to give hydronium and bisulfate, the sulfuric acid's conjugate base.
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Most dithiolene complexes are prepared by reaction of alkali metal salts of 1,2-alkenedithiolates with metal halides. A thiolate is the conjugate base of a thiol, so alkenedithiolate is, formally speaking, the conjugate base of an alkenedithiol. Common alkenedithiolates are 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate and maleonitriledithiolate (mnt2−): : Ni2+ \+ 2 (NC)2C2S22− → Ni[S2C2(CN)2]22− Some alkenedithiolates are generated in situ, often by complex organic reactions: : cis-H2C2(SCH2Ph)2 \+ 4 Na → cis-H2C2(SNa)2 \+ 2 NaCH2Ph Once generated, these anions are deployed as ligands: : NiCl2 \+ 2 cis-H2C2(SNa)2 → Na2[Ni(S2C2H2)2] + 2 NaCl Often the initially formed, electron-rich complex undergoes spontaneous air-oxidation: :[Ni(S2C2H2)2]2− \+ 2 H+ \+ 1/2 O2 → Ni(S2C2H2)2 \+ H2O Structure of (C5H5)2Mo2(S2C2H2)2, featuring a bridging dithiolene ligand. It was prepared by the addition of acetylene to (C5H5)2Mo2S4.
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The geometric relation between a central line and its associated triangle center can be expressed using the concepts of trilinear polars and isogonal conjugates. Let X = ( u ( a, b, c ) : v ( a, b, c ) : w ( a, b, c ) ) be a triangle center. The line whose equation is : x / u ( a, b, c ) + y / v ( a, b, c ) y + z / w ( a, b, c ) = 0 is the trilinear polar of the triangle center X. Also the point Y = ( 1 / u ( a, b, c ) : 1 / v ( a, b, c ) : 1 / w ( a, b, c ) ) is the isogonal conjugate of the triangle center X. Thus the central line given by the equation : f ( a, b, c ) x + g ( a, b, c ) y + h ( a, b, c ) z = 0 is the trilinear polar of the isogonal conjugate of the triangle center ( f ( a, b, c ) : g ( a, b, c ) : h ( a, b, c ) ).
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As p is a unit, its inverse used in a rotation will move p to U[1,1], resulting in a, b, c being all properly placed. The lemma refers to sufficient conditions for the existence of h. One application of cross ratio defines the projective harmonic conjugate of a triple a, b, c, as the element x satisfying (x, a, b, c) = −1. Such a quadruple is a harmonic tetrad.
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The Jeffreys interval is the Bayesian credible interval obtained when using the non-informative Jeffreys prior for the binomial proportion . The Jeffreys prior for this problem is a Beta distribution with parameters , it is a conjugate prior. After observing successes in trials, the posterior distribution for is a Beta distribution with parameters . When and , the Jeffreys interval is taken to be the equal-tailed posterior probability interval, i.e.
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Pentacyanocyclopentadiene is a derivative of cyclopentadiene with five cyano groups with the molecular formula C5H(CN)5. The corresponding anion, pentacyanocyclopentadienide, is a ligand with the molecular formula . In contrast to other anions based on a C5 ring unit it binds to metals through the pendant cyano groups rather than the C5 ring. The anion was first synthesised by Webster in the 1960s and its conjugate acid much later on.
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Indunstrial & Engineering Chemistry, volume 45, issue 3, pages 567–572. Orthosilicate salts, like sodium orthosilicate, are stable, and occur widely in nature as silicate minerals, being the defining feature of the nesosilicates.Western Oregon University Olivine, a magnesium or iron(II) orthosilicate, is the most abundant mineral in the upper mantle. The orthosilicate anion is a strong base, the conjugate base of the extremely weak orthosilicic acid (pKa2 = 13.2 at 25 °C).
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Titanium-sapphire is especially suitable for pulsed lasers since an ultrashort pulse inherently contains a wide spectrum of frequency components. This is due to the inverse relationship between the frequency bandwidth of a pulse and its time duration, due to their being conjugate variables. However, with an appropriate design, titanium-sapphire can also be used in continuous wave lasers with extremely narrow linewidths tunable over a wide range.
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The croconate violet anion is the conjugate base of the acid croconic acid violet , also obtained by Fatiadi in 1978 by treating the potassium salt with hydrochloric acid. It is an orange crystalline solid that melts at 260–270 °C and dissolves in water to give violet skin-staining solutions. It strongly acidic (pKa1 = 0.32 ± 0.02, pKa2 = 1.02 ± 0.02). From this acid other alkali metal salts can be prepared.
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Formic acid is named after ants which have high concentrations of the compound in their venom. In ants, formic acid is derived from serine through a 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate intermediate. The conjugate base of formic acid, formate, also occurs widely in nature. An assay for formic acid in body fluids, designed for determination of formate after methanol poisoning, is based on the reaction of formate with bacterial formate dehydrogenase.
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The abovementioned formulas for the midpoint of a segment implicitly use the lengths of segments. However, in the generalization to affine geometry, where segment lengths are not defined, the midpoint can still be defined since it is an affine invariant. The synthetic affine definition of the midpoint of a segment is the projective harmonic conjugate of the point at infinity, , of the line . That is, the point such that .
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The alkyl derivatives of many metals undergo protonolysis. For the alkyls of very electropositive metals (zinc, magnesium, and lithium), water is sufficiently acidic, in which case the reaction is called hydrolysis. Protonolysis with mineral acids is sometimes used to remove organic ligands from a metal center.Chu Sun, Masami Okabe, David L. Coffen, Jeffrey Schwartz "Conjugate Addition Of A Vinylzirconium Reagent: 3-(1-octen-1-yl)cyclopentanone".Org. Synth.
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Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), formerly known as G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCAR1 gene. HCA1, like the other hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors HCA2 and HCA3, is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The primary endogenous agonist of HCA1 is lactic acid (and its conjugate base, lactate). Lactate activates HCA1, which in turn inhibits lipolysis in fat cells.
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Denintuzumab mafodotin (INN; development codes SGN-19A or SGN-CD19A) is a humanized monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate designed for the treatment of CD19-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council - Denintuzumab Mafodotin, American Medical Association. It consists of an anti- CD19 mAb linked to monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), a cytotoxic agent. This drug was developed by Seattle Genetics.
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General derivations of the equipartition theorem can be found in many statistical mechanics textbooks, both for the microcanonical ensemble and for the canonical ensemble. They involve taking averages over the phase space of the system, which is a symplectic manifold. To explain these derivations, the following notation is introduced. First, the phase space is described in terms of generalized position coordinates qj together with their conjugate momenta pj.
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The most well known reaction that undergoes E1cB elimination is the aldol condensation reaction under basic conditions. This involves the deprotonation of a compound containing a carbonyl group that results in the formation of an enolate. The enolate is the very stable conjugate base of the starting material, and is one of the intermediates in the reaction. This enolate then acts as a nucleophile and can attack an electrophilic aldehyde.
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CEEs are naturally occurring estrane steroids. They are in conjugate form, as the sodium salts of the C17β sulfate esters. The estrogens in CEEs, in their unconjugated active forms, include bioidentical human estrogens like estradiol and estrone as well as equine- specific estrogens such as equilin and 17β-dihydroequilin. The equine estrogens differ from human estrogens in that they have additional double bonds in the B ring of the steroid nucleus.
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In acid–base chemistry, homoassociation (an IUPAC term) is an association between a base and its conjugate acid through a hydrogen bond. The alternate term homoconjugation also has wide usage, but is ambiguous because it has another meaning in organic chemistry (see Conjugated system#Mechanism). Most commonly, homoassociation leads to the enhancement of the acidity of an acid by itself. The effect is accentuated at high concentrations, i.e.
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Marcus Gunn phenomenon is an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance, in which nursing infants will have rhythmic upward jerking of their upper eyelid. This condition is characterized as a synkinesis: when two or more muscles that are independently innervated have either simultaneous or coordinated movements. Common physiologic examples of synkineses occur during sucking, chewing, or conjugate eye movements. There are also several abnormal cranial nerve synkineses, both acquired and congenital.
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Transfer zones such as relay ramps can affect drainage within basins which in return can produce thickness trends. Understanding the drainage network in these extensional setting allows geologist to better identify lateral and vertical depositional facies. The Kaiso-Tonya, Butiaba-Wanseko, and the Pakwach transfer zones in the Albertine graben all contain hydrocarbons. The Kaiso- Tonya is a full graben style transfer zone much like conjugate convergent collateral types.
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The fibers of the corticomesencephalic tracts are involved in the control of the conjugate eye movement. The fibers to the oculomotor (III) nucleus control the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles. Fibers to the trochlear (IV) nucleus control the superior oblique muscle. Fibers to the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) project to the abducens (VI) nucleus, which controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle.
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Hydride transfer to the organic substrate generates an organic anion, which is neutralized either by protic solvent or upon acidic workup. Reductions of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds may occur in a 1,2 sense (direct addition) or a 1,4 sense (conjugate addition). The tendency to add in a 1,4 sense is correlated with the softness of the hydride reagent according to Pearson's hard-soft acid-base theory.Pearson, G. J. Chem. Educ.
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Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate (E2-3G-17S) is an endogenous estrogen conjugate and metabolite of estradiol. It is related to estradiol 3-sulfate and estradiol 17β-glucuronide. Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate has 0.0001% of the relative binding affinity of estradiol for the ERα, one of the two estrogen receptors (ERs). It shows less than one million-fold lower potency in activating the estrogen receptors relative to estradiol in vitro.
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Carboxyglutamic acid (or the conjugate base, carboxyglutamate), is an uncommon amino acid introduced into proteins by a post-translational carboxylation of glutamic acid residues. This modification is found, for example, in clotting factors and other proteins of the coagulation cascade. This modification introduces an affinity for calcium ions. In the blood coagulation cascade, vitamin K is required to introduce gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X and protein Z.
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In 1997, an antibody conjugate with 213Bi (which has a 45-minute half-life, and decays with the emission of an alpha particle) was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) program to treat a variety of cancers. Bismuth-213 is also found in the decay chain of uranium-233, which is the fuel "bred" by thorium reactors.
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The Bronsted acid remains hydrogen-bonded to the resulting enolate in the enolate-addition step to the aldehyde, and finally ensures efficient proton transfer in the rate-determining proton abstraction step. The action of the Bronsted co-catalysts, which are often employed in MBH reaction, is not limited to a role in proton transfer step. It rather promotes conjugate addition by binding to the zwitterionic enolate, and stabilizing these intermediates.
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CRLX101 is a novel approach to cancer chemotherapy that is under investigation in human trials. It is an example of a nanomedicine. The agent represents a nanoparticle conjugate that consists of a drug delivery molecule, namely a cyclodextrin-based polymer (CDP) and an anti-cancer compound (camptothecin). It was developed by Mark E. Davis, professor of Chemical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology, and associates at Insert Therapeutics, Inc.
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The next stage is a rapid primary screening process, which identifies and selects only those hybridomas that produce antibodies of appropriate specificity. The first screening technique used is called ELISA. The hybridoma culture supernatant, secondary enzyme labeled conjugate, and chromogenic substrate, are then incubated, and the formation of a colored product indicates a positive hybridoma. Alternatively, immunocytochemical, western blot, and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry screening can also be used.
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A half-life of 22–50 hours has been reported for people with creatinine clearances of less than 10 mL/minute. Metabolism Sulfamethoxazole is metabolized in the human liver to at least 5 metabolites. These metabolites are the N4-acetyl-, N4-hydroxy-, 5-methylhydroxy-, N4-acetyl-5-methylhydroxy-sulfamethoxazole metabolites, and an N-glucuronide conjugate. The CYP2C9 enzyme is responsible for the formation of the N4-hydroxy metabolite.
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Schematic structure of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) Antibody-drug conjugates or ADCs are a class of biopharmaceutical drugs designed as a targeted therapy for treating cancer. Unlike chemotherapy, ADCs are intended to target and kill tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. As of 2019, some 56 pharmaceutical companies were developing ADCs. ADCs are complex molecules composed of an antibody linked to a biologically active cytotoxic (anticancer) payload or drug.
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This causes an increase in the absorbance at 595 nm independent of protein presence. Other interference may come from the buffer used when preparing the protein sample. A high concentration of buffer will cause an overestimated protein concentration due to depletion of free protons from the solution by conjugate base from the buffer. This will not be a problem if a low concentration of protein (subsequently the buffer) is used.
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Through the use of a copper catalyzed reaction however, Buchwald was able to obtain 1,4 reduction in great enantiomeric excess (ee). In order to achieve a high rate of epimerization, a strong bulky base like sodium t-butoxide was used to ensure rapid equilibrium. Dynamic kinetic resolution of 1,4 conjugate reduction. The rate-limiting step is the copper complex interaction with the double bond and the transfer of hydrogen.
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The permutation representation on 11 points gives a complex irreducible representation in 10 dimensions. This is the smallest possible dimension of a faithful complex representation, though there are also two other such representations in 10 dimensions forming a complex conjugate pair. M11 has two 5-dimensional irreducible representations over the field with 3 elements, related to the restrictions of 6-dimensional representations of the double cover of M12.
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A Sylow system is a set of Sylow p-subgroups Sp for each prime p such that SpSq = SqSp for all p and q. If we have a Sylow system, then the subgroup generated by the groups Sp for p in π is a Hall π-subgroup. A more precise version of Hall's theorem says that any solvable group has a Sylow system, and any two Sylow systems are conjugate.
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The conjugate base of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)—a dense, colourless, oily, corrosive liquid—is the hydrogen sulfate ion (), also called the bisulfate ion. Sulfuric acid is classified as a strong acid; in aqueous solutions it ionizes completely to form hydronium ions (H3O+) and hydrogen sulfate (). In other words, the sulfuric acid behaves as a Brønsted–Lowry acid and is deprotonated. Bisulfate has a molar mass of 97.078 g/mol.
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Aldoxorubicin (formerly INNO-206) is a tumor- targeted doxorubicin conjugate. Specifically, it is the (6-Maleimidocaproyl) hydrazone of doxorubicin. Essentially, this chemical name describes doxorubicin (DOXO) attached to an acid sensitive linker (EMCH). Completed preclinical and clinical trials (see below) indicate that this novel agent has attributes that improve on native doxorubicin including reduction of adverse events, improvement in efficacy and the ability to reach the tumor more quickly.
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First used in 1945, the tetravalent vaccine was not widely distributed, since its deployment coincided with the discovery of penicillin. In the 1970s, Robert Austrian championed the manufacture and distribution of a 14-valent PPSV. This evolved in 1983, to a 23-valent formulation (PPSV23). A significant breakthrough affecting the burden of pneumococcal disease was the licensing of a protein conjugate heptavalent vaccine (PCV7) beginning in February 2000.
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In numerical linear algebra, the biconjugate gradient stabilized method, often abbreviated as BiCGSTAB, is an iterative method developed by H. A. van der Vorst for the numerical solution of nonsymmetric linear systems. It is a variant of the biconjugate gradient method (BiCG) and has faster and smoother convergence than the original BiCG as well as other variants such as the conjugate gradient squared method (CGS). It is a Krylov subspace method.
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Many biologically important molecules, including a number of pharmaceutical agents, are organic weak acids which can cross the membrane in their protonated, uncharged form but not in their charged form (i.e. as the conjugate base). For this reason the activity of many drugs can be enhanced or inhibited by the use of antacids or acidic foods. The charged form, however, is often more soluble in blood and cytosol, both aqueous environments.
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Plot of the roots of Lehmer's polynomial, with the corresponding Salem number near x = 1.17628 in gold. In mathematics, a Salem number is a real algebraic integer α > 1 whose conjugate roots all have absolute value no greater than 1, and at least one of which has absolute value exactly 1\. Salem numbers are of interest in Diophantine approximation and harmonic analysis. They are named after Raphaël Salem.
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A complex is formed from two equivalents of the conjugate base of DEHPA and one uranyl ion.Lemire, A.E.; Janzen, A.F.; Marat, K. A 31P and 15N Study of the Extraction of Uranyl Nitrate by Di-2-ethylhexyl Phosphoric Acid. Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1985, 110, 234-241. Complexes of the formula (UO2)2[(O2P(OR)2]4 also form, and at high concentrations of uranium, polymeric complexes may form.
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In numerical analysis, the Schur complement method, named after Issai Schur, is the basic and the earliest version of non-overlapping domain decomposition method, also called iterative substructuring. A finite element problem is split into non-overlapping subdomains, and the unknowns in the interiors of the subdomains are eliminated. The remaining Schur complement system on the unknowns associated with subdomain interfaces is solved by the conjugate gradient method.
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The complex square function is a twofold cover of the complex plane, such that each non-zero complex number has exactly two square roots. This map is related to parabolic coordinates. The absolute square of a complex number is the product involving its complex conjugate; it can also be expressed in terms of the complex modulus or absolute value, . It can be generalized to vectors as the complex dot product.
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1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (systematic name 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) is a cyclic imino acid. Its conjugate base and anion is 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In solution, P5C is in spontaneous equilibrium with glutamate-5-semialdhyde (GSA). The stereoisomer (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (also referred to as L-P5C) is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis and degradation of proline and arginine.
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The dynamics of general relativity is generated by the constraints, it can be shown that six Einstein equations describing time evolution (really a gauge transformation) can be obtained by calculating the Poisson brackets of the three-metric and its conjugate momentum with a linear combination of the spatial diffeomorphism and Hamiltonian constraint. The vanishing of the constraints, giving the physical phase space, are the four other Einstein equations.
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The definition of the Fourier transform can be extended to functions in for by decomposing such functions into a fat tail part in plus a fat body part in . In each of these spaces, the Fourier transform of a function in is in , where is the Hölder conjugate of (by the Hausdorff–Young inequality). However, except for , the image is not easily characterized. Further extensions become more technical.
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After aftershocks from the quake had concluded, examination took place, producing a focal solution to the small events. Movement of these shocks was similar to that of previous earthquakes around the Azores. For these earthquakes, scientists had determined that the conjugate nodal plane was responsible, seeing shearing on the right-lateral (dextral) side. All faulting in this area is strike-slip-oriented, and on a rather large scale.
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Biotin is widely used throughout the biotechnology industry to conjugate proteins for biochemical assays. Biotin's small size means the biological activity of the protein will most likely be unaffected. This process is called biotinylation. Because both streptavidin and avidin bind biotin with high affinity (Kd of 10−14 to 10−15 M) and specificity, biotinylated proteins of interest can be isolated from a sample by exploiting this highly stable interaction.
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Once the local phase errors in the wavefront are known, they can be corrected by placing a phase modulator such as a deformable mirror at yet another plane in the system conjugate to the eye's pupil. The phase errors can be used to reconstruct the wavefront, which can then be used to control the deformable mirror. Alternatively, the local phase errors can be used directly to calculate the deformable mirror instructions.
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This complex is necessary for LC3-I (microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B) conjugation to PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) to form LC3-II (LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate). ATG5 can also act as a pro-apoptotic molecule targeted to the mitochondria. Under low levels of DNA damage, ATG5 can translocate to the nucleus and interact with survivin. ATG5 is known to be regulated via various stress induced transcription factors and protein kinases.
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Loncastuximab tesirine or ADCT-402 is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a humanized antibody targeting the protein CD19, which is expressed in a wide range of B cell hematological tumors. WHO Drug Information: International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances The experimental drug, developed by ADC Therapeutics is being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
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The conjugate base of DTPA has a high affinity for metal cations. Thus, the penta-anion DTPA5− is potentially an octadentate ligand assuming that each nitrogen centre and each COO−-group counts as a centre for coordination. The formation constants for its complexes are about 100 greater than those for EDTA.J. Roger Hart "Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Related Chelating Agents" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
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Diagram with visual representation of the current indications for both the Prevnar and the Pneumovax. In the United States, a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV 7) (e.g. Prevnar, called Prevenar in some countries) was recommended for all children aged 2–23 months and for at-risk children aged 24–59 months in 2000. The normal four-dose series is given at 2, 4, 6 and 12–14 months of age.
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Uridine monophosphate (UMP), also known as 5′-uridylic acid (conjugate base uridylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside uridine. UMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase uracil; hence, it is a ribonucleotide monophosphate. As a substituent or radical its name takes the form of the prefix uridylyl-.
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The defining formula of Frobenius reciprocity can be extended to general complex-valued class functions. Given a matrix representation of , Frobenius later gave an explicit way to construct a matrix representation of , known as the representation induced from , and written analogously as . This led to an alternative description of the induced character . This induced character vanishes on all elements of which are not conjugate to any element of .
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In conjunction with the Medical Research Council (MRC) in Gambia, the team will coordinate and perform a range of surveillance and research activities designed to determine the burden of pneumococcal infections among and demonstrate the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on children and adults in the Upper River Division in The Gambia. The surveillance and post-vaccination evaluation being conducted by MRC Gambia is a multi-year project.
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The phase I cytochrome P450 enzyme systems of C. elegans has been implicated in the neutralization of numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). It can degrade molecules such as anthracene, 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and 7-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene, naphthalene, fluorene or benzo(a)pyrene. In the case of phenanthrene, C. elegans produces a glucoside conjugate of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (phenanthrene 1-O-beta-glucose).
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The M denotes the metal atom; R and R′ denote arbitrary functional groups attached to the ethylene bridge and/or the benzene ring. The metal-free salen compound (H2salen or salenH2) has two phenolic hydroxyl groups. The "salen ligand" is usually its conjugate base (salen2−), resulting from the loss of protons from those hydroxyl groups. The metal atom usually makes four coordination bonds to the oxygen and nitrogen atoms.
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The baker's map can be understood as the bilateral shift operator of a bi-infinite two-state lattice model. The baker's map is topologically conjugate to the horseshoe map. In physics, a chain of coupled baker's maps can be used to model deterministic diffusion. As with many deterministic dynamical systems, the baker's map is studied by its action on the space of functions defined on the unit square.
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Catechol is the conjugate acid of a chelating agent used widely in coordination chemistry. Basic solutions of catechol react with iron(III) to give the red [Fe(C6H4O2)3]3−. Ferric chloride gives a green coloration with the aqueous solution, while the alkaline solution rapidly changes to a green and finally to a black color on exposure to the air. Iron-containing dioxygenase enzymes catalyze the cleavage of catechol.
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Spin represents polarization for other vector bosons as well. For fermions, the picture is less clear. Angular velocity is equal by Ehrenfest theorem to the derivative of the Hamiltonian to its conjugate momentum, which is the total angular momentum operator J = L+S. Therefore, if the Hamiltonian H is dependent upon the spin S, dH/dS is non zero and the spin causes angular velocity, and hence actual rotation, i.e.
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The notion of graph minor can be promoted from a well-quasi-ordering to an equivalence relation if we assume the relation is symmetric. This is the notion of equivalence used for Bratteli diagrams. The major result in this field is that equivalent essentially simple ordered Bratteli diagrams correspond to topologically conjugate pointed dynamical systems. This allows us apply results from the former field into the latter and vice versa.
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Ferric citrate or iron(III) citrate describes any of several complexes of trivalent iron () and any of several conjugate bases derived from citric acid. Most of these complexes are orange or red-brown solid, slightly soluble in hot water yielding an orange or orange-yellow solution at pH < 2.0. The solution becomes green at pH > 2.0. Ferric citrates play important roles in the metabolism of iron by living organisms.
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Geometric representation of z and its conjugate z̅ in the complex plane. The distance along the light blue line from the origin to the point z is the modulus or absolute value of z. The angle φ is the argument of z. In mathematics, the complex plane or z-plane is a geometric representation of the complex numbers established by the real axis and the perpendicular imaginary axis.
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Beginning with the 2017-18 school year, high school students are mandated to receive a dose of MCV meningococcal conjugate vaccine for 12th grade entry. Nurses also monitor each child's weight. In 2016, the Pennsylvania Department of Health distributed to each Pennsylvania high school the overdose antidote drug naloxone in a nasal spray. School nurses were also provided with educational materials and training developed by the National Association of School Nurses.
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Pite Sámi, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Pite Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to mood (indicative, imperative and optative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural). This differs from some of the other Sámi languages, e.g. from Northern Sámi, which do not conjugate according to tense and other Sámi languages, that do not use the optative.
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Ulp1 peptidase (, Smt3-protein conjugate proteinase, Ubl-specific protease 1, Ulp1, Ulp1 endopeptidase, Ulp1 protease) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : Hydrolysis of the alpha-linked peptide bond in the sequence Gly-Gly-!Ala-Thr-Tyr at the C-terminal end of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) propeptide, Smt3 The enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae can also recognize small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO-1) from human.
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The first clear general statements were given by Marston Morse in the 1920s and 1930s,Marston Morse (1934). "The Calculus of Variations in the Large", American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publication 18; New York. leading to what is now known as Morse theory. For example, Morse showed that the number of conjugate points in a trajectory equalled the number of negative eigenvalues in the second variation of the Lagrangian.
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Cebuano generally does not use tense, rather it uses aspect. Cebuano verbs conjugate according to a voice, a mood, a form, and an aspect. According to the functionalist school of grammar, there are two aspects: the nasugdan (incepted [past/present inchoative]) aspect and the pagasugdan (incepting [future/habitual inchoative]) aspect. They claim that Cebuano verbs feature the aspects of inception; that is whether the action has been initiated or not.
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But it is important to note that a real variety may be a manifold and have singular points. For example the equation y^3 + 2 x^2 y - x^4 = 0 defines a real analytic manifold but has a singular point at the origin.Milnor, pp. 12–13 This may be explained by saying that the curve has two complex conjugate branches that cut the real branch at the origin.
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Mesna reduces the toxicity of urotoxic compounds that may form after chemotherapy administration. Mesna is a water-soluble compound with antioxidant properties, and is given concomitantly with the chemotherapeutic agents cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Mesna concentrates in the bladder where acrolein accumulates after administration of chemotherapy and through a Michael addition, forms a conjugate with acrolein and other urotoxic metabolites. This conjugation reaction inactivates the urotoxic compounds to harmless metabolites.
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It was an anticipation, as far as publication was concerned, of an extended memoir, which had been read by Hamilton before the Royal Irish Academy on 24 November 1833, On Conjugate Functions or Algebraic Couples, and subsequently published in the seventeenth volume of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. To this memoir were prefixed A Preliminary and Elementary Essay on Algebra as the Science of Pure Time, and some General Introductory Remarks. In the concluding paragraphs of each of these three papers Hamilton acknowledges that it was "in reflecting on the important symbolical results of Mr. Graves respecting imaginary logarithms, and in attempting to explain to himself the theoretical meaning of those remarkable symbolisms", that he was conducted to "the theory of conjugate functions, which, leading on to a theory of triplets and sets of moments, steps, and numbers" were foundational for his own work, culminating in the discovery of quaternions. For many years Graves and Hamilton maintained a correspondence on the interpretation of imaginaries.
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Alternatively, one may require that the pairing be a nondegenerate form, meaning that for all non-zero there exists some such that , though need not equal ; in other words, the induced map to the dual space is injective. This generalization is important in differential geometry: a manifold whose tangent spaces have an inner product is a Riemannian manifold, while if this is related to nondegenerate conjugate symmetric form the manifold is a pseudo- Riemannian manifold. By Sylvester's law of inertia, just as every inner product is similar to the dot product with positive weights on a set of vectors, every nondegenerate conjugate symmetric form is similar to the dot product with nonzero weights on a set of vectors, and the number of positive and negative weights are called respectively the positive index and negative index. Product of vectors in Minkowski space is an example of indefinite inner product, although, technically speaking, it is not an inner product according to the standard definition above.
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Camidanlumab tesirine (Cami-T or ADCT-301) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a human antibody that binds to the protein CD25, conjugated to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer toxin. The experimental drug, developed by ADC Therapeutics is being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of B-cell Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and for the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
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Under the same inversion, the corresponding points of tangency of the two solution circles are transformed into one another; for illustration, in Figure 6, the two blue points lying on each green line are transformed into one another. Hence, the lines connecting these conjugate tangent points are invariant under the inversion; therefore, they must pass through the center of inversion, which is the radical center (green lines intersecting at the orange dot in Figure 6).
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The Namibian Atlantic margin is conjugate with the Pelotas Basin of Rio Grande do Sul and northeastern Uruguay. Both basins are compared to their northern counterparts, for the Walvis Basin in Namibia the Kwanza Basin of Angola, and for the Pelotas Basin the Santos Basin of Brazil, underexplored. Apart from the discovery of the offshore Kudu Gas Field, exploration intersected oil- prone source rocks in boreholes, of merely five wells until 2004.Kukulus, 2004, p.
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Alkali salts or basic salts are salts that are the product of incomplete neutralization of a strong base and a weak acid. Rather than being neutral (as some other salts), alkali salts are bases as their name suggests. What makes these compounds basic is that the conjugate base from the weak acid hydrolyzes to form a basic solution. In sodium carbonate, for example, the carbonate from the carbonic acid hydrolyzes to form a basic solution.
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Phenylglyoxylic acid is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)CO2H. The conjugate base, known as benzoylformate is the substrate of benzoylformate decarboxylase, a thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme: :benzoylformate + H+ benzaldehyde + CO2 It is a colourless solid with a melting point of 64–66 °C and is moderately acidic (pKa = 2.15). Phenylglyoxylic acid can be synthesized by oxidation of mandelic acid with potassium permanganate. An alternative synthesis involves hydrolysis of benzoyl cyanide.
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The DNA modifying agents such as duocarmycin are being used in the development of antibody-drug conjugate or ADCs. Scientists at The Netherlands-based Synthon (formerly Syntarga) have combined a unique linkers with duocarmycin derivatives that have a hydroxyl group which is crucial for biological activity. Using this technology scientists aims to create ADCs having an optimal therapeutic window, balancing the effect of potent cell-killing agents on tumor cells versus healthy cells.
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Hindi verbs are highly inflected in comparison to English, but markedly simple in comparison to Sanskrit, from which Hindi has inherited its verbal conjugation system (through Prakrit). Verbs in Hindi conjugate according to mood, tense, person and number. Aspect-marking participles in Hindi mark the aspect. Gender is not distinct in the present tense of indicative mood, however, all the participle form of verbs are agrees with the gender and number of the subject.
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The protein is associated with breast and prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), papilloma, glioma, obesity, and SARS-CoV. Based on the differential expression of SLC46A3 in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)-resistant cells and certain cancer cells, current research is focused on the potential of SLC46A3 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer. While protein abundance is relatively low in humans, high expression has been detected particularly in the liver, small intestine, and kidney.
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This observation means that if is a square matrix and has no vanishing singular value, the equation has no non-zero as a solution. It also means that if there are several vanishing singular values, any linear combination of the corresponding right-singular vectors is a valid solution. Analogously to the definition of a (right) null vector, a non-zero satisfying , with denoting the conjugate transpose of , is called a left null vector of .
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Acid-catalyzed addition-elimination mechanism Nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to the double bond of an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compound can proceed via the Michael reaction, which belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions. This is one of the most useful methods for the mild formation of C–C bonds.Brückner, p. 580 Some additions which can not be executed with nucleophiles and electrophiles, can be succeeded with free radicals.
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Bavituximab (PGN401) is a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody against phosphatidylserine, which is a component of cell membranes that is exposed when a cell is transformed into solid tumor cancer cell or dies, and when cells are infected with hepatitis C. The process of cell death is highly controlled and so there usually no immune response to phosphatidylserine but when bavituximab binds to it, the conjugate appears to stimulate an immune response in humans.
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In other words, the random variable X is assumed to have a Gaussian distribution with an unknown variance distributed as inverse gamma, and then the variance is marginalized out (integrated out). The reason for the usefulness of this characterization is that the inverse gamma distribution is the conjugate prior distribution of the variance of a Gaussian distribution. As a result, the non- standardized Student's t-distribution arises naturally in many Bayesian inference problems.
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Oxalic acid is a reducing agent and its conjugate base, known as oxalate (), is a chelating agent for metal cations. Typically, oxalic acid occurs as the dihydrate with the formula C2H2O4·2H2O. It occurs naturally in many foods, but excessive ingestion of oxalic acid or prolonged skin contact can be dangerous. Its name comes from the fact that early investigators isolated oxalic acid from flowering plants of the genus Oxalis, commonly known as wood-sorrels.
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2-Diphenylphosphinobenzaldehyde is a phosphine ligand with the formula (C6H5)2PC6H4CHO. It is a yellow solid that dissolves in common organic solvents. The compound condenses with a variety of amines to give phosphine- imine and phosphine-amine ligands.S. J. Degrado, H. Mizutani and A. H. Hoveyda, "Modular Peptide-Based Phosphine Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis: Efficient and Enantioselective Cu-Catalyzed Conjugate Additions to Five-, Six-, and Seven-Membered Cyclic Enones", J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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First approaches to optimization using adaptive coordinate system were proposed already in the 1960s (see, e.g., Rosenbrock's method). PRincipal Axis (PRAXIS) algorithm, also referred to as Brent's algorithm, is an derivative-free algorithm which assumes quadratic form of the optimized function and repeatedly updates a set of conjugate search directions. The algorithm, however, is not invariant to scaling of the objective function and may fail under its certain rank- preserving transformations (e.g.
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He received the Cope Scholar award from the American Chemical Society in 1998. Hoveyda's research focuses on the development for chemoselective and stereoselective catalysis, in particular function-oriented catalyst design. He is particularly noted for his work on developing catalysts for stereoselective olefin metathesis, such as the Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst. In recent years he has worked extensively on copper(I)-N-heterocyclic carbenes complex catalyzed allyl addition, allylic substitution and conjugate addition reactions.
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Reflections transform a left-isoclinic rotation into a right-isoclinic one by conjugation, and vice versa. This implies that under the group O(4) of all isometries with fixed point the subgroups and are mutually conjugate and so are not normal subgroups of O(4). The 5D rotation group SO(5) and all higher rotation groups contain subgroups isomorphic to O(4). Like SO(4), all even-dimensional rotation groups contain isoclinic rotations.
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E1S, also known as estrone 3-sulfate or as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one 3-sulfate, is a naturally occurring estrane steroid and a derivative of estrone. It is an estrogen conjugate or ester, and is specifically the C3 sulfate ester of estrone. Related estrogen conjugates include estradiol sulfate, estriol sulfate, estrone glucuronide, estradiol glucuronide, and estriol glucuronide, while related steroid conjugates include dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and pregnenolone sulfate. The logP of E1S is 1.4.
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Estriol 3-glucuronide, or oestriol 3-glucuronide, also known as estriol 3-β-D- glucosiduronic acid, is a natural, steroidal estrogen and a glucuronic acid (β-D-glucopyranuronic acid) conjugate of estriol. It is found in the urine of women as a reversibly formed metabolite of estriol. The positional isomer of estriol 3-glucuronide, estriol 16α-glucuronide, also occurs as an endogenous metabolite of estriol, but to a much greater extent in comparison.
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1,4 conjugate reduction to cyclic enones. Copper proved to be an excellent metal in this reaction due to its ability to complex with the oxygen when the hydrogen was added. Being a soft metal, copper greatly prefers 1,4 addition over 1,2 addition, with the alkene being a softer more polarizable electrophile. Again, BINAP became the ligand of choice due to its steric selectivity, lowering the transition state energy of starting material in the left column.
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Verbs in Old Swedish were conjugated according to person and number. There were four weak verb conjugations and six groups of strong verbs. The difference between weak and strong verbs is in the way the past tense (preterite) is formed: strong verbs form it with a vowel shift in the root of the verb, while weak verbs form it with a dental suffix (þ, d or t).Germanic languages: conjugate Old Swedish verbs. Verbix.com.
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M21 is normal in PGL(3,4), of index 3. PGL(3,4) has an outer automorphism induced by transposing conjugate elements in F4 (the field automorphism). PGL(3,4) can therefore be extended to the group PΓL(3,4) of projective semilinear transformations, which is a split extension of M21 by the symmetric group S3. PΓL(3,4) has an embedding as a maximal subgroup of M24. A hyperoval has no 3 points that are collinear.
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A tandem conjugate of Texas Red with R-phycoerythrin (PE-Texas Red) is often used. Fluorophores, like Texas Red, are commonly used in molecular biology techniques like quantitative RT-PCR and cellular assays. Newer rhodamine derivatives, such as Alexa 594 and DyLight 594, have been tailored to match the excitation and emission spectra of Texas Red and are used in various chemical and biological applications where greater photostability or higher fluorescence intensity are needed.
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Bottom right - MPO antibodies on formalin-fixed neutrophils (c-ANCA pattern).(FITC conjugate) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies, mainly of the IgG type, against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes (the most common type of white blood cell) and monocytes. They are detected as a blood test in a number of autoimmune disorders, but are particularly associated with systemic vasculitis, so called ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV).
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CRM197 is a genetically detoxified form of diphtheria toxin. A single mutation at position 52, substituting glutamic acid for glycine, causes the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the native toxin to be lost. The structural basis for the lack of CRM197 toxicity has recently been elucidated.Malito, Structural basis for lack of toxicity of the diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197, PNAS 109: 5229, 2012 CRM197 is widely used as a carrier protein for conjugate vaccines.
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The resulting 1-bromoalkanes are versatile alkylating agents. By reaction with dimethyl amine, they are precursors to fatty tertiary amines. By reaction with tertiary amines, long-chain alkyl bromides such as 1-bromododecane, give quaternary ammonium salts, which are used as phase transfer catalysts. With Michael acceptors the addition is also anti- Markovnikov because now a nucleophilic X− reacts in a nucleophilic conjugate addition for example in the reaction of HCl with acrolein.
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Pyrophosphoric acid, also known as diphosphoric acid, is the inorganic compound with the formula H4P2O7 or, more descriptively, [(HO)2P(O)]2O. Colorless and odorless, it is soluble in water, diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol. The anhydrous acid crystallizes in two polymorphs, which melt at 54.3 °C and 71.5 °C. The compound is not particularly useful, except that it is a component of polyphosphoric acid and the conjugate acid of the pyrophosphate anion.
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In 1909, he received his bachelor's degree in from the University of Tennessee. Later in life, he went on to receive his master's degree from the University of Virginia in 1913. He taught mathematics at several academic institutions before receiving in 1918 from the University of Chicago his PhD under Ernest Julius Wilczynski with thesis Conjugate systems with indeterminate axis curves. At the University of Wisconsin Lane was from 1919 to 1923 an assistant professor.
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While the biosynthesis of camalexin in planta has not been fully elucidated, most of the enzymes involved in the pathway are known and involved in a metabolon complex. The pathway starts with a tryptophan precursor which is subsequently oxidized by two cytochrome P450 enzymes. The indole-3-acetaldoxime is then converted to indole-3-acetonitrile by another cytochrome P450, CYP71A13. A glutathione conjugate followed by a subsequent unknown enzyme is needed to form dihydrocamalexic acid.
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In mathematics, especially group theory, two elements and of a group are conjugate if there is an element in the group such that . This is an equivalence relation whose equivalence classes are called conjugacy classes. Members of the same conjugacy class cannot be distinguished by using only the group structure, and therefore share many properties. The study of conjugacy classes of non-abelian groups is fundamental for the study of their structure.
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In the formulation of Chevalley and Mostow, the additive decomposition states that an element X in a real semisimple Lie algebra g with Iwasawa decomposition g = k ⊕ a ⊕ n can be written as the sum of three commuting elements of the Lie algebra X = S + D + N, with S, D and N conjugate to elements in k, a and n respectively. In general the terms in the Iwasawa decomposition do not commute.
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Department of Veterinary Science & Microbiology at The University of Arizona Vaccines by Janet M. Decker, PhD Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViCPS) is another subunit vaccine (contains the signature polysaccharide linked to the Vi capsular antigen), in this case, against typhoid caused by the Typhiserotype of Salmonella. It is also called a conjugate vaccine, in which a polysaccharide antigen has been covalently attached to a carrier protein for T-cell-dependent antigen processing (utilizing MHC II).
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Triangles with sides in ratio of 1/ form a closed spiral The Padovan sequence numbers can be written in terms of powers of the roots of the equation : x^3 -x -1 = 0.\, This equation has 3 roots; one real root p (known as the plastic number) and two complex conjugate roots q and r.Richard Padovan, "Dom Hans Van Der Laan and the Plastic Number", pp. 181-193 in Nexus IV: Architecture and Mathematics, eds.
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Eventually, and usually after 2 months, cirrhosis with portal hypertension will develop. If left untreated, biliary atresia can lead to liver failure. Unlike other forms of jaundice, however, biliary-atresia-related cholestasis mostly does not result in kernicterus, a form of brain damage resulting from liver dysfunction. This is because in biliary atresia, the liver, although diseased, is still able to conjugate bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier.
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Ferrous citrate, or iron(II) citrate, describes coordination complexes containing citrate anions with Fe2+ formed in aqueous solution. Although a number of complexes are possible (or even likely), only one complex has been crystallized. That complex is the coordination polymer with the formula [Fe(H2O)6]2+{[Fe(C6H5O7)(H2O)]−}2.2H2O, where C6H5O73- is HOC(CH2CO2−)2(CO2−, i.e., the triple conjugate base of citric acid wherein the three carboxylic acid groups are ionized.
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Acetic acid is a weak acid, so it only ionizes slightly. According to Le Chatelier's principle, the addition of acetate ions from sodium acetate will suppress the ionization of acetic acid and shift its equilibrium to the left. Thus the percent dissociation of the acetic acid will decrease, and the pH of the solution will increase. The ionization of an acid or a base is limited by the presence of its conjugate base or acid.
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The efficacy of these vaccines has only been demonstrated in children older than two years. Vi-rEPA vaccine, a new conjugate form of the injectable Vi vaccine, may be more effective and prevents the disease in many children under the age of five years. In a trial in 2-to-5-year-old children in Vietnam, the vaccine had more than 90 percent efficacy in the first year and protection lasted at least four years.
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1,2-Benzenedithiol is the organosulfur compound with the formula CH(SH). This colourless viscous liquid consists of a benzene ring with a pair of adjacent thiol groups. The conjugate base of this diprotic compound serves as chelating agent in coordination chemistry and a building block for the synthesis of other organosulfur compounds.Karlin, K. D.; Stiefel, E. I., Eds. “Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Dithiolene Chemistry: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications” Wiley-Interscience: New York, 2003.
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Sodium phenoxide is a moderately strong base. Acidification gives phenol: :PhOH ⇌ PhO− \+ H+ (K = 10−10) Alkylation affords phenyl ethers: :NaOC6H5 \+ RBr → ROC6H5 \+ NaBr The conversion is an extension of the Williamson ether synthesis. With acylating agents, one obtains esters: :NaOC6H5 \+ RC(O)Cl → RCO2C6H5 \+ NaCl Sodium phenoxide is susceptible to certain types of electrophilic aromatic substitutions. For example, it reacts with carbon dioxide to form 2-hydroxybenzoate, the conjugate base of salicylic acid.
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The Delaunay orbital elements, commonly referred to as Delaunay variables, are action-angle coordinates consisting of the argument of periapsis, the mean anomaly and the longitude of the ascending node, along with their conjugate momenta. They are used to simplify perturbative calculations in celestial mechanics, for example while investigating the Kozai–Lidov oscillations in hierarchical triple systems. They were introduced by Charles-Eugène Delaunay during his study of the motion of the Moon.
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This compound is a diamine in which the two dimethylamino groups are attached on the same side (peri position) of a naphthalene ring. This molecule has several very interesting properties; one is its very high basicity; another is its spectroscopic properties. With a pK of 12.34 for its conjugate acid in aqueous solution, 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene is one of the strongest organic bases. However, it only absorbs protons slowly—hence the trade name.
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The principle of ellipsographs were known to Greek mathematicians such as Archimedes and Proklos. If there is no ellipsograph available, one can draw an ellipse using an approximation by the four osculating circles at the vertices. For any method described below, knowledge of the axes and the semi-axes is necessary (or equivalently: the foci and the semi-major axis). If this presumption is not fulfilled one has to know at least two conjugate diameters.
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Vicinal difunctionalization refers to a chemical reaction involving transformations at two adjacent centers (most commonly carbons). This transformation can be accomplished in α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via the conjugate addition of a nucleophile to the β-position followed by trapping of the resulting enolate with an electrophile at the α-position. When the nucleophile is an enolate and the electrophile a proton, the reaction is called Michael addition.Chapdelaine, M. J.; Hulce, M. Org. React.
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Steric approach control is common in conjugate addition reactions. Thus, in cyclic substrates, a trans relationship between substituents on the α- and β-carbons is common. The configuration at the α-position is less predictable, especially in cases when epimerization can occur. On the basis of steric approach control, the new α-substituent is predicted to be trans to the new β-substituent, and this is observed in a number of cases.
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Music power has been making a comeback in recent years. See also Audio power. : Power specifications require the load impedance to be specified, and in some cases two figures will be given (for instance, the output power of a power amplifier for loudspeakers will be typically measured at 4 and 8 ohms). To deliver maximum power to the load, the impedance of the driver should be the complex conjugate of the impedance of the load.
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He illustrated his idea with a design of unforgeable bank notes. A decade later, building upon this work, Charles H. Bennett, of the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, and Gilles Brassard, of the University of Montreal, proposed a method for secure communication based on Wiesner's "conjugate observables". In 1990, Artur Ekert, then a PhD student at Wolfson College, University of Oxford, developed a different approach to quantum key distribution based on quantum entanglement.
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It is possible, using nonlinear optical processes, to exactly reverse the propagation direction and phase variation of a beam of light. The reversed beam is called a conjugate beam, and thus the technique is known as optical phase conjugationScientific American, December 1985, "Phase Conjugation", by Vladimir Shkunov and Boris Zel'dovich.Scientific American, January 1986, "Applications of Optical Phase Conjugation", by David M. Pepper. (also called time reversal, wavefront reversal and is significantly different from retroreflection).
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The mechanism below begins with an O-acylated hydroxamic acid derivative that is treated with base to form an isocyanate that generates an amine and CO2 gas in the presence of H2O. The hydroxamic acid derivative is first converted to its conjugate base by abstraction of a hydrogen by a base. Spontaneous rearrangement releases a carboxylate anion to produce the isocyanate intermediate. The isocyanate is then hydrolyzed in the presence of H2O.
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In linear algebra, the Cholesky decomposition or Cholesky factorization (pronounced ) is a decomposition of a Hermitian, positive-definite matrix into the product of a lower triangular matrix and its conjugate transpose, which is useful for efficient numerical solutions, e.g., Monte Carlo simulations. It was discovered by André-Louis Cholesky for real matrices. When it is applicable, the Cholesky decomposition is roughly twice as efficient as the LU decomposition for solving systems of linear equations.
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On the other hand, streptavidin is the better biotin-conjugate binder; avidin has a lower binding affinity than streptavidin when biotin is conjugated to another molecule, despite avidin having the higher affinity for free, unconjugated biotin. Because streptavidin lacks any carbohydrate modification and has a near-neutral pI, it has the advantage of much lower nonspecific binding than avidin. Deglycosylated avidin (NeutrAvidin) is more comparable to the size, pI, and nonspecific binding of streptavidin.
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Listing the number of boxes in each column gives another partition, the conjugate or transpose partition of \lambda; one obtains a Young diagram of that shape by reflecting the original diagram along its main diagonal. Young tableaux were introduced by Alfred Young, a mathematician at Cambridge University, in 1900. They were then applied to the study of symmetric group by Georg Frobenius in 1903. Their theory was further developed by many mathematicians.
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There are two different causal suffixes -pa and -sa. When the verb ends in a suffixed vowel regarding the past, these two suffixes are added together to fully conjugate the verb. Baá-mé kalái pyá-a ná-ep-e-a-mo-pa nambá tánge-me kalái ná-i-o. he- AG work do-INF NEG-come-PAST-CAUS I sefl-AG work NEG-do-PAST Since he didn't come to work, I didn't work myself.
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Compared to aniline, the basicity of 2,4-dinitroaniline is even weaker. It is due to the electron-withdrawing nature of the nitro groups. This makes the pKa of conjugate acid of 2,4-dinitroaniline being even lower than that of hydronium ions, meaning that it is a strong acid. :C6H3(NH3+)(NO2)2 + H2O -> C6H3(NH2)(NO2)2 + H3O+ The protons in the amino group is also much more acidic than that of aniline.
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Allergic reactions are induced when the azo dye binds to the human serum albumin (HSA), forming a dye-HSA conjugate, which immunoglobulin E binds to, which causes a release of histamine.Hunger, K., Toxicology and toxicological testing of colorants. Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics 2005, 35 (1), 76-89 Sudan 1 is also suspected of causing genetic defects. The mutagenicity and genetic hazard has been evaluated with the Ames-test and animal experiments.
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The edge-preserving total variation term, thus, becomes sparser and this speeds up the implementation. A two-step iteration process known as forward-backward splitting algorithm is used. The optimization problem is split into two sub-problems which are then solved with the conjugate gradient least squares method and the simple gradient descent method respectively. The method is stopped when the desired convergence has been achieved or if the maximum number of iterations is reached.
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P. falciparum infection can cause recurrent fever every 36–48 hours, or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever. Severe malaria is usually caused by P. falciparum (often referred to as falciparum malaria). Symptoms of falciparum malaria arise 9–30 days after infection. Individuals with cerebral malaria frequently exhibit neurological symptoms, including abnormal posturing, nystagmus, conjugate gaze palsy (failure of the eyes to turn together in the same direction), opisthotonus, seizures, or coma.
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BALL's Transformation processors guide generation of valid 3D structures. Its selection mechanism enables to specify parts of a molecule by simple expressions (SMILES, SMARTS, element types). This selection can be used by all modeling classes like the processors or force fields. ;Molecular mechanics: Fast and stable implementations of the popular force fields CHARMM, Amber, and MMFF94 can be combined with BALL's minimizer and simulation classes (steepest descent, conjugate gradient, L-BFGS, and shifted L-VMM).
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Ikpeng uses to morphemes to conjugate verbs in the "immediate past," meaning a period of time understood to be the moment right before the present and, at the very latest, yesterday (Campetela, 1997). These morphemes are /–lɨ/ and /–lan/, with /–lɨ/ being used for actions witnessed by the speaker, and /–lan/ for actions that were not witnessed by the speaker (1997). "Areplɨ tupi muin." ∅-arep-lɨ tupi ∅ mui-n "The white man's canoe arrived" (1997).
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NeuroSolutions is a neural network development environment developed by NeuroDimension. It combines a modular, icon-based (component-based) network design interface with an implementation of advanced learning procedures, such as conjugate gradients, Levenberg-Marquardt and backpropagation through time. The software is used to design, train and deploy neural network (supervised learning and unsupervised learning) models to perform a wide variety of tasks such as data mining, classification, function approximation, multivariate regression and time-series prediction.
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Concentrated gold(III) chloride solution On contact with water, forms acidic hydrates and the conjugate base . It may be reduced by causing elemental gold to be precipitated from solution. Anhydrous AuCl3 begins to decompose to AuCl at around 160 °C; however, this in turn undergoes disproportionation at higher temperatures to give gold metal and AuCl3. :AuCl3 → AuCl + Cl2 (>160 °C) :3 AuCl → AuCl3 \+ 2 Au (>420 °C) AuCl3 is Lewis acidic and readily forms complexes.
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Brentuximab vedotin (INN, trade name Adcetris) is an antibody-drug conjugate medication used to treat relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). It selectively targets tumor cells expressing the CD30 antigen, a defining marker of Hodgkin lymphoma and ALCL (a type of T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma). The drug is being jointly marketed by Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company outside the US, and Seattle Genetics in the US.
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In control theory, the discrete Lyapunov equation is of the form :A X A^{H} - X + Q = 0 where Q is a Hermitian matrix and A^H is the conjugate transpose of A. The continuous Lyapunov equation is of form: AX + XA^H + Q = 0. The Lyapunov equation occurs in many branches of control theory, such as stability analysis and optimal control. This and related equations are named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov.
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This acidification is attributed to (i) the electron-withdrawing quality of the formyl center and (ii) the fact that the conjugate base, an enolate anion, delocalizes its negative charge. Related to (i), the aldehyde group is somewhat polar. The formyl proton itself does not readily undergo deprotonation. The anionic species formally derived from deprotonation of an aldehyde proton, known as an acyl anion, is highly unstable and must be kept at low temperatures.
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With a high number of verb tenses, and many verb forms that are not found in English, Spanish verbs can be hard to remember and then conjugate. The use of mnemonics has been proven to help students better learn foreign languages, and this holds true for Spanish verbs. A particularly hard verb tense to remember is command verbs. Command verbs in Spanish are conjugated differently depending on who the command is being given to.
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Krylov subspace methods work by forming a basis of the sequence of successive matrix powers times the initial residual (the Krylov sequence). The approximations to the solution are then formed by minimizing the residual over the subspace formed. The prototypical method in this class is the conjugate gradient method (CG) which assumes that the system matrix A is symmetric positive-definite. For symmetric (and possibly indefinite) A one works with the minimal residual method (MINRES).
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Using this deflation guarantees that each root is computed only once and that all roots are found. The real variant follows the same pattern, but computes two roots at a time, either two real roots or a pair of conjugate complex roots. By avoiding complex arithmetic, the real variant can be faster (by a factor of 4) than the complex variant. The Jenkins–Traub algorithm has stimulated considerable research on theory and software for methods of this type.
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Cancer research: Micro-CT is most often used as an anatomical imaging system in animal research because of the benefits that were mentioned earlier. Contrast agents can also be injected to study blood flow. However, contrast agents for micro-CT, such as iodine, are difficult to conjugate molecular targets1 with, and thus it is rarely used in molecular imaging techniques. As such, micro-CT is often combined with micro-PET/SPECT for anatomical and molecular imaging in research.
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The polynomial :f(x) = x^3-1 , has one sign change; so the number of positive real roots is one. As :f(-x) = -x^3-1 , has no sign change, the original polynomial has no negative real roots. So the number of nonreal roots is :3 - (1+0) = 2 \, . Since nonreal roots of a polynomial with real coefficients must occur in conjugate pairs, it results can that has exactly two nonreal roots and one real root, which is positive.
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This marks target particles as they pass through the pad and continue across to the test and control lines. The test line shows a signal, often a color as in pregnancy tests. The control line contains affinity ligands which show whether the sample has flowed through and the bio-molecules in the conjugate pad are active. After passing these reaction zones, the fluid enters the final porous material, the wick, that simply acts as a waste container.
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Unlike Queen Hatshepsut, most African women suffer tyranny, sexism and poverty and toil in silence and anonymity. Chedid writes, "Often from a point without place / I stifle my story / From past to future / I conjugate the horizon." For many of these poets, the world is unrelentingly cruel, and they belie their vulnerability with stoicism. In 1986 Nigerian writer, poet and playwright, Wole Soyinka became the first post-independence African writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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O-Desilylation and oxidation of the resulting alcohol produce an acceptor for a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, wherein a carbonyl and an alpha-methylated phosphonate react to produce an alkene. In this case, a beta-keto phosphonate bearing an (R)-phenylglycine- derived auxiliary group was ligated to the molecule. This group is lost in asymmetric conjugate addition of an (R)-amino alcohol, which, through two cyclodehydration steps using Wipf's oxazoline-thiazoline interconversion protocol, produces the thiazoline ring.
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