Were they a suggestion that sentient beings ultimately need an underclass, but it's okay if that underclass is artificial?
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Fantine starts off just above the underclass and falls catastrophically.
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How well the underclass are forced to know their overseers.
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"She was addressing her own, still-struggling underclass," Ms. Hirshey writes.
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That's because when an underclass exists in a workplace — whether that workplace is a newsroom or a film set or a restaurant or a hotel — that underclass will always be vulnerable to exploitation, sexual and otherwise.
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Migrant workers, mainly from South-East Asia, are becoming a new underclass.
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The last thing we want here is a permanent underclass of people.
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This kind of underclass begins with a gap between law and reality.
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Taipei's society is split into the wealthy you and the underclass mei.
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Some worry, though, that such a group could soon become an underclass.
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Making assumptions about an "underclass" is just as insidious as generalizing about race.
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His great takeaway from life in America's underclass is: Pull up those bootstraps.
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Meet the striving celebrity underclass that has risen to dominate the gossip machine.
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The rules risk creating an underclass with parallels to others around the world.
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My partner's status as an underclass citizen put a huge strain on our relationship.
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Congressional candidates who speak of "liberating the American underclass" are flush with campaign donations.
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The account treats Newtons like it's part of haute cuisine, not some culinary underclass.
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"For some people, sex workers are some sort of underclass or outcasts," he says.
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But something had shifted in Mukwano Mall after the incident, especially for the underclass.
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The exploitation of the canine underclass is perhaps the most insidious problem with cloning.
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The conurbano has become home to an underclass preyed on by drug gangs and dirty cops.
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The war on women is the one that allows -- that forces them into this permanent underclass.
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" It involves conservatives painting poor whites as this country's principal victims and "valorizing" their "underclass dysfunction.
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Dubbed criminals and vagrants by propagandists, the colorful above masks the reality of the city's underclass.
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Then there's everyone else—an underclass of victims who enjoy virtually none of those pricey protections.
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Only if we're willing to accept a permanent underclass and insidiously shore up the status quo.
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As Isenberg shows, anxieties about the white underclass have been at the heart of our history.
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We could become part of a massive new underclass of "useless bums" with drugs and video games.
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Here, as in "Fox," he appears as an underclass pariah — a sullen Greek immigrant worker in Munich.
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It's a precise study of the American underclass that mostly fills the ranks of our armed services.
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But the Tanka on their boats remain a people apart, an underclass in the region's economic boom.
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He wants us to believe that college professors are an elite with no concern for the underclass.
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A self-examination and self-criticism by the underclass is in order as well - as is an admission by Progressive Democrats that they have failed Milwaukee would be the first step in reversing this urban decay and reversing the growth of the underclass and their accompanying cultural rot.
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"Something is very wrong with a society that has created an underclass that is slipping into economic and moral oblivion, an underclass in which pieces of rubber and plastic held together by shoelaces are sometimes worth more than a human life," Sports Illustrated argued in its 1990 story.
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Nowhere were the city's two polarized income brackets — sleek tech wealth and a shambling underclass — in closer contact.
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In fact, the American underclass eats fast food less frequently than middle-class and upper-middle-class families.
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It creates a "permanent criminal underclass of outcasts" that navigates a revolving door through the criminal-justice system.
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His viewers aren't numb or thoughtless — they're furious at book-hoarders, who function as a generic hated underclass.
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People make fun of the so-called underclass, as if these people don't understand what's important in life.
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A 20153 police report into Sweden's most deprived areas pointed to a heavily armed and ruthless criminal underclass.
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Much like Thomas Moore's Utopia, Zuckerberg's mega-platform requires an unfortunate underclass of worker doing its dirty work.
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A more worrying contention is that dwindling payments have fuelled the creation of a new cash-poor underclass.
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What often gets lost when you have a persistency in underclass representation — be it women, minorities, introverts, etc.
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In their letter, contract workers expressed anger about this setting, saying it creates an underclass within Google's workforce.
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At Mr. Yang's exhibition, titled "A Gust of Wind Through Beijing," the word "underclass" is written in English.
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"He hates the underclass for being weak and stupid and the ruling class for being insensitive," she wrote.
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The gulf states of the Middle East demonstrate how creating an underclass can also invite abuse and corruption.
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There's a paranoid underclass hacker in "BrainDead," too, an autodidact chess genius who compares himself to Edward Snowden.
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How do you climb out of the underclass as a person of color and a woman to boot?
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Just as Jefferson's republican championing of the people's liberties depended upon his acceptance of a permanent underclass of slave laborers, so does Hamilton's commitment to the success of the entrepreneurial self-made man depend upon his assumption that there would be a deferential political underclass to do the heavy work.
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It is a Europe with much larger intelligence services, an entrenched Muslim economic underclass, and more anti-Muslim sentiment.
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And analysts said this clash should sound an alarm, with the ascendant "Crazy Rich Asians" shielding a struggling underclass.
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Supporters of a pathway to citizenship argue that granting legal status instead could create a permanent underclass of residents.
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Many of those fell from being farmers to being landless agricultural laborers, into the ranks of the agrarian underclass.
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"He's writing about the underclass," said Diana Lachatanere, who oversees McKay's literary estate through the Faith Childs Literary Agency.
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Ryan did ultimately make amends (rhetorically, at least) for pitting the wealthy against the underclass most of his career.
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Ultimately, The Killing Season unfolds a story of tremendous power about an underclass of voiceless communities across the country.
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Critics say the hukou system has created a vast underclass of cheap labor to help drive China's manufacturing revolution.
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Like Peele, Bong makes the eerie suggestion that the underclass might literally exist below the feet of the bourgeoisie.
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The admission revealed the character's class consciousness and how gold was viewed as the metal of the nation's underclass.
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In their December letter, contract workers expressed anger about this situation, saying it creates an underclass within Google's workforce.
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It has the makings of a critique of the American leisure class that profits from the labors of an underclass.
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America's unconscionable over-incarceration, particularly of nonviolent offenders, which is creating a permanent underclass with no hope of good employment.
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Every time you flip or flop, you announce your hideous, abject presence — and your membership in the lowliest sandal underclass.
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Its actions could help concentrate higher education in the upper class, and contribute to the entrenchment of a permanent underclass.
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Without a focus on educational outcomes for every American, we will perpetuate the permanent underclass that progressive policies have sustained.
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If David Cameron truly does not care about his country's underclass, then cheap, illegal synthetic drugs are his perfect solution.
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For LeBoeuf, who was eager to do the film after meeting with Arnold, little about this white underclass was new.
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It is a tribute to the service's permanent underclass, the young grunts who are too weary to feign enthusiasm anymore.
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We have an unfortunate tendency in America to treat racism and racial resentment as a pathology of the white underclass.
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In China, the "hukou" system of residence permits has left an estimated 250 million people as a semipermanent urban underclass.
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There's not much of any evidence for a brewing "political revolution" of a previously untapped underclass of voters, in other words.
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The white American underclass is in thrall to a vicious, selfish culture whose main products are misery and used heroin needles.
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Along the way, he learns plenty about his country, the elites who run it and the underclass subject to their rule.
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And while overt expressions of racism and classism have mostly faded, there are still enough unspoken hints that create this underclass.
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Conservative fears of a disappearing southern border or an ever-expanding Spanish-speaking underclass should be tempered somewhat by these shifts.
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Their children are even denied education — urban schools serve only children registered as urban — entrenching their status as a permanent underclass.
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Our laws should support institutions that promote inclusive growth, not ones that relegate people of color to a permanent economic underclass.
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Rather, they fret about turmoil created by members of a social underclass: poor workers in the cities whose family ties are rural.
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All this prompts a harsher criticism: that its wealth has allowed Sweden to prop up an ethnic underclass sequestered in invisible suburbs.
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But we cannot talk to black and brown people of the underclass suffering from these—experiences, because we have not gone there.
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Now diviners, instead of growing into maji, have become an underclass, heavily taxed and oppressed by a government who calls them maggots.
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Most of these companies are members of the vast pharmaceutical underclass, pumping out huge quantities of inexpensive generic drugs and pharmaceutical ingredients.
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The evictions sparked unusually direct criticism from China's intellectuals, students and journalists, who say the government is unfairly targeting the vulnerable underclass.
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Belters are the displaced underclass, a great hoard of humanity who left every nation on Earth to find work in the outer reaches.
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"The neglected underclass of those who felt left behind by economic growth, prosperity and globalisation can overturn elections and political systems," he said.
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Many street children are Syrian, part of the exodus fleeing the war; others are Palestinian, an impoverished underclass created by an older conflict.
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The evictions have sparked unusually direct criticism from China's intellectuals, students and journalists, who say the government is unfairly targeting the vulnerable underclass.
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What's more, each of the victims came from the immigrant underclass; the killer groomed them all by commiserating over their abusive, hated fathers.
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They're rooted in harsh criticism of policies and the effects of policies, especially on the underclass, you know, and that sort of thing.
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For the dominant civilization, which enslaves the orogenes—for use as weaponry or as geological instruments—they are a reviled but necessary underclass.
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As Carl, Stanton serves as the rare pure soul among the town's ragged underclass, an angel who saves those who need saving most.
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In this particular suburban imaginary, so-called inner-city crimes involving people of color are seen as "normal," non-newsworthy pathologies of the underclass.
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Society as we know it might be coming to an end, but that society depended on the exploitation and oppression of a marginalized underclass.
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Rather than integrate them, the government issued repressive laws limiting their ability to get work, creating an underclass where radicalism was free to fester.
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Marianne Crebassa, in the castrato role of Sesto, and Christina Gansch, as Servilia, seem to constitute a white underclass in a black power structure.
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We associate writing about the underclass, about "real" people, with a straightforward, realistic style, plain sometimes to the point of awkwardness, as with Dreiser.
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Throughout American history, this treatment has created an underclass of people who are criminalized, isolated, and labeled as inherently dangerous, says criminologist Gary Potter.
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That's a description of looking at the world and feeling solidarity with people who are at the bottom with the underclass, with the imprisoned.
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He becomes every decent liberal who is forced to confront the foundations of his own society—violence directed by whites against a black underclass.
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People who support tax cuts for high earners and reductions to social programs are "very deliberately attempting to create a permanent underclass," she said.
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Under the leadership of Emiliano Zapata, Mexico's underclass of farmers pushed for a daring agrarian reform to redistribute the land previously held by the rich.
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Eddy Bellegueule—his birth name translates as "Eddy Prettymug"—grows up as a bullied misfit amid the post-industrial underclass of Hallencourt, in northern France.
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Pad users, I learned, belonged to an abject underclass: a derelict group of pseudo-humans who enjoyed sitting in "mushy blood diapers" every 2503 days.
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In The Wall, people strive to hire domestic servants, known simply as "help," composed of a socially isolated ethnic underclass who don't communicate in English.
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Neither the aliens nor the man fighting them has any specific ideology beyond power: for freedom to pillage the underclass and freedom from being pillaged.
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The "Senior Salute" was basically a game where graduating seniors asked underclass students to meet for a romantic encounter, anything from a walk to sex.
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Coming into a community is meaningless unless we can offer an alternative to the horrible progressive agenda that has perpetuated a permanent underclass in America.
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They represent the nation's id, or, in the profoundest sense, its underclass, and Marxists and Freudians alike will have years of fun with this movie.
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Mr. Carranza has denounced those kinds of admissions screens, saying they created "a permanent underclass in New York City" without access to the best schools.
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Visually, the film was stylish and slick, casting its vampire villains as a privileged, club-going urban elite intent on exploiting the weak human underclass.
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After 1949, the Communist Party guided literary production, deploying literature to help develop patriotic sentiments, promote the economic underclass, and document struggles against invaders and capitalists.
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Dyer looks to explore the tension between the rulers who live in the heights of the forest kingdoms, and the exploited underclass of the lower levels.
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Looking deeper, he added, other themes emerge, including Mr. Graham's regard for an entire underclass of individuals often erased from the public image of American society.
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The same goes for "White Trash" (June 2016)—a history of the centuries-old forces that shaped an angry white underclass, by another academic, Nancy Isenberg.
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But with a low wage and high living costs, she is unable to save much, making her part of a large and seemingly permanent urban underclass.
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In our latest campaign podcast, the author of "Hillbilly Elegy," a memoir of growing up as part of the white underclass, explains Mr. Trump's political rise.
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You can continue down the road of progressivism that has created a permanent underclass in this country that, unfortunately, includes far too many people of color.
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Most Bowdoin first years will initially live in underclass residence halls, but they're all encouraged to eventually apply to one of the school's eight College Houses.
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But the violence, community leaders and social workers say, is also a symptom of the grave problems that afflict the region's underclass, reflecting longstanding government neglect.
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Derided as Gypsies, their roaming lifestyle ended in the conflicts of the 20th century, but they remained a largely segregated underclass across much of Eastern Europe.
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For anyone interested in learning about the white underclass that's helped power the populist movements of Europe, it is an excellent and accessible place to begin.
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It was, one had to say, quite a coincidence that the underclass looked as it did; groups like AutoAmericans Against Apartheid called it the New Segregation.
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If 21st-century economies are not to create a massive underclass, policymakers urgently need to work out how to help all their citizens learn while they earn.
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In fact, the series would be much stronger if a high-tech but stagnant society of immortals periodically appropriated fresh pop culture from a short-lived underclass.
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As they dabbled with electoral politics in the 1980s, the Brotherhood and its offshoots adopted this language, positioning themselves as the parties of a growing Arab underclass.
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The resulting movie presents a rare inside perspective on the American South's black underclass, sharing the celebrations and stresses of a tight-knit but desperately poor community.
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Moktada al-Sadr, the Shiite cleric who has long acted as a leader of Iraq's underclass, has tried to capitalize on this by leading the protest movement.
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Instagram, YouTube and gossip sites and podcasts, and now legacy media companies, are feeding on a new celebrity underclass, people who hover on the edges of fame.
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For decades, the two major parties essentially passed the presidency back and forth in a power-sharing agreement that gave little heed to the country's swollen underclass.
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But Roman argued that this isn't necessarily true in cases when the economy improves but leaves behind an underclass of Americans that is still predisposed to crime.
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And the nativists will have nothing more helpful to propose than heartless policing and deportation to discipline an underclass of nonwhite people that their own policies created.
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"The Democrats need a permanent underclass of people that are incapable of self-reliance and so these situations allowed to fester," he said on the morning show.
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Members of this underclass have not begun to grow gills, like the buff men and women in Kevin Costner's "Waterworld," but that may not be far off.
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Blacks were considered subhuman beings by most whites, including most of our own white ancestors, some of whom benefitted from the systemic exploitation of a black underclass.
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Flynt had just risen from the forgotten underbelly of the American underclass to fabulous wealth and carried himself like an unconscious parody of Hugh Hefner's libertine intellectual persona.
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It's had a white working class, and it's had a black underclass, and the former's racism prevented the two from ever really joining forces in a durable way.
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"The racialization of the space and the poverty of these spaces brings a certain sort of cachet in terms of being part of a political underclass," explains Ngo.
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The longer it kicks the can down the road, says Mr Erdogan, the bigger the risk that the refugees will become a permanent, stateless underclass, susceptible to radicalisation.
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It is simultaneously true that immigration fuels American dynamism and that the mixture of mass unskilled immigration and the high-tech economy threatens to create a permanent underclass.
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For him, betrayal is everywhere, in every aspect of his life: He's part of the city's poor underclass, oppressed by rich tycoons like Thomas Wayne, father of Bruce.
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Verification that isn't easily accessible threatens to bifurcate online information into "trusted content" from those who have the resources to verify it and an easily dismissed information underclass.
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Will the passengers on Snowpiercer outlive the climate crisis, or will the underclass be doomed to live miserably in a metal tube for the rest of their lives?
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And the big one, a parallel for the dread of any privileged group facing an empowered underclass: What if they do to us what we did to them?
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In a deeply repressive and unequal society, the psychosexual violence perpetrated against women from among the city's massive underclass seemed like the era's nightmare fears come to life.
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Gray ended up collaborating with fellow MSR senior researcher Siddharth Suri to write Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt).
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This is Hollywood's new creative underclass, where being a driver for hire has replaced waiting on tables as the preferred side job for the city's underemployed actors and artists.
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As Lee and Willmott have done throughout their careers, here they dive headlong, almost recklessly, into big questions about race relations, gender roles, and systemic oppression of the underclass.
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This is not "The Road to Wigan Pier" (1937) or "Down and Out in Paris and London" (1933), Orwell's chronicles of the lives of the working classes and underclass.
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As one analyst told Bloomberg, ""Essentially what the dollar stores are betting on in a large way is that we are going to have a permanent underclass in America.
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Branded "Europe's drug death capital," the city has become the subject of doom-laden TV and newspaper stories about an underclass stalked by the specters of addiction and overdose.
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The only party that clearly benefits from sanctuary laws are the self-serving politicians who support them, as such laws create a permanent underclass in need of a champion.
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On the website Breitbart and elsewhere, Bannon painted a picture of white working class Americans under siege from a globalist elite, cunning foreigners, and a restless non-white underclass.
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As a consequence, though the United States has spent trillions of dollars on anti-poverty programs, one-third of black America is in danger of becoming a permanent underclass.
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What was most eye-opening, even for me, is that more than 70 percent of people teaching in academia today are part-timers or part of this academic underclass.
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But the problem is that, throughout American history, law enforcement has always been unfair to an underclass of people — and today that divide is most pronounced along racial lines.
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Even with said hardware, the biggest operations with the most computers win more often, and other options available to the cryptocurrency underclass, like cloud mining, are rife with scams.
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A compassionate, discerning sociological analysis of the white underclass that helped power the presidential victory of Donald J. Trump, written by a young man who knows whereof he speaks.
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From the left, Ms. Kim said she worries the effort would create "a permanent class of underclass jobs" that some workers would not be able to move up from.
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If unfettered illegal immigration benefits anyone, it may be opportunistic politicians who see a permanent underclass whose votes can be obtained with the promise of generous social service benefits.
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Wealth does not spread itself, new technologies destroy jobs that never come back, an underclass is beyond help or redemption, and other cultures pose a threat—sometimes a violent one.
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Bestselling books predicted dystopian outcomes in which society split into a wealthy, robot-owning plutocracy and an unemployed underclass, and repressive governments would be needed to rein in social discontent.
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This, they said, was leading to a new era of production "which requires progressively less human labour" and threatened to divide society into a skilled elite and an unskilled underclass.
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"The white American underclass is in thrall to a vicious, selfish culture whose main products are misery and used heroin needles," Kevin D. Williamson, National Review's "roving correspondent," recently wrote.
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Now, along comes Mr. Vance, offering a compassionate, discerning sociological analysis of the white underclass that has helped drive the politics of rebellion, particularly the ascent of Donald J. Trump.
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He doesn't hesitate to blame Appalachian culture, which he says "increasingly encourages social decay instead of counteracting it," but offers a compassionate primer on the struggles of the white underclass.
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" He added, "A legislative classification that threatens the creation of an underclass of future citizens and residents cannot be reconciled with one of the fundamental purposes of the 14th Amendment.
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These Americans see cheap immigrant labor as a way to enrich the wealthy while creating a near permanent underclass for whom the American dream is always just out of reach.
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At a time when political activists are expected to live according to their values, Disney's role as an ultra-wealthy spokesperson for the underclass makes her a target of vitriol.
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It would be ghettoized, starved, demonized, radicalized and the degrees coming out of it would end up being yet another flashing sign that you were born into the American underclass.
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Portnoy's subjects are those he calls the "unsung heroes of the Jewish underclass," but the secret stars in "Bad Rabbi" are the largely anonymous Yiddish journalists who chronicled their foibles.
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The most obvious film at Cannes about the underclass of the United States, in particular, is Andrea Arnold's American Honey (read more about the film in our earlier Cannes coverage here).
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Propelled by the anger of a forgotten underclass and a desire to turn back the clock, could the US be about to follow the UK in reaching an equally unlikely result?
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The result is a permanent underclass of extremely poor Americans living on less than $2 per person, per day—a group that, as Sanders pointed out, has only grown since 1996.
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Finally, there are "those who get stuck," the working poor and the underclass—Americans who have been incarcerated or chronically unemployed or otherwise mired in poverty with no clear way out.
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The country's large Sunni and now very sectarian underclass would use the opening to demand ever more power, threatening Assad's own internal constituents — including the country's Alawite population and other minorities.
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But alone in his cell, he joined an international underclass including dissenters in North Korea, women in Arizona shackled as they give birth and infant children caged on our southern border.
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Why spread the suffering to the underclass of dogs that are forced to do the reproductive work, and to all of us, by making our relationship to dogs all about ourselves?
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Books of The Times Crackers and squatters, rednecks and hillbillies, sandhillers and mudsills, clay eaters and hoe wielders: America has developed a rich vocabulary to describe one part of its permanent underclass.
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The result is a growing American underclass, in which a third of current retirees live almost entirely on Social Security and fully half of future retirees will face reduced standards of living.
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Progress hasn't ground to a halt, but both Blade Runner films zero in on the impoverished underclass and enslaved replicants who don't benefit from a new economy driven by off-world colonies.
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At a time when college graduates earn 20153 percent more than those without degrees, these numbers conjure the 1982 warning by the Supreme Court that undocumented children could become a permanent underclass.
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Despite his own wealth — Mr. Kennedy has an estimated net worth of more than $18 million — he has emerged as an advocate of progressive social policy and a voice for the underclass.
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In the long run, this could create hierarchical societies in which an upper class of full citizens exploits an underclass of powerless foreigners, as happens today in Qatar and several other Gulf States.
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The consequences are a lack of socioeconomic assimilation among low-IQ immigrant groups, more underclass behavior, less social trust, and an increase in the proportion of unskilled workers in the American labor market.
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It is a deeply personal memoir about growing up poor in Rust Belt Ohio that doubles as a cultural anthropology of the white underclass that has flocked to the Republican presidential nominee's candidacy.
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You had a few hits and misses there, but now you have a lot of these wealthy millionaires who are aligning their interest with the underclass in the inner cities around police brutally.
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This is not an underclass, really; these teams are just going their own way, in defiance of their fans' hopes or the broader trajectory of the league or the general imperatives of progress.
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The failure to do so will have catastrophic consequences — either in further increases in income and wealth disparities, or in the creation of a permanently oppressed underclass, or in revolution, or all three.
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All of the film's juxtapositions — Hunnam with Ritchie, thoroughly modern men in 5th-century situations — work in service of Legend of the Sword's story of a high-born king raised among the underclass.
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BAGHDAD — They came from the slums of this city's underclass, the alleyways and the simple halls of the seminary in the Shiite holy city of Najaf, and the outer reaches of the rural south.
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But he drew on the political inheritance of his father, a pivotal and immensely popular Shiite cleric assassinated on Saddam Hussein's orders in 1999, to emerge as a powerful voice for the Shiite underclass.
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The novel by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh, depicting an underclass hit by industrial decline and scornful of conventional values, looks as relevant as ever in an era marked by popular rejection of establishment politics.
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"I wanted to call attention to the worsening condition of the black underclass, in both absolute and relative terms, by relating it to the improving position of the black middle class," he later wrote.
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And it does little to solve the problems of "the unexotic underclass"—white ex-working-class men in particular—who have been deemed too boring and reactionary for the Davos crowd to bother about.
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Even so in 1990, if you were to read journalistic accounts, and certainly academic and policy research accounts of poverty in America, people would have been talking about urban crises and the urban underclass.
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Although the economy has been growing at an annual rate of 5 percent in recent years, inflation, partly caused by drought, is whittling away at Kenya's fragile middle class and creating a vast underclass.
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Eventually, Calle 13's songs dipped into hip-hop, salsa, klezmer, Native American chants, hard rock, even Irish jigs, while Residente's lyrics offered sociopolitical commentary, raunch, science fiction and solidarity with a worldwide underclass.
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The deportation rules, part of the administration's efforts to tighten security, risk creating a vulnerable underclass, similar to residents in India's slums, the guest workers in Persian Gulf states and migrant workers in China.
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As a result, 'Britain's abject underclass has actually continued to grow' and many in the 'disaffected white working class' had either drifted away from electoral politics or embraced such radical rightists as the BNP.
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So let's be honest: though long held up as the quintessential utopia, The Jetsons is a perfect dystopia, built on the corpses of a billions-strong underclass deemed unworthy of a life in the clouds.
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The notion of glamor as something the underclass can imitate and thereby claim was evident in the rise of the "Chav" in the UK and the legitimization of "Waacking" as a form of street-dancing.
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There are no tell tale signs of overcrowding, domination by internal mafias, endemic corruption, or the underclass of prisoners incarcerated for trivial crimes, that numerous reports have said are the norm for most Mexican prisons.
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After having written this book, do you have an answer to how domestic policy should be fixed so that it delivers on the promise of equality rather than depending on the victimization of an underclass?
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For decades, its densely populated blocks of overcrowded tenement buildings, abandoned storefronts, and trash-strewn sidewalks were home primarily to Mizrahi Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent, Israel's socially and economically marginalized underclass.
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He succeeded where others had failed in tearing down Turkey's rigid, classist system of government; sending the meddling military back to its barracks; and opening up the bureaucracy, long deeply suspicious of Turkey's pious underclass.
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The game never judged the player for using violence against the Nazis, because it knew that the violence of the underclass could never—morally or materially—match the horrors of what was already being enacted.
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Talk about how, when you look at a city like this, which is so wealthy and has so many opportunities for people that you have this permanent underclass that seems not to be fixable. Yeah.
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When people's introduction to internet is through Facebook, there is the risk of creating an informational underclass of people who, for reasons of economic inequality, are dependent primarily on an American corporation for access to information.
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It was a society of small bosses—owners of gaming parlors, restaurants, supermarkets, travel agencies—that stood firmly on the shoulders of its underclass, the Ugandans who worked as translators, cooks, waiters, cleaners, guards, and assistants.
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It adds to growing evidence that Australia is home to a large but silent underclass of migrant workers, many of them international students or simply adventurous backpackers, who are rarely heard from despite widespread labor abuses.
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They have long seen the liberal group -- which offers housing and other services, including voter registration, to the poor -- as a shady operation devoted to electing liberals and siphoning off taxpayer money for a permanent underclass.
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Trump is trying to get the American public to believe that his very wealthy cabinet appointees are an elite that is not elitist, and will, in fact, have great concern for the underclass that elected him.
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If they're angry at ethnic minorities, he claims, it's not so much due to racism but rather to a belief, a perception, really, that those minorities are afforded social advantages at the expense of the white underclass.
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If the state doesn't take proactive steps to avoid it, its utilities could end up in a doom spiral, with grid power becoming ever less reliable and more expensive for the underclass forced to rely on it.
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The end of slavery did not produce an effort to fully incorporate this group into American life, but instead ushered in a century of exclusion through federal policy — an exclusion that made black people an American underclass.
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There were helicopter shots of throngs of black bodies; there was a lot of the same kind of discourse, the fear of a black underclass coming for Beverly Hills, coming for your stuff in your gated communities.
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It's telling that part of 86's political storyline revolves around various countries' response to apartheid in South Africa, a state-sanctioned creation of a permanent underclass that ostensibly democratic governments have to be shamed into denouncing.
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One theory is that cars in Denmark are being burned by individuals from an angry underclass in a country where far-right groups have organized bitter protests against immigration, calling it a threat to the nation's identity.
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Finally, determined to blow a hole in the Trump hot air balloon, the columnist hits hard: The white American underclass is in thrall to a vicious, selfish culture whose main products are misery and used heroin needles.
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Based on the environment in which he was raised, he explores the anger, resentment and the sense of exclusion of the underclass, trying to explain what led voters to back Brexit and right-wing nationalism and populism.
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Extreme value, both monetary and emotional, is placed on certain individual dogs, while an entire underclass of dogs are treated as objects, as means to an end, as cogs in the wheels of human commerce and moneymaking.
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Why it matters: This is the latest in a series of steps by Prime Minister Narendra Modi that could "fuel the sentiment that Muslims are a kind of permanent underclass," says Milan Vaishnav of the Carnegie Endowment.
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An underclass family infiltrates the home of a much wealthier clan in Bong Joon Ho's impeccably orchestrated allegory about social inequality, which mixes and matches black comedy, social satire and the white-knuckle tension of a thriller.
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In her foundational 1970 manifesto The Dialectic of Sex, she identifies the biological family as the basis for women's oppression because it establishes women as an underclass by forcing them to bear the brunt of gestational labor.
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It was not racism but anti-racism that was to blame for African-Americans' plight, he maintained, arguing that black civil rights activists and white liberal Democrats had a vested interest in keeping "the black underclass" down.
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Eventually, 26 individuals were arrested in a case that took on strange overtones of underclass rage — some outlets pointed out the unfairness of the Federation's byzantine quota system and singular control of the market — and two pled guilty.
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The fourth film in the popular action-horror franchise is a prequel, set as the New Founding Fathers of America experiment with letting the country's underclass freely commit crimes — preferably against each other — on one night each year.
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STOCKHOLM (Reuters) - Sweden has intensified its crackdown on illegal immigrants after a failed asylum-seeker killed five people in Stockholm, but the move has raised concerns that more migrants will be driven underground to join a shadowy underclass.
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With her co-author Siddharth Suri (a computer scientist), Gray coined the term "ghost work," as in the title of their extraordinarily important 2019 book, Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass.
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This year, the powerful Shiite cleric Moktada al-Sadr, who commands a following among millions of the country's Shiite underclass, tried to seize the movement, and twice his followers stormed Baghdad's fortified Green Zone, the citadel of government.
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But he was right and he was courageous when he pointed out that the media reporting has been culpable in covering up the truth of cultural rot and dysfunction that has allowed the growth of a subset underclass.
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While some 800 million people in China have been lifted out of poverty in the last few decades, the economic reforms have produced a new underclass of low-paid urban workers, including migrants from the country's rural areas.
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But Asher is a writer of his moment—that is, this moment—and he sees something timely in Algren's tough-guy devotion to his underclass protagonists: a plea to acknowledge the ruthlessness we regularly deal out to social failure.
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Mr. Erdogan is tearing up the rigid secularist system imposed by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in the 1920s, empowering the long-oppressed Islamic underclass and making Turkish society far more equal by carrying out economic policies that lifted poorer areas.
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" From his perspective, graffiti forced the upper crust to reckon with the names and the fugitive dreams of a forgotten underclass: "You hit your name and maybe something in the whole scheme of the system gives a death rattle.
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They can't exploit the positive externalities of their business, but they are held liable for the negative ones, like increasing traffic congestion or the creation of an underclass of freelancer drivers who are paid inadequately and lack safety nets.
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The news agency wrote the situation is akin to a "permanent underclass" among Google workers, with TVCs retaining some benefits like free cafeteria food and facilities access but often working for contract agencies which skimp on benefits like health care.
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In the 1990s, fears about drug abuse and racist anxieties about America's urban underclass gave rise to the mythological "superpredator," the child of a drug-addicted welfare mother who supposedly grew up with a chemical predisposition toward crime and violence.
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Lucky enough, that means you have the opportunity to comb through Frisco's 60-plus thrift stores, which are almost entirely supplied and run by the city's artist underclass, who have made a career buying and selling well-tailored, aggressively trendy clothing.
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A society in which we think of each other with respect and think of each other as socially equal, where nobody is so poor that the way they walk through the street marks them out as a member of the underclass.
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Crucially, the film makes sure to explore the place which migrants from Korea and Taiwan have in this underclass — even today, minority groups are often left out of discourse on these issues in Japan, and are essentially invisible in media coverage.
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If this is how you cut it, a black woman teaching public school in Atlanta is a member of the overclass, and a rural white man with his own seven-employee plumbing firm, making twice as much, belongs to the underclass.
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He acts as a sort of aggrieved emissary from a comic underclass, musing about a new public-housing-themed cologne called Back Stairway and complaining about Puerto Rican neighbors, with their music and the smells of their garlic and adobo.
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The Interpreter New deportation rules proposed by the Trump administration risk creating an American underclass with parallels to others around the world: slum residents in India, guest workers in oil-rich Persian Gulf states and internal migrant workers in China.
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Just because Hilary Clinton and Bernie sanders say nice things about minorities doesn't mean they actually mean them Banks called the United States an "inherently evil" country that relies on a "systemically oppressed underclass" to survive:I have no hope for America.
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And, we come to find out, she also has an empathy her father lacks; she grows curious about the underclass of people who do the grunt work that goes into a big-budget movie, and about related matters, like unionization.
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Even now, as gig economy companies are rolling out the bare minimum in terms of sick leave, we are seeing how vulnerable gig workers really are and how these services have created an underclass of people who serve the rich.
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For all of the show's problematic depictions of America's overpoliced underclass, its air of authentic grittiness drew me in — a sort of counterprogramming to the wealth worship and small-time narcissism of the other reality shows that sprang up around it.
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Now, in Brexit Britain, where the gap between rich and poor is widening at a lethal rate, we need all the good, independent journalism that is unafraid to stick up for the underclass and the scapegoats that we can get.
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"It's pulling the rug out from underneath them, and unless we reverse this trend, we're going to create a near permanent underclass for whom the American dream is always just out of reach," Cotton said at a news conference introducing the bill.
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The film feels like it was made for the current cultural moment: as the aliens exploit Earth's resources, a handful of human collaborators have become rich and powerful by selling out to their new masters, and a permanent underclass struggles to survive.
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A citywide fire safety blitz prompted by a deadly blaze this month is forcing thousands of migrant workers out of their homes and businesses, igniting unusually direct criticism of city government measures seen by some people as unfairly targeting the vulnerable underclass.
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In Henry Mayhew's exhaustive, wonderful chronicle of the Victorian urban underclass, "London Labour and the London Poor" (1851), his equivalent of rural gleaners are the river-dredgers who, when coal is accidentally dropped from a collier-brig, fish down to find it.
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Dig into the numbers, and the jobs of the unhappiest migrants are unusually insecure, harsh and badly paid, thrusting them into an underclass made more painful by hukou residency laws that limit their access to schooling for their children and other public services.
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If it is realized, it would reduce Israel's Palestinian population to a permanent underclass and mean, in the not-too-distant future, that a Jewish minority would be ruling a Muslim majority, with the world on the side of the oppressed majority.
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Without the wealth enjoyed by many of his classmates, Labrie apparently clung to alternative measures of social standing in a place where success is measured on one hand by self-sacrifice, and on the other by how many underclass girls you can bang.
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And while fighters are now more vocal than ever about issues of pay and sponsorships and the push for a fighters' association or union is as loud as it's ever been, most of the UFC's underclass stays silent and fights for a pittance.
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The free-market talk might sound great to a recent Stanford graduate, but San Francisco is in a moment when corporate buses are regarded as instruments of a tech invasion bent on turning people who can't code into a food-delivering underclass.
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Of course, when I was 13 it was a different story: The brilliant and sociopathic underclass anarchist Steerpike from Mervyn Peake's electrifying "Gormenghast" trilogy was definitely an early role model, which perhaps explains some of my misgivings about the whole hero phenomenon.
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Chan was enmeshed in the vast underclass of the great Hong Kong economy, which to this day is jam-packed with underpaid laborers from around the world who live stacked on top of each other in dismal apartments the size of coffins.
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For a sensitive, decidedly non-hysterical explanation of this year's politics of disruption, I'd suggest "Hillbilly Elegy" by J. D. Vance, whose memoir of a turbulent childhood in Middletown, Ohio, doubles as a work of sociology illuminating the despair of the white underclass.
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There are broader ramifications for dogs, not only for the large group of dogs we call pets but also for a whole canine underclass that remains largely invisible to us but whose bodies serve as a biological substrate for cloning research and industry.
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A significant part of the W.W.C. has succumbed to the ills that used to be associated with the black urban "underclass": intergenerational poverty, welfare, debt, bankruptcy, out-of-wedlock births, trash entertainment, addiction, jail, social distrust, political cynicism, bad health, unhappiness, early death.
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They all have seemingly intractable problems: stagnant wages in Taiwan, the dominance of big business in South Korea, an underclass of cheap imported workers in Singapore and, most explosive, a government in Hong Kong that will not, or cannot, listen to its people.
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News memes take hold easily in the national consciousness, and the emphasis on the opioid crisis as a plague of the white rural and Rust Belt underclass has obscured the toll the problem has taken in major cities and among the urban poor.
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But to imagine America remade in California's image is to imagine the state's social and political order, its upper class-service class-underclass hierarchy, expanded to landscapes that lack the balm of all that beauty, and lack an easy exit for the discontented as well.
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Invisible to most of us, an underclass of labor has evolved behind the artificial intelligence revolution — thousands of low-wage workers in the U.S. and across the globe who painstakingly inventory millions of pieces of data and images, and give power to AI programs.
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He remembers getting arrested atop Nunhead Reservoir, a fenced-off area offering views of the London skyline that was once "a place of the underclass, the underworld" and has since become a littering ground for Goldsmiths art students and their tins of Red Stripe.
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Like any of number of fictional futures, from Metropolis to Altered Carbon, it is a society where the wealthy in live in glistening towers in the clouds, surrounded by technologies of luxury and convenience, looking down on an underclass that cannot afford basic necessities.
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From about 1880 to 1900, conditions in tenements were so dire that "as many as four or five families were routinely housed in apartments intended for one," Luc Sante wrote in "Low Life" (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991), a history of New York's underclass.
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On a larger level, the trend toward more contract workers can be seen as another sign of widening inequality as it creates an underclass of workers who are, by all appearances, working full-time but getting none of the benefits of full-time employment.
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Data concentration by powerful technology platforms is also resulting in algorithmic control structures that give rise to "a digital underclass… comprising low-wage workers, the unemployed, children, the sick, migrants and refugees who are required to follow the instructions of the machines", he warns.
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Known since the age of 15 as a preternaturally wise and unpredictable songwriter, Mr. Marshall, now 23, has assumed the mantle of a bard for the shrouded underclass, churning his anxiety, depression and insomnia into swampy, after-dark tales for the mischievous and disaffected.
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His vision of a retro-religious party gaining power behind the slogan "a nation reborn" and instituting an annual 12-hour free for all called the Purge — as a relief valve, and to cull the underclass — didn't exactly come true in the 2016 election.
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It was director Todd Phillips' intent to create an homage to '70s crime flicks, like Taxi Driver (Robert De Niro also stars in Joker), where wealth inequality, angry outcasts, and a growing, desperate underclass pervaded America back then seemingly as much as it does today.
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Crime There's no point waiting for Denise Mina's two dependable series sleuths, Alex Morrow and Paddy Meehan, to appear in THE LONG DROP (Little, Brown, $26), which is a drastic departure from her brilliant contemporary studies of criminals who prey on Glasgow's social underclass.
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In between, he meets a Syrian refugee child, one of the million or so Syrians who fled the civil war for Lebanon, and finds a makeshift home with an undocumented Ethiopian woman — one of Lebanon's large underclass of migrant laborers — and her toddler son.
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VICE sat down with Seligman, who's fluent in Mandarin and also speaks Cantonese, to discuss what it was like for the Chinese underclass in the early 20th century, why the tong wars jumped off, and how they finally came to an end after 30 years of violence.
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An axiom of conservative thought holds that a representative democracy, with a high rate of participation, will inevitably fail, because the underclass will vote for more and more downward wealth redistribution until socialism takes hold, or the country gets sapped of productive incentives and the economy collapses.
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"What worries me is that DoorDash's pay injustice was only a small, emblematic horror, and that technology is creating a vast digital underclass here in the United States and across the planet who will toil permanently without decent protections," writes the New York Times' Farhad Manjoo.
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Classes like these began in the early 1980s, springing from a Dutch integration policy written by Rinus Penninx, an academic who feared that the guest workers the Netherlands had been importing, largely from Turkey and Morocco, and their descendants were in danger of becoming an underclass.
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Democrats do not really want to help the very people they claim to want to because, in the end, if illegal aliens are unable to function fully and effectively in American society, they will remain an underclass ill served by the political lies of the left.
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What's unusual—electrifyingly so—is to see this kind of polyphonic, self-conscious literary performance and all-stops-pulled-out postmodernist production value brought to bear on underclass lives, and on questions of social justice that tend not to penetrate the soundproofing of the ivory tower.
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I'm the host of this series—we'll be rotating for future rewatches—and I'm joined by Austin, Danielle, Natalie, and Rob to agonize over this family's poor strategy for surviving a home invasion and examine what The Purge is saying about society's view of the underclass.
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To some critics, genetic engineering and life extension technology will lead to a dystopian world where the rich are able to enjoy infinite lives of luxury and leisure, while an underclass of workers keep society propped up and are regularly exterminated to be replaced with another batch.
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" Mr. Cummings also sought out "weirdos and misfits" — an invitation that boomeranged when one of his hires, Andrew Sabisky, was forced to resign after the disclosure that he said black people have a lower IQ than whites, and that enforced contraception could prevent "creating a permanent underclass.
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For another, Coen was long gone, Oxfeld was long gone, and the next iteration of the site ("the rage of the creative underclass") had erupted in a spectacularly public fashion, including but by no means limited to inter-office romances and existential wonderings about the mandate of Gawker.
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Their efforts have real-world consequences that have allowed companies like Uber to ignore regulations and create a new underclass of gig workers, WeWork to light money on fire, Airbnb to inflate residential rents, and a host of other corporations to increasingly privatize more and more of our lives.
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Cory Booker (D-NJ) and Kamala Harris (D-CA) had particularly strong reactions, noting how politicians like Eastland had long worked to keep black people an underclass in the US. "You don't joke about calling black men 'boys,'" Booker wrote in a statement shortly after Biden's remarks were published.
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As the subtitle implies, "The Dispossessed" contrasts two forms of social organization: a messy but vibrant capitalist society, which oppresses its underclass, and a classless "utopia" (partly based on the ideas of the Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin), which turns out to be oppressive in its own conformist way.
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OneZero reporter Sarah Emerson writes that "foreign laborers who enter the program also report feeling like an underclass, with stressful working conditions and discrimination due to their visa status" because, in the case of the H-1B, a person's visa is totally dependent on their employer sponsoring it.
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This wonderful doorstop of a book imagines England in 2052, a pinched, jingoistic country ruled with an iron fist by Henry IX (Harry9) in which a sprawling underclass of Indigents have traded their right to vote for jobs and social services; many are addicted to a hallucinogenic quaff called Flot.
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Class Mates: When Nancy Isenberg began her latest work of American history, "White Trash" — a comprehensive survey of the white underclass going back to colonial times — she had no idea that thanks largely to the very group she was writing about, Donald Trump would become the presumptive Republican nominee for president.
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As the sociologists Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton document in "American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass," the government typically denied mortgages to African-Americans, shutting out even affluent black people from the suburban homeownership boom that remade the residential landscape during the middle decades of the 20th century.
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Kreizler insists that the immigrant underclass from which the killer is selecting his victims would be quite unfamiliar and unappealing to Van Bergen, whose family is part of the elite demimonde referred to as the First 400 — said to be the number of guests Caroline Astor could fit into her ballroom.
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Following her prior TV turn in "Fargo," Dunst's performance reveals genuine fierceness, exploring a side of the economic underclass seldom seen on TV, which takes on an added dimension given the time frame and a locale, with Krystal working at a water park that's a stone's throw from Disney World.
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The slums occupied by the Rankless, members of the Kryptonian underclass who don't belong to one of the great houses, have been eliminated, with most of the residents conscripted into the military to crush a rebellion led by Seg's grandfather Val-El (Ian McElhinney) and former terrorist leader Jax-Ur (Hannah Waddingham).
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Even in its most mundane form, Facebook content moderation is a dystopic job—an underclass of semiskilled workers scrolling endlessly through thousands of selfies, vacation photos, and links in search of the small percentage of posts that are illegal or unsavory, so that the public at large doesn't have to see them.
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Appalling labor conditions, the destruction of the environment in search of profit, a callous disregard toward marginalized communities, the reliance on an unseen underclass to keep the whole bloody machinery running—these are all, in the anticapitalist wing of environmentalism, indelible hallmarks of both the agriculture industry and a rampant market economy.
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Through these partnerships, potential and established, Soylent will complete a sort of circuit, taking its product, once a lifestyle choice for a small group of technology overlords, and pushing it as a lifestyle necessity to the tech underclass for whom every moment spent on things like eating instead of working means less money.
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The setup — a superhuman minority with a royal family and a restless underclass — has echoes of another ABC fantasy, "Once Upon a Time," but it's presented in such a stilted, sluggish way that it mainly recalls costume epics like "Clash of the Titans," which at least had Ray Harryhausen's cool special effects.
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At the same time, how much do Americans for whom the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow is still a heavy anchor — the black underclass of inner cities and the cotton-belt South — gain from a system whose hiring nudges and contracting dollars and college acceptances mostly benefit minorities in the middle class?
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A conservative backlash movement to reform social programs adopted racially coded language that presented images of an out-of-control minority underclass (recall the breathless warnings during the 1980s of "welfare queens" taking advantage of an overly generous benefits system), driving perceptions among white voters of a growing crisis that required immediate and severe action.
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Activision Blizzard, like most of corporate America, does not have the courage to call this what it is: the ruination of lives in service of endless growth and profit maximization to serve the ultra rich becoming the mega rich at the expense of an exploitable underclass with no power to stop every effort to undermine them.
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Enlarging her enunciated yowl and Kenneth William's articulated speed riffs with goth echo and brushing them with synthesizer, she reaches out to the hardcore unwashed with two accounts of doomed female serial killers and a fantasy about giving birth in a trailer you can bet lacks AC. Is she representing an underclass or identifying with it?
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It's not merely about getting out repressed anger so that the rest of the year may be lived in peace, as is the government's party line: Instead, the annual Purge is just one more way for the elites to take advantage of the underclass, and rid themselves of the people they see as unfit for their country.
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And if you believe that a "thin blue line" of heroic men and women is all that protects the quiet majority of citizens from the anarchy and predation of a criminal underclass, it makes all the sense in the world to allow them to do whatever is necessary to fight the wrongdoers and protect the citizenry.
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When someone such as the El Paso shooter is portrayed as a pathetic figure, a member of an underclass leading "purposeless lives of anonymity and digital dependency," we wonder what impact this characterization might have on the motivation, self-esteem and social standing of those tasked with fighting him, especially when less controversial and more prestigious external threats abound.
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In "Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune"—first staged in 1987 and revived on Broadway, at the Broadhurst—the playwright Terrence McNally spins this scenario into a kind of underclass romantic comedy; now, though, in 2019, it feels like the first coil of a horror story, or the premise of a miniseries based on a true crime.
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Miller was unwilling to assign blame, but his comments revealed both concern and regret: California is not yet as socially and economically stratified as South Africa or Latin American countries, but one does feel the growing divide between the highly educated, wealthy, upper class and the growing underclass, while the formerly dominant middle class hollows out.
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And here's what we have to show for it: an underclass of gig workers, increased traffic congestion and urban pollution, the global suppression of labor standards, hollowed-out public transportation and taxi businesses across the world, and the instability that will come when Uber and WeWork collapse as SoftBank and other investors get tired of losing money from these creatively unprofitable businesses.
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The bridling wrath of the underclass that we find in Italian neorealism—"I curse the day I was born," is the hero's cry in " Bicycle Thieves " (1948)—is wholly absent, and there's not a whisper of the anarchistic mischief practiced by Buñuel in " Diary of a Chambermaid " (1964), in which the aging patriarch kneels down to unfasten the boots of a bored underling.
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They're willing to pay this price because they think repealing Obamacare is important; for years, they have heard, and said, that Obamacare is socialism, it's a job killer, it's a government takeover, it's endless debt, it's the ruination of the best health care system in the world, it's free stuff that will create a dependent underclass permanently loyal to the Democratic Party.
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But in a continuing effort to explore design for what C. Z. Nnaemeka has termed "the unexotic underclass" — the people often ignored by those claiming to save the world (single mothers, veterans, people over 222 unable to find work, etc.) — I am highlighting recent efforts that improve the daily lives of the 21.8 million veterans now in the United States.
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But unlike some of today's more elite-focused con stories -- Elizabeth Holmes and Theranos, Caroline Calloway and her Instagram yarns, the college admissions scandal -- "Hustlers" and "On Becoming a God in Central Florida" shed light on a less glamorous spectrum of America's class regime; on how people in the underclass sometimes scam because the system wasn't fair to begin with.
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The session, entitled The Dark Side of On-Demand Work, is moderated by Hao, the AI reporter, and features Mary Gray, an anthropologist and tech researcher, and Prayag Narula, founder of the startup LeadGenius and one of the subjects of Gray's book Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass (co-authored with Siddharth Suri, a computer scientist).
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Superman's grandfather Seg-El (Cameron Cuffe) is a pretty bland protagonist, but he has a unique pedigree that lets him move freely between the elite world and the underclass: he was born into one of the great houses, exiled to the Rankless after his grandfather was executed, then brought back into the science guild, thanks to the political machinations of the House of Vex.
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Along the way, he takes a cleareyed look at some vexing and intractable problems facing the white underclass, which in my reading makes his book a kind of Appalachian version of Ta-Nehisi Coates's "Between the World and Me" (at No. 6 after 55 weeks on the list) and a more intimate companion volume to Nancy Isenberg's cultural study "White Trash" (at No. 10 after six weeks).
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All of this is preceded by a set of shared ideological assumptions about immigration, the border, and national sovereignty that are the necessary preconditions for the Trump administration: among them, that immigration, absent regulation and control, poses a threat to national sovereignty; that it is appropriate for the border to be militarized; that it is acceptable for there to be a criminalized underclass of people in this country subject to deportation.
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The shift from manufacturing to services; the indifference of central government towards the regions; the transfer of wealth from poor to rich; the creation of an unemployable underclass that generates demand for a resented migrant workforce to fill the skills gap; the failure of education to consider how knowledge advances in the wider world; the neglect of obvious housing needs; the unaddressed problem of low productivity and the accompanying tendency of Britain to become an ancien régime rentier economy.
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Usually deployed with a twinge of derogation, it clearly connoted the underclass: the working poor, farmers and laborers, those not fortunate enough to be employed in an arena that would otherwise be considered gainful and prestigious, that might allow them entry into a place like the one across the street; people lacking the savvy and connections that might help them make it big in the gray-market world of the jangmadang or the managerial gentry of the state-owned enterprises.
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Their portraits in opposing corners of the chart bring to mind the ruling classes' historical reliance on the services of scoundrels and cutthroats to maintain the status quo; Zimmerman's vigilante shooting of Trayvon Martin in 2012, while unrelated to Blankfein's controversial tenure as CEO of Goldman Sachs, helped cement the racially divisive tone that Trump has exploited for his self-proclaimed "movement," using wedge issues to splinter an economic underclass that could otherwise unite around shared interests (income inequality, job security, schools, and health care, to name a few).
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