The patriciate is often referred to by city or region, for example as the Christiania Patriciate, the Skien Patriciate and so forth. These were usually relatively small circles of related families which played a dominant role in the cities or regions.
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While patriciate in itself is a quite broad term and often defined in terms of culture and values, the term mercantile patriciate (handelspatrisiat) is sometimes used with reference to those families that acquired significant fortunes through trade.
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The leaders among the mercantile class formed a bourgeois patriciate, in whose hands economic and political power came to be concentrated. Pirenne's thesis takes as axiomatic that the natural interests of the feudal nobility and of the urban patriciate, which came to well-attested frictions in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, were in their origins incompatible. This aspect of his thesis has been challenged in detail.E.g. by A. B. Hibbert, "The Origins of the Medieval Town Patriciate" Past and Present No. 3 (February 1953:15–27).
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The Norwegian patriciate (in Norwegian borgerskap or patrisiat) was a social class in Norway from the 17th century until the modern age; it is typically considered to have ended sometime during the 19th or early 20th century as a distinct class. Jørgen Haave defines the Norwegian patriciate as a broad collective term for the civil servants (embetsmenn) and the burghers in the cities who were often merchants or ship's captains, i.e. the non-noble upper class.Jørgen Haave, Familien Ibsen, Museumsforlaget, 2017, Thus it corresponds to term patriciate in its modern, broad generic sense in English.
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In Christiania the families Collett and Anker were among the most prominent families of the mercantile patriciate from the late 17th century.
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Like the higher command positions and the senior commissariat of the fleet, all of them were filled by members of the Venetian patriciate.
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The patriciate of Telemark between the 17th and the 19th century has been extensively covered in historical scholarship, particularly in the context of Ibsen studies.
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The marriage of James Collett and Karen Leuch resulted in the birth of nine children. The family became part of the patriciate of Christiania in the 18th century.
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For Venetians in Venice, the prova di nobiltà was simply a pro forma rite of passage to adulthood, attested by family and neighbors; for the colonial Venetian elite in Crete the political and economic privileges weighed with the social ones, and for the Republic, a local patriciate in Crete with loyalty ties to Venice expressed through connective lineages was of paramount importance. Stanley Chojnacki has also studied the Venetian patriciate in a number of articles.
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The Netherlands has a long liberal political tradition. From the founding of the Dutch Republic in the 16th century to beginning of the 19th century the main political conflict was between the liberal urban patriciate and the supporters of the House of Orange, from the lower class and orthodox variants of Protestantism.Andeweg, R.B. and G.A. Irwin (2002) Governance and Politics of the Netherlands Basingstoke: MacMillan, p.47 The urban patriciate favoured religious tolerance.
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The name means anchor. Originally from Sweden, the family became a part of the Patriciate of Norway in the 18th century, and members of the family were ennobled in 1778.
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Of the major republics, only Venice managed to retain an exclusively patrician government, which survived until Napoleon. In Venice, where the exclusive patriciate reserved to itself all power of directing the Serenissima Repubblica and erected legal barriers to protect the state increased its scrutiny over the composition of its patriciate in the generation after the Battle of Chioggia. Venetians with a disputed claim to the patriciate were required to present to the avogadori di commun established to adjudicate such claims a genealogy called a prova di nobiltà, a "test of nobility". This was particularly required of Venetian colonial elite in outlying regions of the Venetian thalassocracy, as in Crete, a key Venetian colony 1211–1669, and a frontier between Venetian and Byzantine, then Ottoman, zones of power.
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Nonetheless, with the rise of imperial authority, several plebeian gentes were raised to the patriciate, replacing older patrician families that had faded into obscurity, and were no longer represented in the Roman senate. Although both the concept of the gens and of the patriciate survived well into imperial times, both gradually lost most of their significance. In the final centuries of the Western Empire, patricius was used primarily as an individual title, rather than a class to which an entire family belonged.
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Patricianship, the quality of belonging to a patriciate, began in the ancient world, where cities such as Ancient Rome had a class of patrician families whose members were initially the only people allowed to exercise many political functions. In the rise of European towns in the 12th and 13th century, the patriciate, a limited group of families with a special constitutional position, in Henri Pirenne's view,Pirenne, Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (1927) offers a late, developed view of the "Pirenne thesis" with origins in articles on the origins of urban constitutions in 1895: see Henri Pirenne#Pirenne Thesis. was the motive force. In 19th century central Europe, the term had become synonymous with the upper Bourgeoisie and cannot be compared with the medieval patriciate in Central Europe.
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412 Before the Battle of Actium, Silanus went over to Octavianus.Syme, pg. 296 The future emperor raised him to the Patriciate in 30 BC,Syme, pg. 382 and they held the consulship together in 25.
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Accession to a patriciate through this mechanism was referred to as "erweibern."Alfred Otto Stolze, Der Sünfzen zu Lindau. Das Patriziat einer schwäbischen Reichsstadt (Bernhard Zeller, Lindau/Konstanz, 1956) discusses this mechanism for accession to the Patriciate; "Wenn die Tochter eines Sünfzen Genossen sich mit Willen ihrer Eltern vermählte, so wurde der Ehemann aufgenommen, "der gleich der Sünfzen sonnst nit fähig wäre" gegen zwei Gulden, bzw. wie ein jüngerer Sohn" In any case, only male patricians could hold, or participate in elections for, most political offices.
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Members of the patriciate of Skien; the Altenburg/Paus families (late 1810s). To the right: Henrik Ibsen's mother Marichen Altenburg. In Denmark and Norway, the term "patriciate" came to denote, mainly from the 19th century, the non-noble upper class, including the bourgeoisie, the clergy, the civil servants and generally members of elite professions such as lawyers. The Danish series Danske Patriciske Slægter (later Patriciske Slægter and Danske patricierslægter) was published in six volumes between 1891 and 1979 and extensively described Danish patrician families.
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The Venetian might reached its peaked during the 15th century when they monopolized the spice trade from India through the Arabs using exclusive trade agreements. This prompted the Spanish and the Portuguese to embark on the search for the new route to India, leading to the discovery of Americas and the start of the Modern Age. Nevertheless, only the nobility or patriciate had the right to exercise the wealth-bringing long-distance trade. It was the same patriciate that erected a monopoly of political leadership.
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The Piovene family from Vicenza had been inducted into the patriciate in 1645, after Guido Piovene was executed during the fall of Nicosia.Curiosità veneziane, ovvero Origini delle denominazioni stradali di Venezia, by Giuseppe Tassini, page 568.
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Illus, who was well aware that his own friendship had led to the poet's exile, welcomed Pamprepius at his own home and, on his return to the capital, brought Pamprepius back with him. Illus had Pamprepius appointed senator, honorary consul,Rhetorius talks about the consulate, which was probably honorary, and the patriciate. John of Antioch (fragment 211.3) records the quaestorship and the patriciate (Robert A. Kaster, Guardians of Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity, University of California Press, 1997, , p. 330). quaestor sacri palatii and, after some time, patricius, a most prestigious position.
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Myhre, Jan Eivind, "Academics as the ruling elite in 19th century Norway," Historical Social Research 33 (2008), 2, pp. 21–41 The civil servant class is also included in the broader term patriciate, together with the burghers in the cities.
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Other families belong to the patriciate because they are held in the same regard and respect as the nobility but for certain reasons never were ennobled. Even within the same important families there can be branches with and without noble titles.
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Boccanegra was elected doge for life on December 23, 1339. Boccanegra was opposed by the aristocratic, representing the old mercantile patriciate, which his first actions excluded from public life. With the old patriciate excluded from power, a new class of mercantile houses arose: Adorno, Guarco, Fregoso, and Montaldo. During Boccanegra's dogate, Genoese control was extended the length of both the French and Italian Rivieras, with the exception of the Grimaldi holdings in Monaco and Ventimiglia. Simone’s brother Egidio, was a grand admiral in the service of Alfonso XI of Castile, and inflicted a memorable defeat on a Moroccan fleet off Algeciras in 1344.
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Appius was the son of Attius Clausus, a wealthy Sabine merchant who emigrated to Rome with a large following in 504 BC, and was admitted to the patriciate under the name of Appius Claudius Sabinus.Livy, ii. 16, 21.Suetonius, "The Life of Tiberius", 1.
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Gaius was the younger son of Attius Clausus, a wealthy Sabine merchant who emigrated to Rome with a large following in 504 BC, and was admitted to the patriciate under the name of Appius Claudius Sabinus.Livy, ii. 16, 21.Suetonius, "The Life of Tiberius", 1.
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Portrait of Pieter Vreede. Pieter Vreede (October 8, 1750- September 21, 1837) was a Dutch politician of the Batavian Republic in the 18th century. Vreede was born in Leiden and died in Heusden. He was a prominent critic of stadholderian misrule and of the urban patriciate.
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Katerina was born the third child of Paulus Imhoff and Ursula Holzschuher Imhoff.Corine Schleif and Volker Schier (2009), Katerina’s Windows, 1-20. Both her parents came from important patrician families. The Nuremberg patriciate formed the thin governing crust of the imperial city that consisted of about forty families.
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The family served the Prince-Bishops as knights for several centuries Kneschke. 45. until moving north to the County of East Friesland following the Reformation. They joined the patriciate of Emden and became considerable landowners in the surrounding area and, after 1744, other parts of Prussia. Rolf Uphoff.
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Certain gentes were considered patrician, and others plebeian. According to tradition, the patricians were descended from the "city fathers", or patres; that is, the heads of family at the time of its foundation by Romulus, the first King of Rome. Other noble families which came to Rome during the time of the kings were also admitted to the patriciate, including several who emigrated from Alba Longa after that city was destroyed by Tullus Hostilius. The last known instance of a gens being admitted to the patriciate prior to the 1st century BC was when the Claudii were added to the ranks of the patricians after coming to Rome in 504 BC, five years after the establishment of the Republic.
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The palace was erected in the 17th century by the Fontana family. The palace was occupied in the late 1600s by the Rezzonico family, recently added to the Venetian Patriciate. The larger Ca' Rezzonico palace was under construction. In 1693, Carlo Rezzonico, the future Pope Clement XIII was born here.
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Carasso and Galbisio are the only fraction of Bellinzona located on the west side of the Ticino river. The patriciate of Carasso (patriciates of canton Ticino) is responsible for the management of the forest and other communitary resources of the fraction. Carasso was a municipality of its own until 1907.
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The palace was erected in the 16th century by the Boldù family, recently added to the Venetian Patriciate. The palace was reconstructed by the Ghisi family in the late 1600s, and then bought by the Contarini family, who owned the adjacent Palazzo Contarini Pisani.Brusegan, p. 43. The interiors were frescoed by Jacopo Guarana.
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The Puy d'Arras was, unlike the Confrérie, neither social nor religious in conception. It was the creation of the urban patriciate, the wealthy and noble, plus some others, possibly those excluded from the Confrérie, who determined to maintain the courtly tradition.Jacob-Hugon, 28. The Puy was thus more conservative than the Confrérie.
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The nobility of the Republic of Ragusa included patrician families, most of which originated from the City of Dubrovnik, and some coming from other, mostly neighbouring, countries. Republic of Ragusa was ruled by a strict patriciate that was formally established in 1332, which was subsequently modified only once, following the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake.
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Centre for Ibsen Studies. and Jørgen Haave, resulting in renewed interest in the patricians as a social group. In a Norwegian context, Jørgen Haave defines the patriciate as a broad collective term for the civil servants (embetsmenn) and the burghers in the cities who were often merchants or ship's captains, i.e. the non-noble upper class.
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The rest of Friesland in the north continued to maintain its independence during this time. It had its own institutions (collectively called the "Frisian freedom") and resented the imposition of the feudal system and the patriciate found in other European towns. They regarded themselves as allies of Switzerland. The Frisian battle cry was "better dead than a slave".
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Wilhelm Friedrich "Gaius" de Gaay Fortman was born in Amsterdam on 8 May 1911 to an orthodox Reformed Protestant family. The De Gaay Fortman family were descendants of 17th century Walloon immigrant Jacques Le Gay, and became one of the foremost Neo-Calvinist families in the Dutch Patriciate, with prominent ministers, scholars, business people and politicians.
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Van Boendale's text was written between around 1318 and around 1350, commissioned for a member of the Antwerp patriciate. It extends to 16,318 verses. Boendale's main sources were the Chronica de origine ducum Brabantiae of 1294 and Spieghel Historiael of Jacob van Maerlant. Much of the text of the first three books are taken from van Maerlant almost verbatim.
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Meyer von Schauensee was a family of the patriciate of Lucerne in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The family is descended from Andreas Meyer, member of the Lucerne Grand Council in 1523, and his son Leodegar, member of the Lesser Council in 1581. From 1618, the Meyer and Balthasar families acquired considerable wealth due to their control of the trade with Milan.
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Domineco was the son of Rolando di Campofregoso and of Manfredina Fregoso. He was born around 1325 as the last son of a family of six. Like many of the members of the Genoese patriciate, he started his professional life as a merchant and financier. By 1355, he was nominated to the First Council of the Republic with the position of senior councilor.
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The Roman citizen awarded Henry the Golden Chain of the Patriciate and elvated him to patricius. Henry visited Frascati, the capital of the counts of Tusculum and seized all castles of the Crescentii family. Joined by the pope he ventured to southern Italy and reverted most of his fathers policies. At Capua, Henry was received by Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno and Capua.
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In the earlier ages of the Republic, none of the members of the gens appear with any surname, and even in later times they are sometimes mentioned without one. The surnames under the Republic are Gragulus, Labeo, Reginus, and Vetus. The last of these, the Antistii Veteres, were the greatest of the Antistii. In 29 BC, Octavian elevated this family to the patriciate.
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Portrait of the Gerolamo Maria Balbi Gerolamo Querini, Pinacoteca Querini Stampalia Fortunato Pasquetti (1690–1773) was an Italian painter of the Rococo period. He is known for his formal portraits of royalty and Venetian Patriciate. He was born in Venice and died in Portogruaro.Abecedario pittorico dei professori piu illustri in pittura, scultura, e architettura, by Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi, page 1317.
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The Franconian margraves, along with the margraves and electors of Brandenburg descended from this burgurgical line of Zollerns. When the city was governed by the Nuremberg patriciate, the castle remained a real estate, and the formal head of state was the Emperor until 1806. In 1806, the city and the castle were annexed by the House of WittelsbachArt. 17 der Rheinbundakte vom 12.
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The medieval stronghold was built on top of a hill and is known as the "Citadel" (Cetate). The lower town lies in the valley of Târnava Mare river. The houses inside Sighișoara Citadel show the main features of a craftsmen's town. However, there are some houses that belonged to the former patriciate, like the Venetian House and the House with Antlers.
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Ole Paus (23 March 1766 – 26 July 1855) was a Norwegian ship's captain, shipowner and land owner, who belonged to the patriciate of the port town of Skien from the late 18th century. He is noted as the stepfather of Knud Ibsen (1797–1877) as well as being the uncle of Marichen Altenburg (1799–1869) the parents of noted playwright Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906).
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Arms of the family de Créqui dit la Roche; they were noble in France and non- noble in Denmark and Norway. However, they had a prominent position in the country and its military. Thor von Ditten.Christopher Tostrup Paus, a Norwegian of the Eastern Norwegian patriciate, was ennobled in 1923 by the Pope and conferred a hereditary comital title, recognised by the Holy See and Italy.
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The palace encompassed the former Palazzo Centini and other houses at the site. Raimondo's son, also called Simone (1708-1776) would also become a cardinal. After the death of Raimondi in 1746, the family was elevated in to the Roman Patriciate by Pope Benedict XIV, leading the family to abandon Macerata for Rome. The Buonaccorsi family returned in 1853 under Conte Flavio, and began needed refurbishments.
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According to historian Serafin Cerva, the Gundulić patriciate dates to 930, as does those of Gozze, Pozza and Giorgi, meaning that they were deemed the oldest ones of Ragusa. The first known member of the Gundulić family was known as Silvanus. The mention of the name comes from 1024. The name Gundulić derives from Greek, xovbu (vase à boire), as said, or xouvrexac; (barque).
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The Commune of Venice () is the title with which the government of the city of Venice and its Republic was designated from 1143. The municipality, similar to other medieval municipalities, was based on the popular power of the assembly, called Concio in Venice. It represented the patriciate of the city with a system of assemblies including the Great Council, Minor Council, Senate and the Council of Forty.
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G.B Spangher was born in Villesse, a small town near Gorizia, from G.B. Spangar and from Vecchi Pasqua. The family was well off and practiced mercantile activity. He married in 1842 with Orsola Vianello, daughter of Giuseppe and Giuditta Venier, exponent of a noble family of the Venetian patriciate, from which he had in 1852 Cav.Giovanni Spangher (who then embarked on a brilliant career within Credito Italiano).
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One third of the council's members were representatives of the nobility, and two thirds were drawn from the city's patriciate, consisting mainly of influential merchants. The city's mayor was appointed from among these by the abbess of the influential Fraumünster. Rudolf was the son of Jakob Brun, a member of the city council, and of Mechthild. He was married to Margaretha Fütschi, daughter of Ulrich, another councillor.
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Andrea Pisani was born in Venice in 1662, to a noble family belonging to the Venetian patriciate. He was the son of Gianfrancesco Pisani and Paolina Contarini. During his youth, he was banished from VeniceBandi et sentenze dell'eccelso Conseglio di dieci contra Tommaso e Paolo fratelli Caprioli q. conte Costanzo di Brescia, ed altri fra' quali ser Andrea Pisani de ser Z. Francesco, Stampate per Gio.
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Aall is a prominent Norwegian family, originally from Aal in Jutland (Denmark). The family's oldest known ancestor is Søren Nielsen, who was a peasant in Aal until 1534, when he lost his farm. The family immigrated to Norway in 1714 with Niels Aall the older, who became a merchant and ship-owner in Porsgrunn. The family was part of the Patriciate of Norway from the 18th century.
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Son of Giovanni Compagnoni and Domenica Ettorri, he was born on 3 March 1754 into one of the best families of the local patriciate in Lugo. The parents lived in Casa Cavadini, on the street De 'Brozzi (San Vitale) not far from the Sanctuary of the Madonna del Mulino.Walter Berti, Lugo nel 900. Una storia di Lugo nel XX secolo, Walberti, Lugo 2005, p. 107.
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Subsequently the palace became property of Giovanni Antonio Baglioni, who was admitted to the patriciate by 1716, after being enriched by the publishing trade. This family owned the palace into the 19th century. Alcuni palazzi: ed antichi edificii di Venezia, by Giuseppe Tassini, Filippi Editori, Tipografia M. Fontana, Venice (1879): pages 140-142. The exterior facade has an asymmetric array of windows and a serlian window.
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Sabina Welserin, otherwise unknown, was the author of a German cookbook, Das Kochbuch der Sabina Welserin, which she dated 1553 in her brief epigraph. The Welser were members of the mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers and venture capitalists on a par with the Fugger and the Hochstetter. The manuscript was edited by Hugo Stopp and published as Das Kochbuch der Sabina Welserin. (Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag) 1980.
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Even before the fall of Pavia, when the Frankish army approached Verona, Adalgis did not resist. He escaped to Constantinople, where he was received by the Eastern Roman emperor Constantine V, who raised him to the patriciate. Adalgis hoped to return to re-conquer Italy, and solicited help from Duke Arechis II of Benevento for this purpose. Many Lombards refused to submit to Frankish rule, believing that Adalgis's return was imminent.
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Palazzo Giustinian was built in the 16th century for one branch of the Giustinian family, that was linked to the Morosini family by marriage. Then the palazzo passed to the Recanati, a family originally from Badia Polesine and in the 17th century ascribed to the Venetian patriciate. Currently, the building is well-preserved in all its parts and still belongs to the descendants of the Giustinian Recanati family.
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Princess Marilène was born in Dieren, Rheden, and is the youngest daughter of Hans van den Broek and Josee van den Broek-van Schendel. The van den Broeks belong to the Dutch patriciate. Marilène van den Broek obtained her highschool diploma (pre-university secondary education) in Wassenaar in 1988. She studied from 1988 to 1994 at the University of Groningen where she received her MSc degree in Business Administration.
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Heraclius was an enemy of the powerful general Aetius, and allied himself with the senator Petronius Maximus, who also opposed Aetius. The two of them convinced Valentinian that Aetius wanted to kill him, and the Emperor killed Aetius in 454.Hydatius.John of Antioch. However, his alliance with Petronius ended with the death of Aetius: when Petronius asked to be conferred the consulship and the patriciate, Heraclius advised Valentinian to refuse.
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A new armistice with Sweden signed in Stumsdorf (Sztumska Wies) knocked the last argument out of the king's hand. After that the king wanted to use his ships to organize the first Polish merchant company (with help of Hewel), however Hewel's death stopped even those plans. Finally the ships were sold. The built fortifications were salt in Denmark's and the Danzig Patriciate eyes and under their pressure were destroyed in 1640s.
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The origin of the family dates back to Johannes Steiger (1523 - 1577), a tailor in Bern, Switzerland. They would become known as the "black" Steigers, not to be confused with the "white" Steigers, because their coat of arms depicted a black ibex. Because of French influence in the Bernese patriciate, the name is also spelled de Steiguer. The predicate "von" is used in the German presentation of the family name.
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Bona,Age, Marriage, and Politics in Fifteenth Century Ragusa by David Rheubottom. Investigates the relationships between politics, kinship, and marriage in the late medieval city state of Ragusa (present-day Dubrovnik). At its heart is a reconsideration of `office' and the ways in which ties of kinship and marriage were mobilised to build electoral success.The Factions within the Ragusan Patriciate (17th–18th Century) by Stjepan Ćosić and Nenad Vekarić.
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The gens Passiena, occasionally written Passienia, Passenia, Passennia, or Passenna, was a plebeian family at Rome, originally of equestrian rank, but at least one member was later admitted to the patriciate. Members of this gens appear in history from the early years of the Empire down to the third century, and several obtained the consulship, beginning with Lucius Passienus Rufus in 4 BC.PIR, vol. III, pp. 14, 15.
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Some of these families declined ennoblement because they did not keep a title in such high regard. At the end of the 19th century, they still proudly called themselves "patriciërs". Other families belong to the patriciate because they are held in the same regard and respect as the nobility but for certain reasons never were ennobled. Even within the same important families there can be branches with and without noble titles.
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In the Republic of Venice, it meant the commander in chief in war time. The captain general of the land forces was usually a foreign mercenary or condottiere, but the Venetian navy was always entrusted to a member of the city's patriciate, who became Captain general of the Sea. It is at least documented since 1370 and was used up to the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797.
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Cardinal Joseph Fesch. Fesch was born at Ajaccio in Corsica. His father was Franz Faesch, a Swiss officer in the service of the Genoese Republic whose family, the Faesch family, belonged to the Basel patriciate and were nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, and his mother was Nobile Angela Maria Pietrasanta. His mother had previously been married to Captain Giovanni Geronimo Ramolino, and he had an elder half-sister, Laetitia Bonaparte.
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Willmann worked on orders from the patriciate of Breslau, as well as churches and monasteries throughout Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia. He received contracts for the Cistercian monasteries in Grüssau, Heinrichau, Kamenz, Rauden, and Himmelwitz. With the assistance of his students and assistants, Willmann produced 500 paintings and frescos during his life; about 300 or so have survived till modern day. Most of his frescos were created after the 1680s.
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The Hohenlandenberg line owned Andelfingen until 1434. The Breitenlandenberg line rose to great importance in Zürichgau in the 15th century. They had Zürich citizenship from the 14th century, and often intermarried with families of the Zürich patriciate like Schäfli. They also entered the Old Zürich War on the side of Zürich, and Wildhans von Breitenlandenberg was beheaded with his entire garrison at the siege of Greifensee in 1444.
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In some Italian cities an early patriciate drawn from the minor nobles and feudal officials took a direct interest in trade, notably the textile trade and the long-distance trade in spices and luxuries as it expanded, and were transformed in the process. In others, the inflexibility of the patriciate would build up powerful forces excluded from its ranks, and in an urban coup the great mercantile interests would overthrow the grandi, without overthrowing the urban order, but simply filling its formal bodies with members drawn from the new ranks, or rewriting the constitution to allow more power to the "populo". Florence, in 1244, came rather late in the peak period of these transformations, which was between 1197, when Lucca followed this route, and 1257, when Genoa adopted similar changes. However Florence was to have other upheavals, reducing the power of the patrician class, in the movement leading to the Ordinances of Justice in 1293, and the Revolt of the Ciompi in 1378.
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It consists of the following suburbs: Höchstädt an der Donau, Deisenhofen, Oberglauheim, Schwennenbach and Sonderheim. The town is the seat of the municipal association Höchstädt an der Donau, which includes the towns Blindheim, Finningen, Lutzingen and Schwenningen. In the fifteenth and sixteenth century, the wealthy mercantile family Höchstetter, which came from the town, was part of the mercantile patriciate of Augsburg. In the early 18th century, the town was the site of two battles.
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The great majority came from the northern valleys, in particular Valle Maggia and Valle Leventina. Often the Municipality or the Patriziato (Patriciate) lent the money for the trip.In 1855 the cantonal parliament however prohibited to finance these trips The emigrants would mortgage their properties or contract private loans. In the contract signed with an emigration agency,For instance the Beck-Herzog emigration agency from Basle the journey and the room and board were specified.
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Else Paus, a daughter of businessman Ole Paus (1846–1931), belonged to the Skien branch, part of the Skien patriciate and related to Henrik Ibsen. Axel and Lucie had two children, son Carl-Axel (1942-1991) and daughter Ingeborg Elise (1944-). Carl-Axel took over Ask Manor and married Anne Cathrine Mustad. Their children are Kristina Nathalia Løvenskiold (born 1974), Carl Axel Løvenskiold (born 1978), who owns Overud Manor, and Fredrik Clarin Løvenskiold (born 1978).
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In manuscripts the variants Syllanus and Sillanus are found. The Junii Silani first appear in history during the Second Punic War, and for the next four hundred years they occupied the highest offices of the state. From the middle of the second century BC, at least some of the Silani were descended from the patrician Manlii, from whom they inherited the additional surname Torquatus. In 30 BC, Augustus raised Marcus Junius Silanus to the patriciate.
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A sopracomito (plural sopracomiti) was the captain of a galley in the Venetian navy. Elected from among those among the Venetian patriciate who already had some naval experience, the sopracomito was an important position and stepping- stone in the naval cursus honorum of the Republic of Venice. It entailed considerable responsibilities for crewing and maintaining a galley as well as great expenses, which made it increasingly the province of the wealthier patricians.
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During his time in office he issued the Lex Saenia, which regulated the adlection of plebeians to the patriciate by means of a lex curiata (or law passed by the Curiate Assembly).Tacitus, Annals, 11, 25, 2.; Cassius Dio, Roman History, 52, 42, 5. He also intervened in protecting Junia Secunda, who was accused by Gaius Maecenas of being involved in the conspiracy led by her son, Lepidus the Younger, against Octavian.
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Due to big trade, purchase of estates, and wealthy spouses, the family became a prominent family within the trading patriciate in Eastern Norway. Members of the two principal branches above were on 14 January 1778 ennobled under the name Anker. They claimed to descend from the Swedish noble family Anckar, but this is not proven. The family name likely derived from their progenitor Oluf Eriksson in Gothenburg, who was an anchor smith.
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In 1782, the Wecks obtained the right to use the nobiliary particle, de, underlining their position as part of Fribourg's patriciate. In the 19th and 20th century, de Wecks occupied senior positions in government, the military and other public positions, including six times the office of Councillor of State (member of the cantonal government) of Fribourg. The family built and still owns several mansions. Many de Wecks now work in the legal profession.
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Although he stands at the head of the list of semi-independent rulers of Aquitaine that extends through the Middle Ages, he is described as "mysterious" and "obscure". Felix was probably a supporter of Chlothar III and his majordomo, Ebroin. His patriciate corresponds to the years when Chlothar's appointee, Erembert, was bishop of Toulouse. After Chlothar's death (673), Erembert retired and Chlothar's brother, Childeric II, took over the throne and deposed Ebroin.
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Fox Chapel is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA, and is an affluent suburb of Pittsburgh located northeast of downtown. While many regions throughout the United States boast their share of affluent towns, Fox Chapel remains in a league with the select few: the borough continually garners national prominence and is home to many of the wealthiest and most powerful patriciate families in Pennsylvania. The population was 5,388 as of the 2010 census.
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On 28 October, in Venice, the people were summoned by parish to express its acceptance of the French decisions, or to resist them: of 23,568 votes, 10,843 were for submitting. While the heads of the Provisional Municipality were trying to resist, sending envoys to Paris, the activities of the Austrian agents and the deposed patriciate already opened the way for Austrian occupation. The Provisional Municipality's envoys were arrested in Milan and sent home.
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From his patron, he received a parsonage in Grocholice near Ćmielów in 1513. In 1514, he moved with Szydłowiecki to Opatów, and after the latter's death in 1532, returned to Mogiła. Prayer Book of Sigismund I of Poland (1524), British Library. Upon his return he established his own workshop in Kraków at Świdniecka Street, where he received commissions from the local patriciate, clergy and the royal court (including the Prayer Book of Queen Bona Sforza).
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All of the baili were drawn from the ranks of the Venetian patriciate; this was a fundamental requirement, and most were drawn from the top tier of this oligarchy which dominated Venetian political life.Dursteler 2001, p. 9. Many baili did not marryDursteler 2001, p. 12. – this can be attributed to the fact that most held this position to give their family economic prestige, and had other male siblings who carried on the family name.
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Dursteler 2001, pp. 7–8. There were many reasons as to why many members of the patriciate did not want to become a bailo. There was a health risk associated with going to Constantinople – the long journey seemed to kill people and more seemed to be dying in the city itself. After several deaths during the voyage to Constantinople, the Venetian government allowed doctors to accompany the baili to keep them from dying.
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She belongs to the Schnurbein family, originally from South Tyrol (now in northern Italy). In the late 16th century the Schnurbein family settled in Augsburg, where they became wealthy silk merchants and members of the free imperial city's hereditary ruling class, the patriciate. The family was ennobled by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1697 and raised to Baronial rank in 1741.Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Adelslexikon Band XIII, Band 128 der Gesamtreihe, Limburg an der Lahn 2002, p.
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Plebeian Genucii appear as early as 476 BC, when a Titus Genucius was Tribune of the Plebs. If the gens was originally patrician, then the plebeian Genucii may have arisen as the result of intermarriage with the plebeians, or because some of the Genucii were expelled from the patriciate or voluntarily chose to become plebeians. Throughout the history of the Republic, these Genucii were renowned as representatives of and advocates for the rights of the plebeian order.
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Society was divided between the Citoyens, who where either members of the old patriciate or offsprings of Bourgeois born in Geneva, and had full citizenship, the Bourgeois, who where either naturalized citizens or offsprings of Bourgeois not born in the city, the Natifs, Geneva- born descendants of residents without citizenship, and the mere Habitants, non-citizens permitted residence in exchange for a fee. Finally, Sujets were the population of a number of nearby villages controlled by the city.
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The Netherlands also has a patriciate. These are registered in Nederland's Patriciaat, colloquially called The Blue Book (see List of Dutch patrician families). To be eligible for entry, families must have played an active and important role in Dutch society, fulfilling high positions in the government, in prestigious commissions and in other prominent public posts for over six generations or 150 years. The longer a family has been listed in the Blue Book, the higher its esteem.
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Rudolf was himself a member of the council from 1332 to 1336. Brun overthrew the former city council with the help of the city's craftsmen in June 1336. According to the new constitution, the council was now composed of 26 members, of whom 13 were of the Konstaffel, consisting of the former patriciate; at least seven of these were required to hold knighthood. The remaining 13 councillors were the guild masters of the city's 13 guilds (Zünfte).
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Under the new rulers the city was administrated by a compalazzo (palatine count), with little independence left to the Neapolitan patriciate. In this period Naples had a population of 30,000 and yet got its sustenance from the inland country: commerce activities were mainly delegated to foreign people, mainly from Pisa and Genova. Apart from the church of San Giovanni a Mare, Norman buildings in Naples were mainly lay ones, notably castles (Castel Capuano and Castel dell'Ovo), walls and fortified gates.
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Camillo di Pietro was born in Rome. His father's family was one of merchants of the countryside that became rich and entered the patriciate of Terni and Spoleto; his mother was from the Dukes of Sermoneta, who were eminent members of the Roman aristocracy and descendants of Pope Boniface VIII. He was the second of the four children of Domenico di Pietro and Faustina Caetani. He was a nephew of Michele di Pietro, who served as Cardinal and Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
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She rewarded him with an agricultural property (Bukkøy) for it. He owned several agricultural properties in Kviteseid. Hans Paus was the son of Povel Pedersson Paus (1620–1715), parish priest in Hjartdal, and Ingrid Corneliusdatter Trinnepol, who belonged to the Skien patriciate who had made a fortune in the sawmill industry (her family might originate in Trinitapoli, Italy). Hans Paus married Susanne Amundsdatter Morland, daughter of the provost of Øvre Telemark Amund Hanssøn Morland.S. H. Finne-Grønn (1947). «Nogen oplysninger om presteslekten Morland».
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Members of the Radical Party and of Young Switzerland were attacked by the Jesuits as being infidels. In this political conflict, the right-wing Conservative Party representing the Patriciate was pitted against the "free thinking" left-wing "Radical Party", the predecessor of the contemporary Free Democratic Party of Switzerland. When the Radicals rose to power during the 1830s, they imposed restrictions against the Catholic Church in the Aargau in 1841. Lucerne in retaliation re-admitted the Jesuits as teachers at cantonal schools.
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James Collett Katholm Castle in Denmark Collett (also spelled Collet) is a Norwegian family of English origin, descended from English-born merchant James Collett (born 1655 in London, died 1727 in Christiania), who settled in Christiania in 1683. He married Karen Leuch, and died as the richest man in the city. The firm he founded, Collett & Leuch, later renamed Collett & Søn (Collett & Son), was continued for four generations until 1821. The family became part of the patriciate of Christiania in the 18th century.
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The presence of a resident hermit is recorded for 1442. The site features stations of the cross dating from 1613 (restored around 1990). In the 18th century, the gorge was developed as a landscape garden in the style of Romanticism, notably due to the advocacy of French diplomat Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil. During 1810&ndash1813;, the footpath along the gorge was further developed as partly Roman Catholic pilgrimage site, partly national romantic shrine for the patriciate of Solothurn.
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An exception was made for the "barons Wieland" in 1816 under the condition that they will not use their title in Basel. However, there are some noble families whose nobility and titles are earlier to their reception as citizen of Basel. The canton of Basel had in place of a nobility a patriciate called the Daig, that dominated its political life. Its most prominent members were the families Bernoulli, Burckhardt, Faesch, Iselin, Liechtenhan, Merian, Sarasin, Vischer and Von der Mühll.
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In this sense, Brun's reform was not so much a revolution as the creation of a balance of power between the patriciate and the guilds. Brun reserved for himself the title of mayor for life, and he dominated the council until his death in 1360. In 1337, Brun defeated his political opponents, who had retreated to Rapperswil, at the Battle of Grynau. In 1349, Brun led a massacre of the Jewish community of Zurich, seizing many of the spoils for himself.
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Venice still possessed a fleet, and the still loyal possessions in Istria and Dalmatia, as well as the intact defences of the city itself and its lagoon. However, the patriciate was seized by terror at the prospect of a popular uprising. As a result, the order went out to demobilize even the loyal Balkan troops (Schiavoni) present in the city. Pesaro himself was forced to escape the city, after the government ordered his arrest in an effort to please Napoleon.
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Traditional Swiss historiography based on 15th and 16th century chroniclers such as Diebold Schilling depicted the Saubannerzug as rowdy march of youthful ruffians hatched out of drunken Fasnacht revelry, and indeed the term Saubannerzug in modern (journalistic) Swiss Standard German is used in the sense of hooliganism and rioting.so e.g. in the Basler Zeitung, 3 May 2010, NZZ 22 May 2010. Würgler (2004) argues that the chroniclers, representing the interests of the urban patriciate, consciously and severely misrepresented the episode.
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The nomen Caesonius is a patronymic surname, based on the praenomen Caeso, which must have belonged to the ancestor of the gens.Chase, p. 119. The Caesonii of the second and third centuries appear to have been an unremarkable family, of senatorial or equestrian rank, which eventually was elevated to the patriciate, holding many of the most important offices in the Roman state. This branch of the family may have originated in Latium or the surrounding region, perhaps the town of Antium.
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The Papafava of the Carraresi were confirmed noble by the Austrian imperial government with the Sovereign Resolution of November 22, 1817. A secondary branch, but no less important, was that of the Papafava Antonini, resident in Padua. Those, members of the noble council of Padua, occupied important municipal offices. They were never united with the Venetian patriciate but gained the comic title connected with the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the villas of Silvella and Coseano, which were invested on September 23, 1745 by Doge Pietro Grimani.
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The palace was built in the 16th century to be a residence of the Bonfadinis, a family of Tyrolean merchants who joined the Venetian patriciate. In the mid-17th century, the present façade was completed. In the 19th century, the Jewish family of the Vivantes settled in the palazzo, initially as a tenant, giving the building its second name. In the first half of the 20th century, the building suffered a prolonged degradation until the new owners carried out an important restoration in the 1990s.
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As in Ancient Rome, patrician status could generally only be inherited. However, membership in the patriciate could be passed on through the female line. For example, if the union was approved by her parents, the husband of patrician daughter was granted membership in the patrician society of the Imperial Free City of Lindau as a matter of right, on the same terms as the younger son of a patrician male (i.e., upon payment of a nominal fee) even if the husband was otherwise deemed socially ineligible.
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The Nobel Prize-winning author Thomas Mann belonged to a Hanseatic patrician family (the Mann family) and portrayed the patriciate in his 1901 novel Buddenbrooks.Charles Neider, The stature of Thomas Mann, 1968Wolfgang Beutin, A history of German literature: from the beginnings to the present day, Routledge, 1993, , p. 433 The German banker Johann Hinrich Gossler married Hamburg patrician heiress Elisabeth Berenberg, and became owner of Berenberg Bank. His descendants reached the highest positions in the "aristocratic republic", including as senators and head of state.
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Adoption was a common and formal process in Roman culture. Its chief purpose had nothing to do with providing homes for children; it was about ensuring the continuity of family lines that might otherwise become extinct. In early Rome, this was especially important for the patricians, who enjoyed tremendous status and privilege compared with the plebeians. Because few families were admitted to the patriciate after the expulsion of the kings, while the number of plebeians continually grew, the patricians continually struggled to preserve their wealth and influence.
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As mentioned, tensions between the upper and lower classes were a major factor in bringing about the revolt. It is quite unclear who exactly qualified as belonging to the Florentine upper class, unlike in Venice where the class hierarchy was solidly entrenched. For the most part of the 14th century, a patriciate could be identified by the presence of a family name. On the other side of the spectrum was the popolo minuto, or the laboring classes of Florence, which also had no set boundaries.
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Many other nobles, especially from Holland, where a large part of the ridderschap had been implicated in the League of Nobles, fled abroad (still forfeiting their lands). Among those were Willem Bloys van Treslong (who in 1572 captured Den Briel), Gijsbrecht van Duivenvoorde (who would be a prominent defender in the siege of Haarlem in 1573), Jacob van Duivenvoorde (later a prominent defender of Leiden in 1574) and Willem van Zuylen van Nijevelt (a Utrecht iconoclast). But members of the urban patriciate were also persecuted.
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These may have arisen through adoption or manumission, or when two unrelated families bearing the same nomen became confused. It may also be that individual members of a gens voluntarily left or were expelled from the patriciate, along with their descendants. In some cases, gentes that must originally have been patrician, or which were so regarded during the early Republic, were later known only by their plebeian descendants. By the first century BC, the practical distinction between the patricians and the plebeians was minimal.
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Of the castle of the von Thorberg family, first documented in 1175, there remain only fragments of the foundations of the tower. The family died out in 1397 with Peter von Thorberg, the last knight: he bequeathed his many estates to the Carthusians, who converted the castle into a Carthusian monastery (or charterhouse). At the Reformation in 1528 all the assets and property of the monastery passed to the state of Bern. The income from the Vogtei Thorberg was administered by a Vogt from the Bern patriciate.
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With respect to the Labia frescoes, it is not clear if this family, newly inducted into the patriciate, would have been attempting through this fresco, not only to display their ability to employ one of the best local artists, but also to remind visitors of the Labia's wealth, and specifically the palazzo's owner, Maria Labia's jewelry collection. It is also not clear if the fresco, is a distant allegory of the movement eastward of the Labia family, originally from Spain,Web Gallery of Arts, short note. to this mainly Levantine republic.
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In the 17th century, the Tuchers, along with the Imhoff family, operated the last big trading companies of the Nuremberg patriciate; both families especially competed in the European saffron trade. They were among the most important patrons of the golden age of Nuremberg art around 1500. Their main residence was the Tucherschloss (Tucher castle) at Nuremberg, still today owned by the family and housing a museum on the history of the Tuchers and the Nuremberg trading businesses of the Renaissance age. The family also still owns the castles of Simmelsdorf, Behringersdorf and Schoppershof.
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From the 17th century, the Von der Mühll family intermarried with the other leading families of the Basel patriciate (Burckhardt, Faesch, Hoffmann, Merian, Sarasin, Staehelin, Vischer). alt= In the 19th century, the family became patrons to various causes, and in particular housed Clara Schumann on several of her visits to Switzerland and later the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who dedicated a poem to Theodora von der Mühll-Burckhardt, sister of Carl Jacob Burckhardt. Elisabeth von der Mühll-Staehelin (1882–1970) married Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche in 1919, the founder of Hoffmann-La Roche.
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The Marcii Censorini were a branch of the plebeian gens Marcia, but Ronald Syme notes their "ancestral prestige, barely conceding precedence to the patriciate." They had been supporters of Gaius Marius and were consistent populares throughout the civil wars of the 80s and 40s–30s. Lucius's father, who had the same name, was one of Sulla's enemies in 88 BC.Syme, Augustan Aristocracy p. 28. Censorinus's daughter (or possibly his sister) married Lucius Sempronius Atratinus, suffect consul in 34 BC.Claude Eilers, Roman Patrons of Greek Cities (Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 196.
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Under the new rulers, the city was administrated by a compalazzo (palatine count), with little independence left to the Neapolitan patriciate. In this period Naples had a population of 30,000 and was sustained by its holdings in the interior; commerce was mainly delegated to foreigners, mainly from Pisa and Genoa. Apart from the church of San Giovanni a Mare, Norman buildings in Naples were mainly lay ones, notably castles (Castel Capuano and Castel dell'Ovo), walls and fortified gates. The Castel Nuovo ("New Castle") was renovated and chosen as his palace by Charles I of Anjou.
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One of the leading members of the faction urging peace was Attius Clausus, a wealthy merchant of Regillum. In 504 BC, as the majority of the Sabines seemed ready to vote for war, Clausus and his retainers migrated to Rome, where they were warmly received. Clausus, who took the Latin name "Appius Claudius", was admitted to the patriciate, and given a seat in the Roman Senate. His followers, numbering some five hundred men capable of bearing arms, were granted land north of the Anio, where they later formed the basis of the tribus Claudia.
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266 during which time he was acclaimed as imperator for some military action at Lagina.Syme, pg. 267 For his services to Marcus Antonius, Nerva was elected consul in 36 BC. In 31 BC he was elected to the Quindecimviri sacris faciundis, and was raised to the Patriciate after 29 BC.Broughton, MRR2, p. 427 He is the great-grandfather of the more famous Emperor Nerva who ruled the Roman Empire from 96 to 98 AD. His son, also named Marcus Cocceius Nerva, was part of the entourage of emperor Tiberius.
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322 By contrast, Norway during the 19th century became known as a "Civil Servant State," reflecting the role of the civil servants as "the most enduring, consistent and visible elite."Myhre, Jan Eivind, "Academics as the ruling elite in 19th century Norway," Historical Social Research 33 (2008), 2, pp. 21–41 The clergy are often considered as part of the civil servant group and thus the patriciate in its broad, modern, sociological sense, although the clergy de jure formed one of the two privileged estates of the realm until 1814, even though the estates had lost their political importance after 1660.
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Henrik Ibsen used the term patriciate to describe his own family; here are his mother, grandparents and other relatives In Telemark, the patricians from the early 17th century consisted of two intertwined main groups, the burghers in the Skien area and the civil servants in Upper Telemark which formed a close-knit "aristocracy of officials;" the two groups often intermarried.Nygaard (2013) p. 68 and p. 74 The most prominent members of the old elite in the Skien area were descended from Jørgen von Ansbach, who became a major sawmill owner and timber merchant in the 16th century.
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The regime established by Venice in Crete was modelled after that of the metropolis itself. It was headed by a Duke (duca di Candia), and included a Great Council, a Senate, a Council of Ten, the Avogadoria de Comùn, and other institutions that existed in the metropolis. The Duke of Crete was elected from among the Venetian patriciate for two-year terms, and was assisted by four, and later only two councillors (consiglieri), likewise appointed for two-year terms; of the original four, two were rectors of cities on the island. Together, the Duke and his councillors comprised the Signoria of Crete.
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The latter accepted to use the surname Capizucchi "unmixed" and got the whole patrimony of the family, amounting to 150,000 scudi. The family became extinct definitively in 1813, with the death of Alessandro Capizucchi. The Capizucchi were one of the sixty famiglie coscritte, which constituted the Roman patriciate, as defined in the Papal Bull Urbem Romam, issued in 1746 by pope Benedict XIV (r. 1740–58). At the apogee of their power, they owned the fiefs of Catino, Poggio Catino, Montieri and Fabro with title of marquess and were owners of various estates in the Roman Campagna, as the Cecchignola and Palidoro.
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The built fortifications were salt in Denmark's and the Danzig Patriciate eyes and under their pressure were destroyed in 1640s. The Swedes were without king after the death of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and lost battles in Germany. The Polish nobles did not want to fight a new war so when the Swedes returned most of the lands they captured in the previous war, a new armistice for 35 years was signed. The cost of the Polish preparations for this war was comparable with the costs of the king's relief of Smolensk in 1634 and his campaign against Muscovy.
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Sofus Elvius and Hans Rudolf Hiort-Lorenzen (eds.), Danske Patriciske Slægter, Copenhagen, 1891Theodor Hauch-Fausbøll and H. R. Hiort-Lorenzen (eds.), Patriciske Slægter, 3. vols., 1911–1930Wilhelm von Antoniewitz, Danske patricierslægter: ny række, 2. vols., 1956–1979 The term was used similarly in Norway from the 19th century, based on the Danish model; notably Henrik Ibsen described his own family background as patrician.Jørgen Haave, Familien Ibsen, Museumsforlaget, 2017, Jørgen Haave defines the patriciate in the Norwegian context as a broad collective term for the civil servants (embetsmenn) and the burghers in the cities who were often merchants or ship's captains, i.e.
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Nuremberg Chronicle Anton Koberger was born to an established Nuremberg family of bakers, and makes his first appearance in 1464 in the Nuremberg list of citizens. In 1470 he married Ursula Ingram, the daughter of a well-off tradesman, and after her death he remarried a member of the Nuremberg patriciate, Margarete Holzschuher (1470–1539), daughter of city councilor Gabriel Holzschuher, in 1491. She was also a cousin of the city councilor Hieronymus Holzschuher who was portrayed by his friend Dürer in 1526. In the year before his godson Dürer's birth in 1471 he ceased goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher.
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Another son, Olav Eduard Pauss, was a ship-owner and consul-general in Sydney. Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss, Anna Henriette and their children, including sons Nikolai Nissen Paus and George Wegner Paus (ca. 1900) Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss was married to Anna Henriette Wegner (1841–1918), a daughter of industrialist and land-owner Benjamin Wegner of Frogner Manor and Henriette Seyler, whose Hanseatic family owned Berenberg Bank. Henriette Seyler was mostly descended from Hamburg Hanseatic families such as Berenberg/Gossler and Amsinck and families of the Basel patriciate such as Merian, Burckhardt and Faesch, and more distantly from the Welser banking family.
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Karl von der Mühll was born in September 13, 1841 in Basel, Switzerland. He was a Swiss Mathematician and Physicist. He was born into the Von der Mühll family, of the Basel patriciate (see Daig), to Karl Georg and Emilie Merian, of the Merian familly, a grand-daughter of Peter Merian. After graduating from high school in 1859, Von der Mühll studied natural sciences and mathematics at the University of Basel, with amongst others, Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann, and from 1861 studied at the Georg-August University in Göttingen with Bernhard Riemann, Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Wilhelm Klinkerfues and Friedrich Wöhler.
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Captain General of the Sea Sebastiano Venier at the Battle of Lepanto. Painting by Tintoretto The Captain General of the Sea () was the wartime commander-in-chief of the Venetian navy. The post of Captain General of the Sea was filled only during wartime, by election by the Great Council of Venice, usually from one of the members of the Venetian patriciate with long experience in naval affairs, although occasionally younger or less militarily experienced men were selected. During the later 17th century, the considerable expenses that the office entailed made the wealth of the candidates an important factor in their selection.
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Each side sought to gain control over the other, as the oligarchy used the Guelph Party to justify their patriciate status, while the gente nuova appealed to the middle and lower classes for support. In 1375 the gente nuova seriously challenged the privileges of the oligarchy, sparking concerns from the latter of their possible collapse. In addition, war broke out against the papacy in the same year, increasing the costly burdens on the city. In late 1377 to early 1378, the oligarchy and the gente nuova formed a truce, only to be broken by the oligarchy in June, the month of the revolt.
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The early-modern European society gradually developed after the disasters of the 14th century as religious obedience and political loyalties declined in the wake of the Great Plague, the schism of the Church and prolonged dynastic wars. The rise of the cities and the emergence of the new burgher class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism. The commercial enterprises of the mercantile patriciate family of the Fuggers of Augsburg generated unprecedented financial means. As financiers to both the leading ecclesiastical and secular rulers, the Fuggers fundamentally influenced the political affairs in the empire during the 15th and 16th century.
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The palace was rebuilt in the late 16th century, under the design of an unknown architect influenced by Jacopo Sansovino as the residence of the Tron family, who lived here until their extinction in the 19th century. The Tron had lived in this parish by the time of the start of the Patriciate. The family produced on Doge, Niccolo Tron in 1471, and nearly a half dozen procurators, and many other Venetian statesmen and generals. Maximilian, Elector of Bavaria, stayed here in 1684; and in 1775 Andrea Tron entertained the Emperor Joseph II with a magnificent ball.
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As with many praenomina, there is no satisfactory explanation of the meaning of Appius. The origin of the name has been obscured by the fact that it is chiefly known from its association with gens Claudia, and was borne by no other major figures in Roman history. Titus Livius relates the story of how, in the early days of the Roman Republic, a wealthy Sabine by the name of Attius Clausus emigrated to Rome from the town of Cures, together with his family and retainers, and was admitted to the patriciate. He subsequently Latinized his name, becoming Appius Claudius.
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The family of Höchstetter (also rendered Hechstetter or Hochstetter) from Höchstädt in western Bavaria near the banks of the Danube were members of the fifteenth and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg. For a time, these international mercantile bankers and venture capitalists - whose most notorious member was Ambrosius Höchstetter (1463 - 1534) - were on a par with the Fugger and the Welser houses. Like other Augsburg bankers, they provided loans to Emperor Maximilian I (reigned 1508-1519). The accumulating wealth of Augsburg relied on control of metal ores - the gold, silver and copper of Bohemia, Slovakia, Hungary and the Tyrol - and their refining and marketing.
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Paus was born at the estate Rising Nordre in Gjerpen, Norway. Born into the patriciate of the port town of Skien, he was the son of shipowner Ole Paus and Johanne Plesner (formerly married Ibsen). He was the uncle of playwright Henrik Ibsen, as he was both the half brother of Ibsen's father Knud Ibsen and the first cousin of Ibsen's mother Marichen Altenburg. He was the brother of judge, Bratsberg governor and Member of Parliament Christian Cornelius Paus and lawyer Henrik Johan Paus. Christopher Blom Paus owned the house at Snipetorp where the Ibsen family lived from the time of Henrik Ibsen's confirmation in 1843 to 1865.
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Francesco Molin Marble bust of Francesco Molin by Justus de Corte Palazzo Molin, Venice. The Molin's family coat of arms Francesco Molin or Francesco Da Molin (21 April 1575 – 27 February 1655) was the 99th Doge of Venice, reigning from his election on 20 January 1646 until his death. Molin's reign is notable because of Venice's participation in a prolonged war with the Ottoman Empire over Crete; this war was begun during the reign of Molin's predecessor Francesco Erizzo, and dragged on until 1669. To fund the cost of this war, Molin sold access to the Venetian patriciate at a cost of 100,000 ducats per person.
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Akademika forlag. The Norwegian term borgerskap thus largely corresponds to the English term patriciate in its modern, broad, generic sense, which vaguely refers to prominent families which did not belong to the nobility, typically members of the bourgeoisie and elite professions, and usually before the 20th century. In Norwegian, the native term patrisiat (patriciat in older spelling) was used at least from the 19th century, based on a Danish and continental model. In Denmark the term patriciat denotes both the non-noble bourgeoisie and the non-noble class of higher civil servants, lawyers and members of other elite professions, especially before around 1900, as seen e.g.
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Jacob Fugger (right) and his accountant M. Schwarz The early- modern European society gradually developed after the disasters of the 14th century as religious obedience and political loyalties declined in the wake of the Great Plague, the schism of the Church and prolonged dynastic wars. The rise of the cities and the emergence of the new burgher class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism. The commercial enterprises of the mercantile patriciate family of the Fuggers of Augsburg generated unprecedented financial means. As financiers to both the leading ecclesiastical and secular rulers, the Fuggers fundamentally influenced the political affairs in the empire during the 15th and 16th century.
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He was born out of a very ancient black aristocratic family (his father being Count Fulvio Filippani Ronconi and his mother Anita Tamagno), tracing back to the Roman patriciate. He grew up in Spain until the Civil War, when his mother was shot by Republicans after which he and his family returned to Italy. By this period he was competent in Italian, Spanish, Catalan, Arabic, Greek and Latin, and later studied several additional languages including Turkish, Hebrew, Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit and Persian among others. Due to his wide command of languages, he worked for the Italian radio company EIAR as a foreign news reader.
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According to research by J. Verbeek and J.W. Schotman in 1957, "monogrammist E.M." was possibly the teacher of Hendrick ten Oever.Verbeek, J.; Schotman, J.W. (1957), Hendrick ten Oever : een vergeten Overijssels meester uit de zeventiende eeuw, in an Exhibition catalogue for the Provinciaal Overijssels Geschiedkundig Museum The oldest known work with an E.M. signature is a portrait of a goldsmith, who was the brother-in-law of Gerard ter Borch the Elder, dated 1645. Most of the portraits depict people to their waist and all but two depict people from the patriciate and nobility of Overijssel or citizens of Zwolle. Six such portraits hang in the Vrouwenhuis, Zwolle.
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After he had stayed in Italy for a year (1615–16), he became a member of the royal musical establishment, first at the court of Sigismund III Vasa and then of Władysław IV. He was held in great esteem by the royal court and was very popular among the members of the patriciate of Warsaw. In 1635 he managed the construction of the royal palace at Ujazdów. In 1643 he published a literary work Gościniec, albo krótkie opisanie Warszawy (The Main Road, or a Short Description of Warsaw) describing the customs and the musical life of the town. He died in Warsaw in 1649.
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In the German-speaking parts of Europe as well as in the maritime republics of Italy, the patricians were as a matter of fact the ruling body of the medieval town and particularly in Italy part of the nobility. With the establishment of the medieval towns, Italian city- states and maritime republics, the patriciate was a formally defined class of governing wealthy families. They were found in the Italian city-states and maritime republics, particularly in Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi. And also in many of the free imperial cities of the Holy Roman Empire such as Nuremberg, Ravensburg, Augsburg, Konstanz, Lindau, Bern, Basel, Zurich and many more.
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Nicolaus Copernicus The Polish "Golden Age", the period of the reigns of Sigismund I and Sigismund II, the last two Jagiellonian kings, or more generally the 16th century, is most often identified with the rise of the culture of Polish Renaissance. The cultural flowering had its material base in the prosperity of the elites, both the landed nobility and urban patriciate at such centers as Cracow and Danzig. As was the case with other European nations, the Renaissance inspiration came in the first place from Italy, a process accelerated to some degree by Sigismund I's marriage to Bona Sforza. Many Poles traveled to Italy to study and to learn its culture.
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Bruno Lúcio de Carvalho Tolentino (12 November 1940 – 27 June 2007) was a Brazilian poet and intellectual, known for his militant opposition towards Brazilian modernism,"Banquete de Ossos: a poética modernista é subproduto de subpoetas " ("Banquet of bones: Modernist poetics is a subproduct concocted by subpoets"), 2007 his advocacy of traditional forms and subjects in poetry, his loathing of popular culture and concrete poetry, his self-parading as a "member of the Brazilian patriciate" and by his being hailed by fellow conservatives as one of the most important and influential intellectuals of his generation. His work was awarded the Prêmio Jabuti three times, in 1994, 2000 and 2007.
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The city government was exclusively run by about 50 wealthy patrician families who had an exclusive access to the "inner city council", such as the famous Tucher, Imhoff and Haller, a branch of the Welsers from Augsburg, and others, while newer families were also successful in trading. By the 15th century, more than half of the older families had extinguished and 22 new families were admitted to the "inner council". With the enactment of the dance statute of 1521, the circle of councilable families was finally established and the patriciate of then forty-two families was closed. Later, only very few further families were admitted.
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Traditionally, all senior naval offices were occupied by members of the Venetian patriciate, and were selected by the Great Council of Venice, and only in particularly important cases by the Venetian Senate. In the 18th century, the Senate appropriated the right of selecting the Provveditore generale da Mar, as well as filling the positions of the sailing fleet. The selection of the other higher commands and of the galley fleet remained with the Great Council. Up to the mid-16th century, naval matters were supervised by the five-member board of the savi agli ordini, but gradually a more complex and professional administration was built up.
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At the same time, Zeno received another embassy, sent by Julius Nepos, who asked Zeno to give him the money and the army he needed to resume his control of Italy. Zeno answered that the Roman Senate should welcome back Julius Nepos, their rightful emperor, and that Odoacer should properly receive the patriciate from Nepos, although he allowed that he would also grant it.Malchus, fragment 10, cited in Ralph W. Mathisen, "Romulus Augustulus (475–476 A.D.)--Two Views" , De Imperatoribus Romanis. Odoacer was officially recognised and left in possession of Italy, while Nepos kept his title and the other fragments of the empire's western holdings, but no army.
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The Burckhardt family coat of arms, illustrated by Carl Roschet for the Basler Wappenkalender, 1917 (Basel Crests Calendar). The orientalist Johann Ludwig Burckhardt The cultural and art historian Jacob Burckhardt Burckhardt, or (de) Bourcard in French, is a family of the Basel patriciate, descended from Christoph (Stoffel) Burckhardt (1490–1578), a merchant in cloth and silk originally from Münstertal, Black Forest, who received Basel citizenship in 1523, and became a member of the Grand Council of Basel-Stadt in 1553. The family was represented in the Grand Council continuously from 1553 until the 20th century. In the 17th century and early 18th century, the family was the most powerful family of the canton of Basel.
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A climactic point was reached in the mid-18th century, as members of the family were raised to the class of nobility in numerous Italian city-states. Even though their efforts to join the Venetian Patriciate, which they had started in the early 18th century, did not succeed, they were well integrated in the ruling class of the Venetian Republic via marriage alliances with several noble Venetian families. Their prestige as foreigners in the Venetian state was also increased by being well- integrated into the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. For example, Basilio, son of Gaspar Sceriman, was, according to D. Maxwell White, given the position of a monsignor and later even became governor of several administrative regions.
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Wawel Hill, the castle and the cathedral The Polish "Golden Age", the period of the reigns of Sigismund I and Sigismund II, the last two Jagiellonian kings, or more generally the 16th century, is most often identified with the rise of the culture of Polish Renaissance. The cultural flowering had its material base in the prosperity of the elites, both the landed nobility and urban patriciate at such centers as Kraków and Gdańsk. As was the case with other European nations, the Renaissance inspiration came in the first place from Italy, a process accelerated to some degree by the marriage of Sigismund I to Bona Sforza. Many Poles traveled to Italy to study and to learn its culture.
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The tombs and memorial inscriptions of the patriciate and nobility, and in some cases royalty, were defaced or destroyed in several places, although secular public buildings such as town halls, and the palaces of the nobility, were not attacked.Arnade, 116–124 In Ghent, on the one hand the memorial in a church to Charles V's sister Isabel (and so Philip's aunt) was carefully left alone, but a statue in the street of Charles V and the Virgin was destroyed.Arnade, 119–120 The actions were controversial among Protestants, some of whom implausibly tried to blame Catholic agent provocateurs,Petegree, 117–119 as it became clear that "the more popular elements of the dissident movement were out of control".
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The marriage contract ("Morgensprache"), made before witnesses, between "Conrad von Soest" and "Gertrude, daughter of Lambertes van Munster", is dated February 11, 1349.first published by Winterfeld, 1925 The couple was able to dispose of a considerably sum each in this contract. Another unusual aspect of the contract is the number and quality of the witnesses: 6 members of the cosmopolitan, prosperous and well-educated patriciate of Dortmund, among them the second mayor of the current council, Herrmann Klepping, the tertiary council member, Detmar Klepping, and both mayors already elected for the following council year, Arnd Sudermann and Lambert Berswordt. The wealth of the groom and the eminent witnesses may well indicate that this was a second marriage.
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The original crest was simpler and consisted only of a shield with the S intertwined with the cross. It was modified between 1558 and 1578.Basler Wappenkalender of 1917 (Basel Crests Calendar) Christoph Burckhardt married Ottilie Mechler in 1518 and in 1539 Gertrud Brand, daughter of Basel mayor Theodor Brand. There are six lines of the Burckhardt family, from the six sons born of Christoph's second marriage: #Bernhard: line extinct in the 17th century #Hieronymus: #Theodor: #Johann Rudolf #Samuel: #Daniel Of the six sons, five became merchants in cloth and silk, while Hieronymus entered the Teutonic Order In the 17th and 18th century, the Burckhardts intermarried with the other leading families of the Basel patriciate (Iselin, Merian, Sarasin, Staehelin, Vischer, Von der Mühll, Wettstein).
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The Züriputsch: clashes on Zürich Paradeplatz This "restored" state of affairs meant that the Patriciate and the free cities regained much of their former power, to the disadvantage of the rural population, resulting in rebellions and violent conflicts such as the Züriputsch of 1839. Some Republican achievements were preserved, however, such as the abolition of the subject territories, preserving the Aargau and Thurgau as independent cantons, and the guarantee of equal political rights of all (male) citizens of a canton. In Basel, the conflict resulted in the split of Basel-City and Basel-Country in 1833. Similarly, a canton Ausserschwyz temporarily seceded from the canton of Schwyz in 1831, but was re-united with Schwyz in 1833 after the drawing up of an egalitarian constitution.
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However, in practice the status and wealth of the patrician families of the great republics was higher than that of most nobles, as money economy spread and the profitability and prerogatives of land-holding eroded, and they were accepted as of similar status. The Republic of Genoa had a separate class, much smaller, of nobility, originating with rural magnates who joined their interests with the fledgling city-state. Some cities, such as Naples and Rome, which had never been republics in post-Classical times, also had patrician classes, though most holders also had noble titles. The Republic of Ragusa was ruled by a strict patriciate that was formally established in 1332, which was subsequently modified only once, following the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake.
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Ship-owner Ole Paus (1776–1855) The Skien branch of the family is descended from district judge of Upper Telemark Cornelius Paus (1662–1723). He married Valborg Ravn (1673–1726), the daughter of his predecessor as district judge Jørgen Hansen Ravn and Margrethe Fredriksdatter Blom (born 1650). His father-in-law was appointed district judge in 1668 and stepped down in favour of his son-in-law in 1696. A silhouette of members of the Altenburg and Paus families, who belonged to the Skien patriciate in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. Henrik Ibsen's uncle Henrik Johan Paus no 2 from left, then Ibsen's grandparents Hedevig Christine Paus and ship-owner Johan Andreas Altenburg, to the right Ibsen's mother Marichen Altenburg.
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Many patrician families had plebeian branches, and it was common for families to vanish into obscurity for decades or even centuries, before returning to prominence in the Roman state. Patricians could also be expelled from their order, or voluntarily go over to the plebeians; but few examples are known. It may be that the sons of Viscellinus were expelled from the patriciate in lieu of being executed, or that they chose to pass over to the plebeians following their father's betrayal and murder. From the imagery on their coins, it appears that the Cassii had a special devotion to the Aventine Triad of Ceres, Liber, and Libera, for whom Spurius Cassius Viscellinus built a temple on the Aventine Hill in 494.
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Lodovico Flangini was born in Venice in 1677 to a noble family of the Venetian patriciate,Flangini - Dizionario Storico-Portatile Di Tutte Le Venete Patrizie FamiglieFlangini - Libro dei nobili veneti, messo in luce the third son of Girolamo, a Senator and member of the Council of Ten. Already as a youth he enlisted in the Venetian navy and participated in the War of the Morea in 1696–1697 as a ship of the line captain (Governator di Nave) under the provveditore Grimani. He was then elected as provveditore straordinario di Terraferma at Orzinuovi in 1701, at Brescia in 1704, and at Bergamo in 1706. In 1717, during the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War, he was appointed Capitano Straordinario delle Navi (commander of the sailing fleet), replacing Andrea Corner.
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At the opposite end, the authority of Cologne, Aachen, Worms, Goslar, Wetzlar, Augsburg and Regensburg barely extended beyond the city walls. The constitution of Free and Imperial Cities was republican in form, but in all but the smallest cities, the city government was oligarchic in nature with a governing town council composed of an elite, hereditary patrician class, the so-called town council families ('). They were the most economically significant burgher families who had asserted themselves politically over time. Below them, with a say in the government of the city (there were exceptions, such as Nuremberg, where the patriciate ruled alone), were the citizens or burghers, the smaller, privileged section of the city's permanent population whose number varied according to the rule of citizenship of each city.
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It was later said that it was a contraction of the phrase, sine pater filius, "son without a father", and thus used for children born out of wedlock. This belief may have led to the gradual disappearance of the name during the 1st century AD. Appius is sometimes said to be of Oscan origin, since it is known chiefly from the descendants of Appius Claudius, a Sabine from the town of Cures, who came to Rome in the early years of the Republic, and was admitted to the Patriciate. His original name was said to be Attius Clausus, which he then Romanized. However, the praenomen Appius is known from other Latin sources, and may simply represent the Latin name closest in sound to Attius.
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He had at least two sons: Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis, consul in 471 BC, and Gaius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis, consul in 460 BC. Appius Claudius Crassus, the decemvir, was his grandson. In 505 BC, shortly after the establishment of the Roman Republic, Rome successfully waged war against the Sabines, and in the following year, the Sabines were divided as to whether to retaliate or make peace with the Romans. Clausus favoured peace with the Romans, and as the faction favouring war became more powerful, he migrated to Rome with a large group of his clients, and took the name Appius Claudius. In recognition of his wealth and influence, he was admitted to the patriciate, and given a seat in the Senate, where he quickly became one of the leading men.
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The tradition of Peder's great physical powers have been handed down in Kviteseid until the modern age. Peder was buried under the choir floor in Kviteseid Old Church, where his son Povel placed a beautiful poem in Latin in memory of his father. Aase Povelsdatter Paus (died 1713), daughter of Povel Paus and Ingrid Trinepol Peder's son Povel Pedersson Paus (1625–1682) was parish priest in Hjartdal and married to Ingrid Corneliusdatter Trinepol (1632–1694), a daughter of timber merchant Cornelius Jansen Trinepol (1611–1678) and a member of the wealthy patriciate of Skien who was notably descended from Jørgen von Ansbach. Povel Pedersson Paus was among the 87 representatives of the Norwegian clerical estate who signed the 1661 Sovereignty Act, Denmark-Norway's new constitution which introduced absolute and hereditary monarchy.
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The recourse to mercenary troops, however, posed at the same time a problem linked to their possible unstable loyalty to the State. If, on the one hand, maritime power and complete control of the lagoons guaranteed security against possible coups d'état, on the other hand, entrusting the control of a mercenary army to the members of the Venetian patriciate, as well as not giving guarantees of ability in land warfare, could have created concentrations of power extremely dangerous for the political equilibrium of the Republic. For this reason, in times of war, when there was a massive recruitment of mercenaries, it was customary to assign the same title of Captain General of the Mainland to the same captains of fortune, assigning to the Venetian nobles tasks of support and control over the military operation.
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The first very prominent member was Mariano (1439–1504), a banker and two time ambassador of Siena to the Popes Alexander VI and Julius II. He founded the Roman branch of the family, the other branch was started by his brother, Benedetto. Agostino Chigi (1465–1520) was the most famous member of the family during the Renaissance. He became an immensely rich banker, and built the palace and gardens afterwards known as the Farnesina, decorated by Raphael, Sebastiano del Piombo, Giulio Romano, and Il Sodoma, and was noted for the splendour of his entertainments. Pope Julius II made him practically his finance minister and gave him the privilege of quartering his own (Della Rovere) arms with those of the Chigi. Cardinal Fabio Chigi, on being elected pope as Alexander VII at the Conclave of 1655, conferred the Roman patriciate on his family.
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In 1508, as the Republic's relations with the Holy Roman Empire broke down, leading to the outbreak of the War of the League of Cambrai, Gritti was appointed provveditore generale along with Giorgio Corner. The appointment signalled the beginning of a long military career, and was remarkable given his complete lack of military background. However, it was a sign of the Gritti's unique qualities: he was held in high regard by the Venetian patriciate, which among other things meant that he was able to ensure the flow of money to the army, while at the same time being able to ingratiate himself with the Republic's mercenary captains, and to ensure that the Republic's intentions were actually carried out by them. As provveditore generale, he toured the Venetian possessions on the Italian mainland, especially inspecting the fortifications of the Trentino.
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David of Burgundy was thus finally accepted as Prince-Bishop by the Chapters and nobility of the Sticht under Burgundian force-majeure but the latter parties continued to jealously guard over the local privileges and usages of the Sticht. Over the following years David's authoritarian style of government and his attempts at centralisation (which constantly undermined the Sticht's legal particularities) led to ever- worsening conflicts with local church notables, the aristocracy and the patriciate. The aristocratic "Lichtenberger" party in the city of Utrecht, under the leadership of Gerrit Zoudenbalch, came to align itself more and more with the Hollandish "Hook" party which was intent on resisiting the Burgundian drive to centralisation in the County of Holland. By the last quarter of the 15th century the two parties -commonly known as Hooks- were acting with one accord in resisting Burgundian hegemony with political guile and occasional violence in both territories.
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"In Florence, they were openly distinguished: the Arti maggiori and the Arti minori--already there was a popolo grasso and a popolo magro". Fiercer struggles were those between essentially conservative guilds and the merchant class, which increasingly came to control the means of production and the capital that could be ventured in expansive schemes, often under the rules of guilds of their own. German social historians trace the Zunftrevolution, the urban revolution of guildmembers against a controlling urban patriciate, sometimes reading into them, however, perceived foretastes of the class struggles of the 19th century. Locksmith, 1451 In the countryside, where guild rules did not operate, there was freedom for the entrepreneur with capital to organize cottage industry, a network of cottagers who spun and wove in their own premises on his account, provided with their raw materials, perhaps even their looms, by the capitalist who took a share of the profits.
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The patricians of Telemark formed a distinct social group until the 19th century; a letter Henrik Ibsen wrote to Georg Brandes in 1882 has often been quoted in this respect; in it Ibsen named "just about all the patrician families" in the area during his childhood, and mentioned the families Paus, Plesner, von der Lippe, Cappelen and Blom.Oskar Mosfjeld, Henrik Ibsen og Skien: En biografisk og litteratur-psykologisk studie, Oslo, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1949, p. 16 Jon Nygaard argues that "the most prominent patrician families in Upper Telemark were Blom, Paus and Ørn," and notes that while the burgher class in Skien was relatively open to new men, the "aristocracy of officials" in Upper Telemark was a more closed group. Furthermore, the Aall and Løvenskiold families became part of the Telemark patriciate in the 18th century and acquired significant fortunes, partly through intermarriage with the older elite in Telemark.
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Like all naval officers, the sopracomiti were always chosen from among the Venetian patriciate; while the right of election of some naval officers passed to the Venetian Senate in the 18th century, the sopracomiti of the galleys continued to be selected by the Great Council of Venice. Only in the case of the bastard galleys that were used as flagships (generalizie) by the squadron commanders (the Capi di Mare) was the selection of the captain (termed a governatore or direttore) in the hands of the respective commander. Galleys equipped by the cities subject to Venice were commanded by nobles from these cities, which often led to friction with the Venetian patricians. Election to the post required a minimum of four years' prior service as a nobile (patrician cadet officer) on a galley (to avoid nepotism, sons of a sopracomito were prohibited from serving on the ship of their father).
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Alvise Loredan was born in 1393 in the parish of St. Canciano in Venice, the only son of Giovanni Loredan, son of the Procurator of St Mark's Alvise Loredan. The name and origin of his mother are unknown. At the age of 21 he married Andriola, daughter of the merchant Cristoforo Negrobon, who, although wealthy, was apparently not a member of the patriciate, the upper stratum of the Venetian aristocracy. This marriage involved Loredan in commercial activities, but without much success; the death of his father in 1420, while he was away as duke (governor) of Crete, forced Loredan to assume the leadership of his household, and by 1423 Alvise had entered the service of the Republic as sopracomito (captain) in one of the war galleys, although in September of that year he was allowed to lay aside that duty due to a grave illness.
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Nouveau riche (; ) is a term used, usually derogatory, to describe those whose wealth has been acquired within their own generation, rather than by familial inheritance. The equivalent English term is the "new rich" or "new money" (in contrast with "old money"; vieux riche). Sociologically, nouveau riche refers to the person who previously had belonged to a lower social class and economic stratum (rank) within that class; and that the new money, which constitutes his or her wealth, allowed upward social mobility and provided the means for conspicuous consumption, the buying of goods and services that signal membership in an upper class. As a pejorative term, nouveau riche affects distinctions of type, the given stratum within a social class; hence, among the rich people of a social class, nouveau riche describes the vulgarity and ostentation of the newly rich man or woman who lacks the worldly experience and the system of values of "old money", of inherited wealth, such as the patriciate, the nobility, and the gentry.
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Following an unsuccessful Habsburg invasion of Venice in the prelude to the War of the League of Cambrai, the Venetians occupied Trieste again in 1508, and under the terms of the peace were allowed to keep the city. The Habsburg Empire recovered Trieste a little over a year later, however, when conflict resumed. With their acquisition by the Habsburgs, Carniola and the Julian March ceased to act as an east-facing outpost of Italy against the unsettled peoples of the Danube basin, becoming a region of contact between the land-based Austrian domains and the maritime republic of Venice, whose foreign policy depended on control of the Adriatic. Austro-Venetian rivalry over the Adriatic weakened each state's efforts to repel the Ottoman Empire's expansion into the Balkans (which caused many Slavs to flee into the ', sowing the seeds of future Yugoslav union), and paving the way for the success of Napoleon's invasion. On the Habsburg's annexation, Trieste had a patriciate, a bishop and his chapter, two municipal chapters totalling 200 people, armed forces and institutions of higher education.
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