Herrine: That's not a hunk and chunk, that's a speckle.
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In the air over Hodeidah, 20 parachutes speckle the barely-lit sky.
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The small, and often unwelcoming, seating areas speckle the city's business districts.
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Tiny parks, some carved from the footprints of vanished buildings, speckle the neighborhood.
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So-called "white zones"—vast expanses of dead vegetation—speckle America's largest wetland like canker sores.
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Clouds might begin to roll in Saturday morning and could speckle the city through the day.
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That means that Democratic voters will likely speckle their ballots for an array of candidates instead of just one.
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The Speckle was by and large the most popular, with the Misty Marble second and Pucker Up in third.
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Fragments of similar (though not controversy-free) policies speckle our more recent history, particularly with respect to the coasts.
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But the faded cuts and holes and lines that speckle my body are the closest I can get to proof.
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They speckle the cookie, look tweedy and autumnal and taste just this side of knowable — there's a mystery about them.
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With boyfriend Speckle (Steven Yeun) at her side, Bertie faced her anxieties and traumas as Tuca embraced accountability and identity.
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We went a few years ago and did a two-week archeological dig with Dr. Roger Speckle from Balliol College, Oxford.
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But the scene where Speckle makes the two kinds of oven fries, and it cuts to an actual photo of the oven fries.
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"Most people hate pigeons, but if you observe them closely they're beautiful," he says, pointing out a white feather and an interesting speckle pattern.
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Those deeper pixel wells give better isolation between capture elements so that you don't get that speckle that results in color confusion between two pixels.
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The camera, called DARKNESS (the DARK-speckle Near-infrared Energy-resolved Superconducting Spectrophotometer), relies on extremely sensitive superconductor detectors to gather light from distant worlds.
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But rhythm could be found elsewhere: the speckle and dust of old vinyl, a hypnotically looped doo-wop refrain, even an occasional hit of silence.
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Azure waters From the air, we could see the coral reefs and atolls that speckle the azure waters of the South China Sea in the Spratly archipelago.
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Being a savvy shopper, I ordered three 9×12-inch samples in different patterns — Speckle, Misty Marble and Pucker Up — to see which worked for my room.
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Another danger is that I spit the gasoline, but it can speckle my cheeks and they can catch fire with the pieces of cotton on the torch.
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On clear days, especially after monsoon season, when the city's rooftops are dotted with people, kites speckle the sky, their threads forming an invisible cat's cradle overhead.
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"It felt like the only thing I could do in that moment was put a tiny speckle of warmth out there for anyone who needed it," she said.
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The camps speckle the Bekaa plains, parts of northern Lebanon as well as the mountains near the border region of Arsal where the tents are blanketed with snow.
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Ali Wong portrays Bertie, the anxiety-ridden songbird who possesses stereotypical markers of success—stable job, cute apartment, doting boyfriend Speckle (voiced by Steven Yeun)—but is nonetheless constantly worried.
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I can tell you that she has a little speckle on her left eye, and there are just little things about her that I find so endearing and sweet and amazing.
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More than a dozen large, multistory great houses speckle Chaco Canyon, and it remains unclear how far influence extended for those buried in Pueblo Bonito without examining the remains within each.
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And remember that since taking over at Dior, Ms. Chiuri has had a tendency to speckle her ready-to-wear collections with feminist message T-shirts, just to hammer her points home.
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And since cleaning the house is a perennial task, you should invest in one that can capture every speckle of dust in your home and won't conk out in just a few uses.
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The scientists, who have spent the past three years developing the instrument, believe DARKNESS (shorthand for Dark-speckle Near-infrared Energy-resolved Superconducting Spectrophotometer) can overcome technical challenges that have hindered previous superconductor cameras.
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Within the new line, mini fashionistas can choose from Triple Black, Brown Speckle, Sand and Pale Pink, all which feature functional laces and a buckle design, as well as totally on-trend fringe detailing.
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A lot of Deep Southerners like jalapeño jelly (with cream cheese, on crackers); and we may add jalapeños to corn bread, or to pintos or collards, and speckle our turnip greens with pepper sauce.
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Now Bertie wants to live with her boyfriend Speckle (a lovable Steven Yeun), a robin and down-to-earth architect who patiently understands that he'll sometimes be the third wheel in his own relationship.
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When Bertie panics over a big presentation at her job at Condé Nest, her devoted boyfriend Speckle (voiced by Steven Yeun) pantomimes lightly massaging her with a "worry vacuum" to suck her anxiety away.
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And large, opulent houses, set back behind deep lawns at the end of runway-long driveways, as in the ritzy Murray Hill section, are facsimiles of the manor houses that speckle the English countryside.
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Noise reduction (NR) is the process that every digital camera system uses to remove the multi-colored speckle that's a typical byproduct of a (relatively) tiny sensor, heat and the analog-to-digital conversion process.
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When I lifted my head I saw something new at the top of my timeline: some garbage ad, like any one of thousands of garbage ads that speckle my social media usage with background noise.
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The output of the Kinect was a 320 x 240 depth map with 2,2.03 levels of sensitivity (distinct depths), based on the 30,000-ish laser dots the IR projector blasted onto the scene in a proprietary speckle pattern.
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"Lush," due next month, is a 10-song reverie about building friendships, aspirations and love on shaky ground — the kind of uncertainty and hope that speckle adolescence with excitement but often calcify into fear and resignation with age.
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Then we'll move on: Here the speckle pattern (in reciprocal space), due to density fluctuations in the sample, from a bounded beam illuminating the sample is measured as a function of rotation and translation (in real space) of the sample.
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Neon-colored paint and streamers gradually speckle the homes of Barranquilleros, stands selling street food and patterned sombreros vueltiaos roll out into the streets, and the croon of cumbia cuts through the humidity and staunch heat that envelops the city year-round.
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Islands are redolent with mystery and charm — perhaps stemming from the seclusion afforded by aquatic separation from mainland events and concerns — and there are 22003,2107 of them in the Thousand Islands that speckle the St. Lawrence River as it nears Lake Ontario.
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U.S. President Donald Trump has dealt a blow to farmers this year with strong-arm trade tactics that have prompted retaliation from key markets for U.S. products, including the sweet cherries and apples that speckle landscapes across the Western United States from summer through autumn.
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Or rather, Bird Town, the kaleidoscopic metropolis where Tuca (Tiffany Haddish) is moving upstairs from her former roomie Bertie (Ali Wong), as Bertie moves in with Speckle (Steven Yeun), an architect so chipper and straight-arrow he has an "I Actually Like Mondays" mug.
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Much like the more famous and trafficked vinyl bars — hole-in-the-wall haunts catering to audiophiles, hundreds of which speckle the streets and back alleys of Tokyo — they reflect a reverence toward a medium and not just the product produced via that medium.
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Venomous vine: Leejiah Dorward, Department of Zoology, University of OxfordImage: Leejiah Dorward/British Ecological SocietyStudent prize for the dynamic ecosystems category went to Leejiah Dorward for this photo of a Savanna vine snake holding a firm grip on a doomed Speckle-fronted weaver in Southern Tanzania.
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The ruddy spice to speckle your deviled eggs, enliven potatoes and add pungent intrigue to chicken dishes comes in sweet, semisweet and hot varieties, all with a whiff of smoke: Gualtaminos Pimentón de la Vera, $3.95 for 2.65 ounces, Lucy's Whey, 1417 Lexington Avenue (93rd Street), 212-289-8900, lucyswhey.com.
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Despite the winds and less-than-ideal afternoon timing (it's best to go birding in the morning and late afternoon), we spotted some plump, bright orange Northern Cardinals, heard the meowlike calls of the Cat Bird and spent several minutes watching a brown, speckle-bellied Swainson's Thrush hop around near a small waterfall.
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"I really think a lot is going on at the moment," said Dr. Peter Godsk Jorgensen, a cardiologist at Gentofte Hospital in Copenhagen, who in his talk discussed studies that used ultrasound imaging and speckle tracking — a method of quantifying the movement of heart muscle — to look at heart function in bears during winter hibernation and summer activity.
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As for her work, although Haraway briefly brings up her canonic essay, "A Cyborg Manifesto" (1985), and at one point watches with amusement her 1987 appearance on Paper Tiger Television, the ideas of her recent book (the concepts of "kin" and "chthulucene" come up in discussion), Staying with the Trouble (2016), speckle the documentary, culminating in a 10-minute representation of "The Camille Stories," an open-ended work of theoretical, speculative fiction.
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When lasers were first invented, the speckle effect was considered to be a severe drawback in using lasers to illuminate objects, particularly in holographic imaging because of the grainy image produced. It was later realized that speckle patterns could carry information about the object's surface deformations, and this effect is exploited in holographic interferometry and electronic speckle pattern interferometry. The speckle effect is also used in speckle imaging and in eye testing using speckle. Speckle is the chief limitation of coherent lidar and coherent imaging in optical heterodyne detection.
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Speckle Park cattle may have red speckle patterns, as the recessive red gene may be seen in both parents.
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Speckle interferometry with adaptive optics corrected solar data Wöger, F., von der Lühe, O., Reardon, K., 2008, Speckle Interferometry.
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In SAR oceanography, for example, speckle is caused by signals from elementary scatterers, the gravity-capillary ripples, and manifests as a pedestal image, beneath the image of the sea waves. The speckle can also represent some useful information, particularly when it is linked to the laser speckle and to the dynamic speckle phenomenon, where the changes of the speckle pattern, in time, can be a measurement of the surface's activity.
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Trachylepis maculilabris is a species of skink. Commonly referred to as the speckle-lipped skink or speckle-lipped mabuya. It can be found in West Africa.
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Laser speckle on a digital camera image from a green laser pointer. This is a subjective speckle pattern. (Note that the color differences in the image are introduced by limitations of the camera system.)When a rough surface which is illuminated by a coherent light (e.g. a laser beam) is imaged, a speckle pattern is observed in the image plane; this is called a "subjective speckle pattern" – see image above.
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A further proof that the speckle pattern is formed only in the image plane (in the specific case the eye's retina) is that the speckles will stay visible if the eye's focus is shifted away from the wall (this is different for an objective speckle pattern, where the speckle visibility is lost under defocussing).
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Laser speckle AKA eye testing using speckle can be employed as a method for conducting a very sensitive eye test. When a surface is illuminated by a laser beam and is viewed by an observer, a speckle pattern is formed on the retina. If the observer has perfect vision, the image of the surface is also formed on the retina, and movement of the head will result in the speckle pattern and the surface moving together so that the speckle pattern remains stationary with respect to the background. If the observer is near-sighted, the image of the surface is formed in front of the retina.
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Finally, in 2006, Canadian Speckle Park was granted full breed status.
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In 1970, the French astronomer Antoine Labeyrie showed that Fourier analysis (speckle interferometry) can obtain information about the high-resolution structure of the object from the statistical properties of the speckle patterns. Methods developed in the 1980s allowed simple images to be reconstructed from this power spectrum information. One more recent type of speckle interferometry called speckle masking involves calculation of the bispectrum or closure phases from each of the short exposures. The "average bispectrum" can then be calculated and then inverted to obtain an image.
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Dainty derives an expression for the mean speckle size as λz/L where L is the width of the illuminated area and z is the distance between the object and the location of the speckle pattern.
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However, speckle patterns can be observed in polychromatic light in some conditions.
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In the fields of cardiology and medical imaging, speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an echocardiographic imaging technique that analyzes the motion of tissues in the heart by using the naturally occurring speckle pattern in the myocardium or blood when imaged by ultrasound. This novel method of documentation of myocardial motion represents a noninvasive method of definition of vectors and velocity. When compared to other technologies seeking noninvasive definition of ischemia, speckle tracking seems a valuable endeavor. This speckle pattern is a mixture of interference patterns and natural acoustic reflections.
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The speckle pattern in the figure was obtained by pointing a laser beam at the surface of a mobile phone so that the scattered light fell onto an adjacent wall. A photograph was then taken of the speckle pattern formed on the wall. Strictly speaking, this also has a second subjective speckle pattern but its dimensions are much smaller than the objective pattern so it is not seen in the image. The light at a given point in the speckle pattern is made up of contributions from the whole of the scattering surface.
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Oxford University Press. (36) (90) 1976 (With E. Jakeman) Speckle statistics in imaging. Optics Commun.
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The speckle-headed whipsnake (Ahaetulla fasciolata) is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.
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Figure 8: Schematic of the experimental setup of multiple optical speckle illumination. Figure courtesy of.
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Figure 5: The results from running BSIPAM with the simple 1D sample. (a) The sample, (b) The speckle pattern, (c) the photoacoustic source distribution from the product of speckle intensity and absorber distribution, and (d) photoacoustic response from the convolution of PA source distribution and transducer PSF. Figure courtesy of. Figure 6 shows the results of six line scans of M = 100 total line scans, each of them from a different random speckle pattern.
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The two stars have been resolved using speckle interferometry and are thought to have similar masses.
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Biospeckle laser is the nomination of dynamic speckle when the application is based on biological material.
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In physics, dynamic speckle is a result of the temporal evolution of a speckle pattern where variations in the scattering elements responsible for the formation of the interference pattern in the static situation produce the changes that are seen in the speckle pattern, where its grains change their intensity (grey level) as well as their shape along time. One easy to observe example is milk: place some milk in a teaspoon and observe the surface in direct sunlight. There will be a visible "dancing" pattern of coloured points. Where the milk dries on the spoon at the edge, the speckle is seen to be static.
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Speckle tracking echocardiography is based on grey scale echocardiography (B-mode), and the fact that the reflected echo from the myocardium shows a speckle pattern that is a mixture of small scatters and interference patterns.The pattern being random, each region of the myocardium (called a "kernel"), has a unique speckle pattern, and that this speckle pattern is relatively stable, at least from one frame to next. By this, the movement of a kernel from one frame to the next, can be tracked by a "best match" search algorithm. The most commonly used is the "sum of absolute differences", shown to be similarly accurate as Cross-correlation.
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When a surface area is illuminated with a highly coherent laser light, a stochastical interference pattern is created. This interference pattern is called a speckle, and is projected on a rigid camera's CCD chip. Analogous with Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), to obtain results from the speckle we need to compare it with a known reference light. Shearography uses the test object itself as the known reference; it shears the image so a double image is created.
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M. Forouzanfar, H. Abrishami-Moghaddam, and M. Gity, "A new multiscale Bayesian algorithm for speckle reduction in medical ultrasound images," Signal, Image and Video Processing, Springer, vol. 4, pp. 359-75, Sep. 2010 The first multiscale speckle reduction methods were based on the thresholding of detail subband coefficients.
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Canadian Speckle Park is so named because of the colour pattern of the cattle. Speckled refers to the spots on the rear quarters and across the body, and park refers to the colour around the ears, eyes, muzzle, lower legs and teats. Except for the solid colour pattern, Canadian Speckle Park have white lines on their backs and underbellies. The classic speckle pattern contains more coloured spots around the hips and shoulders, with a generally black or black roan face.
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A Speckle Park, Stampede Park, Calgary, Alberta The Canadian Speckle Park is a breed of cattle native to the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is one of only a few beef cattle breeds developed in Canada. The latter half of the breed's name derives from the characteristic white, black and grey spots and patches of color that it is known for. The Canadian Speckle Park is one of the newest cattle breeds, having been officially recognized by the Canadian government in 2006.
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Both methods could be used for 2D Velocity Vector Imaging, but Speckle Tracking would be easier to extend to 3D. Also, in Vector Doppler, the depth and resolution of the region of interest are limited by the aperture size and the maximum angle between the transmit and receive apertures, while Speckle Tracking has the flexibility of alternating the size of the kernel and search region to adapt to different resolution requirement. However, vector Doppler is less computationally complex than speckle tracking.
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The spotted-necked otter (Hydrictis maculicollis), or speckle-throated otter, is an otter native to sub-Saharan Africa.
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The Speckle-faced bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus psarops) is a species of gecko that is endemic to southern Sumatra.
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A photograph of an objective speckle pattern. This is the light field formed when a laser beam was scattered from a plastic surface onto a wall. When laser light which has been scattered off a rough surface falls on another surface, it forms an "objective speckle pattern". If a photographic plate or another 2-D optical sensor is located within the scattered light field without a lens, a speckle pattern is obtained whose characteristics depend on the geometry of the system and the wavelength of the laser.
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It is believed that random laser is a promising and advance lighting source for laser illumination, and speckle-free imaging.
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As the speckle pattern is random, any region of the myocardium has a unique speckle pattern: Within the picture, a defined area "kernel" can be defined, and as this speckle pattern is relatively stable, the kernel can be recognised in the next frame, within a larger search area, by a "best match" search algorithm. There are different search algorithms, the most commonly used is "sum of absolute differences", shown to be similarly accurate as cross-correlation, which is an alternative.Insana MF, Wagner RF, Garra BS, Momenan R, Shawker TH. Pattern recognition methods for optimizing multivariate tissue signatures in diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrason Imaging. 1986 Jul;8(3):165-80Bohs LN, Friemel BH, Trahey GE. Experimental velocity profiles and volumetric flow via two- dimensional speckle tracking.
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In the case of near field speckles, the statistical properties depend on the light scattering distribution of a given sample. This allows the use of near field speckle analysis to detect the scattering distribution; this is the so-called near-field scattering technique. When the speckle pattern changes in time, due to changes in the illuminated surface, the phenomenon is known as dynamic speckle, and it can be used to measure activity, by means of, for example, an optical flow sensor (optical computer mouse). In biological materials, the phenomenon is known as biospeckle.
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"Analysis of bacterial chemotactic response using dynamic laser speckle". J. Biomed. Opt. 14(6) (2009) 064015.Ramírez-Miquet, EE; et al.
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The speckle-breasted woodpecker (Dendropicos poecilolaemus) is a species of bird in the family Picidae, which is native to sub-Saharan Africa.
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Because of the finite resolution, at any time we are receiving from a distribution of scatterers within the resolution cell. These scattered signals add coherently; that is, they add constructively and destructively depending on the relative phases of each scattered waveform. Speckle results from these patterns of constructive and destructive interference shown as bright and dark dots in the image M. Forouzanfar and H. Abrishami-Moghaddam, Ultrasound Speckle Reduction in the Complex Wavelet Domain, in Principles of Waveform Diversity and Design, M. Wicks, E. Mokole, S. Blunt, R. Schneible, and V. Amuso (eds.), SciTech Publishing, 2010, Section B - Part V: Remote Sensing, pp. 558-77. Although commonly referred to as "speckle noise", speckle is not noise in its generally understood sense of an unwanted modification to a desired signal.
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BSIPAM was tested with a simple one- dimensional sample where the absorber distribution ρ was a series of 8 lines of 10 μm thickness, the distance between the lines varied from 40 and 150 μm, and the absorbers were illuminated with the speckle pattern with a speckle size of 25 μm (Figure 5). The photoacoustic response distribution was determined by the product of the speckle intensity and absorber distribution. Next, it was assumed the absorber was present in the focal plane of an ultrasonic transducer with a Gaussian point spread function (PSF) h with a FWHM of 100 μm. The photoacoustic response was determined by the convolution of the source distribution with the transducer PSF, and the experiment was repeated M = 100 more times with a new random speckle pattern each time.
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The contrast ratio of the LASCA maps demonstrates that laser speckle images are sensitive to even small changes in the microstructure of the surface. Erosion is highly prevalent in people of all ages. However, an objective diagnostic procedure is still needed, thus the study of the laser speckle imaging for tooth enamel may provide the first low cost objective diagnostic method for this disease. The analysis of laser speckle imaging in the spatial domain is a powerful diagnostic technique that provides information on the surface microstructure of tooth enamel after an acid etching procedure using patterns and LASCA maps.
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Unfortunately, the phase differences between adjacent image picture elements ("pixels") also produce random interference effects called "coherence speckle", which is a sort of graininess with dimensions on the order of the resolution, causing the concept of resolution to take on a subtly different meaning. This effect is the same as is apparent both visually and photographically in laser-illuminated optical scenes. The scale of that random speckle structure is governed by the size of the synthetic aperture in wavelengths, and cannot be finer than the system's resolution. Speckle structure can be subdued at the expense of resolution.
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Figure 6: (a) Results from the photoacoustic PA response measured from line scans over the absorber distribution subjected to six different random illumination patterns. (b) Object and reconstructions of object using 100 speckle patterns where responses are shown. Figure courtesy of. Based on Figure 6, structured illumination via random speckle illumination influence line scan response—this variation needed for super-resolution imaging.
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Hydrophilic character study of silica-gel by a laser dynamic speckle method. Rev. Cub. Fis. 25(2A) (2008) pp. 67-69 foams, corrosion, efflorescence, etc.
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MALAT1 appears to be involved in the regulation of alternative splicing. MALAT1 interacts with SR proteins, influencing the distribution of these in nuclear speckle domains.
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However the resolution handicap has begun to be overcome by adaptive optics, speckle imaging and interferometric imaging, as well as the use of space telescopes.
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For dynamic imaging or spectroscopic applications, it offers up to 74 fps, such as wavefront sensing, lucky / speckle imaging, quantum gas dynamics, or hyperspectral imaging.
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When a laser beam shines on the material, a random and unique speckle pattern will arise. The placement of the light scattering particles is an uncontrolled process and the interaction between the laser and the particles is very complex. Therefore, it is very hard to duplicate the optical PUF such that the same speckle pattern will arise, hence the postulation that it is "unclonable".
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Rather, it is the signal itself that fluctuates, because the scatterers are not identical for each cell, and the signal is highly sensitive to small variations in scatterers. Speckle in conventional radar increases the mean grey level of a local area. Speckle in SAR is generally serious, causing difficulties for image interpretation. It is caused by coherent processing of backscattered signals from multiple distributed targets.
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Tau8 Serpentis, Latinized from τ8 Serpentis, is an A-type main sequence star in the constellation of Serpens, approximately 320 light-years from the Earth. It has an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 6.144. Although it was observed to be binary by speckle interferometry in 1985, subsequent observations show no sign of binarity, and the detection appears to have been spurious.ICCD speckle observations of binary stars.
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Speckle imaging in biology refers to the underlabeling of periodic cellular components (such as filaments and fibers) so that instead of appearing as a continuous and uniform structure, it appears as a discrete set of speckles. This is due to statistical distribution of the labeled component within unlabeled components. The technique, also known as dynamic speckle enables real-time monitoring of dynamical systems and video image analysis to understand biological processes.
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There are two major methods of 2D velocity estimation using ultrasound: Speckle tracking and crossed beam Vector Doppler, which are based on measuring the time shifts and phase shifts respectively.P. S. a. L. L. Abigail Swillens, "Two-Dimensional Blood Velocity Estimation With Ultrasound: Speckle Tracking Versus Crossed-Beam Vector Doppler Based on Flow Simulations in a Carotid Bifurcation Model," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, pp. 327-338, 2010.
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A speckle pattern is produced by the mutual interference of a set of coherent wavefronts. Although this phenomenon has been investigated by scientists since the time of Newton, speckles have come into prominence since the invention of the laser. They have been used in a variety of applications in microscopy, imaging, and optical manipulation. Speckle patterns typically occur in diffuse reflections of monochromatic light such as laser light.
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Thus, the "size" of the speckles in the image is of this order. The change in speckle size with lens aperture can be observed by looking at a laser spot on a wall directly, and then through a very small hole. The speckles will be seen to increase significantly in size. Also, the speckle pattern itself will change when moving the position of the eye while keeping the laser pointer steady.
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There is also a proven solution that utilizes existing unused fiber (dark fiber) in a multi-strand cable for the purpose of creating an alarm system. In the alarmed cable scenario, the sensing mechanism uses optical interferometry in which modally dispersive coherent light traveling through the multi-mode fiber mixes at the fiber's terminus, resulting in a characteristic pattern of light and dark splotches called a speckle pattern. The laser speckle is stable as long as the fiber remains immobile, but flickers when the fiber is vibrated. A fiber-optic sensor works by measuring the time dependence of this speckle pattern and applying digital signal processing to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the temporal data.
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Head and body length is 12–14 cm. Tail is 9-11. Yellowish brown upperparts are speckled with black and reddish yellow. Ventral surface grayish with a yellowish speckle.
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These diffused the coherent light into abstract shapes with pure colors, internal diffraction pattern texture, and a shimmering speckle. By rotating the diffusing material, the shapes would slowly evolve into new forms. In November 1970 filmmakers Ivan Dryer and Dale Pelton visited Garmire's lab, filmed the moving patterns and set them to music. The resulting short movie, LaserImage, dissatisfied both Dryer and Garmire as it lacked the vibrant colors and speckle of live laser light.
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White with small black spots is characteristic of the leopard pattern. Classic speckle and leopard patterns are genetically the same, and result from the combination of the white park gene and the solid gene. The pattern of white with black points shows a mostly white animal with black around the ears, eyes, muzzle, lower legs and hooves, and is produced by the dominant gene. Solid coloured offspring also exist in Canadian Speckle Park herds.
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Blind structured illumination photoacoustic microscopy (BSIPAM) was employed as a feedback-free imaging method that uses random optical speckle patterns as a structured illumination for enhancing the spatial resolution of PA imaging within scattering media. Unlike structured illumination microscopy, where the spatial resolution enhancement was limited only to 2, BSIPAM has a higher spatial resolution. BSIPAM operates by the key principle: to recover absorber distribution ρ at spatial resolution close to speckle size.
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Optical engineering metrology uses optical methods to measure micro-vibrations with instruments like the laser speckle interferometer or to measure the properties of the various masses with instruments measuring refraction.
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Kaluzynski K, Chen X, Emelianov SY, Skovoroda AR, O'Donnell M. Strain rate imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2001 Jul;48(4):1111-23.
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Arphia conspersa, known generally as the speckle-winged rangeland grasshopper or speckled rangeland grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.
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The introduction of the CCD into astronomy, which captures more than 70% of the light, lowered the bar on practical applications by an order of magnitude, and today the technique is widely used on bright astronomical objects (e.g. stars and star systems). Many of the simpler speckle imaging methods have multiple names, largely from amateur astronomers re-inventing existing speckle imaging techniques and giving them new names. More recently, another use of the technique has developed for industrial applications.
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Heisenberg Principle Applied to the Analysis of Speckle Interferometry Fringes. Heisenberg Principle Applied to the Analysis of Speckle Interferometry Fringes. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2003. Since 2005 Dr. Sciammarella has worked in cutting edge optical technology to go beyond the Rayleigh limit that traditionally has been considered as the maximum resolution that could be obtained in optics in far field observations. With the support of his co-workers he has succeeded in overcoming the Rayleigh limit.
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S. Orgelbrand) and "Bociany" (en.: Storks). All these were big oil compositions. It seems that far-reaching attempt in the direction of divisionist, speckle technique of painting was image entitled: "Poranek" (en.
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Other approaches that can yield resolving power exceeding the limits of atmospheric seeing include adaptive optics, interferometry, other forms of speckle imaging and space-based telescopes such as NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.
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Dainty C (Ed), Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, 1984, Springer Verlag, In RF detection the antenna is rarely larger than the wavelength so all excited electrons move coherently within the antenna, whereas in optics the detector is usually much larger than the wavelength and thus can intercept a distorted phase front, resulting in destructive interference by out-of-phase photo-generated electrons within the detector. While destructive interference dramatically reduces the signal level, the summed amplitude of a spatially incoherent mixture does not approach zero but rather the mean amplitude of a single speckle. However, since the standard deviation of the coherent sum of the speckles is exactly equal to the mean speckle intensity, optical heterodyne detection of scrambled phase fronts can never measure the absolute light level with an error bar less than the size of the signal itself. This upper bound signal-to-noise ratio of unity is only for absolute magnitude measurement: it can have signal-to-noise ratio better than unity for phase, frequency or time-varying relative- amplitude measurements in a stationary speckle field.
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The speckle-throated woodpecker (Campethera scriptoricauda), also known as Reichenow's woodpecker, is an East African woodpecker often considered a subspecies of Bennett's woodpecker. The bird is named after the German ornithologist Anton Reichenow.
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Reconstruction of Château du Fleckenstein drawn by Specklin Daniel Specklin (or Speckle or Speckel) (1536 – 18 October 1589) was an Alsatian fortress architect, engineer, and cartographer. He was born and died in Strasbourg.
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These offspring were successful beef cattle, and the next step was to develop this handful of cattle into a recognized breed. In 1985, representatives of nine herds gathered together to form the Speckle Park Breeders Association. Created with the intent to develop a new breed, this association was later renamed The Canadian Speckle Park Association. In 1993, the association was incorporated under the Canadian Animal Pedigree Act so a breed could be developed, and in 1995 the first bylaws were passed.
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Among common computational imaging techniques are lensless imaging, computational speckle imaging,Katz et al., "Non-invasive single-shot imaging through scattering layers and around corners via speckle correlations", Nature Photonics 8, 784–790 (2014) ptychography and Fourier ptychography. Computational imaging technique often draws on compressive sensing or phase retrieval techniques, where the angular spectrum of the object is being reconstructed. Other techniques are related to the field of computational imaging, such as digital holography, computer vision and inverse problems such as tomography.
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Cladosporium musae is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Cladosporium speckle on banana and which occurs in most countries in which the fruit is cultivated.Crous, P. W.; Schroers, H-J.; Groenewald, J. Z.; Braun, U.; Schubert, K. Metulocladosporiella gen. nov. for the causal organism of Cladosporium speckle disease of banana , Mycological Research 110 (2006) 264-275 Unsuccessful attempts to transfer the Cladosporium pathogen in vitro to healthy banana plants seem to confirm reports that the infection remains latent in otherwise healthy plants.
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It is called "subjective" because the detailed structure of the speckle pattern depends on the viewing system parameters; for instance, if the size of the lens aperture changes, the size of the speckles change. If the position of the imaging system is altered, the pattern will gradually change and will eventually be unrelated to the original speckle pattern. This can be explained as follows. Each point in the image can be considered to be illuminated by a finite area in the object.
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See near and far field for a more rigorous definition of "near" and "far". The statistical properties of a far-field speckle pattern (i.e., the speckle form and dimension) depend on the form and dimension of the region hit by laser light. By contrast, a very interesting feature of near field speckles is that their statistical properties are closely related to the form and structure of the scattering object: objects that scatter at high angles generate small near field speckles, and vice versa.
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A laser beam profiler is used to measure the intensity profile, width, and divergence of laser beams. Diffuse reflection of a laser beam from a matte surface produces a speckle pattern with interesting properties.
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When the object has been displaced/deformed, the new image is subtracted point by point from the first image. The resulting image is a speckle pattern with black 'fringes' representing contours of constant 2nπ.
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IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1991 Mar;38(3):280-6.Kaluzynski K, Chen X, Emelianov SY, Skovoroda AR, O'Donnell M. Strain rate imaging using two- dimensional speckle tracking. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control.
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Speckle-faced parrot in Ornithological Miscellany Birds described in 1876 include the tooth-billed bowerbird, Heuglin's gull, Chinese white-browed rosefinch, Sclater's crowned pigeon, Pohnpei flycatcher, mountain myzomela, streak-headed honeyeater and Maxwell's black weaver.
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Namely, OCT is able to acquire depth- resolved localization at high spatial and temporal resolutions, does not require exogenous contrast agents, and is non-invasive and contactless. OCT gave rise to a family of techniques to perform OCT-A including speckle variance OCT, phase variance OCT, optical microangiography, and split-spectrum microangiography. Speckle variance OCT uses only the amplitude information of the complex OCT signal, whereas phase variance OCT uses only the phase information . Optical microangiography computes flow using both components of the complex OCT signal.
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A breed association was formed in 1985, and exports of Canadian Speckle Park to the U.S, Australia and New Zealand have occurred. Work on breeding the Canadian Speckle Park began in the 1950s with the crossing of a roan Shorthorn heifer to a Black Angus bull. The spotting became a dominant trait in the offspring, and the beginnings of a new breed emerged. Descended solely from British beef breeds, it is naturally polled and inherits many of the characteristics of popular cattle like the Angus.
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Speckle is a granular interference that inherently exists in and degrades the quality of the active radar, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), medical ultrasound and optical coherence tomography images. The vast majority of surfaces, synthetic or natural, are extremely rough on the scale of the wavelength. Images obtained from these surfaces by coherent imaging systems such as laser, SAR, and ultrasound suffer from a common interference phenomenon called speckle. The origin of this phenomenon is seen if we model our reflectivity function as an array of scatterers.
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These reflections are also described as speckles or markers. The pattern being random, each region of the myocardium has a unique speckle pattern (also called patterns, features, or fingerprints) that allows the region to be traced from one frame to the next, and this speckle pattern is relatively stable, at least from one frame to the next.Bohs LN, Trahey GE. A novel method for angle independent ultrasonic imaging of blood flow and tissue motion. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1991 Mar;38(3):280-6.
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Aubrite is the fourth album from German Ambient music producer, Thomas Köner. It was recorded between April 1994 and March 1995. Roland Speckle helped with production of the album. "Aubrite" is the name for small meteorites.
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There is suspicion this is a spectroscopic binary, but no companion has been detected via speckle interferometry. Measured variations in radial velocity may be caused by a companion having an orbital period of about 11.4 years.
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Figure 7: The results with a 2D sample and 200 random speckle patterns. (a) The object. The reconstructed object using... (b) the mean PA response, (c) regularized deconvolution, and (d) BSIPAM are displayed. Figure courtesy of.
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De historia stirpium was illustrated by Albrecht Meyer (who made drawings based on the actual plants), Heinrich Füllmaurer (who transferred the drawings to woodblock), and Vitus Rudolph Speckle (who cut the blocks and printed the drawings).
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By shining a laser (whose smooth wavefront is an excellent simulation of the light from a distant star) on a surface, the resulting speckle pattern can be processed to give detailed images of flaws in the material.
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Early speckle interferometry showed that the central region of the Homunculus contains four point-like sources, originally designated A1, A2, A3, and A4. The four speckle objects were later referred to as A, B, C, and D. Higher resolution studies showed that only the brightest source A was truly stellar, and the other three were small nebular condensations. The three Weigelt Blobs are visible primarily in light directly reflected from the Eta Carinae stars. The blobs are believed to lie near the equatorial plane of the stellar system, but their origin is unclear.
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XPCS experiments have the advantage of providing us with the information of dynamical properties of materials (e.g. vitreous materials), while other experimental techniques can only provide information about the static structure of the material. This technique is based on the generation of a speckle pattern by the scattered coherent light originating from a material where some spatial inhomogeneities are present. A speckle pattern is a diffraction limited structure factor, and is typically observed when laser light is reflected from a rough surface, or from dust particles performing Brownian motion in air.
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Speckle masking (or bispectral analysis, as applied to speckle imaging), is a method which involves estimation of the bispectrum or closure phases from each of the short exposures. The "average bispectrum" can then be calculated and then inverted to obtain an image. With a normal telescope aperture, a large number of short exposures must be averaged to remove the effects of the atmosphere. If a non-redundant aperture mask is used the bispectrum can be calculated without any noise contribution from the atmosphere (but still with a photon shot noise error contribution).
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Speckle Frew is "geographically an uneventful island; the earth is sandy and covered with fine, sharped-edged grass, while the wind is always howling. Though the terrain is scarcely varied, the island is home to a wide variety of species, most of them dangerous". Being the habitat of such animals, Speckle Frew is called "a bestiary" and "not to be trespassed lightly". Despite this, it is suggested to be a quiet landing-point by a seafaring character called a "Sea-Skipper", and a mystic named Mariah Cappella is said to have lived there.
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These CPAs incorporated aligned silicon wafers that act as a loss medium, perfectly trapping incident laser beams. Alongside creating the perfect anti-laser, Cao worked with physicians on the development of light sources for optical coherence tomography for biomedical applications. She designed a novel laser system that can switch between high and low spatial coherence, allowing for both speckle-free imaging (to understand the structure of an object) and speckle-full imaging (to understand the motion of an object). In 2013, Cao realised an ultra-high resolution microspectrometer on a disordered photonic chip.
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M15 core Lucky imaging (also called lucky exposures) is one form of speckle imaging used for astrophotography. Speckle imaging techniques use a high-speed camera with exposure times short enough (100 ms or less) so that the changes in the Earth's atmosphere during the exposure are minimal. With lucky imaging, those optimum exposures least affected by the atmosphere (typically around 10%) are chosen and combined into a single image by shifting and adding the short exposures, yielding much higher angular resolution than would be possible with a single, longer exposure, which includes all the frames.
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An ILSC scanner is composed mainly of two instruments: A laser and a modified CCD camera. Diagram of an ILSC scan Light from the laser interacts uniquely with various micro-textural structures, creating a specific laser speckle effect (or signature). This signature can then be read by the incorporated camera, which utilizes Bayesian inference and inbuilt libraries of micro-textures to create a "laser speckle image" of the target. Since the method is comparative, it may also be used to differentiate very small changes in micro-structural objects, for example, a change in cell size.
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Because the speckle seeds are no longer irradiated, they will grow after having passed through people's bodies, in manure piles and graveyards. The next time the merchants try to withhold speckles, they will be in for a surprise.
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Diuris maculata was first formally described in 1805 by James Edward Smith and the description was published in Volume 1 of his book, Exotic Botany. The specific epithet (maculata) is a Latin word meaning "spot", "stain" or "speckle".
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Prime examples of light interference are the famous double-slit experiment, laser speckle, anti-reflective coatings and interferometers. Traditionally the classical wave model is taught as a basis for understanding optical interference, based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle.
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A small moon about 1 kilometer in diameter was suggested based on occultation data from 29 May 1978. In 1980, speckle interferometry suggested a much larger satellite, whose existence was later refuted a few years later with occultation data.
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V1339 Aquilae, also known as HD 187567, is a Be star in the constellation Aquila. It is around 13 times as massive as the Sun and has 7.7 times its diameter. Its binary nature was discovered by speckle interferometry.
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Despite adaptive optics, each frame suffers from atmospheric aberrations hindering diffraction limited image detail. In order to obtain diffraction limited resolution, bursts of about 100 frames get digitally analyzed to be formed into a single sharpened image (speckle-reconstruction).
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Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995;21(7):885-98 The movement of the kernel across the image can thus be tracked, in principle independent of the beam angle, as opposed to tissue Doppler. Speckle tracking can thus track in two dimensions.
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When multiple optical speckle illumination was tested on a sample of a set of randomly distributed 100 μm diameter absorbing beads, the variance image clearly displayed the contributions of each bead, the images displayed approximations of the point spread function (PSF) and its square, and the resolution was enhanced by a factor of 1.4 for the variance image as opposed to the mean image. The variance image appears as the convolution of the sample with the squared PSF, and the results in the below figure (Figure 9) clearly demonstrate the ability of SOFI to produce super-resolution PA imaging with multiple-speckle illumination. Figure 9: (a) A photograph of the sample of 100 μm diameter beads, (b) The mean PA image of the sample over 100 speckle realizations, (c) The variance image of the sample. Insets in both (b) and (c) are images of a single bead.
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The speckle-breasted antpitta (Hylopezus nattereri) is a species of bird in the family Grallariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
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The speckle-fronted weaver (Sporopipes frontalis) is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae. It is found in Africa from Mauritania and Gambia in the west to Ethiopia and Tanzania in the east. Its natural habitat is dry savanna.
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"Escherichia coli activity characterization using a laser dynamic speckle technique". Rev. Cub. Fis. 28(1E) (2011) pp. 1E13-1E17. parasites, seeds and plants. Other fields of application are the analysis of drying paint, control in gels,Cabelo, CI; et al.
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The observation of speckle patterns with hard X-rays has just been demonstrated in the last few years. This observation is only possible now because of the development of new synchrotron radiation X-ray sources that can provide sufficient coherent flux.
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The white-capped parrot (Pionus seniloides) is a bird in the family Psittacidae formerly considered conspecific with the speckle-faced parrot (Pionus tumultuosus). The species is found in the Andes mountains from northwestern Venezuela, through Colombia and Ecuador, to northern Peru.
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Strain rate and strain are then calculated from the velocities. Speckle tracking has been shown to be comparable to tissue Doppler derived strain,Modesto KM, Cauduro S, Dispenzieri A, Khandheria B, Belohlavek M, Lysyansky P, Friedman Z, Gertz M, Abraham TP.Two-dimensional acoustic pattern derived strain parameters closely correlate with one-dimensional tissue Doppler derived strain measurements. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006 Aug;7(4):315-21 and has been validated against MRCho GY, Chan J, Leano R, Strudwick M, Marwick TH. Comparison of two-dimensional speckle and tissue velocity based strain and validation with harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging.
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The light at any point in the scattered light field is made up of waves which have been scattered from each point on the illuminated surface. If the surface is rough enough to create path-length differences exceeding one wavelength, giving rise to phase changes greater than 2π, the amplitude, and hence the intensity, of the resultant light varies randomly. If light of low coherence (i.e., made up of many wavelengths) is used, a speckle pattern will not normally be observed, because the speckle patterns produced by individual wavelengths have different dimensions and will normally average one another out.
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This is direct evidence of the thermal motion of atoms, which cause the Brownian motion of the colloidal particles in the milk, which in turn results in the dynamic speckle visible to the naked eye. Biospeckle laser image sequence of a maize seed.
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Nunatak Gongamur is the first studio album by the electronic artist Thomas Köner. It was released in 1990 on the Barooni record company. The album contains only one electronically controlled timbre, the gong. Roland Speckle helped with the production of the album.
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There is one white vertical stripe on each side of its head. Fluorescent blue spots speckle the entire body, fins and tail. On the top and bottom fin and tail are present fluorescent blue lines. Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990.
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The speckle-breasted wren (Pheugopedius sclateri) is a species of bird in the family Troglodytidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
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Opticks participated in GSoC 2010 with two students. The titles of the accepted projects were "Adding Image Stack Support and New Algorithm Plugin for Opticks" and "Speckle removal and edge detection tool for SAR image". Extensions for the projects are available here and here.
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The biospeckle laser tool library, or BSLTL, is a free project to help researchers to work with dynamic speckle. The library is based on Mcode to GNU Octave and Matlab and in the free ebook A Practical Guide to Biospeckle Laser Analysis: Theory and Software.
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The head of the male is very dark brown. Other parts and wings are purplish grey-brown. Forewing has an indistinct antemedial oblique line, a black and grey speckle at the end of the cell. The double oblique line runs from apex to inner margin.
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In a static environment, changes in speckle can also be used as a sensitive probe of the light source. This can be used in a wavemeter configuration, with a resolution around 1 attometre, (equivalent to 1 part in 1012 of the wavelength, equivalent to measuring the length of a football field at the resolution of a single atom) and can also stabilise the wavelength of lasers or measure polarization. The disordered pattern produced by speckle has been used in quantum simulations with cold atoms. The randomly-distributed regions of bright and dark light act as an analog of disorder in solid-state systems, and are used to investigate localization phenomena.
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The off-axis, clear aperture design avoids a central obstruction, minimizing scattered light. It also eases operation of adaptive optics and digital image reconstruction such as speckle imaging. The site on the Haleakalā volcano was selected for its clear daytime weather and favourable atmospheric seeing conditions.
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The first demonstration that R136a was a star cluster was provided by Weigelt and Beier in 1985. Using the speckle interferometry technique, R136a was shown to be made up of 8 stars within 1 arcsecond at the centre of the cluster, with R136a1 being the brightest.
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Similar problems arise when applying LDV to rotating shafts, crankshafts for example. Speckle noise is difficult to predict, depending on the properties of the surface, the geometry of the structure and position of the LDV, so further research is needed to establish the limits of CSLDV.
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The visual binary nature of HD 205877 was discovered by the Hipparcos spacecraft and given the double star discoverer designation HDS 3084. The preliminary orbital elements of the system were determined with speckle interferometric measurements made at the 4.1 m Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope in Chile.
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These considerations, along with the speckle structure due to coherence, take some getting used to in order to correctly interpret SAR images. To assist in that, large collections of significant target signatures have been accumulated by performing many test flights over known terrains and cultural objects.
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Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009 Mar;10(2):229-37 (resulting in Lagrangian strain directly), and strain rate derived temporally (it then has to be converted to Eulerian strain rate). The speckle tracking methods varies with non-commercial and commercial systems. Speckle tracking has been shown to be comparable to tissue Doppler derived strain,Modesto KM, Cauduro S, Dispenzieri A, Khandheria B, Belohlavek M, Lysyansky P, Friedman Z, Gertz M, Abraham TP.Two-dimensional acoustic pattern derived strain parameters closely correlate with one-dimensional tissue Doppler derived strain measurements. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006 Aug;7(4):315-21 and has been validated against MR Helle-Valle T, Crosby J, Edvardsen T, Lyseggen E, Amundsen BH, Smith HJ, Rosen BD, Lima JA, Torp H, Ihlen H, Smiseth OA. New noninvasive method for assessment of left ventricular rotation: speckle tracking echocardiography. Circulation. 2005 Nov 15;112(20):3149-56 The method tracks independently of the beam directions, and can thus track in two dimensions. It is also said to be independent of the angle error inherent in the Doppler algorithm.
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Lipaphnaeus leonina, the orange silver speckle, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia. The habitat consists of forests.
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However, later observations, including speckle interferometry, failed to detect a brown dwarf.Keck Speckle Imaging of the White Dwarf G29-38: No Brown Dwarf Companion Detected, Marc J. Kuchner, Christopher D. Koresko, and Michael E. Brown, The Astrophysical Journal 508, #1 (November 20, 1998), pp. L81-L83. . . Infrared observations made in 2004 by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope indicated the presence of a dust cloud around G29-38, which may have been created by tidal disruption of an exocomet passing close to the white dwarf.The Dust Cloud around the White Dwarf G29-38, William T. Reach, Marc J. Kuchner, Ted von Hippel, Adam Burrows, Fergal Mullally, Mukremin Kilic, and D. E. Winget, Astrophysical Journal 635, #2 (December 2005), pp. L161-L164.
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Since the speckle pattern is perceived by the brain to be on the retina, the effect is of parallax; the speckle pattern appears to be nearer to the eye than the surface and hence moves in the same direction as the surface, but faster than the surface. If the observer is far-sighted, the speckles appear to move in the opposite direction as the surface, since in this case the surface image is focused behind the retina. The apparent speed of motion of the speckles increases with the magnitude of the defect of the eye. This technique is so sensitive that it can be used to determine changes in the ability of someone to focus through the day.
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For typical seeing, the practical resolution limits are at mirror sizes much less than the mechanical limits for the size of mirrors, namely at a mirror diameter equal to the astronomical seeing parameter r0 – about 20 cm in diameter for observations with visible light under good conditions. For many years telescope performance was limited by this effect, until the introduction of speckle interferometry and adaptive optics provided a means of removing this limitation. Speckle imaging recreates the original image through image processing techniques. The key to the technique, found by the American astronomer David L. Fried in 1966, was to take very fast images in which case the atmosphere is effectively "frozen" in place.
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This species was described by Andrew Smith in 1836. Two subspecies are recognised: Campethera bennettii bennettii and C. b. capricorni. The common name and Latin binomial commemorate the British naturalist Edward Turner Bennett. Bennett's woodpecker, the fine-spotted woodpecker, the Nubian woodpecker and the speckle-throated woodpecker form a superspecies.
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B. Redding, H. Cao and M. A. Choma, "Speckle-Free Laser Imaging with Random Laser Illumination," Optics & Photonics News 23(12), 30 (2012) . The concept of random lasing can also be time-reversed, resulting in a random anti-laser, which is a disordered medium that can perfectly absorb incoming coherent radiation.
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Mason et al. (1998) found this to be a member of a speckle binary with an estimated orbital period of roughly 130 years and a magnitude difference of 0.4. Both components show indications of a variable radial velocity, suggesting that they are spectroscopic binaries – making it a candidate quadruple star system.
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Improper HIPK2 function has been implicated in the pathology of diseases such as acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome through mutations in the speckle retention sequence and Alzheimer's disease through hyperdegradation of HIPK2. Consistent with its tissue expression patterns, loss of HIPK2 function has also been implicated in kidney fibrosis and cardiovascular disease.
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This results in low temporal coherence, offering reduced speckle noise when compared with a laser. Spatial coherence can be high, however, allowing for tight focusing of the radiation. These characteristics make such sources useful for fiber optic systems and optical coherence tomography. Examples of such sources include superluminescent diodes and doped fiber amplifiers.
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Cloud forest near Cock-of-the-Rock Lodge - Peru The speckle-faced parrot (Pionus tumultuosus) is a South American species of parrot from the humid Andean forests from Colombia, through Ecuador and Peru, to Bolivia. It is sometimes split into two species, in which case the southern Pionus tumultuosus retains the common name speckle-faced parrot or is renamed plum- crowned parrot or plum-crowned pionus, while the northern Pionus seniloides is referred to as the white-capped parrot or white-headed pionus (leading to easy confusion with Pionus senilis). The two were originally described as separate species, are morphologically distinctive, and there is no evidence of intergradation, but this in itself is not remarkable, as their distributions are separated by a gap of approx. 150 km.
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As shown in Figure 8, a 5 ns pulsed laser beam was focused on a ground glass rotating diffuser, and the light was scattered onto two-dimensional absorbing samples that were embedded in an agarose gel block. The speckle grain size was recorded to be approximately 30 μm due to the sample distance from the diffuser, 5 cm. The absorbing samples were then placed onto the ultrasound transducer array that was connected to an ultrasound scanner, and polyethylene beads of 50-100 μm in diameter were assigned in place of absorbing samples with isotropic emitters. Finally, the diffuser was rotated to produce a series of PA images for 100 different speckle patterns, and the mean and variance images were produced.
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The component under investigation must have an optically rough surface so that when it is illuminated by an expanded laser beam, the image formed is a subjective speckle pattern. The light arriving at a point in the speckled image is scattered from a finite area of the object, and its phase, amplitude and intensity, which are all random, are directly related to the microstructure of that area in the object. A second light field, known as the reference beam, is derived from the same laser beam and is superimposed on the video camera image (different configurations enable different measurements to be made). The two light fields interfere and the resulting light field has random amplitude, phase and intensity, and is therefore also a speckle pattern.
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Bird species recorded at the reserve include Scale-throated hermit, Pileated parrot, Black-capped foliage-gleaner, Pale-browed treehunter, Streaked xenops, Olivaceous woodcreeper, Dusky-tailed antbird, White-shouldered fire-eye, Speckle-breasted antpitta, Greenish tyrannulet, Fuscous flycatcher, Blue manakin, Greenish schiffornis, Chestnut- crowned becard, Rufous-browed peppershrike, Golden-rumped euphonia and Red- crowned ant tanager.
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Strain rate imaging is an ultrasound method for imaging regional differences in contraction (dyssynergy) in for instance iscemic heart disease or dyssynchrony due to Bundle branch block. Strain rate imaging measures either regional systolic deformation (strain) or the rate of regional deformation (strain rate). The methods used are either tissue Doppler or Speckle tracking echocardiography.
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Shore birds such as the American avocet hunt tadpoles and insects in the shallow water. Wetlands speckle the San Luis Valley and are important habitat for sandhill cranes, shore birds, amphibians, dragonflies, and freshwater shrimp. Grassland species such as elk also use these waters for drinking. The sabkha and wetlands are at approximately in elevation.
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The speckle pattern which is seen when using a laser pointer is another diffraction phenomenon. It is a result of the superposition of many waves with different phases, which are produced when a laser beam illuminates a rough surface. They add together to give a resultant wave whose amplitude, and therefore intensity, varies randomly.
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The R868W mutation was found in exon 12 and the N985I mutation was found in exon 13. These mutations lead to forms of HIPK2 that are less active and show abhorrent localization to nuclear speckles. The speckle retention sequence is necessary for HIPK2 function in transcription activation as deletion of this sequence inhibits the function.
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The pair were resolved using speckle interferometry in 1983. The companion is modelled to be between 1.5 and 3 magnitudes fainter than the primary star. Although there have since been several failed attempts to resolve the pair, a tentative orbit has been calculated with a period of 21.26 years and an eccentricity of 0.5.
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Fleming AD, Xia X, McDicken WN, Sutherland GR, Fenn L. Myocardial velocity gradients detected by Doppler imaging.Br J Radiol. 1994 Jul;67(799):679-88. Later, the regional deformation has also been available by speckle tracking echocardiography,Bohs LN, Trahey GE. A novel method for angle independent ultrasonic imaging of blood flow and tissue motion.
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The speckle-chested piculet (Picumnus steindachneri) is a species of bird in the family Picidae (woodpeckers) endemic to Peru. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland and montane forests. It is threatened by habitat destruction as the forests are cleared to make way for agricultural land, and the IUCN has rated it as being an endangered species.
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The detection of PL is challenging for resonant excitation as it is difficult to discriminate contributions from the excitation, i.e., stray-light and diffuse scattering from surface roughness. Thus, speckle and resonant Rayleigh-scattering are always superimposed to the incoherent emission. In case of the non-resonant excitation, the structure is excited with some excess energy.
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They orbit each other with a period of around . The primary component is itself a spectroscopic binary in a near circular orbit with a period of around . The a sin i value for the primary is , where a is the semimajor axis and i is the orbital inclination. It has been repeatedly resolved by speckle interferometery since 1973.
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He is the author of approximately 220 technical publications, including the textbooks Introduction to Fourier Optics (1968, Second Edition 1996, Third Edition 2005, Fourth Edition 2017), Statistical Optics (1985, Second Edition 2015), Speckle Phenomena in Optics (2006, Second Edition 2020) and (with R.M. Gray) Fourier Transforms: An Introduction for Engineers (1995). His first full-length publication (Proc. I.E.E.E., Vol.
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Digital Shearography: Theory and Application of Digital Speckle Pattern Shearing Interferometry SPIE Press: 1 January 2003 Advantages of shearography are the large area testing capabilities (up to 1 m² per minute), non-contact properties, its relative insensitivity to environmental disturbances, and its good performance on honeycomb materials, which is a big challenge for traditional nondestructive testing methods.
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The star has 3.6 times the girth of the Sun and is radiating 38 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7568 K. It has a moderate rotation rate, with a projected rotational velocity of around 16 km/s. A third component was detected in 1987 using speckle interferometry at an angular separation of .
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Beta Monocerotis C (Beta Mon C / β Monocerotis C / β Mon C) is a Be star with a mass of approximately 6 solar masses and a luminosity of 1,300 times the Sun's. This star was observed to be double in speckle interferometric observations in 1988, but this has not been confirmed by later infrared observations.Table 1, .
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Super-resolution photoacoustic imaging is a set of techniques used to enhance spatial resolution in photoacoustic imaging. Specifically, these techniques primarily break the optical diffraction limit of the photoacoustic imaging system. It can be achieved in a variety of mechanisms, such as blind structured illumination, multi-speckle illumination, or photo-imprint photoacoustic microscopy in Figure 1.
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Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry. Other methods can achieve resolving power exceeding the limit imposed by atmospheric distortion, such as speckle imaging, aperture synthesis, and lucky imaging, or by moving outside the atmosphere with space telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope.
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Refrigeration within the dome offsets some of these issues. Despite these shortcomings, the BTA-6 remains a significant instrument, able to image objects as faint as the 26th magnitude. This makes it especially useful for tasks such as spectroscopy and speckle interferometry, where light-gathering performance is more important than resolution. BTA has made several contributions using these techniques.
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Under Rayleigh–Gans condition, in particular, speckle dimension mirrors the average dimension of the scattering objects, while, in general, the statistical properties of near field speckles generated by a sample depend on the light scattering distribution. Actually, the condition under which the near field speckles appear has been described as more strict than the usual Fresnel condition.
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Speckle-like patterns can also be observed in other systems where random interference occurs, including situations where, for example, the phenomenon is not observed over space but in time. This is the case of phase sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry, where multiple reflections of a coherent pulse generated at different instants interfere to produce a random time- domain signal.
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A number of orbits were subsequently published using visual and speckle-interferometric observations, both alone and in conjunction with spectroscopic data.. In 1999, Söderhjelm published an orbit using speckle-interferometric data together with Hipparcos observations. Neubauer's 1944 work found a small variation in the radial velocity of Beta Coronae Borealis with a periodicity of 320 days, suggesting the presence of a third, lighter, body in the system. A 1999 study of the system by long- baseline infrared interferometry performed at Palomar Observatory found no evidence for this, and showed that any tertiary companion with this period must have mass 10 Jupiter masses or below. This study also found very weak evidence for the presence of a companion with a shorter, 21-day, period, but the data was insufficient to draw a positive conclusion.
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The variable velocity of this system was reported by W. W. Campbell in 1918. It is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of and an eccentricity of 0.4. The components have a visual magnitude difference of 2.7 and are unresolved by speckle interferometry. The primary component is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of G5II.
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This limit can be overcome by placing the telescopes above the atmosphere, e.g., on the summits of high mountains, on balloon and high-flying airplanes, or in space. Resolution limits can also be overcome by adaptive optics, speckle imaging or lucky imaging for ground-based telescopes. Recently, it has become practical to perform aperture synthesis with arrays of optical telescopes.
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Biological tissue is one of the most complex that can be found in nature. Besides it is worsened by the intrinsic variability present between one sample and another. These facts make even more difficult the comparison of results between different samples even in presence of the same stimulus. In this context, speckle patterns have been applied to study bacteria,Murialdo, S; et al.
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As discussed, the LO and signal must be temporally coherent. They also need to be spatially coherent across the face of the detector or they will destructively interfere. In many usage scenarios the signal is reflected from optically rough surfaces or passes through optically turbulent media leading to wavefronts that are spatially incoherent. In laser scattering this is known as speckle.
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It is 560 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of . It has double the mass of the Sun and is radiating 23 times the Sun's luminosity at an effective temperature of . A very close companion has been reported using speckle interferometry, but this remains unconfirmed. The separation at discovery in 1986 was and it was measured at in 1999.
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A vacuum shearography hood and data display unit is applied to a composite structure to check for defects. An indication of a possible defect appears as the ripple pattern on the bottom right of the data screen. Shearography or Speckle pattern shearing interferometry is a measuring and testing method similar to holographic interferometry. It uses coherent light or coherent soundwavesNg, Jeanette.
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Leptolalax ventripunctatus (known as Yunnan Asian toad or more elaborately, speckle-bellied metacarpal-tubercled toad) is a frog species in the family Megophryidae. It is known from Mengla County in Yunnan, southern China, from Phongsaly Province in northern Laos, and from Tam Dao in northern Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical moist lowland forests and rivers. Its status is insufficiently known.
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Paratype of subspecies pilyachuch from Kamchatka, in the Natural History Museum, London Small blue males are dark brown with a scattering of bright blue scales that speckle their wings. Females lack this blue speckling. Both males and females exhibit the characteristic silver underside with black spots. The male has a bluish tint at the base of its wings similar to the upper side.
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A search of the system using near-infrared speckle interferometry also failed to detect a companion orbiting at distances of 1–10 AU. Nor has a brown dwarf been detected orbiting within this system. The space velocity components of this system are U = 141, V = –7 and W = 7. They are members of the halo population of the Milky Way galaxy.
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In one technique called shift-and-add (also called image stacking), the short exposure images are aligned by using the brightest speckle and averaged to give a single output image. In the lucky imaging approach, only the best short exposures are selected for averaging. Early shift-and-add techniques aligned images according to the image centroid, giving a lower overall Strehl ratio.
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A is an A-type giant star, while B is a B-type subgiant star. They are also referred to, rarely, as Rho1 Herculis and Rho2 Herculis. Rho Herculis A is itself a close binary which has been resolved using speckle interferometry, with the two components separated by . The two visual components have very similar spectral types, between A0 and B9.
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Cao spent 2008 as the American Physical Society Division of Laser Science Distinguished Traveling Lecturers. Later that year she joined Yale University as a Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering. Cao's research at Yale considers non-conventional lasers, including random, chaotic and microcavity lasers. She applied her understanding of random lasing systems to the design of novel sources for speckle-free imaging.
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This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system with an orbital period of 363.57 days and an eccentricity of 0.35. The pair were resolved through speckle interferometry in 1977, showing an angular separation of . They were later resolved in 1981 with a separation of , but were unresolved during 20 other attempts between 1976–1991. The system is a source of X-ray emission.
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Lipaphnaeus aderna, the bramble false hairstreak or blue silver speckle, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The habitat consists of forests and dense savanna. Both sexes have been recorded on flowering shrubs in sunny glades.
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K-distribution arises as the consequence of a statistical or probabilistic model used in synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The K-distribution is formed by compounding two separate probability distributions, one representing the radar cross-section, and the other representing speckle that is a characteristic of coherent imaging. It is also used in wireless communication to model composite fast fading and shadowing effects.
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Greece is no exception, but ranked ahead of Italy and France in 1995.Birgit Speckle: Controversy over beer in Bavaria: Values of purity, community and tradition. Waxmann-Verlag, 2001, p. 250 Beer consumption increased by 20% between 1996 and 2004, whereas beer is a pure seasonal beverage in Greece, 60% of the bottles sold are sold between May and September.
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The fainter component is itself a close binary which can only be resolved using speckle interferometry. The two were separated by in 1993 and in 2008, and have an estimated orbital period of . A further faint star, component E away, is a proper-motion companion. Two other faint companions listed in multiple star catalogues as components C and D are unrelated background objects.
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An animated image of the Moon's surface showing the effects of Earth's atmosphere on the view The first answer to this problem was speckle imaging, which allowed bright objects with simple morphology to be observed with diffraction-limited angular resolution. Later came NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, working outside the atmosphere and thus not having any seeing problems and allowing observations of faint targets for the first time (although with poorer resolution than speckle observations of bright sources from ground-based telescopes because of Hubble's smaller telescope diameter). The highest resolution visible and infrared images currently come from imaging optical interferometers such as the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer or Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope, but those can only be used on very bright stars. Starting in the 1990s, many telescopes have developed adaptive optics systems that partially solve the seeing problem.
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The intensity or speckle of an OCT signal is the random interference pattern produced by backscattered light from a random medium. OCT captures cross-sectional images, known as B-scans. In SV-OCT, multiple B-scans are captured at the same location, creating a 3D data set, with time as the third dimension. The pixel-wise variance is computed between consecutive B-scan frames.
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Based upon its spectrum, this is classified as a stony S-type asteroid. During 2000, speckle interferometry measurements from the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo in the Canary Islands were used to measure the apparent size and shape of 30 Urania. This gave cross-sectional dimensions equivalent to an ellipse with a length of 111 km and a width of 89 km, for a ratio of 0.80.
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The overall output of the star is best represented by a luminosity of . The carbon-rich gaseous envelope surrounding this star is at least 69,000 years old and the star is losing about solar masses per year. The extended envelope contains at least 1.4 solar masses of material. Speckle observations from 1999 show a complex structure to this dust envelope, including partial arcs and unfinished shells.
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They then return to the beach resort, of which Jemmy, by his wife's death, is now part owner. The two contrive to join a caravan, and Jeremy returns as a merchant's chef, unknown to his former townsfolk, to Spiral Town. During the trip, Jemmy makes his attempt to break the speckles monopoly. All along the Road, he distributes gumdrop candy covered with dyed speckle seeds to children.
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Christopher Dainty is a professor who researches optical imaging, scattering and propagation. In these areas he has published books: Scattering in Volumes and Surfaces (1989, co-edited with M Nieto-Vesperinas), Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena (1975, 2nd Ed. 1984, editor) and Image Science (1974) which he co-authored with Rodney Shaw. He has co-authored around 170 peer-reviewed papers and some 300 conference presentations.
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A helium–neon laser emits light at 632 nanometers (red), while a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser emits light at 532 nm (green). Various laser diodes and diode-pumped solid- state lasers emit light in red, yellow, green, blue or violet. Dye lasers can be tuned to emit nearly any color. However, lasers also experience a phenomenon called laser speckle, which shows up in the fringes.
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Noise can also be introduced through impurities in the scattering medium, such as temperature variations and window blemishes. Because holography requires coherent imaging, these effects are much more severe than traditional imaging conditions. The combination of these factors increases the complexity of the correlation process. In particular, the speckle noise in an HPIV recording often prevents traditional image-based correlation methods from being used.
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Insana MF, Wagner RF, Garra BS, Momenan R, Shawker TH. Pattern recognition methods for optimizing multivariate tissue signatures in diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrason Imaging. 1986 Jul;8(3):165-80Bohs LN, Friemel BH, Trahey GE. Experimental velocity profiles and volumetric flow via two-dimensional speckle tracking. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995;21(7):885-98 The method thus tracks a kernels motion from one frame to the next.
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2007 Apr 17;49(15):1651- and prognostic.Bjork Ingul C, Rozis E, Slordahl SA, Marwick TH. Incremental value of strain rate imaging to wall motion analysis for prediction of outcome in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography.Circulation. 2007 Mar 13;115(10):1252-9 In stress echo, the increased heart rate has speckle tracking at a disadvantage, due to the limited frame rate that affects tracking at higher heart rates.
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Such reflections may occur on materials such as paper, white paint, rough surfaces, or in media with a large number of scattering particles in space, such as airborne dust or in cloudy liquids. The term speckle pattern is also commonly used in the experimental mechanics community to describe the pattern of physical speckles on a surface which is useful for measuring displacement fields via digital image correlation.
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In later years, Global strain by speckle tracking has achieved popularity as the global functional measure. It has an advantage over Ejection fraction (EF), it shows reduced cardiac function also in hypertrophic hearts with small ventricles and normal ejection fraction (HFNEF), which is often seen in Hypertensive heart disease, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Aortic stenosis. The EF is not a pure functional measure, as it is also dependent on wall thicknessMaciver DH. A new method for quantification of left ventricular systolic function using a corrected ejection fraction.Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011 Mar;12(3):228-34 It has also been shown to be more sensitive than EF.Gjesdal O, Hopp E, Vartdal T, Lunde K, Helle-Valle T, Aakhus S, Smith HJ, Ihlen H, Edvardsen T. Global longitudinal strain measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography is closely related to myocardial infarct size in chronic ischaemic heart disease.
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SV-OCT uses the inter-frame variance of image intensities to compute blood flow. Areas that have high flow will have higher motion of scattering particles and this information is encoded in the speckle pattern. SV-OCT has advantages for microvasculature imaging due to its high sensitivity and independence to the Doppler angle. In addition, it has low computational complexity and requires relatively low data storage compared to PV-OCT .
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Diacylglycerol kinase theta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKQ gene. The protein encoded by this gene contains three cysteine-rich domains, a proline-rich region, and a pleckstrin homology domain with an overlapping Ras- associating domain. It is localized in the speckle domains of the nucleus, and mediates the regeneration of phosphatidylinositol (PI) from diacylglycerol in the PI-cycle during cell signal transduction.
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The fifth outermost candidate was confirmed in the same manner in April 2014. The possibility that the signals in the light curve of the star were actually from something else has been ruled out by an investigation with the W. M. Keck and Gemini Observatories, using speckle imaging and adaptive optics techniques, which, while unable to resolve the planets, were able to rule out other possibilities than the system of planets.
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In addition, PDV has an inherently higher resolution than PIV (where small image subregions are used to determine the velocity typically 16 x 16 pixels) and a velocity measurement may be obtained for each pixel within the flow image. However, particularly in the case of instantaneous measurement using PDV, some pixel binning is used to attenuate the deleterious effects of laser speckle and improve the Signal-to-Noise ratio.
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In processes that involve following a labelled molecule as it is incorporated in some larger polymer, such markers can be used to follow the dynamics of growth/shrinkage of the polymer, as well as its movement. Commonly used fiducial markers are fluorescently labelled monomers of bio-polymers. The task of measuring and quantifying what happens to these is borrowed from methods in physics and computational imaging like Speckle imaging.
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After the initial detection of a transit signal by Kepler, follow-up observations were taken to confirm the planetary nature of the candidate. Speckle imaging by the WIYN Telescope was used to determine the amount of light from nearby, background stars that was present. If not accounted for, this light would have made Kepler-6 appear brighter than it actually was. Consequently, the size of Kepler-6b would have been underestimated.
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The light from the high power IR-laser diodes is converted into visible light by means of extra-cavity waveguided second-harmonic generation. Laser pulses with about 10 kHz repetition rate and various lengths are sent to a digital micromirror device where each mirror directs the pulse either onto screen or into the dump. Because the wavelengths are known all coatings can be optimized to reduce reflections and therefore speckle.
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"Lasing in nanocomposite random media". Nano Today 10(2) (2015): 168–192. . including photonic barcode, optomicrofluidics, optical batteries, cancer diagnostic, speckle-free bioimaging, on-chip random spectrometer, time- resolved microscopy/spectroscopy, sensing, friend-foe identification, etc. Furthermore, random laser is naturally endowed with two key superiorities, namely, laser-level intensity and broad-angular emissions, which are mutually exclusive in thermal light sources, light-emitting-diodes (LEDs), and typical lasers.
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Speckle also occurs if multiple parts of a coherent wave scatter from different centers. In certain rare circumstances, multiple scattering may only involve a small number of interactions such that the randomness is not completely averaged out. These systems are considered to be some of the most difficult to model accurately. The description of scattering and the distinction between single and multiple scattering are tightly related to wave–particle duality.
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A 1997 search with a near-infrared speckle interferometer failed to detect a companion orbiting 1–10 AU from the star. In 2001, an optical coronagraph was used to example the star, but no companion was found. There is no sign of variability in its radial velocity, which would otherwise indicate the presence of an unseen companion. This star is orbiting through the Milky Way galaxy with an eccentricity of 0.028 .
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The sample has size 256 μm2, the distance between the lines is 17 μm, and the PSF is a two-dimensional Gaussian kernel with a FWHM of 35 μm. The BSIPAM experiment is repeated M = 200 times, each with random speckle patterns, and the speckles each have a size of 9 μm. Figure 7 displays the results. When BSIPAM is applied, the resolution is improved by a factor of 2.4.
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There are generally two kinds of methods to obtain the sub pixel accuracy: interpolation methods, such as parabolic fit, and phase based methods in which the peak lag is found when the phase of the analytic cross correlation function crosses zero.X. Chen, M. J. Zohdy, S. Y. Emelianov and M. O'Donnell, "Lateral Speckle Tracking Using Synthetic Lateral Phase," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrcs and Frequency Control, vol. 51, no. 5, pp.
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Ingul CB, Torp H, Aase SA, Berg S, Stoylen A, Slordahl SA. Automated analysis of strain rate and strain: feasibility and clinical implications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005 May;18(5):411-8.Amundsen BH, Crosby J, Steen PA, Torp H, Slørdahl SA, Støylen A. Regional myocardial long-axis strain and strain rate measured by different tissue Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography methods: a comparison with tagged magnetic resonance imaging.
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The period of the observed interference picture is adjusted just by cross shift of the hologram from its initial position. The main background of the HIM methods are coherent noise and speckle structure of the images appearing as the result of using coherent source of light. The methods of holographic interference microscopy were worked out and applied for phase micro-object study in the 1980s.Safronov, G.S., Tishko, T.V. (1985).
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Ingul CB, Torp H, Aase SA, Berg S, Stoylen A, Slordahl SA. Automated analysis of strain rate and strain: feasibility and clinical implications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005 May;18(5):411-8.Amundsen BH, Crosby J, Steen PA, Torp H, Slørdahl SA, Støylen A. Regional myocardial long-axis strain and strain rate measured by different tissue Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography methods: a comparison with tagged magnetic resonance imaging.
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The speckle-chested piculet is endemic to Peru. It has a rather limited range, being only known from the central Huallaga Valley and certain parts of the Utcubamba Valley in the foothills of the eastern Andes in Peru. Its altitudinal range is between about . Its main habitat is primary moist lowland forest and moist montane forest with vines, epiphytes and bamboos, but it also occurs in secondary growth forests, and thickets in cultivated areas.
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The main challenge is to generate a flat field illumination for short time exposures and wavelengths, to avoid speckle (in monochromatic light conditions) and statistical fluctuations of the light stream that become most obvious at short integration times. Many patents and methods exist to reduce or eliminate fixed pattern noise in digital imagers . Specific for the suppression of "offset FPN" as defined above, on-chip techniques for suppression exist, such as correlated double sampling.
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The method allows for the exact and easy generation of very fine patterns with unlimited depth of field. Disadvantages are high cost of implementation, difficulties providing the ideal beam geometry, and laser typical effects like speckle noise and the possible self interference with beam parts reflected from objects. Typically, there is no means of modulating individual stripes, such as with Gray codes. The projection method uses incoherent light and basically works like a video projector.
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For small to moderate levels of Gaussian noise, the median filter is demonstrably better than Gaussian blur at removing noise whilst preserving edges for a given, fixed window size. However, its performance is not that much better than Gaussian blur for high levels of noise, whereas, for speckle noise and salt-and-pepper noise (impulsive noise), it is particularly effective. Because of this, median filtering is very widely used in digital image processing.
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The two main instruments behind Project 1640 is an Integral field spectrograph (IFS) and an Apodized- pupil Lyot coronagraph at the Hale Telescope at Palomar. This instrument is the basis of a high-contrast imaging long-term observational program. The instrument uses the chromatic nature of the speckle noise to distinguish it from any true astrophysical companions, including software which increases sensitivity by 10-20 times. Such sensitivity can detect planets of several Jupiter masses.
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X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) is a novel technique that exploits a coherent X-ray synchrotron beam to measure the dynamics of a sample. By recording how coherent speckle fluctuations in time, one can measure a time correlation function, and thus measure the timescale processes of interest (diffusion, relaxation, reorganization, etc.). XPCS is used to study the slow dynamics of various equilibrium and non-equilibrium processes occurring in condensed matter systems.
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K2-155d is one of 15 exoplanets discovered by a team of Japanese astronomers led by Teruyuki Hirano at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Its discovery is based on data from the K2 mission of NASA's Kepler spacecraft. The exoplanet has also been observed from ground-based telescopes including the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) in La Palma and the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. Its characteristics were confirmed using speckle imaging and high-dispersion optical spectroscopy.
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Two protein kinases are thought to play a role in the localization of SR proteins in the nucleus. SR protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) binds to and phosphorylates 10-12 serine residues on the N-terminal portion of the RS domain of SR proteins located in the cytosol. SR proteins can translocate into the nucleus after the serines are phosphorylated. The phosphorylated SR protein moves into the nucleus and relocates to a nuclear speckle.
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Mechanically induced modulation is an optical signal modulation induced by mechanical means. An example of deleterious mechanically induced modulation is speckle noise created in a multimode fiber by an imperfect splice or imperfectly mated connectors. Mechanical disturbance of the fiber ahead of the joint will introduce changes in the modal structure, resulting in variations of joint loss. This is a subset of many mechanisms that can lead to modal noise in an optical system.
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Synthetic array lidar allows imaging lidar without the need for an array detector. It can be used for imaging Doppler velocimetry, ultra-fast frame rate (MHz) imaging, as well as for speckle reduction in coherent lidar. An extensive lidar bibliography for atmospheric and hydrospheric applications is given by Grant.Grant, W. B., Lidar for atmospheric and hydrospheric studies, in Tunable Laser Applications, 1st Edition, Duarte, F. J. Ed. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995) Chapter 7.
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Speckle Variance optical coherence tomography (SV-OCT) is an imaging algorithm for functional optical imaging. Optical coherence tomography is an imaging modality that uses low-coherence interferometry to obtain high resolution, depth-resolved volumetric images. OCT can be used to capture functional images of blood flow, a technique known as optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). SV-OCT is one method for OCT-A that uses the variance of consecutively acquired images to detect flow at the micron scale.
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Additional observations are necessary in order to confirm that a KOI actually has the planet that has been predicted, instead of being a false positive or misidentification. The most well-established confirmation method is to obtain radial velocity measurements of the planet acting on the KOI. However, for many KOIs this is not feasible. In these cases, speckle imaging or adaptive optics imaging using ground-based telescopes can be used to greatly reduce the likelihood of background eclipsing binaries.
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63 Ophiuchi is an O-type giant star in the constellation Sagittarius, despite its name. During a 2009 survey for companions of massive stars, it was observed using speckle interferometry but no companion was found. Uncertain negative parallax measurements of –0.77 ± 0.40 mas suggest that this extremely luminous star may be located about 4000 light-years away. An estimate of the distance based on the strength of the Ca II line yields a more modest value of .
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They are no longer volcanically active and the hotspot now rests under Réunion Island. Mauritius is encircled by a broken ring of mountain ranges, varying in height from above sea level. The land rises from coastal plains to a central plateau where it reaches a height of ; the highest peak is in the south-west, Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire at . Streams and rivers speckle the island, many formed in the cracks created by lava flows.
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Using speckle interferometry, McAlister (1982) obtained mass estimates of for the primary and for the secondary, where is the mass of the Sun. He noted that the mass estimate was too high for the given classification of the primary. Martin and Mignard (1998) determined masses for both components based on data from the Hipparcos mission: for the primary and for the secondary. They admit that the high inclination of the orbit resulted in a large margin of error.
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Early estimates of the diameter of Vesta ranged from 383 (in 1825) to . E.C. Pickering produced an estimated diameter of in 1879, which is close to the modern value for the mean diameter, but the subsequent estimates ranged from a low of up to a high of during the next century. The measured estimates were based on photometry. In 1989, speckle interferometry was used to measure a dimension that varied between 498 and during the rotational period.
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Applications of ptychography are diverse because it can be used with any type of radiation that can be prepared as a quasi-monochromatic propagating wave. Ptychographic imaging, along with advances in detectors and computing, has resulted in the development of X-ray microscopes. Coherent beams are required in order to obtain 'far-field' diffraction patterns with speckle patterns. Coherent X-ray beams can be produced by modern synchrotron radiation sources, free-electron lasers and high harmonic sources.
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Holographic interferometry (HI)Powell RL & Stetson KA, 1965, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 1593-8Jones R & Wykes C, Holographic and Speckle Interferometry, 1989, Cambridge University Press is a technique which enables static and dynamic displacements of objects with optically rough surfaces to be measured to optical interferometric precision (i.e. to fractions of a wavelength of light). These measurements can be applied to stress, strain and vibration analysis, as well as to non-destructive testing and radiation dosimetry.
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This setup is used to avoid speckle noise form being generated from interference of the two waves within the scattering medium, which would occur if they were both propagated through the medium. An off-axis experiment is a highly complex optical system comprising numerous optical elements, and the reader is referred to an example schematic in Sheng et al. for a more complete presentation. In-line holography is another approach that provides some unique advantages for particle imaging.
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Throughout the cardiac cycle, the end-diastolic tissue dimension represents the unstressed initial material length. Speckle tracking is one of two methods for Strain rate imaging, the other being Tissue Doppler. Twist or torsional deformation define the base-to-apex gradient and is the result of myocardial shearing in the circumferential-longitudinal planes such that, when viewed from the apex, the base rotates in a counterclockwise direction. Likewise the LV apex concomitantly rotates in a clockwise direction.
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ESPI fringes showing one of the vibration modes of a clamped square plate The optical arrangement is the same as for out-of-plane displacement above. The object is vibrated at a specific frequency. Those parts of the object which do not move will continue to be speckled. It can be shown that parts of the object which vibrate with amplitudes of nλ/4 have higher speckle contrast than those parts which vibrate at (n+½)λ/4.
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In certain test applications they are superior to other technologies, such as laser speckle because of the ability to measure strain over a large range. This allows measurements such as modulus to be determined as well as strain at failure. Changing of ambient light conditions during the test can affect the test results if the video extensometer does not utilize appropriate filters both over the lighting array and lens. Systems with this technology remove all effects of ambient lighting conditions.
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Photometric observations at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico during 2008–09 were used to generate a light curve that showed four unequal minima and maxima per cycle. The curve shows a period of 8.909 ± 0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 ± 0.02 in magnitude. This result is compatible with previous studies. Speckle interferometric observations carried out with the Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory during 1982–84 failed to discover a satellite companion.
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In the case of GASMAS, optical interference is particularly cumbersome. This is related to the severe speckle-type interference that originates from the interaction between laser light and highly scattering solid materials. Since this highly non-uniform interference is generated in same place as the utility signal, it cannot be removed by design. The optical properties of the porous material under study determines the interference pattern, and the level of interference is not seldom much stronger than actual gas absorption signals.
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Taylor's garden-eel is a small fish that can reach a maximum length of 48 cm. Its body is anguiform (eel-like): long, thin, with a circular cross-section (20 mm in average diameter) and a head of the same diameter as the body. The body is white to yellowish and covered with many small black spots with patterns that vary from one individual to another and may include circular mottling or labyrinthine patterns. The dorsal fin always has a simple speckle pattern.
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Canadian Speckle Park is a truly Canadian breed developed from three British breeds: Teeswater Shorthorn, Aberdeen Angus, and a British white. Mary Lindsay began producing speckled cattle when she crossed a red roan cow and a bull with a white park pattern. These offspring were always speckled, and in 1959, Lindsay sold a heifer to Bill and Eillen Lamont of Saskatchewan, who began using speckled cows in their herd. When crossed with Black Angus bulls, these cows produced offspring with a speckled pattern.
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She later attributed this lasing to the random scattering of light within the zinc oxide grains. Cao switched her research focus to random lasers, lasers where modes are determined by multiple scattering events. In conventional lasers, high spatial coherence can result in artefacts such as a speckle, which can compromise full-field imaging. Random lasers can achieve similar brightnesses to conventional lasers, but demonstrate low spatial coherence and are much more simple to fabricate: they can even be made using disordered materials.
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At Palomar Observatory, Antoine Labeyrie and others used speckle interferometry with the Hale Telescope to resolve the system in 1977. The Hipparcos satellite observed the orbital motion of the primary relative to other stars, and an orbit was computed in 2005 using spectroscopic data together with these measurements. The period of the system is around 410 days. They have a high orbital eccentricity of 0.55 and the orbital plane is inclined 53.8° to the line of sight from the Earth.
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Star A was first resolved into three components using speckle interferometry, although they can now be directly imaged using space-based or adaptive optics. Component A1 was finally determined to be a spectroscopic binary. The two component stars of NGC 3603-A1 circle each other every 3.77 days, and show brightness variations of about 0.3 magnitudes due to eclipses. The stars orbit very close to each other, separated by barely their own diameters and at or near to filling their roche lobes.
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The shift-and-add method (more recently "image-stacking" method) is a form of speckle imaging commonly used for obtaining high quality images from a number of short exposures with varying image shifts. It has been used in astronomy for several decades, and is the basis for the image stabilisation feature on some cameras. The method involves calculation of the differential shifts of the images. This is easily accomplished in astronomical images since they can be aligned with the stars.
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Pleione is known to be a speckle binary, although its orbital parameters have yet to be fully established. In 1996 a group of Japanese and French astronomers discovered that Pleione is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 218.0 days and a large eccentricity of 0.6. The Washington Double Star Catalogue lists an angular separation between the two components of 0.2 arcseconds—an angle which equates to a distance of about 24 AU, assuming a distance of 120 parsecs.
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Twiss decided to pursue the Michelson alternative at the National Physical Laboratory at Teddington in the UK. John Davis worked with him for a short while on this project. When the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh established its outstation at Monte Porzio Catone just south of Rome, Twiss decided to move his Michelson interferometer there. Not only was the weather more conducive to astronomy, the food and wine were much superior to what was available in Teddington! Speckle interferometry was discovered during that period by Antoine Labeyrie.
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FF Aql is a possible quadruple star system. Analysis of its spectrum shows that it is a spectroscopic binary system with the fainter companion calculated to be a main sequence star of spectral type A9V to F3V, orbiting every 3.92 years. A third star, revealed by speckle interferometry, is likely to be a cooler star that has evolved off the main sequence. A fourth star, that is of magnitude 11.4 and located 6 arcseconds away, is unlikely to be a member of the system.
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Like other flare stars, it emits X-rays. The temperatures of the layers of the atmosphere of this star have been measured. This star has been examined for an orbiting companion using speckle interferometry in the near infrared part of the spectrum. However, no companion was found to a magnitude limit of 10.5 at 1 AU from the primary, out to a magnitude limit of 12.5 at 10 AU. Radial velocity measurements have likewise failed to reveal the presence of a companion orbiting this star.
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Victoria (minor planet designation: 12 Victoria) is a large main-belt asteroid, orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.56 years and an eccentricity of 0.221. It is a stony (S-type) asteroid, about 112–124 km across with an albedo of 0.18. Victoria has been observed to occult a star three times since its discovery. Radar and speckle interferometry observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a binary asteroid, with a moon of irregular shape.
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1232 at the National Research Council of Canada in Boucherville showed that a Fabry–Pérot interferometer system could assess optical speckle returning from rough surfaces. It provided the impetus for the translation of laser ultrasonics into industrial applications. Today, ultrasound waves may be detected optically by a variety of techniques. Most techniques use continuous or long pulse (typically of tens of microseconds) lasers but some use short pulses to down convert very high frequencies to DC in a classic pump-probe configuration with the generation.
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Carolyn Porco of NASA was consulted on the planetary science and imagery. The animators realistically recreated what an explosion would look like in space: short blasts, which suck inward and leave debris from a ship floating. For shots of an imploding planet, the same explosion program was used to simulate it breaking up, while the animators could manually composite multiple layers of rocks and wind sucking into the planet. Unlike other Star Trek films and series, the transporter beam effects swirl rather than speckle.
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A systematic development of the method for the detection of nano-objects started in the early 2000s as a general effort to explore fluorescence-free options for studying single molecules and nano-objects. In particular, gold nanoparticles down to a size of 5 nm were imaged via the interference of their scattered light with a reflected beam from the cover-slip supporting them. Using a supercontinuum laser additionally allowed for recording the particles’ plasmon spectra. The early measurements were limited by residual speckle-like background.
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Genetic analysis indicates the sea otter and its closest extant relatives, which include the African speckle-throated otter, European otter, African clawless otter and oriental small-clawed otter, shared an ancestor approximately 5 million years ago. Fossil evidence indicates the Enhydra lineage became isolated in the North Pacific approximately 2 million years ago, giving rise to the now-extinct Enhydra macrodonta and the modern sea otter, Enhydra lutris.Love, p. 9 One related species has been described, Enhydra reevei, from the Pleistocene of East Anglia.
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He changed his name from Michael Finch to Mihangel Morgan in his early twenties, taking his mother's maiden name.Davies, Elfed: "1799 Carmel Eglwys Presbyteraidd Cymru Trecynon 1996" (Pink Panther Digital Solutions) His work often reflects Welsh academia and the crisis of Welsh culture and many actual figures are easily recognised in some of his works. References to key moments in Welsh literature speckle his work; e.g. Dan Gadarn Goncrit is a reference to the Artist in Philistia theme from a political Welsh poem about Saunders Lewis.
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The first class of issues involves the reconstruction itself. In holography, the object wave of a particle is typically assumed to be spherical; however, due to Mie scattering theory, this wave is a complex shape which can distort the reconstructed particle. Another issue is the presence of substantial speckle noise which lowers the overall signal-to-noise ratio of particle images. This effect is of greater concern for in-line holographic systems because the reference beam is propagated through the volume along with the scattered object beam.
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Selfportrait from "De historia stirpium commentarii insignes" Heinrich Füllmauer, Albrecht Meyer, and Veit Rudolf Speckle Albrecht Meyer also known as Albertus Meyer in Latinised form, was a botanical illustrator noted for his more than 500 plant images in Leonhart Fuchs's epic pre-Linnean publication of 1542, De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes, published in Latin and Greek, and almost immediately translated into German. At the time it was regarded as one of the most beautifully illustrated books on plants and a jewel in the crown of German Renaissance.
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Both amateur and professional astronomers have begun to use this technique. Modern webcams and camcorders have the ability to capture rapid short exposures with sufficient sensitivity for astrophotography, and these devices are used with a telescope and the shift-and-add method from speckle imaging (also known as image stacking) to achieve previously unattainable resolution. If some of the images are discarded, then this type of video astronomy is called lucky imaging. Many methods exist for image selection, including the Strehl-selection method first suggestedBaldwin et al.
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Eta Orionis is listed in multiple star catalogues as having two companions: a bright component B less than 2" away; and a faint component C nearly 2' away. The two are estimated to orbit every 1.8 thousand years. The primary star, Eta Orionis A, is itself a spectroscopic triple star, known from multiple spectral lines with varying radial velocities. The most distant component Ac, has been resolved using speckle interferometry, at a separation of about 0.04" It orbits the other two in 9.4 years.
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The axial resolution is typically 2-3 µm even with structured illumination techniques. The spatial dispersion generated by the diffraction grating ensures that the energy in the laser is spread over a wider area in the objective lens, hence reducing the possibility of damaging the lens itself. In contrast to what was initially thought, temporal focusing is remarkably robust to scattering. Its ability to penetrate through turbid media with minimal speckle was used in optogenetics, enabling photo-excitation of arbitrary light patterns through tissue.
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The object is illuminated by two beams derived from the same laser beam which are incident on the object from opposite sides. When the object is displaced or deformed in the direction normal to the viewing direction (i.e. in it its own plane), the phase of one beam increases, while that of the other decreases, so that the relative phase of the two beams changes. When this change is a multiple of 2π, the speckle pattern coincides with itself (remains the same), while elsewhere it changes.
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This variability causes the star to range in visual magnitude from 12.23 to 12.34. In 1950, this became the first star to have a small variation in magnitude attributed to spots on its photosphere. Examining the proper motion of Ross 248 has found no evidence of a brown dwarf or stellar companion orbiting between 100–1400 AU, and other unsuccessful searches have been attempted using both the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera and by near-infrared speckle interferometry. Long-term observations by the Sproul Observatory show no astrometric perturbations by any unseen companion.
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Typical LASCA maps of; (a) eroded tissue; (b) sound tissue. Based on the optical changes induced in eroded tissue by the lesions, in 2015 Koshoji et al. also demonstrated in a novel method that using laser speckle images (LSI) it is possible to acquire information on the microstructure of the enamel and detect minimal changes, such as early non-carious lesions. To produce the erosion, the samples were divided into four groups and immersed in 30 mL of a cola-based beverage (pH approximately 2.5) at room temperature.
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According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate of the district is transitional from tropical rainforest to hot steppe. The rainfall varies between and . There is a coastal forest, the Dondo forest (19°36'S 34°44'E), near the main road (EN 6) to Zimbabwe and 25 miles north of Beira with a species rich flora and fauna, including the eastern green-backed honeyguide, white-chested alethe, Böhm's spinetail, black-headed apalis, speckle-throated woodpecker, red-winged prinia, east coast akalat, violet-backed sunbird and olive-headed weaver.
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RMC 136a1 (usually abbreviated to R136a1) is one of the most massive and luminous stars known, at and 6.2 million , and is also one of the hottest, at around . It is a Wolf–Rayet star at the center of R136, the central concentration of stars of the large NGC 2070 open cluster in the Tarantula Nebula (30 Doradus). The cluster can be seen in the far southern celestial hemisphere with binoculars or a small telescope, at magnitude 7.25. R136a1 itself is 10,000 times fainter and can only be resolved using speckle interferometry.
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The Mount Adams Wilderness has a number of hiking trails. Trails in the wilderness pass through dry east-side and moist west-side forests, with views of Mt. Adams and its glaciers, streams, open alpine forests, parklands, and wildflowers which speckle the lava flows and rimrocks. Many trails access the Round the Mountain trail. On the south, the Shorthorn Trail leaves from near the Morrison Creek Campground and the South Climb Trail starts as Cold Springs Campground and heads up the South Spur, a common climbing route to the summit.
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Of the carnivorans there are 60 species, including the conspicuous hyenas, lions, leopards, cheetahs, serval, as well as the less prominent bat-eared fox, striped polecat, African striped weasel, caracal, honey badger, speckle-throated otter, several mongooses, jackals and civets. The family Eupleridae is restricted to Madagascar. The African list of ungulates is longer than in any other continent. The largest number of modern bovids is found in Africa (African buffalo, duikers, impala, rhebok, Reduncinae, oryx, dik-dik, klipspringer, oribi, gerenuk, true gazelles, hartebeest, wildebeest, dibatag, eland, Tragelaphus, Hippotragus, Neotragus, Raphicerus, Damaliscus).
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Holographic interferometry (HI) is a technique that enables static and dynamic displacements of objects with optically rough surfaces to be measured to optical interferometric precision (i.e. to fractions of a wavelength of light).Jones R and Wykes C, Holographic and Speckle Interferometry, 1989, Cambridge University Press It can also be used to detect optical-path-length variations in transparent media, which enables, for example, fluid flow to be visualized and analyzed. It can also be used to generate contours representing the form of the surface or the isodose regions in radiation dosimetry.
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More recently, scientific breeding has improved them and they have been exported to many parts of the world. They form part of the ancestry of various local breeds of sheep in Wales, the Llanwenog, the Lleyn sheep, the Kerry Hill, the badger- faced, the Welsh mule and the Beulah speckle-faced. In rural areas, sheep are still an important part of life with local livestock shows and sheep dog trials taking place annually. Pigs are not one of the main forms of livestock on Welsh farms though there are some specialised units.
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Old Speck Mountain, also known as Old Speckle Mountain, is a mountain located in Oxford County, Maine, United States. The mountain, the fourth-highest in the state, is the northeasternmost and highest of the Mahoosuc Range, the northeasternmost part of the White Mountains. Old Speck is flanked to the southwest by Mahoosuc Arm, and faces Baldpate Mountain to the northeast across Grafton Notch. Old Speck is within the watershed of the Androscoggin River, which drains into Merrymeeting Bay, the estuary of the Kennebec River, and then into the Gulf of Maine.
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These caries, sometimes referred to as "hidden caries", will still be visible on X-ray radiographs, but visual examination of the tooth would show the enamel intact or minimally perforated. The differential diagnosis for dental caries includes dental fluorosis and developmental defects of the tooth including hypomineralization of the tooth and hypoplasia of the tooth. The early carious lesion is characterized by demineralization of the tooth surface, altering the tooth's optical properties. Technology utilizing laser speckle image (LSI) techniques may provide a diagnostic aid to detect early carious lesions.
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Perfect Fang Dalmatiman is a dalmatian-themed choujin who attacks with powerful bits and agile maneuvers. He is able to rearrange the spots in his body, such as shifting them to his face to turn his head into that of a Doberman's or expelling them as a speckle bomb. He fights Black Hole on the Great Wall of China. Despite countering several of Black Hole's moves, he was tricked to choose a bone-shaped wound while trapped in Black Hole's dimension, which had actually been self-inflicted deliberately by Black Hole.
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The technique also requires a suitable background image. In some cases, the background may be provided by the experimenter, such as a random speckle pattern or sharp line, but naturally occurring features such as landscapes or bright light sources such as the sun and moon can also be used.. Background-oriented schlieren is most often performed using software techniques such as digital image correlation and optical flow analysis to perform synthetic schlieren, but it is possible to achieve the same effect in streak imaging with an analog optical system.
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Finched Pinzgau cows Finching is a colour pattern of cattle occurring in many unrelated breeds. Cattle with finching are said to be finched or finch- backed.Oxford English Dictionary Compact Edition 1971: Finch-backed (adjective); Finched (participle adjective) Finching consists of a white or pale stripe along the spine. It may join to a white head, as in Hereford cattle, continue over the tail, as in Gloucester and Pinzgau cattle, or it may form part of another colour-sided pattern, for example in Lineback, English Longhorn, Texas Longhorn, Speckle Park and Irish Moiled cattle.
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The second protein kinase, CLK1, then phosphorylates the remaining serines on the RS domain of the SR protein causing it to translocate out of the nuclear speckle and become associated with RNA polymerase II for co- transcriptional splicing of RNA. Movement of SR proteins out of the nucleus is controlled by a different mechanism. SR proteins that do not leave the nucleus are called nonshuttling SR proteins and those that do leave the nucleus are called shuttling SR proteins. SRp20 (SFRS3) and 9G8 (SFRS7) are two examples of mammalian shuttling SR proteins.
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The observed flaring activity possibly changes the atmospheres of the orbiting planets on a regular basis, making them less suitable for life. The star has a rotational period of 3.3 days. High-resolution speckle images of TRAPPIST-1 were obtained and revealed that the M8 star has no companions with a luminosity equal to or brighter than a brown dwarf. This determination that the host star is single confirms that the measured transit depths for the orbiting planets provide a true value for their radii, thus proving that the planets are indeed Earth- sized.
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Successful reprogramming was determined by performing histology and electrophysiological tests to confirm the tissue behaved as functional neurons. Beyond inducing neurons, Gallego-Perez et al also set out to induce endothelial cells in an ischemic mouse limb that, without proper blood flow, becomes necrotic and decays. Using a patented cocktail of plasmids (Etv2, Fli1, Foxc2, or EFF), these factors were delivered to the tissue above the surgery site. Using various methods, including histology and laser speckle imaging, perfusion and the establishment of new vasculature was verified as early as 7 days post- treatment.
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In the aperture masking technique, the bispectral analysis (speckle masking) method is typically applied to image data taken through masked apertures, where most of the aperture is blocked off and light can only pass through a series of small holes (subapertures). The aperture mask removes atmospheric noise from these measurements through the use of closure quantities, allowing the bispectrum to be measured more quickly than for an un-masked aperture. For simplicity the aperture masks are usually either placed in front of the secondary mirror (e.g. Tuthill et al.
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Tomographic reconstruction methods used in USCT systems for transmission information based imaging are classical inverse radon transform and fourier slice theorem and derived algorithms (cone beam etc.). As advanced alternative also ART-based approaches are utilized. For high resolution and speckle noise reduced reflectivity imaging Synthetic Aperture Focusing Techniques (SAFT), similar to radar's SAR and sonar's SAS, are widely used. Iterative wave equation inversion approaches as imaging method coming from the seismology are under academic research, but usage for real world applications is due to the enormous computational and memory burden still a challenge.
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2002 Jul 2;106(1):50-6Cho GY, Chan J, Leano R, Strudwick M, Marwick TH. Comparison of two-dimensional speckle and tissue velocity based strain and validation with harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:1661-6 The method is limited to one direction; along the ultrasound beam, can thus mainly be used from the apical window, and for longitudinal strain and strain rate measurements only. It is sensitive to angle deviation between the velocity vector (direction of motion) and the ultrasound beam, and is sensitive to noise, especially clutter noise.
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In four-color printing (or more), under color addition (UCA) is a technique for darkening areas of the printed image by adding colored inks. It is meant to achieve the same results as under color removal, but from a different starting position. Under color removal replaces colored inks in selected areas with black ink to achieve a darker appearance, whereas with under color addition, small portions of the three colors are added to these areas instead of, or in addition to, using black ink. UCA is used to reduce the speckle effects of dithering, especially with very light colors.
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In signal processing, the term multiplicative noise refers to an unwanted random signal that gets multiplied into some relevant signal during capture, transmission, or other processing. An important example is the speckle noise commonly observed in radar imagery. Examples of multiplicative noise affecting digital photographs are proper shadows due to undulations on the surface of the imaged objects, shadows cast by complex objects like foliage and Venetian blinds, dark spots caused by dust in the lens or image sensor, and variations in the gain of individual elements of the image sensor array. Maria Petrou, Costas Petrou (2010) Image Processing: The Fundamentals.
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Radar imaging of (136617) 1994 CC from Goldstone during a 2009 flyby Because of their distance from Earth and their small dimension, minor planets such as asteroids represent a challenge for astronomical instruments to resolve. Even two of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta, have maximum angular diameters of less than an arcsecond. With a ground-based optical telescope, resolution of these objects through the Earth's thick atmosphere can require techniques such as speckle interferometry or adaptive optics. Radio telescopes such as Arecibo or Goldstone have been used to observe asteroids.
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Joseph Justus ScaligerScaliger, introductory notes to his edition of Marcus Manilius, Astronomicon, 1579. was probably the first writer to draw attention to the difference between the chelys and the kithara. The acoustics of an authentically reconstructed ancient Greek tortoise-shell lyre, known as chelys, was investigated recently.E. Bakarezos, V. Vathis, S. Brezas, Y. Orphanos and N.A. Papadogiannis, “Acoustics of the Chelys - An ancient Greek tortoise-shell lyre” Applied Acoustics 73, 478 (2012) Modern experimental methods were employed, such as electronic speckle pattern laser interferometry and impulse response, to extract the vibrational behavior of the instrument and its main parts.
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This improved signal-to-noise ratio makes absolute amplitude measurements feasible in heterodyne detection. However, as noted above, scaling physical arrays to large element counts is challenging for heterodyne detection due to the oscillating or even multi-frequency nature of the output signal. Instead, a single-element optical detector can also act like diversity receiver via synthetic array heterodyne detection or Fourier transform heterodyne detection. With a virtual array one can then either adaptively select just one of the LO frequencies, track a slowly moving bright speckle, or add them all in post-processing by the electronics.
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This is a spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of 116.8 years and an eccentricity of 0.56. In 2010, speckle interferometry observations showed an angular separation of between the two components along a position angle of . The primary is a G-type main sequence star with a spectral classification of G1 V. It has about 35% more mass than the Sun and shines six times as brightly from an outer atmosphere that has an effective temperature of 5940 K. The system is roughly 3.7 billion years old and is a member of the galactic thin disk population.
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For 7 March 2017, a stellar occultation by Orcus had been predicted to take place in the Americas and over the Pacific Ocean. Observations were made at five sites in North and South America, and two solid body chords have been observed. Using speckle imaging, the occulted star was revealed to be a close double star, and a reconstruction of the orbits of Orcus and Vanth showed that both chords were from Vanth (occulting either of the two stars) rather than Orcus. A non-detection at a nearby site placed a constraint of () on the diameter of Vanth.
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E3 ubiquitin ligases are proteins that assist in tagging their targets with an epigenetic mark known as ubiquitin. This mark can serve several functions including marking proteins for degradation, signaling proteins to change their cellular location, affecting protein activity, and promoting or preventing protein interactions. An E3 uibiquitin ligase complex composed of Cullin 3 (CUL3), speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP), and RING-box protein 1 (RBX1) has been shown to mark the Bmi-1 with ubiquitin (a process known as ubiquitination). Researchers initially discovered this interaction when yeast two-hybrid screens demonstrated Bmi-1 specifically bound to the SPOP subunit.
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The protein kinase domain is 330 amino acids long and is located near the N-terminus of the protein. In addition to its kinase domain, HIPK2 has two nuclear localization signals, a SUMO interaction motif, an auto- inhibitory domain a transcriptional co-repression domain, and several interaction domains, including one for p53. While there are signals targeting HIPK2 to nuclear speckles, there is also a speckle retention sequence that causes HIPK2 to remain in the nuclear speckles. The auto-inhibitory domain, which contains an ubiquitylation site at the K1182 residue is located at the C-terminus.
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Two mutations have been discovered in the speckle retention sequence, both of which are missense. One of which was named R868W, meaning that at residue 868 where the wild type amino acid sequence would have contained an arginine residue, it now contains a tryptophan residue. The other mutation was named N958I, meaning that at residue 958 where the wild type amino acid sequence would have contained an asparagine residue, it now contains an isoleucine residue. The R868W mutation is the result of cytosine to thymine point mutation and the N985I mutation resulted from an adenine to thymine point mutation.
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A scrawny brown tom with a scarred, grey muzzle, Pod is rather skittish, but he is very talkative and is not afraid to speak his mind, as opposed to Fritz. He complains quite a lot, and often insults things he hates, such as the dogs or Sol. It seems he has a grudge against Sol for acting as a leader among the Twolegplace cats, while he and his "Clanmates" went hungry and had to train nonstop for the fight against the dogs. Pod was one of the first to come to Sol's abandoned Twoleg nest, along with Fritz and Speckle.
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In 1960, a group of astronomers working at the Radcliffe Observatory in Pretoria made systematic measurements of the brightness and spectra of bright stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Among the objects cataloged was RMC 136, (Radcliffe Observatory Magellanic Cloud Catalogue, Catalog number 136) the central "star" of 30 Doradus. Subsequent observations showed that R136 was located in the center of a giant H II region that was a center of intense star formation in the immediate vicinity of the observed stars. In the early 1980s, R136a was first resolved using speckle interferometry into 8 components.
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PIV itself found its roots in Laser speckle velocimetry, a technique that several groups began experimenting with in the late 1970s. In the early 1980s it was found that it was advantageous to decrease the particle concentration down to levels where individual particles could be observed. At these particle densities it was further noticed that it was easier to study the flows if they were split into many very small 'interrogation' areas, that could be analyzed individually to generate one velocity for each area. The images were usually recorded using analog cameras and needed immense amount of computing power to be analyzed.
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Synthetic-aperture radar determines the 3D reflectivity from measured SAR data. It is basically a spectrum estimation, because for a specific cell of an image, the complex-value SAR measurements of the SAR image stack are a sampled version of the Fourier transform of reflectivity in elevation direction, but the Fourier transform is irregular.Xiaoxiang Zhu, "Spectral Estimation for Synthetic Aperture Radar Tomography", Earth Oriented Space Science and Technology – ESPACE, 19 September 2008. Thus the spectral estimation techniques are used to improve the resolution and reduce speckle compared to the results of conventional Fourier transform SAR imaging techniques.
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The transit signal was designated KOI-20. The Keck Observatory collected observations to prove that Kepler-12b's signal was not actually caused by an eclipsing binary. The Kepler Follow-up Program (KFOP) worked to verify the existence of the planet. KFOP used the W.M. Keck Observatory's Keck I telescope to prove that Kepler-12 was not an eclipsing binary star (a possible false positive that mimics the transit signal). The WIYN Observatory, which was used for speckle imaging, supported Keck's findings and verified that the signal caused by KOI-20 was not caused by a nearby background star's interference.
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Aperture masking interferometry is a form of speckle interferometry, that allows diffraction limited imaging from ground-based telescopes, and is a planned high contrast imaging mode on the James Webb Space Telescope. This technique allows ground-based telescopes to reach the maximum possible resolution, allowing ground-based telescopes with large diameters to produce far greater resolution than does the Hubble Space Telescope. The principal limitation of the technique is that it is applicable only to relatively bright astronomical objects. A mask is placed over the telescope which only allows light through a small number of holes.
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Gamma Virginis is a binary star, consisting of two stars of nearly equal apparent magnitudes 3.65 and 3.56, and of spectral type F0V. With an orbital period of 168.93 years, it was an easy object for amateur astronomers until the beginning of the 1990s, but in 2011 the smaller apparent distance between the stars requires a larger telescope or special techniques such as speckle interferometry, adaptive optics or optical interferometry to resolve the individual components. The last time they were at periapsis was in 1836. The distance will again be wide enough in 2020 to view with a small telescope.
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The Institute continues investigating the physics gas lasers, solid-state lasers and dye lasers. Also, scientific interest expand to investigations of nonlinear optical phenomena in semiconductor crystals, molecular crystals and liquid crystals, photorefractive materials, polymers, organic molecules, and photopolymer materials for holography and information recording. Many research projects involve nonlinear laser spectroscopy with ultrahigh resolution, photoacoustic laser spectroscopy and microscopy, or aimed at creating new methods for laser manipulation of free atom particles. There are some traditional research areas, such as dynamic holography, multi-beam optics, speckle fields and holographic correlation methods for laser beam transformation.
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If the object is displaced or deformed, the distance between object and image will change, and hence the phase of the image speckle pattern will change. The relative phases of reference and object beam change, and therefore the intensities of the combined light field changes. However, if the phase change of the object light field is a multiple of 2π, the relative phases of the two light fields will be unchanged, and the intensity of the overall image will also be unchanged. To visualize this effect, the image and reference beams are combined on a video camera and recorded.
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Yeun has also voice acted in both animated series and films. Some of these roles include Avatar Wan in season 2 of The Legend of Korra, Steve Palchuk in Trollhunters and 3Below, Keith in Voltron: Legendary Defender, Nathan Park/Wingspan in Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters, Little Cato in Final Space, and Speckle in Tuca & Bertie. It was later revealed that Yeun's role as Steve Palchuk would continue into Wizards, the third series of the Tales of Arcadia trilogy. The first season of 3Below was released on Netflix on December 21, 2018, and the second and final season was released on July 12, 2019.
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A flecked brown she-cat, Speckle is nursing four kits, one of which is named Frisk. Her mate left when the wild dogs started to terrorize the lone cats in the abandoned Twoleg nest, but she is now in love with Sol, as she said she "wanted them [the kits] to be Sol's" and she would be "very glad to see him." She also defends Sol's reputation when they are discussing him with the Clan cats. She seems very protective of her kits and extremely suspicious of the Clan cats, perhaps because she knows they are looking for Sol, and when they find him it won't be for a friendly visit.
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Meyer collaborated with the painter Heinricus Füllmaurer and the engraver Veit Rudolph Speckle (d.12 December 1550 Straßburg) in producing the woodcuts for the book, which, unusually for its time, named the contributing artists and included their portraits. Fuchs, whose herbal had been inspired by Brunfels's work "Herbarum vivae imagines" which had appeared twelve years earlier, praised the illustrations as having been carried out with 'great diligence and artifice', and went on to state that 'shading and other less crucial things with which painters sometimes strive for artistic glory' had been shunned in order to make the images truer to nature. The book appeared in both coloured and uncoloured versions.
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Heat shock causes the omega speckles to disappear and all the omega speckle associated proteins and the hsrω-n transcript to accumulate at the 93D locus. The hsrω-n transcript directly or indirectly affects the localization/stability/activity of a variety of proteins including hnRNPs, Sxl, Hsp83, cAMP response element binding binding protein (CBP), Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (DIAP1), JNK-signalling members, proteasome constituents, lamin C, ISWI, HP1 and poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase. In view of the interactions of this large nuclear non-coding RNA with diverse regulatory proteins, it appears to act as a hub that integrates multiple regulatory networks in the cell.
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A sub-stellar companion was detected in 2005; it could either be an exoplanet or a brown dwarf. The primary component is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F7 V. It has 1.36 times the mass of the Sun and 1.52 times the Sun's radius. The star is around 1.5 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 26.9 km/s. It is radiating 3.4 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,340 K. Speckle interferometry measurements of this star between 2001 and 2008 showed a candidate stellar companion to this star, announced in 2011.
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These are not interference fringes, and are sometimes referred to as 'correlation' fringes since they map out areas of the speckle pattern which are more or less correlated. Strictly speaking, the fringes represent purely out-of-plane displacement only if the surface is illuminated normally (this requires a beam splitter to be used to illuminate the object), but the dependence on in-plane movement is relatively small unless the object illumination is well away from the normal direction. The fringes in the image above are out-of-plane fringes. The plate has been rotated about a vertical axis and the fringes represent contours of constant displacement.
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This system is simpler to operate than either of the displacement measuring systems, as the fringes are obtained without any recording being required. The vibration mode can be observed in the image from the camera as a variation in speckle contrast rather than as a variation in intensity but it is quite difficult to discern. When the image is high-pass filtered, the variation in contrast is converted to a variation in intensity, and a fringe pattern of the form shown in the diagram is observed where the fringes are clearly visible. Holographic interferometry can be used in the same way to map out vibration modes.
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A fluctuation scattering experiment collects a series of X-ray diffraction snapshots of multiple proteins (or other particles) in solution. An ultrabright X-ray laser provides fast snapshots, containing features that are angularly non-isotropic (speckle), ultimately resulting in a detailed understanding of the structure of the sample. Fluctuation X-ray scattering (FXS) is an X-ray scattering technique similar to small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), but is performed using X-ray exposures below sample rotational diffusion times. This technique, ideally performed with an ultra-bright X-ray light source, such as a free electron laser, results in data containing significantly more information as compared to traditional scattering methods.
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Sky position of R136a1 viewed from Argentina In the night sky, R136 appears as a 10th magnitude object at the core of the NGC 2070 cluster embedded in the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It required a 3.6 metre telescope to detect R136a as a component of R136 in 1979, and resolving R136a to detect R136a1 requires a space telescope or sophisticated techniques such as adaptive optics or speckle interferometry. South of about the 20th parallel south, the LMC is circumpolar, meaning that it can be seen (at least in part) all night every night of the year, weather and light pollution permitting. In the Northern Hemisphere, it can be visible south of the 20th parallel north.
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Each point source wave interferes with the reference beam, giving rise to its own sinusoidal zone plate in the recording medium. The resulting pattern is the sum of all these 'zone plates', which combine to produce a random (speckle) pattern as in the photograph above. When the hologram is illuminated by the original reference beam, each of the individual zone plates reconstructs the object wave that produced it, and these individual wavefronts are combined to reconstruct the whole of the object beam. The viewer perceives a wavefront that is identical with the wavefront scattered from the object onto the recording medium, so that it appears that the object is still in place even if it has been removed.
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Epsilon Chamaeleontis, Latinized from ε Chamaeleontis, is a naked-eye star located in the constellation Chamaeleon and is known as the star HIP 58484, HR 4583, or HD 104174, which during February 1836 Sir John Herschel found as the close double star, HJ 4486AB. Distance is 111±4 pc (362±14 light years) from the Sun, whose absolute magnitude of −0.361 and has the combined visual magnitude of +4.88. Observations throughout the 20th Century have been slowly reducing, whose latest separation is 0.364 arcsec in position angle 211°, as determined on date 1997.0905 using CCD speckle interferometry by E.P. Horch (1997). It is a likely binary system, though no formal orbit has yet been determined.
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White-eared kob form one of Earth's greatest concentrations of large animals as they graze the neighbouring grasslands during the dry season. The native Dinka cowherds rely on their cattle for a diet of milk and blood supplemented only by fish when possible. The Dinka and kob are forced on the move as rains swell the swamp, bursting its banks and doubling its size. A lungfish emerges from its cocoon of mud and mucus and uses its primitive lungs to breathe air while it reaches for the nearest pool only to be caught in the oversized beak of the giant shoebill stalk, while family groups of speckle-throated otter and the powerful Nile monitor also hunt the waters.
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In RF detection, "diversity reception" is often used to mitigate low signals when the primary antenna is inadvertently located at an interference null point: by having more than one antenna one can adaptively switch to whichever antenna has the strongest signal or even incoherently add all of the antenna signals. Simply adding the antennae coherently can produce destructive interference just as happens in the optical realm. The analogous diversity reception for optical heterodyne has been demonstrated with arrays of photon-counting detectors. For incoherent addition of the multiple element detectors in a random speckle field, the ratio of the mean to the standard deviation will scale as the square root of the number of independently measured speckles.
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The uncertainties are too large to indicate whether a substantial component of volatiles is also included, except in the case of f, where the value () "favors" the presence of a layer of ice and/or an extended atmosphere. Speckle imaging excludes all possible stellar and brown dwarf companions. On 31 August 2017, astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope reported the first evidence of possible water content on the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets. Between 18 February and 27 March 2017, a team of astronomers used the Spitzer Space Telescope to observe TRAPPIST-1 to refine the orbital and physical parameters of the seven planets using updated parameters for the star. Their results were published on 9 January 2018.
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Betelgeuse is generally considered to be a single isolated star and a runaway star, not currently associated with any cluster or star-forming region, although its birthplace is unclear. Two spectroscopic companions have been proposed to the red supergiant star. Analysis of polarization data from 1968 through 1983 indicated a close companion with a periodic orbit of about 2.1 years, and by using speckle interferometry, the team concluded that the closer of the two companions was located at (≈9 AU) from the main star with a position angle of 273 degrees, an orbit that would potentially place it within the star's chromosphere. The more distant companion was at (≈77 AU) with a position angle of 278 degrees.
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"Unlike its neighbour, Speckle Frew, which has always been a wild spot, Efreet was once an island of great sophistication. The city of Koy, considered to have been the most cultured city in the Abarat, was built on the lower steppes of the island. Opinions vary as to how long it stood and why it fell, but what remains of the city – rows of pillars, archways, and frescoes – testifies to a site of elegance and learning." Efreet is also home to five infamous monsters: the armoured, orange Waztrill; the Thrak, a purple beast with a small head and huge compound eyes; the serpentine Vexile; the shaggy, blue, lice-infested Sanguinius; and the bipedal Fever Gibe.
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The son of a Prince of Day and a witch from Speckle Frew, Finnegan was a young would-be hero engaged to marry Princess Boa, before she was killed at the altar by a dragon at Christopher Carrion's orders. Finnegan set out to interrogate the dragon's family, hoping to discover the truth behind the assassination; but later exterminated whole families of dragons in revenge for the loss of Boa. He is discovered by several former companions of his and persuaded to join their search to rescue Candy. He is described as a young man having dark skin, red hair, and green eyes; illustrations of him corroborate this and show the hair radiating around his face.
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KFOP used the Fibre-fed Échelle Spectrograph (FIES) on the Nordic Optical Telescope to measure Kepler-14's radial velocity in October 2009. Other radial velocity measurements were collected using W.M. Keck Observatory. The FIES and Keck data, combined with speckle imaging data from WIYN Observatory and near-infrared adaptive optics measurements at Palomar Observatory and the MMT Observatory, revealed that Kepler-14 was actually a close binary star, something that radial velocity data alone could not recognize. Because of this new discovery, further investigation of Kepler-14 was postponed until after the publishing of the first five new Kepler planets (the ones orbiting Kepler-4, Kepler-5, Kepler-6, Kepler-7, and Kepler-8).
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Orun, A. and G.Smith, "Micro- Structural Analysis of Tablet Surface Layers by Intelligent Laser Speckle Classification (ILSC) Technique: an Application in the Study of both Surface Defects and Subsurface Granule Structures",Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation, (2017)DOI 10.1007/s12247-017-9290-0 # \- Industrial material identification : Depending on laser-material surface interaction, ILSC can identify and discriminate the different materials that are used in industrial production areas (e.g. metal, wood, plastic, etc.)6\. Orun, A. and A. Alkis, "Material identification by surface reflection analysis in combination with bundle adjustment technique", Pattern Recognition Letters,24(2003) to make the production process in fully automated form by eliminating the most of environmental undesired lightening effects.
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In solid mechanics, digital image correlation is a tool that allows to identify the displacement field to register a reference image (called herein fixed image) to images during an experiment (mobile image). For example, it is possible to observe the face of a specimen with a painted speckle on it in order to determine its displacement fields during a tensile test. Before the appearance of such methods, researchers usually used strain gauges to measure the mechanical state of the material but strain gauges only measure the strain on a point and don't allow to understand material with an heterogeneous behavior. One can obtain a full in plane strain tensor by derivation of the displacement fields.
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Optical arrangement to obtain out-of-plane ESPI fringesThe reference beam is an expanded beam derived from the laser beam, and is added to the image of the object which is formed on the video camera. The amplitude of the light at any point in the image is the sum of the light from the object (object beam) and the second beam (reference beam). If the object moves in the direction of viewing, the distance travelled by the object beam changes, its phase changes, and therefore the amplitude of the combined beams changes. When the second speckle pattern is subtracted from the first, fringes are obtained which represent contours of displacement along the viewing direction (out-of-plane displacement).
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The Palomar Observatory confirmed findings suggesting that Kepler-14 was a binary star. The Fibre-fed Échelle Spectrograph (FIES) on the Canary Islands' Nordic Optical Telescope was operated in October 2009, using Doppler spectroscopy to gather information that would accompany the gathered photometric observations. The High Resolution Échelle Spectrometer (HIRES) at the W.M. Keck Observatory was also utilized. Use of the WIYN Observatory for speckle imaging found that the host star of KOI-98 was actually a close-knit binary star, which complicated the analysis. A November 2009 operation of the ARIES instrument on the MMT Observatory and the July 2010 use of the PHARO near-infrared camera on the Palomar Observatory's 200 inch Hale telescope used adaptive optics to confirm WIYN's findings.
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A representative image of the samples under white and laser illumination shows that although there are visible stains in the left portion of each sample due to the dye from the cola beverage, structural changes are difficult to assess with the naked eye. To differentiate the sound and eroded tissues, contrast analysis was performed of the speckle patterns in the images. Since this analysis is, in its essence, the ratio of the standard deviation and average intensity, the LASCA map of the lesion is generally higher than in sound tissue. This phenomenon is demonstrated in the LASCA maps which show the greater prevalence of dark blue on the right side, indicating sound tissue, and lower prevalence on the left side, indicating eroded tissue.
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An orbital fit found that this new companion has an orbital period of about 30 years, but on a very eccentric path which brings it through periastron in about a year. This third star, designated HD 43587 Ab, was found to have a minimum mass of about The long period of HD 43587 Ab coupled with the system being close to the Solar System means that the two components of the primary system would be well separated as viewed from Earth, which made it an attractive target for resolving. This was achieved in 2006 with adaptive optics, and has been achieved since with speckle interferometry. Meanwhile, HD 43587 B became interesting because it was a little-studied, fairly bright M-dwarf.
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A periscope arrangement was used to direct light from two subpupils, separated by up to 20 feet (6m), into the main pupil of the 100 inch (2.5m) Hooker Telescope, producing interference fringes observed through the eyepiece. The measurement of stellar diameters and the separations of binary stars took up an increasing amount of Michelson's life after this. Beginning in the 1970s, astronomical interferometry was revived, with the configurations using two (or more) separate apertures (with diameters small compared to their separation) being often referred to as "Michelson Stellar Interferometry." This was to distinguish it from speckle interferometry, but should not be confused with the Michelson interferometer which is one common laboratory interferometer configuration of which the interferometer used in the Michelson–Morley experiment was an instance.
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In addition, structural changes have been visualized within the nucleus of a cell, depending on the presence of corepressors or coactivators, leading researchers to believe that EVI1 has a unique response to each kind of molecule. In approximately 90% of cells, EVI1 is diffuse within the nucleus; however, when CBP and P/CAF are added, extensive nuclear speckle formation occurs. The complete physiological repercussions of this complex role of EVI1 have yet to be elucidated, however, could provide insight into the wide variety of results that have been reported regarding the effect of EVI1 on in vitro cell proliferation. Interaction with corepressors and coactivators appears to occur in distinct domains, and there are theories that EVI1 exists in a periodical, reversible acetylated state within the cell.
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Recording a hologram Reconstructing a hologram CD surface. The holographic information is recorded by the speckle pattern Holography is a technique that enables a light field (which is generally the result of a light source scattered off objects) to be recorded and later reconstructed when the original light field is no longer present, due to the absence of the original objects.Hariharan, (2002), Section 1, p1 Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to sound recording, whereby a sound field created by vibrating matter like musical instruments or vocal cords, is encoded in such a way that it can be reproduced later, without the presence of the original vibrating matter. However, it is even more similar to Ambisonic sound recording in which any listening angle of a sound field can be reproduced in the reproduction.
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UV HST images of Betelgeuse showing asymmetrical pulsations with corresponding spectral line profiles In the 1970s, astronomers saw some major advances in astronomical imaging technology, beginning with Antoine Labeyrie's invention of speckle interferometry, a process that significantly reduced the blurring effect caused by astronomical seeing. It increased the optical resolution of ground-based telescopes, allowing for more precise measurements of Betelgeuse's photosphere. With improvements in infrared telescopy atop Mount Wilson, Mount Locke, and Mauna Kea in Hawaii, astrophysicists began peering into the complex circumstellar shells surrounding the supergiant, causing them to suspect the presence of huge gas bubbles resulting from convection. But it was not until the late 1980s and early 1990s, when Betelgeuse became a regular target for aperture masking interferometry, that breakthroughs occurred in visible-light and infrared imaging.
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Currently, he works as an independent consultant. In addition to his work related to optical propagation/turbulence effects/adaptive optics, Fried has done work in a variety of other electro-optics related fields such as the suppression of infrared background clutter in moving target detection systems; analysis of laser speckle statistics; analysis of the effect of photo-detection-event driven shot noise upon the precision of various types of optical measurements; the design and development of low-temperature-optics long-wavelength infrared sensors for use in mid course ballistic missile defense; and in the design and performance analysis for space-based infrared sensors for missile and aircraft detection. He has also been involved in the search for a sound approach to the mid-course decoy discrimination problem for ballistic missile defense.
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Sapo National Park contains the largest pygmy hippopotamus populations in Liberia. Sapo National Park is a "regional centre of endemism" and biodiversity, at one time hosting around 125 mammal species and 590 types of bird, including a number of threatened species, such as the African golden cat, Gola malimbe, Liberian mongoose, white-breasted guineafowl, and white-necked rockfowl. The park is also home to the African civet, African fish eagle, grey parrot, giant forest hog, great blue turaco, speckle-throated otter, water chevrotain, three species of pangolin, seven species of monkey (including the endangered Diana monkey), crocodiles, leopards, bee-eaters, egrets, hornbills, kingfishers, rollers, and sunbirds. Prior to the formal designation of Sapo National Park in 1983 there had been "no systematic study of chimpanzee populations in Liberia".
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However, in 2006 it was recognized that the changes in the spectrum were probably the result of changes in the atmosphere or stellar wind, so it is more likely a single star. Speckle interferometry observations with the 3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope at the Haleakala Observatory failed to detect a secondary component. In 1961, based on the criteria that the proper motion of this star indicates a space velocity of greater than 30 km/s, Alpha Camelopardalis was suggested as a candidate runaway star that had been ejected from the cluster NGC 1502. This was based upon the kinematic properties of the star and cluster, as well as the location of this star at a high galactic latitude in an area otherwise lacking in stellar associations.
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The relative phases of these scattered waves vary across the scattering surface, so that the resulting phase on each point of the second surface varies randomly. The pattern is the same regardless of how it is imaged, just as if it were a painted pattern. The "size" of the speckles is a function of the wavelength of the light, the size of the laser beam which illuminates the first surface, and the distance between this surface and the surface where the speckle pattern is formed. This is the case because when the angle of scattering changes such that the relative path difference between light scattered from the centre of the illuminated area compared with light scattered from the edge of the illuminated changes by λ, the intensity becomes uncorrelated.
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Once the planetary nature of Kepler-5b was established, the Kepler team searched for the planet's occultation behind its star, hoping to find the temperature on its day side. They found both, and were able to set the equilibrium temperature of the planet. The use of speckle imaging using adaptive optics at the WIYN Observatory in Arizona and the Palomar Observatory in California isolated the starlight of Kepler-5 from background stars. Use of the Fibre-fed Echelle Spectrograph (FIES) at the Nordic Optical Telescope on the Canary Islands on June 4, 2009 provided data that was used to determine the star's stellar classification. The W.M. Keck Observatory's High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), which was used on June 3–6, 2009, and July 2–4, 2009, determined radial velocity measurements for the star, which helped to further define stellar parameters.
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Dr. Goodman is a Fellow of the OSA, the IEEE, and the SPIE. In 1971, he was chosen the recipient of the Frederick Emmons Terman Award of the American Society for Engineering Education. He received the 1983 Max Born Award of the Optical Society of America for his contributions to physical optics, and in particular to holography, synthetic aperture optics, image processing, and speckle theory. He received the 1987 IEEE Education Medal for his contributions to Electrical Engineering education, the 1987 Dennis Gabor Award of the International Optical Engineering Society (SPIE) for his contributions to holography, optical processing and optical computing, the 1995 Esther Hoffman Beller Medal of the OSA, and the 1990 Frederick Ives Medal, the highest award of the Optical Society of America. In 2018 he was elected one of 16 Honorary Members of the OSA.
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While it may provide less anatomical detail than techniques such as CT or MRI, it has several advantages which make it ideal in numerous situations, in particular that it studies the function of moving structures in real-time, emits no ionizing radiation, and contains speckle that can be used in elastography. Ultrasound is also used as a popular research tool for capturing raw data, that can be made available through an ultrasound research interface, for the purpose of tissue characterization and implementation of new image processing techniques. The concepts of ultrasound differ from other medical imaging modalities in the fact that it is operated by the transmission and receipt of sound waves. The high frequency sound waves are sent into the tissue and depending on the composition of the different tissues; the signal will be attenuated and returned at separate intervals.
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When the particle concentration is so low that it is possible to follow an individual particle it is called Particle tracking velocimetry, while Laser speckle velocimetry is used for cases where the particle concentration is so high that it is difficult to observe individual particles in an image. Typical PIV apparatus consists of a camera (normally a digital camera with a CCD chip in modern systems), a strobe or laser with an optical arrangement to limit the physical region illuminated (normally a cylindrical lens to convert a light beam to a line), a synchronizer to act as an external trigger for control of the camera and laser, the seeding particles and the fluid under investigation. A fiber optic cable or liquid light guide may connect the laser to the lens setup. PIV software is used to post-process the optical images.
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In the experimental setup of BSIPAM (Figure 4), the sample is placed in a water-filled tank with transparent walls, and light from a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (λ = 532 nm) goes through a glass diffuser and focused on the sample with a lens with focal length f = 50mm. The speckle size at the focal plane of the lens is 1.22λf/d, where λ is the wavelength of the light source and d is the aperture diameter. Ultrasonic signals were recorded by an ultrasonic transducer that is connected to an ultrasonic receiver and sampled with a 12-bit digital oscilloscope. Then, photoacoustic signals were collected with a step size of 10 μm over a scan length of 1.0 mm, the time traces were processed by the Fourier transform, and the magnitude was produced between 15 and 85 MHz to determine the net photoacoustic response at each spatial location.
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The orbit of the A pair has been determined from spectroscopy and speckle interferometry, giving a period of 669 days and an eccentricity of 0.53. B's binary companion (Xi Ursae Majoris Bb)has not been detected visually or spectroscopically, but the radial velocity variations of the spectral lines show a circular orbit with a period of 3.98 days. The masses of both A and B's companions (Ab and Bb) (deduced by the sum total mass of the system minus the likely masses of Aa and Ba determined by their class) indicate that they are probably red dwarfs, Bb being on the cool end of the M spectrum, not much hotter than a brown dwarf. In 2012 Wright et al. discovered the fifth component and the second brown dwarf (if Bb is also a brown dwarf) of the system using Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) data—a T8.5 brown dwarf WISE J111838.70+312537.9 with angular separation 8.5 arc-min, and the projected physical separation about 4000 AU.
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It is said that humans who encounter this wind would get a big fever and in Ainoshima, Hagi, its true identity is said to be ghosts that have no place to go after death and have become wind that wanders around. In the village of Rokutō, Abu District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, it is said that people who died due to cliffs or shipwrecks would, after eight days after death, become yama-misaki. In the village of Kōchi, Hata District, Kōchi (Now Shimanto), this yama-misaki is called "ryōge," and they are considered to be the spirits of those who died through unforeseen accidents, and happening upon one of these is called "ryōge-tsuki" (being possessed by a ryōge). In Amami Ōshima, it is said that near the time of Obon, at cemetery roads and other such place, a lukewarm wind would graze by and give one a chill, and when one returns home and tries taking off one's clothing, there would be some kind of speckle on some part of the body.
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Kepler-7's candidate was not found to be one of these false positives, such as an eclipsing binary star that may generate a light curve that mimics that of transiting planetary companions. Kepler-7 was then observed using Doppler spectroscopy using the Fibre-fed Echelle Spectrograph at the Canary Islands' Nordic Optical Telescope for ten nights in October 2009, taken with respect to the star HD 182488 to compensate for possible telescope error. Speckle imaging of the star was taken at WIYN Observatory in Arizona to check for close companions; when none were found, the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer instrument at the W.M. Keck Observatory on Hawaii, the Harlan J. Smith Telescope at the McDonald Observatory in Texas, the PRISM camera at the Lowell Observatory, and the Faulkes Telescope North at the Haleakala Observatory on Maui were also used to analyze Doppler spectroscopy of the planetary candidate. The radial velocity observations confirmed that a planetary body was responsible for the dips observed in Kepler-7's light curve, thus confirming it as a planet.
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Several research groups published papers in 1965 describing holographic interferometry.Brooks RE, Heflinger LO and Wuerker RF, 1965 Interferometry with a holographically reconstructed comparison beam, Applied Physics Letters, 7, 248-9Collier RJ, Doherty ET and Pennington KS, 1965, The application of Moire techniques to holography, Applied Physics Letters, 7, 223-5Haines KA & Hildebrand BP, 1965, Contour generation by wavefront reconstruction, Physics Letters, 19, 10-11 While the first observations of phenomena that could be ascribed to holographic interferometry were made by Juris Upatnieks in 1963Haines, K, 2006, J. Holography Speckle, 3, 35 the essential feature of the process was not understood until the work of Powell and Stetson. Their experiments were conducted over the period of October to December 1964, and they began with an investigation of the periodic coherence length of the HeNe laser being used. The compact laser beam was used to illuminate a spot on a small object was placed between two mirrors such that its image could be observed looking over one mirror into the tunnel of multiple reflections between the mirrors.
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