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"eyespot" Definitions
  1. a usually small spot of color (as on the wing of a butterfly) that resembles an eye
  2. a simple visual organ of pigment or pigmented cells covering a sensory termination : OCELLUS
  3. a small pigmented body of various unicellular algae
  4. any of several fungal diseases of cultivated grasses (such as corn, wheat, and sugarcane) characterized by yellowish oval lesions on the leaves and stem
"eyespot" Synonyms
spot speck dot fleck speckle blotch patch point splotch mottle dapple pip mark smudge stain smear blemish blot daub pop
"eyespot" Antonyms
lot whole blank clarity cleanness cleanliness plainness

191 Sentences With "eyespot"

How to use eyespot in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "eyespot" and check conjugation/comparative form for "eyespot". Mastering all the usages of "eyespot" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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The forewings with a small apical eyespot with a faint outer orange ring.
Groundnut eyespot virus (GEV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae.
Drechslera gigantea is a plant pathogen that causes eyespot disease on many host plants.
The adults have orange wings with brown veins and markings. They have an eyespot on each forewing, and a vestigial eyespot on each hindwing. Their wingspan is approximately 3.5 cm.Geitoneura minyas (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) Butterflyhouse The caterpillar is green and has a round head.
The Distal-less gene is present in almost all eyespot organizers, making it an ideal candidate to carry out major functions of eyespot formation. During the wing imaginal disc development Dll, has two expression domains separated by a temporal component. First Dll is expressed in a group of cells in the center of what will become the focus and eventually the eyespot. This expression starts during the middle of the fifth instar larva and lasts until the pupal stage.
There is a small, but well developed, apical eyespot on the forewing with a narrow orange outline.
The eyespot gecko (Gonatodes ocellatus) is a species of lizard in the Sphaerodactylidae family native to Tobago.
There is a small black eyespot in the middle of each wing. The body is yellow orange.
The eyespot rasbora takes approximately 10 to 12 weeks for the fry to assume full adult colouration.
The yellow papillae flatworm, Thysanozoon nigropapillosum, is somewhat cephalized, with a distinct head end (at right) which has pseudotentacles and an eyespot. The Platyhelminthes (flatworms) have a more complex nervous system than the Acoela, and are lightly cephalized, for instance having an eyespot above the brain, near the front end.
Under the light microscope, eyespots appear as dark, orange-reddish spots or stigmata. They get their color from carotenoid pigments contained in bodies called pigment granules. The photoreceptors are found in the plasma membrane overlaying the pigmented bodies. The eyespot apparatus of Euglena comprises the paraflagellar body connecting the eyespot to the flagellum.
The Baracoan eyespot sphaero (Sphaerodactylus celicara) is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae . It is endemic to Cuba.
Schematic representation of a Euglena cell with red eyespot (9) Schematic representation of a Chlamydomonas cell with chloroplast eyespot (4) The eyespot apparatus (or stigma) is a photoreceptive organelle found in the flagellate or (motile) cells of green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids. It allows the cells to sense light direction and intensity and respond to it, prompting the organism to either swim towards the light (positive phototaxis), or away from it (negative phototaxis). A related response ("photoshock" or photophobic response) occurs when cells are briefly exposed to high light intensity, causing the cell to stop, briefly swim backwards, then change swimming direction. Eyespot-mediated light perception helps the cells in finding an environment with optimal light conditions for photosynthesis.
There is a large bluish-black eyespot surrounded by a white ring on the 6th and 7th rays of the dorsal fin.
Sphaerodactylus semasiops, also known as the Cockpit eyespot sphaero or Cockpit least gecko, is a small species of gecko endemic to Jamaica.
Heteronympha cordace has a wingspan ranging from , with females generally larger than males and with stouter abdomens. The uppersides of the wings are black to dark brown with orange to brownish-orange markings. The markings contain a blue-centered black subapical eyespot and a larger blue-centered black subtornal eyespot. The underside of the wings are lighter in hue and have more extensive orange areas.
Mature sporangia appear as dark-brown spots on the thallus. The entire contents of a sporangium are discharged together with a mass of sticky material. As it slowly disperses the meiospores swim free. The side biflagellate (has two flagellate) meiospores contain one chloroplast with an eyespot (eyespot apparatus) and are capable of motion for a relatively short period of no more than 15 min.
The adult Oregon swallowtail has a yellow abdomen with black lines. It has a wingspan of to . Its wings have concave spots that are scalloped inwards with a reddish-orange eyespot along the lower border, similar to, but smaller than, the eyespot of the common Old World swallowtail. The yellow markings on the wings of the Oregon swallowtail are also brighter than the common swallowtail.
It has a large, blue-rimmed, black eyespot where the dorsal fin spines meet the dorsal fin soft rays, and a smaller, similarly coloured eyespot on the caudal peduncle. Some juveniles off the coast of southeastern Brazil have a vivid yellow and orange band on the back and dorsal fin.Unusual coloration pattern in juveniles of Stegastes fuscus (Actinopterygii: Pomacentridae) Zootaxa. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
The eyespot gourami (Parasphaerichthys ocellatus) is a species of gourami endemic to Myanmar where it occurs in small, muddy streams and well vegetated shores of lakes.
The wingspan is 22–32 mm. The upperside of the males is dark iridescent blue. Females are gray. The hindwing has an orange eyespot near the tail.
Sphaerodactylus difficilis, also known as the Hispaniolan eyespot sphaero or difficult least gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae . It is endemic to Hispaniola.
Four-Eye Butterflyfish, Chaetodon capistratus, showing its concealed eye and false eyespot near the tail Many fish have eyespots near their tails, a form of automimicry, to distract attacks away from the vulnerable head and eye. For example, Chaetodon capistratus has both a (disruptive) eyestripe to conceal the eye, and a large eyespot near its tail, giving the impression that the head is at the tail end of the body.
In some of these genera, the diatom endosymbiont's chloroplasts aren't the only chloroplasts in the dinophyte. The original three-membraned peridinin chloroplast is still around, converted to an eyespot.
These experiments together with the wide distribution of Dll across eyespot forming butterflies suggest that this transcription factor is a central regulator for the correct patterning of the eyespots.
Young adult without eyespot Juvenile The yellowface angelfish grows to a maximum length of and is laterally compressed. The mouth is just above the tip of the snout. The fins are large and rounded and are yellow, some edged with blue round the margins. The dorsal fin is set just in front of the caudal region, has a distinctive black eyespot at the base and has 13–14 spines and 16–18 soft rays.
Final instars (75 mm in length) come in two patterns: one has brown bands such that there are ten large pale green spots on the back and an eyespot on the rear. This form may mimic grapes. Others are completely brown, with a wood-grain patterning, and with the rear eyespot (Wagner 2005). In the final instar the knob looks a lot like a vertebrate eye, down to the white reflection spot.
The orange hindwing is set off by a black border and a black-rimmed eyespot. The underside of the hindwing ranges from grey to brown and consists of darker markings.
The juveniles are yellow with dark spots and lines, and a distinctive eyespot-like mark behind each eye. Like other swellsharks, this species can inflate itself as a defensive measure.
Two subspecies are sometimes recognised: Chaetodon auriga auriga occurs in the Red Sea population and lacks the dorsal eyespot; Chaetodon auriga setifer is the spotted population occurring outside the Red Sea.
Acericecis ocellaris, known generally as ocellate gall midge, is a species of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. Other common names include the maple eyespot gall and maple leaf spot gall.
The eyespot skate (Atlantoraja cyclophora) is a species of fish in the family Arhynchobatidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are open seas and shallow seas.
Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups, and are common among unicellular organisms, including euglena. The euglena's eyespot, called a stigma, is located at its anterior end. It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of light sensitive crystals. Together with the leading flagellum, the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light, often toward the light to assist in photosynthesis, and to predict day and night, the primary function of circadian rhythms.
It disassembles during cell division and reforms in the daughter cells in an asymmetric fashion in relation to the cytoskeleton. This asymmetric positioning of the eyespot in the cell is essential for proper phototaxis.
The species' males are long and are black in colour while females are and are brownish-black coloured. Both sexes have cream fringe spots but only females have orange-red eyespot and dark coloured scales.
Wingspan is about 30–32 mm. Dorsal surface of male is brown with purple blue or deep purple tinge. Female has more bluish tinge on paler metallic blue dorsal surface. Tornus with a large eyespot.
Bigger eyespots have also been shown to deter predators from attacking completely. M. menelaus specifically has an eyespot that is 6.8 mm in diameter on its ventral wings that it uses to help avoid predation.
Within the nucleus are permanently condensed chromosomes, which can easily be viewed under a light microscope. Just like other Euglenids, several species of Phacus also possess many contractile vacuoles and have a red- pigmented eyespot.
The underside is plain off-white, sometimes with darker or lighter blotches. Juveniles are light yellow with broken brown lines forming rosettes and hollow saddles, including a pair of eyespot-like markings between the spiracles.
In electron microscopy, the eyespot apparatus appears as a highly ordered lamellar structure formed by membranous rods in a helical arrangement. In Chlamydomonas, the eyespot is part of the chloroplast and takes on the appearance of a membranous sandwich structure. It is assembled from chloroplast membranes (outer, inner, and thylakoid membranes) and carotenoid-filled granules overlaid by plasma membrane. The stacks of granules act as a quarter-wave plate, reflecting incoming photons back to the overlying photoreceptors, while shielding the photoreceptors from light coming from other directions.
Pupa, about 9 mm long, abdominal 5th to 7th segment near the leading edge with 1 line of dark brown fine, tail tip, with 8 barbed, pupa long with white thin cocoon. The adult is 7-9 mm long approximately, the wingspan is about 13-18 mm, show flaxen, proala has 3 brown transverse belt, among a relatively coarse short. The central part of the leading edge of the male moth's proala has a shining and concave eyespot, while the female moth's proala has no eyespot.
In contrast, Chlamydomonas phototaxis is mediated by archaeal-type rhodopsins. Besides photoreceptor proteins, eyespots contain a large number of structural, metabolic and signaling proteins. The eyespot proteome of Chlamydomonas cells consists of roughly 200 different proteins.
Adults can grow up to . The juvenile and adults of this species have different coloration. In adults, they have a grayish black coloration. Juveniles are yellow with blue lines extending from the eye to their eyespot.
Dorsal surface is dark brown with two eyespots at the sub marginal area. Lower eyespot is large, prominent and ringed with orange. Ventral surface is dull orange brown. Larval host plants include Ochlandra stridula and Bambusa species.
The male has a wingspan of about with brown and white forewings marked with red and orange fascia and a bold black and orange eyespot. The hindwings are orange with a similar eyespot. The female is larger with a wingspan of about , but less brightly coloured than the male, being generally grey and white but has all wings marked with eyespots similar to the male. The male flies rapidly during the day from mid-April to late June looking for the rather sluggish females, which usually only fly at night.
JayCut's original competitors were Eyespot and Jumpcut.com, all offering video editing online but based on very different technologies. Other competitors that entered later were Flektor and Motionbox. All of these competitors have since shut down or been acquired.
There is a large yellow and green eyespot on the third segment and a smaller one on the fourth segment. Larvae typically feed on the leaves of plants such as the grape vine, Cissus, Impatiens and the Arum lily.
The forewings are a light tawny. Two faint brown horizontal short striae can be found above the eyespot. The creamy-white cilia are pale and tawny with a sprinkling of brown. A minute glossy silvery basal line is present.
Anthela ocellata, the eyespot anthelid, is a moth of the family Anthelidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in Australia, from Bundaberg to Hobart along the east coast. The wingspan is about 60 mm.
The foureye butterflyfish has a false eyespot on its sides, which can confuse prey and predators. Butterflyfish are group of about 120 species belonging to the family Chaetodontidaeof Perchiformes. They include bannerfish and coralfish. They are widespread on coral reefs.
Several genes involved in eyespot formation have been identified that can fit into these models, but only two of them have been functionally tested. These genes are the transcription factor Distalless (Dll) and the ligand (a signaling substance that binds a cell surface receptor) Hedgehog (Hh). Butterfly eyespot morphology appears to be the result of the evolution of an altered version of the regulatory circuit which patterns the wings of other insects. This rogue regulatory circuit is able to pattern both the anterior and posterior eyespots independent of the usual anterior/posterior wing compartmentalization restrictions seen in the fruit fly Drosophila.
Common buckeye butterflies are colored mostly brown with some orange, black, white, blue, and magenta. The forewing features two proximal orange bars and a postmedian white band, which surrounds a prominent black eyespot and borders a smaller, more distal eyespot; both eyespots have a bluish center and each border a distal orange mark. The hindwing is mostly brown with an orange band towards the edge and a brown and white margin. It also has two eyespots, one larger and one smaller, each with a black and white outline, and a center consisting of black, blue, magenta, and orange.
Eyespots are the simplest and most common "eyes" found in nature, composed of photoreceptors and areas of bright orange- red pigment granules. Signals relayed from the eyespot photoreceptors result in alteration of the beating pattern of the flagella, generating a phototactic response.
As adults, both sexes have a distinctive white spot on their wings. They have a yellowish color on their inner fore leg distinguishable from the black eyespot and white dots of the European mantis Mantis religiosa with which it shares some range.
Dogface pattern The upper side of the pointed forewings have a dogface pattern. The wings are mainly yellow with black borders. The underside of the wings is mostly yellow with a black eyespot on the forewing and two white spots on the hindwing.
Dichotomyctere ocellatus (syn. Tetraodon biocellatus), commonly the figure 8 puffer or eyespot puffer, is a pufferfish found in freshwater in Southeast Asia. It is known from the lower reaches of the Mekong (Cambodia), the Peninsular Malaysia as well as Borneo (Sarawak, Kalimantan).
There is an eyespot on each hindwing. The underside is similar to the upperside, but there are two eyespots on each hindwing. The larvae feed on various Poaceae species, including Digitaria didactyla, Imperata cylindrica and Themeda triandra. They are pinkish brown with dark longitudinal stripes.
The wings of P. ocellata, like those of Pseudocreobotra wahlbergii, are marked with a large brightly coloured eyespot which is used in deimatic display to startle predators. The adults are aggressive mimics of flowers, waiting until prey approaches to grasp it with their forelegs.
A central pore in this membrane allows for water movement. The arms have rows of fan-shaped groups of five to seven spines between which are two rows of tube feet. The red eyespot is surrounded by spines at the apex of each arm.
Once settled, females rarely migrate. New juveniles can usually join groups easily. As they reach sexual maturity, they usually lose their "eyespot" on their dorsal fin. P. amboinensis is a protogynous species - all individuals start out as females and later can turn into males.
The last two instars have a large blue dot in the eyes. There is a black pupil in the center of each eye, a patterned iris, and a faint yellow eyespot. The tail has the form of a straight spike needle in the last dark brown instar.
The juveniles change colour gradually after reaching a length of .Pomacanthus xanthometopon Bleeker 1853: Yellowface Angelfish Retrieved 2012.02.26. This species can be confused with the queen angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris) or the blue angelfish (Holacanthus bermudensis), but both these have a completely blue face and lack the caudal eyespot.
Ceratobasidium species are opportunistic parasites of plants, causing a variety of economically important diseases. Examples include: Ceratobasidium cereale, the cause of sharp eyespot of cereals; Ceratobasidium oryzae-sativae, the cause of aggregate sheath spot of rice; and Ceratobasidium noxium, the cause of kole roga or black rot of coffee.
The eyespots, one per wing, are oval in shape on the forewings and round on the hindwings. Each eyespot can have arcs of black, blue, red, yellow, green or white. The eyespots are thought to confuse potential predators. There are some sex-determined and regional differences in appearance.
Hypocysta pseudirius, the dingy ringlet or grey ringlet, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Australia, including Queensland and New South Wales. The wingspan is about 30 mm. Adults are brown with a large orange comma-shaped mark ending in an eyespot on each hindwing.
Hypocysta irius, the northern ringlet or orange-streaked ringlet, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Australia, including Queensland and New South Wales. The wingspan is about 30 mm. Adults are brown with an orange patch on each wing and an eyespot on each hindwing.
A sepia brown straight line divides the under wing in two areas. The inner area is light beige with several curved, interrupted, grey brown wavy lines. The outer area of the underside of the hindwing has a large eyespot and shows a well developed outer spur. Males and females are similar.
The female is a little larger than the male with the basal region of the wing a paler shade. This species resembles the brown Arctic (Oeneis chryxus) but the latter has a single eyespot on its hindwing.Scott, J.A. (1986). The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide.
The most critical eyespot proteins are the photoreceptor proteins that sense light. The photoreceptors found in unicellular organisms fall into two main groups: flavoproteins and retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins). Flavoproteins are characterized by containing flavin molecules as chromophores, whereas retinylidene proteins contain retinal. The photoreceptor protein in Euglena is likely a flavoprotein.
Wingspan is about 18–28 mm. Clearly distinguished due to whitish discal area and terminating three large whitish post discal spots on upper surface of the fore wing in male. In male apex round, wings transparent. There is a silvery tint with a trace of eyespot on tornus in hindwing.
The red eyespot functions as a lens that allows organisms to respond to visual stimulation. While eyespots and plastids are found in both groups, the origin of these structures differ as discussed the tertiary plastid section. The following are some major discerning features of Durinskia. Species in Durinskia are mostly ovoid.
The hindwings are black and speckled with blue and purple scales and have a tail. There is an eyespot on the side closest to the body. The underside of the hindwings are a darker brown and lined with red or orange spots. Females are more brightly colored and vibrant than males.
Adult females are brown with a large white patch on each forewing, and a blue sheen near the hinges. The hindwings have a black eyespot at the tornus. Adult males are blue. The larvae feed on the flowers of Syzygium francisii, Ehretia acuminata, Macadamia integrifolia, Brachychiton acerifolium and Arytera lautereriana.
Hypocysta metirius, the common brown ringlet, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found along the east coast of Australia, including Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.Australian Insects The wingspan is about 30 mm. Adults are brown, with an orange patch on each hindwing ending in an eyespot.
Zoospores contain an eyespot and two flagella. Only the anterior flagellum is covered with mastigonemes and the posterior flagellum propels the cell through the ectoplasmic net. Both flagella are inserted laterally and medially. After about 24 hours, the zoospores lose their flagella and round up to finally differentiate into vegetative spindle cells.
The anal fin shows a similar pattern to the dorsal fin. The pectoral fins and the pelvic fin are pinkish yellow in colour. There is a black, blue-edged eyespot at the base of the tail. The caudal fin is brown with its outer margin having a white edge at its corners.
Cohen launched TAG Strategic on July 5, 2006. TAG's initial few clients included Gibson Guitar Corporation, Muze, EMI Music, Limewire, EyeSpot and Participant Media. Since then, TAG Strategic has gone on to work with Coca-Cola, Verizon Communications, SanDisk, Hello Music, Stream Jam, UK Trade & Investment, Buymyplaylist.com and Emblaze Mobile, among many others.
The zoologist Hugh Cott identified the value of concealing the eye in his 1940 book Adaptive Coloration in Animals. He notes the "inherent conspicuousness of an eye-spot", which "stands out from everything else, and rivets the attention", making the point with a diagram containing one small eyespot and many larger features: the eyespot immediately attracts the viewer's attention. The image has been used elsewhere, for example in Tim Newark's 2007 book on camouflage, where Newark noted that Cott's image proved the point, as "the eye of a vertebrate, with its dense black pupil, stands out from the most jumbled backgrounds, as Cott's illustration demonstrates." Cott argued that "no scheme of camouflage will be completely effective which does not mask or modify the appearance of the eye".
Hypocysta euphemia, the rock ringlet, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Australia, including southern Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. The wingspan is about 40 mm. Adults have brown wings with a complex pattern of darker lines and one large and one small eyespot on each wing.
Male from CAR Charaxes hadrianus has a wingspan reaching about . The upperside of the forewings is white, with a brown basal area and a black apical part showing several white spots. The underside of the forewings is grey, with a large black eyespot. The upperside of the hindwings is white, with black outer margins.
Raphidophytes contain numerous ellipsoid chloroplasts, which contain chlorophylls a, c1 and c2. They also make use of accessory pigments including β-carotene and diadinoxanthin. Unlike other heterokontophytes, raphidophytes do not possess the photoreceptive organelle (or eyespot) typical of this group. In terms of ecology, raphidophytes occur as photosynthetic autotrophs across a range of aquatic systems.
Lethe diana, the Diana treebrown, is a brush-footed butterfly (subfamily Satyrinae) in the family Nymphalidae. Its wings are a dark shade of brown, with an eyespot pattern, and a wingspan of about 45–55 mm. It resembles Lethe confusa; however, the Lethe confusa bears a white band on its wings, setting them apart.
In the western part of the common wood-nymph's range, there are a few similar species. The Great Basin wood-nymph (Cercyonis sthenele) and the small wood-nymph (Cercyonis oetus) are smaller, and the lower forewing eyespot is smaller than the upper one. Mead's wood-nymph (Cercyonis meadii) has a bright red-orange area on the ventral forewing.
Notocrypta curvifascia, the restricted demon, is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae. N. curvifascia is commonly found in many regions of temperate and tropical East Asia, Indonesia, and the Indian subcontinent. Among butterflies, it is relatively small, at approximately 4 cm long (adult). Its wings are dark brown to black, with a white eyespot near the trailing end.
Mycalesis terminus, the orange bushbrown, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Maluku), New Guinea and Australia (Queensland).Australian Faunal Directory The wingspan is about 40 mm. Adults are dark brown with a large orange patch on each forewing and an eyespot on each forewing and three on each hindwing.
Males have one to two black eyespots on the forewing; females have two to three. Males have a large, dark patch of sex scales on the forewing, extending from the basal area to near the apex. Females have dark scaling on the basal area of the forewing. Both sexes have a small eyespot near the hindwing tornus.
Pseudocreobotra is a genus of Sub-Saharan flower mantisses. They are visually similar to Creobroter species of Asia, but belong to different subfamilies. Their forewings have prominent spiralled eyespots, which are flashed in a silent deimatic display, to startle would-be predators. The nymphs however, expand the raised abdomen in response to threats, to reveal a single dorsal eyespot.
The wingspan of the male of the species is between 16 to18 mm. mm and the female is between 17 and 22 mm. This species has a unique striped coloration to its forewings and this ferruginous colour and pattern, along with the lack of eyespot on the forewings are diagnostic for the identification of the species.
This species is sexually dimorphic, and the males are smaller and lighter in color than the females. Wingspan is between and inches (5.2 - 7.8 cm). The forewing is gray with a marginal, median, and postmedian white band, and a central yellow or orange eyespot. The hindwing in males is white and in females white to dull brown.
The underside is light brown with broad, offset, white postmedian dashes. The hindwings have a blue tail-spot and a black-capped orange eyespot. Adults are on wing from June to August in one generation per year. They feed on the nectar of various flowers, including common milkweed, dogbane, New Jersey tea, staghorn sumac, and white sweet clover.
Stenogussonia, but the species was later transferred to Sebastiania. The specific epithet pavoniana might derive from the Latin ('peafowl'). However neither the flowers nor fruit are peacock blue or any other shade of blue, but more of a greenish yellow. The seeds do have a spot that might abstractly resemble the eyespot on a peacock's tail feathers.
Juvenile Pomacentrus amboinensis, showing eyespot on dorsal fin Pomacentrus amboinensis is a damselfish from the Western Pacific. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 9 cm in length. They live in small groups of one mature male that guards a nest site on the seafloor and several females.
Mature red drum (S. ocellatus) showing characteristic spot(s) at the base of the tail: This one is not a "bull red" because it is shorter than 27 inches (0.69 m).Red drum are a dark red color on the back, which fades into white on the belly. The red drum has a characteristic eyespot near the tail and is somewhat streamlined.
The underside of the forewing has an oblique, pale grey postdiscal band tapering towards the tornus. The discal region of the under hindwing has a border of black lunules and a black eyespot. These are all edged with orange and pale blue. Female: Slightly larger than the male, differing in the lack of a sex brand on the upperside of the forewing.
Erebus terminitincta is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Max Gaede in 1938. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales. The wings are dark brown with a ragged white arc. There is an eyespot on the forewings and a white mark at the tip of the hindwings.
The wingspan of Papilio macilentus reaches about . Wings are black, with red spots, wavy edges and long tails on its hindwings. At the outer edge of the hindwings there is row of small red spots, while at the inner edge there is a red eyespot. This species has one of the longest and nicely-shaped tails in the family Papilionidae.
N. A. Campbell and J. B. Reece (2005). Biology, Seventh Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California. The ancestors of modern hagfish, thought to be protovertebrate, were evidently pushed to very deep, dark waters, where they were less vulnerable to sighted predators and where it is advantageous to have a convex eyespot, which gathers more light than a flat or concave one.
The flagella gains mastigonemes and takes up an external position. At the same time the volume of extracellular material increases. The Golgi body at this stage occupies a position next to the developing flagella and the vesicles with the Golgi body contain a noticeable core of electron- dense material. An eyespot develops in the chloroplast which had retained its star-shape throughout gametogenesis.
Somewhat similar to Mycalesis adolphei but the eyespots on the median vein of the upper forewing much larger and encircled by a broad ring of orange red and extending towards the costal margin (leading edge). The underside is dark reddish brown. The eyespot on the hindwing is larger than in M. adolphei. The wingspan is about 5 to 6 cm.
Hipparchia genava has a wingspan of about . The basic color of the upperside of the wings is dark brown, with a large whitish band and a white fringe. The underside of the hindwings shows a large white band with a large indent in the middle. Also the underside of the forewings has a white band, usually with an indent below an apical eyespot.
The hindwings have two maize-yellow bands extending from the forewings. There is a maroon-red to orange-red eyespot near the tornus with a blue crescent above. The center of the tail tip is yellow. Eggs are laid singly on young leaves and shoots of Zanthoxylum fagara, Ptelea trifoliata, Amyris texana and Casimiroa greggii, Ruta graveolens and Citrus species.
Trachelomonads also have an eyespot, a feature of photosynthetic euglenoids, located outside the chloroplast with orange to red pigmentation. These cells also have one long emergent flagellum that has previously been identified to emerge from the apical pore, and a shorter flagellum that is within the furrow and not used for motility. Under light microscopy, it is also possible to see condensed chromosomes.
The horizontal line joining the bases of the tentacles will pass below the central axis of the rostrum, which is also distinctly constricted behind the tentacles. The surface of the rostrum is smooth, its dorsal line arched. The tentacles are short, stout, transversely wrinkled, and distinctly larger distally. There is a slight enlargement near their bases, where a small, black pigmented eyespot is clearly visible on both.
Adult Ypthima singala show sexual dimorphism. In male specimens, the dorsal surface of both wings is brownish and one large eye-spot and a series of smaller eyespots are found on the ventral surface of the forewing. This large eyespot can be seen very faintly on the dorsal surface. In female specimens, a prominent eye-spot is found on the dorsal surface of the forewing.
Astrephomene gubernaculifera is a colonial, flagellated volvocine green algae. It consists of 16, 32, 64 or 128 cells, 2 to 7 of which are small and oriented such that their flagella form a rudder (Stein 1958). Each cell is surrounded by a gelatinous matrix and contains an eyespot, two flagella and 1-3 contractile vacuoles at the anterior end. Astrephomene gubernaculifera can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Cilia begin to surround the entire body causing movement along the anterior-posterior axis. Six days after fertilization occurs, the anterior body extends, while the posterior body flattens laterally . Shortly after, tube feet and the central disk begin to appear on the body. The mouth and spine begin to form on the body and after fifteen days, symmetry is more pronounced and the eyespot has fully developed.
The ocelli show through distinctly above and are yellow in the middle with white crescents and sharply ringed with black. On the forewing four or five, on the hindwing always four eyespots, the apical one sometimes doubled, being accompanied anteriorly by a halved eyespot. The species flies rather high; Garlepp met with it at Cocapata in Bolivia at elevations of about 2600 m.Fruhstorfer, H., 1913.
This helps them conceal their eyespots and makes them appear smaller, further helping them camouflage to their environment. Additionally, the forewing of a Hipparchia semele has one large and one small eyespot. When the grayling butterfly believes it may have been detected by a predator, it exposes these spots. However, there may be a balance between their cryptic coloring behavior and the exposure of their conspicuous eye spots.
Eyespot on a peacock's train feather. A peacock's copulation success rate depends on the colours of his eyespots (ocelli) and the angle at which they are displayed. The angle at which the ocelli are displayed during courtship is more important in a peahen's choice of males than train size or number of ocelli. Peahens pay careful attention to the different parts of a peacock's train during his display.
The larva (caterpillar) of this species is grey on the dorsal side, and yellow on the ventral side. Along the prolegs there is a line of clear markings, as well as markings in the form of an eye, following the line of spiracles. In the adult, each wing presents a large eyespot. The eyespots on the hindwings are distinct, whereas the eyespots on the forewings are smaller and often duller.
Four-eye butterflyfish showing its concealed eye and false eyespot near the tail Automimicry refers to instances in which one body part of an animal mimics another. This may help and animal survive an attack, or help a predators to appear innocuous. Examples include many moth, butterfly, and fish species that have "eye-spots". These are large dark markings that help prey escape by causing predators to attack a false target.
The six-line wrasse is very small species of wrasse which attains a maximum total length of . It is violet in colour and is marked with six orange stripes along the flanks. There is also a small eyespot on the dorsal part of the base of the caudal fin, a blue stripe along the base of the anal fin, and a blue streak on the pelvic fin. It has red eyes.
Caudal luring is found in some sharks, being common among three species: Alopias vulpinus, Alopias superciliosus and Alopias pelagicus; they have tails (elongated dorsal lobes of the caudal fin) of varying shapes, but they all use them to attract and then immobilize prey. The tasselled wobbegong (Eucrossorhinus dasypogon) a carpet shark, has a caudal fin resembles a small fish with a small dark eyespot; this is waved slowly to attract prey.
The Japanese butterflyfish is a deep-bodied, vertically flattened fish up to long. The dorsal fin has 12 or 13 spines and 18 to 20 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 15 or 16 soft rays. The body is creamy-brown, rimmed with dark brown. The juvenile fish has an eyespot in the region of its soft dorsal fin, but this fades as it grows.
Sexual size dimorphism within species increases with body size in insects. Oikos Sexual dimorphism within insects is also displayed by dichromatism. In butterfly genera Bicyclus and Junonia, dimorphic wing patterns evolved due to sex-limited expression, which mediates the intralocus sexual conflict and leads to increased fitness in males. The sexual dichromatic nature of Bicyclus anynana is reflected by female selection on the basis of dorsal UV-reflective eyespot pupils.
Uppersides, male left, female right Shows slight sexual dimorphism. Male upperside ground colour silky brown; cilia of both wings whitish. Forewing has a transverse row of four large orange spots, the apical one the largest, bearing a black, white-centred eyespot; beyond the row of orange spots a subterminal dark brown line. Hindwing uniform, but bearing a postdiscal row of from three to six black, white-centred, orange-ringed eyespots.
They are metabolized through hydrolysis and photolysis in plants. These fungicides kill cells during mitosis by distorting the mitotic spindle; β-tubulin, a protein important in forming the cytoskeleton, is targeted. They mostly inhibit polymerization of β-tubulin by interacting with it directly, but other interactions also exist. Starting in the late 1960s, they were widely used to control fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, Cercospora, powdery mildew and eyespot.
The Lethe diana wingspan ranges from 45 to 55 mm. Its forewings are dark brown, and sometimes have white belt-like patterns that are more apparent on the female. The hindwings are also dark brown with an eyespot pattern adorning the back, with about one or two small eyespots and on the forewings, and six eyespots ranging in size on the hindwing. The veins are a distinctly noticeable darker brown.
Diagram showing fins and eyespot of a bowfin. USFW&S; The body of the bowfin is elongated and cylindrical, with the sides and back olive to brown in color, often with vertical bars, and dark reticulations, or camouflaged pattern. The dorsal fin has horizontal bars, and the caudal fin has irregular vertical bars. The underside is white or cream, and the paired fins and anal fin are bright green.
The adult has spiny structures on the underside of its abdomen, giving it its name. It is variable in colour, being typically light green, but it can equally be tinted yellow, pink, or red. It has a large eyespot on its forewings, which is black, green and cream and is surrounded by a green patch. The inner hind wings are orange and the outer hind wings are transparent.
The wingspan is 60–65 mm.Pacific Northwest Moths The forewings are yellowish on the bottom, gradually morphing into white on the top. The veins are black at the tips and there is a black eyespot on each wing with a white center. The hindwings are yellow orange with black-tipped veins and a thick black stripe that curves through the middle of the wing, up through the forewings.
10.1007/BF02488737 Some species have reduced or no lobes, and some have developed posterior lobes. Like other green algal lineages, the thylakoids and lamellae have no set number or pattern within the chloroplast. The chloroplast contains one pyrenoid, which is encircled in a starch-shell, and one eyespot. The pyrenoid is usually central within the cell; the location of the stigma however, varies from species largely due to cell size and shape.
Glynne's work on crop diseases was subject to significant attention towards the end of World War II, as maximising the production of food was essential due to shortages. Her work, especially on eyespot in wheat, afforded her a DSc from University of Wales in 1943. In both the 1940s and 1950s, she carried on her pioneering work in cereal pathology and made "unexpected" discoveries related to the disposal of organic material in the soil.
Epaulette sharks are preyed upon by larger fishes such as other sharks. Its coloration provides protective camouflage, while its epaulette is speculated to be an eyespot for distracting or deterring predators. Epaulette sharks are almost all parasitized by the praniza (parasitic) larval stage of gnathiid isopods. The larvae feed on blood and mostly attach to the skin around the cloaca and the claspers, though they are also found inside the mouth and on the gills.
The conglutinate has a sticky filament that allows it to adhere to the substrate so it is not washed away. There is also an even more specialized way of dispersal known as a super-conglutinate. The super-conglutinate resembles an aquatic fly larva or a fish egg, complete with a dark area that looks like an eyespot,Watters, G. T. (1999). Morphology of the conglutinate of the Kidneyshell Freshwater Mussel, Ptychobranchus fasciolaris.
Later its growing size forces it to keep to twigs and the undersides of leaves except when it is feeding on leaves. It moves slowly and haltingly. It has a unique habit of securing its balance by weaving silk on the substratum. The caterpillar can be distinguished from the common Mormon, which it resembles, by its larger size, greenish head and a blue streak in the eyespot in segments 4 to 5.
The conglutinate has a sticky filament that allows it to adhere to the substrate so it is not washed away. There is also an even more specialized way of dispersal known as a super-conglutinate. The super- conglutinate resembles an aquatic fly larva or a fish egg, complete with a dark area that looks like an eyespot, and it is appetizing to fish. When a fish consumes it, it breaks up, releasing the glochidia.
Pandorina is a genus of green algae composed of 8, 16, or sometimes 32 cells, held together at their bases to form a sack globular colony surrounded by mucilage. The cells are ovoid or slightly narrowed at one end to appear keystone- or pear-shaped. Each cell has two flagella with two contractile vacuoles at their base, an eyespot, and a large cup-shaped chloroplast with at least one pyrenoid. Pandorina sp.
During larval stage, hatchlings from about total length are black and tadpole-like in appearance. At approximately total length they have been described as looking like miniature placoderms. They grow quickly, and typically leave the nest within 4 to 6 weeks after hatching. Young males have a black eyespot on the base of the tail (caudal peduncle) that is commonly encircled by an orange-yellowish border while the female's is black, if present at all.
Peafowl are lekking species and males provide no care to their offspring, therefore females do not gain any direct benefits from mating with a more elaborate male. However, conflicting evidence has been found that removal of a large number of eyespots (≤20) from a male's train does reduce his mating success, although this is outside the natural variation of eyespot loss. This shows that peafowl preference is more complex than originally thought. Takahashi et al.
Male gametangia have been observed only between April and July (Southern Hemisphere, Australia). They are borne in a similar manner to the female gametangia, and contain 64 zooids, each 5 µm long by 2-3 µm wide. Both gametes are pyriform in shape (pear form) with two laterally inserted flagella (the anterior one longer than the posterior). They each possess one eyespot - and have never been observed to contain two or more.
Armactica columbina is a moth of the family Nolidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in the Australian states of New South Wales, Queensland and the north of Western Australia. Head The wingspan is about 20 mm. Adults have dark grey forewings with a grey, then white, brown and black band along the outer edge, a small blue eyespot near the centre and a row of five eyespots in each brown band.
Two flagella emanate from the anterior papilla of the cell, and cells have two contractile vacuoles at the flagellar base. Polytoma possesses a leukoplast in place of a chloroplast, in which many starch grains are concentrated; there is no pyrenoid. Since they lack photosynthetic capability, Polytoma species are entirely saprotrophic, obtaining nutrients from decaying organic matter. Some species possess an eyespot apparatus (stigma) in the anterior portion of the leucoplast, but in others this organelle is absent.
Eustigmatophyte zoids (gametes) possess a single or pair of flagella, originating from the apex of the cell. Unlike other heterokontophytes, eustigmatophyte zoids do not have typical photoreceptive organelles (or eyespots); instead an orange-red eyespot outside a chloroplast is located at the anterior end of the zoid. Ecologically, eustigmatophytes occur as photosynthetic autotrophs across a range of systems. Most eustigmatophyte genera live in freshwater or in soil, although Nannochloropsis contains marine species of picophytoplankton (2–4 μm).
The P. béii contains a single straight elongated apical vesicle with a row of small knobs, eight latitudinal series of amphiesmal vesicles, and a Type E eyespot. When not living as a symbiont the species is able to enter a motile stage. Like Symbiodinium, P. béii is a member of the Suessiales order, which lack thecal armored plates. P. béii is hosted by at least four foraminifera: G. ruber, G. conglobatus, G. sacculifer and Orbulina universa.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single-cell green alga about 10 micrometres in diameter that swims with two flagella. It has a cell wall made of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, a large cup-shaped chloroplast, a large pyrenoid, and an eyespot that senses light. Chlamydomonas species are widely distributed worldwide in soil and fresh water. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an especially well studied biological model organism, partly due to its ease of culturing and the ability to manipulate its genetics.
Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. but is generally olive-brown or olive- green. There can be vertical bars on the sides that are thin, wavy, and silvery. Colors are more intense in males during the reproductive season, as they become dark olive-green on the back, steel-blue on the sides with about 15 silvery bars, and yellow or orange-yellow on the underside; the dorsal fin is mottled and a small eyespot may be present near the rear edge.
Upperside very dark Vandyke brown, the cilia conspicuously white, the transverse white discal band of the underside showing through on both forewing and hindwing, but very plainly on the latter. Forewing with a white-centred, fulvous-ringed, median, and a similar but much smaller subapical eyespot, the latter very often absent; broad but faint and ill-defined sub-terminal and terminal white lines. Hindwing: a subtornal ocellus (eyespot) similar to those on the forewing and much more conspicuous; subterminal and terminal whitish lines. Underside: ground colour similar; basal half of wings closely irrorated (sprinkled) with pale transverse stripe; a conspicuous white discal band, inwardly sharply defined, outwardly diffused, followed by series of ocelli similar to the ocelli on the upperside, a median and two subapical on the forewing, three subapical and three tornal on the hindwing: the number of these ocelli is variable, sometimes one or more additional ocelli are present, often one or more are lacking on the hindwing; finally, the subterminal and terminal white bands as on the upperside but better defined.
Apaturina erminea has a wingspan of about , and males measure marginally larger than females. The uppersides of the forewings are black with an iridescent blue-green base, two white small spots at the apex and a diagonal series of pale yellow patches across each wing. The uppersides of the hindwings are completely iridescent blue green in males, or chestnut brown in females, with an eyespot on each wing. The undersides are quite similar but the basic color is grayish brown, without iridescence.
There is a vertical dark line through the eye which continues below the eye in what has been described as a "teardrop". Fish of a standard length less than around have an obvious dark eyespot, or ocellus, which has a reddish margin on the soft part of the dorsal fin. The pectoral and pelvic fins are dusky with paler reticulations. The maximum total length recorded is but they are more commonly around and the maximum published weight is 1.35 pounds.
Synodontis longirostris, known as the eyespot synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it occurs in the Congo Basin. It was first described by British-Belgian zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1902, from specimens obtained in the Ubangi River at Banzyville. The species name longirostris comes from the Latin word longus, meaning "long", and the Latin word rostrum, meaning snout, referring to the long snout on this species.
Like other species of Congrogadid the ocellate eel blenny has eggs covered in hooks, cross shaped hooks in this species. This species has an extremely elongated body, its gill membranes are joineded to the isthmus ventrally. It has one, short lateral line which runs from its shoulder to underneath the front part of the dorsal fin. The body is dark brown in colour with mottled with paler markings and it has a black eyespot, smaller than its eye, located above the opercle.
Stegastes variabilis on FishBase Juveniles have a number of tiny blue spots and stripes on the head and upper part of the body, including two spots and a stripe on the upper iris. These regions also have a dusky blue sheen. A blue-rimmed black eyespot is located where the dorsal fin spines join with the soft rays. A similar blue-rimmed spot is found at the top of the caudle peduncle, and it extends down nearly as far as the lateral line.
There are two small dorsal fins, both with rounded to angular apices; the first is slightly smaller than the second, and its position varies from over to behind the pelvic fins. The caudal fin is triangular with rounded corners, and is roughly symmetrical above and below. The skin is soft and entirely devoid of dermal denticles. The dorsal coloration of the ocellated electric ray is extremely variable, with the only constant being the large ocellus ("eyespot") in the middle of the back.
Melkonian has research interests that range from cell biology, Melkonian, M., Robenek, H. (1980): Eyespot membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardii: a freeze-fracture study. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 72, 90-102Salisbury, J.L., Baron, A., Surek, B., Melkonian, M. (1984): Striated flagellar roots: isolation and partial characterization of a calcium-modulated contractile organelle. J. Cell Biol. 99, 962-970 Melkonian, M., Reize, I.B., Preisig, H.R. (1987): Maturation of a flagellum/basal body requires more than one cell cycle in algal flagellates: Studies on Nephroselmis olivacea (Prasinophyceae).
All the same, the dinoflagellate cell consists of the more common organelles such as rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lipid and starch grains, and food vacuoles. Some have even been found with a light-sensitive organelle, the eyespot or stigma, or a larger nucleus containing a prominent nucleolus. The dinoflagellate Erythropsidium has the smallest known eye. Some athecate species have an internal skeleton consisting of two star-like siliceous elements that has an unknown function, and can be found as microfossils.
Early symptoms of gray leaf spot can be seen on leaves as small, spherical lesions with a yellow halo around them. These first lesions may be tan or brown before fungal sporulation begins. The initial disease can be hard to identify as gray leaf spot at this stage because it looks similar to eyespot and common rust. However, as the lesions mature, they elongate into rectangular, narrow, brown to gray spots that usually develop on the lower leaves and spread upward on the plant during the season.
Hipparchia statilinus has a wingspan of .Simon Coombes Captain's European Butterfly Guide These butterflies are rather variable, especially in the shades of brown present on the wings and in the intensity of the white bands. Usually the basic color of the upperside of the wings is dull brown in the male, lighter or ocher in the female, with a fringe on the edges. Two blind or very discreetly pupillated black eyespots are present on the forewings, while the hindwings show a very small eyespot.
Closeup of male Luna moth eyespot Androconial patch on hindwing of Bicyclus anynana, a nymphalid Scales play an important part in the natural history of Lepidoptera. Scales enable the development of vivid or indistinct patterns which help the organism protect itself by camouflage, mimicry, and warning. Besides providing insulation, dark patterns on wings allow sunlight to be absorbed and are probably involved in thermoregulation. Bright and distinctive colour patterns in butterflies which are distasteful to predators help communicate their toxicity or inedibility, thus preventing predation.
The lagoon damselfish is a large brown species of damselfish, often the adults' have a pale russet head and the colour of the fish gradually darkens towards the tail. There are pinkish markings on the operculum. The juveniles are dark blue to brownish on the head and near body and are yellow towards the tail and on the underside with a large iridescent blue eyespot on the dorsal fin, and blue bands and spots near the head on its body. They grow to a maximum length of .
Diagram of octopus from side, with gills, funnel, eye, ocellus (eyespot), web, arms, suckers, hectocotylus and ligula labelled. The skin consists of a thin outer epidermis with mucous cells and sensory cells, and a connective tissue dermis consisting largely of collagen fibres and various cells allowing colour change. Most of the body is made of soft tissue allowing it to lengthen, contract, and contort itself. The octopus can squeeze through tiny gaps; even the larger species can pass through an opening close to in diameter.
Imagines (sexually mature, reproductive stage) have a wingspan of 2.5–3.5 inches (63–88 mm). This species is sexually dimorphic, males having bright yellow forewings, body, and legs, while females have reddish-brown forewings, body, and legs. The males also have much bigger plumose (feathery) antennae than the females. Both have one big black to bluish eyespot with some white in the center, on each hindwing, a defense mechanism meant to frighten off potential predators, especially when the moth is sitting in the head-down position.
Caterpillar of the closely related species P. glaucus The caterpillars of Papilio species are usually smooth and vary in color from green to yellow orange. In addition, they have black markings to mimic the appearance of bird droppings or the head of another bug with large "eyes". The eyespot consists of areas of yellow ringed with black with a smaller, light purple spot (also ringed in black) inside. Additionally, a small black spot on top of the "eye" gives it the appearance of a true eye.
Volvox carteri is a useful model organism for understanding the evolution and developmental genetics of cellular differentiation, in part because asexual colonies possess only two cell types. Approximately 2000 biflagellated somatic cells form a monolayer at the surface of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cannot divide, rendering them mortal. They facilitate motility in response to changes in light concentration (phototaxis), which is detected via an orange photoreceptor-containing eyespot. Gonidia, by contrast, are immobile, embedded in the ECM interior, and are potentially immortal due to their ability to divide and participate in reproduction.
Each of the epitoke segments is packed with eggs and sperm and features a single eyespot on its surface. The beginning of the last lunar quarter is the cue for these animals to breed, and the epitokes break free from the atokes and float to the surface. The eye spots sense when the epitoke reaches the surface and the segments from millions of worms burst, releasing their eggs and sperm into the water. A similar strategy is employed by the deep sea worm Syllis ramosa, which lives inside a sponge.
The chloroplast of Dunaliella also has an eyespot that sits at an anterior peripheral position and is made of one to two rows of lipids. The reason Dunaliella is able to be so halo- tolerant is due to its very effective osmoregulatory process. Firstly, the lack of cell wall allows the cell to easily expand and contract to maintain liveable internal salt concentrations. Secondly, when triggered by the changes in cell volumes and in levels of inorganic phosphate and pH following osmotic shock, plasma membrane sensors and various soluble metabolites activate glycerol synthesis.
This alga has remarkable characteristics, including four flagella, a theca (polysaccharide envelope) and a vacuole (stigma or "eyespot") that contains photo-receptor molecules. T. convolutae lives in the free living state in the water column but is mainly benthics. Thus, in hospite, the alga does not have the same phenotype as in the free living state: it no longer has its flagella, its theca and stigma. These phenotypical differences did not allow Geddes, Delage and Haberlandt to deduce that the green cells in the tissues could have been micro-algae.
Under various names, fungi in the Ceratobasidium cornigerum complex are known to cause a range of diseases in commercial crops. The AG-A group (Ceratobasidium ramicola) causes various diseases, including "strawberry black root rot", diseases of soya bean, pea, and pak choy, and "silky threadblight" of Pittosporum and other shrubs. The AG-D group (Ceratobasidium cereale) causes "sharp eyespot" of cereals and "yellow patch" in turf grass. Corticium invisum was described as the causal agent of "black rot" of tea in Sri Lanka, whilst Corticium pervagum causes a leaf and stem blight of cocoa.
Underside opaque blue black. Forewing with a dark red streak at base and the subterminal internervular streaks as on the upperside but grey and more prominent. Hindwing with four or five small patches of dark red at base, a complete dark red eyespot in interspaces 1 and 2, and indistinct subterminal very variable markings of red in the other interspaces, sometimes formed into half eyespots in interspaces 3 and 4; within this line of markings there is an incomplete discal lunular series of mixed red and blue scaling. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black.
The caudal fin rounded. The overall colour of this species is reddish-orange and it has seven wide, lemon-yellow bars on the upper flanks which reach onto the dorsal fin, and three wide yellow irregular oblique stripes on the head. The juveniles are yellower, darkening on the lower body, and they have several white bars on the body and a large black eyespot on the soft rayed part of the dorsal fin. They also have blackish pelvic fins, and a black area at the base of the anal fin.
The Notch (N) gene expression precedes an upregulation of Dll in the cells that will become the center of the focus. This makes N the earliest developmental signal, so far studied, that is related with the establishment of the eyespots. Loss of N completely disrupts Dll expression, and eventually eyespot formation, in several butterfly species. A variety of other wing patterns are determined by N and Dll patterns of expression in early development of the wing imaginal disc, suggesting that a single mechanism patterns multiple coloration structures of the wing.
It is thought the purpose of the eyespot is to confuse predators, deflecting attacks away from the head of the fish to its tail, which affords the bowfin an opportunity to escape predation. The bowfin is so named for its long, undulating dorsal fin consisting of 145 to 250 rays, and running from the middle of the back to the base of the tail. The skull of the bowfin is made of two layers of skull, the dermatocranium and the chondrocranium. The chondrocranium layer cannot be seen because it is located below the dermal bones.
It preys upon schooling nocturnal fishes such as squirrelfishes, soldierfishes, and sweepers that often shelter in the same cave. Tiny fishes and crustaceans have been seen settling atop the resting wobbegong's head, attracting larger fishes that are in turn attacked by the wobbegong. Observations in captivity have further revealed that this species seems to engage in active luring behavior. When it perceives food nearby, it begins to slowly wave its tail back and forth; its caudal fin resembles a small fish, complete with a dark eyespot at the base.
The forewings mostly exhibit at the cell-end an eyespot or ringspot. Head broad, forehead broad and flat, eyes of medium size, naked, slightly convex, palpi bent up in front of the face, not projecting, but often brightly coloured; second joint more than twice as long as the first one, the third a minute knob. Antennae very long, reaching about two thirds of the costa, thin, at the ends scarcely thickened. Thorax slender, legs short, the legs, on being stretched out, scarcely reach the anus; abdomen long and slim, mostly extending considerably beyond the anal angle.
Brittle stars, crinoids and sea cucumbers in general do not have sensory organs but some burrowing sea cucumbers of the order Apodida have a single statocyst adjoining each radial nerve and some have an eyespot at the base of each tentacle.Ruppert, Fox & Barnes (2004) pp. 872–929 The gonads occupy much of the body cavities of sea urchins and sea cucumbers, while the less voluminous crinoids, brittle stars and starfish have two gonads in each arm. While the ancestral condition is considered to be the possession of one genital aperture, many organisms have multiple gonopores through which eggs or sperm may be released.
The inscribed wrasse is a large species within its genus with the largest males measured at 325mm in standard length, It is said to reach in standard length. The small juvenile fish are greenish with white markings and an eyespot on the soft part of the dorsal fin and another on the anal fin. The females are brown with white markings on their scales that create thin longitudinal stripes. The males are bluish-grey in colour with the body showing an irregular pattern which resembles scribbles and which give rise to the species common and its specific name.
Mary Dilys Glynne (19 February 1895 – 9 May 1991) was a British plant pathologist and mountaineer. She was the first plant pathologist at Rothamsted Experimental Station, particularly interested in soil-based fungal diseases including potato wart, eyespot in wheat and take-all. She discovered a method for identifying varieties of crop resistant to these fungal diseases and also prove that methods such as crop rotation only perpetuated the problem. Her research led to increased yields in agriculture, which was of particular note during World War II, and was appointed an OBE for her services to agriculture.
She was able to prove that the lodging or flattening of wheat close to harvest was frequently not the result of wind or rain, but instead caused by take-all and eyespot, both soil-borne fungal diseases. Glynne was able to not only identify the fungal cause and which strains of cereal were less susceptible, but also establish that crop rotation exacerbated the issue. On this basis, she was able to advise which strains of cereal should be planted in the affected fields. Glynne also discovered Gibellina cerealis in 1935, a fungal pathogen thought to be introduced to the UK by Roman settlers.
Phacus, like all photosynthetic Euglenoids, obtained their plastids through secondary endosymbiosis, where the ancestral phagocytic Euglenoid engulfed a green alga, and the resulting organism became the plastid. Most of these organisms also possess a semi-rectangular eyespot, often reddish in color, and a single flagellum, although some species have two, which emerges anteriorly. The flagellum is responsible for cell movement by gyrating in the direction of travel allowing the cell to glide and swim in the water. Furthermore, some flagella vary in length from short all the way to the length of the cell in other species.
However, recent studies have failed to find a relation between the number of displayed eyespots and mating success. Marion Petrie tested whether or not these displays signaled a male's genetic quality by studying a feral population of peafowl in Whipsnade Wildlife Park in southern England. She showed that the number of eyespots in the train predicted a male's mating success, and this success could be manipulated by cutting the eyespots off some of the male's ornate feathers. Although the removal of eyespots makes males less successful in mating, eyespot removal substantially changes the appearance of male peafowls.
Some regulatory systems of Chlamydomonas are more complex than their homologs in Gymnosperms, with evolutionarily related regulatory proteins being larger and containing additional domains.A Falciatore, L Merendino, F Barneche, M Ceol, R Meskauskiene, K Apel, JD Rochaix (2005). The FLP proteins act as regulators of chlorophyll synthesis in response to light and plastid signals in Chlamydomonas. The red eyespot in Chlamydomonas is sensitive to light and hence determines movement. Genes & Dev, 19:176-187 Molecular phylogeny studies indicated that the traditional genus Chlamydomonas defined using morphological data was polyphyletic within Volvocales, and many species were reclassified (e.g.
Other product finishes such as hole punching for retail hanging racks will be done concurrently or just after the "Top Seal" is made. The feeding of material and cutting of the bag/pouch can be determined either by pouch length, or by indexing to an eyespot (photo registration mark), which is detected by a visual sensor. While single web systems are popular for food applications, the dual web four side seal system is often popular for IVD and Medical device products. Closely related is the horizontal form-fill-seal machine, which generally uses more floor space than a vertical system.
The ocellated electric ray or bullseye electric ray (Diplobatis ommata) is a species of electric ray in the family Narcinidae, native to the shallow inshore waters of the eastern central Pacific from the Gulf of California to Ecuador. Reaching in length, this species has a rounded pectoral fin disc and pelvic fins with convex margins. Its short and thick tail bears two dorsal fins and terminates in a triangular caudal fin. The ocellated electric ray is named for the distinctive large eyespot on the middle of its disc, consisting of a black or yellow center surrounded by concentric rings.
Northern snakeheads (Channa argus) are commonly mistaken for bowfin because of similarities in appearance, most noticeably their elongated, cylindrical shape, and long dorsal fin that runs along their backs. Northern snakeheads are piscivorous fish native to the rivers and estuaries of China, Russia, and Korea. However, unlike bowfin which are native to North America, the northern snakehead is considered an invasive species and environmentally harmful. Some contrasting differences in bowfin include a black eyespot on their caudal peduncle, a tan and olive coloration, a shorter anal fin, a more rounded head, and an upper jaw that is longer than its lower jaw.
The eyespot rasbora (Brevibora dorsiocellata) is a small fish belonging to the Family Cyprinidae, subfamily Danioninae, which is known by the common names of ocellated rasbora, hi-spot rasbora, and eye-spot rasbora, an allusion to the marking situated upon the dorsal fin. This small fish is a popular aquarium fish, having been one of the species featured in the landmark textbook Exotic Aquarium Fishes by Dr William T. Innes (page 180.1 - see References below). Its appearance in this work only occurs in later editions of the book, however, therefore the species is not subject to the same degree of aquarium domestication as the more familiar harlequin rasbora.
However, the lively, fast-moving eye-spot Rasbora is most likely to be compatible with similarly active fishes. Among the species that may be kept in the same aquarium are small characins from South America, assorted small barbs, danios, other small rasboras, Corydoras catfishes, Otocinclus catfishes, the more peaceful dwarf cichlids (and peaceful cichlids such as Laetacara curviceps), and smaller labyrinth fishes. The eye-spot rasbora makes for an interesting 'contrast fish' in company with a shoal of a more brightly coloured species. Furnishing the aquarium for the eyespot rasbora should (as should be the case with all aquarium fish species) be guided principally by the features of its natural habitat.
In this case the gene Distal-less is very under-expressed, or not expressed at all, in the regions where limbs would form in other tetrapods. In 1994, Sean B. Carroll's team made the "groundbreaking" discovery that this same gene determines the eyespot pattern in butterfly wings, showing that toolbox genes can change their function. Toolkit genes, as well as being highly conserved, also tend to evolve the same function convergently or in parallel. Classic examples of this are the already mentioned Distal-less gene, which is responsible for appendage formation in both tetrapods and insects, or, at a finer scale, the generation of wing patterns in the butterflies Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene.
200px Hamadryas feronia is similar in appearance to Hamadryas guatemalena and Hamadryas iphthime. The upperside of the fore wing is a mosaic pattern of white, brown and bluish-grey, with a row of small eyespots parallel with the outer margin; a small red bar occupies the discal cell. The upperside of the hind wing is similar but has few white patches and larger more distinct eyespots. The underside of the fore wing is white or whitish-tan with dark markings, a small red bar and a black submarginal eyespot, and the under hind wing is white or whitish-tan, with dark markings and blue rings containing larger eyespots near the rear margin.
The altered regulatory circuit redeploys early developmental signaling sources, like the canonical hedgehog (Hh) pathway, Distal-less (Dll), and engrailed (En), breaking the anterior/posterior compartmentalization restrictions through increased localized levels of Hh signaling. In turn, this raises expression of its receptor Patched (Ptc) and transcription factor. Normally, in Drosophila, engrailed acts in the posterior compartment to restrict Ptc and Cubitus interruptus (Ci) expression to the anterior compartment by repressing transcription of Ci, thereby preventing Ptc expression. From the perspective of evolutionary developmental biology, understanding the redeployment and plasticity of existing regulatory mechanisms in butterfly eyespot locus development has given more insight into a fundamental mechanism for the evolution of novel structures.
These mechanisms are a part of evolutionary change because they operate in a way that causes the qualities that are desired in a mate to be more frequently passed on to each generation over time. For example, if female peacocks desire mates who have a colourful plumage, then this trait will increase in frequency over time as male peacocks with a colourful plumage will have more reproductive success. Further investigation of this concept, has found that it is in fact the specific trait of blue and green colour near the eyespot that seems to increase the females likelihood of mating with a specific peacock. Mate choice is one of two components of sexual selection, the other being intrasexual selection.
Therefore, the aquarium should have open swimming areas, interspersed with planted sections, the plants in question being a mixture of crown-leaved plants such as Aponogeton and Cryptocoryne with fine-leaved plants such as Myriophyllum. Being mainly an open water fish in the wild, using plant thickets for refuge from predation when danger threatens, the eyespot rasbora is at home in a well-lit aquarium facilitating the growth of more demanding aquarium plants, though the fish is likely to appreciate the thoughtful provision of some floating plants for additional cover. The fish is mainly a middle and upper level swimming species. Filtration should be of good quality, with a relatively high turnover rate.
Once conditioned and acclimatised parents are residing in the breeding aquarium, the temperature should be slowly increased to 27 °C, and additional aeration or filter current provided. Once suitable conditions are provided (and the water chemistry is the most critical factor in determining success), the eyespot rasbora proves to be a relatively enthusiastic and prolific spawner. After rapid darting chases through the aquatic foliage, male and female will assume a side-to-side positional relationship, emit a cloud of eggs and sperm, then after a brief rest pause, resume the chase. This can continue for some time - 2 hours or so - after which anything between 100 and 200 eggs may be laid.
Tip of arm showing eyespot Asterina gibbosa is mainly nocturnal, spending the day underneath boulders, overhangs or in caves, or hidden away under algae in rock pools. It is an opportunistic scavenger but the bulk of its diet comes from the film of bacteria and diatoms that exist on the surface of rocks. It feeds by everting its stomach (turning it inside out) against the surface of the rock and secreting enzymes which digest the film. Other foods found in its stomach included decaying toothed wrack (Fucus serratus), periwinkle faeces and bits of dead molluscs such as mussels (Mytilus edulis), oysters (Ostrea edulis) and periwinkles (Littorina littorea), but 95% of the stomachs contained no large particles indicating the importance in its diet of microscopic organisms.
Variations in the toolkit may have produced a large part of the morphological evolution of animals. The toolkit can drive evolution in two ways. A toolkit gene can be expressed in a different pattern, as when the beak of Darwin's large ground-finch was enlarged by the BMP gene, or when snakes lost their legs as distal-less became under-expressed or not expressed at all in the places where other reptiles continued to form their limbs. Or, a toolkit gene can acquire a new function, as seen in the many functions of that same gene, distal-less, which controls such diverse structures as the mandible in vertebrates, legs and antennae in the fruit fly, and eyespot pattern in butterfly wings.
The second domain starts around 20 hours after pupation around the original central cluster of cells, in an area in which a black ring of the eyespot will be formed. Functional experiments using transgenic Bicyclus anynana (the squinting bush brown butterfly) have shown that overexpression or down-regulation of Dll in the first expression domain correlates with bigger and smaller eyespots respectively. However, if this is done on the second domain then the overall size of the eyespots remains the same, but the width of the black ring raises with a higher amount of Dll. This suggests that Dll might be responsible for the differentiation of the focus in the first expression domain and might be involved in establishing the ring color patterns in the second domain.
Higher transcription levels of Hh, along with other known associates of the Hh pathway, namely patched (Ptc) the Hh receptor, and cubitus interruptus (Ci), the Hh transcription factor is seen throughout the mid to late fifth instar as well, which further implies a role for Hh signaling in eyespot development and patterning. Furthermore, cells that are flanked by the cells expressing the highest level of Hh signaling are fated to become the foci, indicating that focus cell fate determination relies on high concentrations of Hh in surrounding cells. However this observation has not been totally confirmed as a rule for multiple butterfly species. Studies tried to extrapolate the result of Hh pathway involvement by looking for the expression of Ci in Bicyclus anynana.
The standard method of breeding inbred wheat cultivars is by crossing two lines using hand emasculation, then selfing or inbreeding the progeny. Selections are identified (shown to have the genes responsible for the varietal differences) ten or more generations before release as a variety or cultivar. Major breeding objectives include high grain yield, good quality, disease and insect resistance and tolerance to abiotic stresses, including mineral, moisture and heat tolerance. The major diseases in temperate environments include the following, arranged in a rough order of their significance from cooler to warmer climates: eyespot, Stagonospora nodorum blotch (also known as glume blotch), yellow or stripe rust, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici blotch (sometimes known as leaf blotch), brown or leaf rust, Fusarium head blight, tan spot and stem rust.
Mesosemia is a genus in the butterfly family Riodinidae present only in the Neotropical realm. This genus rather closely approximates the genus Eurybia, though it is by no means so uniform. Also here there is in most of the species almost exactly above the middle of the forewing a large eyespot which often exhibits two or three white pupils, and where it is absent, one mostly finds yet its traces in the shape of a small central shade or minute cloud. The Mesosemia differ from the Eurybia by their smaller heads, the shorter antennae, the borders of the forewings being generally slightly curved, the short abdomen mostly not reaching as far as the anal angle, the longer hindwings being often geniculate (knee like) in the middle of the distal margin, or angularly protended (held out).
Underside very pale greyish white; forewing: disc orange, outwardly defined by a dark line, two lines across the discoidal cell, and a sinuous discal oblique line beyond its apex not extending to the tornus, orange-brown; subterminal and terminal dark lines; a subapical eyespot, as on the upperside, but with the outer ring paler, and a much smaller ocellus beyond it towards apex of wing. Hindwing has the basal half crossed by two sinuous curved slender lines, a shorter line crossing the cell only, and another short line defining the discocellular veins, orange brown; the curved row of ocelli as on the upperside, but each ocellus with rings of pale ochraceous and of brown, alternately two of each; lastly, a subterminal and a terminal brown line. Antennae brown; head and thorax studded with long dark grey pubescence; abdomen pale brown. Sex-mark present.
The eyespot rasbora is an elongate fish, with a pointed snout, whose base colour is a reflective, metallic silver, though under some lighting conditions, the fish can take on a yellowish hue, with a slight pink flush present in the ventral area of the body between the operculum and the pelvic fins (corresponding roughly to the sac enclosing the alimentary canal). Under conditions of reflected light, the fish sometimes displays a fine lateral band from the operculum to the end of the caudal peduncle (Walker, 1971, p. 98) this being an olive-gold hue. The fins, with the exception of the dorsal fin, are hyaline, the relation of the pectoral and pelvic fins being typical of the ostariophysans (fishes possessing an auxiliary mechanism for detecting sound consisting of a set of internal bones called the Weberian Ossicles).
Whilst the water chemistry of the habitat of the eyespot rasbora is relatively uniform, with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5 and a hardness value ranging from 0 to 12°dH, the species is more adaptable with respect to general aquarium maintenance, and will tolerate a wider variation of pH and hardness so long as extremes are avoided. The principal factor to bear in mind is that like many fast-swimming and active species, the eye-spot rasbora has a greater than average need for clean, well- filtered water in order to maintain optimum health. Temperature range is usually cited as 20 °C to 25 °C for maintenance, rising to 27 °C for breeding. Whilst water chemistry is not especially critical for maintenance, it becomes much more so for breeding: see "Reproduction" below for more details.

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