1000 Sentences With "phylogeny" | Random Sentence Generator

The phylogeny [the ancestral "family tree"] they report is well-supported.

Before modern gene-based phylogeny developed, that was indeed the definition of a mammal.

But indeed, it lies deep at the bottom of the fish phylogeny, from 307-million years ago... I love the depiction of it.

And his work laid the foundations for a new field of science called molecular phylogeny that has delivered astounding insights about evolutionary history.

"I had a lull in my dissertation research and decided to spend the weekends and downtime making this phylogeny," lead author Matan Shelomi said at the time.

So whatever advances have been made in supportive parenting, the process by which a gay man finds himself and his people is much the same as it ever was: Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.

Biologists have known about these wee beasties for well over a century, but only now can hemimastigotes be officially slotted into the evolutionary tree of life, a process more formally known as phylogeny.

If there is something of which he can be said to be truly proud, it is his scientific passion for fish—"Some Morphological Characters Considered to be Important in Gobiid Phylogeny" being a particular highlight.

Below is a simplified phylogeny showing their one phylogeny supporting gastornithiforms as anserimorphs.

The phylogeny of superrosids shown below is adapted from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group website.

The following phylogeny of Zakerana is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). 9 species are included. Howlader, et al. (2016) gives a different phylogeny.

While the extant gymnosperms form a monophyletic group, a formal name has not been assigned to this clade. In 2018, the Gymnosperm Phylogeny Group was established, analogous to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, with the intention of reaching a consensus.

Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia, p. 289-332. In Benton, M.J. (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of Tetrapods, Vol. 1 ., Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Brittnacher, J. Evolution -- Nepenthes Phylogeny . International Carnivorous Plant Society.

The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141(4): 399-436. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.

This follows the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The family Ranunculaceae sensu stricto (APG) is one of seven families included in the order Ranunculales within the eudicots according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification. The family is monophyletic with Glaucidium as sister to the remaining genera. This phylogeny is illustrated in the APG Poster.

Kluge (1991) moved the genera Sanzinia and Acrantophis into Boa, based on a phylogeny derived from morphological characters.Kluge AG. 1991. Boine Snake Phylogeny and Research Cycles. Misc. Pub. Museum of Zoology, Univ.

The full phylogeny of this genus is unknown, and research was ongoing in 2014. The following cladogram of Cucurbita phylogeny is based upon a 2002 study of mitochondrial DNA by Sanjur and colleagues.

Benton, M.J. and Clark, J.M. (1988). "Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia." Pp. 295–338 in Benton, M.J. (ed.), The phylogeny and classification of the Tetrapods, volume 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2003. "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141(4):399-436.

De Queiroz’s research has focused primarily on the phylogeny and evolutionary biology of squamate reptiles, including his Master’s research on the phylogeny of iguanine lizards and his Ph.D. research on the phylogeny of phrynosomatine sand lizards. He worked with his mentors Richard Estes and Richard Etheridge on the phylogeny of Squamata Estes, R., K. de Queiroz, and J. A. Gauthier. (1988) “Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata.” Pp. 119-281 in ‘’Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families’’, R. Estes and G. Pregill (eds.), Stanford Univ.

The phylogeny of Capitosauroidea according to Witzmann et al. (2016). The phylogeny of the genus Cyclotosaurus according to Witzmann et al. (2016). See also alternative phylogenies from 2017 with the description of C. naraserluki.

The following phylogeny of Rhacophorinae is from Yu et al. (2008).

The phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al.

For a phylogeny of Hemerocallidaceae, see the phylogenetic tree at Asphodelaceae.

The phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al.

BAli-Phy is a free software program for simultaneously estimating a multiple sequence alignment and its phylogenetic tree. BAli-Phy achieves high accuracy in alignment estimation by using information from the co-estimated phylogeny. BAli-Phy takes alignment uncertainty into account while estimating the phylogeny by averaging over possible alignments. Unlike most phylogeny inference software, input sequences need not be aligned beforehand.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2):105-121. (see External links below).

Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Amazona ochrocephala (Aves: Psittacidae) Complex. Auk 121(2): 318-332Russello, M. A., & Amato, G. (2004). A molecular phylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.

The conflicting data pertaining to phylogeny creates inconsistent marmot lineage relationship hypotheses.

Molecular analysis has clarified the group's phylogeny, as shown in the cladogram.

Extinct species assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive, Paleofile.com website and Brodkob.

Below is a phylogeny from Schoch (2018) showing the position of Micropholis.

Colgan et al. (2006) provided further insight into the phylogeny of Caenogastropoda.

The taxonomy, phylogeny, and distributional boundary have not been fully studied yet.

Perfect phylogeny is also used in the construction of haplotype maps. By utilizing the concepts and algorithms described in perfect phylogeny one can determine information regarding missing and unavailable haplotype data. By assuming that the set of haplotypes that result from genotype mapping corresponds and adheres to the concept of perfect phylogeny (as well as other assumptions such as perfect Mendelian inheritance and the fact that there is only one mutation per SNP), one is able to infer missing haplotype data. Inferring a phylogeny from noisy VAF data under the PPM is a hard problem.

A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre. and Caecobarbus geertsii, the only known cavefish in Central Africa.

A phylogeny has been presented by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Origin and phylogeny has been determined by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats.

Peter Stevens, one of the authors of all four of the APG papers, maintains a web site, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APWeb), hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden, which has been regularly updated since 2001, and is a useful source for the latest research in angiosperm phylogeny which follows the APG approach. Other sources include the Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster and The Flowering Plants Handbook.

American Journal of Botany 87 1300-08.Ferguson, C. J. and R. K. Jansen. (2002). A chloroplast DNA phylogeny of eastern Phlox (Polemoniaceae): implications of congruence and incongruence with the ITS phylogeny. American Journal of Botany 89 1324-35.

When the APG III system was published in October 2009, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group expanded Celastraceae to include all members of the pentatomy mentioned above.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Celastrales At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.

The name "metallicus" is Latin meaning "the miner". The use of biochemistry and phylogeny were originally the main source of classification, but 16S rRNA sequences were performed on it to elucidate the phylogeny. Sulfolobus sp. strain 7r sp. nov.

The phylogeny based on the work of the All-Species Living Tree Project.

It is rare that actual data adheres to the concept of perfect phylogeny.

The phylogeny based on the work of the All-Species Living Tree Project.

Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Systematic Entomology 13:465-501.

The following phylogeny of selected Rattus species is from Pagès, et al. (2010).

The phylogeny based on the work of the All-Species Living Tree Project.

The idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny has been applied to some other areas.

The recent reorganization of the Glomeromycota phylogeny has renamed this species Rhizophagus aggregatum.

The cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn, 2005.

Shultz, J.W. (1990). Evolutionary Morphology And Phylogeny of Arachnida. Cladistics 6: 1–38.

The phylogeny based on the work of the All-Species Living Tree Project.

The cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn, 2005.

Museum Nat. History., 85.Engelmann, G. F. (1985). The phylogeny of the Xenarthra.

This group is supported by molecular phylogeny, but there are no known synapomorphies.

" Journal of computational biology 8, no. 3 (2001): 305-323. the multi-state perfect phylogeny problem using chordal graph theory,Gusfield. "The multi- state perfect phylogeny problem with missing and removable data: solutions via integer linear programming and chordal graph theory.

Modern crocodiles are considered within the group archosaurs, which also include birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilians.Benton, Michael J., and JAMES M. Clark. "Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia." The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods 1 (1988): 295-338.

P. Burridge, 1999. Molecular phylogeny of Nemadactylus and Acantholatris (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea), with implications for taxonomy and biogeography. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 13: 93–109Burridge and Smolenski (2004). Molecular phylogeny of the Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea) with notes on taxonomy and biogeography.

The following phylogeny is from Pyron, et al. (2013),Pyron, R Alexander, Frank T Burbrink and John J Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013 13:93.

In phylogenetics, bootstrapping is conducted using the columns of the character matrix. Each pseudoreplicate contains the same number of species (rows) and characters (columns) randomly sampled from the original matrix, with replacement. A phylogeny is reconstructed from each pseudoreplicate, with the same methods used to reconstruct the phylogeny from the original data. For each node on the phylogeny, the nodal support is the percentage of pseudoreplicates containing that node.

Romina Vidal-Russell is an Argentinean botanist who works in the areas of phytogeography, phylogeny, and parasitic plants, and on which she has written extensively. Her papers on the phylogeny of parasitic plants are cited on the APG website,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards) Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 (and more or less continuously updated since) www.mobot.org. Retrieved 31 July 2019 and elsewhere and her collaborations are international.

Below is the general consensus of the phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem relatives.

A supermatrix-based molecular phylogeny of the family Drosophilidae. Genetics Research 92, 25-38.

Malawimonadidae is a group of unicellular eukaryotes of outsize importance in understanding eukaryote phylogeny.

Comparative carpology of the genus Sphenostemon in the context of its taxonomy and phylogeny.

Compared to a phylogeny of an expanding virus, a phylogeny of a viral population that stays constant in size will have external branches that are shorter relative to branches on the interior of the tree. The phylogeny of HIV provides a good example of a star-like tree, as the prevalence of HIV infection rose rapidly throughout the 1980s (exponential growth). The phylogeny of hepatitis B virus instead reflects a viral population that has remained roughly consistent (constant size). Similarly, trees reconstructed from viral sequences isolated from chronically infected individuals can be used to gauge changes in viral population sizes within a host.

Molecular phylogeny analysis by Maeda et al. (2010)Maeda T., Kajita T., Maruyama T. & Hirano Y. (2010). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Sacoglossa, With a Discussion of Gain and Loss of Kleptoplasty in the Evolution of the Group". Biological Bulletin 219(1): 17-26.

This species was found to belong in a clade with Doriprismatica atromarginata in a molecular phylogeny study.Johnson R.F. & Gosliner T.M. (2012) Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. PLoS ONE 7(4): e33479.

Phylogeny of Drosophilinae (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with comments on combined analysis and character support. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24, 249–264.van der Linde, K., Houle, D., Spicer, G. S. & Steppan, S. J. (2010). A supermatrix-based molecular phylogeny of the family Drosophilidae.

These are four of the fourteen Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2):105-121. (see External links below).

In the APG III system, these three genera constitute the family Torricelliaceae.Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2): 105-121.

Phylogeny and new taxonomy of the Booted Eagles (Accipitriformes: Aquilinae). Zootaxa 4216 (4), 301-320.

Other options are "Do Alignment from guide tree and phylogeny" and "Produce guide tree only".

A radical solution: The phylogeny of the nudibranch family Fionidae. PLoS ONE. 11(12): e0167800.

However, the species-level phylogeny for Ambystomatidae is tentative and in need of further testing.

Baboon phylogeny In 2015 researchers found the oldest baboon fossil dating 2 million years ago.

The exact phylogeny of the family and its species continues to be discussed among bryologists.

"A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". American Journal of Botany 96(9):1731-1743.

A radical solution: The phylogeny of the nudibranch family Fionidae. PLoS ONE. 11(12): e0167800.

Cytochrome b and Bayesian inference of whale phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38, 344-354.

The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods Vol. 1.Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Peter F. Stevens. (2001 onwards). "Boraginaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.

A 2018 molecular phylogeny of the family Capitellidae established clear monophyly and showed 8 genera. The phylogeny utilized 36 capitellid species and combined data from 18S, 28S, H3, and COI gene sequences. This study also established Capitellidae as the sister group to Echiura. While the study attempted to map morphological characters to the molecular phylogeny, this was not phylogenetically informative and a more detailed re-evaluation of morphology could help to elucidate character trait evolution.

The family is not recognized in the APG III system of plant classification.Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2):105-121.

Phylogeny based on Bass et al. 2009, Howe et al. 2011 and Bass et al. 2016.

In addition, Eotyrannus is recovered as a sister taxon of these genera in the parsimonious phylogeny.

Hansen, M. (1997). "Phylogeny and classification of the staphyliniform beetle families (Coleoptera)". Biologiske Skrifter. 48, Copenhagen.

Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)".

Senter, P. (2004). "Phylogeny of Drepanosauridae (Reptilia: Diapsida)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2(3): 257-268.

"Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: 1. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985.

Phylogeny of living Characiformes based on Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017: and Nelson, Grande & Wilson 2016.

Biologically, they have gained attention for their potential to shed light on the phylogeny of tapeworms.

For a more detailed discussion of the phylogeny of the cacti, see Classification of the Cactaceae.

"Molecular phylogeny of Planchonella (Sapotaceae) and eight new species from New Caledonia."Taxon (2007): 329-354.

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb) recognizes three subfamilies, one of which is divided into two tribes.

The following phylogeny of Mus is from Barbara Lundrigan and colleagues' 2002 paper in Systematic Biology.

Ontogeny and Phylogeny is a 1977 book on evolution by Stephen Jay Gould, in which the author explores the relationship between embryonic development (ontogeny) and biological evolution (phylogeny). Unlike his many popular books of essays, it was a technical book, and over the following decades it was influential in stimulating research into heterochrony, changes in the timing of embryonic development, which had been neglected since Ernst Haeckel's theory that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny had been largely discredited.

Phylogeny as given by Bisby et al., 2000, who put the genus into a separate family Monascaceae.

Senter, P. (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, ().

A detailed phylogeny to the level of order, based on the work by Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni 2015.

Therefore, in the latest molecular phylogeny, a combined study of ecogeographic factors has been taken into account.

The cladogram presented below is based on studies compiled by Mikko Haaramo for the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.

Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below).

Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, vo. 66, no. 1, p. 155-198.

The following tree represents current insights in the phylogeny of the Crow family according to J. Boyd.

Savchenko, E. N. 1966. Phylogeny and systematics of the Tipulidae. Fauna Ukraini 14:63–88. In Russian.

According to molecular phylogeny, the closest relatives of the Betulaceae are the Casuarinaceae, or the she-oaks.

The following phylogeny of Dicroglossidae is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). Dicroglossidae is a sister group of Ranixalidae.

Zhao X. (1985). "Phylogeny and evolutionary stages of Dinosauria." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 28(1-2); 295-306.

Thoughts on high systematics, phylogeny and floral morphogeny, with a note on the origin of the Angiospermae.

The phylogeny of rosids shown below is adapted from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group website. The nitrogen-fixing clade contains a high number of actinorhizal plants (which have root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria, helping the plant grow in poor soils). Not all plants in this clade are actinorhizal, however.

Perfect phylogeny is a theoretical framework that can also be used in more practical methods. One such example is that of Incomplete Directed Perfect Phylogeny. This concept involves utilizing perfect phylogenies with real, and therefore incomplete and imperfect, datasets. Such a method utilizes SINEs to determine evolutionary similarity.

The phylogeny of the teleosts has been subject to long debate, without consensus on either their phylogeny or the timing of the emergence of the major groups before the application of modern DNA-based cladistic analysis. Near et al. (2012) explored the phylogeny and divergence times of every major lineage, analysing the DNA sequences of 9 unlinked genes in 232 species. They obtained well- resolved phylogenies with strong support for the nodes (so, the pattern of branching shown is likely to be correct).

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 132 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.

Sibley, Charles Gald & Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990): Phylogeny and classification of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

A recent phylogeny of the entire order Diptera places them as the sister group to all other flies.

Solza margarita is an extinct animal of uncertain phylogeny which lived about 555 mya in the Ediacaran period.

In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), this species is placed in the genus Parablechnum.

In a molecular phylogeny, Syzygites megalocarpus is placed sister to Sporodinella umbellata, albeit in a clade with Rhizopus.

"Phylogeny and evolution of grammitid ferns (Grammitidaceae): a case of rampant morphological homoplasy". Taxon 53(2):415-428.

The hindwings are pale greyish brown with a faint darker line.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 132 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

"Phylogeny of Halictidae with emphasis on endemic African Halictinae" (PDF). Apidologie 39: 86–101. doi:10.1051/apido:2008002.

Below is Nancy A. Voss and Robert S. Voss's 1983 proposal for a phylogeny of the Taoniinae subfamily.

Berg, R. Y. 1958. Seed dispersal, morphology, and phylogeny of Trillium. Skr. Norske Vidensk.-Akad. Oslo, Mat.-Natkurvidensk.

This is confirmed by molecular phylogenetic research. Ciliates were never found close to animals in any molecular phylogeny.

The phylogeny of this and other closely related finches has been investigated by Antonio Arnaiz- Villena et al.

RAMSKÖLD, L. and CHEN, J.-Y. 1998. Cambrian lobopodians: morphology and phylogeny. In EDGECOMBE, G. D. (ed.) Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny, Columbia University Press, New York, 107–150 pp. Xenusion has been reinterpreted as an Ediacaran frond animal by Tarlo, and a drawing of that interpretation has been presented by McMenamin.

Wood anatomy of Aextoxicaceae and Berberidopsidaceae is compatible with their inclusion in Berberidopsidales. Systematic Botany 28: 317–325. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV. 2016. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 4092-4097.Soltis, Douglas E., Pamela S. Soltis and Michael J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes .

The vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis), however, is more closely related to the octopuses than to any squid. The cladogram, not fully resolved, is based on Sanchez et al., 2018. Their molecular phylogeny used mitochondrial and nuclear DNA marker sequences; they comment that a robust phylogeny "has proven very challenging to obtain".

The phylogeny of the species separates this species and B. lesueur from lineages that emerged at a later period.

The phylogeny of extant species (excluding hybrids), according to Christenhusz et al. (2019), is shown in the following cladogram.

Bjerring, H. C. (1972). The nervus rarus in coelacanthiform phylogeny. Zoologica Scripta, 1, 57–68.Bjerring, H. C. (1993).

"A molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny". In Payne, Robert B. The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press. pp. 90, 93. .

'The phylogeny and systematics of blind Cambrian Ptychoparioid trilobites. Palaeontology, Vol. 44, Part 1, pp. 167-207, 4 pls.

In recent years, RAPD has been used to characterize, and trace, the phylogeny of diverse plant and animal species.

"On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs". Pp. 139-190 in: Buffetaut, E. and Mazin, J.-M., eds.

The closest relatives of Momordica foetida can be seen in a molecular phylogeny that includes all species of Momordica.

Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. and DNA sequence (molecular research) information.Oren, A., & Papke, R. T. (2010). Molecular phylogeny of microorganisms.

Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since].

Nectaropetalum has eight species and Pinacopodium has two. No one has yet produced a molecular phylogeny of the family.

Brower, A. V. Z. 2002. Cladistics, phylogeny, evidence and explanation - a reply to Lee. Zool. Scripta 31:221-223.

Moreover, the basal position of Manis within Pholidota suggests the group originated in Eurasia, consistent with their laurasiatherian phylogeny.

Phylogeny, Evolution, and Diversification of Caryophyllales. In: Plant Genome: Biodiversity and Evolution. Science Publishers, Inc. (USA). 1C : 187-218.

2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below). Molecular synapomorphies are also known.

One 2005 phylogeny placed it as a basal member of the Feliformia, but later studies do not support this.

Another hypothesis for the phylogeny of the Entelegynae is shown below (parentheses show the genera included in the study).

Phylogeny of the cuckoo genus Coccyzus (Aves: Cuculidae): a test of monophyly. Systematics and Biodiversity. 4(4): 483-488.

The phylogeny of the Sternorrhyncha, inferred from analysis of small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA, is shown in the cladogram.

The most recent phylogeny of caecilians is based on molecular mitogenomic evidence examined by San Mauro et al. (2014)..

Molecular phylogeny indicates that species of the genus Pyrrhula have a common ancestor with the pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator).

Rainer R. Schoch (2018). The putative lissamphibian stem-group: phylogeny and evolution of the dissorophoid temnospondyls. Journal of Paleontology.

When the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published the APG II system in 2003, Themidaceae was accepted as an optional family for those who wanted to circumscribe families narrowly in the order Asparagales. When the APG III system was published in 2009, the former Themidaceae was treated as a subfamily, Brodiaeoideae, of the family Asparagaceae sensu lato. Some sources, such as ITIS, continue to use the polyphyletic groups of obsolete taxonomic systems. Other sources, such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website mostly follow the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.

Andreas V. Martynov (1879–1938) recognized the close relationship between Lepidoptera and Trichoptera in his studies on phylogeny. Major contributions in the 20th century included the creation of the monotrysia and ditrysia (based on female genital structure) by Borner in 1925 and 1939. Willi Hennig (1913–1976) developed the cladistic methodology and applied it to insect phylogeny. Niels P. Kristensen, E. S. Nielsen and D. R. Davis studied the relationships among monotrysian families and Kristensen worked more generally on insect phylogeny and higher Lepidoptera too.

The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved APG II in 2003, APG III system in 2009 and APG IV system in 2016.

Cephalopods were thought to have "undoubtedly" arisen from within the tryblidiid monoplacophoran clade. However genetic studies suggest that they are more basal, forming a sister group to the Scaphopoda but otherwise basal to all other major mollusc classes. The internal phylogeny of Mollusca, however, is wide open to interpretation – see mollusc phylogeny.

C. H. Dietrich in Resh, V. H. & Carde, R. T. (Eds.) 2003 Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. Of the three extant superfamilies within the Cicadomorpha, molecular phylogeny studies have placed Membracoidea as a sister group to a clade containing Cicadoidea and Cercopoidea. Within these superfamilies, not all deep phylogeny questions have been resolved.

The phylogeny of Hamamelidaceae has not been resolved with much certainty, but in one recent molecular phylogenetic study, Exbucklandia and Rhodoleia formed the most basal clade in the family.Susana Magallón. 2007. "From Fossils to Molecules: Phylogeny and the Core Eudicot Floral Groundplan in Hamamelidoideae (Hamamelidaceae, Saxifragales)". Systematic Botany 32(2):317-347.

Typotheria is a suborder of the extinct mammalian order Notoungulata and includes five families: Archaeopithecidae, Campanorcidae, Interatheriidae, Mesotheriidae, and Oldfieldthomasiidae. CifelliCifelli, Richard L. 1993. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. pp. 195-216 in F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek and M. C. McKenna (eds.) Mammal Phylogeny, Volume 2, Placentals.

Co-estimation of phylogeny and divergence times of Argonautoidea using relaxed phylogenetics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54(3): 701–708.

This is also the nomenclature of the molecular phylogenetic based modern system of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG, 1998–2016).

Plain tiger (Danaus chrysippus) caterpillar on a milkweed (Calotropis) species in Hyderabad, India Phylogeny of the genus (without D. cleophile).

Ware was a contributor to a major study of the phylogenomics of insect evolution, and developed molecular phylogeny of hexapoda.

The species name, S. gaffneyi was named in honor of Eugene S. Gaffney, a paleontologist who specialized in turtle phylogeny.

Schiöth HB, Nordström KJ, Fredriksson R.The adhesion GPCRs; gene repertoire, phylogeny and evolution. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;706:1-13.

Novon 1: 53–55.Vitt, D. H. 1995. The genus Calomnion (Bryopsida): taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography. Bryologist 98: 338–358.

Taxon 55(3), 705-731 (pdf here) a position maintained in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

The phylogeny shown below is the one found by Worberg and co-authors. Monospecific genera are represented by species names.

Up to 2008 there were only two species Calliostoma javanicum and Calliostoma unicum that were used in molecular phylogeny studies.

Woodley, N. E. 1989. Phylogeny and classification of the “Orthorrhapous” Brachycera. Pages 1371- 1395. In J.F. McAlpine and D.M. Wood.

Leucostegia is a genus of ferns in the family Hypodematiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Category:Tephritidae genera Category:Trypetinae Aluja, Martin, and Allen L. Norrbom. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, 2000.

The species name refers to the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

However, most recent studies using both morphological and molecular data to discuss the phylogeny and evolutionary history within the Sternorrhyncha lineage suggest that representatives of Adelgidae, Aphididae and Phylloxeridae have evolved independently and should not be combined in superfamilies. The debate is still open and more research is needed to clear the Sternorrhyncha phylogeny out.

Page is known for his work on co-speciation and in particular the development of bioinformatic software such as TreeMap, RadCon, and TreeView. Page is a co-author with Eddie Holmes of Molecular Evolution: A phylogenetic approach and editor of Tangled trees: phylogeny, cospeciation and coevolution.Page, R.D.M. ed. (2002). Tangled trees: phylogeny, cospeciation and coevolution.

This is an example of a defensive technique known as autotomy. A molecular phylogeny study of Phyllodesmium by Moore and Gosliner (2011)Moore E. J. & Gosliner T. M. (2011). "Molecular phylogeny and evolution of symbiosis in a clade of Indopacific nudibranchs". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Volume 58, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 116–123 .

According to Henn et al. 2009, phylogeny based methods take into account events that occur over long time scales and are thus less affected by stochastic fluctuations. Howell et al. 2003 suggests that selection, saturation, parallel mutations and genetic drift are responsible for the differences observed between pedigree based methods and phylogeny based methods.

The vertices of the graph can be colored by the identities of the characteristics that each attribute value comes from, so that the total number of colors equals the number of characteristics used to derive the phylogeny. Then a perfect phylogeny exists if and only if has a chordal completion that respects the coloring..

Phylogenetic studies based on molecular characters have shown that Melanoleuca does not belong to the Tricholomataceae. Moncalvo et al. presented a molecular phylogeny of the Agaricales based on LSU ribosomal RNA sequence data, including sequences of M. alboflavida and M. cognata. In this phylogeny Melanoleuca was clustered with Pluteus but with low bootstrap support.

He invented new terms, including ontogeny and phylogeny, to present his evolutionised recapitulation theory that "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny". The two massive volumes sold poorly, and were heavy going: with his limited understanding of German, Darwin found them impossible to read. Haeckel's publisher turned down a proposal for a "strictly scholarly and objective" second edition.

The development of molecular phylogenetic methods for determining taxonomic circumscription and phylogeny led to considerable revision of angiosperm classification, and establishment of Liliales as a monophyletic group. It was clear by 1996, that the most useful system to date, that of Dahlgren, required urgent revision. The new classification was formalised with the creation of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system (1998–2016), based on monophyletic clades, which continued the use of Liliales as the name for the taxon. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG system (1998) established a structure of monocot classification with ten orders.

At the most basic level, the presence of geographic population structure can be revealed by comparing the genetic relatedness of viral isolates to geographic relatedness. A basic question is whether geographic character labels are more clustered on a phylogeny than expected under a simple nonstructured model. This question can be answered by counting the number of geographic transitions on the phylogeny via parsimony, maximum likelihood or through Bayesian inference. If population structure exists, then there will be fewer geographic transitions on the phylogeny than expected in a panmictic model.

Ernst Haeckel supposed that embryonic development recapitulated an animal's phylogeny, and introduced heterochrony as an exception for individual organs. Modern biology agrees instead with Karl Ernst von Baer's view that development itself varies, such as by changing the timing of different processes, to cause a branching phylogeny. The concept of heterochrony was introduced by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel in 1875, where he used it to define deviations from recapitulation theory, which held that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". As Stephen Jay Gould pointed out, Haeckel's term is now used in a sense contrary to his coinage.

The phylogenetic tree, based on Papasotiropoulos 2013 and Kim 2011, with additions from Ortiz-Rivas and Martinez-Torres 2009, shows the internal phylogeny of the Aphididae. It has been suggested that the phylogeny of the aphid groups might be revealed by examining the phylogeny of their bacterial endosymbionts, especially the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera. The results depend on the assumption that the symbionts are strictly transmitted vertically through the generations. This assumption is well supported by the evidence, and several phylogenetic relationships have been suggested on the basis of endosymbiont studies.

Many other botanists echoed Lindley's earlier concerns about the phylogeny of the Liliaceae, but various schemes to divide the family gained little traction. Dahlgren (1985) suggested there were in fact forty – not one – families distributed over three orders (predominantly Liliales and Asparagales). In the context of a general review of the classification of angiosperms, the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. Considerable progress in plant phylogeny and phylogenetic theory enabled a phylogenetic tree to be constructed for all of the flowering plants, as elaborated by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998).

In a 2012 analysis of the phylogeny of Titanosauriformes, D'Emic (2012) considered Europasaurus to belong to Brachiosauridae, instead of being basal to the earliest brachiosaurids. The phylogeny resolved the most true brachiosaurids to date, although several potential brachiosaurids were instead determined to belong to Somphospondyli (Paluxysaurus, Sauroposeidon and Qiaowanlong). However, D'Emic was tentative in considering Europasaurus to be a confirmed brachiosaurid. While there was strong support in the phylogeny for its placement, Europasaurus, one of few basal macronarians with a skull, lacks multiple bones that display characteristic features of the group, such as caudal vertebrae.

Le Gros Clark, W. E. (1936). Evolutionary parallelism and human phylogeny. Man 36: 4–8.Le Gros Clark, W. E. (1949).

Kissel, R. (2010). "Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha)." Thesis (Graduate Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto).

Data from molecular phylogeny research as well as morphology supports monophyly of Holospiridae Pilsbry, 1946 and the Eucalodiidae Crosse & Fischer, 1868.

The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.

Tatarinov believed in deep parallelisms in vertebrate evolution unlike the ideas of phylogeny reconstruction that make use of parsimonious character changes.

The research at CCS centers on the phylogeny and ontogeny of human semiosis, employing apes and children, respectively, as research subjects.

English: Colourful Thermophilic Archaebacteria (Heat-loving bacteria) Stain The phylogeny based on the work of the All-Species Living Tree Project.

The hindwings are pale greyish brown with thin darker brown lines toward the apex.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Eckblad F-E. The genera of operculate Discomycetes. A re-evaluation of their taxonomy, phylogeny and nomenclature. Norwegian Journal of Botany.

The following phylogeny is from Pyron, et al. (2013), and includes 22 Cyrtodactylus species. Cyrtodactylus is a sister group of Hemidactylus.

He is best known for the Goldberg system, a treatise on the classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the Monocotyledon and Dicotyledons.

Leea, sometimes classified in its own family, Leeaceae, is included in Vitaceae by APG IV (2016) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

Colonial Waterbirds, 106-114.Sheldon, F. H. (1987). Phylogeny of herons estimated from DNA-DNA hybridization data. The Auk, 97-108.

Recent treatments, including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have described these two groups as subfamilies within an expanded Betulaceae: Betuloideae and Coryloideae.

The species is named in honour of Dr. John W. Brown.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Unwin, D. M., (2003). "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs." Pp. 139-190. in Buffetaut, E. & Mazin, J.-M.

Ctenitis is a fern genus in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Molecular analysis using mitochondrial RNA and the mitogenome has clarified the group's phylogeny within the Neuropterida, as shown in the cladogram.

In a 2006 paper on the phylogeny of extinct pleurodires, Gaffney united the two closely related genera in the tribe Cearachelyini.

The difference between the statement "B is part of A" (phylogenetic approach) and "B has evolved from A" (evolutionary approach) is, however, one of semantics rather than of phylogeny. Both express the same phylogeny, but the former emphasizes the phylogenetic continuum while the latter emphasizes a distinct shift in anatomy or ecology in B relative to A.

Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Chlamydiae fall into the clade Planctobacteria in the larger clade Gracilicutes. However, phylogeny and shared presence of CSIs in proteins that are lineage-specific indicate that the Verrucomicrobia are the closest free-living relatives of these parasitic organisms. Comparison of ribosomal RNA genes has provided a phylogeny of known strains within Chlamydiae.

Rubia tinctorum Rubiales was an order of flowering plants in the Cronquist system, including the families Rubiaceae and Theligonaceae. The latest APG system (2009) does not recognize this order and places the families within Gentianales. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III".

"Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". American Journal of Botany 98(4):704-730. The order Rosales is strongly supported as monophyletic in phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences, such as those carried out by members of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008.

Phytologia 27: 55–62.Eckblad F-E. (1968). The genera of operculate discomycetes. A re-evaluation of their taxonomy, phylogeny and nomenclature.

The phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 352:53-91.

Phylogeny and generic interrelationships of the Stylidiaceae (Asterales), with a possible extreme case of floral paedomorphosis. Systematic Botany, 23(3): 289-304.

Living Galliformes based on the work by John Boyd.John Boyd's website Extinct species assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive and Paleofile.com websites.

The following phylogeny has been adapted from Blackburn, et al. (2013). Kaloula assamensis, Kaloula taprobanica, and Kaloula aureata have not been included.

Polybotrya is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Polybotryoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

A radical solution: The phylogeny of the nudibranch family Fionidae. PLoS ONE. 11(12): e0167800.Korshunova, T.; Martynov, A.; Picton, B. (2017).

Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.

Leptochilus is a fern genus in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

The hindwings are white with a faint yellowish terminal line at the apex and termen.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

An Atlas of Fungal Ultrastructure. Longman, Green, New York. biochemical (chemotaxonomy)Ragan M.A. & Chapman D.J. (1978). A Biochemical Phylogeny of the Protists.

Lomagramma is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Elaphoglossoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Pleocnemia is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Elaphoglossoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Studies in molecular phylogeny suggests that the Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats.

Moyle, R. G., et al. (2006). Phylogeny and evolutionary history of Old World suboscine birds (Aves: Eurylaimides). American Museum Novitates, 1-22.

Redescription of the Jeweled Gemfish, Anthias asperilinguis (Serranidae: Anthiadinae), with comments on its ontogeny, phylogeny, and ecology. Aqua 23(3): 73-95.

Cyclodium is a plant genus in the fern family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Polybotryoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Holtz (2000) found it to be a basal coelurosaurian,Holtz, 2000. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Gaia. 15, 5-61.

Elaphoglossum is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Elaphoglossoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Revision, phylogeny and comments on biogeography of soapfishes of the genus Rypticus (Teleostei: Serranidae). Bulletin of Marine Science 65(2) 337-79.

A phylogeny of living Osteichthyes, including the tetrapods, is shown in the cladogram. Whole-genome duplication took place in the ancestral Osteichthyes.

Coryphopteris is a genus of ferns in the family Thelypteridaceae, subfamily Thelypteridoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Stigmatopteris is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Polybotryoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Polystichopsis is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Polybotryoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Olfersia is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Polybotryoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

The genus Limax sensu stricto is probably monophyletic.Klee, B. 2006 Towards a phylogeny of Limax (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). The Malacologist. Molluscan Forum 2006.

The species name refers to Costa Rica, where the holotype was collected.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

A radical solution: The phylogeny of the nudibranch family Fionidae. PLoS ONE. 11(12): e0167800.Korshunova, T.; Martynov, A.; Picton, B. (2017).

Molecular phylogeny based on sequences of the SSU rRNA gene indicates that Remanella and Loxodes branch together into a monophyletic family Loxodidae.

Archaeothyris belongs to the Ophiacodontidae and appears in the Early Pennsylvanian The following cladogram follows the one found on Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.

Tchangmargarya originally was a subgenus of Margarya, and is elevated to a full genus based on molecular phylogeny and comparative morphology study.

Motani, R. (1997). Phylogeny of the Ichthyosauria (Amniota: Reptilia) with special reference to Triassic forms. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Gegenbaur's research program of comparative morphology incorporating ontogeny and phylogeny is still evident in the burgeoning field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo).

Ward, P.S. (2007). "Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants". Zootaxa 1668 549–563Bolton, B., Alpert, G., Ward, S. Naskrecki, P. (2007).

The discrepancy is thought to have arisen due to the difference between using numerous taxa versus using various genes for constructing a phylogeny.

Molecular phylogeny suggested the two genera were sister clades, but there is some evidence that the two genera may in fact be monophyletic.

The calcaneum of Fenhosuchus seems to belong to an erythrosuchid or other basal archosauriform.Parrish, J. M. (1992). Phylogeny of the Erythrosuchidae (Reptilia: Archosauriformes).

The genus Guamatela had formerly been included in the family Rosaceae before the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group placed it in the Guamatelaceae in 2009.

Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthidae) scorpions based on CO1: new insights on the genus phylogeny and distribution. African Invertebrates 52 (1).

Ceradenia is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Luo, Z-X, Z Kielan-Jaworowska & RL Cifelli (2002), In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 47: 1-78.

Neocheiropteris is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Cable bacteria are defined by their function rather than their phylogeny, and it is possible that further cable bacteria taxa will be discovered.

In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the genus Aglaomorpha is placed in the subfamily Drynarioideae of the family Polypodiaceae.

American Museum of Natural History., & . 2008. Phylogeny of extant nephilid orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Nephilidae): testing morphological and ethological homologies. Cladistics 24: 190.

Kaiya, Zhou. "Classification and phylogeny of the Superfamily Platanistoidea, with notes on evidence of the monophyly of the Cetacea." Sci. Rep. Whale Res.

The reproductive organs have two openings. There are also differences in the wing structure.Cranston, Peter S. and Penny J Gullan. Phylogeny of Insects.

Professor Judd has been a contributor to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and produced his own modification of this in 1999, the Judd system.

Hertwig, S. T., 2008 - Zoologica Scripta 37(2): 141-174 Phylogeny of the Cyprinodontiformes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha): the contribution of cranial soft tissue characters.

Phylogeny of the Zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data. Mycologia, 98(6), 872-884. A new genus, Echinochlamydosporium, was described in 2011.

Arthromeris is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Drynarioideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

"Evolutionary and Biogeographic Insights on the Macaronesian Beta-Patellifolia Species (Amaranthaceae) from a Time-Scaled Molecular Phylogeny." PLoS One. 2016; 11(3): e0152456.

Monophyly and phylogeny of cuckoos (Aves, Cuculidae) inferred from osteological characters. Zoological Journal of Linnaean Society. 130(2): 263-307.Hughes JM. (2006).

A combined molecular phylogeny of Encyclia (Orchidaceae) and relationships within Laeliinae. Selbyana 24(2) 165–79. Sulpitia Raf. is a synonym of Encyclia.

Rosales is an order of flowering plants.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Rosales". At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.

"Molecular Phylogeny of the Fern Family Dryopteridaceae inferred from Chloroplast rbcL and atpB Genes". International Journal of Plant Sciences 168(9):1311-1323.

Goniophlebium is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

However, a recent study suggests they may in fact be distinct species. The molecular phylogeny of scuticociliates is an active area of research.

"Testing the Impact of Miniaturization on Phylogeny: Paleozoic Dissorophoid Amphibians". Systematic Biology. 58 (3): 312–327. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp029. ISSN 1063-5157. .

Ernst Haeckel supposed that embryonic development recapitulated an animal's phylogeny, and introduced heterochrony as an exception for individual organs. Modern biology agrees instead with Karl Ernst von Baer's view that development itself varies, such as by changing the timing of different processes, to cause a branching phylogeny. The herpetologist David B. Wake, in Paleobiology, wrote that the topic was "at once so obviously important and so intrinsically difficult" that few people would tackle it. The parallelism that Haeckel noted between ontogeny and phylogeny was, Wake observed, a strong argument for evolution, but hardly anyone dared to discuss it.

The breeding system has great variation across the phylogeny, and although most species are dioecious, sometimes some species may differ from this state being monoecious. Most genera in Sapindaceae are dioecious, however, most closely related to Dodonaea in the phylogeny (Diplopeltis, Diplopeltis stuartii and Cossinia) are monoecious. It has also been reported that whereas normally breeding system in Harpullia is dioecism, a few species have also been recognized as monoecious. It was stated that during evolution a general breeding-system across the phylogeny was dioecism, however, the polygamous state was intermediate or, might be partially reversible.

Press, Stanford, California. and Iguanidae,Etheridge, R., and K. de Queiroz. (1988) “A phylogeny of Iguanidae.” Pp. 283-367 in “Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families”, R. Estes and G. Pregill (eds.), Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, California. respectively, and with Jacques Gauthier on the phylogeny of Lepidosauromorpha.Gauthier, J. A., R. Estes, and K. de Queiroz. (1988) “A phylogenetic analysis of Lepidosauromorpha.” Pp. 15-98 in “Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families,” R. Estes and G. Pregill (eds.), Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, California. He conducted research, including several publications with Jonathan Losos, on the phylogeny and adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards.

While the actual phylogeny of the modern amphibians is not well understood, their ancestors are descended from one line of batrachomorphs.Laurin, M. (1996): Phylogeny of Stegocephalians, from the Tree of Life Web Project All other living tetrapods (reptiles, birds and mammals) are descended from one branch of reptiliomorphs, the amniotes. Amniotes achieved dominance, while all other reptiliomorphs and most batrachomorphs have gone extinct.

However, some phylogenetic studies have recovered them as closer to gamefowl (Galliformes). Below is the general consensus of the phylogeny under the hypothesis that they are members of Anserimorphae. A 2017 paper concerning the evolution and phylogeny of the giant fowl by Worthy and colleagues have found phylogenetic support in finding the mihirungs to be the sister taxon to Gastornithidae. Worthy et al.

The phylogeny of Malpighiales is, at its deepest level, an unresolved polytomy of 16 clades. It has been estimated that complete resolution of the phylogeny will require at least 25000 base pairs of DNA sequence data per taxon. A similar situation exists with Lamiales and it has been analyzed in some detail. The phylogenetic tree shown below is from Wurdack and Davis (2009).

The phylogeny, geologic history, and classification of the Crinoidea was discussed by Wright et al. (2017). These authors presented new phylogeny-based and rank- based classifications based on results of recent phylogenetic analyses. Their rank-based classification of crinoid higher taxa (down to Order), not fully resolved and with numerous groups incertae sedis (of uncertain placement), is illustrated in the cladogram.

Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae. The APG III system (2009) places this order in the monocot clade. In APG III, the family Luzuriagaceae is combined with the family Alstroemeriaceae and the family Petermanniaceae is recognized.

Phylogeny within the genus Phrynocephalus is not well understood yet. There is a lack of data and controversy between opinions regarding both phylogenetic relationships and species vs. subspecies status of the different forms Phrynocephalus helioscopus and Phrynocephalus persicus, also called the "helioscopus-persicus complex". There is an ongoing scientific debate about the phylogeny and the taxonomic format of Phrynocephalus persicus.

Fungal Diversity is an international journal which publishes papers spanning all facets of the field of mycology. It is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the biodiversity, and systematic and molecular phylogeny of the fungi, including lichens. The coverage encompasses biodiversity, and systematic and molecular phylogeny. The content includes novel research articles and review articles, all of which are peer reviewed.

As with all statistical analysis, the estimation of phylogenies from character data requires an evaluation of confidence. A number of methods exist to test the amount of support for a phylogenetic tree, either by evaluating the support for each sub-tree in the phylogeny (nodal support) or evaluating whether the phylogeny is significantly different from other possible trees (alternative tree hypothesis tests).

Skulls of Eurhinosaurus and the related Temnodontosaurus The cladogram below is based on Sander (2000)Sander,P.M.(2000). "Ichthyosauria: their diversity, distribution, and phylogeny", Paläontologische Zeitschrift 74: 1–35, Maisch and Matzke (2000), Maisch (2010)Maisch M. 2010. Phylogeny, Systematics, and Origin of The Ichthyosauria-The State of the Art. Palaeodiversity. 3: 151-214 and an analysis by Marek et al (2015).

A major cladistic study of land plants was published in 1997 by Kenrick and Crane; this both established the concept of the polysporangiophytes and presented a view of their phylogeny. Since 1997 there have been continual advances in understanding plant evolution, using RNA and DNA genome sequences and chemical analyses of fossils (e.g., Taylor et al. 2006), resulting in revisions to this phylogeny.

Rogozin et al. in 2009 noted that "The deep phylogeny of eukaryotes is an extremely difficult and controversial problem." , there appears to be a consensus that the six supergroup model proposed in 2005 does not reflect the true phylogeny of the eukaryotes and hence how they should be classified, although there is no agreement as to the model which should replace it.

"Phylogeny of the radula-less dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia), with the description of a new genus and a new family". Zoologica Scripta 28: 315-360. .

Vinogradov S. N., Hoogewijs D.,Arredondo-Peter R., What are the origins and phylogeny of plant hemoglobins?, Commun. Integrat. Biol., 4 (2011) 443-445.

A tale that morphology fails to tell: A molecular phylogeny of Aeolidiidae (Aeolidida, Nudibranchia, Gastropoda). PLoS ONE 8(5): e63000. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063000.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA- based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.'The All- Species Living Tree' Project.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

Phylogeny based on Bass et al. 2009, Howe etal. 2011 and Silar 2016. In 2019, Cercozoa were recognized as sister to Retaria in Rhizaria.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

However, there has not been a consensus with regard to the phylogeny of P. carnifex so no one phylogenetic tree can be termed correct.

Grande C., Templado J., Cervera J. L. & Zardoya R. (2004). "Molecular Phylogeny of Euthyneura (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". Molecular Biology and Evolution 21(2): 303-313. .

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

Wilson, Mark VH, and Tiiu Märss. "Thelodont phylogeny revisited, with inclusion of key scale-based taxa." Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 58.4 (2009): 297œ310.

Schwenk, K. 1994. Why snakes have forked tongues. Science 263:1573-1577Cooper, W. E. 1995b. Foraging mode, prey chemical discrimination, and phylogeny in lizards.

Its isolation in the phylogeny of the tribe suggests it is a relict taxon, one of many relict plants that grow in the Caucasus.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

Sparganothina anopla is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina cristata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina veracruzana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina nana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina volcanica is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina trispinosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina pollicis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Fossil Hepialoidea appear to be few.Kristensen, N. P. and Skalski, A.W. (1999). Phylogeny and paleontology. Pages 7-25 in: Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1.

Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata). Systematic Entomology, 39(1), 68-96. The family is divided into several subfamilies.

The problematic phylogeny sampling of early studies has been demonstrated by subsequent studies that have found the Q-M378 descendant branch in South Asia.

The following is a partial phylogeny of Rhacophorus from Pyron & Wiens (2011). Only nine species are included. Rhacophorus is a sister group of Polypedates.

Bello & Grimaldi de Zio (1998), Phylogeny of the genera of the Stygarctidae and related families (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada). Zoologischer Anzeiger, vol. 237, p. 171-183.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

Yamane, Seiki. Morphological and Taxonomic Studies on Vespinae Larvae, With Reference to the Phylogeny of the Subfamily Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insecta Matsumarana. Series Entomology.

"On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs". Pp. 139-190 in: Buffetaut, E. and Mazin, J.-M., eds. Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs.

A molecular phylogeny study in 2007 also supported this old idea, while its conclusions about other phyla agreed with those of several other analyses.

"Molecular phylogeny of the helicoid land snails (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Helicoidea), with special emphasis on the Camaenidae". Journal of Molluscan Studies 73(4): 411-415. .

Sorenson, Michael D.; Payne, Robert B. (2005). "A molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny". In Payne, Robert B. The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press. pp.

Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1–2): 119–145.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

In 2019, Howard Rachlin and colleagues proposed group selection of behavioural patterns, such as learned altruism, during ontogeny parallel to group selection during phylogeny.

The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

"Molecular systematics of social skinks: phylogeny and taxonomy of the Egernia group (Reptilia: Scincidae)". Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 154 (4): 781-794. (HTML abstract).

Tykoski, R. S. 2005. Anatomy, ontogeny, and phylogeny of coelophysoid theropods. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 552 pp.Kammerer, C. F. 2010.

Response to Comment by Faurby, Werdelin and Svenning. Genome biology, 17(1), 1. Below is the current understanding of the phylogeny of acinonychin genera.

Psen monticola is a species of aphid wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is found in North America.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Protoalligator is an extinct genus of crocodilian which lived during the Paleocene. It is considered to be an alligatoroid, but its exact phylogeny is uncertain.

Triepeolus rufithorax is a species of cuckoo bee in the family Apidae. It is found in North America.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Neopasites fulviventris is a species of cuckoo bee in the family Apidae. It is found in North America.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Gorytes willcoxi is a species of sand wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is found in North America.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Anthophora fedorica is a species of anthophorine bee in the family Apidae. It is found in North America.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Conanthalictus bakeri is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae. It is found in North America.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera", Sharkey M.J., Carpenter J.M., Vilhelmsen L., et al. 2012. Cladistics 28(1): 80-112.

The currently accepted phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by The All-Species Living Tree Project All-Species Living Tree Project.

Saccharomyces paradoxus worldwide distribution. Populations are represented in different colours. Green asterisks indicate recent introductions of the European type. Phylogeny of main Saccharomyces paradoxus populations.

Shen, C. Fu, & P. Borsa. 2012. Genus-level taxonomic changes implied b mitochondrial phylogeny of grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 335: 687-697.

Lepidobotryaceae is a flowering plant family in the order Celastrales."Lepidobotryaceae" In: Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.

Lastreopsis, known as shieldfern, is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Elaphoglossoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

Hallas, JM and Gosliner, TM. (2015) Family Matters: the first molecular phylogeny of the Onchidorididae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 88: 16-27.

Wenying Zhuang (July 27, 1948) is a Chinese mycologist. She is known for her contributions to the study of species diversity and phylogeny of Ascomycetes.

DNA analysesRan, J.-H., Wei, X.-X. & Wang, X.-Q. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): Implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes.

Sparks, J.S. (2004): Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and South Asian cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30 (3): 599–614.

A molecular phylogeny of the genus Alloteropsis (Panicoideae, Poaceae) suggests an evolutionary reversion from C4 to C3 photosynthesis. Annals of Botany 103(1): 127–136. .

Witt, T. J. & Ronkay, L. (2011). "Lymantriinae and Arctiinae - Including Phylogeny and Check List of the Quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe". Noctuidae Europaeae. 13: 1-448.

"The phylogenetic utility of chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers and the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49(3):843-866.

Schorer (2016:293)Schorer, Nicolas. 2016. The Dura Language: Grammar and Phylogeny. Leiden: Brill. classifies Dura as part of his newly proposed Greater Magaric branch.

Sparganothina beckeri is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina lutea is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Pichincha Province, Ecuador.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina tena is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Napo Province, Ecuador.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Wilson, Jeffrey A., and Paul C. Sereno. "Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18.Sup002 (1998): 1-79.

The following phylogeny of the genus Microhyla is from Khatiwada, et al. (2017). 27 species are listed, including various newly described species from South Asia.

The CapsalidaeBychowsky, B.E. (1957) Monogenetic Trematodes. Their systematic and phylogeny. Akad. Nauka. USSR. English translation by the American Institute of Biological Science, Washington. 509 pp.

Shen, C. Fu, & P. Borsa. 2012. Genus-level taxonomic changes implied b mitochondrial phylogeny of grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 335: 687-697.

Huerteales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Huerteales". In: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.

The alternative taken in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) is to split Blechnum into a number of smaller genera, including Doodia.

The term "phylogeny" derives from the German Phylogenie, introduced by Haeckel in 1866, and the Darwinian approach to classification became known as the "phyletic" approach.

The ringed kingfisher is related to the belted kingfisher.Moyle, R.G. (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history". Auk no.

Molecular phylogeny of owls (Strigiformes) inferred from DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and the nuclear RAG-1 gene. Ardea 97(4):581-591.

These names are not very indicative, as past theories of development were very confusing.Gould, S.J. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera."Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera", Sharkey M.J., Carpenter J.M., Vilhelmsen L., et al. 2012. Cladistics 28(1): 80-112.

The species name refers to La Selva Biological Station were the type specimen was collected.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

The head is covered with enlarged shields.Kluge AG (1993). "Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 107: 293-351.

Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 124-154. .

15: t. 1289. 1829. Bendiksby, M., Thorbek, L., Scheen, A.-C., Lindqvist, C. & Ryding, O. (2011). An updated phylogeny and classification of Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae.

Under this phylogeny, most traditional aetosaurines are more closely related to Desmatosuchus than they are to Aetosaurus, and the clade Aetosaurinae can only include Aetosaurus.

Trans Zool Soc Lond 34:263–345Mayr G (2011) The phylogeny of charadriiform birds (shorebirds and allies)––reassessing the conflict between morphology and molecules. Zool J Linn Soc 161:916–934 however this is also considered convergent evolution. DNA-DNA hybridisation as well as RAG-1 and myoglobin intron-II sequence data supports a link to Recurvirostridae.Sibley CG & Ahlquist JE (1990) Phylogeny and classification of birds.

Angiosperm phylogeny of orders based on classification by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The figure shows the number of inferred independent origins of C3-C4 photosynthesis and C4 photosynthesis in parentheses. Phylogenetic reconstruction and ancestral state reconstruction proceed by assuming that evolution has occurred without convergence. Convergent patterns may, however, appear at higher levels in a phylogenetic reconstruction, and are sometimes explicitly sought by investigators.

Characiformes is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising the characins and their allies. Grouped in 18 recognized families, more than 2000 different species are described, including the well-known piranha and tetras.; Buckup P.A.: "Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)", Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, L.R. Malabarba, R.E. Reis, R.P. Vari, Z.M. Lucena, eds. (Porto Alegre: Edipucr) 1998:123-144.

Cadlinidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. Molecular phylogenetic studies and their taxon-sampling schemes can have a strong influence of the resulting phylogeny. Research by R.F. Johnson in 2011Johnson R. F. (2011) "Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda)". Zoologica Scripta 40(2): 137-157. DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00457.x.

Krause in 2010 during his lecture on laughter at the 11th Symposium of the Cologne-Bonn Academy for Psychotherapy in Bonn and the Annual Meeting of the German professional society for psychodynamic psychotherapy: Laughter in the therapeutic context - regarding the phylogeny and ontogeny of laughter - implications for therapeutic work. Means: Laughing in the therapeutic context - to phylogeny and ontogeny of laughter - implications for therapeutic work (in German).

Although the authors did not reconstruct a phylogeny from their simulated results, the dynamics they found were consistent with a ladder-like viral phylogeny exhibiting low strain diversity and rapid lineage turnover. Later work by Ferguson and colleagues adopted an agent-based approach to better identify the immunological and ecological determinants of influenza evolution. The authors modeled influenza's hemagglutinin as four epitopes, each consisting of three amino acids. They showed that under strain-specific immunity alone (with partial cross-immunity between strains based on their amino acid similarity), the phylogeny of influenza A/H3N2's HA was expected to exhibit 'explosive genetic diversity', a pattern that is inconsistent with empirical data.

Palaeopleurosaurus is an extinct genus of diapsid reptiles belonging to the group Sphenodontia.Dupret, V. (2004). The pleurosaurs: anatomy and phylogeny. Revue de Paléobiologie, 9: 61-80.

Neopasites is a genus of cuckoo bees in the family Apidae. There are about 5 described species in Neopasites.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

A Molecular Phylogeny for Yponomeutoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Ditrysia) and Its Implications for Classification, Biogeography and the Evolution of Host Plant Use. PLoS One. 8(1): e55066.

Conanthalictus is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are about 13 described species in Conanthalictus.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Taxonus is a genus of common sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. There are about 8 described species in Taxonus.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Burridge and Smolenski (2004). Molecular phylogeny of the Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea) with notes on taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 118–127.

The Phylogeny of the Genus Clostridium: Proposal of Five New Genera and Eleven New Species Combinations. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. October 1994 vol. 44 no.

"Evolutionary and Biogeographic Insights on the Macaronesian Beta- Patellifolia Species (Amaranthaceae) from a Time-Scaled Molecular Phylogeny." PLoS One. 2016; 11(3): e0152456. Schrader, H.A. (1822).

Johnson R.F. & Gosliner T.M. (2012) Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. PLoS ONE 7(4): e33479.

The currently accepted phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

Johnson R.F. & Gosliner T.M. (2012) Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. PLoS ONE 7(4): e33479.

The order includes only one other family, the Winteraceae.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Canellaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.

Fritsch, P. W., Morton, C. M., Chen, T., & Meldrum, C. (2001). Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Styracaceae. Int. J. Plant Sci. 162 (6 Suppl.): S95–S116.

A recent phylogeny based on the work Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017. The Gibberichthyidae (gibberfishes) and Hispidoberycidae (spiny-scale pricklefish) of suborder Stephanoberycoidei were not examined.

The species name refers to the spined sacculus and is derived from Latin spinula (meaning a small spine).Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

The species name refers to the high altitude collecting site and is derived from Latin alta (meaning high).Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

1\. Kong, H.-Z., Chen, Z.-D. & Lu, A.-M. (2002) Phylogeny of Chloranthus (Chloranthaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid TRNL-F sequence data.

Danforth, B. N. (1999). "Phylogeny of the bee genus Lasioglossum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) based on mitochondrial COI sequence data" (PDF). Systematic Entomology 24, 377-393. Retrieved from .

The genus is named for Dr. Thierry Deuve (MNHN).The Epicopeiidae: phylogeny and a redefinition, with the description of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Drepanoidea) Joël Minet, 2002.

The currently accepted phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

Jörger et al. (2010) moved Sacoglossa into the Panpulmonata. A molecular phylogeny analysis by Maeda et al. (2010) confirmed the placement of Cylindrobulla within the Sacoglossa.

Carmona et al.Carmona, L., Pola, M., Gosliner, T.M. & Cervera, J.L. (2013). A tale that morphology fails to tell: a molecular phylogeny of Aeolidiidae (Aeolidida, Nudibranchia, Gastropoda).

The currently accepted phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

The currently accepted phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by The All-Species Living Tree Project 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.

Medusandra is a genus of flowering plants in the family Peridiscaceae."Peridiscaceae" At: Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.

Sparganothina covelli is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Bolivia.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Sparganothina venezolana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Venezuela.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Psen is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Crabronidae. There are at least 90 described species in Psen.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Townsendiellini is a tribe of bees in the family Apidae. There are at least 3 described species in Townsendiellini. Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

Habropoda is a genus of anthophorine bees in the family Apidae. There are at least 50 described species in Habropoda.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Tromatobia is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. There are at least 4 described species in Tromatobia.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Dufourea is a genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 160 described species in Dufourea.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Stelis perpulchra is a species of insect in the family Megachilidae. It is found in Central America and North America.Sharkey M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera.

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz- Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

A new carnivorous cynodont from the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic, Argentina), with comments on eucynodont phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16:271–84.Romer, A. S. (1969).

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al.. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz- Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

The phylogeny of the genus remains unknown, but morphologically A. racemosa appears to most closely resemble A. traversii, the only other New Zealand species in the genus.

Johnson R. F & Gosliner T. M. (2012). "Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs". PLoS One 7: e33479.

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al.. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

The phylogeny of the genus remains unknown, but morphologically A. traversii appears to most closely resemble A. racemosa, the only other New Zealand species in the genus.

Monogenetic Trematodes their systematics and phylogeny. English translation edited by W. J. Hargis Jr. Washington: American Institute of Biological Sciences Archive.org.Hayward, C. (2005). Monogenea Polyopisthocotylea (ectoparasitic flukes).

This means that the decoding mechanisms used by the central nervous system to interpret such movements and produce adequate motor output probably also vary depending on phylogeny.

1.J.C.T. Gonzalez, B.C. Sheldon, N.J. Collar, J.A. Tobias. 2013.A comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the hornbills (Aves:Bucerotidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67(2): 468-483 2.

"Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group". Pp. 105-137 in: Buffetaut, E. and Mazin, J.-M., eds. Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs.

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

"Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". Taxon 57(1):53-65. The inclusion of Pseudobotrys in Cardiopteridaceae remains doubtful.

The two genera were formerly classified in the family Loganiaceae.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Gelsemiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.

From one of their data matrices, they derived a well supported phylogeny for the order, as well as strongly supported relationships among the four orders of malvids.

"Evolutionary and Biogeographic Insights on the Macaronesian Beta-Patellifolia Species (Amaranthaceae) from a Time-Scaled Molecular Phylogeny." PLoS One. 2016; 11(3): e0152456. Ulbrich, O.E. (1934). "Chenopodiaceae".

The following phylogeny is from Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae, except the tribe Gundelieae is recognized and the genus Trichospira is now included in Vernonieae.

A.R. Palmer and L.N. Repina (1993). Through a Glass Darkly: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biostratigraphy of the Olenellina. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 3, pp. 1-35.

Asphodeline tenuior, the thin asphodeline, is a species of plant in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae.Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "Asphodeloideae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 2016-06-10.

It is clear that the phylogeny of Orrorin is uncertain, however the evidence of the evolution of bipedalism is an invaluable discovery from this early fossil hominin.

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz- Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

The complete mitochondrial genome (18,012 base pairs in length) of Quasipaa spinosa has been sequenced, helping to shed light into the phylogeny of Quasipaa and related frogs.

Passerea was not recovered in other studies.Prum, R.O. et al. (2015) A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next- generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526, 569–573.

Origin and phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Estrildinae may have originated in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats).

Coelostathma cocoana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Coelostathma continua is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Coelostathma pygmaea is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Coelostathma xocoatlana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Among these, it belonged to the Hesperornithidae, along with Hesperornis, the well-known namesake genus.Mortimer, M. (2004). The Theropod Database: Phylogeny of taxa . Retrieved 2013-MAR-02.

The leaf consists of a single leaflet on the end of a rachis.Glossary In: Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.

Classification is the grouping of organisms into progressively more inclusive groups based on phylogeny and phenotype, while nomenclature is the application of formal rules for naming organisms.

Tykoski, R. S. 1998. The osteology of Syntarsus kayentakatae and its implications for ceratosaurid phylogeny. Master's thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 217 pp.