468 Sentences With "percolation" | Random Sentence Generator

Because that is a great percolation for a lot of new fodder.

"[F]urther percolation" in the lower courts, he wrote, "may assist our review of this issue".

When writing music, sounds and phrases often appear unbidden, the result of some long strange mental percolation.

"The government respectfully submits that further percolation is unnecessary and the time for the Court to act is now," Francisco wrote.

In Kern County, percolation ponds let storm runoff seep back down into the ground, reports Erica Gies for Yale Environment 360.

"The use of risk assessments by sentencing courts is a novel issue, which needs time for further percolation," Mr. Schimel wrote.

" Wall wrote that "further percolation" in the lower courts could be useful given "the idiosyncratic character of the agreements at issue here.

What they found: In recent decades, there was a clear departure toward more melting, water percolation through the ice, and refreezing each winter.

" An attorney for San Francisco, Aileen McGrath, called the desire to let litigation play out around the country — sometimes called percolation — an "important interest.

My test revealed that my coffee maker, mid-percolation, draws more than 900 W, although it's only on for a few minutes at a time.

Thomas concurred in the opinion that allowing "further percolation" was acceptable, but he stressed that the court's action should not be interpreted as an "agreement" with the lower court.

However, McKellar stuck with it and graduated summa cum laude from UCLA, where she co-authored the theorem Percolation and Gibbs States Multiplicity for Ferromagnetic Ashkin–Teller Models on Z2.

After 22016 years of percolation and debate, anthropocene has become the closest thing there is to common shorthand for this turbulent, momentous, unpredictable, hopeless, hopeful time—duration and scope still unknown.

"Flood" irrigation systems, where water is released to inundate fields or furrows, lose water to evaporation, or to percolation (ie, to the soil itself before it can be absorbed by the crop's roots).

And he asked a group of engineers to design the monstrous "Mud Muse," a vat of beige sludge — 8,000 pounds of it — that keeps bubbling away to the fed-back vibes of its own percolation.

The study co-authors put together a 330-year record of melt, percolation and refreezing in the west-central region of the island, as well as a 364-year record of the same variables at the more coastal location.

The primary mechanisms at work in the Brazil Nut Effect are percolation—in which small grains migrate down to the bottom of the pile between larger grains—and convection, in which larger grains push up toward the top of the pile.

The artificiality of figure-ground relationship may be the future (or the present) that Noh points to, a backdrop of appropriation, overabundance, and visual and cultural percolation that we carry, like having our own permanent green screen for every projected experience.

Avi Schweitzer, chief technology officer of Netafim, an Israeli company that sells drip-irrigation equipment and technology in 110 countries, says that, by minimising both evaporation and percolation, it manages to achieve 95-244% efficiency in delivering the water to the photosynthetic process.

"When the system works as it should, it encourages what one leading jurist has called 'percolation' -- the salutary process by which many lower federal courts offer competing and increasingly refined views on a legal issue before higher courts definitively resolve it," he wrote.

" In the essay, I explore the host of meanings and debates that have emerged around the word, saying, "After 16 years of percolation and debate, anthropocene has become the closest thing there is to common shorthand for this turbulent, momentous, unpredictable, hopeless, hopeful time—duration and scope still unknown.

This approach, the judges wrote, "allows other litigants wishing to challenge the rule to do so" and fosters the "percolation of legal issues in the lower courts" so that if the issue reaches the Supreme Court, the justices will have the "benefit of additional viewpoints" and a "fully developed factual record".

In musical terms — because so much of this album's meaning and information comes directly through its music — Shura's '80s fixation means that you hear her vocal phrasing in a confiding, syncopated staccato; heavy accents on the two and four beats; handclap sounds from a Roland TR-808 drum machine; synthesizer bass lines and clean guitar notes meted out in steady percolation, as another function of rhythm.

"Nationwide injunctions … radically inflate the role of district judges, allowing any one of more than 600 individuals to single-handedly freeze a policy nationwide, a power that no single appellate judge or justice can accomplish; they foreclose percolation and reasoned debate among lower courts, often requiring the Supreme Court to decide complex legal issues in an emergency posture with limited briefing [and] they enable transparent forum shopping, which saps public confidence in the integrity of the judiciary," Attorney General William Barr declared in a speech last month.

Invasion percolation is a mathematical model of realistic fluid distributions for slow immiscible fluid invasion in porous media, in percolation theory. It was introduced by Wilkinson and Willemsen (1983).David Wilkinson and Jorge F Willemsen, "Invasion percolation: a new form of percolation theory", J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.

The percolation rate after resting may approach, but is unlikely to match, the original clean water percolation rate of the site.

In mathematics and probability theory, continuum percolation theory is a branch of mathematics that extends discrete percolation theory to continuous space (often Euclidean space ). More specifically, the underlying points of discrete percolation form types of lattices whereas the underlying points of continuum percolation are often randomly positioned in some continuous space and form a type of point process. For each point, a random shape is frequently placed on it and the shapes overlap each with other to form clumps or components. As in discrete percolation, a common research focus of continuum percolation is studying the conditions of occurrence for infinite or giant components.

More recently Busemann functions have been used by probabilists to study asymptotic properties in models of first-passage percolation and directed last-passage percolation.

Percolation theory, especially for the case of biased percolation, describes random connectivity phenomena, which produce an evolution of connected structures similar to that of lightning strikes.

The structural robustness of networks is studied using percolation theory. When a critical fraction of nodes (or links) is removed randomly (random failures), the network becomes fragmented into small disconnected clusters. This phenomenon is called percolation, and it represents an order-disorder type of phase transition with critical exponents. Percolation theory can predict the size of the largest component (called giant component), the critical percolation threshold and the critical exponents.

Further variations involve correlated percolation, such as percolation clusters related to Ising and Potts models of ferromagnets, in which the bonds are put down by the Fortuin-Kasteleyn method. In bootstrap or k-sat percolation, sites and/or bonds are first occupied and then successively culled from a system if a site does not have at least k neighbors. Another important model of percolation, in a different universality class altogether, is directed percolation, where connectivity along a bond depends upon the direction of the flow. Over the last several decades, a tremendous amount of work has gone into finding exact and approximate values of the percolation thresholds for a variety of these systems.

For percolation thresholds related to random sequentially adsorbed particles, see Percolation threshold. RSA of needles (infinitely thin line segments). This shows a dense stage although here saturation never occurs.

Percolation can be considered to be a branch of the study of dynamical systems or statistical mechanics. In particular, percolation networks exhibit a phase change around a critical threshold.

Occasionally, percolation of water-milk on pillar surfaces has been observed, and since 2000 the percolation has been observed on some parts of the sanctuary as well. In 2011 the percolation of saffron water was recorded. Every year during the festival of the Lord's birth, thousands of devotees come to the temple and extract some part of the percolation onto money bills, clothing, etc. in a belief that it will bring them great fortune.

Typically, a family of universality classes will have a lower and upper critical dimension: below the lower critical dimension, the universality class becomes degenerate (this dimension is 2d for the Ising model, or for directed percolation, but 1d for undirected percolation), and above the upper critical dimension the critical exponents stabilize and can be calculated by an analog of mean field theory (this dimension is 4d for Ising or for directed percolation, and 6d for undirected percolation).

Smirnov has worked on percolation theory, where he proved Cardy's formula for critical site percolation on the triangular lattice, and deduced conformal invariance. The conjecture was proved in the special case of site percolation on the triangular lattice. Smirnov's theorem has led to a fairly complete theory for percolation on the triangular lattice, and to its relationship to the Schramm–Loewner evolution introduced by Oded Schramm. He also established conformality for the two- dimensional critical Ising model.

This can be mapped to the phase transition in directed percolation.

Percolation theory on modular networks have been studied by several authors.

The most common percolation model is to take a regular lattice, like a square lattice, and make it into a random network by randomly "occupying" sites (vertices) or bonds (edges) with a statistically independent probability p. At a critical threshold pc, large clusters and long-range connectivity first appears, and this is called the percolation threshold. Depending on the method for obtaining the random network, one distinguishes between the site percolation threshold and the bond percolation threshold. More general systems have several probabilities p1, p2, etc.

The attached weights to the percolation paths depend on the percolation levels assigned to the source nodes, based on the premise that the higher the percolation level of a source node is, the more important are the paths that originate from that node. Nodes which lie on shortest paths originating from highly percolated nodes are therefore potentially more important to the percolation. The definition of PC may also be extended to include target node weights as well. Percolation centrality calculations run in O(NM) time with an efficient implementation adopted from Brandes' fast algorithm and if the calculation needs to consider target nodes weights, the worst case time is O(N^3).

The percolation threshold is a mathematical concept in percolation theory that describes the formation of long-range connectivity in random systems. Below the threshold a giant connected component does not exist; while above it, there exists a giant component of the order of system size. In engineering and coffee making, percolation represents the flow of fluids through porous media, but in the mathematics and physics worlds it generally refers to simplified lattice models of random systems or networks (graphs), and the nature of the connectivity in them. The percolation threshold is the critical value of the occupation probability p, or more generally a critical surface for a group of parameters p1, p2, ..., such that infinite connectivity (percolation) first occurs.

Often the water collected is redirected to a deep pit with percolation.

First passage percolation is one of the most classical areas of probability theory. It was first introduced by John Hammersley and Dominic Welsh in 1965 as a model of fluid flow in a porous media. It is part of percolation theory, and classical Bernoulli percolation can be viewed as a subset of first passage percolation. Most of the beauty of the model lies in its simple definition (as a random metric space) and the property that several of its fascinating conjectures do not require much effort to be stated.

His percolator was one of the earliest coffee brewing devices to use percolation rather than infusion or decoction as its mode of extraction, and he named it accordingly. Other brewing methods based on percolation followed, and this early naming convention can cause confusion with other percolation methods. In 1813, Benjamin Thomson, Count Rumford published his essay, "Of the Excellent Qualities of Coffee", in which he disclosed several designs for percolation methods which would now be most closely related to drip brewing. Siphon brewers appeared in the early 1830s.

The percolation critical exponents of Erdos Reyni networks are the same as for mean field or as for d=6 and above. However, for scale free networks they are very different because of breaking their structural symmetry . Nodes with low degrees have different neighborhood compared to high degree nodes. Percolation of networks composed of communities can be mapped to percolation or magnetism under external field.

Directed percolation is probably the simplest universality class of transitions out of thermal equilibrium.

The structural robustness of networks is studied using percolation theory. When a critical fraction of nodes is removed the network becomes fragmented into small clusters. This phenomenon is called percolation and it represents an order-disorder type of phase transition with critical exponents.

The concept of recovery of elements in a network and its relation to percolation theory was introduced by Majdandzic. In percolation it is usually assumed that nodes (or links) fail but in real life (e.g., infrastructure) nodes can also recover. Majdandzic et al.

Another phenomenon which shows phase transitions and critical exponents is percolation. The simplest example is perhaps percolation in a two dimensional square lattice. Sites are randomly occupied with probability p. For small values of p the occupied sites form only small clusters.

In this case one choses randomly a node and remove its neighbors and next nearest neighbors until a fraction of 1-p nodes are removed. One such realistic example of random percolation is the use of percolation theory to predict the fragmentation of biological virus shells (capsids), with the percolation threshold of Hepatitis B Virus capsid predicted and detected experimentally: a molecular, randomly played game of Jenga on a rhombically tiled sphere.

The model belongs to the universality class of directed percolation. The model was modified several times.

Likewise, percolation requires the dihedral angle between melt and crystals to be less than 60 degrees to maintain connectivity. However, measurements at the surface suggest that the dihedral angle is frequently greater than 60 degrees, thereby limiting the occurrence of percolation, although it is uncertain whether it may be less than 60 degrees in the lower mantle. Traces of iron have not been observed in the upper mantle, which would be expected had percolation dominated there. Another argument against percolation as a dominant mechanism of iron migration is that it requires temperature to stay within a narrow margin, above the iron solidus but below rock solidus.

Percolation theory is widely used and impacts many different fields; however, the research in network science can still be developed further. As a computational model, percolation has its limitations in that it cannot always account for the variability of real-life neural networks. Its limitations do not hinder its functionality in total, just in some cases. In order for one to understand small-world networks better, a closer objective look at percolation in neural networks is needed.

Journal of Chemical Physics. 12,4, 125 The Flory-Stockmayer theory was the first theory investigating percolation processes.

His paper with collaborators developed the percolation theory of network of networks (Nature, 464, 08932 (2010)) and initiated the current active research field of networks of networks. In 2014, he introduced with collaborators the concept of recovery in percolation theory (Nature Physics,10, 3438 (2014); Nature Comm., 2016).

The failures discussed above are random, as usually assumed in percolation theory. However, when generalizing percolation also to non-random but targeted attacks, e.g., on highest degree nodes, the results, such as pc, change significantly .Recently, a new type of failures in networks has been developed, called localized attacks.

He mainly researches on probability theory such as Markov chains, percolation theory and other models in statistical mechanics.

Percolation from the Indus makes the area extremely fertile. The population of the area is primarily Hindko speakers.

Phase transition of a network is naturally a building block of more advanced models within its own discipline too. It comes back in research examining clustering and percolation in networks,Colomer-de-Simon, P., & Boguna, M. (2014). Double percolation phase transition in clustered complex networks. or prediction of node properties.

A number of well-studied models exist in continuum percolation, which are often based on homogeneous Poisson point processes.

At low and high frequencies, the dielectric response of heterogeneous materials is governed by percolation pathways. If a heterogeneous material is represented by a network in which more than 50% of the elements are capacitors, percolation through capacitor elements will occur. This percolation results in conductivity at high and low frequencies that is directly proportional to frequency. Conversely, if the fraction of capacitor elements in the representative RC network (Pc) is lower than 0.5, dielectric behavior at low and high frequency regimes is independent of frequency.

In this setting, the process is often used in mathematical models and in the related fields of spatial point processes, stochastic geometry, spatial statistics and continuum percolation theory.R. Meester and R. Roy. Continuum percolation, volume 119 of cambridge tracts in mathematics, 1996. The Poisson point process can be defined on more abstract spaces.

However, in two dimensions, the EMA gives a threshold of 50% and has been proven to model percolation relatively well.

The analysis of bootstrap percolation can be used to determine the failure probability that can be tolerated by the system..

In isotropic percolation a spreading agent (e.g. water) introduced at a particular site percolates along open bonds, generating a cluster of wet sites. Contrarily, in directed percolation the spreading agent can pass open bonds only along a preferred direction in space, as indicated by the arrow. The resulting red cluster is directed in space.

For the description of the electrical percolation, we identify the occupied bonds of the bond-percolation model with the metallic component having a conductivity \sigma_m . And the dielectric component with conductivity \sigma_d corresponds to non-occupied bonds. We consider the two following well-known cases of a conductor-insulator mixture and a superconductor–conductor mixture.

In the early 1960s Edgar Gilbert proposed a mathematical model in wireless networks that gave rise to the field of continuum percolation theory, thus generalizing discrete percolation. The underlying points of this model, sometimes known as the Gilbert disk model, were scattered uniformly in the infinite plane according to a homogeneous Poisson process. Gilbert, who had noticed similarities between discrete and continuum percolation, then used concepts and techniques from the probability subject of branching processes to show that a threshold value existed for the infinite or "giant" component.

This breakdown is studied via percolation theory. Reuven Cohen, Shlomo Havlin (2010). Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function Cambridge University Press.

Random networks for communication: from statistical physics to information systems, volume 24. Cambridge University Press, 2007.R. Meester. Continuum percolation, volume 119.

This percolation mechanism was what assumed to delocalize the electrons As a result of this semi-classical idea, many numerical computations were done based on the percolation picture. On top of the classical percolation phase transition, quantum tunneling was included in computer simulations to calculate the critical exponent of the `semi-classical percolation phase transition'. To compare this result with the measured critical exponent, the Fermi-liquid approximation was used, where the Coulomb interactions between electrons are assumed to be finite. Under this assumption, the ground state of the free electron gas can be adiabatically transformed into the ground state of the interacting system and this gives rise to an inelastic scattering length so that the canonical correlation length exponent can be compared to the measured critical exponent.

Seizures occur when neurons in the brain fire simultaneously, and often these seizures can occur in one part of the brain which may then transfer to other parts. Researchers are able to facilitate a better understanding of these conditions because "the neurons involved in a seizure are analogous to the sites in a percolating cluster". Disorganized schizophrenia is more complex as the activity is indicative activity in a percolating cluster; however, some researchers have suggested that the percolation of information does not occur in a small cluster but on a global functional scale. Attention as well as percolation also plays a key role in disorganized and divergent thinking; however, it is more likely that directed percolation, that is a directionally controlled percolation, is more useful to study divergent thinking and creativity.

Since a node can belong to several different k-clique percolation clusters at the same time, the communities can overlap with each other.

First passage percolation is a mathematical method used to describe the paths reachable in a random medium within a given amount of time.

Percolation theory was originally purposed by Broadbent and Hammersley as a mathematical theory for determining the flow of fluids through porous material. An example of this is the question originally purposed by Broadbent and Hammersley: "suppose a large porous rock is submerged under water for a long time, will the water reach the center of the stone?". Since its founding, percolation theory has been used in both applied fields and mathematical modeling, areas such as engineering, physics, chemistry, communications, economics, mathematics, medicine and geography. From a mathematical perspective, percolation is uniquely able to exhibit both algebraic and probabilistic relationships graphically.

Percolation has been developed outside of the cognitive sciences; however, its application in the field has proven it to be a useful tool for understanding neural processes. Researchers have focused their attention not only studying how neural activity is diffused across networks, but also how percolation and its aspect of phase transition can affect decision making and thought processes. Percolation theory has enabled researchers to better understand many psychological conditions, such as epilepsy, disorganized schizophrenia and divergent thinking. These conditions are often indicative of percolating clusters and their involvement in propagating the excess firing of neurons.

A fluid will penetrate through the pores in the casting and eventually soak through, like a sponge. This is because at porosity percentages above the 'pore percolation threshold', pores link up into continuous channels. The pore percolation threshold depends on the characteristics of the material, but it is normally very roughly around 20%. A 60% dense component has 40% porosity.

While most mining companies have shifted from a previously accepted sprinkler method to the percolation of slowly dripping choice chemicals including cyanide or sulfuric acid closer to the actual ore bed,Krauth, Richard G. 1991 Controlled Percolation System and Method for Heap Leach Mining. United States Patent 5,005,806. April 9, 1991. heap leach pads have not changed too much throughout the years.

Realization of permeable (solid line) or closed bonds (no line) on a tilted square lattice. The cluster of sites connected by a directed path (following the arrows) to the source (circled point) is indicated in red. One of the simplest realizations of DP is bond directed percolation. This model is a directed variant of ordinary (isotropic) percolation and can be introduced as follows.

Under this scheme, certain select villages were given aid in agriculture by helping them conserve water. This was especially needed in a drought prone region like Solapur. Under this scheme, Ajanale saw the construction of several bunds and percolation tanks. "Paani Adwaa, Paani Jirava" (stop water, help water percolate) was the slogan to promote percolation of water in this dry region.

This process leads to a percolation phase transition at a value p_c which is substantially larger than the value obtained for a single network.

The best possible way for this to occur would be to combine the applications of percolation modelling and experimental stimulation of artificial neural networks.

Random minimum spanning trees of grid graphs may be used for invasion percolation models of liquid flow through a porous medium,. and for maze generation..

In recent articles, percolation theory has been applied to study traffic congestion in a city. The quality of the global traffic in a city at a given time is by a single parameter, the percolation critical threshold. The critical threshold represent the velocity below which one can travel in a large fraction of city network. The method is able to identify repetitive traffic bottlenecks.

There are a number of implementations of clique percolation. The clique percolation method was first implemented and popularized by CFinder (freeware for non-commercial use) software for detecting and visualizing overlapping communities in networks. The program enables customizable visualization and allows easy strolling over the found communities. The package contains a command line version of the program as well, which is suitable for scripting.

Dispersions do not display any structure; i.e., the particles (or in case of emulsions: droplets) dispersed in the liquid or solid matrix (the "dispersion medium") are assumed to be statistically distributed. Therefore, for dispersions, usually percolation theory is assumed to appropriately describe their properties. However, percolation theory can be applied only if the system it should describe is in or close to thermodynamic equilibrium.

There is small river the Iraas (Hiraasan as per the state records) on the bank of which this village is located. The other two small streams are Waghad and Bhalkhai. There are three water bodies all within the village limits. The first one the minor irrigation tank on the Iraas river, the second, percolation tank on Waghad stream and the third, percolation tank on Bhalkhai stream.

In statistical physics, directed percolation (DP) refers to a class of models that mimic filtering of fluids through porous materials along a given direction, due to the effect of gravity. Varying the microscopic connectivity of the pores, these models display a phase transition from a macroscopically permeable (percolating) to an impermeable (non-percolating) state. Directed percolation is also used as a simple model for epidemic spreading with a transition between survival and extinction of the disease depending on the infection rate. More generally, the term directed percolation stands for a universality class of continuous phase transitions which are characterized by the same type of collective behavior on large scales.

Other shared concepts and analysis techniques exist in these two types of percolation theory as well as the study of random graphs and random geometric graphs. Continuum percolation arose from an early mathematical model for wireless networks, which, with the rise of several wireless network technologies in recent years, has been generalized and studied in order to determine the theoretical bounds of information capacity and performance in wireless networks. In addition to this setting, continuum percolation has gained application in other disciplines including biology, geology, and physics, such as the study of porous material and semiconductors, while becoming a subject of mathematical interest in its own right.

The clique percolation method had been used to detect communities from the studies of cancer metastasis through various social networks to document clustering and economical networks.

However, in some cases Force-sensing resistors may operate predominantly under percolation regime; this implies that the composite resistance grows for an incremental applied stress or force.

Applying any of the previous community detection methods (which assign each node to a community) to the clique graph then assigns each clique to a community. This can then be used to determine community membership of nodes in the cliques. Again as a node may be in several cliques, it can be a member of several communities. For instance the clique percolation method defines communities as percolation clusters of k-cliques.

Bootstrap percolation is a random process studied as an epidemic model and as a model for fault tolerance for distributed computing. It consists of selecting a random subset of active cells from a lattice or other space, and then considering the -core of the induced subgraph of this subset. In k-core or bootstrap percolation on weakly interconnected networks, the interconnections can be regarded as an external field at the transition.

Generally, check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the subsoil strata. The water percolation in the water-impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and overburden using ANFO explosives as used in open cast mining. Thus, local aquifers can be recharged quickly using the available surface water fully for use in the dry season.

In recent articles, percolation theory has been applied to study traffic congestion in a city. The quality of the global traffic in a city at a given time can be characterized by a single parameter, the percolation critical threshold. The critical threshold represent the velocity below which one can travel in a large fraction of city network. Above this threshold one can travel only within a relatively small clusters (neighborhoods).

When percolating rain water reaches a drier soil horizon, water from the suspension is removed by capillary action of microchannels, leaving fine deposits (cutans) oriented along percolation macrochannels.

67 (2000), no. 3, pp. 475-477; translation in: Mathematical Notes, vol. 67 (2000), no. 3-4, pp. 403-405Roman Muchnik, and Igor Pak. Percolation on Grigorchuk groups.

Part I – Experiments. European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, 2010, 29, 291–298.D. Bigoni and G. Noselli, Localized stress percolation through dry masonry walls. Part II – Modelling.

Sastry has worked in a variety of fields, including composite materials, percolation phenomena, diabetes, and battery materials, design and optimization. Her work has been cited over 6400 times.

John Michael Hammersley, (21 March 1920 – 2 May 2004) was a British mathematician best known for his foundational work in the theory of self- avoiding walks and percolation theory.

The Cardy formula for black hole entropy, the Cardy formula in percolation theory, arXiv:hep-th/9111026v1. and the Cardy conditions in boundary conformal field theory are named after him.

In recent articles, percolation theory has been applied to model and study traffic congestion in a city. The quality of the global traffic in a city at a given time can be characterized by a single parameter, the percolation critical threshold. The critical threshold represent the velocity below which one can travel in a large fraction of city network. Above this threshold one can travel only within a relatively small clusters (neighborhoods).

On a network with directed links a directed k-clique is a complete subgraph with k nodes fulfilling the following condition. The k nodes can be ordered such that between an arbitrary pair of them there exists a directed link pointing from the node with the higher rank towards the node with the lower rank. The directed Clique Percolation Method defines directed network communities as the percolation clusters of directed k-cliques.

In interdependent networks, it is usually assumed, based on percolation theory, that nodes become nonfunctional if they lose connection to the network giant component. However, in reality, some nodes, equipped with alternative resources, together with their connected neighbors can still be functioning after being disconnected from the giant component. Yuan et al. generalized percolation model that introduces a fraction of reinforced nodes in the interdependent networks that can function and support their neighborhood.

Furthermore, Gilbert showed that by reframing the problem into one about bond percolation, an upper bound for the giant component can obtained. The method consists of discritizing the plane such that any two nodes in adjacent squares are connected; and allowing each square to represents an edge on the lattice. By construction, if there is a giant component in the bond percolation problem then there must be a giant component in the RGG.

Percolation is a model used to explain how neural activity is transmitted across the various connections within the brain. Percolation theory is be easily understood by explaining its use in epidemiology. Individuals whom are infected with a disease can spread the disease through contact with others in their social network. Those who are more social and come into contact with more people will help to propagate the disease quicker than those who are less social.

His main research interests include complex networks, image analysis, pattern recognition, scientific visualization and digital signal processing. He studied the relationship between neuronal shape, connectivity, and dynamics, including percolation studies.

A standard septic tank system with a soakaway is proposed for the disposal of sewerage, and its percolation area is about 30 metres from the open drain to the east.

The mathematical modelling of epidemics was originally implemented in terms of differential equations, which effectively assumed that the various states of individuals were uniformly distributed throughout space. To take into account correlations and clustering, lattice-based models have been introduced. Grassberger considered synchronous (cellular automaton) versions of models, and showed how the epidemic growth goes through a critical behavior such that transmission remains local when infection rates are below critical values, and spread throughout the system when they are above a critical value. Cardy and Grassberger argued that this growth is similar to the growth of percolation clusters, which are governed by the "dynamical percolation" universality class (finished clusters are in the same class as static percolation, while growing clusters have additional dynamic exponents).

The Bell Canyon Creek watershed has three distinct areas with different levels of groundwater percolation. On mountainous slopes, which comprise about 65% of the watershed, the percolation rate is relatively low and produces a moderate amount of runoff during storms. On the deep alluvium of the valley floors, however, water soaks into the ground and flows subsurface into San Juan Creek. This area is the site of a thick riparian zone and produces little storm runoff.

Shalaev also developed fundamental theories of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and strongly-enhanced optical nonlinearities in fractals and percolation systems and led experimental studies aimed to verify the developed theories.−M. Breit, V. A. Podolskiy, S. Gresillon, G. von Plessen, J. Feldmann, J. C. Rivoal, P. Gadenne, A. K. Sarychev, and Vladimir M. Shalaev, Experimental observation of percolation-enhanced non-linear light scattering from semicontinuous metal films, Physical Review B, v. 64, p. 125106 (2001)V.

On a network with weighted links a weighted k-clique is a complete subgraph with k nodes such that the geometric mean of the k (k - 1) / 2 link weights within the k-clique is greater than a selected threshold value, I. The weighted Clique Percolation Method defines weighted network communities as the percolation clusters of weighted k-cliques. Note that the geometric mean of link weights within a subgraph is called the intensity of that subgraph.

Using a combination of infusion and percolation, they were the first development in coffee percolation. However, the complex, fragile devices remained a curiosity. Siphon brewing relies on vapor pressure to raise water from a pressure chamber up to the brewing chamber where the coffee is infused. Once the heat source has been removed from the pressure chamber, the atmosphere within cools, lowering the pressure and drawing the coffee through a filter and back into the pressure chamber.

Ecography 33: 95–102. As such, studies on the comparison of O–A relationships should be aware of the issue of scale sensitivity (compare text of Fig 1 & Fig.2). Furthermore, measuring species range, whether it is measured by the convex hull or occupancy (occurrence), is part of the percolation process and can be explained by the percolation theory,Hui, C. & McGeoch, M.A. (2007) Capturing the "droopy-tail" in the occupancy-abundance relationship. Ecoscience, 14, 103–108.

A lot of non-governmental organisations in India are involved in establishing water harvesting structures in rural areas. For example, villagers in Palve Budruk, near Ahmednagar, developed a catchment plan covering 1,435 hectares – over 80% of the land available with support from UNICEF. The system consists of 3 dams, 20 canal bunds, two small percolation tanks linked to the main tank and 19 village ponds. Water stored in the percolation tank, is strictly meant for domestic use.

In recent articles, percolation theory has been applied to study traffic in a city. The quality of the global traffic in a city at a given time can be characterized by a single parameter, the percolation critical threshold. The critical threshold represents the velocity below which one can travel in a large fraction of the city network. Above this threshold the city network break into clusters of many sizes and one can travel within relatively small neighborhoods.

Just like occupation and sociability play a key role in the spread of disease, so too do the number of neurons, synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation when talking about neural percolation.

Shalaev made pioneering contributions to the area of random optical media, including fractal and percolation composites.V. M. Shalaev, Electromagnetic Properties of Small- Particle Composites, Physics Reports, v. 272, pp. 61–137 (1996)V.

The main approximation is that all the domains are located in an equivalent mean field. Unfortunately, it is not the case close to the percolation threshold where the system is governed by the largest cluster of conductors, which is a fractal, and long- range correlations that are totally absent from Bruggeman's simple formula. The threshold values are in general not correctly predicted. It is 33% in the EMA, in three dimensions, far from the 16% expected from percolation theory and observed in experiments.

She demonstrated that there exists a percolation threshold, where at a certain point a small number of additional connections can result in a considerable fraction of the network becoming connected. The percolation transition can be applied to a variety of real-world systems, from nanotubes to epileptic seizures or social networks. Large-scale connectivity and synchronisation can be crucial to the structure and function of complex networks. She demonstrated that sparse connections between separate networks helps to suppress cascading failures.

Decoction is also the name for the resulting liquid. Although this method of extraction differs from infusion and percolation, the resultant liquids can sometimes be similar in their effects, or general appearance and taste.

Hypothetical core-mantle differentiation processes: Percolation, diking, and diapirism. After Rubie et al. (2015). Alternative model for core-mantle differentiation: I. Melted iron layer between protomantle and primordial core. II. Primordial core cracking. III.

Harry Kesten (November 19, 1931 – March 29, 2019) was an American mathematician best known for his work in probability, most notably on random walks on groups and graphs, random matrices, branching processes, and percolation theory.

In the setting of stochastic geometry models, Edgar Gilbert in the 1960s proposed a mathematical model for wireless networks, now known as a Gilbert disk model, that gave rise to the field of continuum percolation theory, which in turn is a generalization of discrete percolation. Starting in the late 1970s, Leonard Kleinrock and others used wireless models based on Poisson processes to study packet forward networks. This work would continue until the 1990s where it would cross paths with the work on shot noise.

A labyrinth can be generated by tiles in the form of a white square with a black diagonal. As with the quarter-circle tiles, each such tile has two orientations. The connectivity of the resulting labyrinth can be analyzed mathematically using percolation theory as bond percolation at the critical point of a diagonally-oriented grid. Nick Montfort considers the single line of Commodore 64 BASIC required to generate such patterns - `10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10` \- to be "a concrete poem, a found poem".

Under the assumption of a solid mantle and melted iron mixture, the percolation mechanism involves metal flowing along solid mantle crystal grain boundaries towards the center of the Earth. This hypothesis assumes that rocky materials remain solid or soft, while iron is molten. The surface tension of iron drops cannot be physically larger than the dragging exerted by the comparatively more viscous mantle, hence limiting the size of the iron droplets. The percolation hypothesis assumes that crystals in the mantle have no preferred orientation.

The surface area of the lake is . Naraghi Lake is supplied from MID canals and pipelines. It was built by excavating a hole in the otherwise flat terrain and was lined with bentonite to eliminate percolation.

Lattice networks (see Fig. 1) are useful models for spatial embedded networks. Many physical phenomenas have been studied on these structures. Examples include Ising model for spontaneous magnetization, diffusion phenomena modeled as random walks and percolation.

Joan Elisabeth Adler (born June 13, 1950, in Sydney, Australia) is a computational physicist at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. Her research involves percolation theory, lattice models, and neural networks.Curriculum vitae, accessed 2016-06-04.

Stanley had fundamental contributions to several topics in statistical physics, such as the theory of phase transitions, percolation, disordered systems, aggregation phenomena, polymers, econophysics and biological physics. His early work introduced the n-vector model of magnetism and its exact solution in the limit nà infinity, topics that are now part of standard statistical physics textbooks. His seminal work on liquid water started with a percolation model he developed with Texeira to explain the experimentally observed anticorrelations in entropy and volume [H. E. Stanley and J. Teixeira, “Interpretation of The Unusual Behavior of H2O and D2O at Low Temperatures: Tests of a Percolation Model” J. Chem. Phys. 73, 3404–3422 (1980)]. In 1992 he developed the liquid-liquid critical point hypothesis, that offered a quantitative understanding of water’s anomalies, applying to all liquids with tetrahedral symmetry (such as silicon and silica).

The states the individual nodes can take in the above examples could be binary (such as received/not received a piece of news), discrete (susceptible/infected/recovered), or even continuous (such as the proportion of infected people in a town), as the contagion spreads. The common feature in all these scenarios is that the spread of contagion results in the change of node states in networks. Percolation centrality (PC) was proposed with this in mind, which specifically measures the importance of nodes in terms of aiding the percolation through the network. This measure was proposed by Piraveenan et al. Percolation centrality is defined for a given node, at a given time, as the proportion of ‘percolated paths’ that go through that node. A ‘percolated path’ is a shortest path between a pair of nodes, where the source node is percolated (e.g.

Critical percolation theory was successfully applied to gelation in 1970s. A number of growth models (diffusion limited aggregation, cluster- cluster aggregation, kinetic gelation) were developed in the 1980s to describe the kinetic aspects of aggregation and gelation.

After receiving an A.B. in anthropology from Vassar (1976), Lieber studied linguistics at MIT, receiving her Ph.D. in 1980. Her dissertation, On the Organization of the Lexicon, was written under the direction of Morris Halle. It was in this work that she proposed "feature percolation," a mechanism by which the properties of lexical items are inherited by their larger constituent structures, and which she articulates more fully in Lieber 1992 (77ff). Syntacticians and morphologists have made use of the concept of feature percolation in many different ways since Lieber's first proposal.

The Bernoulli bond percolation subgraph of a graph G at parameter p is a random subgraph obtained from G by deleting every edge of G with probability 1−p, independently. The infinite complete binary tree T is an infinite tree where one vertex (called the root) has two neighbors and every other vertex has three neighbors. The second moment method can be used to show that at every parameter p ∈ (1/2, 1] with positive probability the connected component of the root in the percolation subgraph of T is infinite.

Masson Dam, built in 1964, is a small diversion dam about upstream of Almaden Expressway. The dam conveys water into the Los Capitancillos percolation ponds continually, unless Guadalupe Reservoir spills, in which case diversion operations terminate until the rainy season ends. In 1999, Masson Dam, which had been a complete barrier to fish passage, was removed and then re-built, along with a fish ladder which was completed in 2000. Completed in 1962 and reconstructed in 1964, the Los Capitancillos percolation ponds occupy about 63 acres, from Almaden Expressway (east) to Camden Avenue (west).

First passage percolation is well-known for giving rise to other tools of mathematics, including the Subadditive Ergodic Theorem, a fundamental result in ergodic theory. Outside mathematics, the Eden growth model is used to model bacteria growth and deposition of material. Another example is comparing a minimized cost from the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves auction (VCG-auction) to a minimized path from first passage percolation to gauge how pessimistic the VCG-auction is at its lower limit. Both problems are solved similarly and one can find distributions to use in auction theory.

It receives infiltration from the surface layer and loses water through ET and by percolation into the storage layer below it. The storage layer consists of coarse crushed stone or gravel. It receives percolation from the soil zone above it and loses water by either infiltration into the underlying natural soil or by outflow through a perforated pipe underdrain system. New as of July 2013, the EPA's National Stormwater Calculator is a Windows desktop application that estimates the annual amount of rainwater and frequency of runoff from a specific site anywhere in the United States.

Percolation centrality is a version of weighted betweenness centrality, but it considers the 'state' of the source and target nodes of each shortest path in calculating this weight. Percolation of a ‘contagion’ occurs in complex networks in a number of scenarios. For example, viral or bacterial infection can spread over social networks of people, known as contact networks. The spread of disease can also be considered at a higher level of abstraction, by contemplating a network of towns or population centres, connected by road, rail or air links.

This is problematic because an exponent of 1 in the power law implies an infinite population. Paul Krugman proposes that, in the case of cities, the power law operates according to the percolation theory. This relaxes the condition on the exponent approaching the value of 1 and breaking down the model. Importantly, the application of a percolation model leads to one of the key insights regarding city sizes: geography and economic conditions give cities advantages that allow them to grow more than cities with a relative scarcity of these benefits.

Impact of interferences on connectivity in ad hoc networks. Networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions on, 13(2):425–436, 2005.O. Dousse, M. Franceschetti, N. Macris, R. Meester, and P. Thiran. Percolation in the signal to interference ratio graph.

Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Without attenuation, the impervious cover in a typical urban area limits groundwater percolation and causes five times the amount of runoff generated by a typical woodland of the same size.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Point processes are employed in other mathematical and statistical disciplines, hence the notation may be used in fields such stochastic geometry, spatial statistics or continuum percolation theory, and areas which use the methods and theory from these fields.

Typical facilities include retention basins, infiltration basins and percolation trenches.California Stormwater Quality Association. Menlo Park, CA. "Stormwater Best Management Practice (BMP) Handbooks". 2003. Some newer designs include bioretention systems, which use plants more extensively to absorb and filter pollutants.

Narasimha Jharni is a tubular spring. Though Bidar is at an elevation, the temple is at a lower level. It is located amidst the slopes of the hilly terrain. The lateritic rock formation under the plateau enables percolation of surface water.

Appropriately, viruses have evolved to interfere with the activity of hub proteins such as p53, thereby bringing about the massive changes in cellular behavior which are conducive to viral replication. A useful method to analyze network robustness is the percolation theory.

Béla Bollobás FRS (born 3 August 1943) is a Hungarian-born British mathematician who has worked in various areas of mathematics, including functional analysis, combinatorics, graph theory, and percolation. He was strongly influenced by Paul Erdős since the age of 14.

Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Boston, MA. "Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines for Urban and Suburban Areas." May 2003. p. 109. Level spreaders may be used in conjunction with runoff infiltration devices such as bioretention systems, infiltration basins and percolation trenches.

If all nodes have transmitters of equal power, these circles are all equal. Random geometric graphs, formed as unit disk graphs with randomly generated disk centres, have also been used as a model of percolation and various other phenomena.See, e.g., .

There he developed a mathematical theory for the polymerization of compounds with more than two functional groups and the theory of polymer networks or gels. This led to the Flory-Stockmayer theory of gelation, which equivalent to percolation on the Bethe lattice and in fact represents the first paper in the percolation field. In 1940 he joined the Linden, NJ laboratory of the Standard Oil Development Company where he developed a statistical mechanical theory for polymer mixtures. In 1943 he left to join the research laboratories of Goodyear as head of a group on polymer fundamentals.

As a postdoc he was a lecturer at the University of Virginia. From 1986 he was at McMaster University and since 1999 he is a professor at the University of British Columbia. He developed the technique of lace expansion (originally introduced by David Brydges and Thomas C. Spencer in 1985) with applications to probability theory and statistical mechanics, such as self-avoiding random walks and their enumeration, random graphs, percolation theory, and branched polymers. In 1989 Slade proved with Takashi Hara that the Aizenman–Newman triangle condition at critical percolation is valid in sufficiently high dimension.

Michael Aizenman (born 28 August 1945 in Nizhny Tagil, Russia) is an American- Israeli mathematician and a physicist at Princeton University, working in the fields of mathematical physics, statistical mechanics, functional analysis and probability theory. The highlights of his work include: the triviality of a class of scalar quantum field theories in more than four dimensions; a description of the phase transition in the Ising model in three and more dimensions; the sharpness of the phase transition in percolation theory; a method for the study of spectral and dynamical localization for random Schrödinger operators; and insights concerning conformal invariance in two- dimensional percolation.

There are a number of threats to this plant. Because it is a marshland plant, it needs ongoing and abundant access to water. Unfortunately, the environments that it resides in are susceptible to drought. Water availability is dependent on yearly percolation patterns.

Specifically, Ni powders were used to make up the composites. The dielectric constants were enhanced from values there were less than 10 to approximately 400. This large enhancement is explained by the percolation theory. These ferroelectric materials have also been used as sensors.

A Boolean model as a coverage model in a wireless network. The applications of percolation theory are various and range from material sciences to wireless communication systems. Often the work involves showing that a type of phase transition occurs in the system.

The creek continues its southward flow, eventually joining with the Pajaro River at the San Benito County line. The lower Llagas Creek, south of Gilroy, passes through a system of percolation ponds (Lower Miller Slough) which are used to treat wastewater in the area.

Fullerene acceptors (FAs) have been used extensively in OSCs. This is rationalized by several characteristics of fullerenes. The three-dimensional character causes them to be suitable materials for bulk heterojunction structures. Additionally, its electronic configuration (delocalized LUMOs) allows for efficient percolation and high electron mobility.

Graphite conductive agent: KS-6, KS-15, SFG-6, SFG-15, etc. CNTs: the incorporation of CNTs as a conductive additive at a lower weight loading than conventional carbons, like carbon black and graphite, presents a more effective strategy to establish an electrical percolation network.

50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. developed and studied a similar realistic heterogeneous spatial modular model using percolation theory in order to better understand the effect of heterogeneity on such networks. The model assumes that inside a city there are many lines connecting different locations, while long lines between the cities are sparse and usually directly connecting only a few nearest neighbors cities in a two dimensional plane, see Fig. 4. It is found that this heterogeneous model experiences two distinct percolation transitions, one when the cities disconnect from each other and the second when each city breaks apart.

In a mixture between a dielectric and a metallic component, the conductivity \sigma and the dielectric constant \epsilon of this mixture show a critical behavior if the fraction of the metallic component reaches the percolation threshold. The behavior of the conductivity near this percolation threshold will show a smooth change over from the conductivity of the dielectric component to the conductivity of the metallic component and can be described using two critical exponents s and t, whereas the dielectric constant will diverge if the threshold is approached from either side. To include the frequency dependent behavior, a resistor-capacitor model (R-C model) is used.

Wireless networks are sometimes best represented with stochastic models owing to their complexity and unpredictability, hence continuum percolation have been used to develop stochastic geometry models of wireless networks. For example, the tools of continuous percolation theory and coverage processes have been used to study the coverage and connectivity of sensor networks. One of the main limitations of these networks is energy consumption where usually each node has a battery and an embedded form of energy harvesting. To reduce energy consumption in sensor networks, various sleep schemes have been suggested that entail having a subcollection of nodes go into a low energy-consuming sleep mode.

When the backplain to the wetlands floods, waters are filtered into a karst aquifer and into the sea via underground channels. As a consequence of the percolation of surface water through the limestone substrate, the catchment boundaries of main drainage lines become undefined over the limestone topography.

Critical exponents characterizing the cluster size distribution of good traffic are similar to those of percolation theory. An empirical study regarding the size distribution of traffic jams has been performed recently by Zhang et al . They found an approximate universal power law for the jam sizes distribution.

This method increases water productivity by 16.9% compared with continuously flood irrigation.Tan, X., Shao, D., Liu, H., Yang, F., Xiao, C., Yang, H., 2013. Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on percolation and nitrogen leaching in paddy fields. Paddy and Water Environment 11, 381-395.

For comparison, the same area of forest today produces a total of on average. The virgin forests cooled the land and streams. Centuries of accumulated organic matter in the forest soil caused slow percolation of rainfall into the streams, so they flowed more evenly year- round.Dillon, pp.

Percolation (from the Latin word percolatio, meaning filtration) is a theoretical model used to understand the way activation and diffusion of neural activity occurs within neural networks.Friedenbreg, J., Silverman, G. (2012). Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

In percolation theory, a node is considered active as long as it is connected to the giant component. The introduction of dependency links adds another condition: that the node that it depends on is also active. Dependency can be defined between different networks and also within the same network.

These creatures streamline or intensify communication in case of an unusual situation. The intercommunications that enable them to survive are highly complex. ;Random fuse networks In percolation theory, random fuse networks have been studied. The current density might be too low in some areas, and too strong in others.

James Anthony Dominic Welsh (born 29 August 1938)Prof Dominic J A Welsh, Debrett's, retrieved 2012-03-11. is an English mathematician, an emeritus professor of Oxford University's Mathematical Institute. He is an expert in matroid theory,. the computational complexity of combinatorial enumeration problems, percolation theory, and cryptography.

Welsh received an honorary doctorate from the University of Waterloo in 2006. In 2007, Oxford University press published Combinatorics, Complexity, and Chance: A Tribute to Dominic Welsh, an edited volume of research papers dedicated to Welsh. The Russo–Seymour–Welsh estimate in percolation theory is partly named after Welsh.

In network and cognitive sciences, percolation theory is often used as a computational model that has the benefit of testing theories on neural activity before any physical testing is necessary. It can also be used as a model to explain experimental observations of neural activity to a certain extent.

1\. Physical Sealing \- After Biofilling, water tight apical plug is formed at the apical constriction of apical foramen. Triple MTA sealing (apical, middle & coronal) is achieved by jamming effect. Physical sealing occurs just after Biofilling. Formation of the apical plug can prevent the apical percolation of nutrient tissue fluid.

Extraction depends in subtle and complex ways on brewing method. Simplest is directly mixing the grounds and water, as in cupping, press pot, and vacuum brewing. Note that in Turkish coffee, the grounds are very finely ground and not removed from the water – this yields essentially 100% extraction of the solubles (over-extraction by Western standards), and suspension of the remaining insoluble parts of the grounds in the water. Significantly more complicated is brewing via soaking a column of grounds, as in filter, espresso, or percolation – in this case the water soaks and moves through the column of grounds, and (if there is water on top, as in espresso or percolation), a gradient develops over the column.

A slew of centrality measures exist to determine the ‘importance’ of a single node in a complex network. However, these measures quantify the importance of a node in purely topological terms, and the value of the node does not depend on the ‘state’ of the node in any way. It remains constant regardless of network dynamics. This is true even for the weighted betweenness measures. However, a node may very well be centrally located in terms of betweenness centrality or another centrality measure, but may not be ‘centrally’ located in the context of a network in which there is percolation. Percolation of a ‘contagion’ occurs in complex networks in a number of scenarios.

Accented words are often said to be in focus or F-marked often represented by F-markers. The relationship between accent placement is mediated through the discourse status of particular syntactic nodes. The percolation of F-markings in a syntactic tree is sensitive to argument structure and head-phrase relations.

Meester and R. Roy. Continuum percolation, volume 119 of Cambridge tracts in mathematics, 1996. and spatial statistics. Another result by the name of Campbell's theorem is specifically for the Poisson point process and gives a method for calculating moments as well as the Laplace functional of a Poisson point process.

In 2003 with the Quantification Settlement Agreement (QSA), CVWD's quantified right to Colorado River Water is 450,000 acre feet. Colorado River Water is used primarily for agricultural irrigation. Colorado River water can also be used to irrigate golf courses and for percolation into the ground to replenish the aquifer. Recycled Water.

The resilience of modular networks due to node or link failures is usually studied using percolation theory. The structure of the network while attacking the inter-nodes (i.e., nodes that connect communities) has been studied. Also, a recent study analyzed how the interlinks between community strengthen the resilience of the communities.

Geologists are still studying how listwanites form, but they likely form through the reaction of CO2-rich fluids with peridotites at approximately 50 to 200°C. Faults and fractures permit the percolation of the CO2-rich fluids through peridotite, so the formation of listwanites is generally considered to be structurally controlled.

The nanoparticles transport electrons to the electrode. The interfacial area between the polymer phase and the nanoparticles needs to be large. This is achieved by dispersing the particles throughout the polymer matrix. However, the nanoparticles need to be interconnected to form percolation networks for electron transport, which occurs by hopping events.

In 1975 the village was afflicted by drought, poverty prevailed, and trade in illicit liquor was widespread. The village tank could not hold water as the embankment dam wall leaked. Work began with the percolation tank construction. Anna Hazare encouraged the villagers to donate their labour to repair the embankment.

Around the beginning of the 21st century a number of new network technologies have arisen including mobile ad hoc networks and sensor networks. Stochastic geometry and percolation techniques have been used to develop models for these networks. The increases in user traffic has resulted in stochastic geometry being applied to cellular networks.

Particulates on the river side of the soil interface may be periodically scoured away by turbulent flow. Wastewater percolation ponds may require maintenance to break up or remove a scum layer (Schmutzdecke) forming at the bottom of the pond. Biological filtration remains effective unless organic loading causes anaerobic conditions within the riverbed alluvium.

The figure shows a tilted square lattice with bonds connecting neighboring sites. The bonds are permeable (open) with probability p\, and impermeable (closed) otherwise. The sites and bonds may be interpreted as holes and randomly distributed channels of a porous medium. The difference between ordinary and directed percolation is illustrated to the right.

As such it was in constant danger of being taken over by developers for real estate development. The tank was handed to Mysore Zoo in March 1976 by public works department for development and maintenance. The tank is situated on north-east side of Mysore city. It functions as a percolation tank.

The green circles show the isoradial constraint on both the original and dual lattices. The yellow polygons highlight the three types of polygons on the lattice, and the pink polygons highlight the two types of polygons on the dual lattice. The lattice has vertex types (1/2)(33,42) + (1/2)(3,4,6,4), while the dual lattice has vertex types (1/15)(46)+(6/15)(42,52)+(2/15)(53)+(6/15)(52,4). The critical point is where the longer bonds (on both the lattice and dual lattice) have occupation probability p = 2 sin (π/18) = 0.347296... which is the bond percolation threshold on a triangular lattice, and the shorter bonds have occupation probability 1 − 2 sin(π/18) = 0.652703..., which is the bond percolation on a hexagonal lattice.

Though Bidar is at an elevation, the gurdwara is at a lower level. It is located amidst the slopes of the hilly terrain. The lateritic rock formation under the plateau enables percolation of surface water. Bidar urban plateau is of irregular shape, land stretching about 35.4 km in length and 19.3 km in width.

The percolation threshold of BA model has been found to be pc=0. The meaning is that when removing randomly nodes in the BA network, any fraction of nodes will not break the network. On the other hand removing only a relatively small fraction of highest degree nodes will cause the network to collapse.

Most times, the goal of first passage percolation is to understand a random distance on a graph, where weights are assigned to edges. Most questions are tied to either find the path with the least weight between two points, known as a geodesic, or to understand how the random geometry behaves in large scales.

A. Otto, On the significance of Shalaev's 'hot spots' in ensemble and single‐molecule SERS by adsorbates on metallic films at the percolation threshold, J. Raman Spectroscopy, v. 37, pp. 937–947 (2006). This research on random composites stemmed from the early studies on fractals performed by Shalaev in collaboration with M. I. Stockman;V.

In the 90s, a debate centered around the best theoretical analysis of parasitic gaps (extraction vs. percolation), this debate culminating in a collection of essays edited by Peter Culicover and Paul Postal in 2001.In addition to the essays, Culicover's and Postal's book also contains an extensive overview of earlier accounts of the phenomenon.

Ferocious serpents arrived at the spot at once to spread the flaming Kalakuda poison. Because of the percolation of poison, the land of Kerala was desalinated, to become habitable with envious greenery. Parasurama then requested the Lord to bless the land forever with his eternal presence which was also accepted by the kindly-disposed Nagaraja.

Often all the factors (both the lattices and the measures) are identical, i.e., μ is the probability distribution of i.i.d. random variables. The FKG inequality for the case of a product measure is known also as the Harris inequality after Harris , who found and used it in his study of percolation in the plane.

The basins in Nevada, in contrast to those in Utah, are more constricted in area and are more influenced by nearby mountain ranges with extensive carbonate rock exposures, which provide water by percolation through the limestone substrate to surface as valley springs. Isolated valley drainages support endemic fish, such as the Newark Valley tui chub.

Fishermen at Horseshoe Lake. Due to the important role the lakes play in groundwater percolation, only Rainbow Lake and Horseshoe Lake are open to the public for water contact. These two lakes are stocked regularly with rainbow trout, largemouth and smallmouth bass, channel catfish, and other game fish. Fishing is allowed with a permit.

Auffinger won a National Science Foundation CAREER award in 2016. In 2017, he was awarded a gold medal prize by the International Consortium of Chinese Mathematicians for his proof of the uniqueness of the Parisi measure in spin glasses. He co-authored a book on first passage percolation published by the American Mathematical Society.

A tank in Tamil Nadu Ralegaon Siddhi is an example of a village that revitalised its ancient tank system. In 1975 the village was drought-stricken. The village tank could not hold water as the earthen embankment dam wall leaked. Work began with the percolation tank construction by the villagers who donated their labor to repair the embankment.

From 1970, Patashinski and his students B. Shumilo, A. Mitus, L.Son studied the local structure of liquids and glasses, and predicted liquid-liquid phase transitions with changes of this structure; this prediction was later confirmed by experiments. In 1992, together with Kalle Levon and Alla Margolina, Patashinski proposed the concept of double percolation for conductive polymers.

Forest blocks adjacent to major cities and towns are under development as urban parks, acting as urban "lung" spaces.The vegetation in urban open spaces act as a sink for carbon dioxide. They reduce pollution and produce oxygen. They allow rain water percolation and ground water recharge in addition to facilitating storm water drainage and flood attenuation.

He elucidated the physical mechanism of the fatigue problem in FeRAMs. He also addressed the critical thickness of ultrathin films where they lose ferroelectricity. Additionally, he sought to explain resistance- switching phenomena, which are the basis of RRAM. Recently, he developed a new percolation model, called the "random circuit-breaker network model", which can explain reversible switching phenomena.

For random graphs not embedded in space the percolation threshold can be calculated exactly. For example, for random regular graphs where all nodes have the same degree k, pc=1/k. For Erdős–Rényi (ER) graphs with Poissonian degree distribution, pc=1/. The critical threshold was calculated exactly also for a network of interdependent ER networks.

Fernandes, C. P., Glantz, P.-O. J., Svensson, S. A., Bergmark, A. Reflection photoelasticity: A new method for studies of clinical mechanics in prosthetic dentistry Dental Materials, 2003, 19-2, pp. 106–117. Photoelasticity can successfully be used to investigate the highly localized stress state within masonryD. Bigoni and G. Noselli, Localized stress percolation through dry masonry walls.

Geoffrey Richard Grimmett (born 20 December 1950) is a mathematician known for his work on the mathematics of random systems arising in probability theory and statistical mechanics, especially percolation theory and the contact process. He is the Professor of Mathematical Statistics in the Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, and was the Master of Downing College, Cambridge from 2013-2018.

For example, addition of elements such as B, Na, K or Ca to a silica glass, which have a valency less than 4, helps in breaking up the network structure, thus reducing the Tg. Alternatively, P, which has a valency of 5, helps to reinforce an ordered lattice, and thus increases the Tg. Tg is directly proportional to bond strength, e.g. it depends on quasi-equilibrium thermodynamic parameters of the bonds e.g. on the enthalpy Hd and entropy Sd of configurons – broken bonds: Tg = Hd / [Sd \+ Rln[(1-fc)/ fc] where R is the gas constant and fc is the percolation threshold. For strong melts such as SiO2 the percolation threshold in the above equation is the universal Scher-Zallen critical density in the 3-D space e.g.

Dhawade has a farming economy, traditional crops include millet, coconut, cotton, bhuimug (ground nut), jowar, onion and wheat. Farmers rely on rain water as well as water from rivers for farming needs. As there is limited scope for irrigation water availability from state managed irrigation facilities numbering three ; first the minor irrigation tank on Iraas river (Hiraasan as per the state records ), the second, percolation tank on Waghhad stream and the third, percolation tank on Bhalkhai stream all within the village limits; the villagers have invested their own money in creating water availability for irrigation by way of digging up wells wherever underground water is available and pumping the water up to their farms. At times the water is available at distance of 4 to 6 kilometers away.

The accumulation zone can be subdivided based on its melt conditions. # The dry snow zone is a region where no melt occurs, even in the summer, and the snowpack remains dry. # The percolation zone is an area with some surface melt, causing meltwater to percolate into the snowpack. This zone is often marked by refrozen ice lenses, glands, and layers.

The spring is fed by an aquifer that extends all the way up underneath the University of Utah, and may be fed in part by Red Butte Creek. Percolation to the spring is quite slow, with water from as close as five blocks away taking three years to arrive at the spring. The nearby Tracy Aviary in Liberty Park also contains natural springs.

Buldyrev et al. developed a framework to study percolation in multilayer networks with dependency links between the layers. New physical phenomena has been found, including abrupt transitions and cascading failures. When the networks are embedded in space they become extremely vulnerable even for a very small fraction of dependency links and for localized attacks on a zero fraction of nodes.

Later in the early 2000s researchers started examining the properties of the regions under SINR coverage in the framework of stochastic geometry and, in particular, coverage processes. Connectivity in terms of the SINR was studied using techniques from continuum percolation theory. More specifically, the early results of Gilbert were generalized to the setting of the SINR case.O. Dousse, F. Baccelli, and P. Thiran.

In the same year he also won the Morris L. Levinson Prize of the Weizmann Institute. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2010, speaking about "random planar metrics". Benjamini was a long time collaborator of Oded Schramm. Their joint works included papers on limits of planar graphs, noise sensitivity of Boolean functions and first passage percolation.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Menshikov (; born 1948) is a Russian-British mathematician with publications in areas ranging from probability to combinatorics. He currently holds the post of Professor in the University of Durham. Menshikov has made a substantial contribution to percolation theory and the theory of random walks. Menshikov was born in Moscow and went to school in Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union.

Graphene is extremely electrically conductive material. In turn, xGnP has a percolation threshold for conductivity of 1.9 wt% in thermoplastic matrix. At densities of 2–5 wt%, conductivity reaches sufficient levels to provide electromagnetic shielding. xGnP can also be combined with glass fibers or other matrix materials to provide sufficient conductivity for electrostatic painting or other applications requiring electrical conductivity.

A parallel version of the clique percolation method was designed and developed by S. Mainardi et al.. By exploiting today's multi-core/multi-processor computing architectures, the method enables the extraction of k-clique communities from very large networks such as the Internet. The authors released the source code of the method under the GPL and made it freely available for the community.

For describing such a mixture of a dielectric and a metallic component we use the model of bond-percolation. On a regular lattice, the bond between two nearest neighbors can either be occupied with probability p or not occupied with probability 1-p . There exists a critical value p_c . For occupation probabilities p > p_c an infinite cluster of the occupied bonds is formed.

SahysMod components The method uses seasonal water balance components as input data. These are related to the surface hydrology (like rainfall, potential evaporation, irrigation, use of drain and well water for irrigation, runoff), and the aquifer hydrology (e.g., pumping from wells). The other water balance components (like actual evaporation, downward percolation, upward capillary rise, subsurface drainage, groundwater flow) are given as output.

The day after the disaster an investigative commission was instituted under the chairmanship of minister Lely. The investigation concluded that the embankment had been soaked by a prolonged period of rainfall. This was aggravated by the structure of the dike which featured impenetrable layers that the water could not escape through. Also the percolation water from the Merwedekanaal seeped through the loam dikes.

There must be enough natural drainage to the underground, or else an artificial subsurface drainage system must be present, to permit leaching of the excess sodium by percolation of rain and/or irrigation water through the soil profile. Calcium chloride is also used to reclaim alkali soils. CaCl2 converts Na2CO3 into NaCl precipitating CaCO3. NaCl is drained off by leaching water.

Where the crystals touch they bond together, squeezing the air between them to the surface or into bubbles. In the summer months, the crystal metamorphosis can occur more rapidly because of water percolation between the crystals. By summer's end, the result is firn. The minimum altitude that firn accumulates on a glacier is called the firn limit, firn line or snowline.

Brown hares are widespread, and European otters may be seen, with spraints regularly found at the southern end of East Bank. The common frog, common toad and common lizard all occur on the reserve.Norfolk Wildlife Trust (2005) pp. 12–15. Arnold's Marsh and the other lagoons nearest the beach are salty due to the percolation of seawater through the shingle bank.

Melting has been commonplace throughout the Holocene. Summer melting is usually the rule at Dye 3, and there is occasional melting even in north Greenland. All of these meltings disturb the clarity of the annual record to some degree. “An exceptionally warm spell can produce features which extend downwards by percolation, along isolated channels, into the snow of several previous years.

A complex system is usually composed of many components and their interactions. Such a system can be represented by a network where nodes represent the components and links represent their interactions. For example, the internet can be represented as a network composed of nodes (computers) and links (direct connections between computers). Its resilience to failures was studied using percolation theory.

In this method, oils from the algae are extracted through repeated washing, or percolation, with an organic solvent such as hexane or petroleum ether, under reflux in a special glassware. The value of this technique is that the solvent is reused for each cycle. Enzymatic extraction uses enzymes to degrade the cell walls with water acting as the solvent. This makes fractionation of the oil much easier.

Rudimentary power-saving models have been proposed such as the simple uncoordinated or decentralized "blinking" model where (at each time interval) each node independently powers down (or up) with some fixed probability. Using the tools of percolation theory, a new type model referred to as a blinking Boolean-Poisson model, was proposed to analyze the latency and connectivity performance of sensor networks with such sleep schemes.

Turkish coffee beginning to boil. Decoction compares to brewing coffee through percolation. Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material to dissolve the chemicals of the material, which may include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes. Decoction involves first mashing the plant material to allow for maximum dissolution, and then boiling in water to extract oils, volatile organic compounds and other various chemical substances.

The study of percolation helps indicate how the flow of electricity will redistribute itself in the fuse network, thus modeling which fuses are most likely to pop next, and how fast they will pop, and what direction the crack may curve in. Examples can be found not only in physical phenomena, but also in biology, neuroscience, ecology (e.g. evolution), and economics (e.g. diffusion of innovation).

Recently the option of refilling natural aquifers with injection or percolation has become more important, particularly in the driest region of the world, the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa).H2O magazine (2010-10-16). "Strategic reserve" by Anoop K Menon Surface runoff can also be recharged into dry wells, or simply barren wells that have been modified to functions as cisterns.H2O magazine (2011-05-03).

Precipitation in grasslands is equal to or less than evapotranspiration and causes soil development to operate in relative drought. Leaching and migration of weathering products is therefore decreased. Large amounts of evaporation causes buildup of calcium (Ca) and other large cations flocculate clay minerals and fulvic acids in the upper soil profile. Impermeable clay limits downward percolation of water and fulvic acids, reducing chemical weathering and podzolization.

Vertical hydrological components along the boundary between two zones with arrows in the same direction can be combined into net values . For example, : Npc = Per − Cap (net percolation), Ncp = Cap − Per (net capillary rise). Horizontal hydrological components in the same zone with arrows in same direction can be combined into excess values . For example, : Egio = Iaq − Oaq (excess groundwater inflow over outflow), Egoi = Oaq − Iaq (excess groundwater outflow over inflow).

The Guadalupe Creek subwatershed drains . Heading downstream east from the peak of Mount Umunhum, Guadalupe Creek is joined on the left by Rincon Creek, then on the right by Los Capitancillos Creek before reaching Guadalupe Reservoir. Guadalupe Dam, built in 1935, formed the reservoir. The main purpose of the reservoir is to capture runoff from winter storms to recharge in the Alamitos percolation pond system during the summer.

The Hara–Slade result has important consequences in mean field theory.Hara, Slade The triangle condition for percolation, Bulletin of the AMS, vol. 21, 1989, pp. 269–273 In 1991 Slade and Hara used the lace expansion to prove that the average distance covered in self-avoiding random walks in 5 or more dimension grows as the square root of the number of steps and that the scaling limit is Brownian motion.

Central Railway (CR) completed installation of a rainwater harvesting system at LTT in October 2012. The system cost and will conserve 700,000 litres of water, which is approximately 40% of the station's daily water requirement. The rainwater harvesting project will help in percolation of water into the subsoil, which will reduce flooding in the vicinity during monsoon. The project involved constructing a 2 km trench and filling it with crushed stones.

The method is able to identify repetitive traffic bottlenecks. Critical exponents characterizing the cluster size distribution of good traffic are similar to those of percolation theory. A method to identify functional clusters of spatio-temporal streets that represent fluent traffic flow in a city has been developed by Serok et al. An empirical study regarding the size distribution of traffic jams has been performed recently by Zhang et al.

In most places, the top of the water table is just a few feet from sea level, as the fresh water lens is floating on salt water. Unlike porous lava flows, however, dikes cool underground into dense rock with few cracks and vesicles. The dikes act as impermeable vertical walls through which groundwater cannot flow. Deep layers of ash compact into impermeable layers between lava flows, preventing percolation of the rainwater.

Perhaps what buried valleys are most known for is their ability to become aquifers that store groundwater. The main form of recharge found in buried valley aquifers occurs is the percolation of groundwater through glacial tills and upper intertill aquifers.Dragon, K. (2008). The influence of anthropogenic contamination on the groundwater chemistry of a semi-confined aquifer (the wielkopolska buried valley aquifer, Poland). Water Resources Management, 22(3), 343–355.

In 1794, two of the earliest white explorers to travel up Pine Creek found so many rattlesnakes on its banks that they had to sleep in their canoe. Further upstream, insects forced them to do the same. The virgin forests cooled the land and streams. The creeks and runs flowed more evenly year-round, since centuries of accumulated organic matter in the forest soil caused slow percolation of rainfall into them.

The Cheyyeru project comprising the 409 metre long Annamayya earthen dam that provides irrigation facilities to its catchment zone is on this river in the Rajampet mandal of Kadapa district. The Togurpet project, also in the Kadapa district, is also on the Cheyyeru and was completed during the Fourth Five-Year Plan period. Percolation tanks have been developed on the river at Nandalur to augment irrigation facilities in Kadapa.

An energy diagram of the interface is shown in figure 1. In commonly used photovoltaic polymers such as MEH-PPV, the exciton binding energy ranges from 0.3 eV to 1.4 eV. The energy required to separate the exciton is provided by the energy offset between the LUMOs or conduction bands of the donor and acceptor. After dissociation, the carriers are transported to the respective electrodes through a percolation network.

The name appears to have been coined by David Kendall and Klaus KrickebergSee foreword in while preparing for a June 1969 Oberwolfach workshop, though antecedents for the theory stretch back much further under the name geometric probability. The term "stochastic geometry" was also used by Frisch and Hammersley in 1963 as one of two suggestions for names of a theory of "random irregular structures" inspired by percolation theory.

The two main ways that endorheic lakes accumulate water are through river flow into the lake (discharge) and precipitation falling into the lake. The collected water of the lake, instead of discharging, can only be lost due to either evapotranspiration or percolation (water sinking underground, e.g., to become groundwater in an aquifer). Because of this lack of an outlet, endorheic lakes are mostly salt water rather than fresh water.

Natural process of recharge is done through percolation of surface water. Artificial process of recharging the aquifer is through means of pumping reclaimed water from wastewater management projects directly into the aquifer. An example is the Orange County Water District in the State of California. This organization take waste water, treats it to a proper level, and then systematically pumps it back into the aquifers for artificial recharge.

Glaciologists subdivide glaciers into glacier accumulation zones, based on the melting and refreezing occurring. These zones include the dry snow zone, in which the ice entirely retains subfreezing temperatures and no melting occurs. Dry snow zones only occur within the interior regions of the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets. Below the dry snow zone is the percolation zone, where some meltwater penetrates down into the glacier where it refreezes.

Some precipitated water becomes groundwater, and groundwater flow includes phenomena such as percolation, while the conductivity of water makes electrical and electromagnetic methods useful for tracking groundwater flow. Physical properties of water such as salinity have a large effect on its motion in the oceans. The many phases of ice form the cryosphere and come in forms like ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice, freshwater ice, snow, and frozen ground (or permafrost).

Vflo is another software program for modeling runoff. Vflo uses radar rainfall and GIS data to generate physics-based, distributed runoff simulation. The WEAP (Water Evaluation And Planning) software platform models runoff and percolation from climate and land use data, using a choice of linear and non-linear reservoir models. The RS MINERVE software platform simulates the formation of free surface run-off flow and its propagation in rivers or channels.

According to his citation for membership of the National Academy of Sciences, he is "an agile and creative probabilist" who "has made deep, unusually insightful contributions over a wide range of science. He is most widely known for his work in disordered systems, including percolation models, random networks and spin glasses. His contributions combine conceptual penetration with technical virtuosity." In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

3 p.44-56. and the American Water Works Association.”Percolation and runoff,” American Water Works Association Journal, August 1956, v.48 n.8 p.36-38. The existence of juvenile water has been commonly accepted by mainstream groundwater scientists, such as those of the US Geological Survey, since the 1920s.Oscar E. Meinzer, 1923, Outline of Ground-Water Hydrology, US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 494, p.31-32.

These sleep schemes obviously affect the coverage and connectivity of sensor networks. Simple power-saving models have been proposed such as the simple uncoordinated 'blinking' model where (at each time interval) each node independently powers down (or up) with some fixed probability. Using the tools of percolation theory, a blinking Boolean Poisson model has been analyzed to study the latency and connectivity effects of such a simple power scheme.

Journal of Modern Physics B. Vol. 21, No. 28 & 29 (2007) 5018-5025. Further, they show a different range of loading of particles (typically measured in either volume or weight fraction) than conventional sphere- or ellipsoid-based fluids. Conventional commercial fluids exhibit a typical loading of 30 to 90 wt%, while nanowire-based fluids show a percolation threshold of ~0.5 wt% (depending on the aspect ratio).“Elastic percolation transition in nanowire-based magnetorheological fluids.” D.T. Zimmerman, R.C. Bell, J.O. Karli, J.A. Filer, N.M. Wereley, Applied Physics Letters, 95 (2009) 014102. They also show a maximum loading of ~35 wt%, since high aspect ratio particles exhibit a larger per particle excluded volume as well as inter-particle tangling as they attempt to rotate end-over-end, resulting in a limit imposed by high off-state apparent viscosity of the fluids. This range of loadings suggest a new set of applications are possible which may have not been possible with conventional sphere-based fluids.

In theoretical physics, a logarithmic conformal field theory is a conformal field theory in which the correlators of the basic fields are allowed to be logarithmic at short distance, instead of being powers of the fields' distance. Equivalently, the dilation operator is not diagonalizable. Just like conformal field theory in general, logarithmic conformal field theory has been particularly well-studied in two dimensions. Examples of logarithmic conformal field theories include critical percolation.

The contorted PAHs owing to their non-polar and non-planar topology and shape are expected to offer a balance between miscibility and self- aggregation for optimal charge transport to electrodes. These contorted conjugated aromatic molecules support the charge transport due to resonance of electrons and hinder the possibility of electron hole pair recombination for having suitable HOMO and LUMO offsets at donor and acceptor interphase while allowing the antagonistic charge percolation pathways.

One method for measuring evapotranspiration is with a weighing lysimeter. The weight of a soil column is measured continuously and the change in storage of water in the soil is modeled by the change in weight. The change in weight is converted to units of length using the surface area of the weighing lysimeter and the unit weight of water. evapotranspiration is computed as the change in weight plus rainfall minus percolation.

In wireless networks, the factors that contribute to the SINR are often random (or appear random) including the signal propagation and the positioning of network transmitters and receivers. Consequently, in recent years this has motivated research in developing tractable stochastic geometry models in order to estimate the SINR in wireless networks. The related field of continuum percolation theory has also been used to derive bounds on the SINR in wireless networks.M. Franceschetti and R. Meester.

A recent study developed a framework to study the cascading failures in an interdependent networks system using percolation theory. A complementary study, considering a dynamical process on a network, addresses cascading failures of load in interdependent networks. Interdependent infrastructures which are spatially embedded have been modeled as interdependent lattice networks and their resilience has been analyzed.] A spatial multiplex model has introduced by Danziger et al and was analyzed further by Vaknin et al.

Magmas produced in subduction zone regions have high volatile contents. This water is derived from the breakdown of hydrous minerals in the subducting slab, as well as water in the oceanic plate from percolation of seawater. This water rises from the subducting slab to the overriding mantle wedge. The water lowers the melting temperature of the wedge and leaves behind melt inclusions that can be measured in the associated arc volcanic rocks.

82, pp. 4811–4814 (1999) He predicted the highly localized optical modes -'hot spots' - for fractals and percolating films which were later experimentally demonstrated by Shalaev in collaboration with the Moskovits and Boccara groups. Furthermore, he showed that the hot spots in fractal and percolation random composites are related to localization of surface plasmons.− These localized surface plasmon modes in random systems are sometimes referred to as Shalaev's "hot spots": see e.g.

Friedgut's sharp threshold theorem states, roughly speaking, that a monotone graph property (a graph property is a property which doesn't depend on the names of the vertices) has a sharp threshold unless it is correlated with the appearance of small subgraphs. This theorem has been widely applied to analyze random graphs and percolation. On a related note, the KKL theorem implies that the width of threshold window is always at most O(1/\log n).

Because the soil biomantle is the main zone of bioturbation, it is invariably permeable and of low density. It thus plays several essential hydropedological roles in the environment. For example, it promotes the downward percolation of rainwater and snowmelt through often-abundant biochannels and interconnected biopores. The biomantle also promotes downslope soil-water (throughflow, interflow) movements if it is formed above a clay-enriched Bt (argillic) horizon, or above some other dense subsoil horizon (e.g.

Field of palms. Early features added to the park include picnic areas, restrooms, a fountain dedicated to Mildred, and a "fragrance garden" comprising many aromatic plants. Later paths were added around the rest of the park and its three lakes, with a section designated as a California Native plant and Wildlife Sanctuary. Three large, interconnected percolation ponds rise and shrink throughout the year, providing habitat for birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals and fish year- round.

Interpreting the preferred direction as a temporal degree of freedom, directed percolation can be regarded as a stochastic process that evolves in time. In the case of bond DP the time parameter t is discrete and all sites are updated in parallel. Activating a certain site (called initial seed) at time t=0 the resulting cluster can be constructed row by row. The corresponding number of active sites N(t) varies as time evolves.

Although not analytically clear from the original paper, the reason why all the values of z obtained with the SW algorithm are much lower than the exact lower bound for single-spin-flip algorithms (z\geq\gamma/ u) is that the correlation length divergence is strictly related to the formation of percolation clusters, which are flipped together. In this way the relaxation time is significantly reduced. The algorithm is not efficient in simulating frustrated systems.

Glasses are amorphous solids which are usually fabricated when the molten material cools very rapidly to below its glass transition temperature, without sufficient time for a regular crystal lattice to form. Solids are characterised by a high degree of connectivity between their molecules, and fluids have lower connectivity of their structural blocks. Melting of a solid material can also be considered as a percolation via broken connections between particles e.g. connecting bonds.

IperEspresso is a single-serve capsule system for preparing espresso coffee and espresso-based drinks. It is developed and patented by Illy. IperEspresso capsule encloses a complete extraction group that replaces the traditional process of percolation with a two-stage extraction. In the first stage, iper- infusion, hot water under extremely high pressure creates optimal uniform conditions that enhance the extraction of coffee flavor and aroma and increase its richness and complexity.

Although later many geologists disagreed on the exact location of the area of contact between the two formations, a majority opinion placed it at the inactive San Francisquito Fault line. Mulholland ordered exploratory tunnels and shafts excavated into the red conglomerate hillside to determine its characteristics. He also had water percolation tests performed. The results convinced him that the hill would make a satisfactory abutment for a dam should the need ever arise.

These are low- amplitude spatially-periodic deviations that emerge from the uniform state (or the wave state) via a Hopf bifurcation. The existence of ripple solutions was predicted (but not observed) by Wiley, Strogatz and Girvan, who called them multi-twisted q-states. The topology on which the Kuramoto model is studied can be made adaptive by use of fitness model showing enhancement of synchronization and percolation in a self-organised way.

View from space of Lake Bracciano and surroundings Lake Bracciano () is a lake of volcanic origin in the Italian region of Lazio, northwest of Rome. It is the second largest lake in the region (second only to Lake Bolsena) and one of the major lakes of Italy. It has a circular perimeter of approximately . Its inflow is from precipitation runoff and percolation, and from underground springs, and its outflow is the Arrone.

This novel method is also able to identify repetitive traffic bottlenecks . Critical exponents characterizing the cluster size distribution of good traffic are similar to those of percolation theory. It is also found that during rush hours the traffic network can have several metastable states of different network sizes and the alternate between these states. An empirical study regarding the spatial-temporal size distribution of traffic jams has been performed by Zhang et al .

Lyons Groups of Galaxies (or LGG) is an astronomical catalog of nearby groups of galaxies complete to a limiting apparent magnitude B0=14.0 with a recession velocity smaller than 5,500 km/s. Two methods were used in group construction: a percolation method derived from Huchra and Geller and a hierarchical method initiated by R. Brent Tully. The catalog is a synthesized version of the two results. The LGG includes 485 groups and 3,933 member galaxies.

The plant operated from 1902 until 1981, when the company filed for bankruptcy. Before 1950, creosote was the primary wood preservative chemical, and after 1950 pentachlorophenol (PCP) became the preferred chemical. Prior to 1970, operators discharged liquid process wastes into two onsite, unlined, percolation ponds which were allowed to overflow into Bayou Chico and Pensacola Bay. Later, workers drew wastewaters off the ponds periodically and discharged them into designated "spillage areas" on site.

To facilitate the devotees, the cave temple has been Air conditioned and Electrified for lighting systems. The temple is open from 8AM to 6PM. The facilities at the temple are planned in a systematic way to draw more visitors. Creation of parking space, multi-purpose hall, rooms, overhead tank to ensure adequate water supply to the devotees and a percolation tank to make use of the water coming out of the cave has been taken up.

But, in deterministic mean-field models, the number of infected can take on real, namely, non-integer values of infected hosts, and the number of hosts in the model can be less than one, but more than zero, thereby allowing the pathogen in the model to propagate. The reliability of compartmental models is limited to compartmental applications. One of the possible extensions of mean-field models considers the spreading of epidemics on a network based on percolation theory concepts.

The charge mobility of contorted aromatic molecules being higher in two orders of magnitude than the planer structures points towards them having well-tuned charge percolation pathways. There is still a long way to go from 11% of PCE to theoretical maximum of 20%. If the researchers are able to strike the right balance between miscibility and phase separation of these materials and tune the orbitals correctly they may be able to find the best organic semiconductors.

The field water efficiency of drip irrigation is typically in the range of 80 to 90 percent when managed correctly. In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic mulch, further reducing evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. The process is known as fertigation. Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for too long or if the delivery rate is too high.

A simple way to extend the Levins' model to incorporate space and stochastic considerations is by using the contact process. Simple modifications to this model can also incorporate for patch dynamics. At a given percolation threshold, habitat fragmentation effects take place in these configurations predicting more drastic extinction thresholds. For conservation biology purposes, metapopulation models must include (a) the finite nature of metapopulations (how many patches are suitable for habitat), and (b) the probabilistic nature of extinction and colonisation.

For the past decades, the government and private groups have attempted to square the demands of local farmers, tourists and the environment. In particular, sometimes outdated or leaky septic tanks used by rural houses have contributed to the damage done to groundwater by agricultural practices. In a limestone environment, the use of percolation and septic tanks may in fact not be a viable alternative to sewage treatment. However, this is still lacking in much of the area.

Puddling operation in Tamil Nadu, India Puddling is the tillage of rice paddies while flooded, an ancient practice that is used to prepare for rice cultivation. Historically, this has been accomplished by dragging a weighted harrow across a flooded paddy field behind a buffalo or ox, and is now accomplished using mechanized approaches, often using a walking tractor. Puddling reduces the percolation rates of water by churning the clay particles and making them close many of the soil pores.

It was shown that localized attacks on these two last models (shown in Figs. 2 and 3) above a critical radius will lead to cascading failures and system collapse. Localized attacks on spatially embedded networks with dependencies Y. Berezin, A. Bashan, M.M. Danziger, D. Li, S. Havlin Scientific Reports 5, 8934 (2015) Percolation in a single 2d layer structure (like Fig. 3) of links having characteristic length \zeta have been found to have a very rich behavior.

In the cases of Arasankazhani lake and the Selvachintamani Kulam, the projects were executed through public funding in the first and government support for the second. The lakes now have "G" shaped central islands for the birds to nest and fish to spawn. These geometric central islands are a first of its kind, with wind barrier capabilities and roosting facilities. The lakes also have percolation trenches and parallel bunds which ensure water retention and trapping of garbage.

The Lower Colima is recharged from the Upper Colima by vertical percolation and from surface water where the Upper Colima is absent. The average recharge of the aquifer system was calculated in 1990 at 8200 l/s. The depth of the water table level varies, depending on the surface topographical irregularities; but, generally it ranges between 50 and 100 m. The direction of the underground flow is from north-east to south-west in both aquifers.

The five factors were modeled using United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) digital soil survey data. For the deep percolation factor a high rate of water transmission through the soil profile and into the aquifer below is the key to successful groundwater banking. It becomes more important when there is flooding since it could be used as the main water source. It is derived from the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the limiting layer.

In 2019, she was awarded the Network Science Society's inaugural Euler Prize "for her influential contribution to the discovery and study of explosive percolation and the insights it provided to explosive synchronization and network optimization". D'Souza serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of Quanta Magazine. She was made lead editor of the American Physical Society journal Physical Review Research in 2019. Since Aug 2020, she is a member of the Board of Reviewing Editors at Science.

There is a small irrigation reservoir on the Iraas river and two percolation reservoirs on the Waghad and Bhalkhai streams. The stored water has little volume and questionable quality, but is considered acceptable for drinking and other domestic uses. The total forest area is , of which is assigned to the Joint Forest Management Committee (JFMC) of Chaugaon. Compartment numbers in the forest records identify the parts of the forest area like survey numbers in land records.

In the Boolean–Poisson model, disks there can be isolated groups or clumps of disks that do not contact any other clumps of disks. These clumps are known as components. If the area (or volume in higher dimensions) of a component is infinite, one says it is an infinite or "giant" component. A major focus of percolation theory is establishing the conditions when giant components exist in models, which has parallels with the study of random networks.

This substrate allows the percolation of water in poorly-drained stream headways. The hanging swamps are formed via groundwater that seeps through permeable sandstone layers, which then as a consequence of the rock composition, is trapped by layers of claystone, ironstone and shale, and proceeds to be channelled to the surface. This process initiates a path of constant moisture, allowing hanging swamps to form peat in an anaerobic environment. The process of thick peat formation takes millennia.

In statistical mechanics, bootstrap percolation is a percolation process in which a random initial configuration of active cells is selected from a lattice or other space, and then cells with few active neighbors are successively removed from the active set until the system stabilizes. The order in which this removal occurs makes no difference to the final stable state... When the threshold of active neighbors needed for an active cell to survive is high enough (depending on the lattice), the only stable states are states with no active cells, or states in which every cluster of active cells is infinitely large. For instance, on the square lattice with the von Neumann neighborhood, there are finite clusters with at least two active neighbors per cluster cell, but when three or four active neighbors are required, any stable cluster must be infinite. With three active neighbors needed to stay active, an infinite cluster must stretch infinitely in three or four of the possible cardinal directions, and any finite holes it contains will necessarily be rectangular.

This has been attributed to sediment becoming finer after undergoing abrasion, which allows it to be winnowed from the beach. To further this conclusion, backwash is significantly weaker than swash as there is a lot of percolation through the coarse beach material. Weaker backwash means that sediment must be smaller in order for it to be removed from the beach. Estimations for the amount of sediment losses due to abrasion differ greatly with studies giving figures of 76%, 9-98% and 5-65%.

Wiley Chichester, 1995. also known as Campbell's formula, entails an integral equation for the aforementioned sum over a general point process, and not necessarily a Poisson point process. There also exist equations involving moment measures and factorial moment measures that are considered versions of Campbell's formula. All these results are employed in probability and statistics with a particular importance in the theory of point processes and queueing theory as well as the related fields stochastic geometry, continuum percolation theory,R.

Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water, oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time (a process often called steeping). An infusion is also the name for the resultant liquid. The process of infusion is distinct from both decoction—a method of extraction involving boiling the plant material—and percolation, in which water is passed through the material (as in a coffeemaker).

JW Grover (1887) Chalk springs in the London basin, illustrated by the Newbury, Wokingham, Leatherhead and Rickmansworth Water Works Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 90 A second survey in 1948 estimated that the same springs were yielding about a day. The water table in the chalk of the Wey Gap is significantly higher than might be expected from natural rainwater percolation alone. It has been suggested that a proportion of the excess water originates from the Mole Gap.

During the final stages of construction fractures and distortion occurred because of water in the limestone, and the engineers had to resort to inverting. This was still proceeding when passenger train services began and, until it was finished, traffic had to be worked single line between Bolsover and Scarcliffe. The percolation of water at the eastern end of Bolsover tunnel and in Scarcliffe cutting yielded some 200,000 gallons a day and gave the Bolsover Urban District Council the bulk of its supply.

Percolation trenches are often used to treat runoff from impervious surfaces, such as sidewalks and parking lots, on sites where there is limited space available for managing stormwater. They are effective at treating stormwater only if the soil has sufficient porosity. To function properly, a trench must be designed with a pretreatment structure such as a grass channel or swale, in order to capture sediment and avoid clogging the trench.Atlanta Regional Commission. Atlanta, GA. “Georgia Stormwater Manual: Volume 2.” Section 3.2.

In generative morphology, the righthand head rule is a rule of grammar that specifies that the rightmost morpheme in a morphological structure is almost always the head in certain languages. What this means is that it is the righthand element that provides the primary syntactic and/or semantic information. The projection of syntactic information from the righthand element onto the output word is known as feature percolation. The righthand head rule is considered a broadly general and universal principle of morphology.

In 2003, the reservoir was desilted by Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, an NGO based in Delhi and Haryana. A well for the supply of water for drinking and other purposes exists on the top of hill which is recharged by seepage and percolation of water from adjoining reservoirs which are charged by the rainwater on the hill. The Government of Haryana now provides drinking water at the hill through mechanical uplifting from the base of the hill.

Alluvial soils may also be used to purify waste- water being returned to a river after use. Treated wastewater is typically discharged into a percolation pond on the alluvial flood plain rather than flowing directly into the river. Chemical filtration will cease when all reactive sites within the flow pathway through aquifer soil have reacted. Physical filtration tends to become more effective as trapped particulates block interstitial passages between alluvial soil particles; but may ultimately limit flow rates through the soil.

Sturtevant is credited with building the first lysimeter in America. It was put to use on Waushakum Farm in 1875, and records of water percolation on the farm were kept for more than four years. In 1879 Lewis's brother Joseph died, breaking up the close collaboration among the trio of Sturtevant brothers that had lasted for more than a decade. In 1882 Lewis was appointed the first director of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York.

The clique percolation method is a popular approach for analyzing the overlapping community structure of networks. The term network community (also called a module, cluster or cohesive group) has no widely accepted unique definition and it is usually defined as a group of nodes that are more densely connected to each other than to other nodes in the network. There are numerous alternative methods for detecting communities in networks, for example, the Girvan–Newman algorithm, hierarchical clustering and modularity maximization.

Related to polyominoes are polyiamonds, formed from equilateral triangles; polyhexes, formed from regular hexagons; and other plane polyforms. Polyominoes have been generalized to higher dimensions by joining cubes to form polycubes, or hypercubes to form polyhypercubes. In statistical physics, the study of polyominoes and their higher-dimensional analogs (which are often referred to as lattice animals in this literature) is applied to problems in physics and chemistry. Polyominoes have been used as models of branched polymers and of percolation clusters.

Fig. 2 Demonstration of a spatially embedded multiplex network after localized attack of radius rh. The nodes are regular locations in two-dimensional lattice while the links in each layer (purple and orange) have lengths that are exponentially distributed with characteristic length zeta = 3 units and are connected at random. A new percolation process, localized attack was introduced by Berezin. Localized attack is defined by removing a node, its neighbors and next nearest neighbors until a fraction of 1-p is removed.

There are some tributary streams that flow south to the Man River, but these only have water during the monsoon season. Percolation tanks provide some water, but not enough to ensure the survival and quality fruiting of pomegranate trees using traditional irrigation techniques. The water table remains as low as 500 – 550 feet, due to ground water pumping from bore wells dug in several places. However, the introduction of the efficient technology of drip irrigation changed the scope of farmers' cultivation.

There are two major operation principles in force-sensing resistors: percolation and quantum tunneling. Although both phenomena actually occur simultaneously in the conductive polymer, one phenomenon dominates over the other depending on particle concentration. Particle concentration is also referred in literature as the filler volume fraction \phi. More recently, new mechanistic explanations have been established to explain the performance of force-sensing resistors; these are based on the property of contact resistance R_C occurring between the sensor electrodes and the conductive polymer.

In spite of these events, much of the creek maintains its natural course and beauty. Below Vasona Park, Los Gatos Creek feeds percolation ponds that are part of the groundwater recharge system built by the Santa Clara Valley Water District. North of Lark Avenue, one can also see a structure resembling a fountain, where imported water from other reservoirs is also added to Los Gatos Creek for recharge. In the 1920s, people discovered that Santa Clara Valley was sinking because of groundwater pumping.

By 1950, the building had become structurally weak because of the regular rainwater percolation and removal of the stone veneers. In 1951, the site was handed over to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) for conservation, in accordance with the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904. During the early 1990s, the ASI repaired the damaged steps of the platform and the sanctum, and also restored the missing ones. It also restored the facade on the north-west corner of the temple.

Further upstream, insects forced them to do the same. The virgin forests cooled the land and streams. Centuries of accumulated organic matter in the forest soil caused slow percolation of rainfall into the creeks and runs, so they flowed more evenly year-round. (No ISBN) Pine Creek was home to large numbers of fish, including trout, but dams downstream on the Susquehanna River have eliminated the shad, salmon,Early accounts of "salmon" in Pine Creek may have been referring to shad.

Smirnov was awarded the Saint Petersburg Mathematical Society Prize (1997), the Clay Research Award (2001), the Salem Prize (joint with Oded Schramm, 2001), the Göran Gustafsson Prize (2001), the Rollo Davidson Prize (2002), and the Prize of the European Mathematical Society (2004). In 2010 Smirnov was awarded the Fields medal for his work on the mathematical foundations of statistical physics, particularly finite lattice models. His citation read "for the proof of conformal invariance of percolation and the planar Ising model in statistical physics".

While there are other terrestrial ecosystems in more hospitable environments where groundwater plays no central role, groundwater is in fact fundamental to many of the world's major ecosystems. Water flows between groundwaters and surface waters. Most rivers, lakes, and wetlands are fed by, and (at other places or times) feed groundwater, to varying degrees. Groundwater feeds soil moisture through percolation, and many terrestrial vegetation communities depend directly on either groundwater or the percolated soil moisture above the aquifer for at least part of each year.

A suspended roof over an open hole helps to some degree, but ideally the cover should be tight fitting and fully enclosing, with only a screened air vent. Minimum distances and soil percolation requirements between sewage disposal sites and water wells need to be observed. Rules regarding the design and installation of private and municipal septic systems take all these factors into account so that nearby drinking water sources are protected. Education of the general population in society also plays an important role in protecting drinking water.

In hydrology, throughflow, a subtype of interflow (percolation), is the lateral unsaturated flow of water in the soil zone, typically through a highly permeable geologic unit overlying a less permeable one. Water thus returns to the surface, as return flow, before or on entering a stream or groundwater. Once water infiltrates into the soil, it is still affected by gravity and infiltrates to the water table or if permeabliity varies laterally travels downslope. Throughflow usually occurs during peak hydrologic events (such as high precipitation).

The book went on to become a Wiley classic and in 2005 came out in a Dover edition (with a supplement). Once Schulman proved that (contrary to published work) there was no infinite cluster for long-range percolation in one dimension for sufficiently small but non-zero connection probability, it became of interest whether for sufficiently large connection probability there was an infinite cluster. Together with Charles Newman (then of Univ. Arizona) they used rigorous real- space renormalization methods to prove that indeed there was.

The separated carriers within the polymer-CNT matrix are transported by the percolation pathways of adjacent CNTs, providing the means for high carrier mobility and efficient charge transfer. The factors of performance of CNT-polymer hybrid photovoltaics are low compared to those of inorganic photovoltaics. SWNT in P3OT semiconductor polymer demonstrated open circuit voltage (Voc) of below 0.94 V, with short circuit current (Isc) of 0.12 mA/cm2. Metal nanoparticles may be applied to the exterior of CNTs to increase the exciton separation efficiency.

However, as the study of complex networks has continued to grow in importance and popularity, many other aspects of network structures have attracted attention as well. Recently, the study of complex networks has been expanded to networks of networks. If those networks are interdependent, they become significantly more vulnerable than single networks to random failures and targeted attacks and exhibit cascading failures and first-order percolation transitions. Furthermore, the collective behavior of a network in the presence of nodes failure and recovery has been studied.

An urban spatial network can be constructed by abstracting intersections as nodes and streets as links, which is referred to as, transportation network. Beijing traffic was studied as a dynamic network and its percolation properties have been found useful to identify systematic bottlenecks. One might think of the 'space map' as being the negative image of the standard map, with the open space cut out of the background buildings or walls.Hillier B, Hanson J, 1984, The social logic of space (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).

The theory of random graphs studies typical properties of random graphs, those that hold with high probability for graphs drawn from a particular distribution. For example, we might ask for a given value of n and p what the probability is that G(n,p) is connected. In studying such questions, researchers often concentrate on the asymptotic behavior of random graphs--the values that various probabilities converge to as n grows very large. Percolation theory characterizes the connectedness of random graphs, especially infinitely large ones.

It explores the evolution of religious faith and its after-effects, through a tale set in his hometown. Sudevan's first feature film CR No: 89 points out the consequences of the percolation of weapons and its effect on smaller societies. This film won seven awards from Kerala. CR No: 89 appeared at Hong Kong International Film Festival (2015), Malaysian Malayalam Film Festival (2015), Colombo International film festival Sri Lanka (2014), Hanoi International Film Festival, Vietnam (2014) and International Film Festival of Kerala in )(2013).

The name is derived from the word "percolate" which means to cause (a solvent) to pass through a permeable substance especially for extracting a soluble constituent. In the case of coffee-brewing the solvent is water, the permeable substance is the coffee grounds, and the soluble constituents are the chemical compounds that give coffee its color, taste, aroma, and stimulating properties. A distinction must be made between the chemical process of percolation and the coffee percolator as a device. In 1880, Hanson Goodrich invented the coffee percolator.

It uses the pressure of the boiling water to force it to a chamber above the grounds, but relies on gravity to pass the water down through the grounds, where it then repeats the process until shut off by an internal timer. Some coffee aficionados hold the coffee produced in low esteem because of this multiple-pass process. Others prefer gravity percolation and claim it delivers a richer cup of coffee in comparison to drip brewing. Indian filter coffee uses an apparatus typically made of stainless steel.

Infiltration Basin An infiltration basin (also known as a recharge basin or in some areas, a sump or percolation pond), is a type of device that is used to manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay. It is essentially a shallow artificial pond that is designed to infiltrate stormwater through permeable soils into the groundwater aquifer. Infiltration basins do not release water except by infiltration, evaporation or emergency overflow during flood conditions. Extension Circular.

Gotjawal Forest pond 46% of all rainwater falling on Jeju Island in the Gotjawal forest's areas permeates through the lava and soil into the groundwater's aquifers, via lava structures such as lava tubes, skylights, clinkers, and cracks;Ko, 1997, structures typically found in ʻAʻā lava.Song, 2000, p.16 This is the highest rainwater percolation and groundwater recharge rate in South Korea.KOWACO, 2003; The Gotjawal forest's canopies diffusing raindrops and surface plant litter reducing runoff and increasing initial absorption contribute to the high groundwater absorption rate of rainwater.

The weights were 27.5% deep percolation, 27.5% root zone residence time, 20% topography, 20% chemical limitations, and 5% surface conditions. Of the 17.5 million acres of agricultural land examined only 5 million acres were considered soils with excellent, good, and moderately good suitability. Agricultural groundwater banking can be associated with financial risk which may cause crop loss, so in the end, the loss may exceed the benefits of water saving. Adoption of this practice would require support to protect growers from risk of crop failure.

The settled solids are anaerobically digested, reducing the volume of solids. The liquid component flows through the dividing wall into the second chamber, where further settlement takes place. The excess liquid, now in a relatively clear condition, then drains from the outlet into the septic drain field, also referred to as a leach field, drain field or seepage field, depending upon locality. A percolation test is required prior to installation to ensure the porosity of the soil is adequate to serve as a drain field.

However, if the Coyote Creek Percolation Reservoir were a migration barrier, then only Upper Penitencia Creek would have provided suitable habitat for coho salmon after 1934. San Felipe Creek currently contains habitat potentially suitable to coho salmon with low stream temperatures related to cool groundwater discharges in the Calaveras Fault zone. During early June and late-July 1997, the senior author recorded water temperatures within the San Felipe Creek watershed within pools containing rainbow trout between 11-13.3 °C and 14.4-17.7 °C, respectively.

Constructive waves move material up the beach while destructive waves move the material down the beach. During seasons when destructive waves are prevalent, the shallows will carry an increased load of sediment and organic matter in suspension. On sandy beaches, the turbulent backwash of destructive waves removes material forming a gently sloping beach. On pebble and shingle beaches the swash is dissipated more quickly because the large particle size allows greater percolation, thereby reducing the power of the backwash, and the beach remains steep.

Soil is well developed in the forest as suggested by the thick humus layers, rich diversity of large trees and animals that live there. In forests, precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration which results in an excess of water that percolates downward through the soil layers. Slow rates of decomposition leads to large amounts of fulvic acid, greatly enhancing chemical weathering. The downward percolation, in conjunction with chemical weathering leaches magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and aluminium (Al) from the soil and transports them downward, a process known as podzolization.

The mechanical strength of cellulose fibers can be increased by an order of magnitude by adding only 0.1 wt% of TMCH nanotubes, and measurements of electrical conductivity of polycaprolactone doped with TMCH nanotubes revealed a percolative behavior with an extremely low percolation threshold. The addition of WS2 nanotubes to epoxy resin improved adhesion, fracture toughness and strain energy release rate. The wear of the nanotubes-reinforced epoxy was eight times lower than that of pure epoxy. WS2 nanotubes were also embedded into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofiber matrix via electrospinning.

Impedance decreases with increasing capacitance and increasing frequency.Current percolation through resistors and capacitors PLoS one 2017 This implies that a higher-frequency signal or a larger capacitor results in a lower voltage amplitude per current amplitude – an AC "short circuit" or AC coupling. Conversely, for very low frequencies, the reactance is high, so that a capacitor is nearly an open circuit in AC analysis – those frequencies have been "filtered out". Capacitors are different from resistors and inductors in that the impedance is inversely proportional to the defining characteristic; i.e.

Front can be static or mobile depending on the conditions of the system, and the causes of the motion can be the variation of a free energy, where the most energetically favorable state invades the less favorable one. The consequence is that this transition belongs to the class of directed percolation phenomena in statistical physics, which has also been amply confirmed by experimental and numerical studies. In dynamical systems theory, the structure and length of the attractors of a network corresponds to the dynamic phase of the network.

In nuclear fusion research, the term break-even refers to a fusion energy gain factor equal to unity; this is also known as the Lawson criterion. The notion can also be found in more general phenomena, such as percolation. In energy, the break-even point is the point where usable energy gotten from a process equals the input energy. In computer science, the term (used infrequently) refers to a point in the life cycle of a programming language where the language can be used to code its own compiler or interpreter.

It will usually be less because some water will be lost due to percolation or surface runoff. An exception is areas with high water tables, where capillary action can cause water from the groundwater to rise through the soil matrix to the surface. If potential evapotranspiration is greater than the actual precipitation, then soil will dry out, unless irrigation is used. Evapotranspiration can never be greater than PET, but can be lower if there is not enough water to be evaporated or plants are unable to transpire readily.

A chief performance criterion of all sensor networks is the ability of the network to gather data, which motivates the need to quantify the coverage or sensing area of the network. It is also important to gauge the connectivity of the network or its capability of relaying the collected data back to the main location. The random nature of unstructured sensors networks has motivated the use of stochastic geometry methods. For example, the tools of continuous percolation theory and coverage processes have been used to study the coverage and connectivity.

Balogh grew up in Mórahalom and attended secondary school in Szeged at Ságvári Endre Gyakorló Gimnázium (a special school for mathematics). As a student, he won two silver medals (in 1989 and 1990) at the International Mathematical Olympiad. He studied at the University of Ghent and the University of Szeged, where he received his M.S, in mathematics in 1995 with advisor Péter Hajnal and thesis On the existence of MDS-cyclic codes. In 2001 Balogh received his doctorate from the University of Memphis with advisor Béla Bollobás and thesis Graph properties and Bootstrap percolation.

Polluted runoff may occur from sewage irrigation of fields when entering wastewater and precipitation exceed evaporation and percolation capacity. Sewage is usually generated at a relatively constant rate, but irrigation is required only during dry weather, and is useful only while temperatures are high enough to promote plant growth. Over-irrigation causes soils to become septic, sour, or sewage-sick. Arid climates may allow temporary storage of sewage in holding ponds while the soils dry out during non-growing seasons, but such storage may cause odor and aquatic insect problems, including mosquitoes.

Illustration of AWD operation technique After the irrigation in the crop field, the water depth gradually decreases because of evapotranspiration, seepage, and percolation. Because of the installed tubes in the field, it is possible to monitor the water depth below the soil surface up to 15–20 cm. When the water level drops 15 cm below the soil surface, irrigation should be applied in the field to re-flood to a depth of 5 cm. During the flowering stage of the rice, the field should be kept flooded.

Clique percolation methods may be generalized by recording different amounts of overlap between the various k-cliques. This then defines a new type of graph, a clique graph, where each k-clique in the original graph is represented by a vertex in the new clique graph. The edges in the clique graph are used to record the strength of the overlap of cliques in the original graph. One may then apply any community detection method to this clique graph to identify the clusters in the original graph through the k-clique structure.

Old Malda and Gazole CD Blocks form the Mahananda-Tangon interfluves area. Barind soils permit little percolation and most of the monsoon runoff accumulates in the large natural bils (ponds) in the ravines formed by the courses of the Tangon and Punarbhaba rivers, covering the lowlands. Gazole CD Block is bounded by Itahar CD Block of Uttar Dinajpur district, Harirampur and Bansihari CD Blocks of Dakshin Dinajpur district on the north, Bamangola CD Block on the east, Habibpur and Old Malda CD Blocks on the south and Ratua II CD Block on the west.

A large statue of the famous Chinese philosopher Confucius overlooks a shallow reflection pond that, when full, spills into a narrow streambed. Also, the California Wild area is a wildlife sanctuary composed of a dirt trail winding around a hill covered in native trees, brush, wildflowers and grasses. A paved walking trail meanders around the remainder of the park over gently sloping hills, around a reflection pond emptying into a small stream, past cultural points of interest and around three percolation ponds. The current park map shows these trails as thick white lines.

Percolation may be modeled by a random electrical resistor network, with electricity flowing from one side of the network to the other. The overall resistance of the network is seen to be described by the average connectivity of the resistors in the network . The formation of tears and cracks may be modeled by a random network of electrical fuses. As the electric current flow through the network is increased, some fuses may pop, but on the whole, the current is shunted around the problem areas, and uniformly distributed.

This is particularly a problem in automobiles operated for only part of the year and left to stand with full float chambers for months at a time; commercial fuel stabilizer additives are available that reduce this problem. The fuel stored in the chamber (bowl) can be a problem in hot climates. If the engine is shut off while hot, the temperature of the fuel will increase, sometimes boiling ("percolation"). This can result in flooding and difficult or impossible restarts while the engine is still warm, a phenomenon known as "heat soak".

Afterwards, he started his doctorate studies at Boston University, which he finished in 1985 with a Ph.D. After that, he got a postdoc research position at the University of California in Santa Barbara, and later another position at the Emory University. In the year 1988 he became an assistant professor at the physics department of the Lehigh University. In 1994, he became an associate professor, and in 2000 a full professor. He was interested in the dynamics of granular matter and researched on the granular flow, diffusion models, viscosity behavior and percolation, among other subjects.

Particularly if followed by rain, a pipeline breach would result in BTEX dissolution and equilibration of benzene in water, followed by percolation of the admixture into the aquifer. Benzene can cause many health problems and is carcinogenic with EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) set at 5 μg/L for potable water. Although it is not well studied, single benzene exposure events have been linked to acute carcinogenesis. Additionally, the exposure of livestock, mainly cattle, to benzene has been shown to cause many health issues, such as neurotoxicity, fetal damage and fatal poisoning.

Image of filter coffee South Indian filter coffee is a coffee drink made by mixing frothed and boiled milk with the infusion obtained by percolation brewing of finely ground coffee powder in a traditional Indian filter. The drink is known as Kaapi, which is the South Indian phonetic realisation of "coffee". The drink is also referred to as Madras filter coffee, Madras kaapi, Kumbakonam degree coffee, Mylapore filter coffee, or Mysore filter coffee. Outside India the term "filter coffee" may refer to drip brew coffee, which is a distinct form of preparing coffee.

The San Joaquin series became the official state soil on August 20, 1997, the result of efforts by students and teachers from Martin Luther King, Jr. Middle School in Madera, natural resource professionals, the Professional Soil Scientists Association of California, legislators, and various state universities. These soils are used for irrigated crops, such as wheat, rice, figs, almonds, oranges, and grapes, and for pasture and urban development. San Joaquin soils formed in old alluvium on hummocky topography. A cemented hardpan a few feet beneath the surface restricts roots and water percolation.

Others exhibit properties familiar from traditional science, such as thermodynamic behavior, continuum behavior, conserved quantities, percolation, sensitive dependence on initial conditions, and others. They have been used as models of traffic, material fracture, crystal growth, biological growth, and various sociological, geological, and ecological phenomena. Another feature of simple programs is that, according to the book, making them more complicated seems to have little effect on their overall complexity. A New Kind of Science argues that this is evidence that simple programs are enough to capture the essence of almost any complex system.

The depth of the water table at the end of the previous time step, calculated from the water balances, is assumed to be the same within each polygon. If this assumption is not acceptable, the area must be divided into a larger number of polygons. Under certain conditions, the height of the water table influences the water-balance components. For example, a rise of the water table towards the soil surface may lead to an increase of capillary rise, actual evaporation, and subsurface drainage, or a decrease of percolation losses.

Permafrost - Even temperate environments can include pockets of bedrock that are below freezing year round, a condition called permafrost. For example, winter wind and an absence of snow cover may allow freezing deep enough to be protected from summer thaw, particularly in light-colored rock that does not readily absorb heat. Although the portion of a cave within this permafrost zone will be below freezing, permafrost generally does not allow water percolation, so ice formations are often limited to crystals from vapor, and deeper cave passages may be arid and completely ice-free.

Theodore Edward Harris (11 January 1919 - 3 November 2005) was an American mathematician known for his research on stochastic processes, including such areas as general state-space Markov chains (often now called Harris chains), the theory of branching processes and stochastic models of interacting particle systems such as the contact process. The Harris inequality in statistical physics and percolation theory is named after him. He received his Ph.D. at Princeton University in 1947 under advisor Samuel Wilks. From 1947 until 1966 he worked for the RAND Corporation, heading their mathematics department from 1959 to 1965.

These aquifers are called the Upper and Lower Colima and are separated by a layer that acts as a semi-permeable aquitard, which allows the descending and ascending vertical transfer of water. It has been estimated that the Lower Colima extends for approximately 230 km2 and that the Upper Colima spreads over approximately 170 km2. The Upper Colima aquifer is recharged from the Barva and La Libertad aquifers by vertical percolation. The Upper Colima also receives a large part of its recharge from rain infiltration in those areas where there are no overlying smaller aquifers.

There have not been many successful trials of groundwater banking on agricultural land since the land is usually privately owned. The owners have to be on board with the practice of groundwater banking knowing what the risks and best practices entail. A study was done to find a Soil Agricultural Groundwater Banking Index (SAGBI) which evaluates soil suitability for the use of groundwater banking in California. There are five factors that determine the feasibility of groundwater recharge on agricultural land: deep percolation, root zone residence time, topography, chemical limitations, and soil surface conditions.

Examples of this thinking included Anaximander (570 BCE) (who also speculated about the evolution of land animals from fish) and Xenophanes of Colophon (530 BCE). Chinese scholars such as Chi Ni Tzu (320 BCE) and Lu Shih Ch'un Ch'iu (239 BCE) had similar thoughts. The idea that the water cycle is a closed cycle can be found in the works of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (460 BCE) and Diogenes of Apollonia (460 BCE). Both Plato (390 BCE) and Aristotle (350 BCE) speculated about percolation as part of the water cycle.

A key aspect of percolation is the concept of percolating clusters, which are single large groups of neurons that are all connected by open bonds and take up the majority of the network. Any signals that originate at any point within the percolating cluster will have a greater impact and diffusion across the network than signals that originate outside of the cluster. This is similar to a teacher spreading an infection to a whole community through contact with the students and subsequently with the families than an isolated businessman that works from home.

He won the election and represented the constituency on and off for decades. In 1969, when the Congress party split, he opted for the Congress(R) faction of prime minister Indira Gandhi along with his mentor Yashwantrao Chavan. As the MLA of Baramati in the early 1970s, he was instrumental in building percolation tanks during a severe drought in Maharashtra. Like most Congress party politicians from rural western Maharashtra, he was also heavily involved in the politics of the local cooperative sugar mills and other member run cooperatives societies.

Baobab tree, wildebeests, giraffes, and impala in Tarangire National Park. The area falls within the eastern branch of the East African Rift Valley which has widened and the valley floor fallen over the past few million years. About 250,000 years ago Lake Manyara and Lake Burunge were part of a larger lake called Proto-Manyara, a basin of internal drainage that lost water through evaporation and deep percolation. Subsequent rises in the Rift Valley floor changed drainage patterns and the lake was reduced in size and divided into the two shallow, alkali lakes currently seen.

Given a random disk model, if the set union of all the disks is taken, then the resulting structure is known as a Boolean–Poisson model (also known as simply the Boolean model), which is a commonly studied model in continuum percolation as well as stochastic geometry. If all the radii are set to some common constant, say, , then the resulting model is sometimes known as the Gilbert disk (Boolean) model. Simulation of 4 Poisson–Boolean (constant-radius or Gilbert disk) models as the density increases with largest clusters in red.

Johads can be of several types, such as dug out in areas to which rainwater can be easily channeled. Alternatively, simple mud and rubble barrier check dams may be built across the contour of a slope with a high embankment on the three sides while the fourth side is left open for the rainwater to enter. These catch and conserve rainwater, leading to improved percolation and groundwater recharge. They are very common in most villages of states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and the Thar desert of Rajasthan in India.

Hampi became the center of Dvaita under Vyasatirtha. Sharma credits Vyasatirtha of converting Dvaita from an obscure movement to a fully realised school of thought of philosophical and dialectical merit. Through his involvement in various diplomatic missions in the North Karnataka region and his pilgrimages across South India, he disseminated the precepts of Dvaita across the sub-continent. By giving patronage to the wandering bards or Haridasas, he oversaw the percolation of the philosophy into the vernacular and as a result into the lives of the lay people.

The township of Coimbatore once was surrounded by the Noyyal river and its canals, tanks, and rivulets. The Noyyal river and its interconnected tank and canal system, believed to have been originally built by the Chalukya Cholas kings, was then an efficient system that provided water transport, storage, and maintained stable groundwater levels. Surplus water from the Noyyal river spilled into the canals and were channeled to the tanks, preventing unwanted flooding. The tanks were a major factor in replenishing the ground water through percolation of the subsoil water.

The method is able to identify repetitive traffic bottlenecksPercolation transition in dynamical traffic network with evolving critical bottlenecks D. Li, B. Fu, Y. Wang, G. Lu, Y. Berezin, H.E. Stanley, S. Havlin PNAS 112, 669 (2015) Critical exponents characterizing the cluster size distribution of good traffic are similar to those of percolation theory.Switch between critical percolation modes in city traffic dynamics G Zeng, D Li, S Guo, L Gao, Z Gao, HE Stanley, S Havlin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (1), 23-28 (2019) A method to identify functional clusters of spatio-temporal streets that represent fluent traffic flow in a city has been developed by Serok et al.Unveiling the inter-relations between the urban streets network and its dynamic traffic flows: Planning implication Nimrod Serok, Orr Levy, Shlomo Havlin, Efrat Blumenfeld- Lieberthal, SAGE Publications 46(7), 1362 (2019) An empirical study regarding the size distribution of traffic jams has been performed recently by Zhang et al.Scale-free resilience of real traffic jams Limiao Zhang, Guanwen Zeng, Daqing Li, Hai-Jun Huang, H Eugene Stanley, Shlomo Havlin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(18), 8673-8678 (2019) They found an approximate universal power law for the jam sizes distribution.

They occur mainly in subtropical and temperate, semi-arid and subhumid regions. Planosols are formed mostly in clayey alluvial and colluvial deposits. Geological stratification and/or a pedogenetic process of destruction and removal of clay has resulted in the relatively coarse-textured, light-coloured surface soil abruptly overlying finer textured subsoil; impeded downward percolation of water causes temporarily reducing conditions with a stagnic colour pattern, at least close to the abrupt textural change. Planosols in their natural state support a sparse grass vegetation, often with scattered shrubs and trees that have shallow root systems that can cope with temporary waterlogging.

When sufficient salt export is not taking place from a river basin to the sea in an attempt to harness the river water fully, it leads to river basin closer and the available water in downstream area of the river basin becomes saline and/ or alkaline water. Land irrigated with saline or alkaline water becomes gradually in to saline or alkali soils. The water percolation in alkali soils is very poor leading to waterlogging problems. Proliferation of alkali soils would compel the farmers to cultivate rice or grasses only as the soil productivity is poor with other crops and tree plantations.

After college, Kunstler worked as a reporter and feature writer for a number of newspapers, and finally as a staff writer for Rolling Stone. During the 1970s and 1980s, Kunstler worked "a lot of odd jobs, from orderly in the psychiatric wing of the hospital, to digging holes for percolation tests in housing subdivisions". In 1975, he began writing books and lecturing full-time. Kunstler's blog states that he has lectured at Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, Cornell, MIT, RPI, and the University of Virginia, has appeared before professional organizations such as the AIA, the APA, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Although the Ramjet system allowed a significant increase in engine performance, its innovative design had several inherent issues that affected reliability and tuning. On the early systems (1957 through 1961), one of these problems affected the cold-start fuel enrichment: it would tend to discretely toggle on or off, rather than using a gradual series of steps. Later systems used electric chokes or exhaust-heat chokes for cold enrichment, although these had issues of their own. Additionally, the vapor pressure of modern pump gasoline may not be appropriate to prevent percolation in the Ramjet fuel distribution spider.

The CNN architecture captures some of the dynamics often seen in nature and is simple enough to analyze and conduct experiments. They are also being used for stochastic simulation techniques, which allow scientists to explore spin problems, population dynamics, lattice-based gas models, percolation, and other phenomena. Other simulation applications include heat transfer, mechanical vibrating systems, protein production, Josephson Transmission Line (JTL) problems, seismic wave propagation, and geothermal structures. Instances of 3D (Three Dimensional) CNN have been used to prove known complex shapes are emergent phenomena in complex systems, establishing a link between art, dynamical systems and VLSI technology.

According to one statistical study, the positions of cellular or mobile phone base stations in the Australian city Sydney, pictured above, resemble a realization of a homogeneous Poisson point process, while in many other cities around the world they do not and other point processes are required. The spatial Poisson point process features prominently in spatial statistics, stochastic geometry, and continuum percolation theory. This point process is applied in various physical sciences such as a model developed for alpha particles being detected. In recent years, it has been frequently used to model seemingly disordered spatial configurations of certain wireless communication networks.

Sometimes a drywell with a series of gravel layers near the lowest spot in the rain garden will help facilitate percolation and avoid clogging at the sedimentation basin. However, a drywell placed at the lowest spot can become clogged with silt prematurely, turning the garden into an infiltration basin and defeating its purpose as a bioretention system. The more polluted the runoff water, the longer it must be retained in the soil for purification. Capacity for a longer purification period is often achieved by installing several smaller rain garden basins with soil deeper than the seasonal high water table.

For example a rise of the water table towards the soil surface may lead to an increase of evaporation, surface runoff, and subsurface drainage, or a decrease of percolation losses from canals. This, in turn, leads to a change of the water balance, which again influences the height of the water table, etc. This chain of reactions is one of the reasons why Saltmod has been developed into a computer program. It takes a number of repeated calculations (iterations) to find the correct equilibrium of the water balance, which would be a tedious job if done by hand.

If all the radii are not random, but common positive constant, then the resulting model is known as the Gilbert disk (Boolean) model.Balister, Paul and Sarkar, Amites and Bollobás, Béla, Percolation, connectivity, coverage and colouring of random geometric graphs, Handbook of Large-Scale Random Networks, 117–142, 2008 A Boolean model as a coverage model in a wireless network. Simulation of four Poisson–Boolean (constant-radius or Gilbert disk) models as the density increases with largest clusters in red. Instead of placing disks on the plane, one may assign a disjoint (or non-overlapping) subregion to each node.

One model that is used to study to these networks and wireless networks in general is the Poisson-Boolean model, which is a type of coverage process from continuum percolation theory. One of the main limitations of sensor networks is energy consumption where usually each node has a battery and, perhaps, an embedded form of energy harvesting. To reduce energy consumption in sensor networks, various sleep schemes have been suggested that entail having a sub-collection of nodes go into a low energy- consuming sleep mode. These sleep schemes obviously affect the coverage and connectivity of sensor networks.

Balogh's research deals with extremal and probabilistic combinatorics (especially graph theory) and bootstrap percolation. The latter models the spread of an infection on a d-dimensional grid, whereby nodes are infected in each time step in which at least r neighbors have already been infected. It is based on a randomly chosen starting structure and Bollobás, Balogh, Hugo Duminil-Copin and Robert Morris proved an asymptotic (for large grids) formula for the threshold probability that the whole grid is infected, depending on d and r. He had previously treated the three-dimensional case with r = 3 with Bollobás and Morris.

When septic systems are used, enough land needs to be available on each building lot for a leach field (sometimes land is required for two leach fields, the additional land set aside as a back-up). The amount of land needed is in proportion to the size of the septic system and the soil conditions, which must allow for the percolation of wastewater safely into the ground. In areas where well water is used, additional lot area may be required to sufficiently separate the well from the leach field. This can lead to minimum lot sizes of or more, making cluster development difficult.

Another important subwatershed serving Managua covers 178 km2. It is the most important recharge area of the aquifer that provides drinking water to Managua, with three wellfields producing 60% of the city's water supply. Urban growth has developed without the use of urban planning instruments and adequate building standards, and without a corresponding increase in municipal services or an extension of the stormwater drainage system, which impacts the ecological regeneration of the subwatershed and the percolation of rainwater into the Managua aquifer. The sediment and solid waste conveyed through the drainage system exposes the lower areas to floods in the rainy season.

Landmannalaugar in south-central Iceland is an example of a volcanic desert A volcanic desert is an area devoid of vegetation because of volcanic activity. Usually the term is applied to larger areas such as the Highlands of Iceland, the Rangipo Desert in New Zealand or Cordón Caulle in Chile. Occasionally the term is used for relatively small regions such as the Kaʻū Desert on the island of Hawai'i. Volcanic deserts may have enough precipitation to sustain vegetation, but due to repeated covering of tephra and acid rain after eruptions and high percolation and infiltration rates of water, vegetation is scarce.

In spite of vast success in the theoretical and numerical studies of DP, obtaining convincing experimental evidence has proved challenging. However, in 2007, critical behavior of DP was finally found in the electrohydrodynamic convection of liquid crystal, where a complete set of static and dynamic critical exponents and universal scaling functions of DP were measured in the transition to spatiotemporal intermittency between two turbulent states. Temporal networks can be studied using the mapping to the directed percolation problem. The probability of temporal links has a critical value below which the connectedness is zero while above almost all nodes can be connected.

The problem arises because if a vertex is in n different k-cliques it will contribute to n(n-1)/2 edges in such a clique graph. A simple solution is to let each vertex common to two overlapping kcliques to contribute a weight equal to 1/n when measuring the overlap strength of the two k-cliques. In general the clique graph viewpoint is a useful way of finding generalizations of standard clique-percolation methods to get any round problems encountered. It even shows how to describe extensions of these methods based on other motifs, subgraphs other than kcliques.

There are many different effective medium approximations, each of them being more or less accurate in distinct conditions. Nevertheless, they all assume that the macroscopic system is homogeneous and, typical of all mean field theories, they fail to predict the properties of a multiphase medium close to the percolation threshold due to the absence of long-range correlations or critical fluctuations in the theory. The properties under consideration are usually the conductivity \sigma or the dielectric constant \epsilon of the medium. These parameters are interchangeable in the formulas in a whole range of models due to the wide applicability of the Laplace equation.

Robert (Rob) Morris is a mathematician who works in combinatorics, probability, graph theory and Ramsey theory. He is a researcher at IMPA. In 2015, Morris was awarded the European Prize in Combinatorics for "his profound results in extremal and probabilistic combinatorics particularly for his result on independent sets in hypergraphs which found immediately several applications in additive number theory and combinatorics, such as the solution of old problem of Erdős and for establishing tight bounds for Ramsey numbers, and also on random cellular automata and bootstrap problems in percolation." In 2016, he was one of the winners of the George Pólya Prize.

But, at the quantum phase transition, the localization lengths of the electrons becomes infinite (i.e. they delocalize) and this compromises the Fermi-liquid assumption of an inherently free electron gas (where individual electrons must be well-distinguished). The quantum Hall transition will therefore not be in the Fermi-liquid universality class, but in the 'F-invariant' universality class that has a different value for the critical exponent. The semi-classical percolation picture of the quantum Hall transition is therefore outdated (although still widely used) and we need to understand the delocalization mechanism as an instanton effect.

When the graph is uniformly random except for the degree distribution, these critical vertices are the ones with the highest degree, and have thus been implicated in the spread of disease (natural and artificial) in social and communication networks, and in the spread of fads (both of which are modeled by a percolation or branching process). While random graphs (ER) have an average distance of order log N between nodes, where N is the number of nodes, scale free graph can have a distance of log log N. Such graphs are called ultra small world networks.

A percolation trench infiltrates stormwater through permeable soils into the groundwater aquifer. An oil-grit separator is designed to capture settleable solids, oil and grease, debris and floatables in runoff from roads and parking lots Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow of stormwater, as well as reducing pollutant discharges. A variety of stormwater management practices and systems may be used to reduce the effects of urban runoff. Some of these techniques (called best management practices (BMPs) in the US), focus on water quantity control, while others focus on improving water quality, and some perform both functions.

In practical applications, one often considers the conductance only over a cut. A common generalization of conductance is to handle the case of weights assigned to the edges: then the weights are added; if the weight is in the form of a resistance, then the reciprocal weights are added. The notion of conductance underpins the study of percolation in physics and other applied areas; thus, for example, the permeability of petroleum through porous rock can be modeled in terms of the conductance of a graph, with weights given by pore sizes. Conductance also helps measure the quality of a Spectral clustering.

However, under a scanning electron microscope, the conductive polymer is irregular due to agglomerations of the polymeric binder. Up to date, there is not a comprehensive model capable of predicting all the non-linearities observed in force-sensing resistors. The multiple phenomena occurring in the conductive polymer turn out to be too complex such to embrace them all simultaneously; this condition is typical of systems encompassed within condensed matter physics. However, in most cases, the experimental behavior of force-sensing resistors can be grossly approximated to either the percolation theory or to the equations governing quantum tunneling through a rectangular potential barrier.

The Swendsen-Wang algorithm is the first non-local or cluster algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation for large systems near criticality. It has been introduced by Robert Swendsen and Jian-Sheng Wang in 1987 at Carnegie Mellon. The original algorithm was designed for the Ising and Potts models, and it was later generalized to other systems as well, such as the XY model by Wolff algorithm and particles of fluids. The key ingredient was the random cluster model, a representation of the Ising or Potts model through percolation models of connecting bonds, due to Fortuin and Kasteleyn.

A comparison (using transmission photoelasticity) between the stress diffusion in an elastic body (on the left) and a model of masonry (on the right). A highly localized stress percolation is visible on the right. From the point of view of material modeling, masonry is a special material of extreme mechanical properties (with a very high ratio between strength in compression and in tension), so that the applied loads do not diffuse as they do in elastic bodies, but tend to percolate along lines of high stiffness, see the figure on the right and watch a video for more details.

In geology, eluvium or eluvial deposits are those geological deposits and soils that are derived by in situ weathering or weathering plus gravitational movement or accumulation. The process of removal of materials from geological or soil horizons is called eluviation or leaching. There is a difference in the usage of this term in geology and soil science. In soil science, eluviation is the transport of soil material from upper layers of soil to lower levels by downward percolation of water across soil horizons, and accumulation of this material (illuvial deposit) in lower levels is called illuviation.

In the Swiss cheese model, an organisation's defenses against failure are modeled as a series of barriers, represented as slices of cheese. The holes in the slices represent weaknesses in individual parts of the system and are continually varying in size and position across the slices. The system produces failures when a hole in each slice momentarily aligns, permitting (in Reason's words) "a trajectory of accident opportunity", so that a hazard passes through holes in all of the slices, leading to a failure. Frosch described Reason's model in mathematical terms as a model in percolation theory, which he analyses as a Bethe lattice.

SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool) is a river basin scale model developed to quantify the impact of land management practices in large, complex watersheds. SWAT is a public domain software enabled model actively supported by the USDA Agricultural Research Service at the Blackland Research & Extension Center in Temple, Texas, USA. It is a hydrology model with the following components: weather, surface runoff, return flow, percolation, evapotranspiration, transmission losses, pond and reservoir storage, crop growth and irrigation, groundwater flow, reach routing, nutrient and pesticide loading, and water transfer. SWAT can be considered a watershed hydrological transport model.

Old Malda and Gazole CD Blocks form the Mahananda-Tangon interfluves area. Barind soils permit little percolation and most of the monsoon runoff accumulates in the large natural bils (ponds) in the ravines formed by the courses of the Tangon and Punarbhaba rivers, covering the lowlands. Old Malda CD Block is bounded by Gazole CD Block in the north, Habibpur CD Block in the east, Bholahat Upazila of Chapai Nawabganj District, Bangladesh, on the south, and English Bazar CD Block and Ratua II CD Block on the west.Google maps Old Malda CD Block has an area of 228.00 km2.

The Quadrajet carburetor was actually a derivative of a variable venturi carburetor called the DOVE (diaphragm operated variable entrance) which was developed in the 1961-63 time frame at Rochester Products. Testing at the GM test facility in Arizona uncovered a hot engine percolation problem which resulted in hot start difficulties because of flooded engines. Production of the DOVE, which was underway in 1963 when the hot start problem was identified, was suspended and a crash project was initiated to fix the problem. Simultaneously a second crash project was initiated to develop a modified DOVE which became the Quadrajet.

The team was unable to procure a crane with a sufficiently long boom. So, they lifted the monolith 30 feet up with the help of a system of pulleys and levers, which took 6 months to devise. KK Muhammed noted that two other pillars in the temple weigh 33 tonnes, and are also carved out of a single stone: it must have been very challenging for the original builders to erect these pillars without modern technology and resources. The team closed the ceiling with a new architectural component matching the original one, to stop the water percolation.

Paprika oleoresin (also known as paprika extract and oleoresin paprika) is an oil-soluble extract from the fruits of Capsicum annuum or Capsicum frutescens, and is primarily used as a colouring and/or flavouring in food products. It is composed of vegetable oil (often in the range of 97% to 98%), capsaicin, the main flavouring compound giving pungency in higher concentrations, and capsanthin and capsorubin, the main colouring compounds (among other carotenoids). It is much milder than capsicum oleoresin, often containing no capsaicin at all. Extraction is performed by percolation with a variety of solvents, primarily hexane, which are removed prior to use.

Roughly speaking for agriculture (top layer soil), soil is 25% water, 25% air, 45% mineral, 5% other; water varies widely from about 1% to 90% due to several retention and drainage properties of a given soil. The role of soil water retention is profound; its effects are far reaching and relationships are invariably complex. This section focuses on a few key roles and recognizes that it is beyond the scope of this discussion to encompass all roles that can be found in the literature. The process by which soil absorbs water and water drains downwards is called percolation.

Charles Michael "Chuck" Newman (born 1 March 1946) is a mathematician and a physicist at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University. He works in the fields of mathematical physics, statistical mechanics, and probability theory. He has contributed to numerous fields where probability mixes with physics, including metastability, spin glasses, the mathematics of food webs and the Ising model, and percolation theory including its connections to Schramm–Loewner evolutions and the Brownian web. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 2004, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2006.

In statistical mechanics, a universality class is a collection of mathematical models which share a single scale invariant limit under the process of renormalization group flow. While the models within a class may differ dramatically at finite scales, their behavior will become increasingly similar as the limit scale is approached. In particular, asymptotic phenomena such as critical exponents will be the same for all models in the class. Some well- studied universality classes are the ones containing the Ising model or the percolation theory at their respective phase transition points; these are both families of classes, one for each lattice dimension.

In probability and statistics, point process notation comprises the range of mathematical notation used to symbolically represent random objects known as point processes, which are used in related fields such as stochastic geometry, spatial statistics and continuum percolation theory and frequently serve as mathematical models of random phenomena, representable as points, in time, space or both. The notation varies due to the histories of certain mathematical fields and the different interpretations of point processes,D. Stoyan, W. S. Kendall, J. Mecke, and L. Ruschendorf. Stochastic geometry and its applications, Second Edition, Section 4.1, Wiley Chichester, 1995.

In contrast, a VTA is a specifically sized area of perennial vegetation to which runoff from a barnyard or feedlot is applied uniformly. The VTA utilizes the water holding capacity of the soil to store the runoff water until the nutrients and water can be used by the vegetation. Therefore, the application of the runoff to the VTA must be at a rate to prevent deep percolation below the root zone, and not allow the flow to extend past the end of the VTA. A VTS can be an economical alternative to runoff retention (holding) ponds for controlling runoff from an open lot feeding production system (feedlots).

Theoretical barriers may not yet be understood, and the resources needed may be so great as to make it unlikely that any civilization could afford to attempt it. Even if interstellar travel and colonization are possible, they may be difficult, leading to a colonization model based on percolation theory. Colonization efforts may not occur as an unstoppable rush, but rather as an uneven tendency to "percolate" outwards, within an eventual slowing and termination of the effort given the enormous costs involved and the expectation that colonies will inevitably develop a culture and civilization of their own. Colonization may thus occur in "clusters", with large areas remaining uncolonized at any one time.

Low-flow application rates can be used with different soils and growth media. The water can be applied slowly enough to match the water infiltration rate and prevent water loss from deep percolation or runoff. Mineral nutrients added to media with a high void content, such as coarse grained sand, will provide more oxygen to roots than ordinary soil and share some of the advantages with aeroponics. Sand also has a low water retention potential that makes it easier for plants to extract water by expending less energy due to the sand's relatively large particle size, which consequently does not bind very well to water.

He has, since 1970, been applying PCS to studies of dynamic critical phenomena in binary liquid mixtures; the coexistence of critical phenomena and percolation transition in three-component microemulsions and copolymer micellar solutions; and ergodic to non-ergodic transitions when crossing the kinetic glass transition line of a copolymer micellar system with a short-range attraction. Since 2004, Chen et al. have studied liquid state physics with regard to the structure and dynamics of supercooled water. They studied supercooled confined water by a high-resolution Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) technique, and this has led to the discovery of the likelihood of a second low- temperature critical point in water in 2005.

The focus on developing the non-fullerene organic semiconductor is because of some potential Table: 1.3 Calculated Enp (non-planar strain energy) values data for PAHs in kcal/mol downsides of fullerene-based materials for n-type organic molecules. Fullerenes fail to fulfil the basic criterion of good organic semiconductors by not having good absorption in UV-Vis region and poor tunability upon substitution with various groups. These demands have fuelled research towards finding new materials including contorted aromatic molecule which possess fundamental qualities of wide absorption range and better charge transportation. These molecules also provide controlled π-π stacking in small domains and excellent charge percolation pathways.

A man inspecting an underground micro-irrigation system on a tomato farm in Woodland, California Micro-irrigation, also called localized irrigation, low volume irrigation, low-flow irrigation, or trickle irrigation, is an irrigation method with lower pressure and flow than a traditional sprinkler system. Low volume irrigation is used in agriculture for row crops, orchards, and vineyards. It is also used in horticulture in wholesale nurseries, in landscaping for civic, commercial, and private landscapes and gardens, and in the science and practice of restoration ecology and environmental remediation. The lower volume allows the water to be absorbed into slow-percolation soils such as clay, minimizing runoff.

The water thus available is called primary water supplies / flows in a river. If there is no ground water extraction, over a period of time all ground water aquifers get saturated fully and further ground water percolation to the aquifers would join the river streams as enhanced seepage flows / base flows. Thus any underground water extraction / use from the river basin aquifers reduce the primary water flows in the river basin. When river water is used in surface irrigation, the part of water joining the stream is termed as ‘return flows’ and the part of water joining the aquifer is termed as ‘seepage loss’ or manmade ground water charging.

In statistical mechanics, Lee–Yang theory, sometimes also known as Yang–Lee theory, is a scientific theory which seeks to describe phase transitions in large physical systems in the thermodynamic limit based on the properties of small, finite-size systems. The theory revolves around the complex zeros of partition functions of finite-size systems and how these may reveal the existence of phase transitions in the thermodynamic limit. Lee–Yang theory constitutes an indispensable part of the theories of phase transitions. Originally developed for the Ising model, the theory has been extended and applied to a wide range of models and phenomena, including protein folding, percolation, complex networks, and molecular zippers.

The quantum tunneling operation implies that the average inter-particle separation s is reduced when the conductive polymer is subjected to mechanical stress, such a reduction in s causes a probability increment for particle transmission according to the equations for a rectangular potential barrier. Similarly, the Contact Resistance R_C is reduced amid larger applied forces. In order to operate on the basis of quantum tunneling, particle concentration in the conductive polymer must be held below the percolation threshold \phi_c. Several authors have developed theoretical models for the quantum tunneling conduction of FSRs, some of the models rely upon the equations for particle transmission across a rectangular potential barrier.

A number of models have been proposed to describe fluid effects on the vascular remodelling in the embryo. One point which is often missed in these analogies is the fact that the process occurs within a living system; dead end can break off and reattach elsewhere, branches close and open at junctions or form valves, and vessels are extremely deformable, able to quickly adapt to new conditions and form new pathways. Theoretically, the formation of the vascular tree can be thought of in terms of percolation theory. The network of tubes arises randomly and will eventually establish a path between two separate and unconnected points.

This natural biosphere maintains healthy conditions in the upper soil horizons where annual plant roots thrive. No-dig systems are said by practitioners such as Charles Dowding to be freer of pests and disease, possibly due to a more balanced soil population being allowed to build up in this undisturbed environment, and by encouraging the buildup of beneficial rather than harmful soil fungi. Moisture is also retained more efficiently under mulch than on the surface of bare earth, allowing slower percolation and less leaching of nutrients. Another no- dig method is sheet mulching wherein a garden area is covered with wetted paper or cardboard, compost and topped off with landscape mulch.

Gloucester Geology Trust website Geological cross section (west to east), showing the major structural features of the Forest of Dean Mining in the coalfield has always been hampered by the excessive amount of water encountered underground - trapped by the basin-shaped strata. Water drains into the basin by general percolation and, more directly, via surface watercourses. For much of their length, streams in the area run over impervious clay deposits, but, where valleys cut through the rim of the basin, carboniferous limestone and sandstone are exposed, allowing water to penetrate underground via swallow holes, cracks, and fissures. Water also enters the basin through geological faults.

Precipitation washing contaminates into local streams Urban surface water runoff Urbanization increases surface runoff by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings that do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the aquifer. It is instead forced directly into streams or storm water runoff drains, where erosion and siltation can be major problems, even when flooding is not. Increased runoff reduces groundwater recharge, thus lowering the water table and making droughts worse, especially for agricultural farmers and others who depend on the water wells. When anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff, the human impact is expanded to create water pollution.

Frank Ludvig Spitzer (July 24, 1926 – February 1, 1992) was an Austrian-born American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to probability theory, including the theory of random walks, fluctuation theory, percolation theory, the Wiener sausage, and especially the theory of interacting particle systems. Rare among mathematicians, he chose to focus broadly on "phenomena", rather than any one of the many specific theorems that might help to articulate a given phenomenon. His book Principles of Random Walk, first published in 1964, remains a well-cited classic. Spitzer was born into a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria, and by the time he was twelve years old, the Nazi threat in Austria was evident.

Yuval Peres (; born 5 October 1963) is a mathematician known for his research in probability theory, ergodic theory, mathematical analysis, theoretical computer science, and in particular for topics such as fractals and Hausdorff measure, random walks, Brownian motion, percolation and Markov chain mixing times. He was born in Israel and obtained his Ph.D. at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1990 under the supervision of Hillel Furstenberg. He was a faculty member at the Hebrew University and the University of California at Berkeley, and a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington. Peres has been accused of sexual harassment by several female scientists.

Despite this, relations with the surrounding villages remained tense for several years, during which time the reforestation drive on the South Hills began in earnest. Almost 20,000 trees and shrubs and thousands of seedlings were planted by students of the school during these years, although their efforts were thwarted to some extent by prolonged droughts in the region during the 1980s. In 1988, the state government of Andhra Pradesh helped the school finance a percolation tank on 20 acres of low-lying land on the campus of the school. The large basin was to collect rain water from surrounding hills and service through underground channels the dry wells throughout the valley and beyond.

Beaver ponds increase stream flows in seasonally dry streams by storing run-off in the rainy season, which raises groundwater tables via percolation from beaver ponds. In a recent study using 12 serial aerial photo mosaics from 1948 to 2002, the impact of the return of beavers on openwater area in east-central Alberta, Canada, found that the mammals were associated with a 9-fold increase in openwater area. Beavers returned to the area in 1954 after a long absence since their extirpation by the fur trade in the 19th century. During drought years, where beavers were present, 60% more open water was available than those same areas during previous drought periods when beavers were absent.

Groundwater availability is worrisome for the Borrego Valley because water levels have decreased more than 100 feet in some areas of the basin. The Borrego Valley Hydrologic Model was created to recreate historic conditions so that past movement and use of both surface and groundwater could be analyzed, in hopes of addressing what future conditions may hold for the valley. Groundwater becomes available via percolation from various intermittent streams, such as Coyote Creek, which flow from the mountains in the northwest. It is estimated that a total 5,500,000 acre feet of groundwater can be stored in the Borrego Springs sub-basin, but as much time has passed, and over-drafting has occurred, the storage capacity may be more limited.

Madrona Marsh in spring Drilling rig in Madrona Marsh Sign next to Madrona Marsh entrance Madrona Marsh The Madrona Marsh Preserve, in the city of Torrance in the South Bay region of Southern California, is a seasonal wetland with vernal pools. The was a former site of oil wells and is one of the few natural areas remaining within an urban landscape. Formed eons ago when the mountains of the Palos Verdes Peninsula rose to the south, Madrona Marsh is a shallow depression fed by wet season (spring) storms as the name "vernal" indicates. After the rainy season, evaporation, percolation and transpiration reduce the water depth by about one-quarter of an inch (6 mm) per day.

In Norway scapolite-hornblende rocks have long been known at Ødegården and other localities. They have been called spotted gabbros, but usually do not contain feldspar, the white spots being entirely scapolite while the dark matrix enveloping them is an aggregate of green or brownish hornblende. In many features they bear a close resemblance to the scapolitized ophites of the Pyrenees. It has been suggested that the conversion of their original feldspar (for there can be no doubt that they were once gabbros, consisting of plagioclase and pyroxene) into scapolite is due to the percolation of chloride solutions along lines of weakness, or planes of solubility, filling cavities etched in the substance of the mineral.

The method uses seasonal water balance components as input data. These are related to the surface hydrology (like rainfall, evaporation, irrigation, use of drain and well water for irrigation, runoff), and the aquifer hydrology (like upward seepage, natural drainage, pumping from wells). The other water balance components (like downward percolation, upward capillary rise, subsurface drainage) are given as output. The quantity of drainage water, as an output, is determined by two drainage intensity factors for drainage above and below drain level respectively (to be given with the input data), a drainage reduction factor (to simulate a limited operation of the drainage system), and the height of the water table, resulting from the computed water balance.

Computational solid state physics is a very important division of computational physics dealing directly with material science. A field related to computational condensed matter is computational statistical mechanics, which deals with the simulation of models and theories (such as percolation and spin models) that are difficult to solve otherwise. Computational statistical physics makes heavy use of Monte Carlo-like methods. More broadly, (particularly through the use of agent based modeling and cellular automata) it also concerns itself with (and finds application in, through the use of its techniques) in the social sciences, network theory, and mathematical models for the propagation of disease (most notably, the SIR Model) and the spread of forest fires.

Barind soils permit little percolation and most of the monsoon runoff accumulates in the large natural bils (ponds) in the ravines formed by the courses of the Tangon and Punarbhaba rivers, covering the lowlands. Habibpur is bounded by Gazole CD Block for a short stretch on the north-east corner, Bamangola CD Block on the north, Porsha Upazila of Naogaon District, Bangladesh, on the east, Gomostapur Upazila and Bholahat Upazila of Chapai Nawabganj District, Bangladesh, on the south, and Old Malda CD Block on the west.Google maps Habibpur CD Block has an area of 397.10 km2.It has 1 panchayat samity, 11 gram panchayats, 149 gram sansads (village councils), 288 mouzas and 233 inhabited villages.

The driving induces transitions between levels of a closed system, leading to diffusion in energy space and, hence, an associated heating. The diffusion coefficient can be calculated using a resistor network analogy. Semi-linear response theory (SLRT) is an extension of linear response theory (LRT) for mesoscopic circumstances: LRT applies if the driven transitions are much weaker/slower than the environmental relaxation/dephasing effect, while SLRT assumes the opposite conditions. SLRT uses a resistor network analogy (see illustration) in order to calculate the rate of energy absorption: The driving induces transitions between energy levels, and connected sequences of transitions are essential in order to have a non-vanishing result, as in the theory of percolation.

The Erdős–Rényi model shows a series of interesting transitions when the probability p of two nodes being connected is increased. For each k one can find a certain threshold probability pc above which the k-cliques organize into a giant community.(The size of the giant community is comparable to the system size, in other words the giant community occupies a finite part of the system even in the thermodynamic limit.) This transition is analogous to the percolation transition in statistical physics. A similar phenomenon can be observed in many real networks as well: if k is large, only the most densely linked parts are accepted as communities, thus, they usually remain small and dispersed.

The most common surgical approach currently used for the treatment of glaucoma is trabeculectomy, in which the sclera is punctured to alleviate intraocular pressure. Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) surgery is a similar, but modified, procedure, in which instead of puncturing the scleral bed and trabecular meshwork under a scleral flap, a second deep scleral flap is created, excised, with further procedures of deroofing the Schlemm's canal, upon which, percolation of liquid from the inner eye is achieved and thus alleviating intraocular pressure, without penetrating the eye. NPDS is demonstrated to have significantly fewer side effects than trabeculectomy. However, NPDS is performed manually and requires higher level of skills that may be assisted with instruments.

Nonlinear metamaterials can overcome this limitation, since the local fields of the resonant structures can be much larger than the average value of the field \- in this respect metamaterials are similar to other composite media, such e.g. as random metal-dielectric composites, including fractal clusters and semicoutinouos/percolation metal films, where the areas with enhanced local light fieldsD.P. Tsai, J. Kovacs, Zh. Wang, M. Moskovits, V.M. Shalaev, J.S. Suh, and R. Botet, Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Images of Optical Excitations of Fractal Metal Colloid Clusters, Physical Review Letters, v. 72, pp. 4149–4152, (1994) \- “hot spots” - produce giant linear and non-linear optical responses V. M. Shalaev, Electromagnetic Properties of Small-Particle Composites, Physics Reports, v.

Thermodynamic or configurational systems near a critical point or a continuous phase transition become fractal, and the behavior of many quantities in such circumstances is described by universal critical exponents. Percolation theory is a particularly simple and fundamental model in statistical mechanics which has a critical point, and a great deal of work has been done in finding its critical exponents, both theoretically (limited to two dimensions) and numerically. Critical exponents exist for a variety of observables, but most of them are linked to each other by exponent (or scaling) relations. Only a few of them are independent, and the choice of the fundamental exponents depends on the focus of the study at hand.

Stochastic block models exhibit a sharp threshold effect reminiscent of percolation thresholds. Suppose that we allow the size n of the graph to grow, keeping the community sizes in fixed proportions. If the probability matrix remains fixed, tasks such as partial and exact recovery become feasible for all non-degenerate parameter settings. However, if we scale down the probability matrix at a suitable rate as n increases, we observe a sharp phase transition: for certain settings of the parameters, it will become possible to achieve recovery with probability tending to 1, whereas on the opposite side of the parameter threshold, the probability of recovery tends to 0 no matter what algorithm is used.

Phase transition of Argon ice – transitions from solid to liquid to gas Raja Gopal has worked on various aspects of condensed matter physics especially critical point phenomena which assisted in understanding the Law of the Rectilinear Diameter and its breakdown. He studied electrical resistivity in relation to non-equilibrium critical point phenomena and elucidated its unusual behavior. His studies of the liquid systems and disordered materials with regard to their phase transitions returned precision measurements which helped in observing particle-hole asymmetry in the liquid- gas critical phenomena in binary liquid mixtures for the first time. Percolation threshold in covalently bonded chalcogenide glasses through precise measurements was another of his notable findings.

The Kendra plays a major role in the development of the area of its functioning with the help of various governmental and non- governmental agencies, such as Government Poly-technique, NABARD, CWRDM, Department of Soil Conservation, Nirmal-2000, OMMI-HRD project and CHASS. Through the job-training programmes, the unemployment rate in the area could be reduced to a great extent. The Kendra work out construction of sanitary latrines, maintenance of houses, and wells in the village of Nalpathimala. In order to solve the water scarcity problem in the village, the Kendra had chalked out a "water literacy campaign" that could improve awareness about the importance of ferro-cement water tanks, percolation pits and other methods in conserving water.

In two dimensions, the percolation of water through a thin tissue (such as toilet paper) has the same mathematical underpinnings as the flow of electricity through two-dimensional random networks of resistors. In chemistry, chromatography can be understood with similar models. The propagation of a tear or rip in a sheet of paper, in a sheet of metal, or even the formation of a crack in ceramic bears broad mathematical resemblance to the flow of electricity through a random network of electrical fuses. Above a certain critical point, the electrical flow will cause a fuse to pop, possibly leading to a cascade of failures, resembling the propagation of a crack or tear.

In general, the CAFM can monitor the effect of any process that introduces local changes in the structure of the dielectric, including thermal annealing, dopping and irradiation, among others. 323x323px Apart from monitoring the electrical properties of a dielectric, the CAFM can be also used to alter its properties by applying an electrical field locally. In particular, the CAFM is especially useful to determine which locations of the samples lead to premature BD, which can provide essential information about the reliability of the samples. The CAFM also helped to confirm the percolation theory of the BD by experimentally proving that this is a very local phenomenon that occurs in small areas typically below 100 nm2.

The City of San Jose, in conjunction with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) are planning to remove this barrier, a concrete weir related to the historic Youth Science Institute bridge, along with three other stream restoration projects with $2.5 million in funding from VTA as mitigation for environmental damages related to other VTA construction. The project is scheduled for completion in October, 2012. In dry summers the creek goes dry about one mile below Alum Rock Park. Flows are diverted by the Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) to three off-channel percolation ponds at Noble Avenue, which in turn, recharge creek flows for about two miles below the ponds through the summer.

Aromatic compounds and other flavour compounds are extracted from coffee grains by the Moka using a process known as percolation. In order to percolate or brew the coffee the percolator is placed on a stove element and heated until pressure in the water compartment increases causing the water to rise through a funnel, through the coffee grains, through a filter and, finally, into the top compartment. According to the Bialetti corporate lore the mechanical design for the Moka was inspired by the primitive washing-machines used by housewives: linens were boiled in tubes built around a central conduit that drew the boiling soapy water up through it and redistributed it across the linen through a radial opening.

Originally MICP was tested and designed for underground applications in water saturated ground, requiring injection and production pumps. Recent work has demonstrated that surface percolation or irrigation is also feasible and in fact provides more strength per amount of calcite provided because crystals form more readily at the bridging points between sand particles over which the water percolates. Benefits of MICP for liquefaction prevention MICP has the potential to be a cost-effective and green alternative to traditional methods of stabilizing soils, such as chemical grouting, which typically involve the injection of synthetic materials into the soil. These synthetic additives are typically costly and can create environmental hazards by modifying the pH and contaminating soils and groundwater.

Section H2 Building Regulations The remaining impurities are trapped and eliminated in the soil, with the excess water eliminated through percolation into the soil, through evaporation, and by uptake through the root system of plants and eventual transpiration or entering groundwater or surface water. A piping network, often laid in a stone-filled trench (see weeping tile), distributes the wastewater throughout the field with multiple drainage holes in the network. The size of the drain field is proportional to the volume of wastewater and inversely proportional to the porosity of the drainage field. The entire septic system can operate by gravity alone or, where topographic considerations require, with inclusion of a lift pump.

The town is overlooked by the inland cliffs at Wyndcliff near St Arvans, about north of the town, and, from parts of the town, the Severn estuary and its bridges can be seen. The historic centre of Chepstow occupies part of a bend in the River Wye, and slopes up from the river to the town centre and beyond. As well as cliffs used for rock climbing, percolation of acidic groundwater has dissolved limestone to produce caves in the area, including Otter Hole, one of the longest cave systems in Britain and noted for its mineral deposits. The climate of the town is affected by its position close to the Severn estuary.

Nadi (small johad) in Laporiya village of Rajasthan. Johad at Rithal village of Rohtak district of Haryana A johad (), also known as a pokhar or a percolation pond, is a community-owned traditional harvested rainwater storage wetland principally used for effectively harnessing water resources in the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, and western Uttar Pradesh of North India, that collects and stores water throughout the year, to be used for the purpose of recharging the groundwater in the nearby water wells, washing, bathing and drinking by humans and cattle.Haruka Yanagisawa, 2015, Community, Commons and Natural Resource Management in Asia:Video: How India's 'Water Man' first revived a river and a village in Rajasthan, Scroll.in, 23 Mar 2015.

Ecotones, as a basic unit in landscape studies, may have significance for management under climate change scenarios, since change effects are likely to be seen at ecotones first because of the unstable nature of a fringe habitat. Research in northern regions has examined landscape ecological processes, such as the accumulation of snow, melting, freeze-thaw action, percolation, soil moisture variation, and temperature regimes through long- term measurements in Norway. The study analyzes gradients across space and time between ecosystems of the central high mountains to determine relationships between distribution patterns of animals in their environment. Looking at where animals live, and how vegetation shifts over time, may provide insight into changes in snow and ice over long periods of time across the landscape as a whole.

In mathematics and telecommunications, stochastic geometry models of wireless networks refer to mathematical models based on stochastic geometry that are designed to represent aspects of wireless networks. The related research consists of analyzing these models with the aim of better understanding wireless communication networks in order to predict and control various network performance metrics. The models require using techniques from stochastic geometry and related fields including point processes, spatial statistics, geometric probability, percolation theory, as well as methods from more general mathematical disciplines such as geometry, probability theory, stochastic processes, queueing theory, information theory, and Fourier analysis.F. Baccelli and B. Błaszczyszyn. Stochastic Geometry and Wireless Networks, Volume I — Theory, volume 3, No 3–4 of Foundations and Trends in Networking.

Tamás Vicsek (born 10 May 1948, Budapest) is a Hungarian scientist with research interests in numerical studies of dense liquids, percolation theory, Monte Carlo simulation of cluster models, aggregation phenomena, fractal growth, pattern formation (computer and laboratory experiments), collective phenomena in biological systems (flocking, oscillations, crowds), molecular motors, cell locomotion in vitro. He held the position of professor of physics at the Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and was visiting scientists in various academia.Curriculum cvitaeTamás Vicsek profile at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences website He is the namesake of the Vicsek fractal and the Vicsek model of swarm behavior. He earned M.Sc. from the Lomonosov University, Moscow in 1972 and PhD from Lajos Kossuth University (current University of Debrecen) in 1976.

Disordered systems that are self-similar on a broad range of length scales are ubiquitous and often modeled by percolation-type models. The laws that describe transport processes or chemical reactions in these systems are significantly different from those in homogeneous systems. The earlier works of Prof. Havlin, where he discovered several of these important anomalies, had an enormous impact on the development of the whole field and are summarized in the monograph “Diffusion and Reactions in Fractals and Disordered Systems” that he wrote together with his former graduate student Daniel ben-Avraham (Cambridge University Press, 2000). The book describes the anomalous physical laws discovered during 1980-2000 in fractals and disordered systems, many of them by Havlin and his collaborators.

Campbell is bordered on the east and north by San Jose, on the south by Los Gatos, and on the west by a small portion of Saratoga. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it is water. Of the total area, 1.49% is water, consisting of percolation ponds in Los Gatos Creek Park and in other locations; San Tomas Aquino Creek, which flows north on the west side of the city, is completely enclosed with fences and runs through concrete culverts; and Los Gatos Creek, which flows north-north-east on the east side of the city and has paths along both banks for hikers and joggers (locally called the "Perc Ponds").

In a tropical country like India with high evapotranspiration, food security can be achieved with water security which in turn is achieved with energy security to pump water to uplands from water surplus lower elevation river points up to sea level. ;Salt export needs When sufficient salt export is not taking place from a river basin to the sea in an attempt to harness the river water fully, it leads to river basin closure, and the available water in downstream area of the river basin closer to the sea becomes saline and/ or alkaline water. Land irrigated with saline or alkaline water gradually turns in to saline or alkali soils. The water percolation in alkali soils is very poor leading to waterlogging problems.

Although concepts of degeneracy and coloring number are frequently considered in the context of finite graphs, the original motivation for was the theory of infinite graphs. For an infinite graph G, one may define the coloring number analogously to the definition for finite graphs, as the smallest cardinal number α such that there exists a well-ordering of the vertices of G in which each vertex has fewer than α neighbors that are earlier in the ordering. The inequality between coloring and chromatic numbers holds also in this infinite setting; state that, at the time of publication of their paper, it was already well known. The degeneracy of random subsets of infinite lattices has been studied under the name of bootstrap percolation.

He has also edited a number of books, including Littlewood's Miscellany. Bollobás's research students have included Keith Ball at Warwick, Graham Brightwell at LSE, Timothy Gowers (who was awarded a Fields Medal in 1998 and is Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics), Imre Leader at the University of Cambridge, Jonathan Partington at Leeds, and Charles Read at Leeds, who died in 2015. Bollobás is an External Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; in 2007 he was awarded the Senior Whitehead Prize by the London Mathematical Society. In 2011 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for his major contributions to many different areas of mathematics within the broad field of combinatorics, including random graphs, percolation, extremal graphs, set systems and isoperimetric inequalities.

The water network depended on the density and composition of the bedrock as Muschelkalk with its many crevices permits percolation that causes superficial outflows. Since the 19th century, people have also considerably changed the geographical features of Zuffenhausen via the development of railway lines and roads, the excavated material was used to fill depressions and drain local ponds. Until very recently, the settlement of Zuffenhausen itself was confined to the valley created by the Feuerbach eons ago. The landscape changed during the massive expansion of settlements beyond the Feuerbach valley, especially during the second half of the 19th century to the west and to the east, after 1945, with the introduction of Sealed roads and the rerouting of streams in unprecedented scale.

For instance in a simple graph, we can define the overlap between two k-cliques to be the number of vertices common to both k-cliques. The Clique Percolation Method is then equivalent to thresholding this clique graph, dropping all edges of weight less than (k-1), with the remaining connected components forming the communities of cliques found in CPM. For k=2 the cliques are the edges of the original graph and the clique graph in this case is the line graph of the original network. In practice, using the number of common vertices as a measure of the strength of clique overlap may give poor results as large cliques in the original graph, those with many more than k vertices, will dominate the clique graph.

Both evaporation loss and seepage loss take place in manmade water works such as canals, reservoirs, ponds, tanks, percolation ponds / meadows, sewage treatment plants, water harvesting / ground water recharging works / contour bunding of fields, etc. Many times land is used for enhanced ground water charging from rain water by constructing contour bunds to the fields for better soil moisture and salt’s leaching from the top soil. All these works are either manmade reservoirs or manmade other works as explained in Clause III B & C of final order of GWDT. Water reservoir creates space to store water for various requirements such as domestic, municipal, irrigation, industrial, production of power, navigation, carryover storage in future year’s use, pisciculture (fish rearing), wild life protection and recreation purposes .

Water pollution due to dairy farming in the Wairarapa in New Zealand Agriculture is dependent on available soil moisture, which is directly affected by climate dynamics, with precipitation being the input in this system and various processes being the output, such as evapotranspiration, surface runoff, drainage, and percolation into groundwater. Changes in climate, especially the changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration predicted by climate models, will directly affect soil moisture, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. In areas with decreasing precipitation as predicted by the climate models, soil moisture may be substantially reduced. With this in mind, agriculture in most areas already needs irrigation, which depletes fresh water supplies both by the physical use of the water and the degradation agriculture causes to the water.

This led him to apply, at the forefront of the development, Bethe and percolation networks to the description of mass transport and reaction inside catalyst particles, instead of the description in terms of a tortuosity factor. Another major area where Froment has been active is thermal cracking for olefins production, an operation of tremendous industrial importance, providing the key building blocks for the petrochemical and chemical industries. Froment started research in this area already in 1959, stressing the derivation of accurate kinetic data from experimentation in tubular flow reactors and developing the equivalent reactor volume concept introduced by Hougen and Watson. Continuing this work through the decades led to more advanced and detailed reaction kinetics integrated within reactor models with transport phenomena.

Other substrates encountered by Pachypodium include: (in Madagascar) Mesozoic limestone, granite, gneiss, sandstone, quartzite, sand, schist, Tertiary calcareous, sandy loam, basalt, and sandy soil; And (in continental southern Southern Africa) quartzite, sandstone, clay, gravel, sandy soil, dolomite, granite schist, basalt, limestone, rhylite, sand and stone, and dolerite. A substrate of variable depth sand with laterite hosts a number of Pachypodium, such as P. rutenbergainum, P. bispinosum, P. geayi, P. lamerei, P. namaquanum, P. rosulatum, P. saundersii, and P. succulentum. Laterite is a red residual soil in tropical and subtropical regions that is leached of soluble minerals, aluminum hydroxides and silica, but still contains concentrations of iron oxides and iron hydroxides. Sand can readily store water because of its high percolation rate.

The discovery of iodine doped polyacetylene and its electrical properties in 1977 fuelled the research work towards finding better and more efficient conjugated organic polymers. The ‘2000’ Noble Prize in chemistry by Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. Macdiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa in recognition of their contribution towards unravelling the polyacetylene figure electronics set another milestone in the journey of finding conducting polymers. Over the past two decades developments have been made in synthesizing new polymers like polythiophenes, polyphenylenes and polyphenylene sulphides and small organic molecules. The contorted aromatic molecules due to their properties of making ladder polymers, self-assembly and innate charge percolation pathways because of small domains and π stacking other than providing conjugations throughout their structure became another focal point for their use in a variety electronic application.

From the dimensions of the rock on which the island stands, the island has been calculated to erode to 1/40th of its original size. Close-up of calcarenite by Andersons Road Stratified calcarenite at Lagoon Beach Rocks and land at the foot of these mountains is calcarenite, a coral sand, blown inland during the Pleistocene between 130,000 and 20,000 years ago and cemented into stratified layers by water percolation. In this rock are fossils of bird bones and eggs, land and marine snails, and the extinct endemic horned turtle (Meiolania platyceps) now thought to be an ancient relictual nonswimming tortoise with relatives in South America. The crescent of the island protects a coral reef] and lagoon, the barrier reef, at 31°S, is the most southerly in the world.

Prior to this, investigators had used a number of ad-hoc quantifiers, like the Sulston score, which idealized match trials as being independent. His result for the multiple-group birthday propositionWendl MC (2003) Collision probability between sets of random variables, Stat. Prob. Lett. 64(3), 249–254. solves various related "collision problems", e.g. some types of P2P searching.Hautakorpi, J and Schultz, G (2010) A Feasibility Study of an Arbitrary Search in Structured Peer-to-Peer Networks, IEEE Computer Communications and Networks, Proc ICCCN, pp 1–8. He has also examined a variety of 1-dimensional covering problems (see review by Cyril DombCyril Domb (1989) Covering by random intervals and one-dimensional continuum percolation, J. Stat. Phys. 55, 441-460.), generalizing the basic configuration to forms relevant to molecular biology.

Penitencia Creek Trail follows some of the upper creek: it begins unpaved at Noble Avenue in the east, passes percolation ponds which are open to the public, goes unofficially under Piedmont Road, becomes paved through Penitencia Creek Park, passes under Interstate 680, and ends in the far end of Penitencia Creek County Park at the Berryessa BART station. On October 25, 2008, a dedication ceremony was held to designate the trail as part of the Bay Area Ridge Trail network, where it would provide a gateway to Alum Rock Park and the Boccardo Trail, which are parts of the Ridge Trail. It will someday connect to Coyote Creek, which will provide access to the San Francisco Bay Trail. Upper Penitencia Creek is closed to fishing year-round to protect the trout population.

Dissipative beaches are wide and flat in profile, with a wide shoaling and surf zone, composed of finer sediment, and characterised by spilling breakers. Reflective beaches are steep, and are known for their coarse sand; they have no surf zone, and the waves break brusquely on the intertidal zone. Reflective beaches are typically steep in profile with a narrow shoaling and surf zone, composed of coarse sediment, and characterised by surging breakers. Coarser sediment allows percolation during the swash part of the wave cycle, thus reducing the strength of backwash and allowing material to be deposited in the swash zone Depending on beach state, near bottom currents show variations in the relative dominance of motions due to: incident waves, subharmonic oscillations, infragravity oscillations, and mean longshore and rip currents.

Newman is known for his research on complex networks, and in particular for work on collaboration patterns of scientists, random graph theory, assortative mixing, community structure, percolation theory, and network epidemiology.Mark Newman's home page He was also co-inventor, with Michael Gastner, of a method for generating density-equalizing maps or cartograms, which forms the foundation for the Worldmapper web site. Their work gained attention following the 2004 US presidential election when it was used as the basis for a widely circulated map of the election results, which adjusted the size of states based on their population to give a more accurate sense of how many voters voted for each party. Newman's network-based methods have been applied to a variety of fields, including psychology, sociology, economics and biology.

Heap leach treatment of nickel laterites is primarily applicable to clay-poor oxide-rich ore types where clay contents are low enough to allow percolation of acid through the heap. Generally, this route of production is much cheaper - up to half the cost of production - due to the lack of need to heat and pressurise the ore and acid. Ore is ground, agglomerated, and perhaps mixed with clay-poor rock, to prevent compaction of the clay-like materials and so maintain permeability. The ore is stacked on impermeable plastic membranes and acid is percolated over the heap, generally for 3 to 4 months, at which stage 60% to 70% of the nickel-cobalt content is liberated into acid solution, which is then neutralised with limestone and a nickel-cobalt hydroxide intermediate product is generated, generally then sent to a smelter for refining.

Milpitas occasionally experiences odorous air traveling downwind from bay salt marshes, from the Newby Island landfill, from the anaerobic digestion facility at Zero Waste Energy Development Company, and from the San Jose sewage treatment plant's percolation ponds. Most malodorous during the autumn, it is especially pungent west of Interstate 880 because of its close location to the San Francisco Bay and the direction of the prevailing winds out of the north- northwest. The City of Milpitas would like to remedy this air quality problem to the extent it can and encourages its residents to file odor complaints.Report to the Mayor and City Council on Odor Control in Milpitas January 18, 2011, by: Kathleen Phalen, Utility Engineer Local creeks and the nearby San Francisco Bay suffer somewhat from water pollution originating from street water runoff and industrial wastes.

Arun along with his team EFI is credited in cleaning many lakes in Tamil Nadu with majority of them in Chennai district. Different methods were employed for scientific restoration such as including "G" shaped central island for aquatic species, percolation trenches for effective water harvesting, reef bed for growing plankton and installation of decentralised water treatment plant in case of Selvachintamani Kulam lake in Coimbatore. It had also included entire lake division into patches and removal of wastes such as glass, plastic, poultry waste and construction debris from Madambakkam lake, repeated clean up of physical garbage with study of the soil pattern and the quality of water in Keezhkattalai lake along with the awareness and mass sensitisation campaign created among the people. The funding for the restoration had also been done through crowdsourcing with support from the local corporation as well.

SWMM 5 accounts for various hydrologic processes that produce surface and subsurface runoff from urban areas. These include: # Time-varying rainfall for an unlimited number of rain gages for both design and continuous hyetographs # evaporation of standing surface water on watersheds and surface ponds # snowfall accumulation, plowing, and melting # rainfall interception from depression storage in both impervious and pervious areas # infiltration of precipitation into unsaturated soil layers # percolation of infiltrated water into groundwater layers # interflow between groundwater and pipes and ditches # nonlinear reservoir routing of watershed overland flow. Spatial variability in all of these processes is achieved by dividing a study area into a collection of smaller, homogeneous watershed or subcatchment areas, each containing its fraction of pervious and impervious sub-areas. Overland flow can be routed between sub-areas, between subcatchments, or between entry points of a drainage system.

Surface mining may impair groundwater in numerous ways: by drainage of usable water from shallow aquifers; lowering of water levels in adjacent areas and changes in flow direction within aquifers; contamination of usable aquifers below mining operations due to infiltration (percolation) of poor-quality mine water; and increased infiltration of precipitation on spoil piles. Where coal or carbonaceous shale is present, increased infiltration may result in: increased runoff of poor-quality water and erosion from spoil piles, recharge of poor-quality water to shallow groundwater aquifers and poor-quality water flow to nearby streams. The contamination of both groundwater and nearby streams may be for long periods of time. Deterioration of stream quality results from acid mine drainage, toxic trace elements, high content of dissolved solids in mine drainage water, and increased sediment loads discharged to streams.

Basic tools of econophysics are probabilistic and statistical methods often taken from statistical physics. Physics models that have been applied in economics include the kinetic theory of gas (called the kinetic exchange models of markets ), percolation models, chaotic models developed to study cardiac arrest, and models with self-organizing criticality as well as other models developed for earthquake prediction. Moreover, there have been attempts to use the mathematical theory of complexity and information theory, as developed by many scientists among whom are Murray Gell-Mann and Claude E. Shannon, respectively. For potential games, it has been shown that an emergence- producing equilibrium based on information via Shannon information entropy produces the same equilibrium measure (Gibbs measure from statistical mechanics) as a stochastic dynamical equation, both of which are based on bounded rationality models used by economists.

However, displaced glacial erratics have been found far from their native areas, moraine sediment has been deposited on the eastern and northeastern slopes of the volcano, and the mountain's various cone features have "boat" shapes that indicate glacial alteration. The precise history of glaciers on the volcano is debated, but dry channels and dry waterfalls on the eastern and western slopes are evidence that the volcano once held water. The volcano has two crater lakes, Paulina Lake and East Lake, which are filled by precipitation and percolation of ground water. Paulina Lake occupies an area of and reaches a maximum depth of , and it is separated from East Lake by a narrow isthmus (a piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water by which they are otherwise separated), which is composed of rhyolite lava.

After several years working as a member of the Technical Staff at Bell Laboratories (BTL) at Murray Hill, NJ, developing an ultrasonic amplifier, a mechanism invented by D. L. White, Tsu moved to the IBM, T.J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY as an associate to Leo Esaki beginning a well-known collaboration that yielded a theory of man-made quantum materials, superlattices and quantum wells. Later, Tsu joined the Amorphous Semiconductors Institute (ASI) and directed energy research at Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) near Detroit, MI, as invited by inventor Stan Ovshinsky. His contribution included the first experimental determination of the volume fraction of crystallinity for conductivity percolation in amorphous silicon and [germanium], and providing experimental proof of the existence of an intermediate order. He discovered experimentally that post annealing with H2 and O2 can drastically remove dangling bond defects in amorphous silicon.

Rather, the album often serves as a paradigm of expertly managed complexity, each track balancing dozens of moving parts and teeming with melodic percolation." John Murphy of musicOMH concluded, "While Nabuma Rubberband may not be the commercial breakthrough that some may have expected, it's still a largely enjoyable record and, together with fellow Swede Lykke Li's new album, proves once again that nobody does swooningly melancholic pop quite like the ." Alex Denney of NME felt that the album "isn't quite the home run it should have been, chiefly because the songwriting can't always keep pace with the band's vaulting ambition", but wrote that "when they get it right—'Let Go' is precisely the sort of arthouse R&B; blockbuster they could've done with more of—they flirt with perfection." Zander Porter of Consequence of Sound described Nabuma Rubberband as "Little Dragon's selfish record, and splendidly so.

Sutherland was born in Scotchmans Lead, Victoria, a son of miner John Sutherland and his wife Wilhelmina Sutherland, née Waters. Sutherland was living at Allendale, Victoria when he went to Ballarat to study mining chemistry at the School of Mines where Andrew Berry was Registrar. On graduation as an assayer and metallurgist left for Broken Hill, where he served the Broken Hill Proprietary as assayer from 1889 to 1894 and metallurgist from 1894 to 1896. He then worked in Western Australia as metallurgist for Lake View Consols under General Manager H. G. Callahan, from 1896 to 1899, devoting much of his attention to the problem of "slimes", clayey ores that resisted the usual processes of jigging (agitation with water), vanning and froth flotation that concentrated the ore by removing much of the gangue, and resisting the percolation through the mixture of cyanide, as used to remove the gold content.

Following her PhD, Etheridge held research fellowships in Oxford and Cambridge and positions at the University of California, Berkeley, The University of Edinburgh and Queen Mary University of London before returning to Oxford in 1997. Over the course of her career, her interests have ranged from abstract mathematical problems to concrete applications as reflected in her four books which range from a research monograph on mathematical objects called superprocesses to an exploration (co-authored with Mark H. A. Davis) of the percolation of ideas from the groundbreaking thesis of Louis Bachelier in 1900 to modern mathematical finance. Much of her recent research is concerned with mathematical models of population genetics, where she has been particularly involved in efforts to understand the effects of spatial structure of populations on their patterns of genetic variation. Etheridge has made significant contributions in the theory and applications of probability and in the links between them.

He was a visiting professor at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (in 1994 and again in 2004), at the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences in Leipzig (in 1998), at Caltech, at the Centre Emile Borel in Paris, at the Isaac Newton Institute, at the University of Paris VI and the University of Paris XIII, at Carnegie-Mellon University, at Stanford University (Timoshenko scholar) and at the department of aerospace engineering at the University of Minnesota. He was a one-year visiting fellow at Mansfied College and visiting professor at the Mathematical Institute in Oxford in 2013-14. Braides has done research on the calculus of variations, Gamma convergence, asymptotic homogenization, discrete variational problems, percolation, fracture mechanics, image processing, free-discontinuity problems, and geometric measure theory. In 2014 he was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Seoul with talk Discrete-to-continuum variational methods for lattice systems.

In 1961 Edgar Gilbert introduced the random plane network (more commonly referred to now as a random geometric graph (RGG), or Gilbert Disk model) where points are placed on the infinite plane using a suitable Point Process and nodes connect if and only if they are within some critical connection range R; wireless communication networks were suggested as the main the application for this work. From this formulation a simple result follows that for a stationary Poisson point process in ℝ with density λ the expected degree of each node is the number of points found within the connectivity range, namely, πλR. A natural question to ask after formulating such a graph is what is the critical mean degree to ensure there is a giant component; in essence this question gave rise to the field of Continuum percolation theory. By using a branching process Gilbert was able to provide an initial lower bound for the critical mean degree (equivalently the critical transmission range).

The post on the left is a tapered post, the one on the right is a parallel post In post and core fabrication, it is desirable that the post descends at least two-thirds of the length of root canal (or not less than the height of the crown) in order to provide sufficient retention. Width of post should be taken into account for maximum strength and resistance to fracture, however, it should not be too broad as this would lead to lateral perforation and root fracture. It is important to leave at least 4 mm-5 mm of gutta percha at the apex of the root canal, even at the expense of a longer post, because it is within the apical 4 mm of the root canal that the apical delta anastomose with the exterior surface of the root. Should these lateral canals not be blocked with the gutta percha and the cement used to place the gutta percha, the chances of microleakage and percolation of microbes are greatly increased, thereby increasing the likelihood of an endodontic failure.

Hawass points to the poor quality of much of the Giza limestone as the basis for the significant erosion levels. He has concluded, from the present-day rapid rate of erosion on the Member II surface of the Sphinx, that "[t]he eleven hundred years between Khafre and the first major restoration in the Eighteenth Dynasty, or even half this time, would have been more than enough to erode the Member II into the deep recesses behind Phase I restoration masonry". Schoch states that other structures and surfaces on the Giza Plateau are made from the same band of limestone as the Sphinx enclosure, but they do not show the same erosion as the walls of the Sphinx enclosure. Peter Lacovara, an Egyptologist and curator at the Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University, Atlanta, assigns "some of the erosional features" on the enclosure walls to quarrying activities rather than weathering, and states that other wear and tear on the Sphinx itself is due to groundwater percolation and wind erosion.

L. Rev. 920, 924 (2020) She argues that national injunctions were recognized as a valid remedial power of federal courts for almost all of the twentieth century, and perhaps even earlier.Mila Sohoni, The Lost History of the 'Universal' Injunction, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 920, 924 (2020) Similarly, attorneys David Hausman & Spencer E. Amdur have defended national injunctions because they can prevent widespread harm, such as deportations of hundreds of thousands of people.David Hausman & Spencer E. Amdur, Response, Nationwide Injunctions and Nationwide Harm, 131 Harv. L. Rev. 49, 49-50 (2017) Hausman and Amdur advocate such injunctions "when necessary to prevent real-world injuries," under a framework that "would otherwise preserve opportunities for percolation across multiple chancellors."David Hausman & Spencer E. Amdur, Response, Nationwide Injunctions and Nationwide Harm, 131 Harv. L. Rev. 49, 49-50 (2017) Professor Alan Trammell has argued that preclusion principles justify national injunctions specifically in cases "when the government acts in bad faith, including most notably when government officials fail to abide by settled law."Alan M. Trammell, Demystifying Nationwide Injunctions, 98 Tex. L. Rev.

A 1962 report indicated that San Felipe Creek, as well as much of the Coyote Creek's mainstem and other tributaries, was an historical migration route for steelhead trout (coastal rainbow trout) (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus). Recent surveys for steelhead trout found that stream resident rainbow trout were abundant in San Felipe Creek and its Cow Creek tributary. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were present in the Coyote Creek watershed until the 1950s, suggesting that some spawning and rearing habitat was located in the watershed downstream from Coyote Reservoir which was completed in 1936 (blocking access to 310 square kilometers of upstream watershed). Historically, suitable habitat for coho salmon in the Coyote Creek watershed was likely restricted to the San Felipe Creek and Upper Penitencia Creek watersheds and possibly perennial reaches of Coyote Creek, and a few spring-fed tributaries upstream from Gilroy Hot Springs. Assuming the Coyote Percolation Reservoir was not a complete barrier to coho salmon; the construction of Anderson Dam in 1950 would have eliminated any coho salmon that occurred in the San Felipe Creek watershed that now flows into Anderson Lake.

His research interests are extremely wide and include physics of ultra-cold gases (Bose- Einstein condensation, quantum dynamics of degenerate gases, laser induced condensation, theory of master equation and open systems for many body systems, ultra-cold Fermi gases, strongly correlated atomic and molecular systems, ultra-cold disordered and frustrated gases, ultra-cold dipolar gases, ultra-cold gases and quantum gauge theories), Quantum Information (theory of entanglement; implementations in quantum optical systems, quantum communications, quantum cryptography, quantum computers, quantum networks and entanglement percolation), Statistical Physics (stochastic processes; dynamical critical phenomena, spin glasses and disordered systems; statistical physics of neural networks; complex systems; interdisciplinary applications of statistical physics in neurophysiology, cognitive science and social psychology), Mathematical Physics (mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics and entanglement theory, rigorous statistical mechanics), Laser- matter interactions (interactions of intense laser with atoms, molecules, and plasmas; new sources of coherent XUV radiation and X-rays; ultrafast phenomena in atoms, molecules and solid state, atto-second physics, classical and complex dynamics of atomic systems), Quantum Optics (cavity quantum electrodynamics; cooling and trapping of atoms, non-classical states of light and matter; foundations of quantum mechanics; classical and quantum stochastic processes).

Combinatorics in Oxford in the 1970s was dominated by matroid theory, due to the influence of Dominic Welsh and Aubrey William Ingleton. Much of Seymour's early work, up to about 1980, was on matroid theory, and included three important matroid results: his D.Phil. thesis on matroids with the max-flow min-cut property (for which he won his first Fulkerson prize); a characterisation by excluded minors of the matroids representable over the three-element field; and a theorem that all regular matroids consist of graphic and cographic matroids pieced together in a simple way (which won his first Pólya prize). There were several other significant papers from this period: a paper with Welsh on the critical probabilities for bond percolation on the square lattice; a paper in which the cycle double cover conjecture was introduced; a paper on edge-multicolouring of cubic graphs, which foreshadows the matching lattice theorem of László Lovász; a paper proving that all bridgeless graphs admit nowhere-zero 6-flows, a step towards Tutte's nowhere- zero 5-flow conjecture; and a paper solving the two-paths problem, which was the engine behind much of Seymour's future work.

LID takes many forms but can generally be thought of as an effort to minimize or prevent concentrated flows of storm water leaving a site. To do this the LID practice suggests that when impervious surfaces (concrete, etc.) are used, they are periodically interrupted by pervious areas which can allow the storm water to infiltrate (soak into the earth) A variety of sub-processes in each LID can be defined in SWMM5 such as: surface, pavement, soil, storage, drainmat and drain. Each type of LID has limitations on the type of sub process allowed by SWMM 5. It has a good report feature and a LID summary report can be in the rpt file and an external report file in which the surface depth can be seen, soil moisture, storage depth, surface inflow, evaporation, surface infiltration, soil percolation, storage infiltration, surface outflow and the LID continuity error. There can be multiple LID's per subcatchment and no issues have been had because of having many complicated LID sub networks and processes inside the Subcatchments of SWMM 5 or any continuity issues not solvable by a smaller wet hydrology time step. The types of SWMM 5 LID compartments are: storage, underdrain, surface, pavement and soil.