366 Sentences With "oesophagus" | Random Sentence Generator

You roll onto your back and streamline your body for its oesophagus.

To start with, the researchers created an artificial oesophagus and stomach made out of silicone.

The boy had vomited a greenish fluid, his oesophagus was constricted and hot, and he had stomach pain.

The oesophagus closes, with oxygen starved and the opiates clinging tight to the opiate receptors in the brain.

Duterte's known ailments include back issues, migraines due to nerve damage after a motorcycle accident and Barrett's oesophagus, which affects his throat.

Duterte's known ailments include back problems, migraines due to nerve damage after a motorcycle accident and Barrett's oesophagus, which affects his throat.

Duterte this month revealed he had a rare neuromuscular disorder, on top of other ailments including Barrett's oesophagus, Buerger's disease and frequent migraines.

In Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, for example, CRISPR-Cas9 is being employed to engineer immune-system cells removed from patients with cancer of the oesophagus.

That killer is squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma—one of the two main forms of oesophageal cancer, which starts from the cells lining the oesophagus.

That killer is squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma -- one of the two main forms of oesophageal cancer, which starts from the cells lining the oesophagus.

So to demo how their robot worked, the researchers tucked it inside a tiny ice capsule, which travelled down the oesophagus into the pig's stomach.

Light, calm, and readily consumable fast food isn't Stormzy's nature, which is why his latest track "Scary" plunges into your senses with the brutal force of concrete being poured directly into one's oesophagus.

Even without complete knowledge of biological mechanisms [of how alcohol causes cancer], the epidemiological evidence can support the judgment that alcohol causes cancer of the oropharynx, larynx, oesophagus, liver, colon, rectum, and breast.

The charges follow media reports that Mubaiwa and Chiwenga, who returned to Zimbabwe last month after four months in a Chinese hospital where he was later treated for a blocked oesophagus, were set to divorce.

At the same time, however, it will say other scientific evidence suggests that drinking anything very hot - around 65 degrees Celsius or above – including water, coffee, tea and other beverages, probably does cause cancer of the oesophagus.

At the same time, however, it will say other scientific evidence suggests that drinking anything very hot - around 65 degrees Celsius or above - including water, coffee, tea and other beverages, probably does cause cancer of the oesophagus.

At the same time, however, IARC presented other scientific evidence which suggests that drinking anything very hot - around 65 degrees Celsius or above - including water, coffee, tea and other beverages, probably does cause cancer of the oesophagus.

The top three causes I would have in my mind for someone of his age would be: Mallory Weiss tear which is an oesophageal resulting from repeated vomiting, oesophagitis or gastritis, an inflammation of the oesophagus or stomach, or a peptic ulcer.

Its oesophagus is expanded at its posterior half. The valvular apparatus of the oesophagus is well developed. Its nerve ring is located below the neck constriction, while its excretory pore is near te junction of the oesophagus and intestine. The latter is dark, almost straight and broad.

Oesophageal diseases include a spectrum of disorders affecting the oesophagus. The most common condition of the oesophagus in Western countries is gastroesophageal reflux disease, which in chronic forms is thought to result in changes to the epithelium of the oesophagus, known as Barrett's oesophagus. Acute disease might include infections such as oesophagitis, trauma caused by the ingestion of corrosive substances, or rupture of veins such as oesophageal varices, Boerhaave syndrome or Mallory-Weiss tears. Chronic diseases might include congenital diseases such as Zenker's diverticulum and esophageal webbing, and oesophageal motility disorders including the nutcracker oesophagus, achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm, and oesophageal stricture.

The buccal capsule is well sclerotised, trapezium-shaped in lateral view, its anterior rim bearing one row of 26 circular teeth. Its oesophagus is strongly muscular and expanded at its posterior half, its lumen being triangular. The valvular apparatus of the oesophagus is well developed. The excretory pore is located near the junction of the oesophagus and intestine.

They reported there is sufficient evidence that paan chewing, even without tobacco, leads to tumours in the oral cavity and oesophagus, and that paan with added tobacco is a carcinogen to the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus.

Instead of this, the Careoradula perelegans has strong muscular ridges between mouth and oesophagus.

In phthisical cases the sensation is rather that of rawness of the oesophagus and stomach.

A tracheoesophageal fistula is present and links the carina to the oesophagus. In Faro type D, the larynx is joined to the distal trachea and a tracheoesophageal fistula links the carina to the oesophagus. Faro type E is comparable to Floyd’s type I, as the distal trachea is present and joined to the oesophagus via a fistula. Faro type F describes the proximal absence of the trachea but the normal presence of the distal trachea.

Its amphids are outlined; its oesophagus forms about 9–14% of its body length, and is slightly inflated at its anterior end; its posterior part (oesophagus) is overlapped by a large oesophageal gland with a substantial cell nucleus in the middle. Its excretory pore is located posterior to its nerve ring. Its testis slightly exceeds anteriorly the posterior end of the oesophagus. The posterior end of its body counts with two lateral U-shaped mounds.

Webster went to school at Scots College in Sydney. Webster has two sons and a daughter. Webster was diagnosed with Barrett's oesophagus in 2005. He developed oesophageal cancer as a result of the condition and underwent surgery to remove a tumour in his oesophagus.

She was a heavy smoker and died of cancer of the oesophagus aged 69 in 2001.

Pyrosis, more commonly known as heartburn involves the regurgitation of irritating stomach contents into the oesophagus.

Therefore, this surgery is often combined with partial fundoplication to reduce the incidence of postoperative acid reflux. In Dor or anterior fundoplication, which is the most common method, part of the stomach (the fundus) is laid over the front of the oesophagus and stitched into place so that whenever the stomach contracts, it also closes off the oesophagus instead of squeezing stomach acids into it. In Toupet or posterior fundoplication, the fundus is passed around the back of the oesophagus instead. Nissen or complete fundoplication (wrapping the fundus all the way around the oesophagus) is generally not considered advisable because peristalsis is absent in achalasia patients.

Other adaptations for this method of feeding include strong muscles in its oesophagus and large salivary glands.

Stichocyte at the posterior extremity of the oesophagus in Capillaria aerophila. N: nucleus of the posteriormost stichocyte. Bar = 50 µm Stichocytes are glandular unicellular cells arranged in a row along the posterior portion of the oesophagus, each of which communicates by a single pore with the lumen of the oesophagus. They contain mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, abundant Golgi apparatuses, and usually 1 of 2 types of secretory granules, α-granules and β-granules, indicating secretory function Chitwood, B. G. & Chitwood, M. B. (1950).

In this paper, Barrett suggested that the finding of an oesophagus lined with columnar epithelium (rather than the usual squamous epithelium) was due to the presence of a congenitally shortened oesophagus leading to a tubular portion of stomach being trapped in the chest. In this article Barrett also introduced the term reflux oesophagitis, and described the development of benign oesophageal strictures in patients with this condition. In contrast, Philip Allison and Alan Johnstone argued that this columnar epithelium–lined structure was oesophagus and not stomach, and suggested that ulcers in this structure be called "Barrett's ulcers". Seven years after his initial article Barrett accepted this view, suggesting that it be called the "lower oesophagus lined by columnar epithelium".

Barrett NR. Spontaneous perforation of the oesophagus. Review of the literature and report of three new cases Thorax 1946.1:103-6 A year later, on 7 March 1947, he performed the first successful repair of a ruptured oesophagus.Barrett NR. Report of a case of spontaneous perforation of the oesophagus successfully treated by operation. Br J Surg 1947,35:218 In 1950, he published a paper in which he described the oesophagus as "that part of the foregut, distal to the cricopharyngeal sphincter, which is lined by squamous epithelium".

Vastra Dhauti consists of swallowing a long strip of thin cloth and removing it, to clean the oesophagus and stomach.

Thora Hird played Longden's mother Annie in both films. Longden died of cancer of the oesophagus on 23 June 2013.

Following features of achalasia cardia are seen. On plain x-ray an absence of fundal gas shadow, widened mediastinum and an air fluid level in mediastinum is also seen. The gold standard investigation is a 24 hours manometry of oesophagus. It shows non-relaxation of lower oesophageal sphincter, increased tone of oesophageal sphincter, atonic oesophagus.

The word esophagus (British English: oesophagus), comes from the () meaning gullet. It derives from two roots (eosin) to carry and () to eat. The use of the word oesophagus, has been documented in anatomical literature since at least the time of Hippocrates, who noted that "the oesophagus ... receives the greatest amount of what we consume." Its existence in other animals and its relationship with the stomach was documented by the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (AD23–AD79), and the peristaltic contractions of the esophagus have been documented since at least the time of Galen.

The brain of a gastropod consists of three pairs of ganglia, all located close to the oesophagus and forming a nerve ring around it. In some primitive forms, these ganglia are relatively discrete, but in most species they have become so closely bound together as to effectively form separate lobes of a single structure. The cerebral ganglia are located above the oesophagus and supply nerves to the eyes, tentacles, and other sensory organs in the head. Beneath the oesophagus, at the forward part of the foot, lie the pedal ganglia.

Oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma is a cancer of the lower part of the oesophagus, often linked to a Barrett's oesophagus. The incidence of oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma is rising rapidly in western countries, in contrast to the declining frequency of distal gastric adenocarcinoma. Treatment options for adenocarcinomas involving the oesophagogastric junction are limited and the overall prognosis is extremely poor.

Deric Longden died of cancer of the oesophagus on 23 June 2013. He was survived by his second wife, children, and granddaughter.

It is now known that the sound is produced by expelling air from the oesophagus with the aid of powerful muscles surrounding it.

In adults, fistulas may occur because of erosion into the trachea from nearby malignant tumours, which erode into both the trachea and the oesophagus. Initially, these often result in coughing from swallowed contents of the oesophagus that are aspirated through the trachea, often progressing to fatal pneumonia; unfortunately, there is rarely a curative treatment. A tracheo-oesophageal puncture is a surgically created hole between the trachea and the esophagus in a person who has had their larynx removed. Air travels upwards from the surgical connection to the upper oesophagus and the pharynx, creating vibrations that create sound that can be used for speech.

Norman Rupert Barrett (16 May 1903 – 8 January 1979) was an Australian-born British thoracic surgeon who is primarily remembered for describing Barrett's oesophagus.

Immunolocalization of Tβ4 was studied in autoptic samples of tongue, oesophagus, stomach, ileum, colon, liver and pancreas obtained from two human foetuses and two adults.

The two signalling molecules are implicated in the mediation of Sonic hedgehog signalling, which regulates the proliferation and differentiation of the oesophagus, trachea and lungs. In mice, NK2 homeobox 1 null mutation results in a significantly shorter trachea, connected to the oesophagus via a tracheoesophageal fistula. In embryos with a homozygous mutated NK2 homeobox 1 locus, the tracheoesophageal ridges fail to fuse and form a septum.

Jaws are absent. The long, ciliated oesophagus emerges posterodorsally from the pharynx and is flanked by longitudinal muscles. One pair of large salivary glands discharges into the oesophagus via narrow salivary gland ducts directly behind the pharynx. The large, sac-like digestive gland is placed at the left side of the visceral hump flanking the ovotestis and extends almost up to the end of the visceral hump.

The housefly is a typical sponging insect. The labellum's surface is covered by minute food channels, formed by the interlocking elongate hypopharynx and epipharynx, forming a proboscis used to channel liquid food to the oesophagus. The food channel draws liquid and liquified food to the oesophagus by capillary action. The housefly is able to eat solid food by secreting saliva and dabbing it over the food item.

Trace died in 1992 from cancer of the oesophagus while living in Walthamstow. Valerie Singleton and Biddy Baxter visited Trace in hospital just days before his death.

The oesophageal pouches (also known as sugar glands) are a pair of pouches connected to the oesophagus of all molluscs, and represent a synapomorphy of the phylum.

Generally speaking, crinoids living in environments with relatively little plankton have longer and more highly branched arms than those living in food-rich environments. The mouth descends into a short oesophagus. There is no true stomach, so the oesophagus connects directly to the intestine, which runs in a single loop right around the inside of the calyx. The intestine often includes numerous diverticulae, some of which may be long or branched.

Entovalva nhatrangensis is an endosymbiont living inside the oesophagus of a sea cucumber. In a research study undertaken in 2010, 23 sea cucumbers known as brown sandfish (Holothuria spinifera) were gathered from shallow waters in Nha Trang Bay in Vietnam. Of these, 22 were found to harbour the bivalve in their oesophagus. The average number of molluscs per host was 84 with a range of 1 to 167.

In this case, the trachea is not attached to the oesophagus. In Faro type G, a segment of the trachea is absent, defining it as partial tracheal agenesis.

Spaghetti worms have a well-developed gut consisting of an oesophagus, fore-stomach, closed circulatory system, hind-stomach and intestine, and use enzymes to help carry out digestion.

In 2009, Lulu was diagnosed of oesophageal perforation and underwent five oesophagus operations. On 3 December 2014, she died in a hospital in South Africa after a short illness.

It has valves within it that prevent blood from flowing the wrong way. The fluids bathing the internal organs is circulated by the heart; these fluids then filter through the organs and tissues. The pharynx, which is part of the gut, controlled by six muscles, pumps food into the oesophagus. Debris in the food, such as soil, is filtered before it enters the oesophagus and is collected in a tiny trap, the infrabuccal pocket.

The females of this family also possess a unique vocal organ created by an enlarged trachea and inflatable bulb in the oesophagus, which they use to produce a booming call.

I have discovered that wee Ying also has a penchant for choccy with her Bolly and this explains the disappearance of the Mars bar destined for your oesophagus and beyond.

Button cells are attractive to small children; they may put them in their mouth and swallow them. The ingested battery can cause significant damage to internal organs. The battery reacts with bodily fluids, such as mucus or saliva, creating a circuit which can release an alkali that is strong enough to burn through human tissue. Swallowed batteries can cause damage to the lining of the oesophagus, and can create a hole in the oesophagus lining in two hours.

During the procedure, the patient is put under general anaesthesia. Five or six small incisions are made in the abdominal wall and laparoscopic instruments are inserted. The myotomy is a lengthwise cut along the oesophagus, starting above the lower esophageal sphincter and extending down onto the stomach a little way. The oesophagus is made of several layers, and the myotomy only cuts through the outside muscle layers which are squeezing it shut, leaving the inner mucosal layer intact.

The brain is relatively large, and, as in many arthropods, surrounds the oesophagus. In both sexes, the single gonad lies next to the intestine and opens on the underside of the opisthosoma.

His wife died in 2002. He died from cancer of the oesophagus in Aberdeen. He was survived by two sons, Richard and Christopher, and a daughter, Susan. A second daughter, Sally, predeceased him.

Two pairs of salivary glands and one or more pairs of "pancreatic glands" connect to the oesophagus and presumably secrete digestive enzymes. Beyond the oesophagus lies a midgut that combines the functions of a stomach and intestine, and lacks a cuticle, enabling it to absorb nutrients. The short hind-gut is lined by cuticle, and empties into an anus at the posterior end of the trunk. There is no circulatory system, although the body cavity (or pseudocoel) is well developed, and includes amoebocytes.

This diverticulum was once thought to be homologous with the notochord of chordates, hence the name "hemichordate" for the phylum. The mouth opens posteriorly into a pharynx with a row of gill slits along either side. The remainder of the digestive system consists of an oesophagus and intestine; there is no stomach. In some families there are openings in the dorsal surface of the oesophagus connecting to the external surface, through which water from the food can be squeezed, helping to concentrate it.

In these species, the hind part of the stomach, where the oesophagus enters, is chitinous, and includes a sorting region lined with cilia. In all gastropods, the portion of the stomach furthest from the oesophagus, called the "style sac", is lined with cilia. These beat in a rotary motion, pulling the food forward in a steady stream from the mouth. Usually, the food is embedded in a string of mucus produced in the mouth, creating a coiled conical mass in the style sac.

The mouth contains the radula, the rough tongue common to all molluscs except bivalvia, which is equipped with multiple rows of teeth. In some species, toxic saliva helps to control large prey; when subdued, the food can be torn in pieces by the beak, moved to the oesophagus by the radula, and swallowed. The food bolus is moved along the gut by waves of muscular contractions (peristalsis). The long oesophagus leads to a muscular stomach roughly in the middle of the visceral mass.

The food is ingested whole and retained in the oesophagus where it is digested by enzymes secreted by the salivary glands. C. cristata is eaten by a number of predators including turtles and tuna.

The right margin of the oesophagus is continuous with the lesser curvature of the stomach, while the left margin joins the greater curvature at an acute angle, termed the cardiac notch (or cardial notch).

Henry Harding also known as Pattington Papa Nii Papafio or Oesophagus is a Ghanaian film actor. He is best known for the role he played in the Taxi Driver TV series using a large vocabulary.

Also, the anterior ovary in A. australiensis females extends anteriorly to about the mid-length of the oesophagus, while it does not reach the end of the oesophagus in A. novaezelandiae. Both species differ in size and form. While the body of A. australiensis is long ( to in males and to in gravid females) and relatively slender (at most in gravid females), that of 'A. novaezelandiae is much shorter (between in males and between in gravid females) and wider (up to in gravid females).

Arachnids produce digestive juices in their stomachs, and use their pedipalps and chelicerae to pour them over their dead prey. The digestive juices rapidly turn the prey into a broth of nutrients, which the arachnid sucks into a pre-buccal cavity located immediately in front of the mouth. Behind the mouth is a muscular, sclerotised pharynx, which acts as a pump, sucking the food through the mouth and on into the oesophagus and stomach. In some arachnids, the oesophagus also acts as an additional pump.

A probang is a surgical tool 30 to 40 cm long consisting of a flexible rod with a sponge in the end used to remove foreign bodies or obstructions from the oesophagus. Its invention is credited to Walter Rumsey (1584-1660), who invented it in the 17th century. Rumsey's probang was originally made using a long, slender rod of whalebone. A piece of sponge was attached to one end and the tool which was used to push foreign bodies (lodged in the oesophagus) into the stomach.

Sharvell-Martin married Linda Hind in 1967 and the couple had two daughters. In the early part of 2010 he was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus and died on 28 October 2010 at Wincanton, Somerset.

Gastrointestinal diseases (abbrev. GI diseases or GI illnesses) refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Ducts from large salivary glands lead into the buccal cavity, and the oesophagus also supplies the digestive enzymes that help to break down the food. Salivary secretions lubricate the food and they also contain bioactive compounds.

Thyroid cancer can spread directly, via lymphatics or blood. Direct spread occurs through infiltration of the surrounding tissues. The tumor infiltrates into infrahyoid muscles, trachea, oesophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve, carotid sheath, etc. The tumor then becomes fixed.

It was during this time that he decided to focus on thoracic surgery, rather than gastrointestinal surgery as he had initially intended. In 1946, he wrote a paper for the first issue of Thorax on spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus (Boerhaave syndrome), in which he commented that "in the byways of surgery there can be few conditions more dramatic in their presentation and more terrible in their symptoms than spontaneous perforation of the oesophagus. No case has yet been treated successfully, and diagnosis has only been achieved in a very few before death".

Endoscopic circumferential radiofrequency ablation is being developed in an effort to obviate long-term endoscopic surveillance in patients with Barrett's oesophagus, and to reduce the risk of development of oesophageal carcinoma. Previous techniques, such as Argon plasma coagulation, have been unsuccessful because of incomplete removal of the Barrett's mucosa and therefore relapse of part of the treated area. Newer techniques using circumferential radiofrequency ablation, which allows larger areas of the oesophagus to be treated at one time giving a more uniform area of treatment, are showing more promising short-term results.

Cephalopods have the most highly developed nervous systems among invertebrates. Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera. Giant axons up to in diameter convey nerve messages with great rapidity to the circular muscles of the mantle wall, allowing a synchronous, powerful contraction and maximum speed in the jet propulsion system.

Aortic dissection has been described very rarely in patients with early-onset disease. Leiomyomas, tumours of smooth muscle affecting the oesophagus and female genital tract, may occur in a rare overlap syndrome involving the adjacent COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a muscular pharynx, a moderate length oesophagus ending a little behind the genital atriuml pore,and a posterior intestine with two branches provided with numerous lateral diverticula on the inner and outer sides except for the terminal portion of the branche. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium opening a little in front of the hind end of the oesophagus and armed with slightly recurved conical spines, a dorsal vagina opening much behind the posterior end of the oesophagus as the common genital opening is before it, a single irregularly S-shaped ovary, and 50 small testeswhich are posterior to the ovary, extending from the hind end of the ovary to near the hind end of the body proper. The sequence of the species' ITS2 rDNA gene has been published.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two branches of un equal lengths, provided with numerous bifurcating branches on the inner and outer sides and one of them extends much more backwards into the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium provided with numerous conical slightly recurved spines and opening a short distance in front of the hind end of the oesophagus, a dorsal vagina opening behind the front end of the intestine, a single ovary "somewhat like a hastily written capital E", vitellaria extending from near the hind end of the oesophagus to the hind end of the body and 15 large testes which are posterior to the ovary and extends from the hind end of the ovary to a little in front of the posterior end of the vitellaria.

He married Leena Lindholm on 4 July 1984 in Finland. He had two stepsons. In late June 2016, White was diagnosed with an incurable cancer of the oesophagus which had metastasized. He died in Milton Keynes hospital on 5 July 2016.

In 2000, he was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus and stomach. He had much of his stomach removed, underwent chemotherapy, and then contracted MRSA in hospital. Since his recovery from cancer he has been unable to eat large meals.

Expandable metal stent Expandable mesh stents can be deployed in the oesophagus at endoscopy, primarily in patients with inoperable oesophageal cancer which is causing dysphagia. Plastic stents can also be used to relieve obstruction of the common bile duct at ERCP.

The oesophagus runs downwards to a stomach in the abdomen, which secretes enzymes that digest the food. An intestine runs upwards from the stomach parallel to the oesophagus and eventually opens, through a short rectum and anus, into a cloaca just below the atrial siphon. In some highly developed colonial species, clusters of individuals may share a single cloaca, with all the atrial siphons opening into it, although the buccal siphons all remain separate. A series of glands lie on the outer surface of the intestine, opening through collecting tubules into the stomach, although their precise function is unclear.

The nervous system consists of a dorsal cerebral ganglion or brain above the oesophagus and a nerve ring around the oesophagus, which links the brain with the single ventral nerve cord that runs the length of the body. Lateral nerves lead off this to innervate the muscles of the body wall. In some species, there are simple light-sensitive ocelli associated with the brain. Two organs, likely functioning as a unit for chemoreception are located near its anterior margin; the non-ciliated cerebral organ, which possesses bipolar sensory cells, and the nuchal organ, located posterior to the brain.

It is important to monitor changes in the shape and function of the esophagus with an annual timed barium swallow. Regular endoscopy may also be useful to monitor changes in the tissue of the oesophagus, since reflux may damage the oesophagus over time, potentially causing the return of dysphagia, or a premalignant condition known as Barrett's esophagus. Though this surgery does not correct the underlying cause and does not completely eliminate achalasia symptoms, the vast majority of patients find that the surgery greatly improves their ability to eat and drink. It is considered the definitive treatment for achalasia.

This can cause additional injuries inside the animal itself, especially in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In suckling white tail deer fawns, sting sites have been found in the oesophagus and abomasum; toxins from the ingested ants may cause inflammation of the gastrointestinal lining.

Foreign bodies commonly impact in the lower oesophagus, and removal of these by pushing them into the stomach has been practised since the Middle Ages. Foreign body retrieval, using forceps and magnets, has been practised since the time of rigid oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy.

Because calcium reacts exothermically with water and acids, calcium metal coming into contact with bodily moisture results in severe corrosive irritation. When swallowed, calcium metal has the same effect on the mouth, oesophagus, and stomach, and can be fatal.Rumack BH. POISINDEX. Information System Micromedex, Inc.

A conspicuous oral sucker is at the apex. As a non-feeding larva, there are no elaborate digestive organs, only oesophagus is distinct. There are three pairs of mucin glands connected to laterally to the oral sucker at the region of the ventral sucker.

Its principal use is in providing haemostasis in gastrointestinal bleeding; angiodysplasia, GAVE, bleeding malignant tumours and bleeding peptic ulcers can all be treated. Trials have also been carried out to assess its use in eradicating Barrett’s oesophagus, but have found that relapse is common.

In humans, the stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas.

In the fourth week of development of the human embryo as the respiratory bud grows, the trachea separates from the foregut through the formation of ridges which eventually separate the trachea from the oesophagus, the tracheoesophageal septum. This separates the future trachea from the oesophagus and divides the foregut tube into the laryngotracheal tube. By the start of the fifth week, the left and right main bronchi have begin to form, initially as buds at the terminal end of the trachea. The trachea is no more than 4mm diameter during the first year of life, expanding to its adult diameter of approximately 2cm by late childhood.

These adaptations to life under the sediment provide protection for the worm from desiccation and predation while providing a plentiful supply of food and oxygen. At low tide, when the sediment in which the lugworm is living is no longer covered by water, aerial respiration takes place.The Effects of Oxygen Concentration and Anoxia on Respiration of Abarenicola pacifica and Lumbrineris zonata (Polychaeta) When feeding, A. pacifica everts its oesophagus (which then resembles a mushroom) and engulfs a "mouthful" of sand before restoring the oesophagus to its rightful position. Organic detritus and organisms such as nematodes, diatoms, bacteria and microphytes Abarenicola pacifica are ingested with the sand and digested in the gut.

Jankowski's group have undertaken several studies including the isolation of label retaining cells (putative stem cells) in the oesophagus, identification of the genomic factors associated with the premalignant condition Barrett's oesophagus. Jankowski has studied the use of aspirin and proton pump inhibitors in one of the largest randomized clinical trials to prevent cancer. Jankowski is a highly cited clinical academic with a h-index of over 65. He has over 200 publications of which 150 are peer reviewed papers including in Gastroenterology, The Lancet, Lancet Oncology, Nature, Nature Genetics, Nature Communications, New England Journal of Medicine and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.

The esophagus, (American English) or oesophagus (British English; see spelling differences) (), informally known as the food pipe or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, about long in adults, which travels behind the trachea and heart, passes through the diaphragm and empties into the uppermost region of the stomach. During swallowing, the epiglottis tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the larynx and lungs. The word oesophagus is from Ancient Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos), from οἴσω (oísō), future form of φέρω (phérō, “I carry”) + ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate”).

It is gregarious and forms schools, which can be large or small. E. klunzeringii, like other members of the family Leiognathidae, uses a bioluminescent organ situated around its oesophagus to camouflage the fish from below by counter-illumination, the bioluminescence is produced by symbiotic bacteria Photobacterium leiognathi.

Veterinary Parasitology 4th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell . The key to morphologically identifying O. ostertagi females is the lateral synlophe with one pair of ridges ending next to the lateral ridge between cervical papilla and the posterior end of the oesophagus. The cervical papillae are prominent and thorn-like.

Careoradula perelegans feeds on carrion. It has been recorded to feed on dead snail Subulina octona. It evert an extensive rostrum, that is available in all carnivorous gastropods on the anterior part of the oesophagus, and it uses only muscular peristaltics instead of rasping by radula.

An early adopter of the "white coat" (as shown in Seligmann's c.1890 painting), Billroth was directly responsible for a number of landmarks in surgery; in 1872, he was the first to conduct an esophagectomy, removing a section of the oesophagus and joining the remaining parts together.

There is apparently no secondary ureter. The buccal mass is small, about twice as long as wide, the oesophagus opening well forward. Salivary glands are not united, and in Holospira goldfussi they have long ducts. The jaw is thin, arcuate, with a wide median projection below or none.

The adult body is elongate or occasionally oval or subglobular. sometimes with fine spines. The suckers are well-developed and usually at the anterior end. There is usually a prepharynx, the pharynx is muscular, the oesophagus, if present, is short and the caeca long, terminating near the posterior end.

A laryngeal cleft or laryngotracheoesophageal cleft is a rare congenital abnormality in the posterior laryngo-tracheal wall. It occurs in approximately 1 in 10,000 to 20,000 births. It means there is a communication between the oesophagus and the trachea, which allows food or fluid to pass into the airway.

Painful burning sensations in the chest that is caused by gastroesophageal reflux is known as heartburn. Reflux is the back flow of gastric acid juices from the stomach into the oesophagus. Heartburn has different triggers, including certain foods, medications, obesity, and stress. These triggers are different for each individual.

Hedruris spinigera have 4 complex lips consisting of two lateral pseudolabia and two median lips. The oesophagus is not clearly divided into muscular and glandular portions. The body of Hedruris spinigera is covered by non-living cuticles. The female Hedruris spinigera has a prehensic hook at the posterior end.

Thus, this protein alone is enough to distinguish Barrett's esophagus, which is linked to esophageal adenocarcinoma, from a normal esophagus. Varying AGR2 levels exist in different cancers. In breast cancer, high AGR2 expression is correlated with low survival rate. AGR2 levels are elevated in the preneoplastic tissue Barrett's oesophagus.

In the ventral reticulum, less dense, larger digesta particles may be propelled up into the oesophagus and mouth during contractions of the reticulum. Digesta is chewed in the mouth in a process known as rumination, then expelled back down the oesophagus and deposited in the dorsal sac of the reticulum, to be lodged and mixed into the ruminal mat again. Denser, small particles stay in the ventral reticulum during reticular contraction, and then during the next contraction may be swept out of the reticulorumen with liquid through the reticulo-omasal orifice, which leads to the next chamber in the ruminant animal's alimentary canal, the omasum. Water and saliva enter through the rumen to form a liquid pool.

Branchial ganglia form two oval central masses, resting upon the upper surface of the oesophagus, one on each side of the median line, across which they are united at the anterior extremity by a short but distinct commissure. Their posterior extremities diverge and are slightly bilobed, marking the boundaries of the two ganglia of which each mass is composed, — the anterior lobe indicating the cerebroid, the posterior the branchial. (Branchial ganglia are also fused in Onchidoris bilamellata and in Lamellidoris aspera.) The pedial ganglions are irregularly rounded, being equal in bulk to the cerebroid and branchial together. They lie against the sides of the oesophagus, and are united to the under surface of the central masses.

In type III tracheal agenesis, the trachea is completely absent and the bronchi develop individually, originating from the oesophagus directly and without joining at the carina. No tracheoesophageal fistula is present in this case as the trachea is completely absent. It is estimated that 27% of all cases are type III.

The upper teeth are embedded in the upper jaw and the lower teeth in the lower jaw, which articulates with the temporal bones of the skull. The lips are soft and fleshy folds which shape the entrance into the mouth. The buccal cavity empties through the pharynx into the oesophagus.

In: Schwartz S (Editor), Maingot's Abdominal Operations, Ninth Edition, Appleton & Lange, 1989, . See also, Avni Sali, Laser photocoagulation and Dilation of oesophagael strictures. In: Jamieson G (Editor), Surgery of the Oesophagus, Churchill Livingstone, 1988, Between 2002 and 2004, Sali was director of the Victorian Public Health Research and Education Council.

Coombs became her mentor and friend. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1986. In 1987 she began a new career as an arts advisory consultant for corporate buyers. She died in a Sydney nursing home after an 18-month battle with cancer of the oesophagus.

By 1967, his health failed and he underwent an oesophagus surgery in Paris. When the leprosy centre in Polambakkam was renamed as Hemerijckx Government Leprosy Centre, he could not attend the function due to ill health. He died on 14 October 1969, at the age of 67, at Leuven, Belgium.

Unfortunately whilst there his health declined, forcing him to enter retirement in 1979. He received treatment for cancer of the throat and oesophagus at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London, but died there in March 1980. His ashes are interred in Bwlchnewydd cemetery, Carmarthenshire with the rest of his family.

There are two sphincters in the oesophagus. They are normally contracted and they relax when one swallows so that food can pass through them going to the stomach. They then squeeze closed again to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents. If this normal contraction becomes a spasm, these symptoms begin.

Dogs sometimes eat wood which can have negative consequences. Sometimes they will chew the furniture of their owners meaning items must be replaced. Splinters may lodge in the mouth, gums or tongue, causing a depressed appetite. The wood can perforate or block the oesophagus or the intestine, often requiring surgery.

Type II tracheal agenesis is the most common form of the disease, estimated to appear in 60% of cases. Type II is characterised by a complete absence of the trachea. The bronchi are normal and fuse at the carina. In most cases, the oesophagus and the carina are joined by a fistula.

The terminal lappet is present and bears two pairs of anchors. Also, two buccal suckers occur at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus, and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs.

On 27 October 2019, Milat died from oesophagus and stomach cancer at 4:07 a.m. within the hospital wing at Long Bay Correctional Centre. He was 74 years old. Prior to his death, Milat wrote a letter to his family requesting that his funeral be paid for by the New South Wales Government.

R. Tucker Abbott (1952) failed to find sperm in the gonads of male Tarebia granifera from Florida. Most Tarebia granifera are therefore clones of the female parent. Embryos develop in a brood pouch. This pouch is a compartmentalized structure lying immediately above the oesophagus and develops only after the snail has reached maturity.

Type I is described as tracheal atresia, rather than tracheal agenesis. The trachea is absent proximally but there remains a short normal segment of the distal trachea. A tracheoesophageal fistula links the distal segment of the proto trachea to the oesophagus. It is estimated that 13% of cases of the disease are of type I.

G. neoplasticum is a gastrointestinal parasite of rats, Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus. The adult roundworms are present in the epithelium of the anterior portion of the digestive tract, including the mouth, tongue, oesophagus and fundus. The body is cylindrical and elongated with both ends narrowing down. The body covering called cuticle is regularly striated.

Blood meal digestion in ticks is similar in all species. The digestive system in both Ixodid and argasid ticks is histologically divided into foregut, midgut and hindgut. The foregut comprises the sucking pharynx and the oesophagus. The midgut contains a ventriculus with a valve, a variable number of blind diverticula (caeca), and a rectal tube.

Karl drinks the liquid, which immediately burns his oesophagus. Karl is rushed to the hospital, but he soon recovers. Karl interviews oncologist Nick Petrides (Damien Fotiou) for a position at the hospital and becomes enamoured with him. Karl later learns Nick has been treating Paul for leukaemia and agrees to keep it a secret.

In January 1938 Kuprin's health deteriorated. By July his condition was grave; already suffering from a kidney disorder and sclerosis, he had now developed cancer of the oesophagus. Surgery did little to help. Alexander Kuprin died on 25 August 1938, and was interred in Volkovo Cemetery's Literaturskiye Mostki (Literary Bridge) in Leningrad two days later.

The risk of cancer is much higher for those who drink alcohol and also use tobacco. ;Obesity: Obese individuals have an increased risk of cancer of the breast, colon, rectum, endometrium, oesophagus, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder. ;Age: Advanced age is a risk factor for many cancers. The median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years.

Two scientific papers were published along with an article on using ultrasound to measure the rate of change of haemodynamic response at the onset of exercise in normal limbs and those with intermittent claudication. He was awarded the IPEM Spiers’ Prize for 2003 for an extended one thousand-word abstract detailing the Barrett’s oesophagus research.

Immunofluorescence staining pattern of endomysial antibodies on a monkey oesophagus tissue sample. Serological blood tests are the first-line investigation required to make a diagnosis of coeliac disease. Its sensitivity correlates with the degree of histological lesions. People who present minor damage of the small intestine may have seronegative findings so many patients with coeliac disease often are missed.

Several Greek authors wrote about medicinal properties of the sweet chestnut, specifically as a remedy against lacerations of the lips and of the oesophagus. Similar to the introduction of grape vine and olive cultivation to the Latin world, C. sativa is thought to have been introduced during the colonisation of the Italian peninsula by the Greeks.

Powelliphanta are carnivorous, eating mostly earthworms or slugs. They are nocturnal, and during the day live buried under leaf litter and logs. Powelliphanta uses a rudimentary radula to devour their prey: a tongue-like belt of teeth, which scrapes chunks of flesh into the oesophagus. Far from being swallowed whole, prey are subjected to prolonged radulation.

Mature female of Chaetosoma chalaredii. a, Oesophagus; b, intestine; c, anus; d, ovary; e, generative pore; f, ventral bristles. Chaetosomatida is a small group of minute, free-living, aquatic organisms which are usually placed as an annex to the Nematoda. Indeed Mechnikov, to whom we owe much of our knowledge of these forms, calls them "creeping Nematoda".

The trachea leading to the lungs is located at the middle- back of the throat this is where the lungs are located. The oesophagus is in the back left and this is where the stomach is located and where the drench should be administered. Care must be taken not to damage the tongue, gums or throat.

Cardiomyocytes are the cells that form the chambers of the heart, and have a single central nucleus. Skeletal muscle fibers help support and move the body and are called syncytia – multinucleated structures formed by fusion of individual myoblasts during embryonic development. Smooth muscle cells control involuntary movements such as the peristalsis contractions in the oesophagus and stomach.

Then, the food is digested in the digestive gland, an organ sometimes misleadingly referred to as the "liver", but which envelops part of the oesophagus, intestine, and the entire stomach. Waste is passed on through the intestine (the terminus of which, like that of many mollusks, enters and leaves the animal's heart) and exits via the anus.

118 The foregut begins at the mouth, passes through the oesophagus, and opens into a sac which contains the grinding apparatus of the gastric mill. The hepatopancreas feeds into the midgut, where digestive enzymes are released, and nutrients taken up. The hindgut forms faecal pellets, which are then passed out through the muscular anus.Tavares & Martin, 2010, pp.

Metastasis to the thyroid is rare and represents 5.5 % of biopsied thyroid malignancies. It is commonly found with cancers originating from the breast, renal cell, lung, melanoma, and colon. Direct invasion from adjacent structures such as the pharynx, larynx, trachea, or oesophagus has been reported (Fig. 10). Metastatic disease has a non-specific appearance. Fig. 10.

Research Paper Dr. Sriniwasachar.pdf The paper was first published in Vol 6 No. 12, December 1952 print of the Indian Journal of Medicine. Sriniwasachar continued his research interests throughout his life with a particular focus on cancers relating to the oesophagus. A voracious reader, his interests included dabbling in subjects as varied as Physics, Sanskrit, Astronomy, Astrology and Law.

In humans and many other animals, the stomach is located between the oesophagus and the small intestine. It secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid to aid in food digestion. The pyloric sphincter controls the passage of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum where peristalsis takes over to move this through the rest of the intestines.

There are also two buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior mouth, an oval pharynx, a simple oesophagus and a posterior intestine that bifurcates at or near level of genital pore in two lateral branches. The intestinal branches terminate in the distal portion of the haptor region. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs.

The laryngotracheal tube will then fully separate from the foregut. Two primary bronchial buds form at the end of the tube, which then elongates to form the trachea. The buds then branch to form the bronchi, lungs and alveolar tissue. The development of the respiratory tract is closely associated to that of the oesophagus. Both organs regulate each other’s growth via molecular interactions.

Their developed buccal capsule and club-shaped oesophagus are useful for distinguishing Oesophagostomum spp. from hookworms. Both sexes of adults have a cephalic inflation and an oral opening lined with both internal and external leaf crowns. Female adults, which have a length range of 6.5–24 mm, are generally larger than their male counterparts, with a length range of 6-16.6 mm.

The "brain" of adult articulates consists of two ganglia, one above and the other below the oesophagus. Adult inarticulates have only the lower ganglion. From the ganglia and the commissures where they join, nerves run to the lophophore, the mantle lobes and the muscles that operate the valves. The edge of the mantle has probably the greatest concentration of sensors.

He also spoke publicly about his experiences with depression and undergoing extensive psychotherapy for several years. After suffering from bladder cancer during the 1970s, in 1999 he was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus, and suffered a stroke four weeks after undergoing major surgery. He died at age 73 on Easter Sunday, 2002 in a nursing home in Enfield, Middlesex.

Inhaling directly from a cracker is particularly dangerous due to the risk of developing frostbite on the inside of the mouth or oesophagus. The 8 gram nitrous oxide steel cylinder charger when discharged into an empty whipped cream dispenser (Mosa Corp, Taiwan) creates a pressure of 30 pounds per square inch (200kPa) and delivers 3.24 litres of nitrous oxide gas.

The lesions are situated in the digestive tract. Quick post mortem examination will lead to the discovery of many haemorrhagic patches on the serous membranes, and intense pneumonia. A risk exists that it may conclude with enzootic pneumonia, inability to open the mouth, and problems with the oesophagus and different parts of the intestine. Erosions and inflammation are widespread on buccal mucosa.

Sphincters control the passage of liquids and solids. This is evident, for example, in the blowholes of numerous marine mammals. Many sphincters are used every day in the normal course of digestion. For example, the lower oesophageal sphincter (or cardiac sphincter), which resides at the top of the stomach, keep stomach acids and other stomach contents from pushing up and into the oesophagus.

Brad finds her coughing up blood and she is rushed to hospital, where it emerges that she has an inflamed oesophagus from excessive vomiting. Imogen is diagnosed with bulimia. Terese tries to get Imogen to open up to her, by revealing her own struggles with an eating disorder. Terese later finds Imogen binge eating and comforts her daughter when she breaks down.

There are also two buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior subterminal mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine that bifurcates near the level of the genital atrium in two lateral branches. The intestinal branches are ramified medially and laterally and are not confluent posteriorly. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs.

The oropharynx, at the back of the mouth, forms a circle and includes the base of the tongue (posterior third) below, the tonsils on each side, and the soft palate above, together with the walls of the pharynx, including the anterior epiglottis, epiglottic valleculae and branchial cleft at its base. The oropharynx is one of three divisions of the interior of the pharynx based on their relation to adjacent structures (nasal pharynx (nasopharynx), oral pharynx (oropharynx) and laryngeal pharynx (laryngopharynx - also referred to as the hypopharynx), from top to bottom). The pharynx is a semicircular fibromuscular tube joining the nasal cavities above to the larynx (voice box) and oesophagus (gullet), below, where the larynx is situated in front of the oesophagus. The oropharynx lies between the mouth (oral cavity) to the front, and the laryngopharynx below, which separates it from the larynx.

Tracheal diverticulum as seen on axial CT imaging Tracheal agenesis is a rare birth defect in which the trachea fails to develop. The defect is usually fatal though sometimes surgical intervention has been successful. A tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital defect in which the trachea and esophagus are abnormally connected (a ). This is because of abnormalities in the separation between the trachea and oesophagus during development.

Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne) becomes concerned that Imogen might have an eating disorder, but Terese dismisses her concerns. However, Imogen later collapses and is admitted to hospital with a torn oesophagus, as a result of bulimia. Terese tells Imogen about her own eating disorder in an attempt to get her to open up. Paul promotes Terese to Head of Operations for the Lassiter's complex.

It is not unheard of to ingest an orthodontic component or appliance, usually being asymptomatic causing no harm to the patient. No treatment is required except for monitoring stools to ensure the component has passed safely. If however the patient is having symptoms of pain or vomiting, the component may be lodged in the oesophagus or oropharynx. In such situations the patient must be sent to hospital.

There are also two buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine that bifurcates at about the level of genital pore in two lateral branches. The intestinal branches terminate at posterior end of body proper, the left limb extends along the haptor and reaches the lappet. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs.

The number of collar spines varies between Echinostoma species, but there are usually between 27 and 51. These spines can be arranged in one or two circles around the sucker, and their arrangement may be a characteristic feature of an Echinostoma species. Echinostoma have a digestive system consisting of a pharynx, oesophagus and an excretory pore. Echinostoma are hermaphrodites, and have both male and female reproductive organs.

A. pacifica is a large worm growing up to fifteen centimetres in length with an elongated, segmented body which is tapered at both ends. The head has no appendages, palps or eyes but has a prostomium and evertable oesophagus. The body is divided into three regions which are sometimes differently coloured. The segments are wider than they are long and most have setae borne on parapodia.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous very spines, a medio-dorsal vagina , a single ovary and a number of testes which are posterior to the ovary.

Achalasia is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by the degeneration of neurones of the myenteric plexus which are responsible for the motility of the digestive tract. It is extremely rare in children and normally affects the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES). LES contraction prevents acid reflux while relaxation allows food to enter the stomach. Impaired LES relaxation therefore leads to dysphagia, as the oesophagus cannot be emptied.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous very spines, a medio- dorsal vagina, a single tubular ovary and 15 testes which are posterior to the ovary.Hadi, R. (2009).

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous very spines, a medio-dorsal vagina , a single ovary and a number of testes which are posterior to the ovary.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous very spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single ovary and a number of testes which are posterior to the ovary.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous very spines, a medio- dorsal vagina, a single ovary and a number of testes which are posterior to the ovary.

The same lesions are also present in pharynx, oesophagus, and on mucus-producing epithelia of the gut, from abomasum to rectum. Zebra-striped lesions on coecum and colon are said to be typical in some cases. Rarely, also petechiae are on the rumen mucosa.Tligui, Observations nécropsiques sur les premiers cas confirmés de peste des petits ruminants au Maroc, oral presentation, El Jadida, 31-07-2008.

Two pigment spots between the fourth and fifth ridges are regarded as eyes. The Desmoscolecida move by looping their bodies like geometrid caterpillars or leeches, as well as by creeping on their setae. The mouth is terminal, and leads into a muscular oesophagus which opens into a straight intestine terminating in an anus, which is said to be dorsal in position. The sexes are distinct.

Boerhaave's Elementa Chemiae (1732) is recognised as the first text on chemistry.Clow, Archibald & Nan L. Clow The Chemical Revolution, Batchworth Press, London, 1952. Boerhaave first described Boerhaave syndrome, which involves tearing of the oesophagus, usually a consequence of vigorous vomiting. He notoriously described in 1724 the case of Baron Jan van Wassenaer, a Dutch admiral who died of this condition following a gluttonous feast and subsequent regurgitation.

The unusual genus, Entovalva, is endosymbiotic, being found only in the oesophagus of sea cucumbers. It has mantle folds that completely surround its small valves. When the sea cucumber sucks in sediment, the bivalve allows the water to pass over its gills and extracts fine organic particles. To prevent itself from being swept away, it attaches itself with byssal threads to the host's throat.

Using TFF3 as a marker of columnar epithelium, a process using an ingestible oesophageal sampling device (Cytosponge) coupled with immunocytochemistry for trefoil factor 3 to improve the accuracy and acceptability of the detection/screening of Barrett's oesophagus has been developed. However the clinical utility of such a test may be limited by frequent staining of TFF3 in gastric cardia and subsequent risk of false positives.

The octopus central brain contains 40 to 45 million cells. The brain-to-body mass ratio of the octopus is the highest of all the invertebrates and larger than that of most fish and reptiles (i.e. vertebrates). However, scientists have noted that brain size is not necessarily related to the complexity of its function. Octopuses have centralized brains located inside a cartilaginous capsule surrounding the oesophagus.

In addition to their use in human surgery, probangs are also used by veterinarians on cattle, to reach obstructions and either force them along the oesophagus by (gently and carefully) using the probang as a ram or, by using a hollow probang into which a rod with a corkscrew is attached, extract objects such as pieces of potato or turnip too long for the paunch.

It can constitute as much as 50% of a whale's body weight. Calves are born with only a thin layer of blubber, but some species compensate for this with thick lanugos. Whales have a two- to three-chambered stomach that is similar in structure to terrestrial carnivores. Mysticetes contain a proventriculus as an extension of the oesophagus; this contains stones that grind up food.

The mouth is located at the forward end of the animal, and opens into a muscular, pumping pharynx. The pharynx connects, via a short oesophagus, to one or two blind-ending caeca, which occupy most of the length of the body. In some species, the caeca are themselves branched. As in other flatworms, there is no anus, and waste material must be egested through the mouth.

Three months after he was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus, Devereaux died in his sleep of kidney failure at his Hampstead home on 17 December 2003 at the age of 78. He had insisted on being released from Royal Free Hospital to be at home with Julie, his third wife of 17 years. He was cremated at the Golders Green Crematorium, where his ashes remain.

Food is moved down the gut by muscular contractions called peristalsis. Stylised diagram of insect digestive tract showing Malpighian tubule (Orthopteran type) # Stomatodeum (foregut): This region stores, grinds and transports food to the next region. Included in this are the buccal cavity, the pharynx, the oesophagus, the crop (stores food), and proventriculus or gizzard (grinds food). Salivary secretions from the labial glands dilute the ingested food.

Mangrove horseshoe crabs are selective benthic feeders, feeding mainly on insect larvae, small fish, oligochaetes, small crabs and thin-shelled bivalves. Lacking jaws, it grinds up the food with bristles on its legs and places it in its mouth using its chelicerae. The ingested food then enters the cuticle- lined oesophagus and then the proventriculus. The proventriculus is made up of a 'crop' and a 'gizzard'.

In severe cases, damage can cause a passage between the oesophagus and the trachea. Swallowed button cells can damage the vocal cords. They can even burn through the blood vessels in the chest area, including the aorta. In Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 2,700,000, two children between 12 months and six years old died, and five suffered life-changing injuries, in the 18 months leading up to October 2014.

Trypanosomiasis in humans progresses with the development of the trypanosome into a trypomastigote in the blood and into an amastigote in tissues. The acute form of trypanosomiasis is usually unnoticed, although it may manifest itself as a localized swelling at the site of entry. The chronic form may develop 30 to 40 years after infection and affect internal organs (e.g., the heart, the oesophagus, the colon, and the peripheral nervous system).

Mr Doherty was from Co. Galway and prior to the proceedings had been an electrician and married with three children. He had started to complain of gastric discomfort by way of heartburn and acid reflux. He underwent a procedure to have resolved what had been established as "a loose valve at the end of the oesophagus." After surgery, Mr. Doherty awoke and became aware of pain in his right shoulder.

In tracheal agenesis, a delay in the development of the primary bronchial buds causes a transient arrest in the growth of the laryngotracheal tube, hindering the normal development of the trachea. The failure of the lung buds to develop from the primitive foregut leads to tracheoesophageal malformations. The development of the buds occurs after the elongation of the oesophagus, causing a dissociation in the growth of the two organs.

It has been shown in mouse models that Gli1 can compensate for knocked out Gli2 function when expressed from the Gli2 locus. This suggests that in mouse embryogenesis, Gli1 and Gli2 regulate a similar set of target genes. Mutations do develop later in development suggesting Gli1/Gli2 transcriptional regulation is context dependent. Gli2 and Gli3 are important in the formation and development of lung, trachea and oesophagus tissue during embryo development.

In 1907 he became associated with his father-in-law, Dr. Bulkley, in his dermatological practice. He remained with him for two years, and during that time made investigations in skin and cancer pathology and wrote articles upon this subject. In 1909 he was appointed chief of the Laboratory for Experimental Research of Physicians and Surgeons. He did work in blood-pressure, shock and in surgery of the oesophagus and stomach.

The body of Facelina bostoniensis is translucent white with a pink coloured hue around the mouth. The oesophagus, situated just behind the rhinophores, is clearly visible as a curved red tube. There are some patches of white pigment on the head, between the rhinophores and down the tail of the animal. Some individuals have blue iridescence in small areas around the head and rarely specimens with extensive blue colouration are found.

A positive barium swallow will display the narrowing of the distal oesophagus in a ‘bird beak’ or ‘champagne class’ fashion, aperistalsis, minimal LES opening and oesophageal dilation as the main indicator of the disease. Minimal barium will be present in the stomach. However, these diagnostic findings are not always present in the early onset of the disease and so a normal oesophagogram is not an indication of a lack of disease.

Its head end is rounded, being separated by a slight constriction in front of the nerve ring. The entire anterior narrowed part of its body is approximately twice as long as the oesophagus. Four dorso- and ventro-lateral papillae and two small lateral amphids are present. The mouth is conspicuously depressed, the anterior margin of the buccal capsule being 0.027mm-0.030mm from the anterior extremity; the mouth opening is circular.

The cricoid cartilage and the oesophagus are not aligned in close to half of adult patients. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 49(5), 503–507. Several studies demonstrate some degree of glottic compressionPalmer, JHM, Ball, D.R. The effect of cricoids pressure on the cricoids cartilage and vocal cords: An endoscopic study in anaesthetized patients. Anaesthesia (2000): 55; 260–287Hartsilver, E. L., Vanner, R. G. Airway obstruction with cricoids pressure.

Obliquely striated muscle is intermediate between the other two. The filaments are staggered and this is the type of muscle found in earthworms that can extend slowly or make rapid contractions. In higher animals striated muscles occur in bundles attached to bone to provide movement and are often arranged in antagonistic sets. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the uterus, bladder, intestines, stomach, oesophagus, respiratory airways, and blood vessels.

Boerhaave H. Atrocis, nec descripti prius, morbii historia: secundum medicae artis leges conscripta. Leiden, the Netherlands: Lugduni Batavorum Boutesteniana, 1724 This condition was uniformly fatal prior to modern surgical techniques allowing repair of the oesophagus. Boerhaave was critical of his Dutch contemporary, Baruch Spinoza, attacking him in his 1688 dissertation. At the same time, he admired Isaac Newton and was a devout Christian who often wrote about God in his works.

After retirement, Brunt stayed in Oxford and continued his academic research. He revised a number of past papers and wrote new chapters to produce and publish three new books; on the Roman republic in 1988, the Roman Empire in 1990, and on Ancient Greece in 1992. He lived with his mother until her death. In autumn 2005, a cancerous tumour was discovered in his oesophagus but he refused treatment.

Harald Hirschsprung was a native of Copenhagen. Hirschsprung chose to become a doctor instead of joining his father's tobacco factory, A.M. Hirschsprung & Sønner. He passed his acceptance exam for university in 1848 and passed the Staatsexamen in 1855. He was interested in rare diseases affecting the gut throughout his life, and one such, atresia of the oesophagus and small bowel, was the subject of his doctoral thesis, presented in May 1861.

After the initial diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is rendered, affected persons undergo annual surveillance to detect changes that indicate higher risk to progression to cancer: development of epithelial dysplasia (or "intraepithelial neoplasia"). Among all metaplastic lesions, around 8% were associated with dysplasia. particularly a recent study demonstrated that dysplastic lesions were located mainly in the posterior wall of the Oesophagus. Considerable variability is seen in assessment for dysplasia among pathologists.

Hrida Dhauti, chest cleansing, is divided into Danda Dhauti, Vaman Dhauti, and Vastra Dhauti. Danda Dhauti consists of passing a long soft stick, traditionally made from the core of a banana plant, into the oesophagus and slowly taking it out again. The procedure requires expert supervision. Vaman Dhauti consists of inducing vomiting some three hours after each meal, such as with salty water and tickling the back of the throat.

'The last food she ever took was a few blackcurrants, on 17 July 1807,' and in August 'she gradually diminished her liquids.' Details were multiplied in the pamphlets which narrated her case. One learned writer proved that she lived on air, another that the phenomenon was due to disease of the oesophagus, while a third was convinced that her condition was a manifestation of the supernatural power of God.

Mitemcinal (GM-611 or 3'-N-dimethyl-11-deoxy-3'-N-isopropyl-12-O-methyl-11-oxo-8,9-didehydroerythromycin) is a motilin agonist derived from the macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin. It was discovered in the labs of Chugai Pharma. Mitemcinal is orally administered and it is believed to have strong promotility (or prokinetic) effects. Promotility drugs relieve symptoms of reflux by speeding the clearance of acid from the oesophagus and stomach.

The oesophagus, in turn, opens into a stomach, where enzymes from a digestive gland complete the breakdown of the food. Nutrients are absorbed through the linings of the stomach and the first part of the intestine. The intestine is divided in two by a sphincter, with the latter part being highly coiled and functioning to compact the waste matter into faecal pellets. The anus opens just behind the foot.

It is followed by an esophageal region with a distinctive reddish-coloured oesophagus. Posterior to this is a dark-coloured hepatic region and a long greyish intestinal region. This is transparent and the gut is visible meandering to its termination at the anus, which is controlled by a strong sphincter. In mature individuals, the gonads are long dark masses and extend dorsally most of the way down the trunk.

Entovalva nhatrangensis is a species of small marine bivalve mollusc in the family Lasaeidae. It was first described in 2010 and its specific name "nhatrangensis" derives from the locality where it was originally found, Nha Trang Bay in Vietnam. It lives inside the oesophagus of certain species of sea cucumbers. It is considered to be an endosymbiont rather than a parasite because it does not harm its host.

It can be shot out and retracted at great speed. Some frogs have no tongue and just stuff food into their mouths with their hands. The eyes assist in the swallowing of food as they can be retracted through holes in the skull and help push food down the throat. The food then moves through the oesophagus into the stomach where digestive enzymes are added and it is churned up.

Rasheedia novaecaledoniensis is a parasitic nematode in the genus Rasheedia. The species is an intestinal parasite of the Indian goatfish Parupeneus indicus (Mullidae) off New Caledonia.The two species Rasheedia novaecaledoniensis and Rasheedia heptacanthi, which both occur in New Caledonian waters, are mainly differentiated by the number of anterior protrusible oesophageal lobes (two in R. heptacanthi and four in R. novaecaledoniensis), structure of the oesophagus and the lengths of their spicules.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a muscular pharynx, a short oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches on the outer side and very short diverticula on the inner side. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior spacious genital atrium opening at level of oesophagus, armed with numerous very small and slightly recurved spines, a medio-dorsal vagina opening midway between the anterior end of the body and the level of the ovary, a single incompletely S-shaped ovary consisting of an convoluted tube, a uterus opening through the genital pore, vitellarium giving off ducts which unite in a Y-shaped reservoir in the midline behind the ovary, an oviduct at the tip of the Y-shaped vitelline reservoir and a number of testes which are posterior to the ovary and present in a great group in the midpart of the body.

No clear genetic pattern or karyotype has been established to support the development of tracheal agenesis. The genes that have been postulated to influence the development of the disease are all associated to the congenital development of the lungs, trachea and oesophagus. These are BMP-4, BMPR1A and BMPR1B, Gli2 and Gli3, sonic hedgehog and NK2 homeobox 1. It is highly likely that tracheal agenesis results from the mutation of several of these genes.

The oncomiracidium has 4 pairs of lateral hooks. its alimentary canal consists only of a mouth, pharynx, and a simple sacculate intestine. The oncomiracidium develops into a post- oncomiracidial larvae, bilaterally symmetrical, that loses the eyes and 4 pairs of lateral hooks and develops 2 pairs of small hooks. The alimentary canal of this larvae is provided with two buccal suckers, an intestine differentiated into an oesophagus that bifurcates into two branches.

Echinoderms possess a simple digestive system which varies according to the animal's diet. Starfish are mostly carnivorous and have a mouth, oesophagus, two-part stomach, intestine and rectum, with the anus located in the centre of the aboral body surface. With a few exceptions, the members of the order Paxillosida do not possess an anus.Echinoderm Nutrition In many species of starfish, the large cardiac stomach can be everted and digest food outside the body.

Boluses of mucus-trapped food are passed to the mouth which is linked to the anus by a loop consisting of a short oesophagus and longer intestine.Ruppert, Fox & Barnes (2004) p. 920 The coelomic cavities of echinoderms are complex. Aside from the water vascular system, echinoderms have a haemal coelom (or haemal system, the "haemal" being a misnomer), a perivisceral coelom, a gonadal coelom and often also a perihaemal coelom (or perihaemal system).

The short oesophagus divides into two intestinal canals, which run to near the end of the haptor. Male organs comprises testicular follicles, longitudinally on the median line at the posterior portion of the body. The vas deferens from testes winds on forward along the ovary, into the genital opening, which has four long spines. The female organs includes the elongated ovary with the slender end posterior and the broad anterior part to the right.

During this display the oesophagus inflates to as much as four times its normal size and resembles a balloon. They also puff out their frontal neck feathers which are splayed upwards showing their white underside. The white may be visible up to away during display. Their wings are drooped and their tails are raised upwards and forwards onto their backs like a turkey, the rectrices being held vertically and their undertail coverts fluffed out.

The sedentary habits of the bivalves have meant that in general the nervous system is less complex than in most other molluscs. The animals have no brain; the nervous system consists of a nerve network and a series of paired ganglia. In all but the most primitive bivalves, two cerebropleural ganglia are on either side of the oesophagus. The cerebral ganglia control the sensory organs, while the pleural ganglia supply nerves to the mantle cavity.

After she was rushed to the hospital, Imogen's parents were informed that she had a ruptured oesophagus, caused by excessive vomiting. Doctor Karl Kennedy (Alan Fletcher) then informed them that Imogen had bulimia. Kaplan said it was hard for Imogen to accept that her secret was out and her parent's reaction was just added pressure. Trying to help Imogen, Terese opened up to her about the eating disorder she suffered as a teenager.

These mucus excretions do not occur in tadpoles of most other species. Tadpoles that don't live entirely off a yolk supply still produce mucus cord, but the mucus along with small food particles travels down the oesophagus into the gut. With Rheobatrachus (and several other species) there is no opening to the gut and the mucus cords are excreted. During the period that the offspring were present in the stomach the frog would not eat.

This short amount of time per bout is achieved by this finch's drinking method. It swallows the water it gets while its bill tip is still submerged, unlike most birds that bring their bill tip up to swallow. This unique action is accomplished by having the tongue scoop water into the pharynx. Then, the front of the larynx forces the water into the oesophagus, which, through peristalsis, takes the fluid to the crop.

In many herbivores, however, the hind part of the oesophagus is enlarged to form a crop, which, in terrestrial pulmonates, may even replace the stomach entirely. In many aquatic herbivores, however, the stomach is adapted into a gizzard that helps to grind up the food. The gizzard may have a tough cuticle, or may be filled with abrasive sand grains. In the most primitive gastropods, however, the stomach is a more complex structure.

As their name implies, these supply nerves to the foot muscles. The third pair of ganglia within the brain lie slightly behind and below the cerebral ganglia. These are the pleural ganglia, and supply nerves to the mantle cavity. Bundles of nerves connect the cerebral, pedal, and pleural ganglia together, as well as running above and below the oesophagus to connect the right and left cerebral and pedal ganglia to each other.

The marginal teeth are slender, elongate, curved rod-like bodies somewhat expanded at the base. They decrease in size gradually from the second or third marginal, which is slightly larger than the first, outwards. There is a long, narrow, thin-walled oesophagus with a single coil; before entering the muscular gizzard it is considerably dilated. A longitudinal strand of muscular tissue runs up its dorsal surface for a short distance from the gizzard.

Located at the anterior part of the worm is the funnel-shaped mouth that is connected to the pharynx which is larger than the buccal suckers, followed by the long wide oesophagus esophagus that is smaller in diameter compared to the pharynx. The esophagus then divides into intestinal crura, which extends further posteriorly. The cruca is divided into pouches, which extend between vitellaria. Vitallaria are glands that secrete yolk around the egg.

Rasheedia heptacanthi is a parasitic nematode in the genus Rasheedia. The species is an intestinal parasite of the Cinnabar goatfish Parupeneus heptacanthus (Mullidae) and Dentex fourmanoiri (Sparidae) off New Caledonia. The two species Rasheedia heptacanthi and Rasheedia novaecaledoniensis, which both occur in New Caledonian waters, are mainly differentiated by the number of anterior protrusible oesophageal lobes (two in R. heptacanthi and four in R. novaecaledoniensis), structure of the oesophagus and the lengths of their spicules.

The oesophagus includes "calciferous glands" that maintain calcium balance by excreting indigestible calcium carbonate into the gut. A number of yellowish chloragogen cells surround the intestine and the dorsal blood vessel, forming a tissue that functions in a similar fashion to the vertebrate liver. Some of these cells also float freely in the body cavity, where they are referred to as "eleocytes". Most oligochaetes have no gills or similar structures, and simply breathe through their moist skin.

The gut of the earthworm is a straight tube which extends from the worm's mouth to its anus. It is differentiated into an alimentary canal and associated glands which are embedded in the wall of the alimentary canal itself. The alimentary canal consists of a mouth, buccal cavity (generally running through the first one or two segments of the earthworm), pharynx (running generally about four segments in length), oesophagus, crop, gizzard (usually) and intestine. Food enters at the mouth.

The water vascular system leads downwards from the madreporite through the slender stone canal to the ring canal, which encircles the oesophagus. Radial canals lead from here through each ambulacral area to terminate in a small tentacle which passes through the ambulacral plate near the aboral pole. Lateral canals lead from these radial canals, ending in ampullae. From here, two tubes pass through a pair of pores on the plate to terminate in the tube feet.

The stomach opens into a short intestine that terminates in a cloaca on the posterior dorsal surface of the animal. Up to seven salivary glands are present in some species, emptying to the mouth in front of the oesophagus, while the stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce digestive enzymes. A pair of protonephridia open into a bladder that drains into the cloaca. These organs expel water from the body, helping to maintain osmotic balance.

In KE diet, a feeding tube is inserted through the nose of an individual down their oesophagus. At the other end of the tube is an electric pump. The only nourishment the patient receives is KE diet powder – an infusion of proteins, fats and micronutrients with no carbohydrates – mixed with water through the feeding tube. The patient only takes in about 800 calories a day, but the infusion is constant and the absence of carbohydrates curbs hunger.

In 1965 he was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus and underwent surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although it was too late for his own treatment, he arranged for physicists from ITEP and the scientific research town of Dubna (which he had visited many times) to work together and with radiologists to commence proton- beam therapy research. He continued to practice physics during this time but died the following year. The first medical proton beam began at ITEP in 1969.

Ruppert, Fox & Barnes (2004) p. 885 Brittle stars have a blind gut with no intestine or anus. They have varying diets and expel food waste through their mouth.Ruppert, Fox & Barnes (2004) p. 891 Sea urchins are herbivores and use their specialised mouthparts to graze, tear and chew algae and sometimes other animal or vegetable material. They have an oesophagus, a large stomach and a rectum with the anus at the apex of the test.Ruppert, Fox & Barnes (2004) pp.

The lophophore captures food particles, especially phytoplankton (tiny photosynthetic organisms), and deliver them to the mouth via the brachial grooves along the bases of the tentacles. The mouth is at the base of the lophophore. Food passes through the mouth, muscular pharynx ("throat") and oesophagus ("gullet"), all of which are lined with cilia and cells that secrete mucus and digestive enzymes. The stomach wall has branched ceca ("pouches") where food is digested, mainly within the cells.

Instead, rumen liquor is aspirated through a rumen-fluid collector, consisting of a Frick gag and a flexible hose with a perforated metal tip which serves as a filter. The hose and tip is passed through the gag and down the oesophagus to the rumen. It is normally possible to aspirate five litres of rumen liquor using this device. Rumen contents from a fistulated cow can also help sheep and goats, which have similar digestive systems.

The mouth opens into an oesophagus which passes into an intestine; this opens by a ventral anus situated a little in front of the posterior end. The testis is single, and its duct opens with the anus, and is provided with a couple of spicules. The ovary is double, and the oviducts open by a median ventral pore about the middle of the body; in this region there is a second swelling. both in Chaetosoma and in Rhabdogaster.

Achalasia microcephaly syndrome is a rare condition whereby achalasia in the oesophagus manifests alongside microcephaly and mental retardation. This is a rare constellation of symptoms with a predicted familial trend. The main signs of achalasia microcephaly syndrome involve the manifestation of each individual disease associated with the condition. Microcephaly can be primary, where the brain fails to develop properly during pregnancy, or secondary, where the brain is normal sized at birth but fails to grow as the child ages.

The columnar epithelium ascending the esophagus from the stomach has subsequently become known as Barrett's oesophagus. In addition to his work on oesophageal disease, Barrett also worked with Leonard Dudgeon, Professor of Pathology at the University of London, on the cytology of sputum in the diagnosis of pulmonary malignancy.Barrett NR. Examination of sputum for malignant cells and particles of malignant growth. J Thorac Surg, 1938;8:169-83 He is also noted for his treatment of hydatid cysts.

The anticoagulants are active until the blood is fully digested. These snails have secondary glands in the oesophagus that secrete proteins to keep the blood liquified in their guts. Furthermore, vasopressives were found and because the proboscis is thin, it is hypothesized for vasopressives to increase blood pressure to allow maximization of blood income and feeding time. This is significant because the snail's proboscis is not very muscular so without vasopressive compounds, they cannot suck blood efficiently.

The adult Thelazia callipaeda worm typically measures 5 to 20 mm in length and 250 to 800 µm in diameter. The males tend to be smaller than the females in size. In distinguishing this species from other worms, they have a distinct buccal capsule and a cuticle with spaced transverse striations giving it a ridged appearance. Adult females could also be identified by the position of their vulva which is anterior to the oesophagus-intestinal junction.

In 1858, he performed practically the first gastrostomy in England for a case of cancer of the oesophagus. Among his best-known papers were discussions of acupressure, syphilis, hydrophobia, intestinal obstruction, modified obturator hernia, torsion, and colloid cancer of the large intestine; and he published a book on Surgical Diseases of Children in 1860, founded on his experience as surgeon to the hospital for children and women in Waterloo Road. He died suddenly in London on 2 March 1886.

All species have a palatal valve, a membranous flap of skin at the back of the oral cavity that prevents water from flowing into the throat, oesophagus, and trachea. This enables them to open their mouths underwater without drowning. Crocodilians typically remain underwater for fifteen minutes or less at a time, but some can hold their breath for up to two hours under ideal conditions. The maximum diving depth is unknown, but crocodiles can dive to at least .

For the latter part of his career he was a member of staff in the Zoology Department of University College London, eventually as professor. His range of zoological knowledge was notably wide, and his main research was on the behaviour of the lugworm Arenicola. He determined its habits by elegant experiments, and showed that the rhythm which controls many of its activities arises in the oesophagus. Such spontaneous rhythmic activity was shown to occur in many polychaetes.

A barium swallow test is often performed, where the child is given a liquid or food with barium in it. This allows the consulting medical practitioners to trace the swallow-function on an X-ray or other investigative system such as a CAT scan. An endoscopic assignment test can also be performed, where an endoscope is used to view the oesophagus and throat on a screen. It can also allow viewing of how the patient will react during feeding.

To obtain enough food, an average ascidian needs to process one body-volume of water per second. This is drawn through a net lining the pharynx which is being continuously secreted by the endostyle. The net is made of sticky mucus threads with holes about 0.5 µm in diameter which can trap planktonic particles including bacteria. The net is rolled up on the dorsal side of the pharynx, and it and the trapped particles are drawn into the oesophagus.

Chitons lack a clearly demarcated head; their nervous system resembles a dispersed ladder. No true ganglia are present, as in other molluscs, although a ring of dense neural tissue occurs around the oesophagus. From this ring, nerves branch forwards to innervate the mouth and subradula, while two pairs of main nerve cords run back through the body. One pair, the pedal cords, innervate the foot, while the palliovisceral cords innervate the mantle and remaining internal organs.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a small oval muscular pharynx, a very short oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with many ramifications which enters the vitellaria. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium armed with numerous conical pointed slightly recurved spines, a dorsal vagina, a single S-shaped ovary, 25-30 of follicular testes which are postovarian and situated in the intercecal field.

Bonham & Guberlet (1937) redescribed this species based on ten mature specimens from Sebastodes spp collected from Puget Sound, United States. Yamaguti redescribed Microcotyle sebastis based on two specimens from the gills of Sebastes schlegelii from Mutsu Bay, Japan. Yamaguti noted that the framework of the posterior clamps differed from Goto's representation, and that his specimens had lateral branches from the oesophagus, not mentioned by Goto. Bonham & Guberlet noted that their specimens were rather intermediate in both characters.

Sam Gambhir. In October 2013, Bohndiek returned to the University of Cambridge as a fellow of Corpus Christi College, working as a lecturer at the Cavendish Laboratory. Bohndiek's research at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute has focused on devising new imaging approaches to improve early cancer diagnosis. One project is using hyperspectral imaging in endoscopy to map early metabolic changes in the oesophagus before cancer occurs, giving an early indication of the potential for developing the cancer.

Lithium cells, if ingested, are highly dangerous. In the pediatric population, of particular concern is the potential for one of these batteries to get stuck in the oesophagus. Such impactions can rapidly devolve and cause severe tissue injury in as little as two hours. The damage is not caused by the contents of the battery, but by the electric current that is created when the anode (negative) face of the battery comes in contact with the electrolyte-rich esophageal tissue.

Echinoderms possess a unique water vascular system. This is a network of fluid-filled canals derived from the coelom (body cavity) that function in gas exchange, feeding, sensory reception and locomotion. This system varies between different classes of echinoderm but typically opens to the exterior through a sieve-like madreporite on the aboral (upper) surface of the animal. The madreporite is linked to a slender duct, the stone canal, which extends to a ring canal that encircles the mouth or oesophagus.

While the left pleuro-parietal, the parietal-subintestinal/visceral and the right pleuro-parietal/supraintestinal connectives are very short, the subintestinal/visceral-parietal/supraintestinal connective is long. An additional presumed osphradial ganglion is linked to the fused parietal/supraintestinal ganglion. Anteriorly, a nerve emerges and innervates the right body wall; no histologically differentiated osphradium could be detected. The buccal ganglia are positioned posterior to the pharynx and are linked to each other by a short buccal commissure ventral to the oesophagus.

The Infective larvae quickly undergo moulting to shed their sheath either upon ingestion by the host or upon burrowing into the host's skin. If ingested, they pass through the stomach into the intestine and attach themselves to the mucosa. If they have burrowed through the skin, they invade the subcutaneous blood vessels, are carried to the lungs, and then move to the intestine via trachea, oesophagus and stomach. In either case, the larvae develop into the final 3rd stage in the intestinal wall.

Sham feeding is any procedure that mimics normal food consumption but where food and drink are not actually digested or absorbed. It is generally used in experiments studying hunger, eating or digestion, and is a predominant method used in studying binge eating disorder. In animal research it often involves inserting a tube into either the oesophagus or stomach, that leaks out anything that has been swallowed. Animals who are sham fed in this manner eat and swallow almost continually without becoming satiated.

For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a neural crest mesenchyme-derived dental papilla, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as enamel. The radula is used by molluscs for feeding and is sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the oesophagus. The radula is unique to molluscs, and is found in every class of mollusc apart from bivalves.

P. integerrimum is a leaf-like flatworm that can grow to a maximum length of about . At the anterior (head) end are the mouth and a pair of suckers, and at the posterior end is the main device by which the parasite attaches to its host, the opisthaptor, with its three pairs of suckers, a pair of hooked anchors and marginal hooks. The flatworm's mouth is connected to a muscular pharynx, an oesophagus and a gut, but it has no anus.

The spines are essentially moveable extensions of the body wall, and are hollow and covered by cuticle. The head is completely retractable, and is covered by a set of neck plates called placids when retracted.Echinoderes spinifurca Kinorhynchs eat either diatoms or organic material found in the mud, depending on species. The mouth is located in a conical structure at the apex of the head, and opens into a pharynx and then an oesophagus, both of which are lined by cuticle.

Jessica Geen, 'Tory MP calls for churches to be banned from holding marriages if they refuse gay couples', in Pink News, 2 September 2011 Weatherley was the Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Business and Retail Crime, along with various other APPGs. He is also a Vice-President of the Debating Group. He is a supporter of the Free Enterprise Group. After a period suffering from cancer of the oesophagus, Weatherley stood down at the 2015 general election.

The suboesophageal ganglion (acronym: SOG; synonym: subesophageal ganglion) of arthropods and in particular insects is part of the arthropod central nervous system (CNS). As indicated by its name, it is located below the oesophagus, inside the head. As part of the ventral nerve cord, it is connected (via pairs of connections) to the brain (or supraoesophageal ganglion) and to the first thoracic ganglion (or protothoracic ganglion). Its nerves innervate the sensory organs and muscles of the mouthparts and the salivary glands.

Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of disorders characterized by overactive muscle movement, including cerebral palsy, post-stroke spasticity, post-spinal cord injury spasticity, spasms of the head and neck, eyelid, vagina, limbs, jaw, and vocal cords. Similarly, botulinum toxin is used to relax the clenching of muscles, including those of the oesophagus, jaw, lower urinary tract and bladder, or clenching of the anus which can exacerbate anal fissure. Botulinum toxin appears to be effective for refractory overactive bladder.

This occurs in approximately 1 in 3000 births, and the most common abnormalities is a separation of the upper and lower ends of the oesophagus, with the upper end finishing in a closed pouch. Other abnormalities may be associated with this, including cardiac abnormalities, or VACTERL syndrome. Such fistulas may be detected before a baby is born because of excess amniotic fluid; after birth, they are often associated with pneumonitis and pneumonia because of of food contents. Congenital fistulas are often treated by surgical repair.

Appointed an OBE in 1944 and knighted in 1954, Whitehead retired back to the United Kingdom to live with his sister near Whitchurch in Hampshire. From there he called for a union between the UK and Rhodesia as a way forward from UDI. He died of cancer of the oesophagus and lung in a nursing home in Hamstead Marshall near Newbury in September 1971.GRO Certificate QBDX921543 A plaque to him in Salisbury (now Harare) Cathedral Cloisters was unveiled by former Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs in 1972.

The shape of the trophi varies between different species, depending partly on the nature of their diet. In suspension feeders, the trophi are covered in grinding ridges, while in more actively carnivorous species, they may be shaped like forceps to help bite into prey. In some ectoparasitic rotifers, the mastax is adapted to grip onto the host, although, in others, the foot performs this function instead. Behind the mastax lies an oesophagus, which opens into a stomach where most of the digestion and absorption occurs.

The mooneyes (Hiodontidae) are often classified here, but may also be placed in a separate order, Hiodontiformes. Members of the order are notable for having toothed or bony tongues, and for having the forward part of the gastrointestinal tract pass to the left of the oesophagus and stomach (for all other fish it passes to the right). In other respects, osteoglossiform fishes vary considerably in size and form; the smallest is Pollimyrus castelnaui, at just long, while the largest, the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), reaches as much as .

Like other crustaceans, malacostracans have an open circulatory system in which the heart pumps blood into the hemocoel (body cavity) where it supplies the needs of the organs for oxygen and nutrients before diffusing back to the heart. The typical respiratory pigment in malacostracans is haemocyanin. Structures that function as kidneys are located near the base of the antennae. A brain exists in the form of ganglia close to the antennae, there are ganglia in each segment and a collection of major ganglia below the oesophagus.

Matthew Hill,"Zambia central bank chief replaced as president vows lower rates", Bloomberg, 13 February 2015. In March 2015 Lungu collapsed while holding a speech commemorating International Women's Day in Lusaka. After spending a short while in a Zambian hospital he had an operation for his narrowed oesophagus in Pretoria, South Africa. Lungu commuted the death sentences of 332 prisoners to life in prison on 16 July 2015 and condemned the massive overcrowding at the Mukobeko prison, calling it "an affront to basic human dignity".

The tentacles are hollow and are extended via hydrostatic pressure in a similar manner as the introvert, but have a different mechanism from that of the rest of the introvert, being connected, via a system of ducts, to one or two contractile sacs next to the oesophagus. Hooks are often present near the mouth on the introvert. These are proteinaceous, non-chitinous specializations of the epidermis, either arranged in rings or scattered. They may be involved in scraping algae off rock, or alternatively provide anchorage.

The stichosome is composed by very visible cells in Trichosomoides crassicauda Stichosome (from Greek stichos (στίχος) = row; soma (σῶµα) = body) is a multicellular organ that is very prominent in some stages of nematodes and consists of a longitudinal series of glandular unicellular cells (stichocytes) arranged in a row along the oesophagus that form the posterior esophageal glands. It opens into the esophageal lumen and apparently functions as a secretory gland and storage organ.Chitwood, B. G. & Chitwood, M. B. (1950). Introduction to Nematology (Vol. 1).

These openings may serve to allow the animal to relieve internal pressure by ejecting body fluid (blood) during moments of extreme muscular contraction of the foot. The nervous system is generally similar to that of cephalopods. One pair each of cerebral and pleural ganglia lie close to the oesophagus, and effectively form the animal's brain. A separate set of pedal ganglia lie in the foot, and a pair of visceral ganglia are set further back in the body, and connect to pavilion ganglia via long connectives.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, an oval to elongated pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; both branches do not extend into the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior tubular and fork-like genital atrium, armed with numerous spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single long and tubular ovary and 56 testes which are posterior to the ovary and scattered in middle region. Hadi, R. (2009).

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, an ovoid pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with inner and outer diverticula extending up to level of testes, not confluent posterioriely. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior postbifurcal genital atrium, armed with numerous very spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single convoluted ovary with its distal end directed anteriorly and numerous follicular testes which are posterior to the ovary. The Egg is oval and filamented at each pole.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, an ovoid muscular pharynx ying just behind oral suckers, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine divided in two branches, not confluent posteriorly, extending into the hohaptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior postbifurcal genital atrium, armed with numerous very spines, a single looped ovary with its distal end directed anteriorly and 21-24 testes which are posterior to the ovary. The Egg is oval and filamented at each pole.

Some of the more anterior caudal vertebrae have chevron bones ventral to them which also increase the height of the tail. All presacral vertebrae have small osteoderms at the top of their neural spines. The cervical ribs are elongate, at least four times the length of their corresponding centra, and may have had strong muscles attached enabling it to create suction in its throat while lunging forward at prey by expanding the oesophagus. The dorsal ribs are expanded and pachyostotic at their distal ends.

More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". Indeed, neuroscientist Joseph Takahashi and colleagues stated in a 2013 article that "almost every cell in the body contains a circadian clock." For example, these clocks, called peripheral oscillators, have been found in the adrenal gland, oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.Id. There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations, at least when cultured.

Dichelyne alatae is a species of nematode, described on the basis of the worms recovered from the intestine of the whiting, Sillaginopsis panijus from the estuary of the Hooghly River at Kalyani, West Bengal, India. Dichelyne alatae is unique in having a small body size, deirids posterior to the oesophagus, short and wide caudal alae at the level of cloacal opening, unequal, alate spicules, a shield-shaped gubernaculum, a different number of caudal papillae and a conical tail with spines in its distal region.

The mouth opens into a sclerotised oesophagus, which leads to a crop and gizzard. After grinding up its food in the gizzard, the animal regurgitates any inedible portions, and passes the remainder to the true stomach. The stomach secretes digestive enzymes, and is attached to an intestine and two large caeca that extend through much of the body, and absorb the nutrients from the food. The intestine terminates in a sclerotised rectum, which opens just in front of the base of the caudal spine.

The thyroid gland is encapsulated by the middle layer of deep cervical fascia and is part of the visceral space in the infrahyoid neck. It wraps around the trachea and is separated from the oesophagus by the tracheoesophageal groove on each side, which houses the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The thyroid has variable lymphatic drainage to the internal jugular chain, para-tracheal region, mediastinum, and retropharyngeal area. It has homogeneous high attenuation values on a CT scan, as compared to adjacent muscles, due to its high iodine concentration.

Buticulotrema thermichthysi is a species of trematodes inhabiting hydrothermal vent fishes (particularly Thermichthys hollisi) in the south eastern Pacific Ocean. It can be distinguished from its family by its symmetrical testicular configuration; its uterus passing between the testes. Furthermore, it can be differentiated from its cogenerate species by its long and strongly muscular oesophagus, that bifurcates dorsally to the posterior part of the animal's ventral sucker; its long and narrow pars prostatica and distal male duct, as well as its sinistral genital pore that can be found at the level of its pharynx.

The radula (; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the oesophagus. The radula is unique to the molluscs, and is found in every class of mollusc except the bivalves, which instead use cilia, waving filaments that bring minute organisms to the mouth. Within the gastropods, the radula is used in feeding by both herbivorous and carnivorous snails and slugs.

The nervous system has small ganglia around the oesophagus from which two pairs of main nerve cords run through the body; one pair supplying the foot, and the other the visceral organs. As in the chitons, these main nerve cords are connected by a series of lateral nerves, giving the layout of the nervous system an appearance somewhat like a ladder. There are two pairs of gonads, which release gametes into the water through one of the pairs of nephridia. The sexes are separate, and fertilisation is external.

In 1952 Gardner married Margaret Mercer and the couple had two children, Simon and Alexis. Gardner also had another daughter, Miranda, the result of a long affair with Susan Wright, a former personal assistant to Peter Sellers. In 1989, Gardner and his family moved to the United States and it was in America that he was diagnosed with cancer; firstly of the prostate and then, six years later, of the oesophagus. The subsequent medical treatment in the US left him near bankrupt and he returned to the UK in November 1996.

The fossil provides direct information about the diet of Scipionyx because remains of a complete series of consecutive meals have been preserved, perhaps everything the animal ate during its short life. These confirm what already could be concluded from its phylogenetic affinities and general build: that Scipionyx was a predator. In the oesophagus tract about eight scales and some bone fragments are present. Dal Sasso & Maganuco considered it likely that these had not been swallowed as loose elements but were the remains of a meal, partly regurgitated from the stomach in the final death throes.

The digestive tract is straight and the foregut consists of a short oesophagus and a two-chambered stomach, the first part of which contains a gizzard-like "gastric mill" for grinding food. The walls of this have chitinous ridges, teeth and calcareous ossicles. The fine particles and soluble material are then moved into the midgut where chemical processing and absorption takes place in one or more pairs of large digestive caeca. The hindgut is concerned with water reclamation and the formation of faeces and the anus is situated at the base of the telson.

Gary Pert (born 28 May 1965) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Tall, well-built and strong in the air, Pert played over 200 league games, despite suffering two serious knee injuries in the prime years of his career. Early in one season, Pert suffered a bizarre injury when he went to his girlfriend's house for dinner and got a biscuit stuck in his oesophagus. The blockage remained overnight and so the following day he underwent an oesophagoscopy under general anaesthetic.

Studies implicate that biological disturbances in the pathways downstream of these candidate genes can lead to the development of achalasia. It is suggested that the disease has roots in neurological dysfunction due to the co-occurrence of microcephaly, the progressive narrowing of the oesophagus in the early stages of life and intellectual disability. Whole-exosome and whole-genome sequencing is proposed for the discovery of the underlying genetic cause of achalasia microcephaly. The familial trend of disease manifestation between siblings along with consanguinity in majority of cases is consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance.

Ranitidine was introduced in 1981, and was the world's biggest-selling prescription drug by 1987. Subsequently, it was largely superseded by the more effective PPI class of drugs, with omeprazole becoming the biggest-selling drug for many years. When omeprazole and ranitidine were compared in a study of 144 people with severe inflammation and erosions or ulcers of the oesophagus, 85% of those treated with omeprazole healed within 8 weeks, compared with 50% of those given ranitidine. In addition, the omeprazole group reported earlier relief of heartburn symptoms.

According to the American Society for Microbiology, "the fore stomach consists of … non glandular tissue and appears to be analogous to the tissue of the rumen." The forestomach is lined with a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which is continuous of the oesophagus epithelium. Due to the reflux of stomach juices from the main stomach, minor digestive activity takes place in the forestomach. The main stomach, also referred to as the fundic stomach, secretes mucus, protein digesting enzymes and hydrochloric acid to aid the breakdown of food and lined.

Cribbing, or crib biting, involves a horse grasping a solid object such as the stall door or fence rail with its incisor teeth, arching its neck, and contracting the lower neck muscles to retract the larynx caudally. This movement is coincided with an in-rush of air through the crico- pharynx into the oesophagus producing the characteristic cribbing sound or grunt. Usually, air is not swallowed but returns to the pharynx. It is considered to be an abnormal, compulsive behavior or stereotypy, and often labelled as a stable vice.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, an ovoid small pharynx, a long narrow oesophagus and a narrow posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; the intestine extends to the base of the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous very spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single large ovary and 51 to 58 ovoid testes located in the posterior part of the body, in the intercecal area, in two rows.

Chrysomallon squamiferum was thought to be the only species of Peltospiridae, that has enlarged oesophageal gland, but later it was shown that both species Gigantopelta has the oesophageal gland also enlarged. In other peltospirids, the posterior portion of the oesophagus forms a pair of blind mid-oesophageal pouches or gutters extending only to the anterior end of the foot (Rhynchopelta, Peltospira, Nodopelta, Echinopelta, Pachydermia). The same situation is in Melanodrymia within the family Melanodrymiidae. Bathyphytophilidae and Lepetellidae are also known to have enlarged oesophageal pouches, however, though not to the extent of Chrysomallon.

McEachern did appear, however, in an array of staged Gilbert and Sullivan Savoy operettas under the batons of the famous conductors Sir Henry Wood and Sir John Barbirolli. In early 1926, McEachern forged a light-entertainment collaboration with Bentley Collingwood Hilliam, a pianist from Yorkshire. Their act proved to be a great success with British audiences and they became famous as Mr. Flotsam and Mr. Jetsam.Entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography McEachern was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus and died after an operation in London on 17 January 1945.

Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. These animals all consume diets that either require little storage of food, or no pre-digestion with gastric juices, or both.

Young birds at the nest are sometimes preyed on by imperial, steppe and greater spotted eagles. Chaunocephalus ferox, an intestinal parasite, is a trematode worm found in about 80% of the wild populations in Thailand while another species Echinoparyphium oscitansi has been described from Asian openbills in Thailand. Other helminth parasites such as Thapariella anastomusa, T. oesophagiala and T. udaipurensis have been described from the oesophagus of storks. In colonial India, sportsmen shot the openbill for meat, calling it the "beef-steak bird" (although this name was also used for the woolly-necked stork).

The digestive system of the octopus begins with the buccal mass which consists of the mouth with its chitinous beak, the pharynx, radula and salivary glands. The radula is a spiked, muscular tongue- like organ with multiple rows of tiny teeth. Food is broken down and is forced into the oesophagus by two lateral extensions of the esophageal side walls in addition to the radula. From there it is transferred to the gastrointestinal tract, which is mostly suspended from the roof of the mantle cavity by numerous membranes.

In a study conducted in Taiwan, scientists reported the extent of cancer risks of betel quid (paan) chewing beyond oral cancer, even when tobacco was absent. In addition to oral cancer, significant increases were seen among chewers for cancer of the oesophagus, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, and all cancer. Chewing and smoking, as combined by most betel chewers, interacted synergistically and was responsible for half of all cancer deaths in this group. Chewing betel leaf quid and smoking, the scientists claimed, shortened the life span by nearly six years.

Behind the blades is the mouth, located ventrally at the anterior end of the body. It leads successively into the pharynx, a short oesophagus, a crop (in some species), a stomach and a hindgut, which ends at an anus located just above the posterior sucker. The stomach may be a simple tube, but the crop, when present, is an enlarged part of the midgut with a number of pairs of ceca that store ingested blood. The leech secretes an anticoagulant, hirudin, in its saliva which prevents the blood from clotting before ingestion.

The radula is used to scrape microscopic algae off the substratum. The mouth cavity itself is lined with chitin and is associated with a pair of salivary glands. Two sacs open from the back of the mouth, one containing the radula, and the other containing a protrusible sensory subradular organ that is pressed against the substratum to taste for food. Cilia pull the food through the mouth in a stream of mucus and through the oesophagus, where it is partially digested by enzymes from a pair of large pharyngeal glands.

The queen and workers have black heads, with a few pale yellow hairs. The anterior and posterior thorax and the first and fourth abdominal segments are yellow, abdominal segments 2 to 3 are orange, and the terminal segments are black. The queen and the workers are close in resemblance, and the most striking difference between them is in the size of their fat deposits. Workers have very little fat, particularly in their abdomen, leaving plenty of room for the honey stomach, an enlargement of the oesophagus in which nectar can be stored on foraging trips.

Lying above the oesophagus is the brain or supraesophageal ganglion, divided into three pairs of ganglia: the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum from front to back (collectively no. 5 in the diagram). Nerves from the protocerebrum lead to the large compound eyes; from the deutocerebrum to the antennae; and from the tritocerebrum to the labrum and stomatogastric nervous system. Circum- oesophageal connectives lead from the tritocerebrum around the gut to connect the brain to the ventral ganglionated nerve cord: nerves from the first three pairs of ganglia lead to the mandibles, maxillae and labium, respectively.

Epidermolysis bullosa is a genetic condition that in its most severe forms affects all of the body's linings, the skin, the linings of the mouth and oesophagus, and even the eyes. In its most severe forms the linings blister or rip away from the flesh under the lightest of frictions. For example, rolling over in bed can cause skin to tear away from behind the ears, and the sufferer may wake up with up to 30 blisters each morning. There is no treatment bar the lancing and draining of these blisters to stop their growth.

A heavy drinker until going teetotal in 1995, and a heavy smoker from the age of 12, Thaw was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus in June 2001. He underwent chemotherapy in hope of overcoming the illness, and at first had appeared to respond well to the treatment. However, just before Christmas 2001 he was informed that the cancer had spread and the prognosis was terminal. He died on 21 February 2002, seven weeks after his 60th birthday, the day after he signed a new contract with ITV, and the day before his wife's birthday.

Benign lesions, such as narrowing resulting from scarring, are likely to be surgically excised. One cause of narrowing is tracheomalacia, which is the tendency for the trachea to collapse when there is increased external pressure, such as when airflow is increased during breathing in or out, due to decreased compliance. It can be due to congenital causes, or due to things that develop after birth, such as compression from nearby masses or swelling, or trauma. Congenital tracheomalacia can occur by itself or in association with other abnormalities such as bronchomalacia or laryngomalacia, and abnormal connections between the trachea and the oesophagus, amongst others.

His private life became more tangled when, married with a daughter, he eloped with the sixteen-year-old daughter of a farmer, and then further complicated when, because of a dodgy business deal, he felt obliged to change his name to "Bill Barrett" by deed poll; under this new name, he opened a Yorkshire jazz club, performing himself on the saxophone. He died in a hospice in York at the age of 68 from cancer of the oesophagus and sternum brought on, his family believed, by a blow to the chest from a cricket ball in his youth.

There are also two buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior mouth, a pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine that bifurcates at or near level of genital pore in two lateral branches. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium armed with a corona of 17 hooks, two unarmed vaginal pores, with sub marginal dorsal longitudinal slit like apertures, situated behind the penis on each side of the body but not at the same level, a looped ovary and numerous testes para and post-ovarian.

The two main types of brachytherapy treatment in terms of the placement of the radioactive source are interstitial and contact. In the case of interstitial brachytherapy, the sources are placed directly in the target tissue of the affected site, such as the prostate or breast. Contact brachytherapy involves placement of the radiation source in a space next to the target tissue. This space may be a body cavity (intracavitary brachytherapy) such as the cervix, uterus or vagina; a body lumen (intraluminal brachytherapy) such as the trachea or oesophagus; or externally (surface brachytherapy) such as the skin.

A tracheo-esophageal puncture (or tracheoesophageal puncture) is a surgically created hole between the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (the tubal pathway between the throat and the stomach) in a person who has had a total laryngectomy, a surgery where the larynx (voice box) is removed. The purpose of the puncture is to restore a person’s ability to speak after the vocal cords have been removed. This involves creation of a fistula between trachea and oesophagus, puncturing the short segment of tissue or “common wall” that typically separates these two structures. A voice prosthesis is inserted into this puncture.

The thorax contains muscles to operate the legs and wings and the nerve cells to co- ordinate their movements; also contained in this part of the body is the heart and oesophagus. The abdomen contains the stomachs, poison glands, ovaries in the queen, and the Dufour's gland, among other things. Acromyrmex ants have two "stomachs", including a dry, social stomach in which they can store food and later regurgitate to larvae, the queen and other ants. This is separated from the stomach proper by a small valve; once food enters the second stomach, it becomes contaminated with gastric juices and cannot be regurgitated.

In other species of fungi, it is conidia rather than spores which are encountered by the nematode and infect it in a similar way. In the case of Harposporium anguillulae, the sickle-shaped conidia are ingested by the nematode and lodge in the oesophagus or gut from where they invade the tissues. In egg parasitic species, the hypha flattens itself against the egg, the appearance of appressoria indicating that infection is about to take place or has already done so. The hypha then pierces the egg and devours the developing juvenile nematode before producing conidiophores and growing on towards nearby eggs.

Digested food (digesta) in the rumen is not uniform, but rather stratified into gas, liquid, and particles of different sizes, densities, and other physical characteristics. Additionally, digesta does not merely enter and exit the rumen without event, but it is subject to extensive mixing, and travels along complicated flow paths. Though they may seem trivial at first, these complicated stratification, mixing, and flow patterns of digesta are a key aspect of digestive activity in the ruminant and thus warrant detailed discussion. After being swallowed, food travels down the oesophagus and is deposited in the dorsal part of the reticulum.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a pharynx nearly circular in outline, a short oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches hidden in large part by the vitellaria and do not extend in the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior spacious genital atrium , armed with numerous somewhat conical spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single ovary and 14-24 testes that extend from the posterior edge of the ovary to a point a little in front of the posterior end of the vitellaria.

Ellipticine is a known intercalator, capable of entering a DNA strand between base pairs. In its intercalated state, ellipticine binds strongly and lies parallel to the base pairs, increasing the superhelical density of the DNA. Intercalated ellipticine binds directly to topoisomerase II, an enzyme involved in DNA replication, inhibiting the enzyme and resulting in powerful antitumour activity. In clinical trials, ellipticine derivatives have been observed to induce remission of tumour growth, but are not used for medical purposes due to their high toxicity; side effects include nausea and vomiting, hypertension, cramp, pronounced fatigue, mouth dryness, and mycosis of the tongue and oesophagus.

It has strong muscles in its oesophagus and large salivary glands and rapidly fills its dilatable hind gut with blood. It then drops off the fish and spends several months on the seabed digesting the blood. In a research study, specimens of Aega antarctica were kept in a marine aquarium at the University of Oldenburg, Germany, where they were maintained at a temperature of . It was found that they would feed on a number of species of fish native to the North Sea and in this research they were fed on live European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa).

Caustic ingestion occurs when someone accidentally or deliberately ingests a caustic or corrosive substance. Depending on the nature of the substance, the duration of exposure and other factors it can lead to varying degrees of damage to the oral mucosa, the esophagus, and the lining of the stomach. The severity of the injury can be determined by endoscopy of the upper digestive tract, although CT scanning may be more useful to determine whether surgery may be required. During the healing process, strictures of the oesophagus may form, which may require therapeutic dilatation and insertion of a stent.

He was born in Hertfordshire and educated as a surgeon. He became a member of the Corporation of Surgeons, and practised as such for some years at Lewes, Sussex. In 1761, while still an apprentice surgeon, he made his discovery of the unique and bizarre cause—compression of the oesophagus by an aberrant right subclavian artery—of a fatal case of obstructed deglutition for which he coined the term dysphagia lusoria and for which he is eponymously remembered. This discovery remained unrecorded until 1787, when a paper describing the case was read on his behalf before the Medical Society of London.

Lewis Spitz (born 25 August 1939 in Pretoria) is a paediatric surgeon who is internationally recognised as a leader in paediatric surgery and is known for his work on congenital abnormalities of the oesophagus, particularly oesophageal atresia, oesophageal replacement and gastroesophageal reflux especially in neurologically impaired children. He championed the plight of children with cerebral palsy and other congenital disorders; demonstrating that appropriate surgery could improve their quality of life. He is the leading authority in the management of conjoined twins and is recognised as the foremost international expert in this field. Spitz is the Emeritus Nuffield Professor of Paediatric Surgery.

The central component of the nautilus nervous system is the oesophageal nerve ring which is a collection of ganglia, commissures, and connectives that together form a ring around the animal's oesophagus. From this ring extend all of the nerves forward to the mouth, tentacles, and funnel; laterally to the eyes and rhinophores; and posteriorly to the remaining organs. The nerve ring does not constitute what is typically considered a cephalopod "brain": the upper portion of the nerve ring lacks differentiated lobes, and most of the nervous tissue appears to focus on finding and consuming food (i.e., it lacks a "higher learning" center).

The digestive tract of typical bivalves consists of an oesophagus, stomach, and intestine. A number of digestive glands open into the stomach, often via a pair of diverticula; these secrete enzymes to digest food in the stomach, but also include cells that phagocytose food particles, and digest them intracellularly. In filter-feeding bivalves, an elongated rod of solidified mucus referred to as the "crystalline style" projects into the stomach from an associated sac. Cilia in the sac cause the style to rotate, winding in a stream of food-containing mucus from the mouth, and churning the stomach contents.

CA IX is a cellular biomarker of hypoxia. Furthermore, recent studies examining the association between CA IX levels and various clinicopathological outcomes suggest that CA IX expression may also be a valuable prognostic indicator for overall survival although this association has been questioned. CA IX shows high expression in carcinomas of the uterine cervix, kidney, oesophagus, lung, breast, colon, brain, and vulva compared to expression in few noncancerous tissues. Its overexpression in cancerous tissues compared to normal ones is due to hypoxic conditions in the tumor microenvironment caused by abnormal vasculature and subsequent transcriptional activation by HIF-1 binding.

Tongue depressor A tongue depressor (sometimes called spatula"Spatula", Collins Dictionary of Medicine, Robert M. Youngson 2004, 2005) is a tool used in medical practice to depress the tongue to allow for examination of the mouth and throat. The most common modern tongue depressors are flat, thin, wooden blades, smoothed and rounded at both ends,Mirriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary but, historically, tongue depressors have been made of a variety of materials.Cohen, J Solis. Diseases of the Throat and Nasal Passages: A Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Affections of the Pharynx, Oesophagus, Trachea, Larynx, and Nares.

They forage in flocks comprising 3-5 individuals within their large territory. Especially in winter, Siberian jays will also venture into increasingly open areas to take and store small rodents for food when the latter are abundant. The young are fed a high proportion of insect larvae, which is collected by the male and stored in his oesophagus, until he returns to the nest to regurgitate it to feed to the young. In the first week of brooding, the male provides the female and young with all their food, and the female takes an increasing share of the work thereafter.

The pedal ganglia are placed beneath the radula sac and joined together by an anterior and a posterior commissure. The abdominal ganglion lies a little to the right of the median line. The visceral ganglia occupy the angle between the lingual sheath and the oesophagus and the buccal ganglia are widely separated but joined together by a commissure nearly as thick as the ganglia themselves. Reproductive system: The hermaphrodite gland (HG) is elongated and large, and is connected with spermoviduct (SO) by means of the hermaphrodite duct (HD) which takes its course through a portion of the albumen gland (AG).

The madreporite of sea urchins is located within one of the plates surrounding the anus on the upper surface of the animal. The stone canal descends from the madreporite to the ring canal, which lies around the oesophagus, and includes a number of polian vesicles. Because sea urchins have no arms, the five radial canals simply run along the inside of the solid skeletal "test", arching upwards towards the anus. The ampullae branching off from either side of the radial canals give rise to ten rows of tube feet, which penetrate through holes in the test to the outside.

This fermentation is anaerobic, and allows the microbes in the reticulorumen to derive the energy and amino nitrogen for growth and reproduction. Ruminants absorb the VFAs across the reticulorumen wall as an energy source, while the microbes eventually flow out of the rumen into the remainder of the alimentary canal, where their constituent proteins are eventually digested and absorbed. The reticulum, at approximately 5–20 litres, is considerably smaller in capacity than the rumen, which is approximately 100–200 litres in cattle. The oesophageal groove, which links the oesophagus and the omasum, is located in the reticulum.

Pyloric stricture dilated with endoscopic balloon Dilatation of benign oesophageal strictures using semi-rigid bougies existed long before the advent of flexible endoscopes. Since that time oesophageal dilatation has been carried out using either bougies or endoscopic balloons, and can be used to treat benign oesophageal strictures and achalasia. Initially, bougies were used to dilate benign strictures of the oesophagus. These could be passed alongside the endoscope, allowing visualisation of the bougie passing through the stricture, but the technique of passing a guidewire through the stricture endoscopically, then removing the endoscope and passing the bougie over the guidewire was more commonly used.

Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach. Symptoms often include difficulty in swallowing and weight loss. Other symptoms may include pain when swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") around the collarbone, a dry cough, and possibly coughing up or vomiting blood. The two main sub-types of the disease are esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (often abbreviated to ESCC),Even by those using the British English spelling "oesophagus" which is more common in the developing world, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), which is more common in the developed world.

He then settled Hampshire and continued with his medical imaging and clinical physics research. Early in his career he took an interest in mammography research working for the UK NHS Breast Screening Programme, based at the Royal Surrey County Hospital (Guildford, Surrey). After completing two reports and publishing six scientific papers he moved to the Clinical Physics Department of The Royal London Hospital where he explored therapeutic applications of microwaves. The aim of the research was to develop a new method of treating the pre-cancerous condition Barrett’s oesophagus, a condition that increases the risk of oesophageal cancer (adenocarcinoma).

A long terminal lappet is present, and is armed with two pairs of hooks. There are also two buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior mouth, a pharynx larger than buccal suckers, a long wide oesophagus without diverticula and a posterior intestine that bifurcates in two lateral branches. The intestinal branches are provided with medial and lateral diverticula, joined in posterior part of opisthaptor and extending as a single branch with short diverticula to level of most posterior clamps, or not joined and one branch terminate some distance in front of the other.

A diagram showing the organs preserved in the Scipionyx holotype The digestive tract can mostly be traced, either because the intestines are still present or by the presence of food items. The position of the oesophagus is indicated by a five millimetre long series of small food particles. Below the ninth dorsal vertebra the location of the stomach is shown by a cluster of bones of prey animals, the organ itself likely having been dissolved by its own stomach acid shortly after death. The rather backward position of the cluster suggests the stomach was dual in structure, with a forward enzyme-secreting proventriculus preceding a muscular gizzard.

Body sites in which brachytherapy can be used to treat cancer. Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cancers of the cervix, prostate, breast, and skin. Brachytherapy can also be used in the treatment of tumours of the brain, eye, head and neck region (lip, floor of mouth, tongue, nasopharynx and oropharynx), respiratory tract (trachea and bronchi), digestive tract (oesophagus, gall bladder, bile-ducts, rectum, anus), urinary tract (bladder, urethra, penis), female reproductive tract (uterus, vagina, vulva), and soft tissues. As the radiation sources can be precisely positioned at the tumour treatment site, brachytherapy enables a high dose of radiation to be applied to a small area.

Larynx and nearby structures Cavitas nasi: Nasal cavity Cavis orum: oral cavity Glottis: Larynx Plica vocalis: Vocal cords Trachea Oesophagus: Esophagus Diagnosis is made by the doctor on the basis of a medical history, physical examination, and special investigations which may include a chest x-ray, CT or MRI scans, and tissue biopsy. The examination of the larynx requires some expertise, which may require specialist referral. The physical exam includes a systematic examination of the whole patient to assess general health and to look for signs of associated conditions and metastatic disease. The neck and supraclavicular fossa are palpated to feel for cervical adenopathy, other masses, and laryngeal crepitus.

The walls of the oesophagus and the intestine are lined by pigment cells, resembling those found in adult Polyopisthocotylea, suggesting that the larvae also feed on blood. During the next phase, the asymmetrical development takes place: clamps are added on one side of the posterior region of the body, with a complete absence of clamp development on the other side of the body. the number of clamps increases as the larva grows bigger, and at the 9-10 clamp stage, the penis sclerites appear. In the 10-12 clamp stage, the vitellaria develop with the intestinal branches, followed by the vitelline reservoir at the 13-16 clamp stage.

He is a former president of the Society of GastroIntestinal Endoscopy of India (2007–08) where he sits in the advisory board of its journal. The incumbent national president of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, he is credited with the performance of over 23000 endoscopy procedures. He prepared a braille chart for personal hygiene in 2015, for use by the visually impaired people and has prepared fourteen CD-ROMs for teaching endoscopic surgical procedures. He is one of the pioneers of Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy in India, an endoscopic surgical technique involving the insertion of a knife into the oesophagus to remove the blockages in the food pipe.

Red stains of Gutka on walls due to spitting Creative advertising by tobacco companies and lack of accessible information for the public leads to many gutka users being unaware of the dangers it can bring. Often users believe that gutka can act as a digestion aid, kill germs, and generally give a sense of well being. In fact 34.4% of smokers have switched to smokeless tobacco use as way to quit. In addition to cancer of the head, mouth, neck, throat, oesophagus, other aerodigestive tract cancers, and dental disease areca nut, the main ingredient in gutka is known to cause severe oral mucosal disorders.

Rumen of a sheep from left. 1 Atrium ruminis, 2 Saccus dorsalis, 3 Saccus ventralis, 4 Recessus ruminis, 5 Saccus cecus caudodorsalis, 6 Saccus cecus caudoventralis, 7 Sulcus cranialis, 8 Sulcus longitudinalis sinister, 9 Sulcus coronarius dorsalis, 10 Sulcus coronarius ventralis, 11 Sulcus caudalis, 12 Sulcus accessorius sinister, 13 Insula ruminis, 14 Sulcus ruminoreticularis, 15 Reticulum, 16 Abomasum, 17 Oesophagus, 18 Spleen. The rumen is composed of several muscular sacs, the cranial sac, ventral sac, ventral blindsac, and reticulum. The lining of the rumen wall is covered in small fingerlike projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 5 mm in length and 3 mm wide in cattle.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a small and inconspicuous pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; the branches extends far back into the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single large ovary coiled across the middle of the body and 32 small testes which are posterior to the ovary. The eggs are elliptical, with a very long and delicate anterior filament that becomes coiled in a dense mass just near the opening of the uterus.

The company set up 10 clinical sites in Japan where the term "radiation" had negative connotations. HpD, under the brand name Photofrin, was the first PDT agent approved for clinical use in 1993 to treat a form of bladder cancer in Canada. Over the next decade, both PDT and the use of HpD received international attention and greater clinical acceptance and led to the first PDT treatments approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration Japa and parts of Europe for use against certain cancers of the oesophagus and non-small cell lung cancer. Photofrin had the disadvantages of prolonged patient photosensitivity and a weak long-wavelength absorption (630 nm).

He contributed the articles "Injuries of the Abdomen", "Diseases of the Mouth, Pharynx and Oesophagus", and "Diseases of the Intestines" in Holmes and Hulke's A System of Surgery: Theoretical and Practical, 3rd ed, 1883.Pollock, George David – Biographical entry – Plarr's Lives of the Fellows OnlineList of the Authors, p. xxxi of A System of Surgery, 1883, 3rd edition In 1846 Pollock was made F.R.C.S. He was President of the Pathological Society in 1875–1877 and President of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society for the years 1886 and 1887. He married in 1850 and upon his death in 1897 was survived by his widow and three of his five children.

A horse cribbing on a wooden fence, note anti-cribbing collar intended to reduce this behavior and tension in neck muscles Stereotypies are repetitive, unwavering behaviours that cease to obtain a goal and lack function. One of the most common stereotypies in horses is equine oral stereotypic behaviour, otherwise known as cribbing, wind sucking or crib-biting. Cribbing or crib biting involves a horse grasping a solid object such as the stall door or fence rail with its incisor teeth, then arching its neck, and contracting the lower neck muscles to retract the larynx. This coincides with an in-rush of air into the oesophagus producing the characteristic cribbing grunt.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a circular pharynx, a simple oesophagus and a posterior intestine bifurcates immediately posterior to genital atrium into two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches, both extends into the hohaptor, and are confluent. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous thorn-shaped spines, a medio-dorsal vagina opening approximately one fourth to one-fifth length of body from anterior end, a single tubular, irregularly looped ovary and 18-30 testes irregular in shape, closely packed and occupy the greatest part of the postovarian interintestinal field.

The most common congenital cause of thymus-related immune deficiency results from the deletion of the 22nd chromosome, called DiGeorge syndrome. This results in a failure of development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches, resulting in failure of development of the thymus, and variable other associated problems, such as congenital heart disease, and abnormalities of mouth (such as cleft palate and cleft lip), failure of development of the parathyroid glands, and the presence of a fistula between the trachea and the oesophagus. Very low numbers of circulating T cells are seen. The condition is diagnosed by fluorescent in situ hybridization and treated with thymus transplantation.

BBC News Drinking over recommended limit 'raises cancer risk' 8 April 2011 The World Cancer Research Fund panel report Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective finds the evidence "convincing" that alcoholic drinks increase the risk of the following cancers: mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, colorectum (men), breast (pre- and postmenopause).WCRF World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington DC: AICR, 2007 Even light and moderate alcohol consumption increases cancer risk in individuals, especially with respect to squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, oropharyngeal cancer, and breast cancer.

Mermithids are wire-like and have a smooth cuticle with layers of spiral fibres. The digestive tract is similar to that of free-living nematodes only in the young larvae prior to their parasitic life; in the parasitic stages the oesophagus is disconnected from the mid-intestine, and females lack an anus. The female genital opening is at the midbody, while the male opening is at the tip and visible as one or two spicules. The eggs are laid either in water or on land, and the newly hatched larvae are free-living, as are the adults that emerge from the hosts to lay eggs.

Smokeless tobacco products vary extensively worldwide in both form and health hazards, with some evidently toxic forms such as from South Asia, and some forms with less hazards such as snus from Sweden. It is correlated with a number of adverse effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreatic cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and deformities in the female reproductive system. A correlation was identified between smokeless tobacco and risk of fatal coronary artery disease and fatal stroke. Use of smokeless tobacco also seems to greatly raise the risk of non- fatal ischaemic heart disease among users in Asia, although not in Europe.

A sea cucumber atop gravel, feeding A pharynx lies behind the mouth and is surrounded by a ring of ten calcareous plates. In most sea cucumbers, this is the only substantial part of the skeleton, and it forms the point of attachment for muscles that can retract the tentacles into the body for safety as for the main muscles of the body wall. Many species possess an oesophagus and stomach, but in some the pharynx opens directly into the intestine. The intestine is typically long and coiled, and loops through the body three times before terminating in a cloacal chamber, or directly as the anus.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a globular to oval pharynx, a simple oesophagus bifurcating posteriorly to the genital pore and a posterior intestine with two branches provided with short lateral branches. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior large cup-shaped muscular genital atrium, densely armed with thorn-like spines, a dorsal vagina opening some distance posteriorly to the genital pore, a single tubular ovary shaped like a question mark, vitellaria and 11-21 testes oval or irregular in shape. Eggs are fusiform, with a very long anterior filament and much shorter posterior filament.

In order to be eligible for compensation, a worker must have been employed by a listed company, and have received an occupational radiation dose. Then the claimant must have developed cancer of the bladder, bone, brain and central nervous system, breast or uterus (for female workers), colon, liver, oesophagus, respiratory or lung, prostate, ovary, skin (non-Melanoma), thyroid or other tissues. Other compensable diseases include cataracts and leukaemias (with two exceptions). Some diseases are excluded on the basis that there is no convincing epidemiological evidence to link them with ionising radiation exposure. Excluded diseases include: Hodgkin’s disease, hairy cell leukaemia, chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), malignant melanoma and mesothelioma.

People who have heart disease, high blood pressure, eye diseases (such as glaucoma), or are pregnant are at higher risk for the dangers related to inversion therapy and should consult their doctors about it first. The first time anyone tries inversion therapy with gravity, they should be sure to have someone standing by, in case assistance is required to get out of the apparatus, or if health problems are experienced. During an episode of acid reflux, small amounts of stomach acid may manage to escape from the stomach and into the oesophagus. Gravity typically minimises this upward leakage, but an inversion table and acid reflux can be a painful, nauseating, and potentially dangerous combination.

The autopsy revealed 19 separate injuries, with 6-8 of the injuries being blows to the head, and the cause of death was a combination of facial trauma, smothering, and drowning. It also revealed cannabinoids in her bloodstream and beach sand in her oesophagus. Investigators examined security footage, which showed Ryan in and around Port Elliot on 19 February, in the company of two men, and she was last seen alive by witnesses at the beach at 9.30 pm. A pale blue vehicle used by the men led police to Mornington, where a raid (11 days after the murder) led to the arrest of Newman, and the detention of Newman's younger son.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a pharynx, a wide oesophagus bifurcating immediately behind the genital pore and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; the left branch extends into the haptor further backward than the right one. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium , armed with numerous very spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single ovary shaped like an interrogation mark and 13-18 testes occupying the whole postovarian intercoecal field. The eggs are fusiform, thick-shelled and tapering into a short blunt-pointed process at one end and a longer pointed process at the other.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a spheroid pharynx, a simple oesophagus and a posterior intestine bifurcates posterior to genital atrium into two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches, the branches are confluent in posterior region of body proper, only one intestinal branch enters the haptor to about one-half total distance Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous thorn-shaped spines, a medio-dorsal vagina opening approximately one fourth to one-fifth length of body from anterior end, a single tubular, irregularly looped ovary and 20-30 testes irregular in shape, closely packed and occupy the greatest part of the postovarian interintestinal field.

The adult stage of this tapeworm is found in the body cavity of the eastern long-necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis), and there may be as many as thirty worms in one turtle host. It is uncertain how the worm's eggs are released into the open water, but somehow they do emerge. When the eggs hatch, the developing larvae seek out an intermediate host, a suitable freshwater crayfish, and penetrate its cuticle by chemical action and by sawing through the shell with miniature hooks. The young tapeworm then continues its development in the crustacean, and if the crayfish is eaten by a turtle, the larva forces its way through the turtle's oesophagus into the turtle's body cavity.

Dhauti is one of the Shatkarmas (or Shatkriyas), which form the yogic system of body cleansing techniques. It is intended mainly to the cleaning of the digestive tract in its full length but it affects also the respiratory tract, external ears and eyes. According to the 18th century Gheranda Samhita,Dhauti - Internal Cleansing, in Yoga Magazine, a publication of Bihar School of Yoga it is divided into four parts: Antara (internal) Dhauti, Danta (teeth) Dhauti, Hrida (cardiac or chest region) Dhauti and Mula Shodhana (rectal cleansing). Dhauti is one of the six Shatkarmas, purifications used in traditional hatha yoga; Vastra Dhauti, using a long cloth to clean the oesophagus and stomach, is illustrated here.

The fourth pair of ganglions are the olfactory: they are well developed, though very much smaller than those just described, and are joined by a short commissure to the upper surface of the anterior margins of the cerebroid ganglions. The infra- oesophageal ganglions are placed in the usual situation on the buccal mass, below the oesophagus. The buccal ganglions are scarcely larger than the olfactory, and are of an oval form, their inner extremities being connected across the median line by a short commissure; their outer extremities receive a cord of communication from each of the cerebroid ganglions. Two minute elliptical ganglions are almost sessile on the anterior border of the buccal ganglions; these are the gastro-cesophageal ganglions.

A strong cord passes off close to the root of the fourth pair: these cords curve round the oesophagus and are united to the outer extremities of the buccal ganglions, forming the anterior collar. The fifth pair of nerves issue apparently from the outer border of the branchial ganglia, and go to the skin by the side of the head. The sixth pair are small, and come from the upper surface of the branchial ganglions; these nerves go to the skin of the sides of the back. The seventh, much larger than the sixth, emerge from the posterior margin of the same ganglions, and supply the dorsal skin, and apparently likewise the cerata.

The corpse was not found with any artifacts or any evidence of clothing, indicating that when he died he was entirely naked, or his clothing had deteriorated, something that had also happened with the Tollund Man. The actual manner of his death was by having his throat cut ear to ear, severing his trachea and oesophagus. Such a wound could not have been self-inflicted, indicating that this was not suicide. A damaged area to the skull that was initially thought to have been inflicted by a blow to the head, has since been determined by a CT scan to have been fractured by pressure from the bog long after his death.

There are also two oval buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, an oval pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine that bifurcates in two lateral branches provided with many lateral branches ramifying especially on the outer side, the branches are not contiguous posteriorly and extend to near the posterior end of the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with 24 hooks, a single vagina, an elongate cylindrical ovary and 40 small follicular testespost-ovarian, lying irregularly in the inter- crural field anteriorly in two rows and posteriorly in three rows in posterior half of body proper.

The syndrome appears to be due to mutations in the gene tetratricopeptide repeat domain 37 (TTC37) which encodes the protein Thespin or the SKIV2L gene. This gene is expressed is in the adrenal gland, amniotic fluid, bladder, blood, bone, bone marrow, brain, cervix, connective tissue, ear, epididymis, eye, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, lymph nodes, mammary glands, mouth, muscle, nerve, oesophagus, ovary, pancreas, pharynx, placenta, prostate, pituitary gland, salivary gland, testis, thyroid, tonsil, thymus, trachea, skin, uterus, spleen, spinal cord, stomach and vascular tissue. It is also expressed in ascites and various embryonic tissues. It is expressed at high level in the intestine, lung, lymph nodes, pituitary and vascular tissues. This gene is also known as KIAA0372, MGC32587 and TPR repeat protein 37.

Historically, the salivary glands probably evolved from the waste-elimination organs known as nephridia, which are found homologously in the other body segments. The throat itself is very muscular, serving to absorb the partially liquified food and to pump it, via the oesophagus, which forms the rear part of the front intestine, into the central intestine. Unlike the front intestine, this is not lined with a cuticula but instead consists only of a single layer of epithelial tissue, which does not exhibit conspicuous indentation as is found in other animals. On entering the central intestine, food particles are coated with a mucus-based peritrophic membrane, which serves to protect the lining of the intestine from damage by sharp-edged particles.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process; tumours also contain activated Ras, as well as mutation or downregulation of the tumour suppressor genes p53 in alimentary tract cancers and fragile histidine tetrads (FHIT) in urinary bladder cancers. Viral particles are not produced in either alimentary tract or urinary bladder tumours. Cows feeding on bracken are at risk of developing BPV-associated cancers These bracken-associated tumours might form a model for some types of human oesophageal cancer. Human papillomavirus DNA has been detected in around 18% of squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus, and there is an association between exposure to or consumption of bracken (which is used as a foodstuff and herbal remedy in South America, China, Japan, Korea and other countries) and risk of developing oesophageal cancer.

As typical for Cypriniformes, the garras lack a stomach entirely, their oesophagus leading directly to the sphincter of the intestine. Different Garra species eat animal and vegetable matter in different proportions, which can - as typical for vertebrates - usually be recognized by the length of their intestine compared to related species: more herbivorous species have a longer intestine. Indeed, intestinal length in this genus is remarkably constant within species and varies a lot between species, meaning that it is useful to distinguish species and that dietary shifts have played a significant role in the evolution of garras. When the females are ready to spawn, they are markedly plum and swollen; the ripe roe may fill almost four-fifths of their body cavity.

A large double fold of visceral peritoneum called the greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach. Two sphincters keep the contents of the stomach contained; the lower oesophageal sphincter (found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach, and the pyloric sphincter at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum. The stomach is surrounded by parasympathetic (stimulant) and sympathetic (inhibitor) plexuses (networks of blood vessels and nerves in the anterior gastric, posterior, superior and inferior, celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretory activity of the stomach and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles. Because it is a distensible organ, it normally expands to hold about one litre of food.

King has been called "the father of endocrinology" because of an important paper he wrote about the thyroid gland, where he proposed the concept of internal secretion of hormones into the bloodstream. The paper was published in the Guy's Hospital Reports in 1836, and fell into obscurity until it was discussed by Sir Humphry Rolleston at the Fitzpatrick Lecture in 1933. His paper described in detail the anatomy of the thyroid gland and theorised that, because of the thyroid's significant vascular supply and "peculiar" fluid, the blood vessels transported the thyroid's secretions throughout the body. He also proposed that the levels of thyroid secretions would vary during the day since the gland was subjected to periodic compression during chewing and movement of the nearby oesophagus, larynx and neck muscles.

When asked his nationality he used to answer "surgeon".Wojciech Kustzrycki: International symposium for cardiothoracic surgery 4–6 November 2004 in Wroclaw, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie - Mitteilungen 2/2005: 154-8 (PDF) (German) After finishing studies at the University of Vienna under Theodor Billroth, he was a director of surgery at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, the University of Königsberg (Królewiec, Kaliningrad) and from 1890 at the University of Wrocław. Mikulicz-Radecki's innovations in operative technique for a wide variety of diseases helped develop modern surgery. He contributed prodigiously to cancer surgery, especially on organs of the digestive system. He was first to suture a perforated gastric ulcer (1885), surgically restore part of the oesophagus (1886), remove a malignant part of the colon (1903), and describe what is now known as Mikulicz’ disease.

Dissected frog: 1 Right atrium, 2 Liver, 3 Aorta, 4 Egg mass, 5 Colon, 6 Left atrium, 7 Ventricle, 8 Stomach, 9 Left lung, 10 Spleen, 11 Small intestine, 12 Cloaca Many amphibians catch their prey by flicking out an elongated tongue with a sticky tip and drawing it back into the mouth before seizing the item with their jaws. Some use inertial feeding to help them swallow the prey, repeatedly thrusting their head forward sharply causing the food to move backwards in their mouth by inertia. Most amphibians swallow their prey whole without much chewing so they possess voluminous stomachs. The short oesophagus is lined with cilia that help to move the food to the stomach and mucus produced by glands in the mouth and pharynx eases its passage.

There are also two spherical or oval buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal funnel shaped and muscular mouth, a large and oval pharynx, a broad oesophagus and a posterior intestine that bifurcates in two lateral branches with numerous short outer and few short intercrural branches, posteriorly terminating independently behind the last testis, the right branche slightly over-reach the left. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, a muscular and conical penis, with a basal bulb and a distal corona of 10-12 recurved hooks, a single unarmed dorsal vagina, an inverted 'U' shaped ovary, and 9-14 irregularly oval or somewhat rectangular testes post-ovarian, and extend to the base of the haptor in the intercrural space.

P. surinamensis acts as the intermediate host for the parasitic roundworms Oxyspirura mansoni and Oxyspirura parvorum, which infect the eyes of poultry. O. mansoni, known as the chicken eyeworm among other names, can cause eye problems ranging from mild conjunctivitis to severe ophthalmia and serious vision impairment in its final hosts, which include chickens, turkeys, guineafowl and peafowl. Its life cycle involves eggs passing through a bird's lachrymal duct, being swallowed and passed in the bird's feces, a P. surinamensis cockroach eating the feces, larvae emerging in the cockroach, the bird eating the cockroach, and finally the eye worm larvae migrating up the oesophagus and pharynx to the bird's eye. While O. mansoni is not present in Europe, it is present in many areas of the world, particularly the tropical and subtropical environments where P. surinamensis is permanently established.

With reference to medieval times, Jillian Williams states that "unlike the Jewish and Muslims methods of animal slaughter, which requires the draining of the animal's blood, Christian slaughter practices did not usually specify the method of slaughter". In actual practice, states Williams, European Christians have flexibly practiced both the method of draining the blood, and wringing the animal's neck to retain its blood as valuable food. According to Basheer Ahmad Masri, the "Jewish and the Christian methods of slaughter fulfill the Islamic condition of bleeding the animal". In contrast, David Grumett and Rachel Muers state that the Orthodox Christian Shechitah and Jewish Kosher methods of slaughter differ from the Muslim Halal (Dabh) method in that they require the cut to "sever trachea, oesophagus and the jugular veins" as this method is believed to produce meat with minimal suffering to the animal.

However, despite the potential for conflict, the retrospective was a success and spurred the art world to hold more exhibitions of Frink's worth, with four solo exhibitions and several group ones coming in the following year. Tirelessly, Frink continued to accept commissions and sculpt, as well as serve on advisory committees, meet art students who had expressed an interest in her work, and pursue other public commitments. After being elected a full Academician at the Royal Academy in 1979, there were moves to make the 54-year-old sculptor the first female President of the Academy, Frink however did not want the post and it went instead to Roger de Grey. Frink kept up this hectic pace of sculpting and exhibiting until early 1991, when an operation for cancer of the oesophagus caused an enforced break.

Studies from various international working groups have revealed a significantly increased amount of Tumor M2-PK in EDTA-plasma samples of patients with renal, lung, breast, cervical and gastrointestinal tumors (oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon, rectum), as well as melanoma, which correlated with the tumor stage. The combination of Tumor M2-PK with the appropriate classical tumor marker, such as CEA for bowel cancer, CA 19-9 for pancreatic cancer and CA 72-4 for gastric cancer, significantly increases the sensitivity to detect various cancers. An important application of the Tumor M2-PK test in EDTA-plasma is for follow-up during tumor therapy, to monitor the success or failure of the chosen treatment, as well as predicting the chances of a “cure” and survival. If Tumor M2-PK levels decrease during therapy and then remain low after therapy it points towards successful treatment.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a muscular rounded pharynx slightly larger than oral sucker, an oesophagus without diverticula and a posterior intestine bifurcating at the level of the copulatory organ in two with two lateral branches; the intestinal branches are provided with diverticula on both sides, terminating at the end of the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior heart-shaped genital atrium, armed with spines, a dorsal vagina which was not observed, a single question mark- shaped ovary, and 14-18 rounded or oval testes which are posterior to the ovary and arranged in two rows. The species can be distinguished from the most closely related species Microcotyle branchiostegi by the muscular cirrus armed with spines that is absent in M. branchiostegi, and by the number of clamps.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a subspherical pharynx, a long thin oesophagus without lateral diverticula and a posterior intestine that bifurcates at level of genital atrium in two lateral branches apparently fused just anterior to the haptor; the left branch extends into haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, comprising the anterior atrium proper and two posterior "pockets". The atrium proper is shaped as inverted heart, armed with numerous conical spines of similar sizes; the spines are more dense in the centre than in lateral parts, arranged as one main anterior group and two postero-lateral smaller groups called “pockets”, a vagina with a middorsal pore visible in most specimens, posterior to genital atrium, a single complex ovary and 14–29 testes, post-ovarian, occurring in 2 rows generally intercaecal, in posterior half of body proper.

Gould's grave in the eastern end of Highgate Cemetery Preceding an interview with Andrew Marr on a Sunday morning BBC TV show, 18 September 2011, it was revealed that his treatment for three-times recurring cancer of the oesophagus had been unsuccessful. After being told by his doctor that he only had three months to live, Gould described himself as being in the "death zone": Gould then turned his impending death into a campaign as a way of making his departure easier for his wife and daughters as well as helping others by writing and talking about facing up to death. His efforts resulted in an eight–minute film entitled, When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone, a documentary of Gould's final weeks of life that was released on the video–sharing website YouTube before the release of his book by the same name.

Its inner end is abrupt, and at the left of the middle line is the opening of the oesophagus, very much smaller than the pharynx in diameter. The proboscis proper is very short (in spirits), only about one-sixth as long as the pharynx, and therefore, unless capable of great extension in the living state, probably can not be extruded from the oral opening. The pharynx of the specimen examined was partly filled with a dark-greenish matter, apparently of a mucous character, which showed no traces of organization, leading to the supposition that the pharynx was adapted to the engorgement of large masses of protoplasmic matter rather than the pursuit of living animals of a higher order, as in most Toxoglossa. The modification is analogous to that by which Turcicula, a derivative from a phytophagous stock, has become adapted to gorging itself witb large quantities of foraminifera, algae being absent from its habitat.

The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a small subspherical pharynx, a long thin oesophagus without lateral diverticula and a posterior intestine that bifurcates at level of genital atrium in two lateral branches apparently fused just anterior to the haptor; the left branch extends into haptor for a short distance. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, comprising the anterior atrium proper and two posterior "pockets". The atrium proper is shaped as inverted heart, armed with numerous conical spines of similar sizes; the spines are more dense in the centre than in lateral parts, arranged as one main anterior group and two postero-lateral smaller groups called “pockets”, a vagina with a middorsal pore visible in most specimens, posterior to genital atrium, a single complex ovary and 13–29 testes, subspherical to oval, post- ovarian, occurring in 2 rows generally intercaecal, limited to posterior half of body proper.

In a 2014 conference abstract, the American palaeontologist Danny Anduza and Fowler pointed out that grizzly bears do not gaff fish out of the water as was suggested for Baryonyx, and also ruled out that the dinosaur would not have darted its head like herons, since the necks of spinosaurids were not strongly S-curved, and their eyes were not well- positioned for binocular vision. Instead, they suggested the jaws would have made sideways sweeps to catch fish, like the gharial, with the hand claws probably used to stamp down and impale large fish, whereafter they manipulated them with their jaws, in a manner similar to grizzly bears and fishing cats. They did not find the teeth of spinosaurids suitable for dismembering prey, due to their lack of serrations, and suggested they would have swallowed prey whole (while noting they could also have used their claws for dismemberment). A 2016 study by the Belgian palaeontologist Christophe Hendrickx and colleagues found that adult spinosaurs could displace their mandibular rami (halves of the lower jaw) sideways when the jaw was depressed, which allowed the pharynx (opening that connects the mouth to the oesophagus) to be widened.