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"localist" Definitions
  1. one that is strongly or unduly concerned with purely local matters
  2. one that attributes the origin of disease to local causes
"localist" Synonyms
narrow-minded insular narrow provincial parochial inflexible limited sectarian rigid small picayune blinkered hidebound dogmatic restricted conservative conventional myopic Lilliputian opinionated
"localist" Antonyms
broad-minded open-minded catholic cosmopolitan liberal open receptive freethinking indulgent permissive tolerant unprejudiced unbiased broad impartial worldly experienced generous farsighted unbigoted

340 Sentences With "localist"

How to use localist in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "localist" and check conjugation/comparative form for "localist". Mastering all the usages of "localist" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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After those demonstrations, a so-called localist movement became increasingly active.
Mr Leung is implacably anti-localist, but is also hugely unpopular.
Two banned localist candidates are challenging the legality of their exclusion.
Public anger erupted into weeks of protests that spawned a "localist" movement.
The protesters' failure to win concessions gave birth to the localist cause.
There are many who oppose the Umbrella Movement campaigners and their localist successors.
"I believe that politics in the Benedict Option should be localist," he said.
At least seven new localist parties have been set up in the last year.
Hong Kong Indigenous transferred its support to another localist party, which fielded two candidates.
Under pressure from localist radicals, moderates are finding it more difficult to compromise with the government.
A renewed look at localist writing may give both left and right some inspiration going forward.
Hong Kong's financial secretary, John Tsang, has been trying a more conciliatory approach to localist sentiment.
Last year, some localist candidates won seats on neighborhood councils, defeating candidates from established pro-democracy parties.
Variously describing themselves as localist, nativist or pro-self-determination, these parties champion Hong Kong's distinctive identity.
"Localist" and pro-independence movements have been on the rise in Hong Kong recently, particularly among young people.
And many joined Hong Kong's nascent localist movement, which advocates political autonomy and cultural distinctiveness from mainland China.
So the second great task facing liberalism alongside reigning in over-mighty elites is reviving the national-localist tradition.
High-income workers who rent their homes, Mr. Wong found, became the most likely to support localist opposition parties.
Beijing is furious that Hong Kong's system has allowed "localist" politicians who advocate self-determination to be voted into power.
Localist groups have protested against traders from the Chinese mainland who cross into Hong Kong to buy goods in bulk.
Voters elected a raft of so-called localist politicians, those who favor greater autonomy or even independence for Hong Kong.
Such worries have encouraged the recent rise of a "localist" movement, whose followers emphasise Hong Kong's separateness from the mainland.
They are part of a growing "localist" movement seeking to preserve Hong Kong's autonomy and a culture distinct from China's.
Edward Leung, one of those banned, urged his supporters to elect similarly minded "localist" politicians, and threw his weight behind them.
As a result, "localist" and pro-independence movements have been on the rise in Hong Kong recently, particularly among young people.
The influx has helped to fuel a "localist" movement, whose members say they are campaigning to preserve Hong Kong's way of life.
The rise of the Hong Kong 'localist' movement highlights unresolved social disagreement over the pace and style of the territory's political development.
In 2016 record numbers of them elected legislators with "localist" views, such as self-determination or even independence for Hong Kong from China.
Localist Cantonese sentiment in Hong Kong is remarkably similar to that of Brexit: inward-looking, chauvinistic and hindered by a misplaced superiority complex.
The Umbrella Movement protests of 2014 fueled the "localist" movement, which wants Hong Kong to pursue greater autonomy or even independence from China.
But it's also skewering the absurd ways in which corporations co-opt the language of environmental and localist movements to reel in consumers.
Civic Passion, the populist party he founded, is part of the so-called localist movement that has turned its back on the Chinese mainland.
Two decades of progress on corporate governance in Asian markets and companies is coming under threat by increasingly "localist" thinking, a watchdog group warned Wednesday.
Localist groups also protest acts that they see as impinging on Hong Kong culture, like the shutting down of unlicensed street vendors at traditional markets.
Thousands more attended forums and ceremonies around the city organized by so-called "localist" groups, which advocate more autonomy or even independence for Hong Kong.
KENT BUSEUNAIDS Geneva Sarah HawkesUCLLondon We would like to respond to your article on elections in Hong Kong ("A spot of localist bother", August 27th).
Third, he is a localist and a Washington outsider, but he carries no populist resentment and can easily speak the language of the coastal elite.
The hard-right Alternative for Germany (AfD), the rightist-localist Free Voters and the centre-left Greens had each taken about 200,000 votes from the CSU.
"It's very likely that Beijing will use the unexpected success of localist candidates as a pretext for cracking down even harder on Hong Kong," he says.
Beijing's actions seem to undermine its pledge, in turn fueling pro-independence and localist sentiment in Hong Kong, with a series of recent events stoking tensions.
However, it remains to be seen whether "localist" candidates -- those who support greater autonomy, self-determination or independence for Hong Kong -- will be permitted to stand.
Some have rejected this view, including Nathan Law, former HKFS secretary-general and current chairman of Demosisto, a localist party that argues for Hong Kong self-determination.
In a by-election for the legislature on February 28th, a localist candidate charged by police with taking part in the riot took 15% of the vote.
Increasing support, particularly among young Hong Kongers, for "localist" parties which advocate greater autonomy or even independence from China has also sparked a fiery response from Beijing.
In a LegCo by-election in late February, pro-democracy parties won more than 52% of the vote, with localist Hong Kong Indigenous candidate Edward Leung grabbing 15.4%.
Anti-China sentiment has been growing for years, with localist groups long calling to stem the flow of mainland visitors and reject "patriotic education" in Hong Kong schools.
Another localist, Eddie Chu Hoi-dick (pictured above, with his hands in the air), picked up some 84,000 votes, the most cast for any candidate in a geographic constituency.
Change in a localist world often looks like a renewal of old forms, which were often more intimate and personalistic than the technocratic structures of the past 50 years.
He believed the Bay Area needed more housing, but he was also a dyed-in-the-wool localist who thought cities should decide where and how it was built.
The rally, "Thank You US," organized by a localist group called Hong Kong Autonomy Action (HKAA), saw people waving American flags and marching to the U.S. Consulate in Central.
"If Hong Kong activists were able to mobilize and elect six localist officials in 2016, there is a chance they can do it again in the next election," Nachman said.
Finally, an election in which the Republicans are campaigning for different standard-bearers in each of the states would be a return to the localist tradition of the conservative movement.
The localist view, advocated by Deneen and the American Conservative's Rod Dreher, suggests that national politics should not be the focus of anti-liberals' energy (at the moment, at least).
In recent years some people in Guangdong have come to resent Hong Kongers for their perceived arrogance, which they say has grown in tandem with a localist movement in the territory.
The members of Hong Kong Indigenous, which championed a "localist" political view based around preserving a unique Hong Kong identity, saw the authorities' move as an attack on a humble tradition.
Its latest constitutional pronouncement, in November, aimed to prevent two localist legislators from taking up their posts on the ground that they had deliberately garbled their oaths when they were sworn in.
Okja extends a more standard anti-factory farming stance in order to skewer the absurd ways in which corporations co-opt the language of environmental and localist movements to reel in consumers.
Related: Hong Kong Police Arrest 'Fishball Revolution' Student Activist The unrest provided a window of opportunity for groups like Hong Kong Indigenous, a radical localist political group, to march and rally supporters.
Okja extends a more standard anti–factory farming argument in order to skewer the absurd ways in which corporations co-opt the language of environmental and localist movements to reel in consumers.
Localism The controversy over the rally is related to the rise of so-called "localist" groups in Hong Kong, who advocate for greater autonomy for the city, with some pushing for full independence.
Hong Kong Indigenous, a localist group that is fielding a candidate in a Legislative Council by-election in a few weeks, was involved in the protest, the South China Morning Post newspaper reported.
"People have lost faith in 'one country, two systems,' and through the election they expressed their disappointment," said Sixtus Leung, 30, known as Baggio, one of the newly elected so-called localist candidates.
But they helped fan a "localist" movement, as it is often called, of activists seeking to strengthen Hong Kong's identity in the face of growing cultural, linguistic and economic influence from mainland China.
In parliamentary elections last year, several pro-independence candidates were blocked from standing, but there was nevertheless a pronounced swing towards so-called localist parties, which support anything from greater autonomy to full self-rule.
This reduced role, said Eddie Chu, an elected member of Hong Kong's Legislature and an early champion of the city's localist movement, has fed a widespread sense of despondent detachment from the rest of China.
The source cited the recent terrorist attacks in Europe and the threat posed by separatists from China's troubled Xinjiang region as risks, adding that there was also potential danger from rising localist sentiment and radical protests.
Since then, the city's government has made it clear that further attempts at reform are not a priority, and Hong Kong has seen the rise of a major new political faction: the self-described "localist" movement.
Today it paid the price: its support falling from 48% in 2013 to 37% (according to the latest prognosis) as voters turned instead to the left-liberal Greens, the rightish-localist Free Voters (FW) and the AfD.
Localist groups were highly involved in the Mong Kok riots in February, when a government crackdown on unlicensed street food vendors turned violent, and police fought pitched battles with protesters, even firing warning shots in the air.
Speaking at the event, Ray Wong, the leader of localist group Hong Kong Indigenous, said that mourning the Tiananmen massacre was no longer relevant to Hong Kong, and that it symbolized a misguided fantasy of reforming China.
At the forefront of those protests was a localist group called Scholarism whose members later became leaders of the "Umbrella Movement": pro-democracy protests that blocked some of the city's streets for more than 11 weeks in 2014.
While at least five new localist parties to emerge from the 2014 pro-democracy Umbrella Movement have announced plans to join forces in the upcoming elections, others, including Demosisto and pro-independence party Hong Kong Indigenous, have not.
And the growth of a "localist" movement in Hong Kong over the past five years, demanding self-determination or even independence, has greatly angered a Communist Party for which absolute sovereignty—ie, the regime's security—is the bottom line.
"Hong Kong's success is really based on the 'One Country, Two Systems' policy; independency is not realistic at all, so hopefully this will not be their only objective in LegCo," veteran lawmaker Elizabeth Quat said of the localist legislators.
One of the barred candidates, Edward Leung, a figurehead of the "localist" movement putting the financial hub's interests before those of Beijing, said he did not join because he was not invited, illustrating a growing split in the opposition camp.
The judge, adopting a common law approach to the Oaths and Declarations Ordinance, said the localist pair "did not truthfully and faithfully intend to commit themselves" to the oath, as they "objectively clearly" did not recognise the principle of "one country, two systems".
One of the six, Edward Leung, spokesman for Hong Kong Indigenous, a localist party set up in 2015, and his colleague Ray Wong say they were tailed for a month this summer by men claiming to be from a newspaper with Beijing links.
HK Urbex members say their videos are visual expressions of the "localist" political movement that has recently gained support in Hong Kong and reflects a conviction among many younger people that their city's identity is distinct from that of the Chinese mainland.
Hong Kong Indigenous, a "localist" group that is fielding a candidate in a Legislative Council by-election in a few weeks, was involved in the protest, though it was not immediately clear the role it played or the extent to which it was involved.
Hours after the unrest began, Hong Kong Indigenous, a radical localist political group, announced on Facebook that Edward Leung Tin-kei, their candidate for the upcoming Legislative Council by-elections, would be marching in the Mong Kok night market, and called on supporters to join.
"The strong commitment to quality and better practices of the past 20 years is starting to become undermined by a more localist and divisive way of thinking," the Hong Kong-based ACGA said in its 2018 report on corporate governance, released in conjunction with financial company CLSA.
Since then, the city's government has made it clear that further attempts at reform aren't a priority, and Hong Kong, which as an autonomous city enjoys freedoms unseen across the border, has seen the rise of a major new political faction: the self-described "localist" movement.
Deneen approvingly cites the radical feminist Nancy Fraser to bolster his assertions about women in the work force, yet nowhere does he sufficiently address how gendered injustices — what Fraser calls "domestic violence, sexual assault and reproductive oppression" — might fare in his own faith-based, localist program.
In 2016, after pro-democracy and localist politicians -- the latter advocate for the preservation of the city's autonomy -- made major gains in legislative elections despite pre-emptive disqualifications, the Hong Kong government took to the courts to demand the expulsion of localists Yau Wai-ching and Baggio Leung.
Sixtus Baggio Leung Chung-hang, 30, and Yau Wai-ching, 25 were among 22 pan-democrats and eight "localist" candidates that won seats in Hong Kong's Legislative Council (LegCo) in September elections—an unprecedented result for a political system that has traditionally been dominated by pro-Beijing sentiment.
The localist movement is itself an outgrowth of the pro-democracy Occupy Central protests of 2014, which swept Hong Kong and reflected a widespread fear among many people here that Beijing is running roughshod over the "one country, two systems" principle governing Hong Kong's transfer to Chinese rule.
The aftermath of the protests saw many new political parties formed, led by young former protesters and advocating so-called "localist" ideas spanning the gamut of greater self-determination for Hong Kong to full independence from China -- an idea Beijing has angrily opposed and called for it to be controlled.
By the time the current movement started, I, like many other young people, had been inspired by Edward Leung Tin-kei, a spokesman for Hong Kong Indigenous, a localist group that calls for the independence of Hong Kong — or that used to call for independence, before doing so publicly triggered reprisals from the government.
Perceptions that progress on the latter point has stalled in the wake of a failed attempt by the government to pass limited political reform — in which people would vote freely for the chief executive, but only from a slate of candidates chosen in effect by Beijing — has led to a surge in support for so-called "localist" groups, that advocate for greater Hong Kong autonomy and even independence.
It is one of two localist groups in West Lancashire, alongside Skelmersdale Independent Party.
After the election, the government took legal actions against the localist and the radical democrat legislators over the oath-taking controversy, which resulted in the disqualifications of six legislators, and furthermore, the disqualification of the candidacies of the accused "pro-independence" localist candidates.
The Lauredian Union (, UL) is a localist conservative political party in Sant Julià de Lòria, Andorra.
Localist group Civic Passion's Cheng Chung-tai also won the only seat for the CP–PPI–HKRO electoral alliance.
He held his teaching post until mid-2016 when his contract was not renewed, allegedly due to his localist views.
Certain right-wing localist groups also advocate for a more aggressive and militant approach in defending popular interests. Though localist groups with different agendas and ideologies have existed since the territory's transfer of sovereignty, today's movement as a whole emerged in the early 2010s and gained significant traction following widespread protests in 2014 against the Chinese government's decision to pre- screen Chief Executive candidates before allowing them to be chosen by the general public in a 2017 election. Following these protests, a number of localist political parties were formed, organising protests and participating in Legislative Council elections. In the 2016 Legislative Council election, localist candidates won 6 of the 35 seats allocated for geographical constituencies, earning a 19 per cent share of total votes.
Election result of Edward Leung by District Council constituency. In the 2015 District Council elections, a couple of localist candidates were elected including Kwong Po-yin of Youngspiration, Wong Chi-ken of Kowloon East Community and nonpartisan Clarisse Yeung. The Legislative Council by-election in New Territories East on 28 February 2016 was a milestone of the localist movements, as it was the first attempt for them to contest for the Legislative Council under localist banner. Youngspiration was initially considering fielding a candidate and called for a primary with the pan-democratic Civic Party.
In return, localist group Youngspiration convenor Baggio Leung and New People's Party–Civil Force barrister Eunice Yung took a seat respectively.
Cordobese Union (, UCOR) is a localist political party in Córdoba created by Rafael Gómez Sánchez ahead of the 2011 local elections.
Following his victory, Cheung joined the localist group Tuen Mun Community Network, which held five seats in Tuen Mun's District Council.
Localist groups, or localist and self-determination groups, are the various groups with localist ideologies in Hong Kong. It emerged from post-80s social movements in the late 2000s which centred on the preservation of the city's autonomy and local lifestyles and opposed the perceived growing encroachment of the Beijing government on the city's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs. Many of them have distinct point of view from pan-democrats, and advocate the Hong Kong people's right to self- determination, while milder elements advocate for greater autonomy while remaining part of China, and the most radical call for the return to British rule or full independence as a sovereign state. Certain right-wing localist groups also advocate for a more aggressive and militant stance against the mainland government in defending indigenous interests.
Hong Kong Indigenous is a radical, localist and nativist political group established in 2015. It is known for its localist stances and militant tendency of protesting. It has been actively involved in protests and engaged into violent clashes with police, including in the anti-parallel trading protests and the Mong Kok unrest. Ray Wong Toi-yeung is the former convenor and key figure of the group.
He submitted his nomination form on 11 January 2016. Lau Chi-shing, a nonpartisan candidate submitted his nomination form on 13 January 2016. Edward Leung Tin-kei, a member of localist Hong Kong Indigenous, submitted his nomination form on 15 January 2016. He was supported by the localist groups such as Youngspiration and Civic Passion, as well as figures like legislator Wong Yuk-man and scholar Chin Wan.
Hong Kong Indigenous, a localist group formed in early 2015, had previously been involved in violent clashes with police in several anti- parallel trading protests. The various localist groups hold a strong anti- mainland sentiment, generally with the view that the increasing political and economic integration of Hong Kong and Mainland China, as well as the influx of Mainland tourists and immigrants are undermining the autonomy and identity of Hong Kong.
He came third in the by- election, receiving 66,524 votes or 15.38% of the vote, of which the majority was from young voters. Subsequently, the radical localist camp in Hong Kong represented by Leung also received support from many young people. In the LegCo election held later that year, Youngspiration also used "Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times" as their campaign slogan, naming three candidates including Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching. After the election, the localist camp faced severe restrictions on their ability to participate in politics, with both Leung and Yau being disqualified from LegCo in the oath- taking controversy, and the Hong Kong National Party, another localist group, being banned.
Conversely, the current population of Taiwan regard these overseas Chinese as foreigners akin to Singaporean Chinese, as opposed to the pre-localist era when they were labeled as fellow Chinese compatriots. The PRC has capitalized on this window of opportunity in making overtures to the traditionally anti-Communist overseas Chinese communities, including gestures in supporting traditional Chinese culture and dropping explicitly Communist tones in overseas communications. This results in a decline of active political opposition to the PRC from overseas Chinese when compared with the times before the localist movement in Taiwan. In Hong Kong, Taiwanese localist movements have pushed localization or pro-Chinese Communist tilts among the traditionally pro-Republic of China individuals and organizations.
Among these, 6 books, and 27 scholarly papers, reports, essays are related to Jeju-island. He was both a globalist and a localist, and furthermore, he was a glocalist, naturally crossing over provinces and the world.
He formed the Shatin Community Network and continued his community services in the district. In the 2015 District Council elections, the group won a seat in Chung Tin. In August 2017, the Shatin Community Network co-founded the Community Network Union, an alliance of the six localist community groups in different districts, in which Lau became the convenor of the union. Lau declared his candidacy in the 2018 New Territories East by-election, a seat left vacant by localist Baggio Leung of Youngspiration over the oath-taking controversy.
New localism has been most strongly advocated by the New Local Government Network think tank. Advocates in the Labour government have included Alan Milburn, the former health secretary, and Hazel Blears. Nick Raynsford, the local government minister from 2001–2005, used his tenure to launch a process called Local:Vision, which aimed at creating a 10-year strategy for local government policy and took a distinctively new localist perspective. His successor, David Miliband developed this approach further, suggesting the continuing development of a new localist agenda in Labour's third term (which began in 2005).
In the 2016 Legislative Council election, he ran a campaign with militant localist group Civic Passion and Chin Wan to promote their political platform in amending the Basic Law to achieve full autonomy for Hong Kong. He was under attack by his former supporter Ho Chi-kwong, who accused him of his "unethical" political past. He received an unexpected loss, losing to Yau Wai-ching from the localist Youngspiration by only 424 votes. He blamed his failure on making "too many enemies in his political career" and "not enough effort".
Deliberation Tsuen Wan () is a localist political group based in Tsuen Wan founded in June 2019. In a historic pro-democracy landslide in 2019 District Council election, the group won two seats in the Tsuen Wan District Council.
In late November, the District Council elections were held. The pro-democracy camp in conjunction with the localist groups got more than 80 per cent of the seats and gained control of 17 out of 18 District Councils.
Derwentside Independents is a localist political party in County Durham, England. It was established in 2001 to contest elections to Derwentside District Council, later contesting elections to Durham County Council following the establishment of a unitary authority in 2013.
The Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence (; RBSI) is a localist political party in Hong Kong. The party aims to repeal the Sino-British Joint Declaration, resume British sovereignty, then make Hong Kong an independent state.
Pedraza won the tournament's gold medal over localist boxer Jonathan Batista (10:5). In December, he won the lightweight national championship, defeating Hector Marengo (18:15) in the finals of the Torneo Nacional Isaac Barrientos.Puerto Rico2007. Amateur-boxing.strefa.pl (2009-07-21).
He won the tournament's bronze medal, losing (7:2) to localist Everton Lopes. Pedraza entered the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships, but lost (25:17) his preliminary contest against Sadam Ali.World Champs 2007. Amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved on 2011-06-11.
Psychologica Belgica, 38, 177-196. the Semantic, Orthographic and Phonological Interactive Activation (SOPIA) model,Grainger, J. (1998). MROM-p: An interactive activation, multiple readout model of orthographic and phonological processes in visual word recognition. Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition, 147.
A controversy arose during the 2016 Legislative Council election in Hong Kong as the Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC) banned six potential localist candidates from running for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). The EAC carried out a new election measure to require all candidates to sign an additional "confirmation form" in the nomination to declare their understanding of Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China as stipulated in the Article 1, Article 12 and Article 159(4) of the Basic Law of Hong Kong. Localist Hong Kong Indigenous's Edward Leung and pan-democrat League of Social Democrats (LSD) Avery Ng sought a judicial review but the court refused to immediately hear the judicial reviews. Leung subsequently signed the confirmation form but was asked by returning officers whether they would still advocate independence along with some other localist candidates including Civic Passion's Alvin Cheng and Hong Kong National Party's Chan Ho-tin.
The Czech Republic has a number of prominent centrist parties, including the syncretic populist movement ANO 2011 (currently in government), the civil libertarian Czech Pirate Party, the long-standing Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party and the localist party Mayors and Independents.
Hong Kong nationalism evolved from the localist movement there and stresses the distinct Hong Kong identity as opposed to the Chinese national identity promoted by the Chinese government and its growing encroachment on the city's management of its own political, economic and social affairs.
The Legislative Council by- election in New Territories East on 28 February 2016 was a milestone of the localist movements, as it was the first attempt for them to contest for the Legislative Council under localist banner. Edward Leung of Hong Kong Indigenous received a better-than expected result in the New Territories East by-election in February 2016 by taking more than 66,000 votes and gaining about 15 percent of the total votes. After the election, Leung claimed localism had gained a foothold as the third most important power in local politics, standing side by side with the pan-democracy and pro-Beijing camps.
Fergus Leung Fong-wai (; born 1997) is a Hong Kong politician currently serving as a member of the Central and Western District Council, representing Kwun Lung. Leung ran as an independent localist in the 2019 District Council elections and won his seat with 50.69% of the vote.
Holden Chow Ho-ding of the Beijing-loyalist Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) came second, and Edward Leung Tin-kei of the localist Hong Kong Indigenous - who took a leading role in the 9 February Mong Kok civil unrest - came third.
There are two localist political parties operating in West Lancashire: Our West Lancashire, which holds six seats on West Lancashire Borough Council and has contested elections on Lancashire County Council, and Skelmersdale Independent Party, which does not hold any seats on West Lancashire but has contested elections.
The PFC (for output gating) has a localist one-to-one representation of the input units for every stripe. Thus, you can look at these PFC representations and see directly what the network is maintaining. The PFC maintains the working memory needed to perform the task.
Standing alone on her list, Lau garnered 38,183 votes, the third highest at 13.69 percent of the total, and the best supported pro-democracy candidate. She is regarded as a member of the localist camp, and pledged to work together with other newly elected localists Eddie Chu and Nathan Law.
The Shanghainese TV series Lao Niang Jiu (Old Uncle) was broadcast from 1995 to 2007. and was popular among Shanghainese residents. Shanghainese programming has since slowly declined amid regionalist/localist accusations. From 1992 onward, Shanghainese use was discouraged in schools, and many children native to Shanghai can no longer speak Shanghainese.
Tony Chung Hon-lam (; born 22 April 2001) is a Hong Kong pro-independence activist. He was the founder and convenor of the localist student group Studentlocalism. On 29 July 2020, he became the first political figure to be arrested on suspicion of violating the newly imposed national security law.
HK First is a localist political party in Hong Kong. It has one representative in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, Claudia Mo, a former pan-democratic Civic Party member. It was founded in 2013 by two pro-democracy legislators, Claudia Mo and Gary Fan, to "defend the city's culture from 'mainlandisation'".
He also stood as a second candidate with Wong Chun-kit of the localist Youngspiration in the 2016 Legislative Council election. His ticket received 9,928 votes, ranking 14th place and was not elected. In the December Election Committee Subsector elections, Wong ran in the Information Technology subsector under the "IT Vision" banner.
Leung subsequently signed the form the court refused to immediately hear the judicial review. After the end of the nomination period, six localist candidates received emails from the EAC which said their nominations were "invalidated", which included Chan Ho-tin, Democratic Progressive Party's Yeung Ke-cheong, Nationalist Hong Kong's Nakade Hitsujiko, Conservative Party's Alice Lai Yee-man, Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung and independent Chan Kwok-keung. New Territories East constituency returning officer Cora Ho Lai-sheung rejected Leung's nomination on the basis that she did not trust Leung "genuinely changed his previous stance for independence." Despite their localist stance, all five tickets of the CP–PPI–HKRO alliance and four tickets of the ALLinHK were validated under the Electoral Affairs Commission's (EAC) new election measure.
In early 2015, it organised anti-parallel trading protests with another localist group Hong Kong Indigenous against the growing influx of mainland Chinese shoppers engaging in parallel trading in early 2015, aggressively picketing the alleged shoppers and having clashes with the police. After the third demonstration, the central government said it would restrict Shenzhen residents to one visit a week. In May 2016 Civic passion announced the creation of a summer camp program which would feature “military style training” and “lectures on localism”. Wong Yeung-tat dismissed claims by critics that the program was designed to instil a radical localist ideology, and instead likened the program to the Hong Kong Army Cadets Association Limited led by Regina Leung, the wife of Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying.
He advanced winning his contest against Albert Selimov, 9:5. In the finals, he lost a decision (9:4) to localist Domenico Valentino, winning the silver medal. In December 2009, Pedraza participated in the AIBA Presidents Cup, winning in his debut over Enkhzorig Zorigtbaatar.AIBA President Cup 2009. Amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved on 2011-06-11.
2020 pro-democracy primaries debate. Owen Chow Ka-shing (; born 1997) is a Hong Kong localist activist. He was a 2019 District Council election candidate in Tai Wai and ran in the pro-democracy primaries for the 2020 Legislative Council election with the slogan "reject colonisers, national resistance against tyranny" in New Territories East.
In 2017, Leung decided to temporarily halt pushing independence. In 2018, Leung revealed his wish for Localist and Democrats to reach a consensus, resolve differences and stand united against the government. In 2019, Leung wrote an open letter to support Anti-extradition bill protesters, but also implored protesters not to risk their lives and be dominated by hatred.
Kowloon East Community is a localist political group formed in late 2014 in Hong Kong by a group of netizens on the online forum Hong Kong Golden Forum who were inspired by 2014 Occupy protests. It focuses on livelihood issues in Kwun Tong District and won a seat in the 2015 Hong Kong district council elections.
In 2011, Chin published the book On the Hong Kong City-State. His book analysed Beijing's neo- imperialist stance on Hong Kong. Responding to it, Chin rooted in a Hong Kong perspective, reflects the rising tide of Hong Kong "localist" ideology and actions. Chin emphasised the significance of Hong Kong autonomy for the sake of Hong Kongers.
"Lawmaker faces protests on entry permits" . The Standard At a rally in Yuen Long on 1 March, many shops along the protest route drew their shutters in anticipation of disturbances. Localist groups Civic Passion and Hong Kong Indigenous clashed with anti-protest groups such as Voice of Loving Hong Kong, and 38 arrests were made by the police.
Front Porch Republic is a conservative, localist and communitarian American blog where various contributors—known as 'porchers'—emphasize the importance of concepts such as community, place, decentralism, and conservation. Front Porch Republic publishes books under the name Front Porch Republic Books. It also sponsors an annual conference and, beginning in 2019, publishes a print journal: Local Culture.
During the first decade of the 20th century, the FVdG was transformed from a localist union federation into a syndicalist labor organization with anarchist tendencies. The process was initiated by the death of Gustav Keßler, the most important ideologue in the FVdG, in 1903. His role was largely assumed by the physician Raphael Friedeberg.Müller 1985b, p. 246.
The 79-day large-scale occupation protest was perceived to boost the local consciousness of the Hongkongers. Many new localist labelled "Umbrella groups" were formed after the protest. notably Youngspiration and Hong Kong Indigenous. Youngspiration took part in the 2015 District Council election with many other newcoming "Umbrella soldiers" and eventually won one seat out of nine candidates.
One phenomenon that has resulted from the localist movement is the advent of Taike subculture, in which young people consciously adopt the wardrobe, language and cuisine to emphasize the uniqueness of popular, grassroots Taiwanese culture, which in previous times had often been seen as provincial and backwards by the mainstream. In April 2002, the Communist Party of China (CPC) noted both active efforts on the part of Taiwan to push ahead its localist policy and intensified United States-Taiwan military cooperation. In response, the CPC publicly reminded its military to be prepared to achieve its goal of "Chinese reunification" (intended to mean making Taiwan a part of the People's Republic of China) through military means. In addition, the CPC sought assistance from the United States to address the matter with Taiwan.
Since the end of 2014 Hong Kong Protests and the failure of 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform, led to changes to new political changes within Hong Kong society. Public dissatisfaction (among Hong Kong Youth) with Pro-democracy camp for their lack of progress in introducing democracy and the Pro-Beijing camp for not looking out for Hong Kong's interests, led to new "localist" parties being formed to challenge the status quo. Localism has been gaining popularity within Hong Kong youth, some rejecting their identity as "Chinese", with many new political parties and organisations, with different interpretations, some Localist parties have promoted a "Hong Kong first" agenda, while others promote the notion of Hong Kong Independence, believing that only when Hong Kong is Independent from Mainland China, Hong Kong can reach its true potential.
Issues including Hong Kong independence, filibustering, universal retirement protection scheme, standard working hours and Chief Executive Leung Chun- ying's administration and re-election took central stage at the election forums. Pro-Beijing candidates questioned pan-democrat parties' stance on Hong Kong independence, while localist Kowloon East Community's Chan Chak-to declared his support for independence at the TVB Kowloon East electoral forum despite six pro-independence candidates had been disqualified. Localist candidates exchanged criticisms with the pan-democrats as the pan-democrat candidates dismissed localists' pro-independence call as empty talk. The pro- Beijing candidates also accused the pan-democrats of their filibustering and obstructionism in the Legislative Council, while pan-democrat candidates attacked the pro-Beijing candidates did not push for a more progressive universal retirement protection scheme and standard working hours policies.
The emergence of new political groups led by young activists began to influence the political landscape: Edward Leung of Hong Kong Indigenous, a pro-independence localist group, received a better-than expected result in the New Territories East by-election in February 2016 by taking more than 66,000 votes and gaining about 15 percent of the total votes. After the election, Edward Leung claimed localism had become the third most important power grouping in Hong Kong politics alongside the pan-democracy and pro-Beijing camps. A day after the election, three localist groups, Wong Yuk- man's Proletariat Political Institute, Wong Yeung-tat's Civic Passion and Chin Wan's Hong Kong Resurgence Order, announced to run in the upcoming election. On 10 April 2016, six localist groups which emerged after the 2014 Umbrella Revolution, Youngspiration, Kowloon East Community, Tin Shui Wai New Force, Cheung Sha Wan Community Establishment Power, Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power and Tuen Mun Community, formed an electoral alliance under the name "ALLinHK" planned to field candidates in four of the five geographical constituencies with the agenda to put forward a referendum on Hong Kong's self-determination, while Hong Kong Indigenous and another new pro-independence Hong Kong National Party also stated that they would run in the upcoming election.
Union of Greens and Farmers (, ZZS) is an agrarian-conservative political alliance in Latvia. It consists of two political parties: the Latvian Farmers' Union (LZS) and the Latvian Green Party (LZP). It is the fifth-largest bloc in the Saeima. The Union of Greens and Farmers also cooperates closely with two localist parties: For Latvia and Ventspils and the Liepāja Party.
Political scientist Ivan Choy Chi-keung believed that the unrest would attract conservative voters come out to vote for the pro-Beijing candidate Holden Chow Ho-ding of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong and further consolidate the radical localist base of Leung, which would place the pan-democracy Civic Party's Alvin Yeung Ngok-kiu at a disadvantage.
Leung was educated in Hong Kong. This has shaped his values and deep passions to Hong Kong. He was also inspired by The Social Contract by French thinker, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Hong Kong City-state by Chin Wan. Leung has identified himself as a radical localist loyal to Hong Kong, promoting localism, and openly support, advocate Hong Kong Independence.
In the 2020 Legislative Council election, Ho contested in the pro-democracy primaries for the nomination in Kowloon West. Initial results showed Ho came in fifth, which meant he barely lost the nomination to localist Frankie Fung. With the paper ballots included, Ho slightly surpassed Fung in the final vote tally, securing a place for ADPL in the general election.
In 1890 and 1891, he was the SPD party delegate from Calbe-Aschersleben. He ran for the Reichstag repeatedly. An important figure in the localist current of the German labor movement, he was one of the leading founders of the Free Association of German Trade Unions in 1897 and the editor of its organ Einigkeit until his death in 1904.
Regine Yau Wai-ching (; born 6 May 1991) is a former Hong Kong politician and former member of the localist group Youngspiration. She was elected to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong as a member for Kowloon West in the 2016 Legislative Council election, but has since been disqualified pursuant to a judgement delivered by the High Court on 15 November 2016.
In Hong Kong, localism is a political movement centered on the preservation of the city's autonomy and local culture. The Hong Kong localist movement encompasses a variety of groups with different goals, but all of them oppose the perceived growing encroachment of the Chinese central government on the city's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs. Issues of concern to localist groups include land use and development, cultural and heritage conservation on the left, parallel trading and the increasing number of mainland immigrants and tourists on the right. On the autonomy of Hong Kong, many of them advocate the Hong Kong people's right to self- determination, while milder elements advocate for greater autonomy while remaining part of China, and the most radical call for return to British rule or full independence as a sovereign state.
The political party aimed to field candidates in the upcoming election with the platform of "self-determination" of Hong Kong future. It allied with veteran activist Eddie Chu who rose to fame in the 2006 Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier protest and university lecturer Lau Siu-lai who held class in the occupation sites in the 2014 occupy protest. On 14 July 2016, the Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC) announced its plan to require all candidates to sign an additional "confirmation form" in the nomination to declare their understanding of Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China as stipulated in the Basic Law, in response to many potential localist candidates advocating or promoting Hong Kong independence. After the end of the nomination period, six localist candidates received emails from the EAC which said their nominations were "invalidated".
Ray Wong Toi-yeung (; born 15 September 1993) is a Hong Kong activist. He founded the localist group Hong Kong Indigenous with other activists who were dissatisfied with the efficacy of Hong Kong's mainstream democratic movement during the 2014 Hong Kong protests. He took an active part in the Mong Kok civil unrest on Lunar New Year's Day (8 February) 2016 and was arrested later that month.
Prior to the 2010 Election, Morris was the Chief Executive of Localis, a local government and localist think tank, where the mission was to 'stimulate and challenge the current orthodoxy of the governance of the UK.' During his time at the think tank, Localis released a number of reports, including The Million Vote Mandate, Can Localism Deliver?, and For Good Measure, all of which he edited.
Kwok has advocated removing localist legislators from office. In November 2016, he urged the government to challenge the seat of Lau Siu-lai, who was elected during that year's election, on the basis that she read her swearing-in oath very slowly as a form of protest. The government later launched legal action against Lau and other democratically elected legislators, successfully removing them from office.
The Residents for Uttlesford (R4U) party is a political party in the United Kingdom. The party was launched in 2014, and formed from a number of residents groups in the area. R4U is based in the Uttlesford administrative district in Essex. The party promotes a localist agenda that seeks to give residents, towns and parishes a greater say in the future of their district.
Kwun Lung is one of the 15 constituencies in the Central and Western District. The constituency returns one district councillor to the Central and Western District Council, with an election every four years. The seat is currently held by Fergus Leung Fong-wai of the Localist. Kwun Lung constituency is loosely based on the area around Kwun Lung Lau in Kennedy Town with estimated population of 15,273.
She was an intern at Ta Kung Pao newspaper during her studies. She is a member of Youngspiration, a localist group formed by young people after the Umbrella Revolution. Youngspiration fielded nine candidates in the 2015 District Council elections, in which Yau ran against legislator Priscilla Leung in Whampoa East. As a newcomer, Yau received 2,041 votes, only about 300 votes less than Leung.
The localist groups emerged from the post-80s generation born in the 1980s, (Millennials in western terminology) social movements in the late 2000s. Many were inspired by the large-scale mass demonstration in 2003. 7.1 People Pile was one of the groups that came to exist after the demonstration. They were upset by rapid urban development which was sweeping away old neighbourhoods and communities.
A total of 61 people were arrested, including Edward Leung, spokesman of the Hong Kong Indigenous and candidate for the Legislative Council by-election. One of the members of Youngspiration, another localist group, was also arrested. 90 police officers and several reporters were also injured in the violence. The Hong Kong Journalists Association said that a Ming Pao journalist was beaten by a policeman despite declaring his identity.
Between the end of the protests and 10 February 54 men and 9 women have been arrested for suspected involvement in the unrest. Edward Leung and around 20 members and volunteers of the group were arrested. A member of Youngspiration and another from Civic Passion, two localist groups, were also arrested. Their alleged offences include participating in unlawful assembly, attacking police officers, refusing to be arrested, obstructing police and carrying weapons.
Several conservation movements led by young activists emerged, protesting against demolition of the Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier, Queen's Pier, and the buildings on Lee Tung Street (known as "Wedding Card Street") in 2006 and 2007. Protests against the construction of the Hong Kong section of the high-speed rail link to Guangzhou (XRL) escalated in 2009 and 2010 and established a new high point of the localist movement.
"Milk smuggler jailed for two months" . The Standard"Parallel traders crowd Sheung Shui station" . The Standard, 31 January 2015 Radical localist groups such as Civic Passion and Hong Kong Indigenous initiated direct action against the unlimited multiple re-entry visa within the Individual Visit Scheme for PRC residents over three successive Sundays starting on 8 February 2015 in the most affected parts of the city.Luo, Qi (9 February 2015).
In August 2019, Field stated that he would stand in the next general election as a candidate for a newly-formed Birkenhead Social Justice Party. The party stated that it would stand on a social justice, localist, and pro-Brexit platform. In the December 2019 general election, he was beaten by the Labour Party candidate Mick Whitley who polled 24,990 votes, compared to Field's 7,285, a winning margin of 17,705 votes.
He qualified to the event by winning the bronze medal, losing (16:8) to localist Lisandro Bolivar in the semifinals. On March 31, 2007, Pedraza participated in a dual against Trinidad, winning (26:19) a contest over Jules De Gannes.DualTRI_PUR. Amateur-boxing.strefa.pl (2009-07-21). Retrieved on 2011-06-11. He entered the IX Torneo José "Cheo" Aponte, debuting with a victory over Shemuel Pagan of the United States.JoseAponte2007.
The Shatin Community Network () is a localist political group in Hong Kong. It was formed by a group of Sha Tin residents and former member of the Chinese University of Hong Kong Local Society was inspired by 2014 Occupy protests. It uses "pragmatism, locality and democracy" and aimed to win back the District Councils from the pro-Beijing camp. It won a seat in the 2015 Hong Kong district council elections.
Our West Lancashire (OWL) is a localist group of independent politicians in West Lancashire, United Kingdom. As of July 2020 it held 6 seats on West Lancashire Borough Council. The party also unsuccessfully contested seats in West Lancashire on Lancashire County Council, as well. The group claims to have drawn members from all of the major parties in West Lancashire, and claims to "put residents before the party whip".
Hong Kong Resurgence Order () is a localist political organisation in Hong Kong. It was founded by Chin Wan, the "mentor" of Hong Kong localism and the founder of the city-state theory, in 2014 with a manifesto aiming to "restore the ancient Chinese civilisation". The group previously announced a plan to contest in the 2016 Legislative Council election with Wong Yuk-man's Proletariat Political Institute and Wong Yeung-tat's Civic Passion.
Kaohsiung was the host city of 2009 World Games. Chen visited China in that year to promote the Games and met with then-Mayor of Beijing Guo Jinlong. Chen addressed then-President Ma Ying-jeou with his formal title during the meeting with Guo, which garnered much support from her party and the Kaohsiung City Council. However, she was criticized by several Taiwanese localist groups, including the Taiwan Solidarity Union.
Wong Yuk-man's Proletariat Political Institute (PPI) was a founding member of People Power; however, his disagreement with People Power over the 2014 electoral reform and Occupy Central action plans saw the breakaway of PPI in 2013. Chin Wan, considered one of the pioneers of localist political thought for his "Hong Kong City-State Theory", founded the Hong Kong Resurgence Order in 2014 with the aim of "restoring Chinese civilisation".
The band eventually formed its own label, Playadel Records, through which several subsequent albums have been released. In 2007, Ho-Hum were still writing new music, as well as performing in Little Rock and were named "band of the decade" by Localist, a popular local magazine. In 2006, Rod Bryan started a new band, Western Meds and formed First Baptist Chemical in 2011. In 2009, Lenny Bryan formed the band Mama.
The Thatcherite wing is also associated with the concept of a "classless society". Whilst a number of party members are pro- European, some free-marketeers are Eurosceptic, perceiving most EU regulations as interference in the free market and/or a threat to British sovereignty. EU centralisation also conflicts with the localist ideals that have grown in prominence within the party in recent years. Rare Thatcherite Europhiles included Leon Brittan.
Hong Kong Localism Power (; HKLP), formerly called Hong Kong Nativism Power, was an internet-based localist political organisation formed in March 2011. It advocated the protection of the values and culture of Hong Kong people in the face of the growing influences of mainland China and the influx of mainland immigrants in Hong Kong after the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997. The group was dissolved in January 2012.
They did not renounce social democracy, but rather considered themselves to be an avant-garde within the social democratic movement in Germany.Vogel 1977, p. 47. The localists' main stronghold was in Berlin, although localist unions existed in the rest of the Empire as well. Masons, carpenters, and some metal-working professions—especially those requiring a higher degree of qualification like coppersmiths or gold and silver workers—were represented in large numbers.
In the 2012 Legislative Council election, some pan- democrat candidates, including Claudia Mo of the Civic Party and Gary Fan of the Neo Democrats, both claiming to be moderates, expressed some localist ideas and raised concerns on tourist and immigration policies. For that, they set up a parliamentary group called HK First. Legislator Wong Yuk-man, a strong critic of the Communist Party and former member of People Power and his protégé Wong Yeung-tat, leader of the activist group Civic Passion, also switched to the localist cause soon after the election. Criticising the annual vigil to commemorate the Tiananmen Square crackdown held by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China for having a Chinese nationalistic theme, Civic Passion organised its alternative 4 June rally in Tsim Sha Tsui. The alternative event attracted 200 people in 2013 and 7,000 in 2014, compared with 180,000 and 150,000 respectively for the main event.
A day after the 2016 New Territories East by-election, three localist groups, Wong Yuk-man's Proletariat Political Institute, Wong Yeung-tat's Civic Passion and Chin Wan's Hong Kong Resurgence Order, announced to run in the September Legislative Council election under the alliance "CP–PPI–HKRO". On 10 April 2016. six localist groups Youngspiration, Kowloon East Community, Tin Shui Wai New Force, Cheung Sha Wan Community Establishment Power, Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power and Tuen Mun Community, formed an electoral alliance under the name "ALLinHK" planned to field candidates in four of the five geographical constituencies with the agenda to put forward a referendum on Hong Kong's self-determination, while Hong Kong Indigenous and another new pro-independence Hong Kong National Party also stated that they will run in the upcoming election. Demosisto, a left- leaning political party formed by Umbrella Revolution leaders Joshua Wong, Oscar Lai and Nathan Law was also formed on the same day.
A day after the 2016 New Territories East by-election, three localist groups, Wong Yuk-man's Proletariat Political Institute, Wong Yeung-tat's Civic Passion and Chin Wan's Hong Kong Resurgence Order, announced to run in the September Legislative Council election under the alliance "CP–PPI–HKRO". On 10 April 2016. six localist groups Youngspiration, Kowloon East Community, Tin Shui Wai New Force, Cheung Sha Wan Community Establishment Power, Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power and Tuen Mun Community, formed an electoral alliance under the name "ALLinHK" planned to field candidates in four of the five geographical constituencies with the agenda to put forward a referendum on Hong Kong's self-determination, while Hong Kong Indigenous and another new pro-independence Hong Kong National Party also stated that they will run in the upcoming election. Demosisto, a left- leaning political party formed by Umbrella Revolution leaders Joshua Wong, Oscar Lai of the Scholarism and Nathan Law of the Hong Kong Federation of Students was also formed on the same day.
For example, the name of 'Hong Kong style Egg Waffle' showed its local origin.Christine Ho (2010).Kong Style Egg Waffle (雞蛋仔 Original Flavour) The alterable essence of local street food has demonstrated Hong Kong cultural acceptance and serves as a medium to display its character to the world. In 2015, a marked rise in nativist sentiment led to the growing influence of localist groups such as Civic Passion and Hong Kong Indigenous.
Edward Leung Tin-Kei (; born 2 June 1991) is a Hong Kong politician and activist. He is the former spokesperson of Hong Kong Indigenous, a localist group. He advocates Hong Kong independence, and coined the slogan "Liberate Hong Kong, the revolution of our times" during the 2016 by-election, which was later widely used in 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. Leung contested the 2016 New Territories East Legislative Council by-election, representing Hong Kong Indigenous.
Former Chief Executive of Hong Kong Leung Chun-Ying criticized Leung's behaviour. Since Leung was born in China, he was once accused of improvising his localist stance. His life and political career were documented in the film Lost in the Fumes in 2017, an award-winning biographical documentary by Nora Lam. However, no mainstream cinema in Hong Kong was willing to screen the film, renewing fears about self-censorship and suppress of freedom of speech.
The Hong Kong National Party was a localist political party in Hong Kong. It was the first political party in Hong Kong to advocate for Hong Kong independence. The Hong Kong National Party is also the first political party to be outlawed since Hong Kong's 1997 handover to China. In the 2016 Hong Kong legislative election, the HKNP's convenor Chan Ho-tin was barred from standing due to his pro-independence stance for Hong Kong.
He moved to Gadsden in 1883 when his wife died. There he built a two-story colonial home on the stage coach route, in an area which became known as Foster's Cross Roads. In the Alabama Senate, Foster was regarded as a reformer, supporting efficiency in state operations such as the consolidation of county poor farms into regional centers. His efforts, however, were largely thwarted by "localist sentiment" and the indifference of his fellow legislators.
Shum continued his pro-democracy activism after the Umbrella Movement. On 25 February 2015, he spoke at the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy with Alex Chow to an international audience of human rights activists. During his speech, Shum maintained his optimism about achieving change in Hong Kong through continuous attention and action. After the 2016 Hong Kong legislative election, Shum found employment as an assistant to localist lawmaker Eddie Chu.
Ming Pao, 2 March 2013 spurred price differentials caused by sales tax on the mainland and lax customs, trafficking activity including for powdered milk has continued, exacerbating the Hong Kong-Mainland conflict. The catchment area for traffickers spread from Fan Ling and Sheung Shui southward to Yuen Long and Tuen Mun, causing localist groups such as Civic Passion and Hong Kong Indigenous to take to the streets in direct action in 2015.
After the election, the left-wing localists Nathan Law and Lau Siu-lai (both consider as part of pro-democracy camp), as well as the right-wing localists Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching of Youngspiration, were unseated from the Legislative Council over the oath- taking controversy. Since 2019 Hong Kong protests, some localists are considered as part of the pro-democracy camp, and Sustaining of the Basic Law faction split from the localist groups.
He claimed to have received Leung's endorsement and did not participate in the primary organised by the pro-democracy camp. He also declared that he no longer supports Hong Kong independence. He also resigned as the convenor of the Community Network Union and ran as an independent localist. After the end of the nomination period, Lau's candidacy was disqualified by the returning officer on the basis of his previous support for the idea of Hong Kong independence.
The privations of the home front and camp life, combined with the terror of battle, undermined the weak attachment of southern soldiers to the Confederacy. For Georgian troops, Sherman's march through their home counties triggered the most desertions. The execution of a U.S. deserter in the Federal Camp, Alexandria Adoption of a localist identity caused soldiers to desert as well. When soldiers implemented a local identity, they neglected to think of themselves as Southerners fighting a Southern cause.
In 2015, Localist groups Hong Kong Indigenous was founded, to support street hawkers near districts of Sham Shui Po and Mong Kok. In March 2015, under the referral from his classmate, Leung met Ray Wong, another political activist, but was unable to join Hong Kong Indigenous. Based on their common ideology, Leung was invited to be the spokesperson of the aforementioned group. Leung and Wong founded "Channel i" on October of the same year, acting as shareholder and CEO.
Wong participated in the 2014 Hong Kong protests which is often dubbed the "Umbrella Revolution". Wong witnessed use of excessive violence by the police on unarmed citizens during the protests. Wong believes use of force is justified to prevent violence from police. After the protests, he formed Hong Kong Indigenous, a localist group, with other young protesters he met in Mong Kok who shared disappointment at the failure of the protests and disaffection with its leaders.
In 1969 Everett Carll Ladd published Ideology in America – his study of political attitudes in the Greater Hartford, Connecticut area.Everett Carll Ladd (1969) Ideology in America: Change and Response in a City, a Suburb, and a small Town, Cornell University Press. For context, he introduced the "conventional dichotomy" of liberal versus conservative in political thought, and contrasts this with an alternative dimension of cosmopolitanism versus parochialism. Ladd acknowledges the anticipation by Robert Merton of this localist versus cosmopolitan dichotomy.
Our West Lancashire is a localist group, and claims to "put residents before the party whip". Their policies include reducing the number of councillors on West Lancashire Borough Council from 54 to 36, a reduction of a third. They also propose policies such as "revitalising" Ormskirk town centre, replacing the swimming pools in Skelmersdale and Ormskirk and improving West Lancashire Borough Council's free tree scheme. OWL also publish data on councillors' attendance and publish a yearly alternative budget.
During March 2018 Hong Kong by-elections, the returning officer Amy Chan Yuen-man had disqualified two localist candidates Ventus Lau and James Chan Kwok-keung. Lau visited the Home Affairs Department of Sha Tin District Office in person asking for a meeting with Chan. Lau had brought a can of surströmming and opened it in public. Lau said that he would like Chan to sense that the Hong Kong people are facing an entirely rotten election system.
The Free Association of German Trade Unions (; abbreviated FVdG; sometimes also translated as Free Association of German UnionsBock 1990 (translated by Wayne Thorpe) uses this translation. or Free Alliance of German Trade Unions)Müller 1985b uses this variant. was a trade union federation in Imperial and early Weimar Germany. It was founded in 1897 in Halle under the name Representatives' Centralization of Germany as the national umbrella organization of the localist current of the German labor movement.
In 2012, People Power legislator Wong Yuk-man skipped key words in the oath by coughing at strategic moments when taking the oath and his oath was invalidated by LegCo President Jasper Tsang. He was allowed to retake his oath during the next meeting. Even though he read out part of his second oath in a different tone of voice and shouted "Down with the Hong Kong communist regime, down with Leung Chun-ying" after completing the oath, and was challenged by pro-Beijing legislator Paul Tse for taking the oath in this way, the oath was accepted by the President. In the 2016 Legislative Council election held on 4 September 2016, six localist candidates with different agendas striving for the "self- determination" of Hong Kong were elected with 19 percent of the total votes even though the Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC) had made the unprecedented move to disqualify six other localist nominees (including Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung, who ran in the February's New Territories East by- election) as candidates of the election on the grounds that they supported Hong Kong independence.
Ventus Lau in the 2020 Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries. Ventus Lau Wing-hong (; born 8 October 1993) is a Hong Kong politician. He is the convenor of the Shatin Community Network and the founding convenor of the Community Network Union, an alliance of the localist community groups in different districts. He came to media attention in the 2018 New Territories East by-election and his candidacy was disqualified by the returning officer for his previous pro-Hong Kong independence stance.
The failure of the peaceful anti-XRL protests damaged the reputation of the left- leaning moderate activists. Some turned to a more radical approach. Scholar Chin Wan published the book, On the Hong Kong City-State in 2011 which triggered fierce public debate and was popular among the young generation. In the book, Chin suggests abandoning the hope for a democratic China and positions the democracy movement in a "localist" perspective, in order to counter Beijing's "neo-imperialist" policies toward Hong Kong.
Psi-theory suggests hierarchical networks of nodes as a universal mode of representation for declarative, procedural and tacit knowledge. These nodes may encode localist and distributed representations. The activity of the system is modeled using modulated and directional spreading of activation within these networks. Plans, episodes, situations and objects are described with a semantic network formalism that relies on a fixed number of pre-defined link types, which especially encode causal/sequential ordering, and partonomic hierarchies (the theory specifies four basic link-types).
Willetts has pioneered the idea of "civic conservatism" [D. Willetts, "Civic Conservatism", SMF (1994)]. This is the idea of focusing on the institutions between the state and individuals as a policy concern (rather than merely thinking of individuals and the state as the only agencies) and is one of the principles behind the increasing support in the Conservative Party's localist agenda and its emphasis on voluntary organisations. During an interview with The Spectator, he was referred to as 'the real father of Cameronism'.
The Saʿdiyya were involved in clashed between the Mīdān and the central authorities, and that lasted throughout the whole Ottoman era. Even though the tariqa had a localist sentiment at times, they usually displayed a strong pro-imperial stance. Some sultans even financially supported the Saʿdiyya like Maḥmūd I, ʿAbd al-Mejīd and ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd II, who financed the renovations of the Jibā Saʿdī shrine. During the Egyptian occupation (1831-9), the Saʿdi were providing a refuge for the resisting factions.
Nevertheless, he remained in the party and did not join the new organization formed by Die Jungen, the Association of Independent Socialists. In 1892, Kater moved to Berlin. There he worked as a mason, was elected a delegate for the city masons' union, and became an agitator. During the debates over the organisational structure of the union, he supported the "localist" concept as well as the creation of the Representatives Centralization of Germany in 1897 (which renamed itself the FVdG in 1903).
The group was formed in 2015 as a Tsuen Wan-based community group. Its leader Lam Sek-tim ran in the 2015 District Council election against Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) legislator Chan Han-pan in Yeung Uk Road but lost. It was part of the Community Network Union, a localist political alliance of six community groups led by pro-independence Ventus Lau. The Tsuen Wan Community Network later quit the Union in 2018.
On 2 November, the fourth general meeting was adjourned again after the two Youngspiration legislators Yau Wai-ching and Sixtus Leung stormed into the main chamber and tried to take the oaths on themselves after another localist Lau Siu-lai, who was not under legal challenge, successfully retook her oath. President Andrew Leung relocated the meeting to another conference room where the duo attempted to enter. Six security guards were injured and police was called before the meeting was adjourned.
The failure of the peaceful anti-XRL protests damaged the reputation of the left-leaning moderate activists. Some turned to a more radical approach. Scholar Chin Wan published the book, On the Hong Kong City- State in 2011 which triggered fierce public debate and was popular among the young generation. In the book, Chin suggests abandoning the hope for a democratic China and positions the democracy movement in a "localist" perspective, in order to counter Beijing's "neo-imperialist" policies toward Hong Kong.
It was the only defeat for an incumbent across the 30 functional constituencies. At the inaugural meeting of the Legislative Council on 12 October 2016, Yiu made the oath taking ceremony as a platform to protest like other pro-democracy and localist legislators. He added the words "safeguarding the institutional justice, fighting for universal suffrage, serving for the sustainable development of Hong Kong" in his oath twice and his oaths were invalidated by the clerk. Yiu retook the oath at the next meeting on 19 October.
The contest was organised by Policy Exchange, the London-based British think tank. Policy Exchange has been described as "the largest, but also the most influential think tank on the Right"."The Right's 100 Most Influential: 50-26", Daily Telegraph, 2 October 2007 Policy Exchange describes itself as "an independent, non-partisan educational charity seeking free market and localist solutions to public policy questions.""About Economic & Social Policy", Policy Exchange website Simon Wolfson, Baron Wolfson of Aspley Guise, is chief executive of clothing retailer Next.
The localist point of view was a common feature of other Bessarabian periodicals during the interwar period (Cuget Moldovenesc, Bugeacul, Poetul, Itinerar). Alexandru Burlacu, "Despre fenomenul sincronizării în literatura basarabeană", in Revista Sud-Est, Nr. 2/2003Grossu & Palade, p.20 However, Viaţa Basarabieis anti-centralist political bias, evident after Nicolai Costenco's arrival as managing editor (1934), Eugen Lungu, "O literatură fără jurnal?", in Revista Sud-Est, Nr. 4/2000 was described by various researchers as proof of extremism, bordering on Moldovenism and anti-Romanian sentiment.
The Localist Bloc of Melilla (; BLM) was a Spanish electoral alliance formed to contest the 2000 general election in Melilla by the parties forming the incumbent local government, the Independent Liberal Group (GIL), Coalition for Melilla (CpM) and the Independent Party of Melilla (PIM). While the alliance placed second ahead of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) with 6,514 votes and 24.8% of the share, it failed well short of winning Melilla's single seat from the People's Party (PP) and was disbanded shortly thereafter.
Jasper Law Ting-tak () is a Hong Kong politician who is chairman of the North District Council. Law ran as an independent in the 2019 District Council elections and won his seat on a comfortable majority. Law is considered a localist, which is to say that he stands for resistance to encroachment by the Chinese Communist Party into the affairs of Hong Kong. He is stridently anti- government, aspiring to "win Government House, and become part of the governing alliance of the administration" under a new constitution.
Amid the massive pro- democracy protests in 2019, Junius Ho who was a key anti-protest figure who was allegedly involved in the Yuen Long attack was challenged by Democratic Party's Lo Chun-yu in his constituency in the November election, with Lo's party winning eight seats. A historic landslide victory occurred as the pro- democrats took 28 of the 31 seats in the council with Ho being unseated. A localist political group Tuen Mun Community Network also grabbed four seats as a result.
Representing Youngspiration in the 2016 Legislative Council election, she won the sixth and final seat in the Kowloon West geographical constituency. With 20,643 votes, Yau edged out incumbent Wong Yuk-man to become the youngest female member of the Legislative Council. She was the second youngest member behind localist Nathan Law, who also won within the same election on Hong Kong Island. On 12 October 2016, Yau and her party colleague Baggio Leung attended the swearing- in ceremony at the first Legislative Council session.
In February 2011, HKEJ launched its English website, EJ Insight. In July 2016 the paper suspended the column of Joseph Lian Yi-zheng (). Lian, a former member of the Central Policy Unit as well as the former editor-in-chief of HKEJ, had recently written pieces sympathetic to the localist movement, leading to allegations that his dismissal was motivated by self-censorship. A group of current and former HKEJ staff penned a letter demanding that editor-in-chief Alice Kwok Yim-ming revoke and explain the decision.
Mak was handpicked by Wong Kwok-hing to run in the 2012 Hong Kong legislative election. She came in 8th place after Civic Party's Kwok Ka-ki received the most votes, and was elected to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong with 7.07% electorate support. Mak also participated in the 2016 legislative election, coming in 6th place after popular localist Eddie Chu topped the race with the most votes. She kept her seat on the Legislative Council after receiving 49,680 votes, which represented 8.32% of the electorate.
After the official establishment of the holiday, and especially in 1841, there was an attempt by the anti-Otto opposition to expropriate the anniversary, with private celebrations where Korais' figure was especially celebrated. The holiday continued to be a matter of political and localist conflict; Prime Minister Kolettis' decision in 1846 and 1847 to hold an official ceremony on the grave of the Rumelian chieftain Georgios Karaiskakis in Phaleron caused major reactions, as it was considered as leading to identification of the Revolution with one individual.
In January 2015, Leung established Youngspiration with a group of like-minded people who participated in the 2014 Occupy protests, often dubbed the "Umbrella Movement". It stands on a localist platform, against the influx of Chinese immigrants and tourists. In the 2015 District Council election, Youngspiration fielded nine candidates, in which Leung himself stood in Kwun Lung against pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) Yeung Hoi-wing who succeeded veteran Ip Kwok-him. Leung lost the election by a margin of about 900 votes.
2016 LegCo election. In January 2016, Hong Kong Indigenous spokesman announced its candidacy for the Legislative Council's New Territories East by-election, with the main purpose being the promotion of the ideologies of Hong Kong Indigenous and the localist camp. Previously, Hong Kong Indigenous suggested "Safeguarding local values with force" in order to achieve the goal of "My city, therefore I defend it". On 8 February the same year, after the Mong Kok civil unrest, Leung presented "Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times" and "Confronting violence with force" as campaign themes and slogans.
Social worker Nicholas Hervey, who has written the most extensive history of the Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society, suggested that a number of factors may have contributed to the lack of wider public support, namely: alignment with radical political circles; endorsement of localist views, rather than support of the Lunacy Commission's centralism; fearless exposure of upper-class sensibilities regarding privacy on matters concerning insanity, thus alienating wealthy potential supporters; attacks on the new forms of moral treatment in asylums (what John Perceval referred to as "repression by mildness and coaxing").
Often this led to the paper being regarded with a considerable degree of enmity, especially during the strikes in the coal industry of the 20th century. This association between newspaper and its owner was so strong there is still a degree of distrust of the paper in South Wales. In contrast, and particularly following devolution, the newspaper has adopted a populist, localist, pro-Wales stance, mainly in trying to find a Welsh focus on major news stories. The newspaper has also stressed the community issues such as the closure of Welsh schools.
He rejected localist perspectives, favouring a Latin Americanist one.Belgranian National Institute, Panamericanismo () He was driven by the concept of the common good, which he regarded as an ethical value. He considered public health, education, and work as part of the common good, as well as religion.Belgranian National Institute, El Bien común () He did not share completely the ideas of the French Revolution, but instead the tempered ones of the Spanish Enlightenment: most notably, he remained a monarchist and held strong religious beliefs, being Roman Catholic and a devotee of Marian theology.
Cheng Wing-kin, an online radio host, was revealed and He offered localist groups more than HK$850,000 for each of them to take on pan-democrat contenders in specified constituencies, including the offers of between HK$150,000 and HK$200,000 to five individuals, including Youngspiration's Baggio Leung Chung-hang, upon the instructions of a Putonghua-speaking “Boss Li”, whom was allegedly from Beijing’s United Front Work Department. Leung declined and publicised the offer, in eventually led to Cheng being convicted for engaging in corrupt conduct at the election.
On 11 January 2005 Bossi appeared on the political scene at the last house of the Lombard federalist politician Carlo Cattaneo at Lugano after 306 days from the accident. During that day, he met the Minister of Economy Giulio Tremonti (Forza Italia) with whom he constituted the political agreement called the "Alliance of the North" (Asse del Nord). He also met a representative of the Lega dei Ticinesi, a Swiss localist Movement led by the Luganese entrepreneur Giuliano Bignasca. During his speech Bossi spoke against the "Europe of Masons".
Youngspiration () is a localist political party in Hong Kong founded in 2015. It emerged after the 2014 Hong Kong protests (often dubbed as the "Umbrella Revolution") with an agenda of protection of Hong Kong people's interests and culture against the interference of the Chinese government and advocated the "Hong Kong nation's right to self-determination". The group wants a self- determination referendum in 2020 with the results effective in 2047, when China's "one country, two systems" promise ends. As of 2016, the convenor of the group is Baggio Leung.
Youngspiration was established in January 2015 by a group of young people who had participated in the 2014 Hong Kong protests. Its founding convenor, Baggio Leung, was the president of the City University of Hong Kong Students' Union in 2007. Due to its background, it was often labelled as one of the "umbrella organisations". It adopted the emerging localist ideology, claiming to safeguard Hong Kong people's interests, freedoms and culture against the influx of mainland Chinese immigrants and tourists as well as the Chinese government's growing encroachment on the territory.
For Latvia and Ventspils () is a small localist political party in Latvia. It is mostly known for its chairman, Aivars Lembergs, who has been mayor of Ventspils since 1988. In 2006, the party signed an agreement with the Union of Greens and Farmers to allow members of For Latvia and Ventspils to be elected to the Saeima, including the former speaker of the parliament Gundars Daudze, and current members Dana Reizniece-Ozola and Jānis Vucāns. Since then, Lembergs has been named as a candidate for the position of the prime minister many times.
Tin Shui Wai New Force () is a localist political group in Hong Kong established in late 2014 by a group of young people who had participated in the Umbrella Revolution. It claims to cater to the livelihood issues in Tin Shui Wai district. In the 2015 District Council elections, Wong Pak-yu, representing the group, ran in Tin Heng constituency against Beijing-loyalist Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) incumbent Luk Chung-hung but was defeated. In 2016, the group joined hands with other post-Umbrella organisations to run in the Legislative Council election.
A localist political alliance was formed by 3 Hong Kong organisations - Civic Passion, Proletariat Political Institute and Hong Kong Resurgence Order - to field candidates to contest the 2016 legislative election. Without an official name, the alliance is informally called Yit Po Shing () in Chinese, taking one word from each of the member organisation's name or ideology. The alliance's common platform is "Creating a de facto referendum in five constituencies; allow all citizens to participate in the creation of constitution". The alliance was dissolved after the election, in which one member of Civic Passion was elected.
Frank Zacharias Robin Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith of Richmond Park (born 20 January 1975) is a British politician and journalist who serves as Minister of State for Pacific and the Environment. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Richmond Park from 2017 to 2019, previously holding the seat between 2010 and 2016. A member of the Conservative Party, he was its candidate at the 2016 London mayoral election, which he lost to Sadiq Khan of the Labour Party. Ideologically characterised as having liberal and libertarian views, Goldsmith is known for his environmentalist and localist beliefs.
A documentary produced by Sue Williams, Denise Ho: Becoming the Song is released on 1 July – the 23rd anniversary of Britain's handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997 – in solidarity with the protest. Citizens had held community screening for three films: Winter on Fire: Ukraine's Fight for Freedom, Lost in the Fumes and Ten Years. Winter on Fire documents the Ukrainian revolution in 2014, which was often cited as an inspiration for the Hong Kong protesters. Lost in the Fumes follows the story of localist leader Edward Leung before his imprisonment in 2018.
The three took a total of 173,122 votes. For the ardently localist faction, Baggio Leung, leader of Youngspiration won in New Territories East after his ally, Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung was barred from poll while Yau Wai-ching won last seat in Kowloon West by about 400 votes at the expense of veteran Wong Yuk-man of the Proletariat Political Institute. Wong's ally, Civic Passion leader Wong Yeung-tat also lost in his second bid in Kowloon East. Only Cheng Chung-tai from the electoral alliance won a seat in the New Territories West.
The Democratic Progressive Party () was a small localist political party in Hong Kong established by Yeung Ke-cheong () in 2015. It considered Chinese rule in Hong Kong foreign and promoted the right of Hong Kongers to self- determination. The party advocated non-violent struggle against what it saw as Chinese colonial rule, in sharp contrast to the more strident localists of Civic Passion and Hong Kong Indigenous. Yeung, the party's chairman, also hosted an online programme critical of other localists, especially Yeung's former mentor Wong Yuk-man, for their militant and populist tendencies.
Conservative Party () is a new localist political party in Hong Kong established in 2015 by Alice Lai Yee-man. It advocates for the return of Hong Kong to become a British Overseas Territory. In the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election, Lai's candidacy for the Hong Kong Island constituency was disqualified by the Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC) with five other localists on the basis that EAC claimed they do not genuinely uphold the Hong Kong Basic Law which stipulates that Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China.
From 2013, Wong became increasingly sympathetic to the localist cause. Together with his protege Wong Yeung-tat, they organised memorials for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, as opposed to the main candlelight vigil held by pan-democrats' Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China (HKASPDMC), which they criticised it for having a Chinese nationalistic theme. They organised its alternative 4 June rally in Tsim Sha Tsui. The alternative event attracted 200 people in 2013 and 7,000 in 2014, compared with 180,000 and 150,000 respectively for the main event.
According to Angela Vogel and Hartmut Rübner, Carl Hillmann, a typesetter and prominent trade unionist in the 1870s, was the "intellectual father" of the localist and anarcho- syndicalist movement. Vogel's and Rübner's claim is based on the fact that Hillmann was the first in Germany to consider unions' primary role to be the creation of the conditions for a socialist revolution, not simply to improve workers' living conditions. He also advocated a de-centralized trade union federation structure. Many of the later anarcho-syndicalists including Rudolf Rocker agree with this notion.
They are also dissatisfied with the perceived ineffectiveness of the pan-democrats as the opposition party for the past 20 years. On the other hand, the right-wing populist tendency of the localist movements was condemned as "xenophobic" and "nativist" by mainstream left-wing activists and the government. He suggested building Hong Kong into an autonomous city-state, merging the British culture with a restored Chinese culture. The conflict between the left and the right wings of the movement resulted in great disunity of the whole democratic cause.
Despite its localist agenda, the group does not advocate for Hong Kong independence as compared to many other localists. It opposed the government's Individual Visit Scheme to limit the number of mainland tourists. They co-sponsored a controversial ad which claimed that reducing immigration would help the people of Hong Kong to get to the bottom of the housing problem, while rejecting claims of bias or discrimination against mainlanders, despite condemnation from the Equal Opportunities Commission. Fan later introduced a motion on adhering to the need to "put Hong Kong people first" in formulating policies, but the motion was ultimately defeated.
Gary Fan ran in the 2012 Legislative Council election with a "moderate" localist agenda in the New Territories East while Claudia Mo ran in Kowloon West with the slogan of "against mainlandisation". The two ran again in the 2016 Legislative Council election, in which Fan lost in the ferocious competition in New Territories East and left the group only one representative. In November 2016, Mo announced her resignation from the Civic Party, citing her differences with the party on matters especially localism. She said she would continue serving the legislature as an "independent democrat" under the label "HK First".
Community Campaign (Hart) (CCH) is a minor localist political party based in the district of Hart in the north east of Hampshire. Founded in 2003, it has contested both district and county elections within Hart, and has successfully gained representation in both the district council and county council. The first Community Campaign Hart councillors were elected in 2004, with numbers increasing over the next few years; as of 2020 there are now eleven. The party is currently in administration of the council in coalition with the Liberal Democrats, with 21 seats between them out of 33.
His election win was amid record voter turnout throughout the city, which Leung described as "a milestone in Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement". In June 2020, Leung announced his intention to run in the 2020 Hong Kong legislative election. He connected with fellow localist candidates Sam Cheung and Owen Chow, where they signed a joint statement agreeing to promote the protest movement's demands if elected. In the pro-democracy primaries for the Hong Kong Island constituency, Leung took third place with 14,743 votes, after Ted Hui and Tiffany Yuen, securing him a nomination spot in the general election.
In response to the crackdown, localist group Hong Kong Indigenous called on supporters to come out on 8 February to help "protect" the hawkers and the night markets, which are considered a staple of Hong Kong culture. The FEHD and police again took action against the markets, resulting in a major civil disturbance. In response to her arrest, Lau said the government's stance was unreasonable, as hawking provides jobs, lowers the cost of living, and gives residents choice in the face of neighbourhoods dominated by corporate powers. Lau appeared at Kowloon City Magistrates' Court on 20 June 2016.
Chin Wan's On the Hong Kong City-State, published in 2011, arguing for a "localist" perspective and to abandon the "Chinese nationalist sentiment", triggered fierce public debate and was popular among the young generation. Chin Wan theory had a strong influence on the younger activists, who held a strong resentment against the mild Chinese nationalistic pan-democrats and its organisation of the annual memorials for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 which had a "Chinese nationalistic theme" as they perceived. Many of them also promoted nostalgic sentiments for British rule and waved colonial flags at public assemblies.
The Neo Democrats is a pro-democracy, localist political group in Hong Kong composed mainly of former and disenchanted members of the Democratic Party New Territories East branch after the 2012 constitutional reform proposals. It had held one seat in the Legislative Council until Gary Fan lost his re-election in the 2016 Legislative Council election.Democrats lick wounds as 30 reform radicals quit , The Standard, Colleen Lee, 20 December 2010 Fan won the seat back in the 2018 by-election, but lost his seat after a court declared that he was not duly elected. It currently holds 19 seats in the District Councils.
In December 2015, Leung decided to participate 2016 New Territories East by-election, with the aim of promoting Localism ideology, testing his approval rate, and encouraging young politicians. On 15 January 2016, Leung was nominated to represent Hong Kong Indigenous to run for New Territories East by-election, and was endorsed by Youngspiration, another localist group. But the public was not confident that Leung would have enough votes to even retrieve election deposit. Leung organized a small election parade in Sheung Shui, to explain the social problems brought by parallel importers, and was not interfered by the police.
At the same time, the localists are hostile toward the pan-democracy camp, as they believed the pan-democrats' cosmopolitanism as unrealistic and their wish for a democratic China will sacrifice at Hong Kong interest. They are also dissatisfied with the believed ineffectiveness of the pan-democrats as the opposition party for the past 20 years. On the other hand, the right-wing populist tendency of the localist movements was condemned as "xenophobic" and "nativist" by mainstream activists and the government. The conflict between the left and the right wings of the movement resulted in great disunity of the whole democratic cause.
During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Zhang was sympathetic toward the pro-democracy students. He reportedly gave the go-ahead for the Wen Wei Po, Beijing's mouthpiece in Hong Kong, to publish an editorial with only four words: "deep grief" and "bitter hatred" after the government crackdown, but survived the ensuing purge of officials who supported political reform. On the other hand, Zhang was critical of the localism movement in Hong Kong. He said the localist activists were too young to understand the history of the Basic Law, Hong Kong's mini-constitution, and advocated "national education" for students in Hong Kong.
The New Reform Party of Ontario (NRP; ) was a minor provincial political party in Ontario, Canada, that promoted a populist, fiscally conservative, socially conservative, libertarian, and localist ideology. It was formed in Hamilton in 1987 as the Family Coalition Party of Ontario (FCP) through 11,000 signatures fulfilling the Elections Ontario requirements by members from the Liberals for Life (a splinter group of the Liberal Party of Canada) and members of the anti-abortion organization Campaign Life Coalition. It has fielded candidates in every provincial election since then. None of its candidates were ever elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.
Increasingly, artists themselves decide to build home- based studios furnished with up-to-date digital equipment, usually imported from Singapore. In particular, the rise of underground music (also called alternative music, or musik alternatif) has given individuals armed with music production skills and the appropriate tools a forum through which their recordings may be disseminated. The preferred method of producing and distributing Indonesian underground music is defiantly localist, operating outside the channels of the commercial music industry.Jeremy Wallach, "Exploring Class, Nation and Xenocentrism in Indonesian Cassette Retail Outlets," Indonesia 74 (Oct., 2002): 82, JSTOR, Online (7 January 2008).
Proletariat Political Institute is a political organisation and school headed by Wong Yuk-man, former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was first established by Wong in 2010 as a political educational institute within the League of Social Democrats (LSD), a pro-democratic social democratic party where Wong was the then chairman. It quit the LSD under Wong's leadership and became one of the coalition members of the radical democratic party People Power in 2011. It left the People Power in 2013 and became one of the leading organisations for the localist cause in Hong Kong.
Unlike the 2014 Hong Kong protests, the democracy movement of 2019 has taken place in a generally decentralised manner, and has been described as "impeccably organised" by the Los Angeles Times. The Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF) has a long history of organising social movements and was the organiser of the two massive protests on 9 and 16 June. Demosistō, led by Joshua Wong, who was in jail at the beginning of the movement, and the localist groups, called on supporters to participate in protests. However, unlike the 2014 Hong Kong protests, none of these groups have claimed leadership over this movement.
The group was formed in 2015 as a Tuen Mun-based community group by a group of young people in their 20s to early 30s. It was notable for their involvement in revealing the scandal of the high repairing cost of the elevators in Leung King Estate and a protest caused by hawkers issue in 2016. It was part of the Community Network Union, a localist political alliance of six community groups led by pro-independence Ventus Lau. Due to its association with independence movement, its convenor Wong Tan-ching was deported from Macau in May 2017.
The Guardian described Goldsmith as "a bit of a liberal and a bit of a libertarian" on social issues, who has also gained a reputation for environmentalism due to his opposition to his government's plans to expand Heathrow airport. Journalist Dave Hill noted that the "young Goldsmith was pro-small business and small communities, localist and conservationist" and was "against overbearing government from whatever the source". He is a long- standing Eurosceptic and, in the aftermath David Cameron achieving a new membership agreement, announced his support for leaving the European Union. Goldsmith advocates greater direct democracy, such as Switzerland's model of using referendums.
Conservatism has deep roots in Hong Kong politics and society. As a political trend, it is often reflected in but not limited to the current pro-Beijing camp, one of the two major political forces in Hong Kong, as opposed to liberalism, a dominant feature of the pro-democracy camp. It has also become a political view taken by some localist political parties. Political conservatism in Hong Kong derived from the Chinese tradition of familism and Confucianism and was incorporated into the colonial government's policies by Governor Cecil Clementi in the 1920s in wake of the rising radicalism and also Bolshevism.
This panel demanded that the Free Trade Unions adopt localist organizational principles as a prerequisite for re-unification. The FVdG panel realized this demand was unrealistic, but hoped the expulsion of revisionists from the SPD during the debate on Eduard Bernstein's theses would strengthen their position. The impossibility of a reconciliation between the two became obvious by March 1904, since the re-unification envisioned by both the leadership of the SPD and the Free Trade Unions was more along the lines of an integration of the FVdG into the Free Trade Unions.Müller 1985a, p. 170–172.
For that reason, they are labelled as "radicals" and "separatists" by the Beijing government. The localists gained significant traction following widespread protests in 2014 against the Chinese government's decision to pre-screen Chief Executive candidates before allowing them to be chosen by the general public in the 2017 election. Following these protests, a number of localist political parties were formed, organising protests and participated in Legislative Council elections. They won a total numbers of six seats (excluding Claudia Mo) with 19 per cent of vote share (excluding Claudia Mo and Gary Fan) in the 2016 Legislative Council election.
Sixtus "Baggio" Leung Chung-hang (; born 7 August 1986) is a Hong Kong activist and politician. He is the convenor of Youngspiration, a localist political group in Hong Kong that leans towards Hong Kong independence, and is also leader & spokesperson of the pro-independence Hong Kong National Front. He was elected to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong as a member for New Territories East in the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election. Triggered by his actions to make an independence political statement during the oath- taking ceremony, he faced a legal challenge from the government and was later stripped of his office by the court on 15 November 2016.
Cheng obtained his bachelor's degree from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and doctoral degree from the Peking University. He is a member of the localist group Civic Passion and participated in the anti-parallel trading protests in 2015. In the 2015 local election, Cheng represented the Civic Passion to run against pro-democratic Democratic Party incumbent Albert Ho in Lok Tsui, where he secured 391 votes, while Ho lost his seat to a pro-Beijing candidate Junius Ho by a margin of 277 votes. In the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election, Cheng represented the Civic Passion to run in the New Territories West.
In 2012, the government's plan to carry out moral and national education sparked controversy as it was accused of praising the Communist Party of China and Chinese nationalist ideology while condemning democracy and "western values". The anti-moral and national education led by student group Scholarism headed by Joshua Wong successfully attracted high turnout of people attending assemblies which led to the government backing down. Chinese Liaison Office in Hong Kong. In 2011, there was an emergence of localist sentiments, of which some took the anti-immigration nativist stance, fearing mainland Chinese new immigrants, tourists and parallel traders would threaten the established institutions and social customs of Hong Kong.
The 2014 NPCSC decision triggered a historic 79-day protest which was dubbed as the "Umbrella Revolution". The failure of the campaign for a free and genuine democratic process strengthened the pro- independence discourse, as it was viewed as a failure of the "One Country, Two Systems" and an independent state would be the only way out. Localist political groups led by youngsters mushroomed after the protests. As some of them such as Youngspiration took the parliamentary path by participating in the 2015 District Council elections, other such as Hong Kong Indigenous took the "street action" by targeting the mainland tourists and parallel traders with a militant style of protesting.
These are the Kowloon West results of the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election. The election was held on 4 September 2016 and all 6 seats in Kowloon West where consisted of Yau Tsim Mong District, Sham Shui Po District and Kowloon City District were contested, one extra than the previous election due to the increase of the population. Four of the five incumbents were returned to the legislature with radical democrat Wong Yuk-man lost to the newcomer Yau Wai-ching of radical localist group Youngspiration, who beat Wong by 424 votes. The extra seat was won by college lecturer Lau Siu-lai who advocated for "self-determination".
These include freedom from council tax capping and a three-year holiday from inspection. The local government community has complained that these freedoms are not always granted in practice. Neighbourhoods - Labour showed a growing interest in creating new forms of more direct neighbourhood governance in the hope of improving the responsiveness of public services and engaging local people in both local democracy and the delivery of their own services through service level contracts and co-production. Education reform - it might also be argued that the government's policy of transferring power to school headteachers from local education authorities represented a new localist approach to devolving beyond the council to local communities.
The Undergrad, the official publication of the Hong Kong University Students' Union (HKUSU), from February 2014, published a few articles on the subject of a Hong Kong nation. Articles entitled “The Hong Kong nation deciding its own fate” and “Democracy and Independence for Hong Kong” raise the localist discourse to the level of political autonomy for Hong Kong, which in effect would be tantamount to Hong Kong independence. Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying used his 2015 New Year's policy address to direct harsh criticism at the magazine for promoting Hong Kong independence, fanning both the debate and sales of the book Hong Kong Nationalism which featured the articles.
After the Occupy movement, several organisations named "Umbrella organisations" by the media were set up, in which many of them carried certain degree of localist discourses, notably Youngspiration and Hong Kong Indigenous. Youngspiration took part in the 2015 District Council election with many other newcoming "Umbrella soldiers" and eventually won one seat out of nine candidates. Hong Kong Indigenous is notable for its protest style, in which it calls for a "militant" approach with "some kind of clash", as opposed to pan-democrats' "gentle approach" of non-violent civil disobedience. The Hong Kong Independence Party was formed in April 2015 advocating an independent Hong Kong within the British Commonwealth.
The Chinese Foreign Ministry for the first time labelled the involved localists as "separatists", claiming that "the riot [was] plotted mainly by local radical separatist organisation." Hong Kong Indigenous nominated Edward Leung, who would later rise to prominence by his involvement in the Mong Kok clashes and arrest by police, in the 2016 New Territories East by-election. Localist groups and figures who campaigned for Leung included Youngspiration, Civic Passion, Chin Wan and Wong Yuk-man. Leung finished in third place, with 15 per cent of the vote, behind the moderate pan-democrat Civic Party Alvin Yeung with 37 per cent and pro-Beijing DAB's Holden Chow with 34 per cent.
According to Martha Strom's interpretation of this poem, "Stevens locates the bucks in Oklahoma, which firmly situates the poem in the 'local' school of writing, but he imbues the localist donnée—a particular landscape, some bucks, and a cat in Oklahoma—with the motion of his imagination, and the flat 'local' scene acquires texture and life". When Stevens was a student at Harvard he was interested in the local-color-movement in American writing, but that interest grew into a lifelong philosophical study of imagination and reality and how their intersection could lead to poetry. Those terms are ones that apply more usefully to "Earthy Anecdote" than "local color".
Hannan is an advocate of localism. He believes that local government independence is impossible without giving fiscal autonomy. To that end, he supports replacing Value Added Tax with a local sales tax, set by local councils. He was co- author, along with 27 Conservative MPs elected in 2005, of Direct Democracy: An Agenda for a New Model Party, which proposes the wholesale devolution of power and the direct election of decision-makers, and the replacement of the NHS with a private insurance system These ideas were developed further in a series of six pamphlets, The Localist Papers, serialised in The Daily Telegraph in 2007.
This has led to calls from the pro- democracy camp to change or modify the scheme to allow the Hong Kong government to have a say in choosing which immigrants to come or final approval, while the localist camp advocate cancelling the scheme, saying this preferential treatment has put a strain on resources in Hong Kong and argues that immigrants from the mainland can come and settle in Hong Kong like any other immigrants from around the world. In at least one year, more than the so-called "maximum" of 150 daily mainlanders were allowed in; 57,387 mainlanders entered Hong Kong in 2017, averaging approximately 157 people per day.
Parochialism can be found around the world and has sometimes been acknowledged by local institutions. For example, in a change of curriculum on February 7, 2007, Harvard University said that one of the main purposes of the major curriculum overhaul (the first in three decades) was to overcome American "parochialisms", referring in this case to a national point of view rather than one concerned with any particular small community. The political principle of localism is that which supports local production and consumption of goods, local control of government, and local culture and identity. Localist politics have been approached from many directions by different groups.
In initial stage, Third Side was considered as a centrist political organization between the pro-Democracy camp and pro-Beijing camp. and had a direct competition with pro-Democracy Alvin Yeung and pro-Beijing Holden Chow in the 2016 New Territories East by- election. However, during 2016 Hong Kong legislative election, it was reported that pro-Beijing camp once considered allocating votes to Tik Chi-yuen, who were running the election in the Kowloon West constituency in the hope of defeating pro-democracy and localist candidates In November 2018 Kowloon West by-election, Dik endorsed pro-Beijing candidate Chan Hoi-yan together with other pro-Beijing politician.
Parish councils in the area also held elections, such as the newly formed Christchurch town council, replacing the former Borough Council, and the Highcliffe and Walkford Neighbourhood Council. Whilst the shadow authority had 125 members, the redrawn ward boundaries meant that the newly elected body has 76 members. Representatives from all of the main UK political parties, the Conservatives, the Liberal Democrats, Labour, Green Party of England and Wales and UKIP, stood for election to the new council. Alongside the national parties, several localist groups also stood for election, such as the Poole People, Alliance for Local Living and the Engage parties, as well as the informal Christchurch Independents group.
He joined an electoral alliance with Civic Passion led by Wong Yeung-tat and incumbent legislator Wong Yuk-man to contest in the 2016 Legislative Council election after a localist activist Edward Leung of Hong Kong Indigenous received a better-than-expected result in the 2016 New Territories East by-election in which Leung grabbed more than 66,000 votes. Chin contested in the New Territories East with the slogan of "creating a de facto referendum in five constituencies; allow all citizens to participate in the creation of constitution". Chin's list received 23,635 votes, four percent of the total votes, ranking 13th place and was not elected.
All this was built without the use of a proper set of blueprints, employing Rhine Valley postcards instead. Malmgren held many grand feasts inspired by the national romanticism of the time in the castle, featuring for example fully roasted pigs and mead served in wooden tankards. Suffering from strong herpetophobia, Malmgren saw himself forced to clear the site of his castle from snakes, paying 1 krona and 25 öre – the cost of a litre of brännvin at the time – to every local who could produce a dead reptile. Politically engaged from the very beginning, and somewhat of a localist and regionalist, Malmgren was very active in the politics of Uddevalla Municipality.
His secretaryship was highlighted by the disaffiliation crisis that saw localist students from member institutions trigger referendums to break away from the HKFS which was accused of making hasty decisions with little transparency during the Umbrella Revolution. Law campaigned against the referendum at the LU as the acting president of the LUSU which the referendum to break away from HKFS was defeated. However, three student unions of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU), Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU) and City University of Hong Kong (CityU) quit the federation in their referendums under Law's secretaryship, following the Hong Kong University Students' Union (HKUSU) exit in February 2015.
' The proposed legislation sought to designate fourteen languages as the national languages of Taiwan. In mainland China, this was seen as an effort to diminish the use of standard Mandarin and its cultural influences in favor of revising the cultural and psychological foundations on the island of Taiwan by using other languages. The draft was not adopted. The textbook issue was raised in November 2004, when a group of lawmakers, legislative candidates and supporters of the pro-independence Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU) urged the ROC Ministry of Education to publish Taiwan-centric history and geography textbooks for school children as part of the localist campaign.
Chief Justice Andrew Li defended Kwok, saying that he did not abuse his status as magistrate. Kwok has heard a number of prominent protest-related cases including one involving nine defendants charged with rioting during the 2016 Mong Kok civil unrest in which he jailed 19-year-old Mo Jia-tao for more than four years – the heaviest of 10 sentences. Kwok rejected suggestions of political motivation raised during mitigation, such as the labelling of "a political demonstration" or the defendants’ alignment with localist ideas due to their frustration following the collapse of the 2014 Occupy protests. "Without doubt, the court will not join this political debate," Kwok repeatedly stressed.
Christians to the World () is a Christian-oriented pro-democracy political group established by social worker Hendrick Lui Chi-hang in 2016. It encourages the political activeness of the Christians, holding localist thoughts and advocates for a referendum to decide the prospect of the Hong Kong sovereignty in 2047 to implement genuine autonomy of Hong Kong. In the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election, Lui ran in the New Territories West and received 812 votes, 0.13 percent of the vote share. The group joined the movement against the Hong Kong Christian Council's decision to draw lots among their 847 members for the 2016 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections.
On 22 July, Edward Leung, who had not yet signed the confirmation form, received email from the EAC asking if he would still advocate Hong Kong independence after submitting the original nomination form stating he would uphold the Basic Law and pledge allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Civic Passion's Alvin Cheng and the Hong Kong National Party's Chan Ho-tin both received similar emails on 25 July. Two other localist candidates, Nationalist Hong Kong's Nakade Hitsujiko and Conservative Party's Alice Lai Yee-man, received similar emails in the following days. Those questions were claimed to be a factor to determine the validity of their nominations.
They were strongly opposed to the political and economic monopoly of vested interests, collusion between business and government and questioned the nature of the capitalist system in Hong Kong. Coinciding with the widespread Chinese patriotism at the time was several emerging conservation movements led by young activists, such as Christina Chan, protesting against demolition of the Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier, Queen's Pier, and the buildings on Lee Tung Street (known as "Wedding Card Street") in 2006 and 2007. Protests against the construction of the Hong Kong section of the high-speed rail link to Guangzhou (XRL) escalated in 2009 and 2010 and established a new high point of the localist movement.
It was founded on 26 June 2016 by its convenor Billy Chiu Hin- chung. Chiu was a member of the League of Social Democrats and founded the localist protest group Hongkongers Priority. Chiu and several others broke into the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison in Admiralty in 2013 while waving a colonial-era Hong Kong flag and demanded the PLA to “get out of Hong Kong”. He was sentenced a two-week suspended jail term for entering a closed area without a permit. It had about 30 members when it was founded but claimed it had overseas support, with prominent Taiwanese independence campaigners Shih Chao-hui and Wang San-chi serving as “honorary consultants”.
The party also more than doubled its representation in Sofia's municipal assembly, becoming the second largest party in the chamber by surpassing the "urban rightist" coalitions. The Democratic Bulgaria coalition, a union of centre-right and right-wing parties which represent Sofia's traditional "urban rightists" came in third, with its candidate Borislav Ignatov securing 12% of the vote. Boris Bonev from the widely pro-European localist "Save Sofia" movement came in fourth with just under 11% of the vote. Despite the fact that he was not elected as Mayor of Sofia, he was nonetheless elected as a municipal councillor, as he had been a candidate for both Mayor and municipal councilor in the same election.
Key new localist policies include: Foundation hospitals - the granting of more autonomy to NHS hospital trusts that score the highest marks in their inspections, including freedom to borrow money on the markets and adjust staff pay levels. The foundation trusts must create an elected board including representatives from the local community to oversee their work. Freedoms for local government - Labour granted a number of new freedoms to councils, including the right to freely borrow capital on the financial markets and a general reduction in the number of plans that must be submitted for central government approval. Further freedoms were promised to those councils that scored the top 'excellent' grade in the key Comprehensive Performance Assessment inspection process.
The term "liberate" () was first used by the Guangfuhui (Restoration Society), founded in Shanghai in 1904, and by the revolutionaries of the Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance), the predecessor to the Kuomintang. Its first use in Hong Kong's localist movement was in Reclaim Sheung Shui Station in 2012. In its early stages, Hong Kong Indigenous was most notable for its opposition to parallel trading in Hong Kong, and its series of "liberation protests" organised in 2015 in places like Tuen Mun, Sha Tin, Yuen Long and Sheung Shui in the New Territories. Thus, the use of the term "liberate" in its campaign slogan was to remind voters of the group's use of street resistance to advocate Hongkongers' rights.
'Kong boys' and 'Kong Girls (or Gals)' are slang that are currently and frequently used in the Hong Kong scenario, especially online. The prefix ‘Kong’ is added in front of words to denote (or emphasize) explicit Hong Kong locality, or any relation to the city. ‘Kong Boys’ and 'Kong Girls' do not actually refer to the entire Hong Kong male and female population, but instead address specific individuals who exhibit certain traits, and have since become derogatory terms as various media and online forums nowadays often use them to criticize those having adverse personalities. A ‘Kong Boy’ or 'Kong Girl' is sometimes collectively known as a 'Hong Kong Localite' or simply 'Localite' (not to be confused with 'Localist').
In the run-up to the Chinese New Year, localist group Hong Kong Indigenous called for action online to shield the street hawkers, who sold Hong Kong street food in which they saw as part of the Hong Kong culture, from government health department's attempts at eradication. The protest on 8 February 2016 escalated to violent clashes between the police and the protesters that lasted until the next morning. The Hong Kong government classified the violent incident as a riot, while some media outlets and social media platforms have opted for calling the event "Fishball Revolution" (魚蛋革命), in reference to the popular Hong Kong street food item. The Chinese foreign ministry blamed the violence on "separatists".
The Legislative Council members elected through District Council (Second) constituency in 2012, the former chairman of the Democratic Party Albert Ho and former chairman of the Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL) Frederick Fung faced fierce challenges in their Tuen Mun's Lok Tsui and Sham Shui Po's Lai Kok constituencies. Ho faced 5 rivals including former president of the Law Society of Hong Kong Junius Ho Kwan-yiu, radical localist group Civic Passion's Cheng Chung-tai and three other independent candidates. Fung faced his former party member Eric Wong Chung-ki and FTU's Chan Wing-yan. Ho and Fung eventually lost their District Council seat and will have to adopt a new constituency for LegCo elections.
He was recommended by Ronny Tong when Tong resigned from the Legislative Council in June 2015 to take up the seat in the February by-election. He retained the seat for the Civic Party by defeating Beijing-loyalist DAB candidate Holden Chow Ho-ding and localist Hong Kong Indigenous candidate Edward Leung Tin-kei, receiving 160,880 votes in the New Territories East constituency. In the September general election, Yeung sought re-election in New Territories East. From his leading position in opinion polls, he cooperated with Labour Party's Fernando Cheung and later on with other pan-democrat candidates to split the votes evenly to maximise the block's chances of winning seven out of the nine seats.
The Land Justice League is a Hong Kong activist group that co-opts other social groups who are interested in a common cause known as “land justice”. The membership is roughly divided into two groups—one rooted in activist movements dating to the protection of the Star Ferry Pier in 2006, which extended to the Choi Yuen Chuen rally in 2009; the other group consists of followers of the political party League of Social Democrats, run by longtime social activists. The former group of activists generally base their action on what is called a "localist movement" and they are a group of well educated youngsters with theory-based ideals. They also tend to plan their actions strategically.
Sample of People's Republic of China Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao A People's Republic of China Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao, or One-way Permit, is a document issued by the People's Republic of China allowing residents of mainland China to leave the mainland permanently to settle in Hong Kong or Macau.Press Releases — LCQ17: One-way Permit, Government Information Centre, Hong Kong. The scheme was introduced in 1980.Hong Kong doctors join localist protest against one-way permit scheme, as mainland migrant influx blamed for stretched hospitals The travel restriction was needed to prevent large volumes of people coming to Hong Kong or Macau and preventing illegal immigration.
Chung was born in Hong Kong in 2001 and was educated at Buddhist Mau Fung Memorial College and Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education. His political awakening came from a minor demonstration outside the People's Liberation Army headquarters in Central in late 2013 when he was 12. His first direct involvement in politics was in 2016 when he and some like-minded joined the campaign for localist candidate Edward Leung in the 2018 New Territories East by-election for the Legislative Council. Soon after the election in April 2016, Chung co-founded Studentlocalism with three other secondary school students which aimed to create a Hong Kong republic that would enjoy independent sovereignty.
Youngspiration was part of the localist electoral alliance ALLinHK in the 2016 legislative election and won two seats in the direct elections. Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching, the two Youngspiration democratic elected legislators, triggered a controversy when they made pro- independence statements "Hong Kong is not China" during the oaths of office with insult words to China and were ejected from the Legislative Council by the court after the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) interpreted the Article 104 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, which specifically targeted the duo's conduct by "clarifying" the provision of the legislators to swear allegiance to Hong Kong as part of China when they take office.
From 2016 to 2017, he was the Director of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Macau. In 2017, he replaced Zhang Xiaoming to become the Director of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong. In January 2020 he was dismissed and replaced by Luo Huining, reportedly for misleading the leadership in Beijing about the extent of support for the ongoing protests in Hong Kong and for thus failing to foresee the opposition win by the Pro-democracy camp and Localist groups in the 2019 local elections. After he dismissed, he was appointed as the vice President of the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee in ministerial level.
Most Chinese contemporary scholars of Mainland China believe the roots of the localist movement began during the Japanese rule (1895 to 1945), when groups organized to lobby the Imperial Japanese government for greater Taiwanese autonomy and home rule. After the Kuomintang (KMT) took over Taiwan, the Taiwan home-rule groups were decimated in the wake of the February 28 Incident of 1947. The KMT viewed Taiwan primarily as a base to retake mainland China and quickly tried to subdue potential political opposition on the island. The KMT did little to promote a unique Taiwanese identity; often newly immigrated Chinese or "mainlanders" as they were called, working in administrative positions, lived in neighborhoods where they were segregated from the Taiwanese.
Localist candidates emerged as the new force in the primaries, with an unofficial six- person alliance led by former Demosistō secretary-general Joshua Wong, incumbent legislator Eddie Chu and endorsed by withdrawn candidate Nathan Law, all became either the top or runner-up candidate in their respective constituencies. Wong himself was the top candidate in Kowloon East, while Eddie Chu and former journalist Gwyneth Ho and came first in New Territories West and New Territories East respectively. Tiffany Yuen who was endorsed by Nathan Law and activist Sunny Cheung also came in second in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon West respectively, with activist Lester Shum came in second in the District Council (Second) and Winnie Yu won the Health Services functional constituency.
However, the oath-taking controversy sparked by two localist legislators Sixtus Leung and Yau Wai-ching of Youngspiration led to the unprecedented legal challenge from Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying and Secretary for Justice Rimsky Yuen against Yiu. On 7 November 2016, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) interpreted of the Article 104 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, standardising the manners of the oath-taking when taking public office. As a result, the duo were disqualified by the court. Subsequently, the government launched a second legal action against Yiu and three other pro- democracy legislators, Lau Siu-lai, Nathan Law and Leung Kwok-hung, which resulted in their disqualifications from the Legislative Council on 14 July 2017.
Alvin Yeung Ngok-kiu of the Civic Party, the number two candidate after Ronny Tong in the Civic Party’s list running in New Territories East constituency in the last LegCo election in 2012, was named by Tong as his successor. Other pan-democratic parties also made way for the Civic Party in order to have only one candidate to represent the pan-democracy camp. Youngspiration, a localist group intended to field a candidate and invited the Civic Party to hold a primary, modeling from the pan-democratic primary for the 2007 Hong Kong Island by-election, but later dropped out due to the lack of time for a primary. Yeung submitted his nomination form on 5 January 2016, the first day for the nominations.
"Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times" was first suggested by Hong Kong localist activist Edward Leung as a slogan for social movements. Leung has continually advocated Hong Kong independence and localism and self- determination, considering Hong Kong to be a sovereign state, Hongkongers to be of the same group, and hoping to unite the "inner strength" of Hongkongers. At the press conference where Leung originally announced his bid for the 2016 New Territories East by-election, his campaign slogan was "Walk the talk, innovation for our generation" (). However, campaigners brainstormed another slogan in January 2016, as they considered the original slogan to be unable to attract voters to vote, alienating younger and older generations, and that its stance was not clear enough.
The political party aimed to field candidates in the upcoming election with the platform of "self- determination" of Hong Kong future. It allied with activists such as Eddie Chu and Lau Siu-lai. On 14 July 2016, the Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC) announced its plan to require all candidates to sign an additional "confirmation form" in the nomination to declare their understanding of Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China as stipulated in the Basic Law, in response to many potential localist candidates advocating or promoting Hong Kong independence. Although Civic Passion's Alvin Cheng agreed to sign the confirmation form, other candidates including Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung and Hong Kong National Party's Chan Ho-tin refused to sign.
La France profonde ("Deep France") is a phrase that denotes the existence of "deep" and profoundly "French" aspects of the culture of French provincial towns, of French village life and rural agricultural culture, which escape the "dominant ideologies" (Michel Dion's expression) and the hegemony of Paris. It was made familiar to English readers in Michel Dion's radical critique, La France profonde, predicting a union of de-Communised socialism with a reformed Catholic Church. France profonde was popularized in Celia Brayfield's Deep France: A Writer's Year in La France profonde (2004) retitled in paperback Deep France: A Writer's Year in the Béarn. "Deep France" is seen to be profoundly localist in outlook and to be receding in the face of international mass culture.
AltaMira Press.Sing C. Chew. 2008. Ecological Futures: What History Can Teach Us (Trilogy on World Ecological Degradation). AltaMira Press. In later books, Chew argued that there were three "Dark Ages" in world environmental history characterized by periods of state collapse and reorientation in the world economy associated with more localist frameworks of community, economy, and identity coming to dominate the nature/culture relationships after state- facilitated environmental destruction delegitimized other forms. Thus recreated communities were founded in these so-called 'Dark Ages,' novel religions were popularized, and perhaps most importantly to him the environment had several centuries to recover from previous destruction. Chew argues that modern green politics and bioregionalism is the start of a similar movement of the present day potentially leading to wholesale system transformation.
The autonomist movement gathered itself around the free radio movement, such as Onda Rossa in Rome, Radio Alice in Bologna, Controradio in Firenze, Radio Sherwood in Padova, and other local radios, giving it a diffusion in the whole country. It also published several newspapers and magazines which were circulated nationally, above all Rosso in Milan, I Volsci in Rome, Autonomia in Padua and A/traverso in Bologna. It was a decentralized, localist network or "area" of movements, particularly strong in Rome, Milan, Padua and Bologna, but at its height in 1977 was also often present in small towns and villages where not even the Italian Communist Party (PCI) was presentGun Cuninghame, Patrick. Autonomia: A Movement Of Refusal - Social Movements And Social Conflict In Italy In The 1970s.
However, after the oaths of the two localist legislators Sixtus Leung and Yau Wai-ching of Youngspiration were invalidated by the clerk, the duo were unprecedentedly legally challenged by Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying and Secretary for Justice Rimsky Yuen. On 7 November 2016, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) interpreted of the Article 104 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, standardising the manners of the oath-taking when taking public office. As a result, the duo were disqualified by the court. Subsequently, the government launched a second legal action against Leung and three other pro-democracy legislators, Lau Siu- lai, Yiu Chung-yim and Nathan Law, which resulted in their disqualifications from the Legislative Council on 14 July 2017.
Poole People is a localist group which had previously stood in and won seats in the former Poole borough. For the 2019 election, they stood eight candidates in wards corresponding to Poole, winning seven seats in total. The Alliance for Local Living also stood parties, after being set up in 2018, and cooperating with Poole People; ALL intended to stand four candidates in total, but due to the timing of the official registration of the party, only two were able to be listed on the ballot paper; all four candidates also stood in Poole seats, but with only one win. In March 2019, seven Conservative candidates, including the leader of the council David Flagg, were suspended from the party following their opposition to the merger.
The pro-democracy camp in conjunction with the localist groups achieved its biggest landslide victory in the history of Hong Kong, gaining control of 17 of the 18 District Councils and tripling their seats from around 124 to about 388. The pro-democrats would also be able to capture 117 District Council subsector seats in the 1,200-member Election Committee, which is responsible for electing the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. Pro-Beijing parties and independent candidates won only 62 seats, a loss of more than 242 seats. All pro-Beijing parties suffered major setbacks and losses, including the flagship pro-Beijing party Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), which received its largest defeat in history, losing 96 seats.
In July 2015, Hong Kong Indigenous marched to the Immigration Department to demand deportation of an undocumented 12-year-old Mainland boy Siu Yau-wai, who lived in Hong Kong for nine years without identification, with other nativists including Youngspiration. In January 2016, the group announced the candidacy of its 24 year old member Edward Leung Tin-kei for the 2016 New Territories East by- election which was triggered by the resignation of Civic Party legislator Ronny Tong. Leung received 66,524 votes, about 15 percent of the total votes, behind pan-democratic Civic Party and pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. The better-than-expected result was considered a big boost for the localist cause.
They withdrew after meeting with the Civic Party and endorsed the candidacy of Edward Leung of the Hong Kong Indigenous, who ran under the localist banner for the first time. In the 2016 Legislative Council election, Youngpsiration formed an electoral alliance named "ALLinHK" with five other Umbrella organisations, namely Kowloon East Community, Tin Shui Wai New Force, Cheung Sha Wan Community Establishment Power, Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power and Tuen Mun Community. The alliance vowed to push forward the right to self-determination of the "Hong Kong nation". Convenor Baggio Leung, who stated to stand as Edward Leung's substitute right before the Electoral Affairs Commission invalidated Edward's nomination, and Yau Wai-ching were elected, the latter being the youngest female member of the Legislative Council.
Many new faces rose from the post-Occupy political forces got elected. Demosisto's Nathan Law, a 23-year-old Occupy student leader became the youngest candidate to be elected in history along with his allies Lau Siu-lai and Eddie Chu. Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching from the radical localist groups Youngspiration, and Cheng Chung-tai of Civic Passion, also won seats after they were allowed to enter the race following the government controversially disqualified six localists for their advocacy of Hong Kong independence. As a result, four pan-democrats lost their seats, namely, Neo Democrats' Gary Fan, as well as three veterans, Lee Cheuk-yan and Cyd Ho of the Labour Party and the Frederick Fung of the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood.
She explains the position of the poem at the beginning of Harmonium as signifying Stevens' departure from the dominant 'local' school, which enjoined the poet to stay close to his roots and locale. She writes, > Stevens locates the bucks in Oklahoma, which firmly situates the poem in the > "local" school of writing, but he imbues the localist donnée — a particular > landscape, some bucks, and a cat in Oklahoma — with the motion of his > imagination, and the flat "local" scene acquires texture and life.Strom, p. > 429 She quotes from an editorial on 'Local Color' that Stevens wrote in 1900 while an undergraduate at Harvard and president of The Harvard Advocate, proposing that Stevens' interest in overcoming locality can be traced back to those days.
It also stated that returning officers were required to take into account all relevant information before deciding whether a nomination is valid according to and Electoral Affairs Commission (Electoral Procedure) (Legislative Council) Regulation 541D § 16 (the Regulation) and request the candidate to provide any other information the returning officer deems appropriate to satisfy him/her that the nomination is valid according to Sections 10 or 11 of the Regulation. Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor director Law Yuk-kai criticised the government's move as "censorship of political ideas" and a breach of freedom of thought. Localist candidates reacted differently to the new measure. Civic Passion's Alvin Cheng signed the confirmation form when he submitted his nomination to run in the Hong Kong Island constituency.
Political parties that support Hong Kong's independence include Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party and Youngspiration. Youngspiration calls for the right to self-determination of the "Hong Kong nation" on their sovereignty. Localist activist group Civic Passion has expressed its support for Hong Kong independence before, but later called for the amendment of the Basic Law of Hong Kong through a civil referendum in the 2016 Legislative Council election. Before disbanding as a result of the 2020 Hong Kong national security law, Demosisto also called for the right to self-determination to determine Hong Kong's future after 2047 when the One Country, Two Systems principle as promised in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong Basic Law is supposed to expire, although independence wasn't the party's position.
The allowed "Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times" to be listed in Leung's election platform in their election guide, but refused to deliver his pamphlets for free because the Office considered the use of the terms "autonomy" and "self-rule" to be a "fundamental breach" of Article 1 of the Basic Law. During the election, Leung advocated the stances of "Using force to resist violence" and "Liberate Hong Kong", leading to a polarised public opinion. Although forceful resistance and the Hong Kong independence movement attracted mainstream attention in Hong Kong, it also led to resistance from the Government of Hong Kong and the traditional pro-democracy camp. After his arrest following the Mong Kok civil unrest, his popularity increased, with many in the localist camp expressing support for him.
The protests ended without any political concessions from the government. After the 2014 Hong Kong protests, there were a group of young generation new faces participated in the 2015 District Council elections which were loosely labelled as "umbrella soldiers" with mixed localist factions. They had a better-than-expected results with eight of them managed to win a seat by beating some incumbents. In April 2016 ahead of the 2016 Legislative Council election, the former student leaders Joshua Wong and Nathan Law in the 2014 Occupy protests announced the formation of a new party called Demosistō advocating a referendum to determine Hong Kong's sovereignty after 2047, when the One Country, Two Systems principle as promised in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong Basic Law is supposed to expire.
Due to recent tensions between Mainland and Hong Kong people, along with impact of the Umbrella Movement, different sectors of Hong Kong have shifted their view of Hong Kong's development of democracy. Traditionally, the pan-democratic camp campaigned for democracy in China and Hong Kong, however after the Umbrella Movement, with the rise of localism, there were calls to make Hong Kong democratic first, then China or only focus on making Hong Kong democratic. In recent years, localism within Hong Kong, has been gaining popularity of Hong Kong youth, this has led to new political parties and organisations being formed. Some Localist parties have taken the latter view of democracy, while others promote the notion of Hong Kong Independence, believing that only when Hong Kong is independent from Mainland China can real democracy be established.
1516–1517 It is important to distinguish between the universalist and localist conceptions of the empire, which remain controversial among historians. According to the former, the empire was a universal monarchy, a "commonwealth of the whole world, whose sublime unity transcended every minor distinction"; and the emperor "was entitled to the obedience of Christendom". According to the latter, the emperor had no ambition for universal dominion; his realm was limited in the same way as that of every other ruler, and when he made more far-reaching claims his object was normally to ward off the attacks either of the Pope or of the Byzantine emperor. According to this view, also, the origin of the empire is to be explained by specific local circumstances rather than by overarching theories.
Lumumba became a leading figure within the MNC, and by the end of 1959, the party claimed to have 58,000 members. The leader of ABAKO, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, who later became the independent Congo's first President The MNC's main rival was the Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO), led by Joseph Kasa-Vubu, who advocated a more radical ideology than the MNC, based around calls for immediate independence and the promotion of regional identity. ABAKO's stance was more ethnic nationalist than the MNC's; it argued that an independent Congo should be run by the Bakongo as inheritors of the pre-colonial Kingdom of the Kongo. The Confédération des Associations Tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT), a localist party led by Moïse Tshombe, was the third major organisation; it advocated federalism and primarily represented the southern province of Katanga.
Historically, written Cantonese has been used in Hong Kong for legal proceedings in order to write down the exact spoken testimony of a witness, instead of paraphrasing spoken Cantonese into standard written Chinese. However, its popularity and usage has been rising in the last two decades, the late Wong Jim being one of the pioneers of its use as an effective written language. Written Cantonese has become quite popular in certain tabloids, online chat rooms, instant messaging, and even social networking websites; this would be even more evident since the rise of localism in Hong Kong from the 2010s, where the articles written by those localist media are written in Cantonese. Although most foreign movies and TV shows are subtitled in Standard Chinese, some, such as The Simpsons, are subtitled using written Cantonese.
Community Network Union (Cantonese: 社區網絡聯盟) is a political alliance consisting of three localist community-based political groups. It was formed in August 2017 with six community groups, including Sha Tin Community Network, Tuen Mun Community Network, Kwai Tsing Bonding, Tsuen Wan Community Network, Lam Tin Community Network and Tin Shui Wai Community Network, in hopes of winning 15 seats in 2019 District Council election. After its spokesman Ventus Lau, also the president of the Sha Tin Community Network, was barred from running in the March 2018 Legislative Council by-elections for his perceived "pro-Hong Kong independence" stance, three of the members of the alliance, Kwai Tsing Bonding, Tsuen Wan Community Network and Tuen Mun Community Network quit the alliance in February 2018.
In addition to the arrest of Jimmy Lai, nine other individuals were also arrested or wanted by the end of the day under the new national security law. Lai's two sons, Lai Yiu Yan and Lai Gin Yan, were arrested separately from Jimmy Lai, four other Next Digital staff, including chief executive officer Cheung Kim-hung and chief operating officer and chief financial officer Royston Chow Tat-Kuen, Agnes Chow, the 23-year-old prominent pro-democracy activist and the now-defunct Demosisto founder was arrested at her home, European news agency ITV Freelance journalist and Demosisto former member Wilson Li, Edward Lei, a donor to a localist pro-democracy group, and finally, Mark Simon, a journalist with close ties to Jimmy Lai, were wanted by the Hong Kong Police.
In February 2016, Oscar Lai Man-lok, a core member of Scholarism, revealed that he, Joshua Wong and Agnes Chow Ting planned to form a political party and field at least two candidates to run in the Legislative Council elections in September. Lai subsequently quit Scholarism to support Civic Party's Alvin Yeung Ngok-kiu in the Legislative Council by-election for New Territories East, as Scholarism refused to officially endorse a candidate between the pro- democratic Civic Party and the localist Hong Kong Indigenous's Edward Leung Tin-kei in the election. In March, an online news outlet IBHK reported that the group, would be disbanded. Scholarism's Facebook page said on 16 March that it was at present working on its future direction and would announce if it reached any decisions.
Democrat Lam Cheuk-ting, who had originally planned to petition at the meeting setting up a select committee to investigate HK$50 million Chief executive Leung Chun-ying received from Australian engineering firm UGL Limited, accused the pro-Beijing camp of helping the Chief executive. Civic Party legislator Dennis Kwok said the walkout was a huge blow to the city's rule of law, and disrespectful to the court system as the court had refused to grant an injunction preventing the Youngspiration pair from retaking their oaths. After the pro-Beijing legislators walked out, localist Civic Passion's Cheng Chung-tai was seen turning the flags of China and Hong Kong, which DAB's Lau Kwok-fan had brought into the chamber, upside down. DAB's Chan Hak-kan said Cheng's act was against the law.
On 30 July, Chan Ho-tin received an email from the EAC which said his nomination in New Territories West had been "invalidated" as he did not comply with the , since he had refused to sign the additional confirmation form. A day after, Yeung Ke-cheong of the localist Democratic Progressive Party, positioned second on a candidate list with Jonathan Ho Chi-kwong in Kowloon West was also invalidated as he, unlike Chan, explicitly rejected the Basic Law by not signing both the original and additional confirmation forms to pledge to uphold the Basic Law. Yeung said he would launch a judicial review. Pro-independence candidate Nakade Hitsujiko for New Territories West became the third candidate to be disqualified on 1 August even though he had signed the new form.
The pro-Beijing camp holds the same stance with the Beijing and SAR government and strongly opposes Hong Kong independence. The mainstream pan-democracy camp sympathised with the pro- independence cause but generally opposes Hong Kong independence as they do not think it would be beneficial to Hong Kong, nor practical or achievable. They believe that to fight for genuine democracy and safeguard the high degree of autonomy under the "One Country, Two Systems" principle is the most foreseeable solution. Although politicians and scholars like Chin Wan, Wong Yuk-man and Civic Passion's Wong Yeung-tat are seen as leading localist figures and have been close to the Hong Kong independence movement and even had advocated "nation building", they have also cut clear that they do not support Hong Kong independence during the midst of the Hong Kong LegCo candidates' disqualification controversy.
Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina, one of the first books about the History of Argentina The pre-Columbian indigenous populations of Argentina did not develop writing, and had no written records of events. There have been written records of events since the time of the first European arrivals to Argentine territory, but most of them were referred to ongoing events or very close ones and are not considered to be real historiographical works. The first authors to write about events long past were the members of the "'37 Generation", romantic authors born by the time of the May Revolution, who were educated in the time of the unitarian government of Bernardino Rivadavia. By that time they received a secular education and shared studies with students from other provinces, which promoted in them a national view over a localist one.
The 2018 Kowloon West by-election was held on 25 November 2018 after the incumbent pro-democracy Legislative Councillor Lau Siu-lai of Kowloon West was disqualified from the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) after the oath- taking controversy resulted in the disqualifications of the six pro-democracy and localist legislators. It followed the by-election of four other vacated seats on 11 March 2018. Chan Hoi-yan, a nonpartisan backed by the pro-Beijing camp won over veteran democrat Lee Cheuk-yan of the Labour Party, a backup candidate for the pro-democracy camp after Lau's candidacy was disqualified. The pro-democrats suffered another defeat in eight months after Yiu Chung-yim narrowly lost to Vincent Cheng of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) in the same constituency in the March by- election.
The Liaison Office was also accused for orchestrating in the 2016 Legislative Council election. The term "Sai Wan Party" also became popular during the election, when several pro-Beijing candidates, including Priscilla Leung, Paul Tse, Regina Ip, Junius Ho and Eunice Yung were perceived backed by the Liaison Office, all of whom were elected with Liaison Office's supports. Starting from the end of August 2016, Sing Pao Daily News, which is known to be pro-Beijing, has been running anonymous critiques of Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying and the Liaison Office. The paper accused Leung and the Liaison Office of "inciting" Hong Kong independence and accused the Liaison Office of interfering in Hong Kong's domestic affairs and manipulating local Legislative Council elections by supporting groups that divide the pro-democracy camp, including the localist groups such as Youngspiration which had pro- independence tendency.
On 14 July 2016, the Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC) announced its plan to require all candidates to sign an additional "confirmation form" in the nomination to declare their understanding of Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China as stipulated in the Basic Law, in response to many potential localist candidates advocating or promoting Hong Kong independence. The EAC states that anyone making a false declaration in the nomination form was liable to criminal sanction. EAC returning officers also sent emails to several applicants who had not been confirmed as official candidates, including Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung, Civic Passion's Alvin Cheng, Hong Kong National Party's Chan Ho-tin, to ask whether they would still advocate independence after submitting the nomination form. Those questions were claimed to be a factor to determine the validity of their nominations.
News by NOW TV News, 15 September 2012. Some even bounded outside chained pharmacies to express their discontent as these shops stock up milk powder for sale to mainlanders at higher prices. On 1 February 2015, an arsonist targeted a warehouse that was used by suppliers to parallel traders in Sheung Shui."Sheung Shui arson arrests" . The Standard, 3 February 2015 Since 8 February, the northern territories of Hong Kong have experienced demonstrations most weekend that descended into violence due to clashes between localist groups and police and/or pro-establishment groups. An authorised rally of 400 people that took place in Tuen Mun on 8 February ended with the invasion of two shopping malls which were closed off by police for several hours; Police used pepper spray and batons inside the mall against protesters, and arrested 13 people.Luo, Qi (9 February 2015). "Tuen Mun parallel protesters pepper sprayed" .
The group was formed on 31 January 2013 by the two pan-democratic legislators, Claudia Mo of the Civic Party and Gary Fan of Neo Democrats who shared sympathy with the growing localist sentiment in Hong Kong. It claims to "help safeguard not only Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy, but also its lifestyle as guaranteed unchanged for 50 years under one country, two systems and stipulated in the Basic Law". It concerns the cultural aspects of the Hong Kong lifestyle, including the use of traditional Chinese characters, Cantonese and traditional phonetic translation between English and Cantonese, in which many localists deemed to be under "invasion" of the mainland China's simplified Chinese, Mandarin Chinese and its phonetic translation. It also opposed the influxes of mainland tourists, grey goods traders, Mainland schools children who were seen as taken away the quota of the local students, panic-buying of baby formula and various social issues in related to Hong Kong–Mainland conflict.
The 2020 Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries were held on 11 and 12 July 2020 for selecting the numbers of pro-democracy candidates for the subsequently postponed 2020 Legislative Council election to maximise the chance for the pro-democrats to achieve the "35+" majority in the Legislative Council. With a turnout of more than 600,000, which equals to nearly half of votes received by the pro-democracy camp in the 2016 general election, it was the most- participated primary held in the history of Hong Kong since the 1997 handover, despite the SAR government's threats of the organisers' potential breaching of the newly imposed national security law. Traditional pro-democrat parties lost grounds to the localist new faces, with an unofficial six-person alliance led by Joshua Wong and Nathan Law of the disbanded Demosistō becoming the biggest winner in the primaries. The candidates they endorsed also emerged as either top or runner-up candidates in their respective constituencies.
On 22 June 2015, few days after the historic legislative vote over the 2015 Hong Kong electoral reform, Ronny Tong announced that he would quit the Civic party that he co-founded, adding that he noted the line the Civic Party had taken since the end of 2009 had deviated from its founding values. He would also resign from the Legislative Council as he said it was inappropriate for him to retain his seat in the legislature because he stood for election as a Civic Party member. In the 2015 District Council election, the Civics won total of 10 seats, although legislator Kenneth Chan failed to win a seat in South Horizons East. In Legislative Council by-election to fill the seat left vacant by Ronny Tong, Alvin Yeung, a young barrister defeated Beijing-loyalist Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) candidate Holden Chow and localist Hong Kong Indigenous candidate Edward Leung Tin-kei, receiving 160,880 votes.
Following the incident the central government declared the localist groups, which it deemed responsible for the violence, as "separatists". On 11 February, more than two days after the unrest, a Foreign Ministry spokesman stated that the "riot [was] plotted mainly by local radical separatist organisation ... The Chinese central government believes and firmly supports the Hong Kong SAR government and the police in safeguarding social security, protecting Hong Kong residents and their property, and punishing illegal and criminal activities in accordance with the law, so as to maintain the overall stability of the Hong Kong society." Director of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong Zhang Xiaoming, branded participants as "radical separatists" who were "inclined toward terrorism." The People's Liberation Army released a statement holding "individual local radical separatist organisation(s)" responsible for the riot as well as criticising western media for "beautifying the unrest" in its early reports.
In June 2020, delegates from thirty-eight European countries voted at the XXXI Congress to admit Civic Movement URA to the European Green Party, making Civic Movement URA the first opposition party in independent Montenegro to join a family of European parties. On 11 July 2020 the Civic Movement URA decided to run independently, presenting its centre-left "In Black and White" election platform, led by independent candidates, including well known journalist and activist Milka Tadić, some university professors, journalists, civic and NGO activists, Abazović was a ballot carrier of the list, as the URA leader.Šta piše i ko je potpisao platformu "Crno na bijelo": Smjena vlasti će izroditi drugačiju Crnu Goru, Vijesti URA electoral list also contains one representative of the Bosniak minority interests SPP party, as well of some minor localist parties and initiatives.SPP Hazbije Kalača podžala Platformu Crno na bijelo, Vijesti, 2 August 2020 Dritan Abazović holding a speech at the first session of the new assembly of the Parliament of Montenegro, September 2020.
During the 2016 Hong Kong legislative election, six localist groups which emerged after the 2014 Umbrella Revolution, Youngspiration, Kowloon East Community, Tin Shui Wai New Force, Cheung Sha Wan Community Establishment Power, Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power and Tuen Mun Community, formed an electoral alliance under the name "ALLinHK" to field candidates in four of the five geographical constituencies with the agenda to put forward a referendum on Hong Kong's self-determination, while Hong Kong Indigenous and another new pro-independence Hong Kong National Party attempted to run in the upcoming election. The student leaders in the Umbrella Revolution, Joshua Wong, Oscar Lai and Agnes Chow of Scholarism and Nathan Law of the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS) formed a new party called Demosistō. The new party calls for referendum on Hong Kong's future after 2047 when the one country, two systems principle is supposed to expire and fielded candidates in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon East.
Hong Konger Front, known as 我是香港人連線 in Chinese, is a bilingual website founded in 2004 to advocate Hong Kong's gaining independence from China and building the Republic of Hong Kong. The website was covered by media conveying condemnation from both China and Hong Kong's pro-Beijing politicians. In the beginning, its radical call for Hong Kong independence was not echoed by Hong Kong's localist groups, not to mention moderate democrats who preferred waiting for One country, two systems and universal suffrage, both promised by Beijing years before the 1997 Handover of Hong Kong and enshrined in the Basic Law (constitution) of Hong Kong. Unlike the other Hong Kong pro-independence groups, Hong Konger Front goes further to support the separation of Inner Mongolia, Taiwan, Tibet, Xinjiang, and China's southern, eastern and northeast provinces from the People's Republic of China, as shown in a map on its website.
Traditional pro-democrat parties lost ground to localist parties, with many veteran democrats performing below expectations. Democratic Party incumbent Helena Wong only came seventh in her Kowloon West constituency and former legislator "Long Hair" Leung Kwok-hung of the League of Social Democrats managed only ninth place in New Territories East, for which only the top seven candidates would run in the general election. Incumbent legislator Joseph Lee of the Health Services constituency also lost to Winnie Yu of the Hospital Authority Employees Alliance, a labour union in Hong Kong. With many newcoming localists emerging on top, an unofficial six-person alliance led by former Demosistō secretary-general Joshua Wong, incumbent legislator Eddie Chu, incumbent District Councillor Lester Shum, former reporter Gwyneth Ho, student activist Sunny Cheung and incumbent District Councillor Tiffany Yuen endorsed by withdrawn candidate Nathan Law, became the biggest winner with all of them coming either top or second in their respective constituencies.
It aimed to promote the concept of independence on campus by setting up student concern groups. By the end of August 2016, 28 localist concern groups were being formed at schools across the city. In an interview with Hong Kong Free Press in 2017, Chung explained why he supported Hong Kong independence: "I was born here, I grew up here. We often see the situation in China – it’s exactly why we do not want the place we live in to become the same as China." He also predicted: “In the next five years the national security law may be enacted, or I may be charged with some offence… I can’t say it is a must for me to stay.” The group drew attention from the then Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying Leung claimed that discussion of separatism in schools was "absolutely not a matter of freedom of speech," and students could be kicked out of school for discussing it.
One was further charged with one count of criminal damage – vandalism to a copy of the Basic Law found inside the Legco building; another faced two additional counts of criminal damage – to gates of the Legco building and the adjacent central government complex – and two counts of unlawful assembly. Ma Kai-Chung, a reporter for localist online news portal Passion Times, was arraigned at Eastern Court on 3 October on one count of entering or remaining in the Legislative Council chamber on 1 July. The HKJA expressed its extreme concern over the charge, saying that it was reasonable for journalists to exercise their power of the fourth estate. Ma had been arrested on 30 September along with activist Ventus Lau and actor Gregory Wong and held under the charge of "conspiracy to criminal damage", as well as "entering or remaining in precincts of Chamber" under the Legislative Council (Powers and Privileges) Ordinance.
James Tien also campaigned for the "middle-of-the-road" party Third Side's Tik Chi-yuen who aimed at the last seat in Kowloon West against Yau Wai-ching of the localist group Youngspiration. On 15 August, it was reported that volunteers and staff from Kowloon West New Dynamic chaired by pro-Beijing politician Priscilla Leung helped Tik arrange a meet-the-public event in Sham Shui Po. In the District Council (Second) constituency, the Democratic Party also asked the supporters of veteran James To who led in the polls to vote for another Democrat candidate Kwong Chun-yu who was fighting for the last seat against Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) candidate Holden Chow. The Democratic Party invited former Chief Secretary Anson Chan to back Kwong, who also endorsed Civic Party's Sumly Chan who ran in the same constituency. In late August, the pro-Beijing parties also began to campaign for each other.
On December 23, 2011, in an article entitled "Central African Republic: Laddé, the man who wants to liberate the Peuls", the newspaper Jeune Afrique affirms that Baba Laddé wants to unite the Fulani movements with AQIM, the Polisario Front, the Tuaregs and the separatists of the Ogaden. However, it could be a disinformation campaign to discredit the Chadian opposition. On January 23, 2012, Chadian and Central African armies launched an offensive against his bases located near Kaga-Bandoro, Kabo, Ouandago, Gondava (north-central Central African Republic), causing losses among PFR rebels, civilians and military from both countries. Baba Laddé and most of his men then left the area. The Guardian claims on March 7, 2012 that 16,000 people have been displaced as a result of these clashes, in May the United Nations mentions of 22,000 displaced. According to researcher Roland Marchal, “What is different is the fact that he (Baba Laddé) was able to have a political discourse that was not confined within the borders of the Central African Republic, and within the localist claims.
Some also cite the case of some districts in which the moderate right and the far right had more than half of the votes together, but the left still won the election; they accuse the left of profiting from the split. In Hong Kong,vote-splitting is very common for the pro-democracy camp, which caused it to suffer greatly in many elections, including the 2016 Hong Kong legislative election and the 2015 Hong Kong local elections. Pro- democracy supporters typically have different ideologies and suffer from factional disputes that are exacerbated after the advent of localist groups. However, many have wider aggregate support fewer seats are earned than the pro-Beijing camp, an example being in Kowloon East in which pro-democracy parties got over 55% of cast ballots but won only 2 seats out of 5. In Canada, vote splits between the two major left-wing parties assisted the Conservative Party in winning the 2006, 2008, and 2011 federal elections, despite most of the popular vote going to left-wing parties in each race.
On 11 October 2016, a day before the inaugural session of the 6th Legislative Council, the government issued a statement warning the members-elect of the Legislative Council to swear to uphold the Basic Law and swear allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China as required by the Article 104 of the Basic Law. On 12 October 2016, five localist and eight pro-democrat legislators used the oath-taking ceremony as a platform of protest as they had in the previous sessions, by either shouting slogans or making extra statements before or after taking their oaths. Leung Kwok-hung of the League of Social Democrats (LSD), who had used the oath- taking ceremony as a platform of protest since 2004, held a yellow umbrella symbolising the Umbrella Revolution with many words thereon, including "ending one-party rule", and a paper board showing the words "NPC 831 decision" and a cross on it. He paused many times while reading the oath and tore a piece of paper with the words "NPC 831 decision".
Barred from running in the election due to the age limit, Demosistō only filled one ticket in Hong Kong Island where chairman Nathan Law was elected. Together with other activists Lau Siu-lai and Eddie Chu under the banner of "democratic self-determination", they took away about seven percent of the total votes and gained three seats, while older generation of democrats including Emily Lau, Alan Leong and Albert Ho chose to step down. As a result of the Legislative Council oath-taking controversy and the National People's Congress Standing Committee's interpretation of the Basic Law, four pro- democrat legislators, Leung Kwok-hung, Nathan Law, Lau Siu-lai and Yiu Chung- yim were disqualified from the office in July 2017, following the two localist Youngspiration legislators Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching were disqualified earlier, over their behaviours during the oath-taking ceremony in which the court deemed as invalid. Shortly afterwards on 17 August, three main leaders in the Occupy protests Joshua Wong, Alex Chow and Nathan Law were given prison sentences for storming the forecourt of the Central Government Complex on 26 and 27 September 2017.
A strain of conservatism was found in the emerging localist movement in the early 2010s aiming at preserving the distinct cultural identity from Beijing's growing encroachment of Hong Kong people's way of life and civil liberties. In 2011, Chin Wan, an assistant professor in the Lingnan University’s Chinese department published the book, On the Hong Kong City- State in 2011 which triggered fierce public debate and was popular among the young generation. In the book, Chin pointed out the potential threat of the influx of mainland tourists and immigrants to the established institutions and social customs of Hong Kong, which he considered likely part of a colonisation scheme by Beijing, including the increasing use of Mandarin Chinese and Simplified Chinese in daily use and in schools. As a cultural traditionalist, Chin cited British colonial governor Cecil Clementi's fostering of local traditional culture in the 1920s, arguing that, thanks to British colonialism, "Hong Kong’s culture today is both more modern and more authentically Chinese — or more rooted in ancient traditions — than the culture of mainland China," where orthodox religious customs and traditional written Chinese were abandoned under the Communist regime.
Given his changing definition of incommensurability Pérez Ransanz has identified three phases in Kuhn's work, or at least in how it deals with this concept. As we have seen above the first phase was seen in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (SSR) and it is characterized by an overall vision that is applied to paradigms. This perspective was replaced in the 1970s by a localist and semanticist vision in which incommensurability is now defined as the relationship between two theories that are articulated in two languages that are not completely interchangeable, as Kuhn states in the following extract: The above only prohibits one type of comparison, that which is carried out between the statements of these two theories in a one-to-one relationship. An idea that underlies this formulation is that translation implies symmetry and transitivity so that if theory T is translatable with theory T', then T' can be translated to T, and furthermore if there is a third theory T and this can be translated to T', then theories T and T' cannot be incommensurable, as long as the transitive relationship and the symmetrical relationship assures that their statements can be compared one to another.

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