737 Sentences With "information retrieval"

Anglade is a music information retrieval specialist who worked at SoundCloud.

They could all be reduced to defence mechanisms, information retrieval, and so on.

For example, you can use Private Information Retrieval techniques to privately query a database.

"We believe that this can expand beyond customer support to general information retrieval in the enterprise," Nicholas said.

And she also introduced the idea and methods of "term weighing" in information retrieval, which helped queries determine which terms were the most relevant.

And we've ended up in a world in which we have basically one social network, one online store, one company for all information retrieval.

My work with my colleagues Andy Strominger of Harvard and Malcolm Perry of Cambridge has shown us the mechanism for information retrieval from a black hole.

Animation by Stephen Clark Teletext, an information service for transmitting text and graphics to a television set, was, 30 years ago, slated to revolutionize information retrieval.

Led be an ex-Apple/Google/Microsoft team, Weav says it's building state of the art NLP tools that leverage information retrieval, topic modeling and entity recognition.

Dr. Madnick has been active in industry as a key designer and developer of projects such as IBM's VM/370 operating system and Lockheed's DIALOG information retrieval system.

Earlier, Deep Blue, aka Watson, outperformed the opponents on Jeopardy, a knowledge contest, and proved that machines can be made superior to humans regarding natural language processing and information retrieval.

SPIEGEL: I THINK SPECTACLES WILL BE ABOUT EXPERIENCING THE WORLD SO I THINK THAT'S MORE THE -- IF YOU LOOK AT THE BROAD EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING, THE FIRST DESKTOPS ABOUT INFORMATION RETRIEVAL.

"At the Jacobs School of Engineering at UC San Diego, it will directly and significantly benefit the wide variety of ongoing research in machine learning, artificial intelligence, information retrieval, and big data applications."

The World Wide Web Project, created by the British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, was devised as an "information retrieval initiative aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents," its site says.

"The personal effects that were onboard the boat will be returned to the families of the victims, and subsequent information retrieval efforts from any of those items will be at their discretion," Klepper said.

Ashutosh Garg is a co-founder and board member at cloud marketing platform company BloomReach, and a true guru of all things search, with 10 years of experience in information retrieval, machine learning and search.

The company is concentrating on customer service for starters, but with the new money in hand, it intends to begin looking at other areas in the enterprise that could benefit from a smart information retrieval system.

Though books have been mythologized as the one "non-database" in a world of searchable content, readers have always "skipped and skimmed" books, as Price points out, or rearranged them mentally, or composed their own tailored indexes for fast information retrieval.

Instead of a keyword-driven experience we are used to with Google, Forethought uses an information retrieval model driven by artificial intelligence underpinnings that they then embed directly into the workflow, company co-founder and CEO Deon Nicholas told TechCrunch.

State investigators announced recently that the items recovered from the boat would be returned to families, since the teens' disappearance is not considered a criminal case, and that any further information retrieval efforts would be left up to the families.

Rajan also says that those at Yahoo Labs have used sizable datasets like this to work on large-scale machine learning problems that are inspired by consumer-facing products, in particular in areas like search ranking, computational advertising, information retrieval, and core machine learning.

In addition to speech-to-text and text-to-speech services, they include: Natural language classifier: to create apps that can decipher intent and meaning when questions are asked in different ways Dialog: tailors app interactions to a users' speaking style Retrieve and Rank: uses machine learning look at "signals" in data to improve information retrieval Document conversion: turns content in different file formats, like PDF, Word, or HTML, into formats that can be understood by other Watson services Watson's most high-profile achievement since IBM and SoftBank announced their partnership is probably making Pepper, SoftBank's humanoid robot, act more human.

In computer science, Universal IR Evaluation (information retrieval evaluation) aims to develop measures of database retrieval performance that shall be comparable across all information retrieval tasks.

This is a list of free information retrieval libraries, which are libraries used in software development for performing information retrieval functions. It is not a complete list of such libraries, but is instead a list of free information retrieval libraries with articles on Wikipedia. It does not include commercial software libraries.

Dominich is the author of the books "Mathematical Foundations of Information Retrieval", Kluwer Academic Publishers, (now Springer Verlag), 2001, and "The Modern Algebra of Information Retrieval", Springer Verlag, 2008.

During her career she has published widely on the arguments of information retrieval, data annotations, access to digital culturar heritage collections, hypertext information retrieval, user engagement, digital libraries, data engineering, digital archives. In 2016 she won the Tony Kent Strix award for her work in many aspects of information retrieval and digital libraries.

Gerard A. "Gerry" Salton (8 March 1927 in Nuremberg – 28 August 1995), was a Professor of Computer Science at Cornell University. Salton was perhaps the leading computer scientist working in the field of information retrieval during his time, and "the father of Information Retrieval". His group at Cornell developed the SMART Information Retrieval System, which he initiated when he was at Harvard. It was the very first system to use the now popular vector space model for Information Retrieval.

The group gives out several awards to contributions to the field of information retrieval. The most important award is the Gerard Salton Award (named after the computer scientist Gerard Salton), which is awarded every three years to an individual who has made "significant, sustained and continuing contributions to research in information retrieval". Additionally, SIGIR presents a Best Paper Award to recognize the highest quality paper at each conference. "Test of time" Award is a recent award that is given to a paper that has had "long-lasting influence, including impact on a subarea of information retrieval research, across subareas of information retrieval research, and outside of the information retrieval research community".

Multimedia Information Retrieval implies that multiple channels are employed for the understanding of media content.MS Lew (Ed.). Principles of Visual Information Retrieval, Springer, 2001. Each of this channels is described by media-specific feature transformations.

Human–computer information retrieval (HCIR) is the study and engineering of information retrieval techniques that bring human intelligence into the search process. It combines the fields of human-computer interaction (HCI) and information retrieval (IR) and creates systems that improve search by taking into account the human context, or through a multi-step search process that provides the opportunity for human feedback.

Legal information retrieval is the science of information retrieval applied to legal text, including legislation, case law, and scholarly works.Maxwell, K.T., and Schafer, B. 2009, p. 1 Accurate legal information retrieval is important to provide access to the law to laymen and legal professionals. Its importance has increased because of the vast and quickly increasing amount of legal documents available through electronic means.

"Modern information retrieval." Vol. 463. New York: ACM press, 1999.Ware, Colin.

Applications of morphological processing include machine translation, spell checker, and information retrieval.

Willett is best known for his contribution to information retrieval and cheminformatics.

Geographic information retrieval (GIR) or geographical information retrieval is the augmentation of information retrieval with geographic information. GIR aims at solving textual queries that include a geographic dimension, such as "What wars were fought in Greece?" or "restaurants in Beirut". It is common in GIR to separate the text indexing and analysis from the geographic indexing. Semantic similarity and word-sense disambiguation are important components of GIR.

They are also used for inverted indexes of text documents in information retrieval.

New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication. G.G.Choudhary. Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval. Facet Publishing.

He coined "Mooers's law" (not to be confused with Moore's law) and its corollary in 1959: :An information retrieval system will tend not to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it. :Where an information retrieval system tends not to be used, a more capable information retrieval system may tend to be used even less.

Concept Searching was founded in 2002 in the UK and now has offices in the USA and South Africa. In August 2003 the company introduced the idea of using Compound term processing.Lateral thinking in information retrieval Information Management and Technology. 2003. vol 36; part 4, pp 169-173 Lateral Thinking in Information Retrieval Compound term processing allows statistical information retrieval applications to perform matching using multi-word concepts.

Representing knowledge in an information retrieval system. in Oddy, R et al. (editors) (1981).

C. J. "Keith" van Rijsbergen FREng (Cornelis Joost van Rijsbergen) (born 1943) was a professor of computer science at the University of Glasgow, where he founded the Glasgow Information Retrieval Group. He is one of the founders of modern Information Retrieval and the author of the seminal monograph Information Retrieval and of the textbook The Geometry of Information Retrieval. He was born in Rotterdam, and educated in the Netherlands, Indonesia, Namibia and Australia. His first degree is in mathematics from the University of Western Australia, and in 1972 he completed a PhD in computer science at the University of Cambridge.

The International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering all aspects of multimedia information retrieval. It was established in 2012 and the editor-in-chief is Michael Lew (University of Leiden).

The Aerometric Information Retrieval System is the national repository that contains information about airborne pollution.

Terrier IR Platform is a modular open source software for the rapid development of large-scale Information Retrieval applications. Terrier was developed by members of the Information Retrieval Research Group, Department of Computing Science, at the University of Glasgow. A core version of Terrier is available as open source software under the Mozilla Public License (MPL), with the aim to facilitate experimentation and research in the wider information retrieval community. Terrier is written in Java.

Leiden (c.1650) The bookwheel was an early attempt to solve the problem of managing increasingly numerous printed works, which were typically large and heavy in Ramelli's time. It has been called one of the earliest "information retrieval" devicesNorman, Jeremy. "Renaissance Information Retrieval Device". HistoryofInformation.com.

Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008. Cluster Labeling. Stanford Natural Language Processing Group. Web.

Term Discrimination is a way to rank keywords in how useful they are for information retrieval.

2000 onwards. Pycnanthus angolensis. Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy.

Suppliers and brand names in the United States are listed in the National Pesticide Information Retrieval System.

Part of Introduction to Information Retrieval Empirically, this measure is often highly correlated to mean average precision.

Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval (CIIR) is a research center at the Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst. It is a leading research center in the area of Information Retrieval and Information Extraction. CIIR is led by Distinguished Professor W. Bruce Croft and Professor James Allan.

Information retrieval (IR) is the activity of obtaining information system resources that are relevant to an information need from a collection of those resources. Searches can be based on full-text or other content-based indexing. Information retrieval is the science of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the metadata that describes data, and for databases of texts, images or sounds. Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called information overload.

In Fuhr, Norbert (Hrsg.), Informatik- Fachberichte Information Retrieval (Bd. 289, S. 64-77). Berlin etc.: Springer- Verlag, 1991b.

Carex vaginata. ‘Cyperaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval.’ Version: 6 November 2000.

Bradford, R. B., Why LSI? Latent Semantic Indexing and Information Retrieval, White Paper, Content Analyst Company, LLC, 2008.

Jackson et al., p. 60 Legal information retrieval is a part of the growing field of legal informatics.

Vector space model or term vector model is an algebraic model for representing text documents (and any objects, in general) as vectors of identifiers (such as index terms). It is used in information filtering, information retrieval, indexing and relevancy rankings. Its first use was in the SMART Information Retrieval System.

Dolby married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988; they have three children. His brother is information retrieval researcher Stephen Robertson.

Then, the first Workshop on Human Computer Information Retrieval was held in 2007 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

MFCCs are also increasingly finding uses in music information retrieval applications such as genre classification, audio similarity measures, etc.

Organising ECIR is one of the major activities of the Information Retrieval Specialist Group. The conference began in 1979 and has grown to become one of the major Information Retrieval conferences alongside SIGIR receiving hundreds of paper and poster submissions every year from around the world. ECIR was initially established by the IRSG under the name "Annual Colloquium on Information Retrieval Research", and held in the UK until 1997. It was renamed ECIR in 2003 to better reflect its status as an international conference.

The Rocchio algorithm is based on a method of relevance feedback found in information retrieval systems which stemmed from the SMART Information Retrieval System which was developed 1960-1964. Like many other retrieval systems, the Rocchio feedback approach was developed using the Vector Space Model. The algorithm is based on the assumption that most users have a general conception of which documents should be denoted as relevant or non- relevant.Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, Hinrich Schütze: An Introduction to Information Retrieval, page 163-167.

Retrieved on 2007-01-24.Information Retrieval by Graphically Browsing Meta-Information. Publications Floris Wiesman . Retrieved on 2007-01-25.

Application areas of ontology-based reasoning include, but are not limited to, information retrieval, automated scene interpretation, and knowledge discovery.

Broadly, query languages can be classified according to whether they are database query languages or information retrieval query languages. The difference is that a database query language attempts to give factual answers to factual questions, while an information retrieval query language attempts to find documents containing information that is relevant to an area of inquiry.

The literature is filled with works that use terms such as collaborative information retrieval,Fidel, R., Bruce, H., Pejtersen, A. M., Dumais, S. T., Grudin, J., and Poltrock, S. (2000a). Collaborative Information Retrieval (CIR). The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, pages 235–247. social searching,Evans, B. M. and Chi, E. H. (2008).

Evgeniy Gabrilovich is a senior staff research scientist at Google, specializing in Information Retrieval, Machine Learning, and Computational Linguistics, and a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an ACM Distinguished Scientist. In 2010, he received the Karen Spärck Jones Award from the British Computer Society Information Retrieval Specialist Group.

However, exploratory information retrieval often involves ill-defined search goals and evolving criteria for evaluation of relevance. The interactions between humans and the information system will therefore involve more cognitive activity, and systems that support exploratory search will therefore need to take into account the cognitive complexities involved during the dynamic information retrieval process.

Maristella Agosti's research interests cover information retrieval, user engagement, databases, digital cultural heritage and data engineering. In 1990 she started the European Summer School in Information Retrieval (ESSIR). With Costantino Thanos and other experts she started the Italian Research Conference on Digital Library Systems (IRCDL). She has been Chair of the Steering Committee of the International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL); member of the Editorial board of the International Journal on Digital Libraries; member of the Editorial board of Information Processing and Management, the Computer Journal and the Information Retrieval Journal.

Jones has co-authored over 40 refereed publications across the disciplines of PIM, human-computer interaction, information retrieval and cognitive psychology.

Her publications include nine books and numerous papers. A full list of her publications can be found here. Her main research interests, since the late 1950s, were natural language processing and information retrieval. One of her most important contributions was the concept of inverse document frequency (IDF) weighting in information retrieval, which she introduced in a 1972 paper.

Proceedings of the CHI-97 Computer-Human Interface Conference, New Orleans, LA, March 1997. The program has carried out research on Spoken Document Retrieval, Video Information Retrieval, Video Segmentation, face recognition, and Cross- language information retrieval. The Lycos search engine was an early product of the Informedia Digital Library Project. The project is led by Howard Wactlar.

An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system. Queries are formal statements of information needs, for example search strings in web search engines. In information retrieval a query does not uniquely identify a single object in the collection. Instead, several objects may match the query, perhaps with different degrees of relevancy.

Following his retirement, Metcalfe continued to write about subject indexing and information retrieval. John Metcalfe died on 7 February 1982 at Katoomba.

1999 onwards. Hedysarum alpinum var. alpinum. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 29 April 2003.

Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle., UK: 150-161 but also by several computer software companies to build Information Extraction and Information Retrieval software.

66 information retrieval, and automatic summarization. Klavans, Judith L. (2004) “Text Summarization”. Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. William S. Bainbridge, editor.

The following list gives an overview of the main research areas and topics that are within the scope of Music Information Retrieval.

Gillett, J. M., et al. (1999 onwards). Hedysarum boreale ssp. mackenziei. Fabaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval.

The quality of MMIR SystemsJC Nordbotten. "Multimedia Information Retrieval Systems". Retrieved 14 October 2011. depends heavily on the quality of the training data.

Unlike a general thesaurus that is used for literary purposes, information retrieval thesauri typically focus on one discipline, subject or field of study.

Scott, P. J., et al. 2000 onwards. Ranunculus pedatifidus var. affinis. Ranunculaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval.

Referenced in many natural language processing research papers, Grefenstette is especially known for his work on cross-language information retrieval and distributional semantics.

General scheme of content-based image retrieval Content-based image retrieval, also known as query by image content (QBIC) and content-based visual information retrieval (CBVIR), is the application of computer vision techniques to the image retrieval problem, that is, the problem of searching for digital images in large databases (see this surveyContent-based Multimedia Information Retrieval: State of the Art and Challenges (Original source, 404'd)Content-based Multimedia Information Retrieval: State of the Art and Challenges , Michael Lew, et al., ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications, pp. 1–19, 2006. for a recent scientific overview of the CBIR field).

This term human–computer information retrieval was coined by Gary Marchionini in a series of lectures delivered between 2004 and 2006.Marchionini, G. (2006). Toward Human-Computer Information Retrieval Bulletin, in June/July 2006 Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science Marchionini's main thesis is that "HCIR aims to empower people to explore large-scale information bases but demands that people also take responsibility for this control by expending cognitive and physical energy." In 1996 and 1998, a pair of workshops at the University of Glasgow on information retrieval and human–computer interaction sought to address the overlap between these two fields.

The Gerard Salton Award is presented by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval (SIGIR) every three years to an individual who has made "significant, sustained and continuing contributions to research in information retrieval". SIGIR also co- sponsors (with SIGWEB) the Vannevar Bush Award, for the best paper at the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries.

He studied logical foundations of computer science. In the early 1970s, in collaboration with Zdzislaw Pawlak,Z. Pawlak, Mathematical foundations of information retrieval. Institute of Computer Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Technical Report 101, 8 pages, 1973 he investigated Pawlak's information storage and retrieval systems W. Marek and Z. Pawlak On the foundations of information retrieval. Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci.

Karlgren, Jussi. "The relation between author mood and affect to sentiment in text and text genre." In Proceedings of the fourth workshop on Exploiting semantic annotations in information retrieval, pp. 9-10. ACM, 2011. Karlgren, Jussi. "Affect, appeal, and sentiment as factors influencing interaction with multimedia information." In Proceedings of Theseus/ImageCLEF workshop on visual information retrieval evaluation, pp. 8-11. 2009.

For example, obtaining schematic information about "Paris", as presented by Wikipedia infoboxes would be much less straightforward, or sometimes even unfeasible, depending on the query complexity. Moreover, entity linking has been used to improve the performance of information retrieval systemsM. A. Khalid, V. Jijkoun and M. de Rijke (2008). The impact of named entity normalization on information retrieval for question answering. Proc. ECIR.

Once relevance levels have been assigned to the retrieved results, information retrieval performance measures can be used to assess the quality of a retrieval system's output. In contrast to this focus solely on topical relevance, the information science community has emphasized user studies that consider user relevance. These studies often focus on aspects of human-computer interaction (see also human-computer information retrieval).

The TREC Genomics track was a workshop held under the auspices of NIST for the purpose of evaluating systems for information retrieval and related technologies in the genomics domain. The TREC Genomics track took place annually from 2003 to 2007, with some modifications to the task set every year; tasks included information retrieval, document classification, GeneRIF prediction, and question answering.

Its purpose was to support research within the information retrieval community by providing the infrastructure necessary for large-scale evaluation of text retrieval methodologies.

Using testing methods as a form of recall can lead to the testing effect, which aids long-term memory through information retrieval and feedback.

WilsonWeb is "an online based information retrieval system that offers an interface, multiple search modes, interactive help messages, and text translation into various languages".

The second way is based on the integration of the measures inside specific applications such the information retrieval, recommender systems, natural language processing, etc.

Proceedings of the 13th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR 2012).Vijay Iyar. Microtiming Studies (from thesis at Berkeley university).Alexander Bonus.

Concept Searching Limited is a software company that specializes in information retrieval software. It has products for Enterprise search, Taxonomy Management and Statistical classification.

The authors used data on the monitoring of air pollution from the Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System with the use of AirData.

Chord detection can be implemented through pattern recognition, by extracting low-level features describing harmonic content.Zbigniew, R., Wieczorkowska, A.(2010). "Advances in Music Information Retrieval".

Locally decodable codes have applications to data transmission and storage, complexity theory, data structures, derandomization, theory of fault tolerant computation, and private information retrieval schemes.

The proceedings of all reexaminations are made available to the public on the USPTO's public PAIR (Patent Application Information Retrieval) web site.USPTO’s public PAIR (Patent Application Information Retrieval) Reexaminations are assigned serial numbers and cross referenced as child applications of originally issued patents. The process of reexamination has the potential to increase the quality of patents issued and to encourage public input in the process.

He coined the term "Information Retrieval" in 1950, and went on from there to obtain several patents in information retrieval and signaling, produce a text-handling language (TRAC), author some 200 publications, and form one of the first companies whose only concern was information. His thinking has affected all who are in the field of Information and his early ideas are now incorporated into today's reality.

The tasks are designed to test various aspects of information retrieval systems and encourage their development. Groups of researchers propose and organize campaigns to satisfy those tasks and the results are used as benchmarks for the state of the art in the specific areas.,Fredric C. Gey, Noriko Kando, and Carol Peters "Cross-Language Information Retrieval: the way ahead" in Information Processing & Management vol. 41, no.

Values close to 1 represent very similar documents while values close to 0 represent very dissimilar documents. An information retrieval technique using latent semantic structure was patented in 1988 (US Patent 4,839,853, now expired) by Scott Deerwester, Susan Dumais, George Furnas, Richard Harshman, Thomas Landauer, Karen Lochbaum and Lynn Streeter. In the context of its application to information retrieval, it is sometimes called latent semantic indexing (LSI).

He spent three years lecturing in information retrieval and artificial intelligence at Monash University before returning to Cambridge to hold a Royal Society Information Research Fellowship. In 1980 he was appointed to the chair of computer science at University College Dublin; from there he moved in 1986 to Glasgow University. He chaired the Scientific Board of the Information Retrieval Facility from 2007 to 2012.

Another significant invention was the "information retrieval and storage apparatus," which was a machine that could display library and archive information more quickly than other methods.

Some search engines (aka information retrieval) systems like Elasticsearch provide enough of the core operations on documents to fit the definition of a document-oriented database.

The Binary Independence Model (BIM) is a probabilistic information retrieval technique that makes some simple assumptions to make the estimation of document/query similarity probability feasible.

Calvin Northrup Mooers (October 24, 1919 – December 1, 1994), was an American computer scientist known for his work in information retrieval and for the programming language TRAC.

International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee.Potthast, M., Stein, B., & Gerling, R. (2008). Automatic vandalism detection in Wikipedia. In European conference on information retrieval (pp. 663–668).

Chang is noted for his influential work in multimedia information retrieval, with broad applications in large-scale image/video search, mobile visual search, image authentication, and information retrieval with semi-supervised learning. His research has resulted in more than 10 technology licenses to companies and the creation of three startup companies. As of August 22, 2017, his publications have been cited more than 41,000 times with an h-index of 100.

The Information Retrieval Specialist Group (IRSG) or BCS-IRSG is a Specialist Group of the British Computer Society concerned with supporting communication between researchers and practitioners, promoting the use of Information Retrieval (IR) methods in industry and raising public awareness. There is a newsletter called The Informer, an annual European Conference (ECIR), and continual organisation and sponsorship of conferences, workshops and seminars. The current chair is Professor Stefan Rueger.

Formalized search engine evaluation has been ongoing for many years. For example, the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) was started in 1992 to support research within the information retrieval community by providing the infrastructure necessary for large-scale evaluation of text retrieval methodologies. Most of today's commercial search engines include technology first developed in TREC.Croft, B., Metzler, D., Strohman, T., Search Engines, Information Retrieval in Practice, Addison Wesley, 2009.

An object is an entity that is represented by information in a content collection or database. User queries are matched against the database information. However, as opposed to classical SQL queries of a database, in information retrieval the results returned may or may not match the query, so results are typically ranked. This ranking of results is a key difference of information retrieval searching compared to database searching.

He coined the term "information retrieval" using it first in a conference paper presented in March 1950. See also a short paper published later that year from Mooers.

Lawrence, J.F.; Hastings, A.M.; Dallwitz, M.J.; Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (2000) Elateriformia (Coleoptera): descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval for families and subfamilies. Version of 2005-OCT-09.

LNCS Vol. 1980, Springer- Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. the second one is Advanced Topics in Information Retrieval.Melucci, M., and Baeza-Yates, R. (Eds): "Advanced Topics in Information Retrieval".

Aiken, S.G., et al. 2007. Carex saxatilis. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.

The 19,386,697 XML files measure a total of 621 GB and are hosted by the Information Retrieval Facility. Access and support are free of charge for research purposes.

The Music Information Retrieval Evaluation eXchange (MIREX) is an annual evaluation campaign for MIR algorithms, coupled to the ISMIR conference. Since it started in 2005, MIREX has fostered advancements both in specific areas of MIR and in the general understanding of how MIR systems and algorithms are to be evaluated. MIREX is to the MIR community what the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) is to the text information retrieval community: A set of community- defined formal evaluations through which a wide variety of state-of-the-art systems, algorithms and techniques are evaluated under controlled conditions. MIREX is managed by the International Music Information Retrieval Systems Evaluation Laboratory (IMIRSEL) at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign (UIUC).

Cognitive models of information retrieval rest on the mix of areas such as cognitive science, human-computer interaction, information retrieval, and library science. They describe the relationship between a person's cognitive model of the information sought and the organization of this information in an information system. These models attempt to understand how a person is searching for information so that the database and the search of this database can be designed in such a way as to best serve the user. Information retrieval may incorporate multiple tasks and cognitive problems, particularly because different people may have different methods for attempting to find this information and expect the information to be in different forms.

Information seeking is the process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts. Information seeking is related to, but different from, information retrieval (IR).

Document clustering (or text clustering) is the application of cluster analysis to textual documents. It has applications in automatic document organization, topic extraction and fast information retrieval or filtering.

This is a method similar to tf-idf but it deals with finding keywords suitable for information retrieval and ones that are not. Please refer to Vector Space Model first. This method uses the concept of Vector Space Density that the less dense an occurrence matrix is, the better an information retrieval query will be. An optimal index term is one that can distinguish two different documents from each other and relate two similar documents.

For example, in information retrieval and text mining, each term is notionally assigned a different dimension and a document is characterised by a vector where the value in each dimension corresponds to the number of times the term appears in the document. Cosine similarity then gives a useful measure of how similar two documents are likely to be in terms of their subject matter.Singhal, Amit (2001). "Modern Information Retrieval: A Brief Overview".

XML retrieval, or XML information retrieval, is the content-based retrieval of documents structured with XML (eXtensible Markup Language). As such it is used for computing relevance of XML documents.

Applications of retrievability include detecting search engine bias, measuring algorithmic bias, evaluating the influence of search technology, tuning information retrieval systems and evaluating the quality of documents in a collection.

Qi Tian from the University of Texas at San Antonio was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for contributions to multimedia information retrieval.

Rocchio, J. (1971). Relevance feedback in information retrieval. In: Salton, G (ed), The SMART Retrieval System. Summarization and analytics help users digest the results that come back from the query.

Jones has published extensively in the general field of information retrieval, especially with regard to multi-medial and cross-linguistic information access, and is a member of several editorial boards.

ZIP files), lossy data compression (e.g. MP3s and JPEGs), and channel coding (e.g. for DSL). Information theory is used in information retrieval, intelligence gathering, gambling, and even in musical composition.

Apart from cryptoviral extortion, there are other potential uses of cryptoviruses, such as deniable password snatching, cryptocounters, private information retrieval, and in secure communication between different instances of a distributed cryptovirus.

1999 onwards. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 29 April 2003. It is named after the Austrian village of Flattnitz, in the Gurktaler Alpen.

"Automating PDF Objects for Interactive Publishing." Web Techniques, October, 1998. and Amberfish, a large scale information retrieval system for semi-structured text and XML.Fallen, Christopher T. and Newby, Gregory B. 2005.

The information retrieval community has emphasized the use of test collections and benchmark tasks to measure topical relevance, starting with the Cranfield Experiments of the early 1960s and culminating in the TREC evaluations that continue to this day as the main evaluation framework for information retrieval research. In order to evaluate how well an information retrieval system retrieved topically relevant results, the relevance of retrieved results must be quantified. In Cranfield-style evaluations, this typically involves assigning a relevance level to each retrieved result, a process known as relevance assessment. Relevance levels can be binary (indicating a result is relevant or that it is not relevant), or graded (indicating results have a varying degree of match between the topic of the result and the information need).

An example of an IR query language is Contextual Query Language (CQL), a formal language for representing queries to information retrieval systems such as web indexes, bibliographic catalogs and museum collection information.

These techniques involve altering the logical view that a search engine has over the page's contents. They all aim at variants of the vector space model for information retrieval on text collections.

Oxytropis podocarpa. Fabaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 15 November 2000. The inflorescence is a raceme of one or two purple or blue-violet flowers.

Unlike the code above, it places no limit on the pattern length. #Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Berthier Ribeiro-Neto. Modern Information Retrieval. 1999. . #bitap.py - Python implementation of Bitap algorithm with Wu-Manber modifications.

Teletext is an information retrieval service system based on transmitting data with normal TV broadcast signals without interfering with TV programs. Standalone programs for teletext included Amiga Teletext and the Videotex datatype.

Her expertise is mainly on algorithms with a focus on data structures, algorithmic game theory, information retrieval, search algorithms and Web data mining. She is married to Thomas Henzinger and has three children.

192-205, August 24–26, 1965, Cleveland, Ohio, United StatesLandauer, W. I.: The balanced tree and its utilization in information retrieval. IEEE Trans. on Electronic Computers, Vol. EC-12, No. 6, December 1963.

The two main applications of autoencoders since the 80s have been dimensionality reduction and information retrieval, but modern variations of the basic model were proven successful when applied to different domains and tasks.

He has one of the top 200 h-indexes in Computer Science and the top 10 in Information Retrieval. Most of his papers author his name as C. Lee Giles or C.L. Giles.

In online systems, tasks most commonly correspond to a single request (in request–response architectures) or a query (in information retrieval), either a single stage of handling, or the whole system-wide handling.

The unit was said to house "an extraordinary collection of eccentrics" engaged in research on language and computing, including information retrieval. Parker-Rhodes' colleagues at CLRU included Roger Needham, Karen Spärck Jones, Ted Bastin, Stuart Linney, and Yorick Wilks. Parker-Rhodes was "an original thinker in information retrieval, quantum mechanics and computational linguistics." He wrote A Sequential Logic for Information Structuring in "Mathematics of a Hierarchy of Brouwerian Operations" with Yorick Wilks (Fort Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center 01 MAY 1965).

This kind of information retrieval was then in the very early stages in terms of what was technically possible. An interesting discussion of this period is found in the account of engineer Richard (Dick) Giering. The question was whether this information retrieval was a viable business, and if so, what direction it should take in terms of markets. There was already an initial relationship with the Ohio Bar Association (OBAR), which was interested in new approaches to managing legal data.

The IRF aims to bring state-of-the-art information retrieval technology to the community of patent information professionals. We expect information retrieval (IR) technology to become the focus of information technology very soon. All industry sectors can profit from applying modern and future text mining processes to the special requirements of patent research. Although all ideas and concepts are universally applicable to all sorts of intellectual property information, patents require the most sophistication, and confront us with challenging technical and organisational problems.

The (standard) Boolean model of information retrieval (BIR) is a classical information retrieval (IR) model and, at the same time, the first and most- adopted one. It is used by many IR systems to this day. The BIR is based on Boolean logic and classical set theory in that both the documents to be searched and the user's query are conceived as sets of terms (a bag-of-words model). Retrieval is based on whether or not the documents contain the query terms.

Stemmers are common elements in query systems such as Web search engines. The effectiveness of stemming for English query systems were soon found to be rather limited, however, and this has led early information retrieval researchers to deem stemming irrelevant in general.Baeza-Yates, Ricardo; and Ribeiro-Neto, Berthier (1999); Modern Information Retrieval, ACM Press/Addison Wesley An alternative approach, based on searching for n-grams rather than stems, may be used instead. Also, stemmers may provide greater benefits in other languages than English.

Acoustic signal processing is the electronic manipulation of acoustic signals. Applications include: active noise control; design for hearing aids or cochlear implants; echo cancellation; music information retrieval, and perceptual coding (e.g. MP3 or Opus).

Version 3.5 (2004) included a refined user- interface that aimed to simplify information retrieval. In 2006, BIND was incorporated into the Biomolecular Object Network Database (BOND) where it continues to be updated and improved.

Donna K. Harman is an American information retrieval researcher. She is a group leader in the Retrieval Group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Harman won the Tony Kent Strix award in 1999.

Julian Warner (2010, p. 4-5) suggests that The domain analytic approach (e.g., Hjørland 2010) suggests that the relevant criteria for making discriminations in information retrieval are scientific and scholarly criteria. In some fields (e.g.

Prabhakar Raghavan is Head of Search at Google. His research spans algorithms, web search and databases and he is the co-author of the textbooks Randomized Algorithms with Rajeev Motwani and Introduction to Information Retrieval.

The acceptance rate of a conference is only a proxy measure of its quality. For example, in the field of information retrieval, the WSDM conference has a lower acceptance rate than the higher-ranked SIGIR.

Zhifeng Yang (2002). "Applying Information Retrieval Technology to Incremental Knowledge Management". In: Engineering and Deployment of Cooperative Information Systems: First International Conference, EDCIS 2002, Beijing, China, September 17–20, 2002 : Proceedings. Yanbo Han (ed.), pp.

Application of standard information retrieval techniques to legal text can be more difficult than application in other subjects. One key problem is that the law rarely has an inherent taxonomy.Peters, W. et al. 2007, p.

In September 1992, CLARIT was spun-out from Carnegie-Mellon as a company called Claritech. The technology was used to index the papers of politician H. John Heinz III. Claritech became a research and development subsidiary of JustSystems and its name was changed to Clairvoyance Corporation in 1996, before becoming JustSystems Evans Research in 2007. He has made many contributions to the field of computational linguistics and information retrieval,Noun-phrase analysis in unrestricted text for information retrieval, David A. Evans and Chengxiang Zhai.

The library edits and publishes two journals: China Index and Information Services of the Higher Education Institutions in Shanghai. The library's integrated computer management system has been upgraded several times. In addition to general services, the Library provides services of international online information retrieval, various types of e-resources searching, interlibrary loans, document delivery service, online consultation, updated information search, user training, tape duplication, multimedia viewing, document duplication, and binding, etc. The courses of literature and information retrieval are designed for Library users of different levels.

Leymus mollis ssp. villosissima. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. ssp. villosissimus has long, soft, sometimes shaggy hairs (villous), while ssp.

Proceedings of Collaborative Information Retrieval workshop at CSCW 2010. Savannah, GA: February 7, 2010. similarly, using personal interviews, identified three main reasons why people collaborate. #Requirement/setup. Sometimes a group of people are "forced" to collaborate.

The school houses UW-Milwaukee's Center for Information Policy Research, Research Group for Information Retrieval, Information Intelligence and Architecture Research Lab, the Knowledge Organization Research Group (KOrg), and the Social Studies of Information Research Group (SSIRG).

Question answering (QA) is a computer science discipline within the fields of information retrieval and natural language processing (NLP), which is concerned with building systems that automatically answer questions posed by humans in a natural language.

Marie-Francine (Sien) Moens (born 1957) is a Belgian computer scientist known for her research in natural language processing, argument mining, sentiment analysis, and information retrieval. She is a professor of computer science at KU Leuven.

Uncertain inference was first described by C. J. van Rijsbergen as a way to formally define a query and document relationship in Information retrieval. This formalization is a logical implication with an attached measure of uncertainty.

Meinard Müller, Henning Mattes, and Frank Kurth (2006). An Efficient Multiscale Approach to Audio Synchronization. Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR), pp. 192—197.Thomas Prätzlich, Jonathan Driedger, and Meinard Müller (2016).

Alchornea triplinervia is a commercial timber tree Alchornea triplinervia at Richter, H.G., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2000 onwards. Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. In English, French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish. Version: 16 April 2006.

The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version: 12 August 2014The Plant List, Tetrachaete elionuroides Chiov.

Knautz, K., Soubusta, S., & Stock, W.G. (2010). Tag clusters as information retrieval interfaces . Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-43), January 5–8, 2010. IEEE Computer Society Press (10 pages).

Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. The plant may hybridize with other Lupine species when they grow together.Graham, S. A. (1994).

Created one of the firsts search engines for the web and fomented the development of companies through his scientific production with respect to Recommendation Systems. He was co-founder of the Miner Technology Group in 1998, which was acquired by Grupo Folha de S.Paulo / UOL in 1999, and Akwan Information Technologies in 2000, bought by Google in 2005. With Akwan, Google started its R & D Center in Latin America located in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Among his most recent activities, he was co-founder of a start-up called Kunumi, co-founder of the Information Retrieval Research Group at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, General Co-Chair of the 28th ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, co-founder and member of the Steering Committee of the International Conference on String Processing and Information Retrieval.

Lucene Geographic and Temporal (LGTE) is an information retrieval tool developed at Technical University of Lisbon which can be used as a search engine or as evaluation system for information retrieval techniques for research purposes. The first implementation powered by LGTE was the search engine of DIGMAP, a project co-funded by the community programme eContentplus between 2006 and 2008, which was aimed to provide services available on the web over old digitized maps from a group of partners over Europe including several National Libraries. The tool LGTE is built in Java Programming Language around the Lucene library for full-text search and introduces several extensions for dealing with geographical and temporal information. The package also includes utilities for information retrieval evaluation, such as classes for handling CLEF/TREC (Cross Language Evaluation Forúm/Text Retrieval Conference) topics and document collections.

To commemorate the achievements of Karen Spärck Jones, the Karen Spärck Jones Award was created in 2008 by the British Computer Society (BCS) and its Information Retrieval Specialist Group (BCS IRSG), which is sponsored by Microsoft Research.

Cyril Cleverdon also ran, for many years, the Cranfield conferences, which provided a major international forum for discussion of ideas and research in information retrieval. This function was taken over by the SIGIR conferences in the 1970s.

In information science and information retrieval, relevance denotes how well a retrieved document or set of documents meets the information need of the user. Relevance may include concerns such as timeliness, authority or novelty of the result.

Russell's authored publications in topics including education innovation, human–computer interaction and visualization, information retrieval and the web, and mobile systems can be found on the Google AI website. His works are widely cited by other authors.

In the early 1970s, an evaluation of this system resulted in the decision to implement a new system for use by faculty, staff and students at Stanford University. SPIRES was renamed the Stanford Public Information Retrieval System. The new development took place under a National Science Foundation grant headed by Edwin B. Parker, principal investigator. SPIRES joined forces with the BALLOTS project to create a bibliographic citation retrieval system and quickly evolved into a generalized information retrieval and data base management system that could meet the needs of a large and diverse computing community.

Mooers was a native of Minneapolis, Minnesota, attended the University of Minnesota, and received a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1941. He worked at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory from 1941 to 1946, and then attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned a master's degree in mathematics and physics. At M.I.T. he developed a mechanical system using superimposed codes of descriptors for information retrieval called Zatocoding. He founded the Zator Company in 1947 to market this idea, and pursued work in information theory, information retrieval, and artificial intelligence.

In the mathematical study of computer security, the private information retrieval problem can be modeled as one in which a client, communicating with a collection of servers that store a binary number i, wishes to determine the result of a BIT predicate BIT(i, j) without divulging the value of j to the servers. describe a method for replicating i across two servers in such a way that the client can solve the private information retrieval problem using a substantially smaller amount of communication than would be necessary to recover the complete value of i..

Marchionini notes the impact of the World Wide Web and the sudden increase in information literacy – changes that were only embryonic in the late 1990s. A few workshops have focused on the intersection of IR and HCI. The Workshop on Exploratory Search, initiated by the University of Maryland Human-Computer Interaction Lab in 2005, alternates between the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval (SIGIR) and Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI) conferences. Also in 2005, the European Science Foundation held an Exploratory Workshop on Information Retrieval in Context.

Early work on interactive information retrieval, such as Juergen Koenemann and Nicholas J. Belkin's 1996 study of different levels of interaction for automatic query reformulation, leverage the standard IR measures of precision and recall but apply them to the results of multiple iterations of user interaction, rather than to a single query response.Koenemann, J. and Belkin, N. J. (1996). A case for interaction: a study of interactive information retrieval behavior and effectiveness. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Common Ground (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, April 13–18, 1996).

LSI has proven to be a useful solution to a number of conceptual matching problems.Ding, C., A Similarity-based Probability Model for Latent Semantic Indexing, Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 1999, pp. 59–65.Bartell, B., Cottrell, G., and Belew, R., Latent Semantic Indexing is an Optimal Special Case of Multidimensional Scaling, Proceedings, ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 1992, pp. 161–167. The technique has been shown to capture key relationship information, including causal, goal-oriented, and taxonomic information.

Adversarial information retrieval (adversarial IR) is a topic in information retrieval related to strategies for working with a data source where some portion of it has been manipulated maliciously. Tasks can include gathering, indexing, filtering, retrieving and ranking information from such a data source. Adversarial IR includes the study of methods to detect, isolate, and defeat such manipulation. On the Web, the predominant form of such manipulation is search engine spamming (also known as spamdexing), which involves employing various techniques to disrupt the activity of web search engines, usually for financial gain.

In information retrieval, Okapi BM25 (BM is an abbreviation of best matching) is a ranking function used by search engines to estimate the relevance of documents to a given search query. It is based on the probabilistic retrieval framework developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Stephen E. Robertson, Karen Spärck Jones, and others. The name of the actual ranking function is BM25. The fuller name, Okapi BM25, includes the name of the first system to use it, which was the Okapi information retrieval system, implemented at London's City University in the 1980s and 1990s.

W. Bruce Croft is a distinguished professor of computer science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst whose work focuses on information retrieval. He is the founder of the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval and served as the editor-in-chief of ACM Transactions on Information Systems from 1995 to 2002. He was also a member of the National Research Council Computer Science and Telecommunications Board from 2000 to 2003. Since 2015, he is the Dean of the College of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Information Retrieval Research. London: Butterworths. Anne Gardner's work on contract law,Gardner, Anne The design of a legal analysis program. AAAI-83. 1983. Rissland's work on legal hypotheticalsRissland, Edwina L. Examples in Legal Reasoning: Legal Hypotheticals. IJCAI. 1983.

Paul Alexander Desmond DeMaine (October 11, 1924 – May 13, 1999) was a leading figure in the early development of computer based automatic indexing and information retrieval and one of the founders of academic computer science in the 1960s.

Alan Hanjalic is an engineer at the Delft University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for his contributions to multimedia information retrieval.

Various extra features could be offered by Dialcom-based services, including gateways to telex and fax, and online information retrieval services. In 1986, British Telecom, who used Dialcom software for its Telecom Gold service, bought Dialcom from ITT.

The research about the web intelligence covers many fields – including data mining (in particular web mining), information retrieval, pattern recognition, predictive analytics, the semantic web, web data warehousing – typically with a focus on web personalization and adaptive websites.

Cognitive models of information retrieval may be attempts at something as apparently prosaic as improving search results or may be something more complex, such as attempting to create a database which can be queried with natural language search.

Processing methods and application areas include storage, data compression, music information retrieval, speech processing, localization, acoustic detection, transmission, noise cancellation, acoustic fingerprinting, sound recognition, synthesis, and enhancement (e.g. equalization, filtering, level compression, echo and reverb removal or addition, etc.).

In the 1930s, H.G. Wells proposed the creation of a World Brain. Michael Buckland summarized the very advanced pre-World War II development of microfilm based on rapid retrieval devices, specifically the microfilm based workstation proposed by Leonard Townsend in 1938 and the microfilm and photoelectronic based selector, patented by Emanuel Goldberg in 1931.Buckland, Michael K. "Emanuel Goldberg, Electronic Document Retrieval, And Vannevar Bush's Memex", 1992 Buckland concluded: "The pre-war information retrieval specialists of continental Europe, the 'documentalists,' largely disregarded by post-war information retrieval specialists, had ideas that were considerably more advanced than is now generally realized." But, like the manual index card model, these microfilm devices provided rapid retrieval based on pre-coded indices and classification schemes published as part of the microfilm record without including the link model which distinguishes the modern concept of hypertext from content or category based information retrieval.

BRENDA contains enzyme-specific data manually extracted from primary scientific literature and additional data derived from automatic information retrieval methods such as text mining. It provides a web-based user interface that allows a convenient and sophisticated access to the data.

The Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System (SPIRES) is a database management system developed by Stanford University. It is used by universities, colleges and research institutions. The first website in North America was created to allow remote users access to its database.

In 2004, Ford proposed an information seeking model using a cognitive approach that focuses on how to improve information retrieval systems and serves to establish information seeking and information behavior as concepts in and of themselves, rather than synonymous terms.

Proceedings of the 32nd International ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), pp. 670-671, 2009. To explain this observation, links have been shown between ESA and the generalized vector space model.Thomas Gottron, Maik Anderka and Benno Stein.

INSPIRE-HEP is an open access digital library for the field of high energy physics (HEP). It is the successor of the Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System (SPIRES) database, the main literature database for high energy physics since the 1970s.

Information Retrieval benefits particularly from dimensionality reduction in that search can become extremely efficient in certain kinds of low dimensional spaces. Autoencoders were indeed applied to semantic hashing, proposed by Salakhutdinov and Hinton in 2007. In a nutshell, training the algorithm to produce a low-dimensional binary code, then all database entries could be stored in a hash table mapping binary code vectors to entries. This table would then allow to perform information retrieval by returning all entries with the same binary code as the query, or slightly less similar entries by flipping some bits from the encoding of the query.

The Lemur Project is a collaboration between the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and the Language Technologies Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. The Lemur Project develops search engines, browser toolbars, text analysis tools, and data resources that support research and development of information retrieval and text mining software. The project is best known for its Indri and Galago search engines, the ClueWeb09 and ClueWeb12 datasets, and the RankLib learning-to-rank library. The software and datasets are used widely in scientific and research applications, as well as in some commercial applications.

Sándor Dominich (July 12, 1954 - August 13, 2008) was the George Pólya Professor of Computer Science, and the founding leader of the Centre for Information Retrieval, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary. Born in Aiud, Romania, Dominich proposed the Interaction Information Retrieval (I2R) model based on the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics using Artificial Neural Networks. The I2R model was implemented in the I2RMeta Web meta-search engine, in the NeuRadIR medical image intranet search engine, and in the (i2r)Application intranet search engines. He died at the age of 54 in Sopron in 2008.

In the context of information retrieval, a thesaurus (plural: "thesauri") is a form of controlled vocabulary that seeks to dictate semantic manifestations of metadata in the indexing of content objects. A thesaurus serves to minimise semantic ambiguity by ensuring uniformity and consistency in the storage and retrieval of the manifestations of content objects. ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005 defines a content object as "any item that is to be described for inclusion in an information retrieval system, website, or other source of information".ANSI & NISO 2005, Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies, NISO, Maryland, U.S.A, p.

Another application of author profiling is in devising strategies for cataloguing library resources based on standard attributes.Nomoto, T. (2009). "Classifying library catalogues by author profiling." In: Proceedings of the 32nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval - SIGIR 09.

The Songs2See Editor analysis options include automatic main melody transcription, beat and key analysis, solo and backing track creation, different instrument transposition, efficient and easy editing of results, etc. These analysis options are direct research results from the Music Information Retrieval community.

Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA) indexes the fields of librarianship, classification, cataloging, bibliometrics, online information retrieval, information management, among others. It covers about 560 core journals, 50 priority journals, and 125 selective journals; in addition to books, research reports and conference proceedings.

The leaves are usually opposite, often with stipules and spines. Some are cultivated as ornamental plants, such as Guaiacum, Zygophyllum, Tribulus, and Larrea species.Zygophyllaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.

A pathfinder network is a psychometric scaling method based on graph theory and used in the study of expertise, knowledge acquisition, knowledge engineering, scientific citation patterns, information retrieval, and data visualization. Pathfinder networks are potentially applicable to any problem addressed by network theory.

Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a declarative formal language specifically designed to represent semantic data extracted from natural language texts. It can be used as a pivot language in interlingual machine translation systems or as a knowledge representation language in information retrieval applications.

Another type of syntactic n-grams are part-of-speech n-grams, defined as fixed-length contiguous overlapping subsequences that are extracted from part-of-speech sequences of text. Part-of-speech n-grams have several applications, most commonly in information retrieval.

The Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm has been used in Information retrieval search algorithms. Liang et al. proposed a data fusion method to combine the search results of several microblog search algorithms. In their method, the Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm is used to detect bursts of information.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to search engines. Search engine - information retrieval system designed to help find information stored on a computer system. The search results are usually presented as a list, and are commonly called hits.

Inxight Software, Inc. was a software company specializing in visualization, information retrieval and natural language processing. It was bought by Business Objects in 2007; Business Objects was in turn acquired by SAP AG in 2008. Founded in 1997, Inxight was headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.

This approach has its roots in information retrieval and information filtering research. To create a user profile, the system mostly focuses on two types of information: 1\. A model of the user's preference. 2\. A history of the user's interaction with the recommender system.

Martin F. Porter is the inventor of the Porter Stemmer,Porter Stemming Algorithm one of the most common algorithms for stemming English,Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan and Hinrich Schütze (2008). Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press.Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin (2009).

Lexipedia is an online visual semantic network with dictionary and thesaurus reference functionality built on Vantage Learning's Multilingual ConceptNet.G. Adriaens. Language Engineering Applications: INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND SUMMARIZATION. ccl.kuleuven.be (2003-02-20) Lexipedia presents words with their semantic relationships displayed in an animated visual word web.

She completed her Ph.D. at the Hebrew University in 1994. Her dissertation, Robust Algorithms and Data Structures for Information Retrieval, was jointly supervised by Danny Dolev and Noam Nisan. She is the co-author of a book in Hebrew on discrete mathematics, with Nati Linial.

ChengXiang Zhai is a computer scientist. He is a professor and Willett Faculty Scholar at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Zhai was named a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2017 "for contributions to information retrieval and text data mining".

IAI is an institute affiliated to Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Germany. AUTINDEX is the result of a number of research projects funded by the EU (Project BINDEX),. Dieter Maas, Nuebel Rita, Catherine Pease, Paul Schmidt: Bilingual Indexing for Information Retrieval with AUTINDEX. LREC 2002.

Ranking of query is one of the fundamental problems in information retrieval (IR), the scientific/engineering discipline behind search engines. Given a query and a collection of documents that match the query, the problem is to rank, that is, sort, the documents in according to some criterion so that the "best" results appear early in the result list displayed to the user. Ranking in terms of information retrieval is an important concept in computer science and is used in many different applications such as search engine queries and recommender systems. A majority of search engines use ranking algorithms to provide users with accurate and relevant results.

In probabilistic model, probability theory has been used as a principal means for modeling the retrieval process in mathematical terms. The probability model of information retrieval was introduced by Maron and Kuhns in 1960 and further developed by Roberston and other researchers. According to Spack Jones and Willett (1997): The rationale for introducing probabilistic concepts is obvious: IR systems deal with natural language, and this is too far imprecise to enable a system to state with certainty which document will be relevant to a particular query. The model applies the theory of probability to information retrieval (An event has a possibility from 0 percent to 100 percent of occurring). i.

With the help of National Science Foundation funding, Cleverdon started a series of projects in 1957 that lasted for about 10 years in which he and his colleagues set the stage for information retrieval research. In the Cranfield project, retrieval experiments were conducted on test databases in a controlled, laboratory-like setting. The aim of the research was to improve the retrieval effectiveness of information retrieval systems, by developing better indexing languages and methods. The components of the experiments were: # a collection of documents, # a set of user requests or queries, and # a set of relevance judgments—that is, a set of documents judged to be relevant to each query.

It was later determined that frequency alone was not sufficient for good descriptors however this began the path to where we are now with Automatic Indexing.Historical Note: The Past Thirty Years in Information Retrieval Salton, Gerard Journal of the American Society for Information Science (1986-1998); Sep 1987; 38, 5; ProQuest pg. 375 This was highlighted by the information explosion, which was predicted in the 1960s and came about through the emergence of information technology and the World Wide Web. The prediction was prepared by Mooers where an outline was created with the expected role that computing would have for text processing and information retrieval.

Hamshahri Corpus logo The Hamshahri Corpus () is a sizable Persian corpus based on the Iranian newspaper Hamshahri, one of the first online Persian- language newspapers in Iran. It was initially collected and compiled by Ehsan Darrudi at DBRG GroupDBRG News Database Research Group of University of Tehran. Later, a team headed by Ale AhmadHamshahri Database Research Group built on this corpus and created the first Persian text collection suitable for information retrieval evaluation tasks. This corpus was created by crawling the online news articles from the Hamshahri's website and processing the HTML pages to create a standard text corpus for modern Information retrieval experiments.

Computer-assisted plagiarism detection (CaPD) is an Information retrieval (IR) task supported by specialized IR systems, which is referred to as a plagiarism detection system (PDS) or document similarity detection system. A 2019 systematic literature review presents an overview of state-of-the-art plagiarism detection methods.

Serbin is engaged in researching methodologies of creation and use of library- bibliographic classification systems, investigation of the evolution of classification systems, historical and technological evolution features of the systematic library catalogue, presentation of information retrieval languages in the Web-oriented systems and systematization of bibliographic information.

In 1976, QL Systems licensed the QL/SEARCH software to West Publishing as the original foundation for what would become Westlaw. West's chief competitor in the legal information retrieval market is LexisNexis.Jean McKnight, "Wexis versus the Net," Illinois Bar Journal 85, no. 4 (April 1997): 189-190.

This journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index, Materials Science Citation Index, Scopus, Inspec, Compendex, NASA Astrophysics Data System Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System, and VINITI Database RAS/Referativny Zhurnal. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.469.

The IBM Storage and Information Retrieval System, better known by the acronym STAIRS was a program providing storage and online free-text search of text data. STAIRS ran under the OS/360 operating system under the CICS or IMS transaction monitors, and supported IBM 3270 display terminals.

Mooers's law is an empirical observation of behavior made by American computer scientist Calvin Mooers in 1959. The observation is made in relation to information retrieval and the interpretation of the observation is used commonly throughout the information profession both within and outside its original context.

Such machine readable descriptions can facilitate information retrieval, display, design, testing, interfacing, verification, system discovery, and e-commerce. Examples include Open Icecat data-sheets, transducer electronic data sheets for describing sensor characteristics, and Electronic device descriptions in CANopen or descriptions in markup languages, such as SensorML.

Blacklight is an open-source Ruby on Rails engine for creating search interfaces on top of Apache Solr indices. The software is used by libraries to create discovery layers or institutional repositories; by museums and archives to highlight digital collections; and by other information retrieval projects.

The Journal of Multimedia was a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Academy Publisher. It covered the study of multimedia algorithms and applications, information retrieval, artificial intelligence, multimedia compression, statistical inference, network theory, and other related topics. The editor-in-chief was Jiebo Luo (University of Rochester).

During the first ten years of his scientific career Maarten de Rijke worked on formal and applied aspects of modal logic. At the start of the 21st century, De Rijke switched to information retrieval. He has since worked on XML retrieval, question answering, expert finding and social media analysis.

Advertisers send Shazam algorithms of the audio from their commercials. When television viewers see a product they like and want to know more about, they can Shazam the commercial and be redirected to the company's website about the product.Typke, Rainer, et al. A SURVEY OF MUSIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS.

In the second stage, selection, the individual begins to decide what topic will be investigated and how to proceed. Some information retrieval may occur at this point, resulting in multiple rounds of query reformulation.Jansen, B. J., Booth, D. L., & Spink, A. (2009). Patterns of query modification during Web searching.

Time-aware point-of-interest recommendation. In Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval (pp. 363-372). ACM. that recommends geolocations nearby and with a temporal relevance (e.g. POI to special services in a ski resort are available only in winter).

In the 1950s, the first information retrieval systems emerged, and researchers noted the retrieval of irrelevant articles as a significant concern. In 1958, B. C. Vickery made the concept of relevance explicit in an address at the International Conference on Scientific Information.Mizzaro, S. (1997). Relevance: The Whole History.

His compositional output is also informed by musical research in Music Information Retrieval compositional strategies, Extended techniques, Tactile sound, Augmented reality, Robotics, Spatial Sound, Synesthesia. He is founding member of the Hellenic Electroacoustic Music Composers Association (HELMCA) and from 2004 to 2012 he was board member and president.

The Networked Environment for Music Analysis (NEMA) is a project for music information processing. The goal is to create an open and extensible web- service based resource framework for music information processing and retrieval. The work is performed at the International Music Information Retrieval Systems Evaluation Laboratory (IMIRSEL).

Noy received a PhD from Northeastern University in 1997. Her thesis focused on knowledge-rich documents, in particular information retrieval for scientific articles. The hypothesis of this work was that embedding formally represented knowledge in texts would make it easier to retrieve, a theme that repeats throughout her career.

ISO 2788 was the ISO international standard for monolingual thesauri for information retrieval, first published in 1974 and revised in 1986. The official title of the standard was "Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri". It was withdrawn in 2011 and replaced by ISO 25964-1.

The television information retrieval service Teletext was initially introduced when the BBC Ceefax system went live on 23 September 1974. In the late 1970s, BBC2's unveiled a new identity, a twin- striped "2", which was the first electronically generated symbol and scrolled on and off the screen.

Ordinal regression turns up often in the social sciences, for example in the modeling of human levels of preference (on a scale from, say, 1–5 for "very poor" through "excellent"), as well as in information retrieval. In machine learning, ordinal regression may also be called ranking learning.

The Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) is an ongoing series of workshops focusing on a list of different information retrieval (IR) research areas, or tracks. It is co-sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (part of the office of the Director of National Intelligence), and began in 1992 as part of the TIPSTER Text program. Its purpose is to support and encourage research within the information retrieval community by providing the infrastructure necessary for large-scale evaluation of text retrieval methodologies and to increase the speed of lab-to-product transfer of technology. Each track has a challenge wherein NIST provides participating groups with data sets and test problems.

A CPIR (Computationally Private Information Retrieval) protocol is similar to a PIR protocol: the receiver retrieves an element chosen by him from sender's database, so that the sender obtains no knowledge about which element was transferred. The only difference is that privacy is safeguarded against a polynomially bounded sender. A CSPIR (Computationally Symmetric Private Information Retrieval) protocol is used in a similar scenario in which a CPIR protocol is used. If the sender owns a database, and the receiver wants to get the i-th value in this database, at the end of the execution of a SPIR protocol, the receiver should have learned nothing about values in the database other than the i-th one.

Multisearch is a multitasking search engine which includes both search engine and metasearch engine characteristics with additional capability of retrieval of search result sets that were previously classified by users. It enables the user to gather results from its own search index as well as from one or more search engines, metasearch engines, databases or any such kind of information retrieval (IR) programs. Multisearch is an emerging feature of automated search and information retrieval systems which combines the capabilities of computer search programs with results classification made by a human. Multisearch is a way to take advantage of the power of multiple search engines with a flexibility not seen in traditional metasearch engines.

He was Chair of the UMass Amherst Computer Science Department from 2001 to 2007. Bruce Croft formed the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval (CIIR) in 1991, since when he and his students have worked with more than 90 industry and government partners on research and technology projects and have produced more than 900 papers. Bruce Croft has made major contributions to most areas of information retrieval, including pioneering work in clustering, passage retrieval, sentence retrieval, and distributed search. One of the most important areas of work for Croft relates to ranking functions and retrieval models, where he has led the development of one of the major approaches to modeling search: language modelling.

All development work is carried out via the mailing list which is a completely open and publicly archivedpublic-esw- [email protected] online archive. Archives of mailing list used for SKOS development. mailing list devoted to discussion of issues relating to knowledge organisation systems, information retrieval and the Semantic Web.

Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , S.G. Aiken, M.J. Dallwitz, L.L. Consaul, C.L. McJannet, L.J. Gillespie, R.L. Boles, G.W. Argus, J.M. Gillett, P.J. Scott, R. Elven, M.C. LeBlanc, A.K. Brysting and H. Solstad. 1999 onwards. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 29 April 2003. .

Lorraine Borman is an American computer scientist associated with Northwestern University who specializes in information retrieval, computational social science, and human–computer interaction. She was one of the founders of SIGCHI, the Special Interest Group on Computer–Human Interaction of the Association for Computing Machinery, and became its first chair.

Lipski graduated from the Program of Fundamental Problems of Technology, at the Warsaw Technical University. He received Ph.D. in computer science at the Computational Center (later: Institute for Computer Science) of the Polish Academy of Sciences, under supervision of Prof. Wiktor Marek. The dissertation title was: 'Combinatorial Aspects of Information Retrieval'.

The Generalized vector space model is a generalization of the vector space model used in information retrieval. Wong et al. presented an analysis of the problems that the pairwise orthogonality assumption of the vector space model (VSM) creates. From here they extended the VSM to the generalized vector space model (GVSM).

For the purpose of information retrieval, the author citation and year appended to the scientific name, e.g. genus-species-author-year, genus-author-year, family-author-year, etc., is often considered a "de facto" unique identifier, although for a number of reasons discussed below, this usage may often be imperfect.

The establishment is listed in the eSPIRS database (electronic Seveso Plant Information Retrieval System. Article 20 (Inspections) of the Seveso Directive states that, for upper tier Seveso establishments (the biggest plants subjected to the strictest safety regime), the period between two consecutive inspections /site visits shall not exceed one year.

Jansen, B. J. and Rieh, S. (2010) The Seventeen Theoretical Constructs of Information Searching and Information Retrieval . Journal of the American Society for Information Sciences and Technology. 61(8), 1517-1534. Depending on the application the data objects may be, for example, text documents, images, audio, mind maps or videos.

Text retrieval is a branch of information retrieval where the information is stored primarily in the form of text. Text databases became decentralized thanks to the personal computer and the CD-ROM. Text retrieval is a critical area of study today, since it is the fundamental basis of all internet search engines.

Brown, E.W.: Execution Performance Issues in Full-Text Information Retrieval. Computer Science Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Technical Report 95-81, October 1995. ; Storage techniques : How to store the index data, that is, whether information should be data compressed or filtered. ; Index size :How much computer storage is required to support the index.

Advanced security measures employ machine learning and temporal reasoning algorithms to detect abnormal access to data (e.g., databases or information retrieval systems) or abnormal email exchange, honeypots for detecting authorized personnel with malicious intentions and activity-based verification (e.g., recognition of keystroke dynamics) and user activity monitoring for detecting abnormal data access.

Context models have been proposed to support context-aware applications which use location to tailor interfaces, refine application-relevant data, increase the precision of information retrieval, discover services, make user interaction implicit and build smart environments. For example, a location-aware mobile phone may confirm that it is currently in a building.

Cheminformatics combines the scientific working fields of chemistry, computer science, and information science—for example in the areas of topology, chemical graph theory, information retrieval and data mining in the chemical space. Cheminformatics can also be applied to data analysis for various industries like paper and pulp, dyes and such allied industries.

These methods estimate source trustworthiness using similarity measures typically used in information retrieval. Source trustworthiness is computed as the cosine similarity (or other similarity measures) between the set of values provided by the source and the set of values considered true (either selected in a probabilistic way or obtained from a ground truth).

Vernon Edwards (1995), How to Evaluate Past Performance: A Best Value Approach, The Contractor Performance Assessment Reporting System (CPARS),Contractor Performance Assessment Reporting System accessible through the Past Performance Information Retrieval System (PPIRS) Past Performance Information Retrieval System until the two systems were merged on 15 January 2019,General Services Administration, Update on the CPARS/PPIRS Merger, published 15 January 2019, accessed 12 November 2019 is the U.S. government enterprise solution for collection and retention of contractor past performance information. The main activity associated with this system is the documentation of contractor and grantee performance information that is required by federal regulations (see Federal Acquisition Regulations part 42.15). This is accomplished in web-enabled reports referred to as CPARS reports or report cards.

Library schools have mainly educated librarians for public libraries and not shown much interest in scientific communication and documentation. When information scientists from 1964 entered library schools, they brought with them competencies in relation to information retrieval in subject databases, including concepts such as recall and precision, boolean search techniques, query formulation and related issues. Subject bibliographic databases and citation indexes provided a major step forward in information dissemination - and also in the curriculum at library schools. Julian Warner (2010) suggests that the information and computer science tradition in information retrieval may broadly be characterized as query transformation, with the query articulated verbally by the user in advance of searching and then transformed by a system into a set of records.

It is becoming important to have data available to serve > information retrieval needs as well.Cees J. Schrama. "Composition and > Decomposition in the Development of IS," in: Péter Kovács & Elek Straub > (editors). Governmental and Municipal Information Systems: Proceedings of > the IFIP TC8 Conference on Governmental and Municipal Information Systems, > Budapest, Hungary, September 8–11, 1987.

In humans, androstenone also has been suggested to be a pheromone; however, there is little scientific data to support this claim.Kirk-Smith, M.D., and Booth, D.A. (1980) "Effect of androstenone on choice of location in others' presence". In H. van der Starre (Ed.), Olfaction and Taste VII, London: Information Retrieval Ltd., pp.397-400.

In fact, when used within information retrieval systems, stemming improves query recall accuracy, or true positive rate, when compared to lemmatisation. Nonetheless, stemming reduces precision, or true negative rate, for such systems. For instance: #The word "better" has "good" as its lemma. This link is missed by stemming, as it requires a dictionary look-up.

Mobile recommendation systems have also been successfully built using the "Web of Data" as a source for structured information. A good example of such system is SMARTMUSEUM The system uses semantic modelling, information retrieval, and machine learning techniques in order to recommend content matching user interests, even when presented with sparse or minimal user data.

The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidence search. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem. 2007;15(3):508–511.Boudin F, Nie J-Y, Dawes M. Clinical information retrieval using document and PICO structure. In: Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics.

The collection has been developed by Matrixware for the IRF. The ClueWeb09 collection is a 25 terabyte dataset of about 1 billion web pages crawled in January and February, 2009. It has been created by the Language Technologies Institute at Carnegie Mellon University to support research on information retrieval and related human language technologies.

Incremental encoding is widely used in information retrieval to compress the lexicons used in search indexes; these list all the words found in all the documents and a pointer for each one to a list of locations. Typically, it compresses these indexes by about 40%.Ian H. Witten, Alistair Moffat, Timothy C. Bell. Managing Gigabytes.

S. Liede-Schumann (2006). The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae): Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval Version: 21 September 2000. A number of species develop imbricate leaves which hold tightly to the growing surface. The underside of the leaf has a space which is filled with roots that the ants take advantage of.

The International Society for Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) is an international forum for research on the organization of music-related data. It started as an informal group steered by an ad hoc committee in 2000Donald Byrd and Michael Fingerhut: The History of ISMIR - A Short Happy Tale. D-Lib Magazine, Vol. 8 No. 11, .

SIGIR is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval. The scope of the group's specialty is the theory and application of computers to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval and distribution of information; emphasis is placed on working with non- numeric information, ranging from natural language to highly structured data bases.

Storage of information is measured via cued recall. Information retrieval is conceptualized as the third fundamental conceptual sub process of information processing, and it is a function of memory, which is measured via free recall. Measuring free recall is based on an individual’s levels of sensitivity to stimuli, without being cued to the information.

The query likelihood model is a language model used in information retrieval. A language model is constructed for each document in the collection. It is then possible to rank each document by the probability of specific documents given a query. This is interpreted as being the likelihood of a document being relevant given a query.

"Facetted Information Retrieval for Linguistics (FIRL): Further Developments". In A. Neelameghan (ed.), Ordering Systems for global Information, Proceedings of the Third International Study Conference on Classification Research held at Bombay, India, during 6 11 January 1975, Bangalore, International Federation for Documentation. Bangalore: FID/CR and Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science, 1979, pp. 286 293.

Audio engineers develop audio signal processing algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of much audio production such as reverberation, Auto-Tune or perceptual coding (e.g. MP3 or Opus). Alternatively, the algorithms might perform echo cancellation, or identify and categorize audio content through music information retrieval or acoustic fingerprint.

Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music. In audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers; the human voice (the physics and neurophysiology of singing); physical modeling of musical instruments; room acoustics of concert venues; music information retrieval; music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music.

The Lycidae are a family in the beetle order Coleoptera, members of which are commonly called net-winged beetles. These beetles are cosmopolitan, being found in Nearctic, Palearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australian ecoregions.Lawrence, J.F., Hastings, A.M., Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A., and Zurcher, E.J. 2000 onwards. Elateriformia (Coleoptera): descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval for families and subfamilies.

One implication of this work is that because the author of a document may use different vocabulary than someone searching for the document, traditional information retrieval methods will have limited success. Dumais and the other Bellcore researchers then began investigating ways to build search systems that avoided the vocabulary problem. The result was their invention of Latent Semantic Indexing.

K and β are free parameters determined empirically. With English text corpora, typically K is between 10 and 100, and β is between 0.4 and 0.6. The law is frequently attributed to Harold Stanley Heaps, but was originally discovered by .: "Herdan's law in linguistics and Heaps' law in information retrieval are different formulations of the same phenomenon".

Collaborative Information Seeking: The Art and Science of Making the Whole Greater than the Sum of All. The Information Retrieval Series, Vol. 34. Springer. . provides a comprehensive review of this field, including theories, models, systems, evaluation, and future research directions. Other books in this area include one by Morris and Teevan,Morris, M. R. & Teevan, J. (2010).

Encoding schemes are used to convert coordinate integers into binary form to provide additional compression gains. Encoding designs, such as the Golomb code and the Huffman code, have been incorporated into genomic data compression tools. Of course, encoding schemes entail accompanying decoding algorithms. Choice of the decoding scheme potentially affects the efficiency of sequence information retrieval.

Music information retrieval (MIR) is the interdisciplinary science of retrieving information from music. MIR is a small but growing field of research with many real-world applications. Those involved in MIR may have a background in musicology, psychoacoustics, psychology, academic music study, signal processing, informatics, machine learning, optical music recognition, computational intelligence or some combination of these.

A chroma is an attribute of pitches (as opposed to tone height), just like hue is an attribute of color. A pitch class is a set of all pitches that share the same chroma, just like "the set of all white things" is the collection of all white objects.Müller, Meinard (2007). Information Retrieval for Music and Motion, p.60. .

3, p.415-431 May 2005, In the beginning, CLEF focussed mainly on fairly typical information retrieval tasks, but has moved to more specific tasks. For example, the 2005 interactive image search task worked with illustrating non-fiction texts using images from Flickr . and the 2010 medical retrieval task focused on retrieval of computed tomography, MRI, and radiographic images.

He was an associate editor of the ACM Transactions on Information Systems. He was an ACM Fellow (elected 1995), received an Award of Merit from the American Society for Information Science (1989), and was the first recipient of the SIGIR Award for outstanding contributions to study of Information Retrieval (1983) -- now called the Gerard Salton Award.

Kew Bulletin 12: 425-427Bor, N. L. 1960. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan i–767. Pergamon Press, OxfordGrassbase - The World Online Grass FloraWatson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references.

Diversity, novelty, and coverage are also considered as important aspects in evaluation.Lathia, N., Hailes, S., Capra, L., Amatriain, X.: Temporal diversity in recommender systems. In: Proceedings of the 33rd International ACMSIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2010, pp. 210–217. ACM, New York However, many of the classic evaluation measures are highly criticized.

The Semantic Geospatial Web or Geospatial Semantic Web is a vision to include geospatial information at the core of the Semantic Web to facilitate information retrieval and information integration. This vision requires the definition of geospatial ontologies, semantic gazetteers, and shared technical vocabularies to describe geographic phenomena. The Semantic Geospatial Web is part of geographic information science.

Susanne Boll-Westermann is a Professor for Multimedia and Internet in the Department of Computing Science at the University of Oldenburg, Germany. Her main research interests are semantic information retrieval, intelligent user- interfaces and mobile systems. Susanne Boll is an active member of SIGMM of the ACM and is a member of the board at the research institute OFFIS.

M. J. Tauber, Ed. CHI '96. ACM Press, New York, NY, 205-212 Other HCIR research, such as Pia Borlund's IIR evaluation model, applies a methodology more reminiscent of HCI, focusing on the characteristics of users, the details of experimental design, etc.Borlund, P. (2003). The IIR evaluation model: a framework for evaluation of interactive information retrieval systems.

The first step in indexing is to decide on the subject matter of the document. In manual indexing, the indexer would consider the subject matter in terms of answer to a set of questions such as "Does the document deal with a specific product, condition or phenomenon?".G.G. Chowdhury (2004): "Introduction to modern information retrieval". Third Edition.

The specificity describes how closely the index terms match the topics they represent J.D. Anderson (1997): Guidelines for indexes and related information retrieval devices [online]. Bethesda, Maryland, Niso Press. 10 December 2008. An index is said to be specific if the indexer uses parallel descriptors to the concept of the document and reflects the concepts precisely.

Because most of these dictionaries are used to control machine translations or cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) the content is usually multilingual and usually of huge size. In order to allow formalized exchange and merging of dictionaries, an ISO standard called Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) has been defined and used among the industrial and academic community.

The IBM R&D; centre in its Mount Carmel setting in Denia, Haifa. IBM Haifa Research Laboratory (HRL) is located in Haifa, Israel. It is an IBM R&D; Lab in Israel. It handles projects in the spheres of cloud computing, healthcare and life sciences, verification technologies, multimedia, event processing, information retrieval, programming environments, business transformation, and optimization technologies.

Utility-Theoretic Indexing developed by Cooper and Maron is a theory of indexing based on utility theory. To reflect the value for documents that is expected by the users, index terms are assigned to documents. Also, Utility-Theoretic Indexing is related an "event space" in the statistical word. There are several basic spaces Ω in the Information Retrieval.

"Williams, Robert V. "The use of punched cards in US libraries and documentation centers, 1936-1965." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 2 (2002): 16-33. This has been seen as a "transitional role of such punched-card systems toward later use of computers for information retrieval".Henderson, Madeline M. "Examples of early nonconventional technical information systems.

Camp was born and raised in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. His father was an economist, and his mother an artist, and both later became home builders. He graduated from the University of Calgary with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 2001, and later earned a master's degree in software engineering, researching collaborative systems, evolutionary algorithms and information retrieval.

The aim of this was to look into the information retrieval community by supplying the infrastructure that was needed for evaluation of text retrieval methodologies on a very large text collection. This catalyzed research on methods that scale to huge corpora. The introduction of web search engines has boosted the need for very large scale retrieval systems even further.

Temporal information retrieval (T-IR) is an emerging area of research related to the field of information retrieval (IR) and a considerable number of sub- areas, positioning itself, as an important dimension in the context of the user information needs. According to information theory science (Metzger, 2007), timeliness or currency is one of the key five aspects that determine a document's credibility besides relevance, accuracy, objectivity and coverage. One can provide many examples when the returned search results are of little value due to temporal problems such as obsolete data on weather, outdated information about a given company’s earnings or information on already- happened or invalid predictions. T-IR, in general, aims at satisfying these temporal needs and at combining traditional notions of document relevance with the so-called temporal relevance.

Originally developed at the Developmental Informatics Lab, aAQUA uses relational database management systems and information retrieval techniques with query optimization, intermittent synchronization and multilingual support. An excellent technical introduction is available in the Internet Computing Article. A chapter on aAQUA was published in a book by the Food and Agriculture Organization as a Case Study in the Asia Pacific Region.

Bar- Hillel organised the first International Conference on Machine Translation in 1952. Later he expressed doubts that general-purpose fully automatic high- quality machine translation would ever be feasible. He was also a pioneer in the field of information retrieval. In 1953, Bar-Hillel joined the philosophy department at the Hebrew University, where he taught until his death at age 60.

Latent semantic mapping (LSM) is a data-driven framework to model globally meaningful relationships implicit in large volumes of (often textual) data. It is a generalization of latent semantic analysis. In information retrieval, LSA enables retrieval on the basis of conceptual content, instead of merely matching words between queries and documents. LSM was derived from earlier work on latent semantic analysis.

Most XML retrieval approaches do so based on techniques from the information retrieval (IR) area, e.g. by computing the similarity between a query consisting of keywords (query terms) and the document. However, in XML-Retrieval the query can also contain structural hints. So-called "content and structure" (CAS) queries enable users to specify what structure the requested content can or must have.

Collaborative information seeking (CIS) is a field of research that involves studying situations, motivations, and methods for people working in collaborative groups for information seeking projects, as well as building systems for supporting such activities. Such projects often involve information searching or information retrieval (IR), information gathering, and information sharing. Beyond that, CIS can extend to collaborative information synthesis and collaborative sense-making.

A possible architecture of a machine-learned search engine. Ranking is a central part of many information retrieval problems, such as document retrieval, collaborative filtering, sentiment analysis, and online advertising. A possible architecture of a machine-learned search engine is shown in the accompanying figure. Training data consists of queries and documents matching them together with relevance degree of each match.

The offline subsystem automatically indexes documents collected by a focused web crawler from the web. An ontology server along with its API is used for knowledge representation.Kourosh Neshatian and Mahmoud R. Hejazi, An Object Oriented Ontology Interface for Information Retrieval Purposes in Telecommunication Domain, International Symposium on Telecommunication (IST2003). The main concepts and classes of the ontology are created by domain experts.

Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics, information retrieval and natural language processing. In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification",Rada Mihalcea and Andras Csomai (2007). Wikify! Linking Documents to Encyclopedic Knowledge Proc. CIKM. and to the related problem of word sense disambiguation.

Music alignment and related synchronization tasks have been studied extensively within the field of music information retrieval. In the following, we give some pointers to related tasks. Depending upon the respective types of music representations, one can distinguish between various synchronization scenarios. For example, audio alignment refers to the task of temporally aligning two different audio recordings of a piece of music.

Stephen Robertson is a British computer scientist. He is known for his work on information retrieval and the Okapi BM25 weighting model. After completing his undergraduate degree in mathematics at Cambridge University, he took an MS at City University, and then worked for ASLIB. He then studied for his PhD at University College London under the renowned statistician and scholar B. C. Brookes.

Before joining Google, he was at DEC/Compaq's Western Research Laboratory, where he worked on profiling tools, microprocessor architecture, and information retrieval. Much of his work was completed in close collaboration with Sanjay Ghemawat. Prior to graduate school, he worked at the World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS, developing software for statistical modeling and forecasting of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

Alexander G. Hauptmann is a Research Professor in the Language Technologies Institute at the Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science. He has been the leader of the Informedia Digital Library which has made seminal strides in multimedia information retrieval and won best paper awards at major conferences. He was also a founder of the international advisory committee for TRECVID.

A company or business will issue a GDTI where it is important to maintain a record of the document. The GDTI will provide a link to the database that holds the ‘master’ copy of the document. The GDTI may be produced as a GS1-128 bar code and printed on the document as a method of identification or for detail or information retrieval.

Faceted navigation, like taxonomic navigation, guides users by showing them available categories (or facets), but does not require them to browse through a hierarchy that may not precisely suit their needs or way of thinking.Hearst, M. (1999). User Interfaces and Visualization, Chapter 10 of Baeza-Yates, R. and Ribeiro-Neto, B., Modern Information Retrieval. Lookahead provides a general approach to penalty-free exploration.

The fruits of many species are dispersed by wind but others such as those of Daucus spp., are covered in bristles, which may be hooked in sanicle Sanicula europaea and thus catch in the fur of animals. The seeds have an oily endospermWatson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. (1992 onwards) The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval . Version: 4 March 2011.

John Battelle, in his book "The Search" calls Gerard Salton "the father of digital search." He got interested in the problem of search in 1990 at the University of Minnesota Duluth. After getting a Ph.D. in 1996, Singhal joined AT&T; Labs (previously a part of Bell Labs), where he continued his research in information retrieval, speech retrieval and other related fields.

Social information seeking (SIS) is a field of research that involves studying situations, motivations, and methods for people seeking and sharing information in participatory online social sites, such as Yahoo! Answers, Answerbag, WikiAnswers and Twitter as well as building systems for supporting such activities. Highly related topics involve traditional and virtual reference services, information retrieval, information extraction, and knowledge representation.

LexRank deals with diversity as a heuristic final stage using CSIS, and other systems have used similar methods, such as Maximal Marginal Relevance (MMR),Carbonell, Jaime, and Jade Goldstein. "The use of MMR, diversity-based reranking for reordering documents and producing summaries." Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval. ACM, 1998.

The annual international SIGIR conference, which began in 1978, is considered the most important in the field of information retrieval. SIGIR also sponsors the annual Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL) in association with SIGWEB, the Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), and the International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) in association with SIGKDD, SIGMOD, and SIGWEB.

Optical sensors belong to the group of non-contact measuring, geometry-oriented sensors (Figure 1). For information retrieval, the weld groove is scanned via a radiation detector which records the emitted optical radiation of the measured object. Semiconductor image sensors are applied for the detection of radiation. The optical measuring principles are differentiated into sensors with and without active structured lighting.

Hooker's Icones Plantarum, vol 24, plate. 2333 + subsequent text page fold-out line drawing of Trilobachne cookei (labelled as Polytoca cookei), with description in Latin on subsequent pageWatson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references.

Justia is an American website specializing in legal information retrieval. It was founded in 2003 by Tim Stanley, formerly of FindLaw, and is one of the largest online databases of legal cases. The company is headquartered in Mountain View, California. The website offers free case law, codes, opinion summaries, and other basic legal texts, with paid services for its attorney directory and webhosting.

Author keywords are an integral part of literature. Many journals and databases provide access to index terms made by authors of the respective articles. How qualified the provider is decides the quality of both indexer- provided index terms and author-provided index terms. The quality of these two types of index terms is of research interest, particularly in relation to information retrieval.

In 1997, Lanzone co-founded eTour, an early provider of information retrieval and cost-per-lead services on the Web. By 1998, eTour had become a top 50 website and the Web's #1 ranked site in user frequency (1998 & 1999). Lanzone continued to serve as president of eTour until it was acquired by Ask.com (then known as Ask Jeeves) in May 2001.

Juncus trifidus is an amphi-atlantic plant, native to northern and eastern Canada, including the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and other low Arctic regions, the northeastern United States, Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, northern Britain, and northern Asia.Aiken, S.G., et al. 2007. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.

Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. Disjunct occurrences exist in the Rocky Mountains, in the high mountains of southern Europe (the Pyrenees, Alps, and the Caucasus) and on Mount Daisetsu in Japan and some other Asian mountains.Ladyman, J.A.R. Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe (white cottongrass): A technical conservation assessment. [Online].

Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. It is native to northern parts of North America, where it occurs from Alaska across Canada to Greenland. It is a common species of the Arctic and it is probably the most common flowering plant on some of the western Arctic islands.

In order to reduce the reliance on legal professionals and the amount of time needed, efforts have been made to create a system to automatically classify legal text and queries.Ashley, K.D. and Bruninghaus, S. 2009, p. 125Gelbart, D. and Smith, J.C. 1993, p. 142 Adequate translation of both would allow accurate information retrieval without the high cost of human classification.

With a view to supporting the planned major expansion program, a new Prestel infrastructure was designed around two different types of data center: Update Centre (UDC), where IPs could create, modify and delete their pages of information, and Information Retrieval Centre (IRC), which mirrored copy of the pages is provided to end-users. In practice there only ever was one Update Centre, and this always housed just one update computer, named "Duke", but within six months of public launch there were in addition two dedicated information retrieval computers. Baynard House, Blackfriars In those early days of the public service all the live Prestel computers were located in St Alphage House, a 1960s office block on Fore Street in the City of London. At the time the National Operations Centre (NOC) was located in the same building on the same floor.

In computer science, specifically information retrieval and machine learning, the harmonic mean of the precision (true positives per predicted positive) and the recall (true positives per real positive) is often used as an aggregated performance score for the evaluation of algorithms and systems: the F-score (or F-measure). This is used in information retrieval because only the positive class is of relevance, while number of negatives, in general, is large and unknown. It is thus a trade-off as to whether the correct positive predictions should be measured in relation to the number of predicted positives or the number of real positives, so it is measured versus a putative number of positives that is an arithmetic mean of the two possible denominators. A consequence arises from basic algebra in problems where people or systems work together.

An information retrieval (IR) query language is a query language used to make queries into search index. A query language is formally defined in a context- free grammar (CFG) and can be used by users in a textual, visual/UI or speech form. Advanced query languages are often defined for professional users in vertical search engines, so they get more control over the formulation of queries.

Walker, p. vii Table of Contents This work is the earliest known use of a hierarchical organization system for topics of a book.Princeton University Press article A short history of information retrieval There are a total of 91 chapters covering a wide variety of subjects drawn from Roman life. Valerius arranges his chapters focused on particular virtues, moral and immoral habits, religious practices, superstitions and ancient traditions.

In 2006, Dumais was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2009, she received the Gerard Salton Award, an information retrieval lifetime achievement award. In 2011, she was inducted to the National Academy of Engineering for innovation and leadership in organizing, accessing, and interacting with information. In 2014, Dumais received the Athena Lecturer Award for "fundamental contributions to computer science.".

EMD-based similarity analysis (EMDSA) is an important and effective tool in many multimedia information retrieval and pattern recognition applications. However, the computational cost of EMD is super- cubic to the number of the "bins" given an arbitrary "D". Efficient and scalable EMD computation techniques for large scale data have been investigated using MapReduce, as well as bulk synchronous parallel and resilient distributed dataset.

In natural language processing and information retrieval, cluster labeling is the problem of picking descriptive, human-readable labels for the clusters produced by a document clustering algorithm; standard clustering algorithms do not typically produce any such labels. Cluster labeling algorithms examine the contents of the documents per cluster to find a labeling that summarize the topic of each cluster and distinguish the clusters from each other.

Relevance feedback is a feature of some information retrieval systems. The idea behind relevance feedback is to take the results that are initially returned from a given query, to gather user feedback, and to use information about whether or not those results are relevant to perform a new query. We can usefully distinguish between three types of feedback: explicit feedback, implicit feedback, and blind or "pseudo" feedback.

Topic modeling is a classic solution to the problem of information retrieval using linked data and semantic web technology . Related models and techniques are, among others, latent semantic indexing, independent component analysis, probabilistic latent semantic indexing, non-negative matrix factorization, and Gamma-Poisson distribution. The LDA model is highly modular and can therefore be easily extended. The main field of interest is modeling relations between topics.

Multimedia information retrieval (MMIR or MIR) is a research discipline of computer science that aims at extracting semantic information from multimedia data sources.H Eidenberger. Fundamental Media Understanding, atpress, 2011, p. 1. Data sources include directly perceivable media such as audio, image and video, indirectly perceivable sources such as text, semantic descriptions, biosignals as well as not perceivable sources such as bioinformation, stock prices, etc.

Painting outside the Sarasvati Mahal Library. The library is open to the public; it also supports efforts to publish rare manuscripts from the collection, as well as ensuring all volumes are preserved on microfilm. The Library has installed computers in 1998 for the Computerisation of Library activities. As a first phase, the Library catalogues are being stored in the Computer for easy information retrieval.

His research areas are Natural Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Psycholinguistics, Eye Tracking, Information Retrieval, and Indian Language WordNets - IndoWordNet. A significant contribution of his research is Multilingual Lexical Knowledge Bases like IndoWordNet and Projection. He is the author of the text book ‘Machine Translation’. He has led government and industry projects of international and national importanceSponsored Research Projects Retrieved 2018-11-21.

The Journal of Web Semantics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers knowledge technologies, ontology, software agents, databases and the semantic grid, information retrieval, human language technology, data mining, and semantic web development. The journal is abstracted and indexed by Scopus and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.348.

A search engine is an information retrieval software program that discovers, crawls, transforms and stores information for retrieval and presentation in response to user queries. OR A search engine is a web based tool that enable user to locate information on www. A search engine normally consists of four components e.g. search interface, crawler (also known as a spider or bot),indexer, and database.

The 1990s saw a relative stagnation in the development of online catalogs. Although the earlier character-based interfaces were replaced with ones for the Web, both the design and the underlying search technology of most systems did not advance much beyond that developed in the late 1980s.Borgman C (1996), 493-503. At the same time, organizations outside of libraries began developing more sophisticated information retrieval systems.

Architecture of a metasearch engine A metasearch engine (or search aggregator) is an online Information retrieval tool that uses the data of a web search engine to produce its own results. Metasearch engines take input from a user and immediately query search engines for results. Sufficient data is gathered, ranked, and presented to the users. Problems such as spamming reduces the accuracy and precision of results.

Shera saw the potential for technology in library science. “He tried to build information retrieval systems yet at the same time was a sober and sharp critic of the faddists, commercial hucksters, and techie boosters who would and often did take us down expensive and obscure roads on our way to the future.” Berry, John N.. “Check Change with Shera.” Library Journal (1976) 130, no.

In order to recommend the most appropriate users to provide answers in a social network, we need to find approaches to detect users' authority in a social network. In the field of information retrieval, there has been a trend of research investigating ways to detect users' authority effectively and accurately in a social network. Cha et al.Cha, M., Haddadi, H., Benevenuto, F., & Gummadi, P. K. (2010).

This stemmer was very widely used and became the de facto standard algorithm used for English stemming. Dr. Porter received the Tony Kent Strix award in 2000 for his work on stemming and information retrieval. Many implementations of the Porter stemming algorithm were written and freely distributed; however, many of these implementations contained subtle flaws. As a result, these stemmers did not match their potential.

The objectives of the institute have broadened to meet the present need of the industries, with the introduction of departments of Manufacturing Engineering in 1985 and Materials and Metallurgical Engineering in 1998. NIFFT Ranchi main gate NIFFT Ranchi Administrative Buildings Apart from training students, NIFFT also provides consultancy, documentation and information retrieval services in manufacturing engineering, industrial metallurgy and in foundry and forge sectors.

Most popular is a rectangular tag arrangement with alphabetical sorting in a sequential line-by-line layout. The decision for an optimal layout should be driven by the expected user goals. Some prefer to cluster the tags semantically so that similar tags will appear near each otherHassan-Montero, Y., Herrero-Solana, V. Improving Tag-Clouds as Visual Information Retrieval Interfaces . InSciT 2006: Mérida, Spain.

Jack Mills (1918 – 9 July 2010) was a British librarian and classification researcher, who worked for more than sixty years in the study, teaching, development and promotion of library classification and information retrieval, principally as a major figure in the British school of facet analysis which builds on the traditions of Henry E. Bliss and S.R. Ranganathan.MEMORIAM JACK MILLS. The Bliss CLASSIFICATION BULLETIN, #52, 2010.

The paper found that for the first 500 to 600 generations, aesthetic quality of the loops dramatically improved before reaching a stable equilibrium. They tested this using ratings by listeners and also by using sampling techniques used by music information retrieval technology—namely the Chordino and Rhythm Patterns algorithms, which measure the presence of chords used in Western music and the presence of rhythm respectively.

Over the years, additional auxiliary structures of general interest, such as the large synonym sets of WordNet, have been constructed.Miller, G., Special Issue, WordNet: An On-line Lexical Database, Intl. Journal of Lexicography, 3(4), 1990. It was shown that concept search that is based on auxiliary structures, such as WordNet, can be efficiently implemented by reusing retrieval models and data structures of classical information retrieval.

Though the terms may be similar, correct information retrieval must differentiate between the intended use and irrelevant uses in order to return the correct results. Even if a system overcomes the language problems inherent in law, it must still determine the relevancy of each result. In the context of judicial decisions, this requires determining the precedential value of the case.Maxwell, K.T., and Schafer, B. 2008, p.

Viewdata is a Videotex implementation. It is a type of information retrieval service in which a subscriber can access a remote database via a common carrier channel, request data and receive requested data on a video display over a separate channel. Samuel Fedida, who had the idea for Viewdata in 1968, was credited as inventor of the system. The first prototype became operational in 1974.

IR core subjects are: system architectures, algorithms, formal theoretical models, and evaluation of the diverse systems and services that implement functionalities of storing and retrieving documents from multimedia document collections, and over wide area networks such as the Internet. ESSIR aims to give a deep and authoritative insight of the core IR methods and subjects along these three dimensions and also for this reason it is intended for researchers starting out in IR, for industrialists who wish to know more about this increasingly important topic and for people working on topics related to management of information on the Internet. Two books have been prepared as readings in IR from editions of ESSIR, the first one is Lectures on Information Retrieval,Agosti, M., Crestani, F. and Pasi, G. (Eds): "Lectures on Information Retrieval". Revised Lectures of Third European Summer-School, ESSIR 2000 Varenna, Italy, September 11–15, 2000.

Joint Army-Navy-NASA-Air Force website. Retrieved on 2008-12-19. In addition to maintaining the most comprehensive propulsion-related scientific and technical reports collection in the world, CPIAC maintains a number of industry handbooks, manuals, databases, and its signature Propulsion Information Retrieval System (PIRS). This extensive information collection represents the documented national knowledge base in chemical rocket propulsion and is available for dissemination to eligible individuals and organizations.

Effectiveness of information retrieval methods. American Documentation, 20(1), 72-89. In addition to the Swets definitions, four relevance metrics have also been defined: Precision refers to the fraction of relevant documents that are retrieved (a/(a+b)), and Recall refers to the fraction of retrieved documents that are relevant (a/(a+c)). These are the most commonly used and well-known relevance metrics found in the IR evaluation literature.

Maarten de Rijke, 2011Maarten de Rijke (born 1 August 1961) is a Dutch computer scientist. His work initially focused on modal logic and knowledge representation, but since the early years of the 21st century he has worked mainly in information retrieval. His work is supported by grants from the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), public-private partnerships, and the European Commission (under the Sixth and Seventh Framework programmes).

The Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm is a linear-time algorithm for finding all non- overlapping, contiguous, maximal scoring subsequences in a sequence of real numbers. This algorithm is an improvement over previously known quadratic time algorithms. The maximum scoring subsequence from the set produced by the algorithm is also a solution to the maximum subarray problem. The Ruzzo–Tompa algorithm has applications in bioinformatics, web scraping, and information retrieval.

This automatic technique mostly works. Evidence suggests that it tends to work better than global analysis.Jinxi Xu and W. Bruce Croft, expansion using local and global document analysis, in Proceedings of the 19th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR), 1996. Through a query expansion, some relevant documents missed in the initial round can then be retrieved to improve the overall performance.

One-way functions are necessary, but not known to be sufficient, for nontrivial (i.e., with sublinear communication) single database computationally private information retrieval. In fact, such a protocol was proved by Giovanni Di Crescenzo, Tal Malkin and Rafail Ostrovsky to imply oblivious transfer (see below). Oblivious transfer, also called symmetric PIR, is PIR with the additional restriction that the user may not learn any item other than the one she requested.

Although search engines are programmed to rank websites based on some combination of their popularity and relevancy, empirical studies indicate various political, economic, and social biases in the information they provideSegev, El (2010). Google and the Digital Divide: The Biases of Online Knowledge, Oxford: Chandos Publishing. and the underlying assumptions about the technology.Jansen, B. J. and Rieh, S. (2010) The Seventeen Theoretical Constructs of Information Searching and Information Retrieval.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Borman worked at the Vogelback Computing Center of Northwestern University, where she published several works in information retrieval and computational social science.... By 1977, she was editor of the Bulletin of the ACM Special Interest Group on the Social and Behavioral Science of Computing (SIGSOC), and in that role traveled to China with a group of Northwestern faculty and toured the computing facilities there..

The same app can, therefore, cost a different price depending on the mobile platform. Apps can also be installed manually, for example by running an Android application package on Android devices. The official US Army iPhone app presents the service's technology news, updates and media in a single place Mobile apps were originally offered for general productivity and information retrieval, including email, calendar, contacts, the stock market and weather information.

Progress on the implementation of BitFunnel was made public in early 2016, with the expectation that there would be a usable implementation later that year. In September 2016, the source code was made available via GitHub. A paper discussing the BitFunnel algorithm and implementation was released as through the Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2017 and won the Best Paper Award.

Similarity learning is used in information retrieval for learning to rank, in face verification or face identification, and in recommendation systems. Also, many machine learning approaches rely on some metric. This includes unsupervised learning such as clustering, which groups together close or similar objects. It also includes supervised approaches like K-nearest neighbor algorithm which rely on labels of nearby objects to decide on the label of a new object.

Cutting holds a bachelor's degree from Stanford University. Prior to developing Lucene, Cutting held search technology positions at Xerox PARC where he worked on the Scatter/Gather algorithm Cutting, Douglass R., David R. Karger, Jan O. Pedersen, and John W. Tukey. "Scatter/gather: A cluster-based approach to browsing large document collections." SIGIR '92 Proceedings of the 15th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval.

Together, these components form an information retrieval test collection. The test collection serves as a standard for testing retrieval approaches, and the success of each approach is measured in terms of two measures: precision and recall. Test collections and evaluation measures based on precision and recall are driving forces behind modern research on search systems. Cleverdon's approach formed a blueprint for the successful Text Retrieval Conference series that began in 1992.

Students also receive instruction in writing, research, science, social studies, physical education and the arts. Literacy in technology, media and information retrieval is taught within subject areas. Many schools offer a variety of programs such as preschool programs, Kidstop (School Aged Child Care), all-day kindergarten, multi-age classrooms and team teaching. Title 1 programs provide academic support to improve reading and math skills through an individualized plan for improvement.

One solution is how biological databases cross-reference to other databases with accession numbers to link their related knowledge together. Relational database concepts of computer science and Information retrieval concepts of digital libraries are important for understanding biological databases. Biological database design, development, and long-term management is a core area of the discipline of bioinformatics. Data contents include gene sequences, textual descriptions, attributes and ontology classifications, citations, and tabular data.

There should be continued expansion and improvement of quality in both primary and secondary education to prepare students for different career options in the growing economy. This should take priority over expanding university education. Primary and secondary education should be laying the foundation for lifelong learning by promoting meta- cognitive skills such as reading meaningfully, learning how to learn, group learning, real understanding, cognitive restructuring and information retrieval.

LSI helps overcome synonymy by increasing recall, one of the most problematic constraints of Boolean keyword queries and vector space models. Synonymy is often the cause of mismatches in the vocabulary used by the authors of documents and the users of information retrieval systems. As a result, Boolean or keyword queries often return irrelevant results and miss information that is relevant. LSI is also used to perform automated document categorization.

Lovins published an article about her work on developing a stemming algorithm through the Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT in 1968. Lovins' stemming algorithm is frequently referred to as the Lovins stemmer. A stemming algorithm is the process of taking a word with suffixes and reducing it to its root, or base word. Stemming algorithms are used to improve the accuracy in information retrieval and in domain analysis.

ISSN 0163-3732 According to its literature,Thomson Scientific and the invention of online information services, visited 1/26/2008 it was "the world's first online information retrieval system to be used globally with materially significant databases". In the 1980s, a low-priced dial-up version of a subset of Dialog was marketed to individual users as Knowledge Index.Phyllis E. Worden, Knowledge Index. Journal of Extension, Volume 26 Number 2, 1988.

The F-score is often used in the field of information retrieval for measuring search, document classification, and query classification performance. Earlier works focused primarily on the F1 score, but with the proliferation of large scale search engines, performance goals changed to place more emphasis on either precision or recall and so F_\beta is seen in wide application. The F-score is also used in machine learning.See, e.g.

Contextual search is a form of optimizing web-based search results based on context provided by the user and the computer being used to enter the query. Contextual search services differ from current search engines based on traditional information retrieval that return lists of documents based on their relevance to the query. Rather, contextual search attempts to increase the precision of results based on how valuable they are to individual users.

In the context of information retrieval, QBE has a somewhat different meaning. The user can submit a document, or several documents, and ask for "similar" documents to be retrieved from a document database [see search by multiple examples]. Similarity search is based comparing document vectors (see Vector Space Model). QBE is a seminal work in end-user development, frequently cited in research papers as an early example of this topic.

Queries per second (QPS) is a common measure of the amount of search traffic an information retrieval system, such as a search engine or a database, receives during one second.Microsoft's search glossary The term is used more broadly for any request–response system, more correctly called requests per second (RPS). High-traffic systems must watch their QPS in order to know when to scale the system to handle more load.

It turns out to be Earth, thus ending the assignment process. On Earth, a boy named Dib intercepts a signal and hears about the Irken invasion plan, though no one, these being his sister and father, takes any interest. Invaders are receiving robot assistants called SIR (Standard-issue Information Retrieval) units. Not wanting to give away advanced technology to Zim, he is given a robot constructed of garbage named GIR.

The company is best known for its Rosette Linguistics Platform which uses Natural Language Processing techniques to improve information retrieval, text mining, search engines and other applications. The tool is used to create normalized forms of text by major search engines, and, translators. Basis Technology software is also used by forensic analysts to search through files for words, tokens, phrases or numbers that may be important to investigators.

Cataloging & Classification Quarterly is a peer-reviewed, scholarly journal that publishes articles about library cataloging, classification, metadata, indexing, information retrieval, information management, and other topics related to library cataloging. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly is notable for being the only academic journal devoted to library cataloging. Despite its name, the journal is now published eight times a year, but occasionally some issues are combined. Thematic issues are interspersed with general issues.

Microsoft Academic is a free public web search engine for academic publications and literature, developed by Microsoft Research. Re-launched in 2016, the tool features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies. It currently indexes over 220 million publications,Microsoft Academic 88 million of which are journal articles. The Academic Knowledge API offers information retrieval from the underlying database using REST endpoints for advanced research purposes.

The Davies-Bouldin index (DBI) (introduced by David L. Davies and Donald W. Bouldin in 1979) is a metric for evaluating clustering algorithms. This is an internal evaluation scheme, where the validation of how well the clustering has been done is made using quantities and features inherent to the dataset. This has a drawback that a good value reported by this method does not imply the best information retrieval.

Evaluation measures for an information retrieval system are used to assess how well the search results satisfied the user's query intent. Such metrics are often split into kinds: online metrics look at users' interactions with the search system, while offline metrics measure relevance, in other words how likely each result, or search engine results page (SERP) page as a whole, is to meet the information needs of the user.

The Department is engaged in research across Computer and Information Sciences, spanning Artificial Intelligence, Software Engineering, Information Retrieval, Mobile and Ubiquitous Interaction, Functional Programming, Dataflow Systems, Database Indexing and Information Science. In addition to their research, the Department offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Many of these are cross disciplinary, with courses jointly run with the Strathclyde Business School and the University's Law School, for example.

The goal of cross language information retrieval is to facilitate research on system that are able to retrieve relevant document regardless of language of the source document. TREC-7 contained seven tracks out of which two were new Query track and very large corpus track. The goal of the query track was to create a large query collection. TREC-8 contain seven tracks out of which two –question answering and web tracks were new.

His entrepreneurial flair in having turned what was, at least at the time, an obscure and specialist metric into a highly profitable business has been noted. Garfield's work led to the development of several information retrieval algorithms, like the HITS algorithm and PageRank. Both use the structured citation between websites through hyperlinks. Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin acknowledged Gene in their development of PageRank, the algorithm that powers their company's search engine.

Classic information retrieval models such as the vector space model provide relevance ranking, but do not include document structure; only flat queries are supported. Also, they apply a static document concept, so retrieval units usually are entire documents. They can be extended to consider structural information and dynamic document retrieval. Examples for approaches extending the vector space models are available: they use document subtrees (index terms plus structure) as dimensions of the vector space.

WSD has been traditionally understood as an intermediate language engineering technology which could improve applications such as information retrieval (IR). In this case, however, the reverse is also true: web search engines implement simple and robust IR techniques that can successfully mine the Web for information to use in WSD. The historic lack of training data has provoked the appearance of some new algorithms and techniques, as described in Automatic acquisition of sense-tagged corpora.

In areas of language modeling, the Web has been used to address data sparseness. Lexical statistics have been gathered for resolving prepositional phrase attachments, while Web document were used to seek a balance in the corpus. In areas of information retrieval, a Web track was integrated as a component in the community's TREC evaluation initiative. The sample of the Web used for this exercise amount to around 100GB, compromising of largely documents in the .

BRS/Search is a full-text database and information retrieval system. BRS/Search uses a fully inverted indexing system to store, locate, and retrieve unstructured data. It was the search engine that in 1977 powered Bibliographic Retrieval Services (BRS) commercial operations with 20 databases (including the first national commercial availability of MEDLINE); it has changed ownership several times during its development and is currently sold as Livelink ECM Discovery Server by Open Text Corporation.

Alternate automated approaches for generating traces using information retrieval methods have been developed. In transaction processing software, traceability implies use of a unique piece of data (e.g., order date/time or a serialized sequence number) which can be traced through the entire software flow of all relevant application programs. Messages and files at any point in the system can then be audited for correctness and completeness, using the traceability key to find the particular transaction.

Learning to rank. Slides from Tie-Yan Liu's talk at WWW 2009 conference are available online or machine-learned ranking (MLR) is the application of machine learning, typically supervised, semi-supervised or reinforcement learning, in the construction of ranking models for information retrieval systems.Mehryar Mohri, Afshin Rostamizadeh, Ameet Talwalkar (2012) Foundations of Machine Learning, The MIT Press . Training data consists of lists of items with some partial order specified between items in each list.

The library renders numerous services to its users and community. The services rendered in the library include but not limited to reference services, research support services, twenty four hours reading room services during examinations, charging and discharging of library materials, user education/orientation, photocopying service, reference services, user-driven acquisition services, technical services, serials, internet services, Virtual /E-Library services, information retrieval and literature search services, selective dissemination of information/ current awareness services amongst others.

The entire lexicon was converted to SGML in the late 1980s at Dallas Seminary with collaboration from SGML experts interested in the project, and Danker actually did substantial editorial and authorial work in an SGML editing program. This technology permitted much more consistent and flexible typography, as well as information retrieval. A Chinese translation of the lexicon, based on the third English edition, was published in 2009 in Hong Kong by Chinese Bible International Limited.

The EXtensible Cross-Linguistic Automatic Information Machine (EXCLAIM) was an integrated tool for cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), created at the University of California, Santa Cruz in early 2006, with some support for more than a dozen languages. The lead developers were Justin Nuger and Jesse Saba Kirchner. Early work on CLIR depended on manually constructed parallel corpora for each pair of languages. This method is labor-intensive compared to parallel corpora created automatically.

Dragomir R. Radev is a Yale University professor of computer science working on natural language processing and information retrieval. He previously served as a University of Michigan computer science professor and Columbia University computer science adjunct professor. Radev serves as Member of the Advisory Board of Lawyaw. He is currently working in the fields of open domain question answering, multi-document summarization, and the application of NLP in Bioinformatics, Social Network Analysis and Political Science.

The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version: 28 November 2005 It is known as tjanpi in central Australia, and is used for basket weaving by the women of various Aboriginal Australian peoples. A multiaccess key (SpiKey) is available as a free app for the Triodias of the Pilbara (28 species and one hybrid).

Zygochloa is a genus of desert plants in the grass family known only from Australia.Blake, Stanley Thatcher. 1941. Papers from the Department of Biology, University of Queensland Papers 1(19): 7-8, figure 3Tropicos, Zygochloa S.T. BlakeAusgrass2, Grasses of Australia, Zygochloa Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The grass genera of the world : descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references.

The main application of the topic-comment structure is in the domain of speech technology, especially the design of embodied conversational agents (intonational focus assignment, relation between information structure and posture and gesture).Cassell, Justine, ed. Embodied conversational agents. MIT press, 2000. There were some attempts to apply the theory of topic/comment for information retrieval A. Bouchachia and R. Mittermeir, “A neural cascade architecture for document retrieval,” in Neural Networks, 2003.

A pitch detection algorithm (PDA) is an algorithm designed to estimate the pitch or fundamental frequency of a quasiperiodic or oscillating signal, usually a digital recording of speech or a musical note or tone. This can be done in the time domain, the frequency domain, or both. PDAs are used in various contexts (e.g. phonetics, music information retrieval, speech coding, musical performance systems) and so there may be different demands placed upon the algorithm.

An attacker observed receiving the covert asymmetric broadcast is one of thousands, if not millions of receivers, and exhibits no identifying information whatsoever. The cryptovirology attack achieves "end-to-end deniability". It is a covert asymmetric broadcast of the victim's data. Cryptovirology also encompasses the use of private information retrieval (PIR) to allow cryptoviruses to search for and steal host data without revealing the data searched for even when the cryptotrojan is under constant surveillance.

Lawrence's research interests include information retrieval, digital libraries, and machine learning. He has published over 50 papers in these areas, including articles in Science, Nature, CACM, and IEEE Computer. He has been interviewed by over 100 news organizations including the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Reuters, Associated Press, CNN, MSNBC, the BBC, and NPR. Hundreds of articles about his research have appeared worldwide in over 10 different languages.

Early challenges to LSI focused on scalability and performance. LSI requires relatively high computational performance and memory in comparison to other information retrieval techniques.Karypis, G., Han, E., Fast Supervised Dimensionality Reduction Algorithm with Applications to Document Categorization and Retrieval, Proceedings of CIKM-00, 9th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. However, with the implementation of modern high-speed processors and the availability of inexpensive memory, these considerations have been largely overcome.

Croft and Krovetz applied uncertain inference to an information retrieval system for office documents they called OFFICER. In office documents the independence assumption is valid since the query will focus on their individual attributes. Besides analysing the content of documents one can also query about the author, size, topic or collection for example. They devised methods to compare document and query attributes, infer their plausibility and combine it into an overall rating for each document.

CNN Explorers On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of MIT's Media Lab, his research has been cited as one of the top 25 ideas that have been spun out of the Media Lab.CNN NEWSROOM "THE BIG I: MIT Media Lab Turns 25" Prior to reQall, he worked at France Telecom's Cambridge Lab. and Apple Inc. He has six patents in information retrieval and his research has been extensively covered in mainstream press.

Traditionally, IR tools have been designed for IR professionals to enable them to effectively and efficiently retrieve information from a source. It is assumed that the information exists in the source and that a well-formed query will retrieve it (and nothing else). It has been argued that laypersons' information seeking on the internet is very different from information retrieval as performed within the IR discourse. Yet, internet search engines are built on IR principles.

Korfhage taught mathematics at North Carolina State University (1962–64), Purdue University (1964–70),40th year anniversary featuring a picture of Dr. Korfhage. Southern Methodist University (1970–86) and the University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences (1986–98). Korfhage's research focused on graph theory and information retrieval. For instance, his Information Storage and Retrieval (1997) was winner of American Society for Information Science and Technology Best information science book award (1998).

Goals of the Translingual Information Detection, Extraction and Summarization (TIDES) project Translingual Information Detection, Extraction and Summarization (TIDES) developing advanced language processing technology to enable English speakers to find and interpret critical information in multiple languages without requiring knowledge of those languages. Outside groups (such as universities, corporations, etc.) were invited to participate in the annual information retrieval, topic detection and tracking, automatic content extraction, and machine translation evaluations run by NIST.

In the field of information retrieval, divergence from randomness, one of the first models, is one type of probabilistic model. It is basically used to test the amount of information carried in the documents. It is based on Harter's 2-Poisson indexing-model. The 2-Poisson model has a hypothesis that the level of the documents is related to a set of documents which contains words occur relatively greater than the rest of the documents.

In 1979 RILM entered an agreement with Lockheed Research Laboratory in Palo Alto, a division of Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc., for the distribution of its data through the telephone lines. Later on, this agreement was transferred to DIALOG Information Retrieval Services. Although available online already before the advent of the Internet, until the end of the twentieth century the primary medium for distribution for its bibliographic records were printed volumes.

Judith "Judy" C. Brown is an American physicist and Professor Emerita at Wellesley College. She was a visiting scientist at the MIT Media Lab in the Machine Listening Group for over 20 years, and is recognized for her contributions in music information retrieval, including developing the constant-Q transform. She is a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) and has served on the ASA technical committees for musical acoustics and animal bioacoustics.

The Idiap Research Institute is a semi-private non-profit research institute at Martigny in the canton of Valais, in south-western Switzerland. It conducts research in the areas of speech processing, computer vision, information retrieval, biometric authentication, multimodal interaction and machine learning. The institute is affiliated with the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and with the Université de Genève.Fondation de l'Institut de Recherche Idiap (Foundation of the Idiap Research Institute) (in French).

IN: Essential Classification. London: Facet Publishing, 2004, pp. 207-256 The UDC is an analytico-synthetic and faceted classification system featuring detailed vocabulary and syntax that enables powerful content indexing and information retrieval in large collections.UDC History, "About UDC" - UDC Consortium website Since 1991, the UDC has been owned and managed by the UDC Consortium,UDC Consortium, UDC Consortium website a non-profit international association of publishers with headquarters in The Hague (Netherlands).

In 2013, Averbis has been nominated for the German Founder Prize 2013. German Founder Prize(in German) Averbis GmbH provides text analytics and text mining software to transform unstructured text into actionable information. It was founded in 2007 by IT experts after years of relevant scientific experience in the field of text mining and multilingual information retrieval. Averbis works in the field of terminology management, natural language processing, machine learning and semantic search.

A survey conducted as a part of the Human Use of Music Information Retrieval Systems (HUMIRS) project found that 73.1% of respondents identified themselves as being "avid listeners" of music. Popular music often contains messages about women that involve misogyny, sexual violence and abuse. Listeners are often absorbing messages exploiting women without it being obvious. There are multiple online articles that seek to identify songs that have misogynistic undertones woven throughout them.

Relevance feedback is a feature that helps users determine if the results returned for their queries meet their information needs. In other words, relevance is assessed relative to an information need, not a query. A document is relevant if it addresses the stated information need, not because it just happens to contain all the words in the query.Manning, C. D., Raghavan P., Schütze H., Introduction to Information Retrieval, Cambridge University Press, 2008.

From August 2017 she joined Amazon's Alexa Shopping Research. Maarek has served as program committee co- chair for WWW 2009, WSDM 2012 and SIGIR 2012. She is also a member of the Board of Governors of the Technion.. In 2013, Maarek was elected as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to industrial leadership and to information retrieval and web search."ACM Fellow award citation, retrieved 2015-06-15.

The School of Information Technology Kolkata (also SIT and formerly IIIT-C) is the Information Technology Department of the WBUT. The institution started as Indian Institute of Information Technology - Calcutta in 2000 with seed support from the government of West Bengal in association with the IT Industry. The institute has research centers in Computer Vision/Computer Graphics, VLSI and Communication, Databases, Information Retrieval and Algorithms. Located in Salt Lake Sector-I, Kolkata.

Supported the SIA sales accounting package and the database management system SYSTEM 2000. They also developed computer systems to meet various business applications to meet the individual needs of client organisations. Applications covered included invoicing, sales ledger, sales analysis, stock control, bill of material processing, library information retrieval and a wide range of database implementations characterised by the need to store quantities of data and to retrieve from it in a number of differing ways.

In a bag of words model of natural language processing and information retrieval, the data consists of the number of occurrences of each word in a document. Additive smoothing allows the assignment of non-zero probabilities to words which do not occur in the sample. Recent studies have proven that additive smoothing is more effective than other probability smoothing methods in several retrieval tasks such as language-model-based pseudo-relevance feedback and recommender systems.

Compound- term processing allows information-retrieval applications, such as search engines, to perform their matching on the basis of multi-word concepts, rather than on single words in isolation which can be highly ambiguous. Early search engines looked for documents containing the words entered by the user into the search box . These are known as keyword search engines. Boolean search engines add a degree of sophistication by allowing the user to specify additional requirements.

He has also worked on artificial intelligence, information retrieval, bioinformatics and statistics which provide the mathematical foundations for handling uncertainty, making decisions, and designing learning systems. He has published over 200 papers, receiving over 30,000 citations (an h-index of 74)., Microsoft Research He co- founded Geometric Intelligence company in 2014, with Gary Marcus, Doug Bemis, and Ken Stanley. After Uber's acquisition of the startup he transferred to Uber's A.I. Labs in 2016.

Michael Loren "Fuzzy" Mauldin () (born March 23, 1959) is a retired computer scientist and the inventor of the Lycos web search engine. He has written 2 books, 10 refereed papers, and several technical reports on natural-language processing, autonomous information agents, information retrieval, and expert systems. He is also one of the authors of Rog-O-Matic and Julia, a Turing test competitor in the Loebner Prize. Verbot, a defunct chatbot program, is based on Mauldin's work.

Prestel was a British information-retrieval system based on Teletext protocols. However, it was essentially a different system, using a modem and the phone system to transmit and receive the data, comparable to systems such as France's Minitel. The modem was asymmetric, with data sent at 75-bit/s, and received at 1200-bit/s. This two-way nature allowed pages to be served on request, in contrast to the TV-based systems' sequential rolling method.

The first known reference to personalcasting was in 1999 by a technology company named VoicePress. Shortly thereafter, Mark T. Maybury, editor of Intelligent Multimedia InterfacesIntelligent Multimedia Interfaces(AAAI/MIT Press 1993) and Intelligent Multimedia Information RetrievalIntelligent Multimedia Information Retrieval (AAAI/ MIT Press 1997) used the term personalcasting at an international conference on user modeling in Germany and he also included the term in several research papers.Maybury, M. T., Personalcasting: Tailored Broadcast News. 2001, Workshop on Personalized Television.

In December 1976, the First BRS User Meeting was held in Syracuse, N.Y. and by January 1977 BRS started commercial operations with 20 databases (including the first national commercial availability of MEDLINE) and 9 million records, using modified IBM STAIRS (STorage And Information Retrieval System) software, Telenet for telecommunications, and timesharing mainframe computers of Carrier Corporation. In October 1980 BRS was sold by Egeland and Quake to Indian Head, Inc., a subsidiary of the Dutch company Thyssen-Bornemisza Corporation...

He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Yale University in 1979. At the time of his appointment, Carbonell was the youngest chaired professor in the School of Computer Science at CMU. He was considered creative, insightful, and highly productive as a researcher. His research spanned several areas of computer science, mostly in artificial intelligence, including: machine learning, data and text mining, natural language processing, very-large-scale knowledge bases, translingual information retrieval and automated summarization.

The Music Radar team got 1st place in the Query by Singing/Humming (QBSH) task at the Music Information Retrieval Evaluation eXchange (MIREX) in 2012 and 2013. The app was launched at the end of January 2013, supporting query by singing/humming and audio fingerprinting. The app reached its first one million user milestone in April 2013. In May 2013, Music Radar announced that they had integrated deep learning techniques into their software to improve the rate of recognition.

The Topic-based Vector Space Model (TVSM) (literature: ) extends the vector space model of information retrieval by removing the constraint that the term- vectors be orthogonal. The assumption of orthogonal terms is incorrect regarding natural languages which causes problems with synonyms and strong related terms. This facilitates the use of stopword lists, stemming and thesaurus in TVSM. In contrast to the generalized vector space model the TVSM does not depend on concurrence-based similarities between terms.

The probability model intends to estimate and calculate the probability that a document will be relevant to a given query based on some methods. The “event” in this context of information retrieval refers to the probability of relevance between a query and document. Unlike other IR models, the probability model does not treat relevance as an exact miss-or-match measurement. The model adopts various methods to determine the probability of relevance between queries and documents.

Collaborative search engines (CSE) are Web search engines and enterprise searches within company intranets that let users combine their efforts in information retrieval (IR) activities, share information resources collaboratively using knowledge tags, and allow experts to guide less experienced people through their searches. Collaboration partners do so by providing query terms, collective tagging, adding comments or opinions, rating search results, and links clicked of former (successful) IR activities to users having the same or a related information need.

Both the Pick environment and Prime Information were based on the Generalized Information Retrieval Language System (GIRLS), developed by Richard Pick for the American Department of Defense. Devcom, a Microdata reseller, wrote a Pick-style database system called INFORMATION in FORTRAN and assembler in 1979 to run on Prime Computer 50-series systems. INFO/BASIC, a variant of Dartmouth BASIC, was used for database applications. It was then sold to Prime Computer and renamed Prime INFORMATION.

Starting in 1960, the Advanced Information Systems subsidiary developed GIRLS (the Generalized Information Retrieval and Listing System) for the IBM 704-era computers at Douglas Aircraft. The GIRLS system was highlighted in a story published in the early industry magazine Datamation in 1962. Refinements and new capabilities were added in the successors Mark I and Mark II, made for the IBM 1401. However, no one in Electrada proper had much of an understanding of what the unit did.

There, he earned the nickname "porn cookie guy" by giving his wife's homemade cookies to any Googler who provided an example of unwanted pornography in the search results. Cutts is one of the co- inventors listed upon a Google patent related to search engines and web spam.Acharya, A., et al., (2005) Information retrieval based on historical data In 2006, The Wall Street Journal said Cutts "is to search results what Alan Greenspan was to interest rates".

A parse tree represents the syntactic structure of a sentence according to some formal grammar. Natural language processing (NLP) allows machines to read and understand human language. A sufficiently powerful natural language processing system would enable natural-language user interfaces and the acquisition of knowledge directly from human-written sources, such as newswire texts. Some straightforward applications of natural language processing include information retrieval, text mining, question answering"Versatile question answering systems: seeing in synthesis" , Mittal et al.

First thing to do is to find the words that can indicate the meaning of the question. A lexical dictionary such as WordNet can then be used for understanding the context. Once the question type has been identified, an information retrieval system is used to find a set of documents containing the correct keywords. A tagger and NP/Verb Group chunker can be used to verify whether the correct entities and relations are mentioned in the found documents.

Eric Nyberg is a Professor in the Language Technologies Institute in the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. He is Director for the Master's Program in Computational Data Science (formerly known as the M.S. Program in Very Large Information Systems). Nyberg has made significant research contributions to the fields of automatic text translation, information retrieval, and automatic question answering. He received his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University (1992), and his BA from Boston University (1983).

The more commonly used interpretation of Mooers's law is considered to be a derivation of the principle of least effort first stated by George Kingsley Zipf. This interpretation focuses on the amount of effort that will be expended to use and understand a particular information retrieval system before the information seeker "gives up", and the law is often paraphrased to increase the focus on the retrieval system: In this interpretation, "painful and troublesome" comes from using the retrieval system.

Translingual Information Detection, Extraction and Summarization (TIDES) develops advanced language processing technology to enable English speakers to find and interpret critical information in multiple languages without requiring knowledge of those languages. Outside groups (such as universities, corporations, etc.) were invited to participate in the annual information retrieval, topic detection and tracking, automatic content extraction, and machine translation evaluations run by NIST. Cornell University, Columbia University, and the University of California, Berkeley were given grants to work on TIDES.

Xerox PARC Map Viewer was one of the earliest static web mapping sites, developed by Steve Putz in June 1993 at Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). The Xerox PARC Map Viewer was an experiment in providing interactive information retrieval, rather than access to just static files, on the World Wide Web. Map Viewer used a customized CGI server module written in Perl. Map images were generated in GIF format from two server side programs.

NLTK is intended to support research and teaching in NLP or closely related areas, including empirical linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, information retrieval, and machine learning. NLTK has been used successfully as a teaching tool, as an individual study tool, and as a platform for prototyping and building research systems. There are 32 universities in the US and 25 countries using NLTK in their courses. NLTK supports classification, tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and semantic reasoning functionalities.

The results, which were published in Nature, closely matched CDC data, and led it by 1–2 weeks. More recently, a series of more advanced linear and nonlinear approaches to influenza modeling from Google search queries have been proposed. Extending Google's work researchers from the Intelligent Systems Laboratory (University of Bristol, UK) created Flu Detector; an online tool which based on Information Retrieval and Statistical Analysis methods uses the content of Twitter to nowcast flu rates in the UK.

The Global Autonomous Language Exploitation (GALE) program was funded by DARPA starting in 2005 to develop technologies for automatic information extraction from multilingual newscasts, documents and other forms of communication. The program encompassed three main challenges: automatic speech recognition, machine translation, and information retrieval. The focus of the program was on recognizing speech in Mandarin and Arabic and translating it to English. Teams led by IBM, BBN (led by John Makhoul), and SRI participated in the program.

A study done by J.D. Karpicke and H.L. Roediger, III (2008) lent support to the idea that practicing information retrieval is integral to learning. They had college students study 40 pairs of foreign language words on flash cards. One group learned the words by going through the deck of cards each time until they could recall all the words. The other group's subjects dropped a card whenever they successfully recalled its paired word on the reverse side.

In 2016, Snapask was awarded for the best team at the France Singapore ICT Awards 2016. In March 2016, Snapask became one of the companies to use Watson, a question answering (QA) computing system built by IBM, which involves advanced natural language processing, automated reasoning, information retrieval and knowledge representation. In 2017 January, Snapask launched Snapask 4.0, which included concept-based quizzes, as an advanced feature. As of June 2017, Snapask has a userbase of more than 300,000.

An index term, subject term, subject heading, or descriptor, in information retrieval, is a term that captures the essence of the topic of a document. Index terms make up a controlled vocabulary for use in bibliographic records. They are an integral part of bibliographic control, which is the function by which libraries collect, organize and disseminate documents. They are used as keywords to retrieve documents in an information system, for instance, a catalog or a search engine.

The evaluation of an information retrieval system' is the process of assessing how well a system meets the information needs of its users. In general, measurement considers a collection of documents to be searched and a search query. Traditional evaluation metrics, designed for Boolean retrieval or top-k retrieval, include precision and recall. All measures assume a ground truth notion of relevancy: every document is known to be either relevant or non- relevant to a particular query.

In TREC-3 a small group experiments worked with Spanish language collection and others dealt with interactive query formulation in multiple databases. TREC-4 they made even shorter to investigate the problems with very short user statements TREC-5 includes both short and long versions of the topics with the goal of carrying out deeper investigation into which types of techniques work well on various lengths of topics. In TREC-6 Three new tracks speech, cross language, high precision information retrieval were introduced.

Keyword extraction is tasked with the automatic identification of terms that best describe the subject of a document. Key phrases, key terms, key segments or just keywords are the terminology which is used for defining the terms that represent the most relevant information contained in the document. Although the terminology is different, function is the same: characterization of the topic discussed in a document. The task of keyword extraction is an important problem in Text Mining, Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing.

Parker-Rhodes also co-authored papers with Needham on the "theory of clumps" in relation to information retrieval and computational linguistics. He wrote a book on language structure and the logic of descriptions, Inferential Semantics, published in 1978.Inferential Semantics, Humanities Press (1978) The work analyzes sentences and longer passages into mathematical lattices (the kind in Lattice Theory, not crystal lattices) which are semantic networks. These are inferred not only from sentence syntax but also from grammatical focus and sometimes prosody.

Normalized compression distance (NCD) is a way of measuring the similarity between two objects, be it two documents, two letters, two emails, two music scores, two languages, two programs, two pictures, two systems, two genomes, to name a few. Such a measurement should not be application dependent or arbitrary. A reasonable definition for the similarity between two objects is how difficult it is to transform them into each other. It can be used in information retrieval and data mining for cluster analysis.

A task-independent sense inventory is not a coherent concept: each task requires its own division of word meaning into senses relevant to the task. For example, the ambiguity of 'mouse' (animal or device) is not relevant in English-French machine translation, but is relevant in information retrieval. The opposite is true of 'river', which requires a choice in French (fleuve 'flows into the sea', or rivière 'flows into a river'). Also, completely different algorithms might be required by different applications.

A frequently used model in the field of information retrieval is the vector space model, which represents documents as vectors. The entries in the vector correspond to terms in the vocabulary. Binary vectors have a value of 1 if the term is present within a particular document and 0 if it is absent. Many vectors make use of weights that reflect the importance of a term in a document, and/or the importance of the term in a document collection.

Horvitz's research interests span theoretical and practical challenges with developing systems that perceive, learn, and reason. His contributions include advances in principles and applications of machine learning and inference, information retrieval, human-computer interaction, bioinformatics, and e-commerce. Horvitz played a significant role in the use of probability and decision theory in artificial intelligence. His work raised the credibility of artificial intelligence in other areas of computer science and computer engineering, influencing fields ranging from human-computer interaction to operating systems.

Both PPV and NPV can be derived using Bayes' theorem. Although sometimes used synonymously, a positive predictive value generally refers to what is established by control groups, while a post-test probability refers to a probability for an individual. Still, if the individual's pre-test probability of the target condition is the same as the prevalence in the control group used to establish the positive predictive value, the two are numerically equal. In information retrieval, the PPV statistic is often called the precision.

Using word embedding as an RNN input layer allows the network to parse sentences and phrases using an effective compositional vector grammar. A compositional vector grammar can be thought of as probabilistic context free grammar (PCFG) implemented by an RNN. Recursive auto-encoders built atop word embeddings can assess sentence similarity and detect paraphrasing. Deep neural architectures provide the best results for constituency parsing, sentiment analysis, information retrieval, spoken language understanding, machine translation, contextual entity linking, writing style recognition, Text classification and others.

This includes Cooperative technology like the starship's Maker to terrestrial technology like phone lines or lights.Icon #38 (June 1996) Because of all the data it has accumulated over the millennia, the Info Tool is truly self-aware and even has a personality of sorts. The Info Tool relies on verbal inputs to receive commands to perform certain functions. In terms of information retrieval, the Tool can respond either verbally or by displaying its findings via holographic imagers aboard the starship.

Computational musicology is an interdisciplinary research area between musicology and computer science. Computational musicology includes any disciplines that use computers in order to study music. It includes sub- disciplines such as mathematical music theory, computer music, systematic musicology, music information retrieval, computational musicology, digital musicology, sound and music computing, and music informatics. As this area of research is defined by the tools that it uses and its subject matter, research in computational musicology intersects with both the humanities and the sciences.

Effective system design to maximize conversational understanding remains an open area of research. Voice user interfaces that interpret and manage conversational state are challenging to design due to the inherent difficulty of integrating complex natural language processing tasks like coreference resolution, named-entity recognition, information retrieval, and dialog management. Most voice assistants today are capable of executing single commands very well but limited in their ability to manage dialogue beyond a narrow task or a couple turns in a conversation.

Tie-Yan Liu of Microsoft Research Asia has analyzed existing algorithms for learning to rank problems in his paper "Learning to Rank for Information Retrieval". He categorized them into three groups by their input representation and loss function: the pointwise, pairwise, and listwise approach. In practice, listwise approaches often outperform pairwise approaches and pointwise approaches. This statement was further supported by a large scale experiment on the performance of different learning-to-rank methods on a large collection of benchmark data sets.

Mads Græsbøll Christensen's research interests lie within audio and acoustic signal processing. He has worked on both theoretical and practical aspects of signal processing with application to speech and audio. He has worked on topics such as signal compression, estimation theory, signal modeling, model selection, sparse approximations, spectral analysis, array signal processing, and classification. His research has many applications including, for example, in hearing aids, audio streaming, internet telephony, information retrieval, speech analysis, music transcription, and diagnosis of illnesses from voice signals.

Negobot also referred to as Lolita or Lolita chatbot is a chatterbot that was introduced to the public in 2013, designed by researchers from the University of Deusto and Optenet to catch online pedophiles. It is a conversational agent that utilizes natural language processing (NLP), information retrieval (IR) and Automatic Learning. Because the bot poses as a young female in order to entice and track potential predators, it became known in media as the "virtual Lolita", in reference to Vladimir Nabokov's novel.

Furthermore, library scholars typically warn against using circulation statistics as the sole metric of any project's success, because such statistics fail to account for materials used within the library, materials that were circulated but never read, or materials that were circulated but failed to provide users with the information they needed. Call numbers are generally not indexed by Integrated Library Systems, so the adoption of word-based classification systems has had little impact on information retrieval quality within library catalogs to date.

The International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics gave Bar-Ilan their Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal in 2017, "for her distinguished contribution to the field of scientometrics". The Association for Information Science and Technology gave her their Research in Information Science Award in 2018, for "sustained contributions to informetrics, bibliometrics information retrieval, and most recently altmetrics, domains at the core of information science". A special memorial issue dedicated to Judit Bar-Ilan was published in the journal Scientometrics in June 2020.

Sentiments extracted from the reviews can be seen as users' rating scores on the corresponding features. Popular approaches of opinion-based recommender system utilize various techniques including text mining, information retrieval, sentiment analysis (see also Multimodal sentiment analysis) and deep learning X.Y. Feng, H. Zhang, Y.J. Ren, P.H. Shang, Y. Zhu, Y.C. Liang, R.C. Guan, D. Xu, (2019), "The Deep Learning–Based Recommender System “Pubmender” for Choosing a Biomedical Publication Venue: Development and Validation Study", Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21 (5): e12957.

Evaluation is important in assessing the effectiveness of recommendation algorithms. To measure the effectiveness of recommender systems, and compare different approaches, three types of evaluations are available: user studies, online evaluations (A/B tests), and offline evaluations. The commonly used metrics are the mean squared error and root mean squared error, the latter having been used in the Netflix Prize. The information retrieval metrics such as precision and recall or DCG are useful to assess the quality of a recommendation method.

Before graduate school, Littman worked with Thomas Landauer at Bellcore and was granted a patent for one of the earliest systems for Cross-language information retrieval. Littman received his Ph.D. in computer science from Brown University in 1996. From 1996 to 1999, he was a professor at Duke University. During his time at Duke, he worked on an automated crossword solver PROVERB, which won an Outstanding Paper Award in 1999 from AAAI and competed in the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament.

The origin of the programme possibly lies in the aftermath of the 1971 India-Pakistan war. As revealed by air operations on the western front, timely information retrieval and coordination, namely vectoring and interception, could not be accomplished effectively from the ground. In late 1979, DRDO accordingly formed a team to study the possibility of mounting an airborne radar on an existing aircraft. The problem was not the availability of suitable aircraft but the lack of an effective airborne radar.

In this model, the system only presents the top-ranked documents to the user. This systems are typically evaluated based on their mean average precision over a set of benchmark queries from organizations like the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC). Because of its emphasis in using human intelligence in the information retrieval process, HCIR requires different evaluation models – one that combines evaluation of the IR and HCI components of the system. A key area of research in HCIR involves evaluation of these systems.

Eysenbach demonstrated his point by showing a correlation between flu-related searches on Google (demand data) and flu-incidence data. The method is shown to be better and more timely (i.e., can predict public health events earlier) than traditional syndromic surveillance methods such as reports by sentinel physicians. Researchers have applied an infodemiological approach to studying the spread of HIV/AIDS, SARS and influenza, Proceedings of the 40th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 1197-1200.

Segmenting the text into topics or discourse turns might be useful in some natural processing tasks: it can improve information retrieval or speech recognition significantly (by indexing/recognizing documents more precisely or by giving the specific part of a document corresponding to the query as a result). It is also needed in topic detection and tracking systems and text summarizing problems. Many different approaches have been tried: e.g. HMM, lexical chains, passage similarity using word co- occurrence, clustering, topic modeling, etc.

However, an increasing emphasis on the logical, knowledge-based approach caused a rift between AI and machine learning. Probabilistic systems were plagued by theoretical and practical problems of data acquisition and representation. By 1980, expert systems had come to dominate AI, and statistics was out of favor. Work on symbolic/knowledge-based learning did continue within AI, leading to inductive logic programming, but the more statistical line of research was now outside the field of AI proper, in pattern recognition and information retrieval.

The scientific relevance of the project can be understood considering that cracking crosswords requires human-level knowledge. Unlike chess and related games and there is no closed world configuration space. A first nucleus of technology, such as search engines, information retrieval, and machine learning techniques enable computers to enfold with semantics real-life concepts. The project is based on a software system whose major assumption is to attack crosswords making use of the Web as its primary source of knowledge.

Clients can normally count on paying roughly 50-200% of the price of the software in implementation and consulting fees. Other organizations sell to, consult with and support clients directly, eliminating the reseller. Accounting software provides many benefits such as speed up the information retrieval process, bring efficiency in Bank reconciliation process, automatically prepare Value Added TAX (VAT) / Goods and Services TAX (GST), and, perhaps most importantly, provide the opportunity to see the real-time state of the company’s financial position.

SAR Tomography is a subfield of a concept named as multi-baseline interferometry. It has been developed to give a 3D exposure to the imaging, which uses the beam formation concept. It can be used when the use demands a focused phase concern between the magnitude and the phase components of the SAR data, during information retrieval. One of the major advantages of Tomo-SAR is that it can separate out the parameters which get scattered, irrespective of how different their motions are.

Compared to free text searching, the use of a controlled vocabulary can dramatically increase the performance of an information retrieval system, if performance is measured by precision (the percentage of documents in the retrieval list that are actually relevant to the search topic). In some cases controlled vocabulary can enhance recall as well, because unlike natural language schemes, once the correct authorized term is searched, there is no need to search for other terms that might be synonyms of that term.

The probabilities of internet search result values for multi-word queries was studied in 2008 with the help of Googlewhacks. Google Tech Talk 2008 Based on data from 351 Googlewhacks from the whackstack, the Heaps' law \beta coefficient for the indexed World Wide Web (about 8 billion pages in 2008) was measured to be \beta=0.52. This result is in line with previous studies which used under 20,000 pages.Ricardo Baeza- Yates and Berthier Ribeiro-Neto, Modern Information Retrieval, ACM Press, 1999.

Following his graduate work at MIT in 1972, Waltz became a professor of computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. In 1984 he joined Thinking Machines Corporation where he led the Knowledge Representation and Natural Language (KRNL) group. There, his access to massively parallel supercomputers enabled him to work on new methods for information retrieval involving comparisons to large amounts of data. With Craig Stanfill, he originated the field of memory-based reasoning branch of case-based reasoning.

The Library renders numerous services to its users and community. The services rendered in the library include but not limited to reference services, reprographic and binding services, research support services, twelve hours reading room services, printing services, charging and discharging of library materials, user education/ information literacy training, reeference Services, collection development services, technical services, serials and special collection services, internet services, E-library services, information retrieval and literature search services, selective dissemination of information/ current awareness services amongst others.

Discounted cumulative gain (DCG) is a measure of ranking quality. In information retrieval, it is often used to measure effectiveness of web search engine algorithms or related applications. Using a graded relevance scale of documents in a search-engine result set, DCG measures the usefulness, or gain, of a document based on its position in the result list. The gain is accumulated from the top of the result list to the bottom, with the gain of each result discounted at lower ranks.

In 1997, a Japanese counterpart of TREC was launched, called National Institute of Informatics Test Collection for IR Systems (NTCIR). NTCIR conducts a series of evaluation workshops for research in information retrieval, question answering, text summarization, etc. A European series of workshops called the Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) was started in 2001 to aid research in multilingual information access. In 2002, the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval (INEX) was established for the evaluation of content-oriented XML retrieval systems.

In later years, Croft also led the way in the development of feature-based ranking functions. Croft and his research group have also developed a series of search engines: InQuery, the Lemur toolkit, Indri, and Galago. These search engines are open source and offer unique capabilities that are not replicated in other research retrieval platforms source – consequently they are downloaded by hundreds of researchers world wide. As a consequence of his work, Croft is one of the most cited researchers in information retrieval.

Estimating The Tonality Of Polyphonic Audio Files: Cognitive Versus Machine Learning Modelling Strategies. ISMIR 2004 – 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval. to measure similarity between two musical pieces (cover version identification),Joan Serra, Emilia Gomez, Perfecto Herrera, and Xavier Serra Chroma Binary Similarity and Local Alignment Applied to Cover Song Identification August, 2008 to perform content-based audio retrieval (audio matching), to extract the musical structure (audio structure analysis), and to classify music in terms of composer, genre or mood.

ESA, as originally posited by Gabrilovich and Markovitch, operates under the assumption that the knowledge base contains topically orthogonal concepts. However, it was later shown by Anderka and Stein that ESA also improves the performance of information retrieval systems when it is based not on Wikipedia, but on the Reuters corpus of newswire articles, which does not satisfy the orthogonality property; in their experiments, Anderka and Stein used newswire stories as "concepts".Maik Anderka and Benno Stein. The ESA retrieval model revisited.

Boolean searches, where a user may specify terms such as use of specific words or judgments by a specific court, are the most common type of search available via legal information retrieval systems. They are widely implemented but overcome few of the problems discussed above. The recall and precision rates of these searches vary depending on the implementation and searches analyzed. One study found a basic boolean search's recall rate to be roughly 20%, and its precision rate to be roughly 79%.

Reverse image search using Google Images. Reverse image search is a content- based image retrieval (CBIR) query technique that involves providing the CBIR system with a sample image that it will then base its search upon; in terms of information retrieval, the sample image is what formulates a search query. In particular, reverse image search is characterized by a lack of search terms. This effectively removes the need for a user to guess at keywords or terms that may or may not return a correct result.

With Ion Stoica, Robert Morris, Frans Kaashoek, and Hari Balakrishnan, he also developed Chord, one of the four original distributed hash table protocols. Karger has conducted research in the area of information retrieval and personal information management. This work has focused on new interfaces and algorithms for helping people sift effectively through large masses of information. While at Xerox PARC, he worked on the Scatter/Gather system, which hierarchically clustered a document collection and allow the user to gather clusters at different levels and rescatter them.

The rapid selector was a device used to quickly search microfilm. Vannevar Bush had developed the “microfilm storage and information retrieval device that he expanded - in theory, anyway - with his plans for the 'Memex' machine, a futuristic device that foreshadowed the modern computer and hypertext linking”.Kerry Redshaw, “Vannevar Bush (1890 - 1974)” Pioneers: The People and Ideas that Made a Difference “With Dr. Bush's permission, Ralph used his concepts to develop a more effective and commercially viable machine”, however, “nothing ever came of the Rapid Selector”.

The Journal of Documentation is a double-blind peer-reviewed academic journal covering theories, concepts, models, frameworks, and philosophies in information science. The journal publishes scholarly articles, research reports, and critical reviews. The scope of the Journal of Documentation is broadly information sciences, encompassing all of the academic and professional disciplines which deal with recorded information. These include, but are not limited to, information science, library science, and related disciplines, knowledge management, knowledge organization, information seeking, information retrieval, human information behaviour, and digital literacy.

The EAPCOUNT project comes as a response to the unsatisfactory performance of general-purpose dictionaries (Zanettin, 2009), especially when it comes to translation studies and comparative research involving Arabic. It was also motivated by the increasing demands for cross- lingual research and information retrieval (Salhi, 2010). The EAPCOUNT comprises 341 texts aligned on a paragraph basis, which means texts in English along with their translational counterparts in Arabic. It consists of two subcorpora; one contains the English originals and the other their Arabic translations.

PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintain the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval. From 1971 to 1997, online access to the MEDLINE database had been primarily through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home- and office-based MEDLINE searching.

Li Sheng (; born 1943), is a professor at the School of Computer Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), China.School of Computer Science and Technology at HIT He began his research on Chinese-English machine translation in 1985, making himself one of the earliest Chinese scholars in this field. After that, he pursued in vast topics of natural language processing, including machine translation, information retrieval, question answering and applied artificial intelligence. He was the final review committee member for computer area in NSF China.

His system connected a modified domestic TV to a real-time transaction processing computer via a domestic telephone line. He believed that videotex, the modified domestic TV technology with a simple menu-driven human–computer interface, was a 'new, universally applicable, participative communication medium — the first since the invention of the telephone.' This enabled 'closed' corporate information systems to be opened to 'outside' correspondents not just for transaction processing but also for e-messaging and information retrieval and dissemination, later known as e-business.

Web search engines like Google and popular e-commerce websites such as Amazon.com provided simpler to use (yet more powerful) systems that could provide relevancy ranked search results using probabilistic and vector-based queries. Prior to the widespread use of the Internet, the online catalog was often the first information retrieval system library users ever encountered. Now accustomed to web search engines, newer generations of library users have grown increasingly dissatisfied with the complex (and often arcane) search mechanisms of older online catalog systems.

Relation of optical music recognition to other fields of research Optical music recognition relates to other fields of research, including computer vision, document analysis, and music information retrieval. It is relevant for practicing musicians and composers that could use OMR systems as a means to enter music into the computer and thus ease the process of composing, transcribing, and editing music. In a library, an OMR system could make music scores searchable and for musicologists it would allow to conduct quantitative musicological studies at scale.

To achieve a different balance between speed, memory size and cost, some implementations emulate the function of CAM by using standard tree search or hashing designs in hardware, using hardware tricks like replication or pipelining to speed up effective performance. These designs are often used in routers. An alternative approach to implementation is based on Superimposed Code Words or Field Encoded Words which are used for more efficient database operations, information retrieval and logic programming, with hardware implementations based on both RAM and head- monitoring disk technology.

Wilson's Nested Model of Conceptual Areas The concepts of information seeking, information retrieval, and information behaviour are objects of investigation of information science. Within this scientific discipline a variety of studies has been undertaken analyzing the interaction of an individual with information sources in case of a specific information need, task, and context. The research models developed in these studies vary in their level of scope. Wilson (1999) therefore developed a nested model of conceptual areas, which visualizes the interrelation of the here mentioned central concepts.

The records serve as surrogates for the stored information resources. Since the 1970s these metadata are in machine-readable form and are indexed by information retrieval tools, such as bibliographic databases or search engines. While typically the cataloging process results in the production of library catalogs, it also produces other types of discovery tools for documents and collections. Bibliographic control provides the philosophical basis of cataloging, defining the rules for sufficiently describing information resources to enable users to find and select the most appropriate resource.

The Cranfield experiments were a series of experimental studies in information retrieval conducted by Cyril W. Cleverdon at the College of Aeronautics at Cranfield University in the 1960s, to evaluate the efficiency of indexing systems. The experiments were broken into two main phases, neither of which was computerized. The entire collection of abstracts, resulting indexes and results were later distributed in electronic format and were widely used for decades. In the first series of experiments, several existing indexing methods were compared to test their efficiency.

The Department of Library and Information Science focuses on the role of information in personal, social, institutional, national, and international contexts. Research of information-seeking activity, information retrieval systems, and information structures are core interests. These research interests involve considerations of design, management, and evaluation of information systems and services along with the development and assessment of tools responsive to the information needs of users. Digital libraries, school libraries and youth services, knowledge management, and information personalization are areas of notable emphasis within the department.

Abstraction requires a deep understanding of the text, which makes it difficult for a computer system. Keyphrases have many applications. They can enable document browsing by providing a short summary, improve information retrieval (if documents have keyphrases assigned, a user could search by keyphrase to produce more reliable hits than a full-text search), and be employed in generating index entries for a large text corpus. Depending on the different literature and the definition of key terms, words or phrases, keyword extraction is a highly related theme.

GenieKnows entered the vertical search market in 2006 with a vertical search engine for video games-related web pages and another for health-related web pages. Web pages often describe or discuss a particular topic. In information retrieval and machine learning literature, classification algorithms have been used to automatically identify the subject matter of a web page. GenieKnows uses such algorithms as a focused crawler to download web pages, identify pages that are on topic with the vertical, and index and save those pages.

E Egg from the Crossing Project, a culturally personalized wireless information retrieval device, 1999 Ranjit obtained a B.Arch. from IIT, Kharagpur, and a Masters in Design Theory and Methods from University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). He has been a scientific consultant to HP Labs Palo Alto, HP Labs Bangalore, and a member of the Explorer's club of the Ivrea Institute of Design, Ivrea, Italy. He is a member of the mentoring group of Nehru Memorial Museum, New Delhi, constituted by the Prime Minister of India.

During the interim, she worked on bibliographic projects such as Current Contents with Eugene Garfield. Once her child was born, she joined Sperry Rand, where she worked on information retrieval research from 1958 to 1961. In the early 1960s, Schultz was involved in the automation of the Armed Services Technical Information Agency (ASTIA). She was also involved in developing systems specifications for the MEDLARS/MEDLINE system of the National Library of Medicine. From 1961 to 1970 she worked for the Institute for the Advancement of Medical Communication.

WordNet has been used for a number of purposes in information systems, including word-sense disambiguation, information retrieval, automatic text classification, automatic text summarization, machine translation and even automatic crossword puzzle generation. A common use of WordNet is to determine the similarity between words. Various algorithms have been proposed, including measuring the distance among words and synsets in WordNet's graph structure, such as by counting the number of edges among synsets. The intuition is that the closer two words or synsets are, the closer their meaning.

In 2009 a residential building was bought to house the archive and to serve as a future location of the centre. The house was later named Aliina after Arvo Pärt's first piece in tintinnabuli-technique, Für Alina (1976). For the first eight years the main tasks of the centre were organising the archive, creating metadata and a digital information retrieval system. Due to the preparatory stages of work and general lack of space the centre was in most part closed to the public until late 2018.

However, given only one of these two keys, the values of f for that key should be indistinguishable from random. It is known how to construct an efficient distributed point function from another cryptographic primitive, a one-way function. In the other direction, if a distributed point function is known, then it is possible to perform private information retrieval. As a simplified example of this, it is possible to test whether a key a belongs to replicated distributed database without revealing to the database servers (unless they collude with each other) which key was sought.

It used Doppler shifts to compute a location in about 15 minutes, and had rounded corners to allow installation in submarines. The TTL logic gate, which was the electronics industry standard for two decades, was invented by TRW's James L. Buie in 1961. In 1965, engineers Don Nelson and Dick Pick at TRW developed the Generalized Information Retrieval Language and System, for use by the U.S. Army to control the inventory of Cheyenne helicopter parts. This developed into the Pick Database Management System which is still in use as of 2016.

In metadata a synonym ring or synset, is a group of data elements that are considered semantically equivalent for the purposes of information retrieval. These data elements are frequently found in different metadata registries. Although a group of terms can be considered equivalent, metadata registries store the synonyms at a central location called the preferred data element. According to WordNet, a synset or synonym set is defined as a set of one or more synonyms that are interchangeable in some context without changing the truth value of the proposition in which they are embedded.

At the same time, Hans Peter Luhn (working with IBM) distributed his paper titled "Bibliography and index: Literature on information retrieval and machine translation", which contained "titles indexed by Key Words-in-Context system", or KWIC. While the appearance of the printed indexes were practically identical, Ohlman's index was produced entirely with IBM tabulating machines. Luhn's system used punched cards only for input, converted the data to punched-paper tape, and used a computer to produce the final index. According to some sources, Ohlman's work preceded Luhn's work on KWIC.

The Language Technologies Institute (LTI) is a research institute at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, and focuses on the area of language technologies. The institute is home to 33 faculty with the primary scholarly research of the institute focused on machine translation, speech recognition, speech synthesis, information retrieval, parsing, information extraction, and multimodal machine learning. Until 1996, the institute existed as the Center for Machine Translation, which was established in 1986. Subsequently, from 1996 onwards, it started awarding degrees, and the name was changed to The Language Technologies Institute.

Therefore, her presence will probably be a better identifier of that kind of movie than the presence of one of the various main actors. Although various techniques exist to apply feature weighting to user or item features in recommender systems, most of them are from the information retrieval domain like tf–idf, Okapi BM25, only a few have been developed specifically for recommenders. Hybrid feature weighting techniques in particular are tailored for the recommender system domain. Some of them learn feature weight by exploiting directly the user's interactions with items, like FBSM.

In machine translation, the problem takes the form of target word selection. Here, the "senses" are words in the target language, which often correspond to significant meaning distinctions in the source language ("bank" could translate to the French "banque"—that is, 'financial bank' or "rive"—that is, 'edge of river'). In information retrieval, a sense inventory is not necessarily required, because it is enough to know that a word is used in the same sense in the query and a retrieved document; what sense that is, is unimportant.

The approaches of text retrieval system (or information retrieval IR system ), which developed over 40 years, are based on keywords or Term. The advantage of these approaches is particularly due to the fact that they are effective and fast. Text-search engines are able quickly to find documents from hundreds or millions (by using vector space model ). In the same time of that, text retrieval systems have a huge success, the standard image retrieval systems (like simple search by colors, shapes...etc.) have a large number of limitations.

In information retrieval, dwell time denotes the time which a user spends viewing a document after clicking a link on a search engine results page (SERP). Dwell time is the duration between when a user clicks on a search engine result, and when the user returns from that result, or is otherwise seen to have left the result. It is a relevance indicator of the search result correctly satisfying the intent of the user. Short dwell times indicate the user's query intent was not satisfied by viewing the result.

Nivio Ziviani, a Brazilian researcher born in the city of Belo Horizonte on August 27, 1946, holds a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Federal University of Minas Gerais, 1971, a master's degree in Informatics from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 1976, and a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from the University of Waterloo, 1982. As a researcher, he is known for his projects in Information Retrieval and Recommendation Systems. In 2011, he received the Scientific Merit Award from the Brazilian Computer Society. Ziviani has Erdös number 2.

Additionally, many of the curriculum topics they wanted to cover required more storage or graphics capability than at least some of the machines then in use, if not all of them. Educational software was in its infancy, and many hardware acquisitions were made without a clear provision for educational software or a plan for use. A series of Policy Memos followed outlining the Committee's views. Policy Memo 47 stated that computers are to be used creatively, and for information retrieval; at the time most systems were used solely for programming.

He also worked on Sun's wide area network and firewall complex. He continued with the IPv6 design team and wrote a PC-based implementation, called N6AFV, along with a packet decoder, and worked on the development of an IPv4/IPv6 border gateway. He was the principal architect of Sun's firewall product, Sunscreen SPF 100. Mulligan further developed Sunscreen, adding network address translation, an internal Java interpreter and topology hiding technologies. In 1997, he created HZ.COM, an electronic mail information retrieval system for two-way pagers and early cellular phones.

His major research focus was on the control and organization of complex AI systems. He also made contributions to real-time AI, computer architecture, signal understanding, diagnostics, plan recognition, and computer-supported cooperative work. He worked on applications in sensor networks for vehicle tracking and weather monitoring, speech and sound understanding, information gathering on the internet, peer-to-peer information retrieval, intelligent user interfaces, distributed task allocation and scheduling, and virtual agent enterprises. Professor Lesser is a Founding Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and an IEEE Fellow.

M-trees are tree data structures that are similar to R-trees and B-trees. It is constructed using a metric and relies on the triangle inequality for efficient range and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) queries. While M-trees can perform well in many conditions, the tree can also have large overlap and there is no clear strategy on how to best avoid overlap. In addition, it can only be used for distance functions that satisfy the triangle inequality, while many advanced dissimilarity functions used in information retrieval do not satisfy this.

Oettinger was elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was also named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) “for pioneering contributions to machine language translation, to information retrieval, and to the use of computers in education.” He was named a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for leadership "in the establishment of the national communications and information resources policy." He was presented with a commendation from President Gerald Ford for his service as a consultant to the National Security Council.

Different artifacts of maritime and naval heritage have been incorporated through attractive dioramas, relief sculpture, murals and miniature paintings, touch screen computers, taxidermy and ancient weapons. A computer-based maritime information retrieval system has also been incorporated to facilitate the visitors and students for easy access.Pakistan Maritime Museum — Karachi Defence Journal. Retrieved 14 September 2017 Besides all of the above, the museum also displays Daphne Class Submarine PNS Hangor (S131), the minesweeper, PNS Mujahid (M164), Breguet Atlantic aircraft and a wooden barge that was given to the Naval Chief by the Queen in the 1960s.

In 1998, he co-invented the first practical test to prevent robots from masquerading as human and access web sites, often referred to as CAPTCHA. In 2000, Broder, then at AltaVista, together with colleagues from IBM and DEC SRC, conducted the first large-scale analysis of the Web graph, and identified the bow-tie model of the web graph. Around 2001–2002, Broder published an opinion piece where he qualified the differences between classical information retrieval and Web search and introduced a now widely accepted classification of web queries into navigational, information, and transactional.

Tuttle repairs Sam's air conditioning, but when two Central Services workers, Spoor and Dowser, arrive, Sam has to fob them off to let Tuttle escape. The workers later return to demolish Sam's ducts and seize his apartment under pretence of fixing the system. Sam discovers Jill's records have been classified and the only way to access them is to be promoted to Information Retrieval. He has previously turned down a promotion arranged by his mother, Ida, who is obsessed with the rejuvenating plastic surgery of cosmetic surgeon Dr Jaffe.

The IBM System/360 mainframe was the platform that Mark IV and many other Informatics software products ran on. The history of what became Mark IV goes back to 1960 when GIRLS (the Generalized Information Retrieval and Listing System) was developed for the IBM 704 by John A. Postley (1923–2004), an engineer who had worked for many years in the aerospace industry; the first customer for GIRLS was the Douglas Aircraft Company.Johnson, "Oral History of John Postley", p. 7.Haigh, 'A Veritable Bucket of Facts', p. 79.

Contextual Query Language (CQL), previously known as Common Query Language,CQL: the Contextual Query Language: Specifications SRU: Search/Retrieval via URL, Standards, Library of Congress is a formal language for representing queries to information retrieval systems such as search engines, bibliographic catalogs and museum collection information. Based on the semantics of Z39.50, its design objective is that queries be human readable and writable, and that the language be intuitive while maintaining the expressiveness of more complex query languages. It is being developed and maintained by the Z39.50 Maintenance Agency, part of the Library of Congress.

Apart from traditional telegraph and telephone services, China also had facsimile, low-speed data- transmission, and computer-controlled telecommunications services. These included on-line information retrieval terminals in Beijing, Changsha, and Baotou that enabled international telecommunications networks to retrieve news and scientific, technical, economic, and cultural information from international sources. High-speed newspaper-page-facsimile equipment and Chinese character – code translation equipment were used on a large scale. Sixty-four-channel program-controlled automatic message retransmission equipment and low- or medium-speed data transmission and exchange equipment also received extensive use.

Cutts started his career in search when working on his Ph.D. at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In January 2000, Cutts joined Google as a software engineer. At 2007 PubCon, Cutts stated that his field of study was computer science; he then moved into the field of information retrieval and search engines after taking two outside classes from the university's Information and Library Science department. Before working at the Search Quality group at Google, Cutts worked at the ads engineering group and SafeSearch, Google's family filter, which he designed.

These systems are also geared towards managing a large portfolio of projects, not just a single project. There are a lot of software applications available that are suitable for managing a single project, but lack the reporting capabilities that would allow stakeholders to get summary data on project status and risks. In its most basic form, capital program management software is a database that centralizes key project information related to processes, project scope, cost, and schedule. This software enables a methodical approach to data entry, process management, and information retrieval.

Xapian is a free and open-source probabilistic information retrieval library, released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). It is a full-text search engine library for programmers. It is written in C++, with bindings to allow use from Perl, Python (2 and 3), PHP (5 and 7), Java, Tcl, C#, Ruby, Lua, Erlang, Node.js and R.RXapian Xapian is highly portable and runs on Linux, OS X, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, Windows, OS/2 and Hurd,Debian built success report for GNU Hurd as well as Tru64.

His research interests are in intelligent web and cyberinfrastructure tools, search engines and information retrieval, digital libraries, web services, knowledge and information management and extraction, machine learning, and information and data mining. He has created several vertical search engines in these areas. He has over 500 publications with some in Nature, Science and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. His research is well cited with an h-index of 100 according to Google Scholar and over 43,000 total citations as evidenced in CiteSeerX, ISI and Google Scholar.

Shih-Fu Chang is a Taiwanese computer scientist and electrical engineer noted for his research on multimedia information retrieval, computer vision, machine learning, and signal processing. He is currently the senior executive vice dean of the School of Engineering and Applied Science of Columbia University, where he is also the Richard Dicker Professor. He served as the chair of the Special Interest Group of Multimedia (SIGMM) of Association of Computing Machinery (ACM) from 2013 to 2017. He was ranked as the Most Influential Scholar in the field of Multimedia by Aminer in 2016.

In addition, these tools normally provide extension mechanisms for software integration, such as an HTTP interface to a website and a Java interface for connecting to a database. In telecommunications, an audio response unit (ARU) is a device that provides synthesized voice responses to DTMF keypresses by processing calls based on (a) the call-originator input, (b) information received from a database, and (c) information in the incoming call, such as the time of day. ARUs increase the number of information calls handled and provide consistent quality in information retrieval.

Since the late 1990s a body of research on how casual users interact with internet search engines has been forming, but the topic is far from fully understood. IR can be said to be technology-oriented, focusing on algorithms and issues such as precision and recall. Information seeking may be understood as a more human-oriented and open-ended process than information retrieval. In information seeking, one does not know whether there exists an answer to one's query, so the process of seeking may provide the learning required to satisfy one's information need.

The bag-of-words model is a simplifying representation used in natural language processing and information retrieval (IR). In this model, a text (such as a sentence or a document) is represented as the bag (multiset) of its words, disregarding grammar and even word order but keeping multiplicity. The bag-of-words model has also been used for computer vision. The bag-of-words model is commonly used in methods of document classification where the (frequency of) occurrence of each word is used as a feature for training a classifier.

In audio, there is the main problem of information retrieval - there is a need to locate the text documents that contain the search key. Unlike humans, a computer is not able to distinguish between the different types of audios such as speed, mood, noise, music or human speech - an effective searching method is needed. Hence, audio indexing allows efficient search for information by analyzing an entire file using speech recognition. An index of content is then produced, bearing words and their locations done through content-based audio retrieval, focusing on extracted audio features.

The scientific nature of Hit Song Science is a subject of debate in the music information retrieval (MIR) community. Early studies claimed that using machine learning techniques could capture some information from audio signals and lyrics that would explainDhanaraj, R., and Logan, B. Automatic Prediction of Hit Songs, Proc. of Ismir 2005, London, UK popularity. However, a larger- scale evaluationPachet, F. and Roy, P. (2008) Hit Song Science is Not Yet a Science. Proceedings of Ismir 2008, pages 355-360, Philadelphia, USA contradicts the claims of “Hit Song Science”, i.e.

ISO 25964 is for thesauri intended to support information retrieval, and specifically to guide the choice of terms used in indexing, tagging and search queries. The primary objective is thus summarised in the introduction to the standard as: Whereas most of the applications envisaged for ISO 2788 and ISO 5964 were databases in a single domain, often in-house or for paper- based systems, ISO 25964 provides additional guidance for the new context of networked applications, including the Semantic Web. A thesaurus is one among several types of controlled vocabulary used in this context.

In 1992, Chevsky was hired by Garrett Gruener, fellow Berkeley grad and eventual co-founder, to help write programing for the Ask Jeeves concept site. After parting ways, he went on to work for Informix before reconnecting with Gruener in 1995. From 1995 to 2006, Chevsky worked on question answering and information-retrieval technologies at Ask Jeeves (now Ask.com). Subsequently, he served as Vice President of Engineering at Symantec Corporation in its Consumer Business Unit (known for its Norton brand), developing web security technologies such as Norton Safe Web.

A working group, coordinated by the ETH Zurich, deals with data bases, their theory and application, including aspects such as "web information systems, ontologies, XML data management, service-oriented architectures and information retrieval systems". SI serves as a network for its members and represents their interests in politics and education. SI collaborates with the US Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the German Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI). The organization is a member of the Council of European Professional Informatics Societies (CEPIS) and International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP).

The department opened in 1964 as a library school, becoming only the second university-based department in the UK. Since then, like many information science departments it has grown to encompass teaching and research in cheminformatics, educational informatics, health informatics, information retrieval, information systems, knowledge and information management, as well as libraries and information society. Such is the status of the school, that it has twice been honoured with a special issue of the Journal of Information Science devoted entirely to the department, its staff and its research outputs.

Rui serves as the Editor-in-Chief of IEEE MultiMedia magazine, an Associate Editor of ACM Trans. on Multimedia Computing, Communication and Applications (TOMM), and is a founding editor of the International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval (IJMIR). In addition, Rui was an Executive Member of ACM SIGMM and the founding Chair of its China Chapter. Rui was also a member of review panels for the US National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Australian Research Council, and the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong.

His research interests also included massively parallel information retrieval, data mining, learning and automatic classification with applications protein structure prediction, and natural language processing and machine learning applications applied to the electric power grid. While at Thinking Machines, Waltz was also a Professor of Computer Science at Brandeis University. In 1993 Waltz left Thinking Machines to join NEC Research Institute in Princeton, where he eventually rose to become President of NEC Research. Waltz joined Columbia University in 2003 as the Director of the Center for Computational Learning Systems.

In 2009 he was the joint editor of Chaucer's Monk's Tale and Nun's Priest's Tale : An Annotated Bibliography 1900 to 2000, which details all published "editions, translations, and scholarship written on" two of Chaucer's tales, during the twentieth century. Goodall has worked on a cultural and literary study of the concept of privacy. In 2010 he co-authored a paper, "Information Retrieval and Social Tagging for Digital Libraries Using Formal Concept Analysis", delivered at the 8th International Conference on Computing and Communication Technologies and published in Research, Innovation and Vision for the Future (2010).

Director-General of the NLA, Marie-Louise Ayres, stresses the importance of the legal deposit system as a way to capture the country's identity, where everything is captured impartially, and no selection or judgement of the content takes place. Digital technologies created new challenges, but also an opportunity to facilitate legal deposit, by using specialised software to improve the deposit process, as well as the flow of other complex tasks involved in information retrieval, such as subject indexing, cataloguing and classification. NED provides a streamlined service to publishers, libraries and end users.

By assuming a computationally bounded adversary, it is possibly to design a locally decodable code which is both efficient and near-optimal, with a negligible error probability. These codes are used in complexity theory for things like self-correcting computations, probabilistically checkable proof systems, and worst-case to average-case hardness reductions in the constructions of pseudo- random generators. They are useful in cryptography as a result of their connection with private information retrieval protocols. They are also in a number of database applications like fault-tolerant data storage.

Efforts were made to tackle fundamental problems with the computers of the day that had the capacity of a modern digital wrist watch. Despite every kind of problem, the Unit produced numerous publications on language and related subjects, including information retrieval and automatic classification. For over ten years the Unit's presence was strongly felt in the field, always with an emphasis on basic semantic problems of language understanding. Margaret had no time for those who felt that all that needed doing was syntactic parsing, or that complete parsing was necessary before you did anything else.

WTI Information system. and in document management and content management environments. Together with AUTINDEX a number of additional software comes along such as an integration with Apache Solr / Lucene to provide a complete information retrieval environment, a classification and categorisation system on the basis of a machine learning software that assigns domains to the document,Mahmoud Gindiyeh: Anwendung wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischer Methoden in der linguistischen Informationsverarbeitung, Logos Verlag, Berlin, 2013. and a system for searching with semantically similar terms that are collected in so called tag clouds.. Electro mobility information system.

MAREC is intended as raw material for research in areas such as information retrieval, natural language processing or machine translation, which require large amounts of complex documents.Manning, C. D. and Schütze, H. (2002) Foundations of statistical natural language processing Cambridge, MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) . The collection contains documents in 19 languages, the majority being English, German and French, and about half of the documents include full text. In MAREC, the documents from different countries and sources are normalised to a common XML format with a uniform patent numbering scheme and citation format.

This will enable the return of temporally relevant documents, thus providing a temporal overview of the results in the form of timeliness or similar structures. It also shows to be very useful for query understanding, query disambiguation, query classification, result diversification and so on. This page contains a list of the most important research in temporal information retrieval (T-IR) and its related sub-areas. As several of the referred works are related with different research areas a single article can be found in more than one different table.

Live Labs' focus was on applied research and practical applications of computer science areas including natural language processing, machine learning, information retrieval, data mining, computational linguistics, distributed computing, etc. Microsoft Live Labs was formed on January 24, 2006.Microsoft Live Labs: About Us On October 8, 2010, Microsoft announced the shutdown of Live Labs and the transition of its remaining team of 68 to Microsoft Bing.Microsoft folds Live Labs into Bing; Gary Flake resigns As a consequence Live Labs' original founder and leader Dr. Gary William Flake has resigned from Microsoft.

8 Case decisions from senior or superior courts may be more relevant than those from lower courts, even where the lower court's decision contains more discussion of the relevant facts. The opposite may be true, however, if the senior court has only a minor discussion of the topic (for example, if it is a secondary consideration in the case). A information retrieval system must also be aware of the authority of the jurisdiction. A case from a binding authority is most likely of more value than one from a non-binding authority.

In the 1960s, the first large information retrieval research group was formed by Gerard Salton at Cornell. By the 1970s several different retrieval techniques had been shown to perform well on small text corpora such as the Cranfield collection (several thousand documents). Large-scale retrieval systems, such as the Lockheed Dialog system, came into use early in the 1970s. In 1992, the US Department of Defense along with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), cosponsored the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) as part of the TIPSTER text program.

In 1993, the library obtained a grant from the Virginia Department of the Blind to put an Arkenstone Open Book Reader in Central Library. On July 1, 1980, Arlington Public Library became part of the Metropolitan Council of Government's library borrowing program that allows patrons from Washington D.C. area libraries to have reciprocal borrowing privileges with partnering institutions in the area. In 1985, the library system begins using a computerized cataloging system and a computer-assisted information retrieval system. The library catalog system becomes available at all locations and the Arlington public high schools in 1988.

When the self attributes comprising the self-concept constitute a well-diversified portfolio, then psychological outcomes at the level of the individual such as mood and self-esteem should be more stable than when the self-concept is undiversified. This prediction has been confirmed in studies involving human subjects. Recently, modern portfolio theory has been applied to modelling the uncertainty and correlation between documents in information retrieval. Given a query, the aim is to maximize the overall relevance of a ranked list of documents and at the same time minimize the overall uncertainty of the ranked list.

At the National Institutes of Health, Rada’s team showed how various medical knowledge bases could be semi-automatically combined to improve information retrieval. That work led to his being honored as a winner of the 1990 Eliot Prize for a work judged most effective in furthering medical librarianship. One of the tools that Rada’s team developed to facilitate using medical knowledge in retrieving information was spreading activation across semantic nets. Semantic nets underlying documents are traversed to facilitate individuals handling single documents, groups working across the Internet to access or create documents, and organizations manipulating libraries.

Information access is the freedom or ability to identify, obtain and make use of database or information effectively. There are various research efforts in information access for which the objective is to simplify and make it more effective for human users to access and further process large and unwieldy amounts of data and information. Several technologies applicable to the general area are Information Retrieval, Text Mining, Machine Translation, and Text Categorisation. During discussions on free access to information as well as on information policy, information access is understood as concerning the insurance of free and closed access to information.

Since 20139, he has collected and studies articles in the whole field of natural language processing, including speech processing and information retrieval. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NLP4NLP project10 that began by using the ISCA archives, and later those of LREC11, TALN and IEEE and following that, other conferences and revues such as TREC. After this collection phase, which for the first time gathered a major part of the publications in the field, the publications were automatically analyzed from several points of view. First, all of the technical terms were extracted and compiled in a lexicon.

The purpose of storing an index is to optimize speed and performance in finding relevant documents for a search query. Without an index, the search engine would scan every document in the corpus, which would require considerable time and computing power. For example, while an index of 10,000 documents can be queried within milliseconds, a sequential scan of every word in 10,000 large documents could take hours. The additional computer storage required to store the index, as well as the considerable increase in the time required for an update to take place, are traded off for the time saved during information retrieval.

Tritonia is an academic library and was designed for the use of the respective students and researchers of its affiliate organizations, however most of the libraries collections are also open to the public. The library has also a few special collections that are only accessible through special permission, due to the collections historical and rare nature. One of the special collections is the Ekenäs Seminary Library a 19th century texts of seminars for the education Swedish speaking school teachers.Ekenäs Seminary Library The library provides courses on information retrieval for the students and the researchers of the universities.

Maarten de Rijke was born in Vlissingen. He studied philosophy (MSc 1989) and mathematics (MSc 1990) and wrote a PhD thesis, defended in 1993, on extended modal logics, under the supervision of Johan van Benthem. De Rijke worked as a postdoc at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, before becoming a Warwick Research Fellow at the University of Warwick. He joined the University of Amsterdam in 1998, and was appointed professor of Information Processing and Internet at the Informatics Institute of the University of Amsterdam in 2004 and is currently University Professor of Artificial Intelligence and Information Retrieval at the University of Amsterdam.

Windows Live Agents within Windows Live Messenger Windows Live Agents are chatterbot agents for Windows Live Messenger that is part of Microsoft's Windows Live services. They provide users the ability to interact with the agents through Windows Live Messenger to get more information about specific topics. Windows Live Agents are used to entertain, encourage engagement with products or services, provide a new advertising opportunity for brand advertisers, and drive search and information retrieval. Although support and development of Windows Live Agents has been discontinued as of June 30, 2009, existing Windows Live Agents can still be found in Windows Live Gallery.

He was affiliated with the Language Technologies Institute, Computer Science Department, Machine Learning Department, and Computational Biology Department at Carnegie Mellon. His interests spanned several areas of artificial intelligence, language technologies and machine learning. In particular, his research focused on areas such as text mining (extraction, categorization, novelty detection) and in new theoretical frameworks such as a unified utility-based theory bridging information retrieval, summarization, free-text question-answering and related tasks. He also worked on machine translation, both high-accuracy knowledge-based MT and machine learning for corpus-based MT (such as generalized example-based MT).

Another effect of high dimensionality on distance functions concerns k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) graphs constructed from a data set using a distance function. As the dimension increases, the indegree distribution of the k-NN digraph becomes skewed with a peak on the right because of the emergence of a disproportionate number of hubs, that is, data-points that appear in many more k-NN lists of other data-points than the average. This phenomenon can have a considerable impact on various techniques for classification (including the k-NN classifier), semi-supervised learning, and clustering, and it also affects information retrieval.

The effect of object- based attention on memory has also received increasing attention. Three experiments conducted by Bao and colleagues have shown that the binding of different information to a single object improves the manipulation of that information within working memory, suggesting a relationship between outer visual attention and internal memory attention. Research into object-based exogenous attention has also identified concurrent enhancement of recognition memory, thereby enabling better information retrieval. This occurred when the memory formation was encoded simultaneously with a change in an accompanying task-irrelevant visual scene, provided they are both presented in the attended object.

Melvin Earl "Bill" Maron (Jan 23, 1924 - September 28, 2016) was an American computer scientist and emeritis professor of University of California, Berkeley. He studied mechanical engineering and physics at the University of Nebraska and received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of California in 1951. Maron is best known for his work on probabilistic information retrieval which he published together with his friend and colleague Lary Kuhns. Quite remarkably, Maron also pioneered relational databases, proposing a system called the Relational Data File in 1967, on which Ted Codd based his Relational model of data.

The Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (formerly Cross-Language Evaluation Forum), or CLEF, is an organization promoting research in multilingual information access (currently focusing on European languages). Its specific functions are to maintain an underlying framework for testing information retrieval systems and to create repositories of data for researchers to use in developing comparable standards. The organization holds a conference every September in Europe since a first constituting workshop in 2000. From 1997 to 1999, TREC, the similar evaluation conference organised annually in the USA, included a track for the evaluation of Cross-Language IR for European languages.

During his career he worked in the United States for the National Bureau of Standards, the Ballistic Missile Defense Advanced Technology Center, and on the campuses of SUNY Albany, University of Mississippi, University of Illinois, UC Santa Barbara, The Pennsylvania State University and Auburn University. He was the author of 1 patent, two books, and more than 200 published scientific research articles and reports in chemistry, computational chemistry and computer science. His fields of research included spectroscopy, charge transfer complexes, solution theory, data compression, information retrieval, human-machine interfaces, expert systems and systems for detecting and correcting computational errors.

Danny Hillis Danny Hillis first described his idea for creating a knowledge web he called Aristotle in a paper in 2000, but he said he did not try to build the system until he had recruited technical experts. Veda Hlubinka-Cook, an expert in parallel computing, became Metaweb's Executive Vice President for Product. Kurt Bollacker brought deep expertise in distributed systems, database design, and information retrieval to his role as Chief Scientist at Metaweb. John Giannandrea, formerly Chief Technologist at Tellme Networks and Chief Technologist of the Web browser group at Netscape/AOL, was Chief Technology Officer.

The scope of a forensic analysis can vary from simple information retrieval to reconstructing a series of events. In a 2002 book, Computer Forensics, authors Kruse and Heiser define computer forensics as involving "the preservation, identification, extraction, documentation and interpretation of computer data". They go on to describe the discipline as "more of an art than a science", indicating that forensic methodology is backed by flexibility and extensive domain knowledge. However, while several methods can be used to extract evidence from a given computer the strategies used by law enforcement are fairly rigid and lack the flexibility found in the civilian world.

Norvig has served an assistant professor at the University of Southern California and a research faculty member at Berkeley. He has over fifty publications in various areas of computer science, concentrating on artificial intelligence, natural language processing, information retrieval and software engineering, including the books Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp, Verbmobil: A Translation System for Face-to-Face Dialog, and Intelligent Help Systems for UNIX.″Intelligent Help Systems for Unix″ Norvig is one of the creators of JScheme. In 2006 he was inducted as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

Bar-Ilan did important work early in her career in the fault tolerance of distributed computing, and her dissertation research was in cryptography. However, she is best known for her research on informetrics, scientometrics, information retrieval, and web search engines. Her interest in these topics stemmed from her work in the early 1990s on applications of distributed computing in library science. This work led her to perform important studies in the late 1990s on the accuracy, reliability, and stability over time of search engine results, and on the ability of search engines to handle non-English queries.

Pick was originally implemented as the Generalized Information Retrieval Language System (GIRLS) on an IBM System/360 in 1965 by Don Nelson and Richard (Dick) Pick at TRW, whose government contract for the Cheyenne Helicopter project required developing a database. It was supposed to be used by the U.S. Army to control the inventory of Cheyenne helicopter parts.By law, this original work is public domain, unlike what was subsequently developed beyond the TRW contract. Pick was subsequently commercially released in 1973 by Microdata Corporation (and its British distributor CMC) as the Reality Operating System now supplied by Northgate Information Solutions.

Learning tasks call for specific memorized information, retrieval of given information, or application of routine computational procedures, but rarely do they call for higher-level thinking, interpretation, or in-depth conceptual understanding. Schoolwork is regarded largely as a series of contrived exercises necessary to earn credentials (grades, promotions) required for future success, but for many, especially poor students of color, this work leads to disengagement and dropping out. However, most jobs, personal matters and civic actions require problem-solving skills, in-depth understanding of problems and specific skills, and the ability to communicate in a variety of forms.

The Human-Computer Interaction Institute (HCII) is a division of the School of Computer Science and is considered one of the leading centers of human-computer interaction research, integrating computer science, design, social science, and learning science. Such interdisciplinary collaboration is the hallmark of research done throughout the university. The Language Technologies Institute (LTI) is another unit of the School of Computer Science and is famous for being one of the leading research centers in the area of language technologies. The primary research focus of the institute is on machine translation, speech recognition, speech synthesis, information retrieval, parsing and information extraction.

In information retrieval, a thesaurus can be used as a form of controlled vocabulary to aid in the indexing of appropriate metadata for information bearing entities. A thesaurus helps with expressing the manifestations of a concept in a prescribed way, to aid in improving precision and recall. This means that the semantic conceptual expressions of information bearing entities are easier to locate due to uniformity of language. Additionally, a thesaurus is used for maintaining a hierarchical listing of terms, usually single words or bound phrases, that aid the indexer in narrowing the terms and limiting semantic ambiguity.

Information retrieval thesauri are formally organized so that existing relationships between concepts are made clear. For example, "citrus fruits" might be linked to the broader concept of "fruits" and to the narrower ones of "oranges", "lemons", etc. When the terms are displayed online, the links between them make it very easy to browse the thesaurus, selecting useful terms for a search. When a single term could have more than one meaning, like tables (furniture) or tables (data), these are listed separately so that the user can choose which concept to search for and avoid retrieving irrelevant results.

The Charlotte Taitl House, a place of learning and remembrance, is an inclusive exhibition with equal access to information for all. Oral history interviews, historical audio documents, sign language, and QR-code accessible easy-to-read texts are used to implement new technologies for information retrieval. The Charlotte Taitl House, a place of learning and remembrance, is adjacent to the Stadtbücherei (municipal library), through which the exhibition can be accessed free of charge during its opening hours. In the area of the passage, black metal panels with the birth and death dates of the victims guide the visitors to the entrance.

The computers and the NOC were later moved to Baynard House, (on Queen Victoria Street, also in the City of London) which acted as a combined UDC and IRC. Both types of machine, together with other development hardware, remained in service there until 1994 when the Prestel service was sold by BT to a private company. Each IRC normally housed two information retrieval computers, although in some IRCs in London just a single machine was present. IRCs were generally located within major telephone exchanges, rather than in BT Data Processing Centres, in order to give room for the extensive communications requirements.

During the more than 60 years the American Library establishment has been in operation, it has served more than 350 million people and the fully automated American Library branch in New Delhi offers a rapid information retrieval and online and CD-ROM databases with access to approximately 10,000 full text journals. It also offers 16,000 books and 150 print periodicals on a variety of subjects including law, trade, management and American literature. Its collection of DVDs includes movies, data, and software which is available for circulation. The library offers an online catalog database to assist patrons in locating library materials.

Born in Jhansi, a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, Singhal received a Bachelor of Engineering degree in computer science from IIT Roorkee in 1989. He continued his computer science education in the United States, and received an M.S. degree from University of Minnesota Duluth in 1991. He wrote about his time at the University of Minnesota Duluth: Singhal continued his studies at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York and received a Ph.D. degree in 1996. At Cornell, Singhal studied with Gerard Salton, a pioneer in the field of information retrieval, the academic discipline which forms the foundation of modern search.

Subject indexing is the act of describing or classifying a document by index terms or other symbols in order to indicate what the document is about, to summarize its content or to increase its findability. In other words, it is about identifying and describing the subject of documents. Indexes are constructed, separately, on three distinct levels: terms in a document such as a book; objects in a collection such as a library; and documents (such as books and articles) within a field of knowledge. Subject indexing is used in information retrieval especially to create bibliographic indexes to retrieve documents on a particular subject.

A locally decodable code (LDC) is an error-correcting code that allows a single bit of the original message to be decoded with high probability by only examining (or querying) a small number of bits of a possibly corrupted codeword.Sergey Yekhanin. New locally decodable codes and private information retrieval schemes, Technical Report ECCC TR06-127, 2006. This property could be useful, say, in a context where information is being transmitted over a noisy channel, and only a small subset of the data is required at a particular time and there is no need to decode the entire message at once.

A private information retrieval scheme allows a user to retrieve an item from a server in possession of a database without revealing which item is retrieved. One common way of ensuring privacy is to have k separate, non-communicating servers, each with a copy of the database. Given an appropriate scheme, the user can make queries to each server that individually do not reveal which bit the user is looking for, but which together provide enough information that the user can determine the particular bit of interest in the database. One can easily see that locally decodable codes have applications in this setting.

The now-famous July 1945 article "As We May Think" by Vannevar Bush is often pointed to as the first complete description of the field that became information retrieval. The article describes a hypothetical machine known as "memex" that would hold all of mankind's knowledge in an indexed form that would allow it to be retrieved by anyone. In 1948, the Royal Society held the Scientific Information Conference that first explored some of these concepts on a formal basis. This led to a small number of experiments in the field in the UK, US, and the Netherlands.

Pattern recognition is the automated recognition of patterns and regularities in data. It has applications in statistical data analysis, signal processing, image analysis, information retrieval, bioinformatics, data compression, computer graphics and machine learning. Pattern recognition has its origins in statistics and engineering; some modern approaches to pattern recognition include the use of machine learning, due to the increased availability of big data and a new abundance of processing power. However, these activities can be viewed as two facets of the same field of application, and together they have undergone substantial development over the past few decades.

Audio mining is a technique by which the content of an audio signal can be automatically analyzed and searched. It is most commonly used in the field of automatic speech recognition, where the analysis tries to identify any speech within the audio. The term ‘audio mining’ is sometimes used interchangeably with audio indexing, phonetic searching, phonetic indexing, speech indexing, audio analytics, speech analytics, word spotting, and information retrieval. Audio indexing, however, is mostly used to describe the pre-process of audio mining, in which the audio file is broken down into a searchable index of words.

Audio mining is used in areas such as musical audio mining (also known as music information retrieval), which relates to the identification of perceptually important characteristics of a piece of music such as melodic, harmonic or rhythmic structure. Searches can then be carried out to find pieces of music that are similar in terms of their melodic, harmonic and/or rhythmic characteristics. Within the field of linguistics, audio mining has been used for phonetic processing and semantic analysis. The efficiency of audio mining in processing audio-visual data lends aid in speaker identification and segmentation, as well as text transcription.

DARPA intends for the program to replace the centralized procedures used by commercial search engines, stating that the "creation of a new domain- specific indexing and search paradigm will provide mechanisms for improved content discovery, information extraction, information retrieval, user collaboration, and extension of current search capabilities to the deep web, the dark web, and nontraditional (e.g. multimedia) content". In their description of the program, DARPA explains the program's name as a tribute to Bush's original Memex invention, which served as an inspiration. In April 2015, it was announced parts of Memex would be open sourced.

Jones’s career spans institutions from business to research lab to academic. Jones received his doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1982 for empirical work and computer-based modeling of human memory. Beginning with his post-doctoral work at Bell Laboratories (later Bellcore) in Murray Hill his research turned to the relationships between human memory and computer-based systems of search and information retrieval. Jones subsequently worked in the MCC research consortium, then Boeing and finally at Microsoft before a 15-year affiliation as a research associate professor in the University of Washington Information School, where he is now Research Associate Professor Emeritus.

"Information Retrieval systems rank documents according to statistical similarity measures based on the co-occurrence of terms in queries and documents". The MLIR system was created and optimised in such a way that facilitates dictionary based translation of queries. This is because of the fact that queries tend to be short, a couple of words, which, despite not providing a lot of context it is a more feasible than translating whole documents, due to practical reasons. Despite all this, the MLIR system is highly dependent on a lot of resources such as automated language detection software.

MEDLINE uses Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for information retrieval. Engines designed to search MEDLINE (such as Entrez and PubMed) generally use a Boolean expression combining MeSH terms, words in abstract and title of the article, author names, date of publication, etc. Entrez and PubMed can also find articles similar to a given one based on a mathematical scoring system that takes into account the similarity of word content of the abstracts and titles of two articles. MEDLINE added a "publication type" term for “randomized controlled trial” in 1991 and a MESH subset “systematic review” in 2001.

In linguistic morphology and information retrieval, stemming is the process of reducing inflected (or sometimes derived) words to their word stem, base or root form—generally a written word form. The stem need not be identical to the morphological root of the word; it is usually sufficient that related words map to the same stem, even if this stem is not in itself a valid root. Algorithms for stemming have been studied in computer science since the 1960s. Many search engines treat words with the same stem as synonyms as a kind of query expansion, a process called conflation.

Note, however, that the F-scores do not take the true negative rate into account, and are more suited to information retrieval and information extraction evaluation where the true negatives are innumerable. Instead, measures such as the phi coefficient, Matthews correlation coefficient, informedness or Cohen's kappa may be preferable to assess the performance of a binary classifier. As a correlation coefficient, the Matthews correlation coefficient is the geometric mean of the regression coefficients of the problem and its dual. The component regression coefficients of the Matthews correlation coefficient are markedness (deltap) and informedness (Youden's J statistic or deltap').

Programs in OpenMusic are created by connecting together (a process known as 'patching') either pre-defined or user-defined modules, in a similar manner to graphical signal-processing environments such as Max/MSP or Pd. Unlike such environments, however, the result of an OpenMusic computation will typically be displayed in conventional music notation, which can then be directly manipulated, if so required, via an editor. A substantial body of specialized libraries has been contributed by users, which extends OpenMusic's functionality into such areas as constraint programming, aleatoric composition, spectral music, minimalist music, music theory, fractals, music information retrieval, sound synthesis etc.

A really simple basic space Ω can be the set V of terms t, which is called the vocabulary of the document collection. Due to Ω=V is the set of all mutually exclusive events, Ω can also be the certain event with probability: P(V)= ∑(t∈V)P(t)=1 Thus P, the probability distribution, assigns probabilities to all sets of terms for the vocabulary. Notice that the basic problem of Information Retrieval is to find an estimate for P(t). Estimates are computed on the basis of sampling and the experimental text collection furnishes the samples needed for the estimation.

BDDs are extensively used in CAD software to synthesize circuits (logic synthesis) and in formal verification. There are several lesser known applications of BDD, including fault tree analysis, Bayesian reasoning, product configuration, and private information retrieval. Every arbitrary BDD (even if it is not reduced or ordered) can be directly implemented in hardware by replacing each node with a 2 to 1 multiplexer; each multiplexer can be directly implemented by a 4-LUT in a FPGA. It is not so simple to convert from an arbitrary network of logic gates to a BDD (unlike the and-inverter graph).

Nassib Nassar is an American computer scientist and classical pianist. As a computer scientist, Nassar was among the architects of information retrieval software for the World Wide Web and was the creator of Isearch, one of the earliest open source search engines, in 1994.Menconi, David. "Nassib Nassar plays (and works) the keyboards." The News & Observer, January 10, 2015, Raleigh, NC. He was president of Etymon Systems, an open source software company founded in 1998 and best known for producing Etymon PJ, which became the standard library for generating Portable Document Format (PDF) documents in Java,Zipper, Bernd.

Information retrieval systems incorporating this approach count the number of times that groups of terms appear together (co-occur) within a sliding window of terms or sentences (for example, ± 5 sentences or ± 50 words) within a document. It is based on the idea that words that occur together in similar contexts have similar meanings. It is local in the sense that the sliding window of terms and sentences used to determine the co-occurrence of terms is relatively small. This approach is simple, but it captures only a small portion of the semantic information contained in a collection of text.

Results are usually ranked and sorted by relevance so that the most relevant results are at the top of the list of results and the least relevant results are at the bottom of the list. Relevance feedback has been shown to be very effective at improving the relevance of results. A concept search decreases the risk of missing important result items because all of the items that are related to the concepts in the query will be returned whether or not they contain the same words used in the query. Ranking will continue to be a part of any modern information retrieval system.

The third primary application of neurohacking is information retrieval from the brain. This typically involves the use of a brain-machine interface (BMI) – an apparatus to measure electrical signals in the brain. In 2016, researchers modeled an individual’s interest in digital content by monitoring their EEG (electroencephalogram). The researchers asked the user to read Wikipedia articles. From data in the EEG, they could predict which article the user would want to read next based on the individual’s expressed interest in each topic. The researchers claim this paradigm can be used to “recommend information without any explicit user interaction”.

Compound-term processing, in information-retrieval, is search result matching on the basis of compound terms. Compound terms are built by combining two or more simple terms; for example, "triple" is a single word term, but "triple heart bypass" is a compound term. Compound-term processing is a new approach to an old problem: how can one improve the relevance of search results while maintaining ease of use? Using this technique, a search for survival rates following a triple heart bypass in elderly people will locate documents about this topic even if this precise phrase is not contained in any document.

For modern (web-scale) information retrieval, recall is no longer a meaningful metric, as many queries have thousands of relevant documents, and few users will be interested in reading all of them. Precision at k documents (P@k) is still a useful metric (e.g., P@10 or "Precision at 10" corresponds to the number of relevant results among the top 10 documents), but fails to take into account the positions of the relevant documents among the top k. Another shortcoming is that on a query with fewer relevant results than k, even a perfect system will have a score less than 1.

The introduction of electronic information in the last quarter of the twentieth century brought a new era of library operations and services, with the ability to access information resources beyond those available in the physical facility. As early as 1973, the Library began to take advantage of electronic information services by acquiring the New York Times Information Bank, the first computerized online information retrieval service. By the 1990s, the library was able to access thousands of U.S. and foreign newspapers and magazines, highly specialized biographic and subject information, and U.S. government and think tank documents through commercial and government databases.

The idea of using computers to search for relevant pieces of information was popularized in the article As We May Think by Vannevar Bush in 1945. It would appear that Bush was inspired by patents for a 'statistical machine' - filed by Emanuel Goldberg in the 1920s and '30s - that searched for documents stored on film. The first description of a computer searching for information was described by Holmstrom in 1948, detailing an early mention of the Univac computer. Automated information retrieval systems were introduced in the 1950s: one even featured in the 1957 romantic comedy, Desk Set.

Gorman defines information as facts, data, images and quotations that can be used out of context, while real knowledge denotes literary and scholarly texts. This distinction informs Gorman’s observations about online information retrieval which he characterises as being more focused on quick and easy access to facts.Gorman M. (17 December 2004) "Google and God's Mind The problem is, information isn't knowledge." Los Angeles Times In his later article, Gorman argues that to "Google boosters", speed is of the greatest import: "...just as it is to consumers of fast “food”, but, as with fast food, rubbish is rubbish, no matter how speedily it is delivered".

In information retrieval, the instances are documents and the task is to return a set of relevant documents given a search term. Recall is the number of relevant documents retrieved by a search divided by the total number of existing relevant documents, while precision is the number of relevant documents retrieved by a search divided by the total number of documents retrieved by that search. In a classification task, the precision for a class is the number of true positives (i.e. the number of items correctly labelled as belonging to the positive class) divided by the total number of elements labelled as belonging to the positive class (i.e.

Susan Dumais is a Technical Fellow at Microsoft and Managing Director of the Microsoft Research Northeast Labs, inclusive of MSR Cambridge, MSR New York and MSR Montreal. She is also an Affiliate Professor at the University of Washington Information School. Before joining Microsoft in 1997, Dumais was a researcher at Bellcore (now Telcordia Technologies), where she and her colleagues conducted research into what is now called the vocabulary problem in information retrieval. Their study demonstrated, through a variety of experiments, that different people use different vocabulary to describe the same thing, and that even choosing the "best" term to describe something is not enough for others to find it.

IR (information retrieval) evaluation begins whenever a user submits a query (search term) to a database. If the user is able to determine the relevance of each document in the database (relevant or not relevant), then for each query, the complete set of documents is naturally divided into four distinct (mutually exclusive) subsets: relevant documents that are retrieved, not relevant documents that are retrieved, relevant documents that are not retrieved, and not relevant documents that are not retrieved. These four subsets (of documents) are denoted by the letters a,b,c,d respectively and are called Swets variables, named after their inventor.Swets, J.A. (1969).

In the 1960s, Michael Lesk worked for the SMART Information Retrieval System project, wrote much of its retrieval code and did many of the retrieval experiments, as well as obtaining a BA degree in Physics and Chemistry from Harvard College in 1964 and a PhD from Harvard University in Chemical Physics in 1969. From 1970 to 1984, Lesk worked at Bell Labs in the group that built Unix. Lesk wrote Unix tools for word processing (tbl, refer, and the standard ms macro package, all for troff), for compiling (Lex), and for networking (uucp). He also wrote the Portable I/O Library (the predecessor to stdio.

The project was supported by Columbia University and the Ford Foundation between 1964 and 1976. The project was one of the initial large scale projects to develop an encoding scheme that incorporated completeness, objectivity, and encoder- directedness. Other work at this time at Princeton University chiefly driven by Arthur Mendel, and implemented by Michael Kassler and Eric Regener helped push forward the Intermediary Musical Language (IML) and Music Information Retrieval (MIR) languages that later fell out of popularity in the late 1970s. The 1960s also marked a time of documenting bibliographic initiatives such as the Repertoire International de Literature Musicale (RILM) created by Barry Brook in 1967.

The WHOIS++ protocol is a distributed directory system, originally designed to provide a "white pages" search mechanism to find humans, but which could actually be used for arbitrary information retrieval tasks. It was developed in the early 1990s by BUNYIP Information Systems and is documented in the IETF.Deutsch, P. et al, RFC1835 Architecture of the WHOIS++ service, IETF, August 1995, Accessed 26th February 2013 WHOIS++ was devised as an extension to the pre-existing WHOIS system.Harrenstien, K., Stahl, M. and Feinler, E. RFC954 NICNAME/WHOIS, IETF, October 1985, Accessed 26th February 2013 WHOIS was an early networked directory service, originally maintained by SRI International for the Defense Data Network.

The International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods (ICPRAM) is held annually since 2012. From the beginning it is held in conjunction with two other conferences: ICAART - International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence and ICORES - International Conference on Operations Research and Enterprise Systems. ICPRAM is composed by two main topics areas: theory and methods and applications. Each one of these areas is constituted by several sub-topics like Evolutionary Computation, Density Estimation, Spectral method, Combinatorial Optimization, Reinforcement learning, Meta learning, Convex optimization in the case of Theory and methods and Natural language processing, robotics, Signal processing, Information retrieval, perception in the applications area.

The Arabic Ontology can be used in many application domains; such as: # Information retrieval, to enrich queries (e.g., in search engines) and improve the quality of the results, i.e. meaningful search rather than string-matching search; # Machine translation and word-sense disambiguation, by finding the exact mapping of concepts across languages, especially that the Arabic ontology is also mapped to the WordNet; # Data Integration and interoperability in which the Arabic ontology can be used as a semantic reference to link databases and information systems; # Semantic Web and Web 3.0, by using the Arabic ontology as a semantic reference to disambiguate the meanings used in websites; among many other applications.

Widely used digital sound synthesis techniques like FM synthesis and digital waveguide synthesis were developed CCRMA and licensed to industry partners. The FM synthesis patent brought Stanford $20 million before it expired, making it (in 1994) "the second most lucrative licensing agreement in Stanford's history". Stanford CCRMA is a research center, studying areas of audio and technology including composition, computer music, physical modeling, audio signal processing, sound recording and reproduction, psychoacoustics, acoustics, music information retrieval, audio networking, and spatial sound. The center houses academic courses for Stanford students as well as seminars, small interest group meetings, summer workshops and colloquia for the broader community.

SIGBDP was the first ACM SIG and Postley served as the first Chairman of both the chapter SIG and the overall SIG. Almost a decade later, in 1967, to build community among Mark IV users Postley created the first software users' group, named the "IV League". Along with Robert M. Hayes, he founded and ran Advanced Information Systems (AIS) which almost immediately became part of the Electrada Corporation when it went public in June, 1960, to pursue opportunities in data processing, information sciences and non-numerical computing. AIS focused on the development of the Generalized Information Retrieval and Listing System (GIRLS) for the IBM 704.

Retrievability is a term associated with the ease with which information can be found or retrieved using an information system, specifically a search engine or information retrieval system. A document (or information object) has high retrievability if there are many queries which retrieve the document via the search engine, and the document is ranked sufficiently high that a user would encounter the document. Conversely, if there are few queries that retrieve the document, or when the document is retrieved the documents are not high enough in the ranked list, then the document has low retrievability. Retrievability can be considered as one aspect of findability.

Another of the treasures, Mentos (also known as the Mentos Device), is an advanced computer and information retrieval system. It is one of the three treasures of the Generios system in the far future, described by the Doctor as the "vulgar end of time". Mentos appears in our universe as a small metal box that projects the holographic image of an old man which acts as its real world interface. The box is actually a portal to a shadow universe which is populated by countless information collectors—research devices that travel through time and space, constantly seeking out the answer to any given question.

Second is mining more useful information and can get the corresponding information in test clusters and words clusters. This corresponding information can be used to describe the type of texts and words, at the same time, the result of words clustering can be also used to text mining and information retrieval. Several approaches have been proposed based on the information contents of the resulting blocks: matrix-based approaches such as SVD and BVD, and graph-based approaches. Information-theoretic algorithms iteratively assign each row to a cluster of documents and each column to a cluster of words such that the mutual information is maximized.

The subject librarian program keeps close contact with the departments and colleges and provides services proactively based on the needs in teaching and research. It sets up information service centers and provides services such as novelty search, paper-writing consultation, and information retrieval[3]. The faculty and students of Tsinghua University can also obtain information resources not held in Tsinghua University Libraries through interlibrary loan and document delivery services domestically and from abroad[3]. The library is actively exploring data integration and is promoting the construction of Tsinghua Scholars Repository on a large scale to enable customizable management of the academic output of scholars[1].

Cyril Cleverdon (9 September 1914 – 4 December 1997) was a British librarian and computer scientist who is best known for his work on the evaluation of information retrieval systems. Cyril Cleverdon was born in Bristol, England. He worked at the Bristol Libraries from 1932 to 1938, and from 1938 to 1946 he was the librarian of the Engine Division of the Bristol Aeroplane Co. Ltd. In 1946 he was appointed librarian of the College of Aeronautics at Cranfield (later the Cranfield Institute of Technology and Cranfield University), where he served until his retirement in 1979, the last two years as professor of Information Transfer Studies.

In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects. Although no single definition of a similarity measure exists, usually such measures are in some sense the inverse of distance metrics: they take on large values for similar objects and either zero or a negative value for very dissimilar objects. Cosine similarity is a commonly used similarity measure for real-valued vectors, used in (among other fields) information retrieval to score the similarity of documents in the vector space model. In machine learning, common kernel functions such as the RBF kernel can be viewed as similarity functions.

Prof. Athanasios K. Tsakalidis (; born 1950) is a Greek computer scientist, a professor at the Graphics, Multimedia and GIS Laboratory, Computer Engineering and Informatics Department (CEID), University of Patras, Greece. His scientific contributions extend diverse fields of computer science, including data structures, computational geometry, graph algorithms, GIS, bioinformatics, medical informatics, expert systems, databases, multimedia, information retrieval and more. Especially significant contributions include co-authoring Chapter 6: "Data Structures" in the Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science with his advisor prof. Kurt Mehlhorn, as well as numerous other elementary theoretical results that are cataloged in the article Some Results for Elementary Operations published in Efficient Algorithms in celebration of prof.

The model also predicts that the folksonomies in the system reflect the shared semantic representations of the users. Semantic imitation has important implications to the general vocabulary problem in information retrieval and human–computer interaction – the creation of a large number of diverse tags to describe the same set of information resources. Semantic imitation implies that the unit of communication among users is more likely at the semantic level rather than the word level. Thus, although there may not be strong coherence in the choice of words in describing a resource, at the semantic level, there seems to be a stronger coherence force that guides the convergence of descriptive indices.

The result of a cluster analysis shown as the coloring of the squares into three clusters. Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters). It is a main task of exploratory data mining, and a common technique for statistical data analysis, used in many fields, including pattern recognition, image analysis, information retrieval, bioinformatics, data compression, computer graphics and machine learning. Cluster analysis itself is not one specific algorithm, but the general task to be solved.

The latest version of IRCAM's score following, developed by the Musical Representations Team is capable of following complex audio signals (monophonic and polyphonic) and synchronize events via the detected tempo of the performance in realtime. It's distributed publicly since 2009 under the name Antescofo and has been successfully performed throughout the world for a wide number of contemporary music productions including realtime electronics. Other score following authors include Chris Raphael, Roger Dannenberg, Barry Vercoe, Miller Puckette, Nicola Orio, Arshia Cont, and Frank Weinstock (; ; ). For the first time, in October 2006, there is going to be a Score Following evaluation during the second Music Information Retrieval Evaluation eXchange (MIREX).

Robert Roy Korfhage (December 2, 1930 – November 20, 1998) was an American computer scientist, famous for his contributions to information retrieval and several textbooks. He was son of Dr. Roy Korfhage who was a chemist at Nestlé in Fulton, Oswego County, New York. Korfhage earned his bachelor's degree (1952) in engineering mathematics at University of Michigan, while working part-time at United Aircraft and Transport Corporation in East Hartford as programmer. At the same university, he earned a master's degree and Ph.D. (1962) in mathematics, his PhD dissertation being On Systems of Distinct Representatives for Several Collections of Sets advised by Bernard Galler (1962).

"An Industrial-Strength Audio Search Algorithm". In proceedings of the International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR), Baltimore, MD. Shazam can identify music being played from any source, provided that the background noise level is not high enough to prevent an acoustic fingerprint being taken, and that the song is present in the software's database. As well as the free app, the company has released a paid app called Shazam Encore. In September 2012, the service was expanded to enable TV users in the US to identify featured music, access cast information, and get links to show information online, as well as added social networking capabilities.

Lafferty served many prestigious positions, including: 1) program co-chair and general co-chair of the Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Foundation conferences; 2) co-director of CMU's new Ph.D. Machine Learning Ph.D. Program; 3) associate editor of the Journal of Machine Learning Research and the Electronic Journal of Statistics; and 4) member of the Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics (CATS) of the National Research Council. Lafferty received numerous awards, including two Test-of- Time awards at the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) 2011 & 2012, classic paper prize of ICML 2013, and Test-of-Time awards at the Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval (SIGIR) 2014.

Semantic mapping (SM) is a method in statistics for dimensionality reduction that can be used in a set of multidimensional vectors of features to extract a few new features that preserves the main data characteristics. SM performs dimensionality reduction by clustering the original features in semantic clusters and combining features mapped in the same cluster to generate an extracted feature. Given a data set, this method constructs a projection matrix that can be used to map a data element from a high-dimensional space into a reduced dimensional space. SM can be applied in construction of text mining and information retrieval systems, as well as systems managing vectors of high dimensionality.

The Extended Semantic Web Conference (abbreviated as ESWC), formerly known as the European Semantic Web Conference, is a yearly international academic conference on the topic of the Semantic Web. The event began in 2004 as the European Semantic Web Symposium. The goal of the event is "to bring together researchers and practitioners dealing with different aspects of semantics on the Web". Topics covered at the conference include linked data, machine learning, natural language processing and information retrieval, ontologies, reasoning, semantic data management, services, processes, and cloud computing, social Web and Web science, in-use and industrial, digital libraries and cultural heritage, and e-government.

Webcat and Webcat Plus are advanced search databases offered and maintained as a part of NII's GeNii (Global Environment for Networked Intellectual Information) division. GeNii was created as means of integrating and unifying the content of several information retrieval and electronic library services overseen by NII, the primary result of which has been the Webcat search systems. Webcat, and its simultaneously maintained successor, Webcat Plus, are book and journal search systems that supply holdings information for materials held in research institutes and university library collections throughout Japan. Webcat Plus currently has information on over twelve million titles, and both systems can be searched in English and Japanese.

However, the problems of heterogeneous data, scale, and non-traditional discourse types reflected in the text, along with the fact that search engines will increasingly be integrated components of complex information management processes, not just stand-alone systems, will require new kinds of system responses to a query. For example, one of the problems with ranked lists is that they might not reveal relations that exist among some of the result items.Callan, J., Allan, J., Clarke, C. L. A., Dumais, S., Evans, D., A., Sanderson, M., Zhai, C., Meeting of the MINDS: An Information Retrieval Research Agenda, ACM, SIGIR Forum, Vol. 41 No. 2, December 2007.

Precision and recall have been two of the traditional performance measures for evaluating information retrieval systems. Precision is the fraction of the retrieved result documents that are relevant to the user's information need. Recall is defined as the fraction of relevant documents in the entire collection that are returned as result documents. Although the workshops and publicly available test collections used for search engine testing and evaluation have provided substantial insights into how information is managed and retrieved, the field has only scratched the surface of the challenges people and organizations face in finding, managing, and, using information now that so much information is available.

For instance the Ducal Palace library of Urbino contains an older library with texts which mainly served to record the history of the Duke of Urbino's family and show his magnificence, and a newer library which was an information retrieval system for research and discussion by contemporary scholars. The ducal library also housed what we would consider as archival materials, such as Renaissance newsletter manuscripts, and diplomatic, engineering, military, and other political and moral documents. Tianyi Chamber, founded in 1561 by Fan Qin during the Ming Dynasty, is the oldest existing library in China. In its heyday it boasted a collection of 70,000 volumes of antique books.

Techniques for probabilistic weighting of single word terms date back to at least 1976 in the landmark publication by Stephen E. Robertson and Karen Spärck Jones. Robertson stated that the assumption of word independence is not justified and exists as a matter of mathematical convenience. His objection to the term independence is not a new idea, dating back to at least 1964 when H. H. Williams stated that "[t]he assumption of independence of words in a document is usually made as a matter of mathematical convenience". In 2004, Anna Lynn Patterson filed patents on "phrase-based searching in an information retrieval system" to which Google subsequently acquired the rights.

Rocchio Classification Though there are benefits to ranking documents as not-relevant, a relevant document ranking will result in more precise documents being made available to the user. Therefore, traditional values for the algorithm's weights (a, b, c) in Rocchio Classification are typically around a = 1, b = 0.8, and c = 0.1. Modern information retrieval systems have moved towards eliminating the non- related documents by setting c = 0 and thus only accounting for related documents. Although not all retrieval systems have eliminated the need for non-related documents, most have limited the effects on modified query by only accounting for strongest non-related documents in the Dnr set.

The formula for quantifying binary accuracy is: : Accuracy = (TP + TN)/(TP + TN + FP + FN) where: TP = True positive; FP = False positive; TN = True negative; FN = False negative Note that, in this context, the concepts of trueness and precision as defined by ISO 5725-1 are not applicable. One reason is that there is not a single "true value" of a quantity, but rather two possible true values for every case, while accuracy is an average across all cases and therefore takes into account both values. However, the term precision is used in this context to mean a different metric originating from the field of information retrieval (see below).

Mobile search is an evolving branch of information retrieval services that is centered on the convergence of mobile platforms and mobile phones, or that it can be used to tell information about something and other mobile devices. Web search engine ability in a mobile form allows users to find mobile content on websites which are available to mobile devices on mobile networks. As this happens mobile content shows a media shift toward mobile multimedia. Simply put, mobile search is not just a spatial shift of PC web search to mobile equipment, but is witnessing more of treelike branching into specialized segments of mobile broadband and mobile content, both of which show a fast- paced evolution.

In cryptography, a private information retrieval (PIR) protocol is a protocol that allows a user to retrieve an item from a server in possession of a database without revealing which item is retrieved. PIR is a weaker version of 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer, where it is also required that the user should not get information about other database items. One trivial, but very inefficient way to achieve PIR is for the server to send an entire copy of the database to the user. In fact, this is the only possible protocol (in the classical or the quantum setting) that gives the user information theoretic privacy for their query in a single-server setting.

The basic motivation for Private Information Retrieval is a family of two-party protocols in which one of the parties (the sender) owns a database, and the other part (the receiver) wants to query it with certain privacy restrictions and warranties. So, as a result of the protocol, if the receiver wants the i-th value in the database he must learn the i-th entry, but the sender must learn nothing about i. In a general PIR protocol, a computationally unbounded sender can learn nothing about i so privacy is theoretically preserved. Since the PIR problem was posed, different approaches to its solution have been pursued and some variations were proposed.

In information retrieval, bit arrays are a good representation for the posting lists of very frequent terms. If we compute the gaps between adjacent values in a list of strictly increasing integers and encode them using unary coding, the result is a bit array with a 1 bit in the nth position if and only if n is in the list. The implied probability of a gap of n is 1/2n. This is also the special case of Golomb coding where the parameter M is 1; this parameter is only normally selected when -log(2-p)/log(1-p) ≤ 1, or roughly the term occurs in at least 38% of documents.

A taxonomic database is a database created to hold information related to biological taxa - for example groups of organisms organized by species name or other taxonomic identifier - for efficient data management and information retrieval as required. Today, taxonomic databases are routinely used for the automated construction of biological checklists such as floras and faunas, both for print publication and online; to underpin the operation of web based species information systems; as a part of biological collection management (for example in museums and herbaria); as well as providing, in some cases, the taxon management component of broader science or biology information systems. They are also a fundamental contribution to the discipline of biodiversity informatics.

Norbert Fuhr introduced the general idea of MLR in 1992, describing learning approaches in information retrieval as a generalization of parameter estimation; a specific variant of this approach (using polynomial regression) had been published by him three years earlier. Bill Cooper proposed logistic regression for the same purpose in 1992 and used it with his Berkeley research group to train a successful ranking function for TREC. Manning et al.. Sections 7.4 and 15.5 suggest that these early works achieved limited results in their time due to little available training data and poor machine learning techniques. Several conferences, such as NIPS, SIGIR and ICML had workshops devoted to the learning-to-rank problem since mid-2000s (decade).

Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (; ; 23 August 1868 – 10 December 1944) was a Belgian author, entrepreneur, lawyer and peace activist; he is one of several people who have been considered the father of information science, a field he called "documentation". Otlet created the Universal Decimal Classification, which would later become a faceted classification. Otlet was responsible for the development of an early information retrieval tool, the "" (RBU) which utilized 3x5 inch index cards, used commonly in library catalogs around the world (now largely displaced by the advent of the online public access catalog (OPAC)). Otlet wrote numerous essays on how to collect and organize the world's knowledge, culminating in two books, the ' (1934) and ' (1935).

The institute is known for its work in fields such as operations research, software engineering, information processing, and mathematical applications in life sciences and logistics. More recent examples of research results from CWI include the development of scheduling algorithms for the Dutch railway system (the Nederlandse Spoorwegen, one of the busiest rail networks in the world) and the development of the Python programming language by Guido van Rossum. Python has played an important role in the development of the Google search platform from the beginning, and it continues to do so as the system grows and evolves. Many information retrieval techniques used by packages such as SPSS were initially developed by Data Distilleries, a CWI spinoff.

Salton was born Gerhard Anton Sahlmann on March 8, 1927 in Nuremberg, Germany. He received a Bachelor's (1950) and Master's (1952) degree in mathematics from Brooklyn College, and a Ph.D. from Harvard in Applied Mathematics in 1958, the last of Howard Aiken's doctoral students, and taught there until 1965, when he joined Cornell University and co-founded its department of Computer Science. Salton was perhaps most well known for developing the now widely used vector space model for Information Retrieval. In this model, both documents and queries are represented as vectors of term counts, and the similarity between a document and a query is given by the cosine between the term vector and the document vector.

The ER - International Conference on Conceptual Modeling is an annual research conference computer science dedicated to information and conceptual modeling. Since the first event in 1979 in Los Angeles, California, USA, the conference has evolved into one of the major forums for research on conceptual modeling and information retrieval. Conceptual modeling is about describing the semantics of software applications at a high level of abstraction. Specifically, conceptual modelers (1) describe structure models in terms of entities, relationships, and constraints; (2) describe behavior or functional models in terms of states, transitions among states, and actions performed in states and transitions; and (3) describe interactions and user interfaces in terms of messages sent and received and information exchanged.

Recent work in collaborative filtering and information retrieval has shown that sharing of search experiences among users having similar interests, typically called a community of practice or community of interest, reduces the effort put in by a given user in retrieving the exact information of interest. Collaborative search deployed within a community of practice deploys novel techniques for exploiting context during search by indexing and ranking search results based on the learned preferences of a community of users. The users benefit by sharing information, experiences and awareness to personalize result-lists to reflect the preferences of the community as a whole. The community representing a group of users who share common interests, similar professions.

Systematic musicology is an umbrella term, used mainly in Central Europe, for several subdisciplines and paradigms of musicology. "Systematic musicology has traditionally been conceived of as an interdisciplinary science, whose aim it is to explore the foundations of music from different points of view, such as acoustics, physiology, psychology, anthropology, music theory, sociology, and aesthetics." The most important subdisciplines today are music psychology, sociomusicology (music sociology), philosophy of music (music philosophy), music acoustics (physics of music), cognitive neuroscience of music, and the computer sciences of music (including sound and music computing, music information retrieval, and computing in musicology). These subdisciplines and paradigms tend to address questions about music in general, rather than specific manifestations of music.

Systematic musicologists who are oriented toward the humanities often make reference to fields such as aesthetics, philosophy, semiotics, hermeneutics, music criticism, Media studies, Cultural studies, gender studies, and (theoretic) sociology. Those who are oriented toward science tend to regard their discipline as empirical and data-oriented, and to borrow their methods and ways of thinking from psychology, acoustics, psychoacoustics, physiology, cognitive science, and (empirical) sociology. More recently emerged areas of research which at least partially are in the scope of systematic musicology comprise cognitive musicology, neuromusicology, biomusicology, and music cognition including embodied music cognition. As an academic discipline, systematic musicology is closely related to practically oriented disciplines such as music technology, music information retrieval, and musical robotics.

A more useful form of oblivious transfer called 1–2 oblivious transfer or "1 out of 2 oblivious transfer", was developed later by Shimon Even, Oded Goldreich, and Abraham Lempel, in order to build protocols for secure multiparty computation. It is generalized to "1 out of n oblivious transfer" where the user gets exactly one database element without the server getting to know which element was queried, and without the user knowing anything about the other elements that were not retrieved. The latter notion of oblivious transfer is a strengthening of private information retrieval, in which the database is not kept private. Claude Crépeau showed that Rabin's oblivious transfer is equivalent to 1–2 oblivious transfer.

A 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer protocol can be defined as a natural generalization of a 1-out-of-2 oblivious transfer protocol. Specifically, a sender has n messages, and the receiver has an index i, and the receiver wishes to receive the i-th among the sender's messages, without the sender learning i, while the sender wants to ensure that the receiver receive only one of the n messages. 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer is incomparable to private information retrieval (PIR). On the one hand, 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer imposes an additional privacy requirement for the database: namely, that the receiver learn at most one of the database entries.

The interest in a Geoweb has been advanced by new technologies, concepts and products, specifically the popularization of GPS positioning with the introduction of the iPhone in 2007. Virtual globes such as Google Earth and NASA World Wind as well as mapping websites such as Google Maps, Live Search Maps, Yahoo Maps, and OpenStreetMap have been major factors in raising awareness towards the importance of geography and location as a means to index information. The increase in advanced web development methods such as Ajax are providing inspiration to move GIS (Geographical Information Systems) into the web. Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR) has emerged as an academic community interested in technical aspects of helping people find information about places.

With the motto "A caring learning zone", Petra Christian University (PCU) Library wants to achieve the formation of a learning community through its new role as a companion and professional partner for the academic community and professionals. Petra Christian University has a library that is intended for students to explore various information. The PCU Library is the largest and most comprehensive library in East Java. As an information center that serves the information needs of all academicians and the general public, the Petra Christian University Library provides various types of services supported by information technology, such as reference and information services, collection lending services, magazine and journal services, audiovisual services, information retrieval, database services, membership to outside communities, etc.

Latent semantic indexing (LSI) is an indexing and retrieval method that uses a mathematical technique called singular value decomposition (SVD) to identify patterns in the relationships between the terms and concepts contained in an unstructured collection of text. LSI is based on the principle that words that are used in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. A key feature of LSI is its ability to extract the conceptual content of a body of text by establishing associations between those terms that occur in similar contexts.Deerwester, S., et al, Improving Information Retrieval with Latent Semantic Indexing, Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science 25, 1988, pp. 36–40.

In music information retrieval, techniques have been developed to determine the key of a piece of classical Western music (recorded in audio data format) automatically. These methods are often based on a compressed representation of the pitch content in a 12-dimensional pitch-class profile (chromagram) and a subsequent procedure that finds the best match between this representation and one of the prototype vectors of the 24 minor and major keys . For implementation, often the constant-Q transform is used, displaying the musical signal on a log frequency scale. Although a radical (over)simplification of the concept of tonality, such methods can predict the key of classical Western music well for most pieces.

These criticisms also led to the second series of experiments, now known as Cranfield 2. Cranfield 2 attempted to gain additional insight by reversing the methodology; Cranfield 1 tested the ability for experts to find a specific resource following the index system, Cranfield 2 instead studied the results of asking human-language questions and seeing if the indexing system provided a relevant answer, regardless of whether it was the original target document. It too was the topic of considerable debate. The Cranfield experiments were extremely influential in the information retrieval field, itself a subject of considerable interest in the post-World War II era when the quantity of scientific research was exploding.

HRL is the biggest IBM research center outside the US. Established back in 1972 as the IBM Israel Scientific Center, the IBM Haifa Research Lab has grown from three researchers to over five hundred employees, including regular staff members and many students. The IBM Haifa Research Lab is located in a custom- built complex adjacent to the Haifa University campus, with branches in Haifa and Tel Aviv. Current projects include healthcare, cloud computing, formal and simulation-based verification technologies, programming environments, chip design, storage systems, information retrieval, collaboration, and much more. At the IBM Haifa Research Lab, twenty-five percent of the technical staff have doctoral degrees in computer science, electrical engineering, mathematics, or related fields.

He received the IBM Faculty award, and was awarded funding from the DFG and Yahoo!. Landau co-chaired the International Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching in both 2001 and 2008. He serves on the editorial board of Journal of Discrete Algorithms, and served as a guest editor for TCS and Discrete Applied Mathematics. He has served on numerous program committees for international conferences, most recently, International Conference on Language and Automata Theory and Applications (LATA), International Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval (SPIRE), International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC), Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM), Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics (WABI), International Workshop on Combinatorial Algorithms (IWOCA), and Brazilian Symposium on Bioinformatics (BSB).

Pell's research is focused on basic problems in the study of intelligence, computer game playing, machine learning, natural language processing, autonomous robotics, and web search. Barney Pell has published over 30 technical papers on topics related to information retrieval, knowledge management, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and scheduling systems. In computer game playing and machine learning, he was a pioneer in the field of General Game Playing, and created programs to generate the rules of chess- like games and programs to play individual games directly from the rules without human assistance. He also did early work on machine learning in the game of Go and on an architecture for pragmatic reasoning for bidding in the game of Bridge.

Handcrafted controlled vocabularies contribute to the efficiency and comprehensiveness of information retrieval and related text analysis operations, but they work best when topics are narrowly defined and the terminology is standardized. Controlled vocabularies require extensive human input and oversight to keep up with the rapid evolution of language. They also are not well suited to the growing volumes of unstructured text covering an unlimited number of topics and containing thousands of unique terms because new terms and topics need to be constantly introduced. Controlled vocabularies are also prone to capturing a particular world view at a specific point in time, which makes them difficult to modify if concepts in a certain topic area change.

The Extended Boolean model was described in a Communications of the ACM article appearing in 1983, by Gerard Salton, Edward A. Fox, and Harry Wu. The goal of the Extended Boolean model is to overcome the drawbacks of the Boolean model that has been used in information retrieval. The Boolean model doesn't consider term weights in queries, and the result set of a Boolean query is often either too small or too big. The idea of the extended model is to make use of partial matching and term weights as in the vector space model. It combines the characteristics of the Vector Space Model with the properties of Boolean algebra and ranks the similarity between queries and documents.

In common with other data- related disciplines, Biodiversity Informatics benefits from the adoption of appropriate standards and protocols in order to support machine-machine transmission and interoperability of information within its particular domain. Examples of relevant standards include the Darwin Core XML schema for specimen- and observation-based biodiversity data developed from 1998 onwards, plus extensions of the same, Taxonomic Concept Transfer Schema, plus standards for Structured Descriptive Data and Access to Biological Collection Data (ABCD); while data retrieval and transfer protocols include DiGIR (now mostly superseded) and TAPIR (TDWG Access Protocol for Information Retrieval). Many of these standards and protocols are currently maintained, and their development overseen, by the Taxonomic Databases Working Group (TDWG).

The factors that determine the relevance of search results within the context of an enterprise overlap with but are different from those that apply to web search. In general, enterprise search engines cannot take advantage of the rich link structure as is found on the web's hypertext content, however, a new breed of Enterprise search engines based on a bottom-up Web 2.0 technology are providing both a contributory approach and hyperlinking within the enterprise. Algorithms like PageRank exploit hyperlink structure to assign authority to documents, and then use that authority as a query-independent relevance factor. In contrast, enterprises typically have to use other query-independent factors, such as a document's recency or popularity, along with query-dependent factors traditionally associated with information retrieval algorithms.

Godfried Toussaint Godfried Theodore Patrick Toussaint (1944 – July 2019) was a Canadian Computer Scientist, a Professor of Computer Science, and the Head of the Computer Science Program at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)New York University Abu Dhabi in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He is considered to be the father of computational geometry in Canada. He did research on various aspects of computational geometry, discrete geometry, and their applications: pattern recognition (k-nearest neighbor algorithm, cluster analysis), motion planning, visualization (computer graphics), knot theory (stuck unknot problem), linkage (mechanical) reconfiguration, the art gallery problem, polygon triangulation, the largest empty circle problem, unimodality (unimodal function), and others. Other interests included meander (art), compass and straightedge constructions, instance-based learning, music information retrieval, and computational music theory.

Mooers received the American Society for Information Science's Award of Merit in 1978. The citation reads in part: :He was a participant in early developmental work on digital computers, a researcher, author, and implementer of applications in information retrieval; and a prophet in the 1950s describing the future importance of what is now called computer networks and distributive processing, and daring to predict that machines could simulate thought processes in retrieving computerized information. In 1947, he proposed the Zator, an electronic, film-scanning retrieval machine, and made the first proposal to use the Boolean operations or, and, and not to prescribe selections in retrieval machines. He developed his own Zatocoding System in 1948 using superimposed subject codes on edge- notched cards.

In 2001 BRS/Search was acquired by Open Text and became LiveLink ECM Discovery Server... It is now referred to as Open Text Discovery Server. Open Text still supports both BRS/Search and NetAnswer. Active BRS/Search and NetAnswer installations include the public Web patent full-text database operated by the United States Patent and Trademark Office at USPTO Web Patent Databases.. BRS/Search and NetAnswer are also used in-house for searches performed by patent examiners and public patent searchers at the USPTO. The core BRS/Search technology in the Open Text portfolio was augmented with other capabilities through various acquisitions. For example, Dataware's acquisition of Sovereign-Hill brought InQuery, “a probabilistic information retrieval system using an inference network”,.

Artificial intelligence and law (AI and law) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) mainly concerned with applications of AI to legal informatics problems and original research on those problems. It is also concerned to contribute in the other direction: to export tools and techniques developed in the context of legal problems to AI in general. For example, theories of legal decision making, especially models of argumentation, have contributed to knowledge representation and reasoning; models of social organization based on norms have contributed to multi-agent systems; reasoning with legal cases has contributed to case-based reasoning; and the need to store and retrieve large amounts of textual data has resulted in contributions to conceptual information retrieval and intelligent databases.

Some mandates may permit delayed publication and may charge researchers for open access publishing. Open content publication has been seen as a method of reducing costs associated with information retrieval in research, as universities typically pay to subscribe for access to content that is published through traditional means whilst improving journal quality by discouraging the submission of research articles of reduced quality. Subscriptions for non-free content journals may be expensive for universities to purchase, though the article are written and peer-reviewed by academics themselves at no cost to the publisher. This has led to disputes between publishers and some universities over subscription costs, such as the one which occurred between the University of California and the Nature Publishing Group.

As the tasks and goals involved with exploratory search are largely undefined or unpredictable, it is very hard to evaluate systems with the measures often used in information retrieval. Accuracy was typically used to show that a user had found a correct answer, but when the user is trying to summarize a domain of information, the correct answer is near impossible to identify, if not entirely subjective (for example: possible hotels to stay in Paris). In exploration, it is also arguable that spending more time (where time efficiency is typically desirable) researching a topic shows that a system provides increased support for investigation. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, giving study participants a well specified task could immediately prevent them from exhibiting exploratory behavior.

In this paper, he also introduced TF-IDF, or term-frequency-inverse- document frequency, a model in which the score of a term in a document is the ratio of the number of terms in that document divided by the frequency of the number of documents in which that term occurs. (The concept of inverse document frequency, a measure of specificity, had been introduced in 1972 by Karen Sparck-Jones.) Later in life, he became interested in automatic text summarization and analysis, as well as automatic hypertext generation. He published over 150 research articles and 5 books during his life. Salton was editor-in-chief of the Communications of the ACM and the Journal of the ACM, and chaired Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval (SIGIR).

In 1980, SAIL's activities were merged into the university's Computer Science Department and it moved into Margaret Jacks Hall on the main Stanford campus. SAIL was reopened in 2004, now in the Gates Computer Science Building, with Sebastian Thrun becoming its new director. SAIL's 21st century mission is to "change the way we understand the world"; its researchers contribute to fields such as bioinformatics, cognition, computational geometry, computer vision, decision theory, distributed systems, game theory, general game playing, image processing, information retrieval, knowledge systems, logic, machine learning, multi-agent systems, natural language, neural networks, planning, probabilistic inference, sensor networks, and robotics. The best-known achievement of the new SAIL is the Stanley self- driving car that won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge.

A wide variety of text mining applications for PPI extraction and/or prediction are available for public use, as well as repositories which often store manually validated and/or computationally predicted PPIs. Text mining can be implemented in two stages: information retrieval, where texts containing names of either or both interacting proteins are retrieved and information extraction, where targeted information (interacting proteins, implicated residues, interaction types, etc.) is extracted. There are also studies using phylogenetic profiling, basing their functionalities on the theory that proteins involved in common pathways co-evolve in a correlated fashion across species. Some more complex text mining methodologies use advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques and build knowledge networks (for example, considering gene names as nodes and verbs as edges).

This definition of "top down" and "bottom up" should not be confused with the distinction between a single hierarchical tree structure (in which there is one correct way to classify each item) versus multiple non-hierarchical sets (in which there are multiple ways to classify an item); the structure of both top-down and bottom-up taxonomies may be either hierarchical, non-hierarchical, or a combination of both. Some researchers and applications have experimented with combining hierarchical and non-hierarchical tagging to aid in information retrieval. Summarized in: Others are combining top-down and bottom-up tagging, including in some large library catalogs (OPACs) such as WorldCat. When tags or other taxonomies have further properties (or semantics) such as relationships and attributes, they constitute an ontology.

The data gained using Page Hunt has several applications: # providing metadata for pages, # providing query alterations for use in query refinement, # identifying ranking issues. On testing a game internally, the following results were gathered (as described in “Page Hunt: Improving search engines using human computation games”H. Ma, R. Chandrasekar, C. Quirk, A. Gupta: “Page Hunt: Improving search engines using human computation games”. Proceedings of the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval, 2009.): about 27% of the pages in the test database had 100% findability (it means that all the persons who were shown this page could bring it to the 5 best results), while almost the same number of pages (26%) were found by nobody.

Bates received a M.L.S in 1967 and a Ph.D (1972), both from the University of California, Berkeley. She previously taught at the University of Maryland, College Park and was tenured at the University of Washington in 1981 before joining the faculty at UCLA. Bates has published on information seeking behavior, search strategy, subject access in manual and automated systems, and user-centered design of information retrieval systems. She is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a recipient of the American Society for Information Science Research Award, 1998, Award of Merit, 2005, and has twice received the American Society for Information Science "Best Journal of ASIS Paper of the Year Award," in 1980 and 2000.

Later he became director of the state branch of the Federal Writers Project. In these New Deal relief programs, Morgan honed his skills in research and organization. He acquired a deep understanding of primary source material and information retrieval from his work in the library of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Within months, he was a major figure in the survey of state and county records, organizing much of the work and completing the writing of surveys done for state and county archives. By 1940 he was overseeing both programs, and by 1942 had supervised the production of histories of Ogden and Provo as well as acting as a primary writer of The WPA Guide To Utah.

Buckland's interests include library services, information retrieval, cultural heritages, and the historical development of information management, including studies of pioneers of documentation, including Suzanne Briet, Emanuel Goldberg, Paul Otlet, Robert Pagès, and Lodewyk Bendikson.Le Deuff, Olivier. 2017. Michael Buckland, précurseur et préservateur de l'histoire des sciences de l'information. _Savoirs cdi_ He is co-director of the Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative and was the principal investigator, with Fredric Gey and Ray Larson, of several funded projects including Search Support for Unfamiliar Metadata Vocabularies, to make the searching of subject indexes easier and more reliable; Translingual Information Management Using Domain Ontologies, for improved translingual search support, and Seamless Searching of Numeric and Textual Resources, to facilitate searching across different kinds of databases.

ISO 25964 is the international standard for thesauri, published in two parts as follows: ISO 25964 Information and documentation - Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies Part 1: Thesauri for information retrieval [published August 2011] Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies [published March 2013] It was issued by ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, and its official website ISO 25964 – the international standard for thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies is maintained by its secretariat in NISO, the USA National Information Standards Organization. Each part of the standard can be purchased separately from ISO or from any of its national member bodies (such as ANSI, BSI, AFNOR, DIN, etc.). Some parts of it are available free of charge from the official website.

Lafferty is currently the John C. Malone Professor of Statistics and Data Science at Yale University, and has held positions at the University of Chicago, University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, San Diego. His research interests are in statistical machine learning, information retrieval, and natural language processing; focus on computational and statistical aspects of nonparametric methods, high- dimensional data and graphical models. Prior to University of Chicago in 2011, he was faculty at Carnegie Mellon University since 1994， where he helped to found the world's first machine-learning department. Before CMU, he was a Research Staff Member at IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, where he worked on natural speech and text processing in the group led by Frederick Jelinek.

She was a great information retrieval expert but when she had Motoko she gave it all up and got a reputable job to take care of her. She met Kuruma, Jin and Rukawa when she was on assignment, working with them even though she would betray them once she got the info she needed. It is revealed in Chapter 49 that she was killed when a truck tipped over, causing the steel beams it was carrying to fall on her right in front of her daughter, inadvertently creating Zero. When Jin mentions meeting her, she resembles Hibiki the most but later in life her facial appearance was the same as the combination of Motoko and HiFuMi after the fight between Zero and Teruharu.

It is often assumed, for example, that young people are automatically computer literate and skilled in the use of search engines and digital resources, but it is often the case that they require training and support. Tied closely with this is our final question which addresses the issue of competencies. The Tuning project has identified a number of key competencies which students of history can be expected to demonstrate. Three competences are related to the use of digital and e-learning resources: knowledge of and ability to use information retrieval tools, such as e-references; ability to use computer and internet resources for elaborating historical or related data; and ability to identify and utilise appropriately sources of information for research projects.

From 1998 to 2011 he worked in Trinity College Dublin as a professor and senior lecturer in the Electrical Engineering department. He established the Sigmedia research group which focuses on signal processing and media applications. The group currently works on many EU Projects in Digital cinema and restoration, Information Retrieval and Human Speech Communication and gathers 19 other scientists from Trinity College. The Adapt Center a world-leading SFI Research center in Dublin in association with Huawei presented many of their research programmes during an event in 2016 “Watch! Video Everywhere”. In an interview Anil Kokaram gave in 2010 he claims that his group Sigmedia is “the first to […] use the 3D Dublin footage in making short clips of 3D Dublin.

Music informatics is an emerging interdisciplinary research area dealing with the production, distribution, consumption, and analysis of music through technology (especially in digital formats). Music Informatics research topics include music technologies such as peer-to-peer application, digital audio editors, online music search engines and Music information retrieval; cognitive, social, and economic issues in music; as well as improvisation and music performance. It studies this range of topics not only to better design music search and retrieval systems, but to develop a fundamental understanding of the nature of music and its associated behaviors as well. Because music informatics is an emerging discipline, it is a very dynamic area of research with many diverse viewpoints, whose future is yet to be determined.

Astroinformatics is primarily focused on developing the tools, methods, and applications of computational science, data science, machine learning, and statistics for research and education in data-oriented astronomy. Early efforts in this direction included data discovery, metadata standards development, data modeling, astronomical data dictionary development, data access, information retrieval, data integration, and data mining in the astronomical Virtual Observatory initiatives. Further development of the field, along with astronomy community endorsement, was presented to the National Research Council (United States) in 2009 in the Astroinformatics "State of the Profession" Position Paper for the 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey. That position paper provided the basis for the subsequent more detailed exposition of the field in the Informatics Journal paper Astroinformatics: Data-Oriented Astronomy Research and Education.

Information retrieval systems, such as databases and web search engines, are evaluated by many different metrics, some of which are derived from the confusion matrix, which divides results into true positives (documents correctly retrieved), true negatives (documents correctly not retrieved), false positives (documents incorrectly retrieved), and false negatives (documents incorrectly not retrieved). Commonly used metrics include the notions of precision and recall. In this context, precision is defined as the fraction of retrieved documents which are relevant to the query (true positives divided by true+false positives), using a set of ground truth relevant results selected by humans. Recall is defined as the fraction of relevant documents retrieved compared to the total number of relevant documents (true positives divided by true positives+false negatives).

Inverse Precision and Inverse Recall are simply the Precision and Recall of the inverse problem where positive and negative labels are exchanged (for both real classes and prediction labels). Recall and Inverse Recall, or equivalently true positive rate and false positive rate, are frequently plotted against each other as ROC curves and provide a principled mechanism to explore operating point tradeoffs. Outside of Information Retrieval, the application of Recall, Precision and F-measure are argued to be flawed as they ignore the true negative cell of the contingency table, and they are easily manipulated by biasing the predictions. The first problem is 'solved' by using Accuracy and the second problem is 'solved' by discounting the chance component and renormalizing to Cohen's kappa, but this no longer affords the opportunity to explore tradeoffs graphically.

A big problem with manual fact-checking is that the systems are easily overwhelmed by growing numbers of fresh news content that needs to be checked, which is very prevalent in the case of social media. Hence, automatic fact checking methods have been created to combat this problem. These approaches mostly depend on “Information Retrieval (IR) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, as well as on network/graph theory”. Automatic fact checking methods generally comprise two steps, fact extraction and fact checking. In fact extraction, also known as knowledge-base construction, knowledge is taken from the Web as “raw facts” and it is typically unnecessary, obsolete, conflicting, inaccurate or not complete. They will then be refined and cleaned up by “knowledge processing tasks to build a knowledge-base or a knowledge graph”.

Whether or not subjects are combined or not should be examined once their definition has been given, it should not determined a priori, in the definition. Besides the emphasis on the combined, organizing and systematizing nature of subjects contains Ranganathan's definition of subject the pragmatic demand, that a subject should be determined in a way that suits a normal person's competency or specialization. Again we see a strange kind of wishful thinking mixing a general understanding of a concept with demands put by his own specific system. One thing is what the word subject means, quite another issue is how to provide subject descriptions that fulfill demands such as the specificity of a given information retrieval language which fulfill demands put on the system, such as precision and recall.

Exploratory search is a topic that has grown from the fields of information retrieval and information seeking but has become more concerned with alternatives to the kind of search that has received the majority of focus (returning the most relevant documents to a Google-like keyword search). The research is motivated by questions like "what if the user doesn't know which keywords to use?" or "what if the user isn't looking for a single answer?". Consequently, research has begun to focus on defining the broader set of information behaviors in order to learn about the situations when a user is, or feels, limited by only having the ability to perform a keyword search. In the last few years, a series of workshops has been held at various related and key events.

In information theory and computer science, the Damerau–Levenshtein distance (named after Frederick J. Damerau and Vladimir I. Levenshtein.) is a string metric for measuring the edit distance between two sequences. Informally, the Damerau–Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of operations (consisting of insertions, deletions or substitutions of a single character, or transposition of two adjacent characters) required to change one word into the other. The Damerau–Levenshtein distance differs from the classical Levenshtein distance by including transpositions among its allowable operations in addition to the three classical single-character edit operations (insertions, deletions and substitutions). In his seminal paper, Damerau stated that in an investigation of spelling errors for an information- retrieval system, more than 80% were a result of a single error of one of the four types.

Several peer-reviewed comparative studies have concluded that the educational outcomes of students who are taught basic and advanced biomedical concepts and skills using non-animal methods are equivalent or superior to those of their peers who use animal-based laboratories such as animal dissection. A systematic review concluded that students taught using non-animal methods demonstrated “superior understanding of complex biological processes, increased learning efficiency, and increased examination results.” It also reported that students’ confidence and satisfaction increased as did their preparedness for laboratories and their information-retrieval and communication abilities. Three studies at universities across the United States found that students who modeled body systems out of clay were significantly better at identifying the constituent parts of human anatomy than their classmates who performed animal dissection.

Johan Lambert Trudo Maria Bollen (born 1971) is a scientist investigating complex systems and networks, the relation between social media and a variety of socio-economic phenomena such as the financial markets, public health, and social well-being, as well as Science of Science with a focus on impact metrics derived from usage data. He presently works as associate professor at the Indiana University School of Informatics of Indiana University Bloomington and a fellow at the SparcS Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre in the Netherlands. He is best known for his work on scholarly impact metrics, measuring public well-being from large-scale socia media data, and correlating Twitter mood to stock market prices. He has taught courses on data mining, information retrieval, and digital libraries.

The research in (iv) had a deep impact on the understanding and initial development of a formalism to obtain semantic information when dealing with concepts, their combinations and variable contexts in a corpus of unstructured documents. This conundrum of natural language processing (NLP) and information retrieval (IR) on the web – and data bases in general – can be addressed using the mathematical formalism of quantum theory. As basic steps, (a) K. Van Rijsbergen introduced a quantum structure approach to IR, (b) Widdows and Peters utilised a quantum logical negation for a concrete search system, and Aerts and Czachor identified quantum structure in semantic space theories, such as latent semantic analysis. Since then, the employment of techniques and procedures induced from the mathematical formalisms of quantum theory – Hilbert space, quantum logic and probability, non-commutative algebras, etc.

Although Professor Navarro has organized and participated in a large number of conferences and seminars, his best effort in this direction was without doubt the organization of the 13th International Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval (SPIRE 2001), with the support of Ricardo Baeza-Yates, which brought together many professors and students for three days of talks on a boat of the company Skorpios heading to the Laguna San Rafael in Chilean Patagonia. The welcome speech included local tales of pirates and sailors, starting with the sayings neither marry nor depart on a Tuesday (because it brings bad luck) and Tuesday the 13th is a cursed day (with the conference starting on Tuesday, November 13). The conference featured high-quality works and is still known as one of the best of the SPIRE series.

Yebol had focused on developing a list of algorithms of association, clustering and categorization for automatically generating knowledge for question answering, latent semantic analysis web sites, web pages and users. Yebol also integrated human labeled information into its multilayer perceptron and information retrieval algorithms. This technology allows for a multi-dimensional search results format: best-first search and higher – summary of top sites and categories for queries; wider – related search terms; longer – results of expansion terms for the queries; deeper – inside links and keywords of search result pages. Instead of a multi-page, selection-based search results format, Yebol provided a categorized structure of results on one screen, aimed at creating a "homepage" for any given topic, which is attuned to an advanced hybrid version of bayesian search theory and collaboration graph theory.

In the context of pattern mining as a tool to identify terrorist activity, the National Research Council provides the following definition: "Pattern-based data mining looks for patterns (including anomalous data patterns) that might be associated with terrorist activity — these patterns might be regarded as small signals in a large ocean of noise."Agrawal, Rakesh; Mannila, Heikki; Srikant, Ramakrishnan; Toivonen, Hannu; and Verkamo, A. Inkeri; Fast discovery of association rules, in Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining, MIT Press, 1996, pp. 307–328National Research Council, Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists: A Framework for Program Assessment, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2008 Pattern Mining includes new areas such a Music Information Retrieval (MIR) where patterns seen both in the temporal and non temporal domains are imported to classical knowledge discovery search methods.

RILM Abstracts of Music Literature appeared from 1967 to 1983 in triannual printed volumes with indexes corresponding to annual volumes as well as cumulative indexes corresponding to five-year periods; from 1984 to 1999 in annual volumes with corresponding indexes; and since 2000 it is distributed exclusively online. From 1993 onward RILM was no longer available on DIALOG Information Retrieval Service, but in 1989 the National Information Service Corporation (NISC) in Baltimore released RILM Abstracts of Music Literature on CD-ROM. During the 1990s RILM Abstracts became available online through NISC Muse (1993–2010), OCLC First Search (1994–2010), Ovid/SilverPlatter (2002–2010), and Cambridge Scientific Abstracts/ProQuest (2002–2010) platforms. RILM databases are available through EBSCO Information Services; RILM's platform, Egret, offers _RILM Music Encyclopedias_ and _MGG Online_.

His studies have also involved retrieval from large-scale genome databases through pattern recognition. His research work has been reported widely by significant media including Discovery, Scientific American, MIT Tech Review, Public Radio, NPR, and CBS. Wang has served as a General Chair for the 11th Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) International Conference on Multimedia Information Retrieval (Philadelphia, March 2010), a Program Committee Vice Chair for the 12th International World Wide Web Conference and as an ad hoc reviewer for 60+ scientific journals and many conferences. He has served on the EU/DELOS-US/NSF Working Group on Digital Imagery for Significant Cultural and Historical Materials and provided a written testimony at the National Academies Committee on Tools and Strategies for Protecting Kids from Pornography and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content.

While contributing to product development on many levels, the Lab also maintains close ties to the academic world. The Lab aims to simultaneously meet the needs of the present day while helping shape the future of information technology. Since its establishment in 1972, the IBM Haifa Research Lab described itself as trying to be responsive to both the research goals of IBM and the specific needs of Israeli industry – from medical non-invasive diagnosis projects, to computer-controlled irrigation, scheduling El Al flight crews, and Hebrew voice recognition. Today, its contributions play a role in emerging technologies such as IBM's eLiza project for self-managing computer systems, iSCSI for the IBM TotalStorage IP Storage 200i, the InfiniBand high bandwidth network protocol, Enterprise Storage Systems, and information retrieval engines.

Students learning to work with Wikipedia at the learning commons of Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City Learning Commons have developed across the United States and other countries in academic libraries since the early 1990s, when they were more frequently called Information Commons. Two early examples were the Information Arcade at the University of Iowa (1992) and the Information Commons at the University of Southern California (1994). By 1999, Donald Beagle had noted its emergence as "...a new model for service delivery in academic libraries," and proposed that the model could be characterized by offering "a continuum of service" from information retrieval to original knowledge creation. This approach, often called "one-stop shopping," could be facilitated, Beagle suggested, though the application of strategic alignment, a management approach adapted from IT enterprise planning.

Newman went on to manage a research team at the Xerox Research Centre Europe, Cambridge, UK. With Margery Eldridge and Mik Lamming he pursued a research project in Activity-Based Information Retrieval’ (AIR). The basic hypothesis of the project was that if contextual data about human activities can be automatically captured and later presented as recognisable descriptions of past episodes, then human memory of those past episodes can be improved. With his wife Karmen Guevara, he founded a company in 1986, Beta Chi Design, which was instrumental in introducing human-computer interaction and user-centred design practice to the UK, through workshops held across the UK, drawing on expertise gained while working with Xerox PARC. Newman subsequently undertook research in human–computer interaction with the aim of identifying measurable parameters that characterise the quality of interaction.

11 The thesaurus aids the assignment of preferred terms to convey semantic metadata associated with the content object.ANSI & NISO 2005, Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies, NISO, Maryland, U.S.A, p.12 A thesaurus serves to guide both an indexer and a searcher in selecting the same preferred term or combination of preferred terms to represent a given subject. ISO 25964, the international standard for information retrieval thesauri, defines a thesaurus as a “controlled and structured vocabulary in which concepts are represented by terms, organized so that relationships between concepts are made explicit, and preferred terms are accompanied by lead-in entries for synonyms or quasi-synonyms.” A thesaurus is composed by at least three elements: 1-a list of words (or terms), 2-the relationship amongst the words (or terms), indicated by their hierarchical relative position (e.g.

His research interests include: Data Structures, Graph Algorithms, Computational Geometry, GIS, Medical Informatics, Expert Systems, Databases, Multimedia, Information Retrieval, and Bioinformatics. He has participated in many EU research programs, such as ESPRIT, RACE, AIM, STRIDE, Basic Research Actions in ESPRIT, ESPRIT Special Actions, TELEMATICS Applications, ADAPT, HORIZON, ΕΠΕΤ ΙΙ, ΥΠΕΡ, ΤΕΝ – TELECOM, IST, LEONARDO DA VINCI, MARIE CURIE, SOCRATES. He is one of the 48 writers (6 of whom have received the ACM Turing Award) of the ground-laying computer science book, Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, Vol A Elsevier Science publishers, co-published by MIT Press, his work being, along with professor Kurt Mehlhorn, in Chapter 6: Data Structures (his favourite field). His pioneering results on the list manipulation and localized search problems in the 1980s led to the foundation of the ubiquitous persistence theory on data structures, developed by prof.

Rosenfeld earned his B.A. in history from the University of Michigan in 1987, and his Master's in library science from the University of Michigan School of Information in 1990. Along with Peter Morville, he was the co-founder of Argus Associates, one of the first firms devoted exclusively to the practice of information architecture. The consulting firm was at the forefront of the nascent field of information architecture until the Dot-com bubble of 2001. Rosenfeld became infamous in internet circles by prognosticating the impending "death" of his then- competitor Yahoo,The Untimely Death of Yahoo or how the double-whammy of Web architecture and information retrieval will do Yahoo in, Louis B. Rosenfeld, CMC Magazine, September 1, 1995 which then went on to IPO and a subsequent 40-fold price increase in the next 5 years.

In telecommunications, computing, and information architecture, a data bank or databank is a repository of information on one or more subjects – a database – that is organized in a way that facilitates local or remote information retrieval and is able to process many continual queries over a long period of time. A data bank may be either centralized or decentralized, though most usage of this term refers to centralized storage and retrieval of information, by way of analogy to a monetary bank. The data in a data bank can be anything from scientific information like global temperature readings, and governmental information like census statistics, to financial-system records like credit card transactions, or the inventory available from various suppliers. Data bank may also refer to an organization primarily concerned with the construction and maintenance of such a database.

Markov random fields find application in a variety of fields, ranging from computer graphics to computer vision, machine learning or computational biology. MRFs are used in image processing to generate textures as they can be used to generate flexible and stochastic image models. In image modelling, the task is to find a suitable intensity distribution of a given image, where suitability depends on the kind of task and MRFs are flexible enough to be used for image and texture synthesis, image compression and restoration, image segmentation, 3D image inference from 2D images, image registration, texture synthesis, super-resolution, stereo matching and information retrieval. They can be used to solve various computer vision problems which can be posed as energy minimization problems or problems where different regions have to be distinguished using a set of discriminating features, within a Markov random field framework, to predict the category of the region.

In addition, if the words added to the original query are unrelated to the query topic, the quality of the retrieval is likely to be degraded, especially in Web search, where web documents often cover multiple different topics. To improve the quality of expansion words in pseudo-relevance feedback, a positional relevance feedback for pseudo-relevance feedback has been proposed to select from feedback documents those words that are focused on the query topic based on positions of words in feedback documents.Yuanhua Lv and ChengXiang Zhai, relevance model for pseudo-relevance feedback, in Proceedings of the 33rd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR), 2010. Specifically, the positional relevance model assigns more weights to words occurring closer to query words based on the intuition that words closer to query words are more likely to be related to the query topic.

Dongsan Library, Keimyung University The Dongsan Library, originally known as the Library of Keimyung Christian College, was established in July 1958. It was moved to its current site at the Seongseo Campus in March 1993 to facilitate expansion into a much larger facility that meets the needs of the information age. The Dongsan Library comprises three separate libraries: the main Dongsan Library at Seongseo Campus (seven stories above and two below ground level, with a total floor space of 6,538 pyeong), the second Dongsan Library at the Daemyung Dong Campus (seven stories above and two below ground level, with a total floor space of 5,392 pyeong) and the Medical Library at Dongsan Medical Center. Equipped with sophisticated multi- media functions and an advanced information retrieval network, the Dongsan Library is now the focal point for research activities of faculty members as well as students.

Gary Marchionini is a leader in defining theory of human information interaction and exploratory search and his work sits at the intersection of human-computer interaction and information retrieval, a subdomain known as human-computer information interaction (HCIR). His 1995 book, Information Seeking in Electronic Environments has been influential in shaping our understanding of search as a learning activity that is dependent not only on individual search capabilities and preferences but on the nature of the topical domain, the search task, and the features of the search system. A pioneer in the development of digital libraries, he led the development of one of the early digital video repositories, the Open Video Project and chaired the 2008 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries Conference and was program chair for the 2006 conference. His research has been supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation and several other foundations and corporate research laboratories.

Given the tremendous growth of digital music and music metadata in recent years, methods for effectively extracting, searching, and organizing music information have received widespread interest from academia and the information and entertainment industries. The purpose of ISMIR is to provide a venue for the exchange of news, ideas, and results through the presentation of original theoretical or practical work. By bringing together researchers and developers, educators and librarians, students and professional users, all working in fields that contribute to this multidisciplinary domain, the conference also serves as a discussion forum, provides introductory and in-depth information on specific domains, and showcases current products. As the term Music Information Retrieval (MIR) indicates, this research is motivated by the desire to provide music lovers, music professionals and music industry with robust, effective and usable methods and tools to help them locate, retrieve and experience the music they wish to have access to.

Research scholars, also noted the company as having introduced, in 1998-1999, a few historical works from North Korea, through China, which they published on CD-ROM. At the end of the twentieth century, a need had developed in the area of Korean studies, as academic researchers showed an increased interest in information retrieval, the internet and related technology. The Korean government's policy was "to make the nation the best place in the world for IT services," and the company was one of seven mainstream companies, in South Korea, learning to manage vast amounts of digitalized information related to Korean studies, and just one of two digitalizing full-text articles of South Korean academic journals. It was a time when the quality and quantity of their digital content experienced rapid growth; initially providing full text in PDF, and by 2006, their databases were offering multimedia functions such as sound, graphics and video.

Abstraction (the infovis legacy) and figuration (the architectural representation legacy) are integrated as alternative/mixable modes of representation, allowing partial knowledge to be communicated and important notions in historic sciences such as data uncertainty to be conveyed graphically. Informative modelling puts the data about evolutions of architectural artefacts first, and provides rules for outputting 2D/3D graphics thought to become sustainable investigation and visualization tools (knowledge and discovery tools, as J.Bertin says it), striving for the readability of a dynamic geographical map. Examples of such rules are accessibility of the underlying documentary justification (archives, research material, etc.), information credibility assessment, visual underlining of lacking information, relation to an exogenous theoretical model of architectural elements, dynamic visualisation, research process progress assessment, etc. Informative modelling has roots in architectural modelling, :Category:3D imaging, :Category:3D computer graphics, Georeference, database, scientific modelling, scientific visualization, knowledge visualization, Knowledge management, information retrieval, Information science, Computer graphics, Information graphics, and intersects methods and issues stemming from these disciplines.

Furthermore, animals (whether dead or alive) can be used only once, while non-animal resources can be used for many years—an added benefit that could result in significant cost savings for teachers, school districts, and state educational systems. Several peer-reviewed comparative studies examining information retention and performance of students who dissected animals and those who used an alternative instruction method have concluded that the educational outcomes of students who are taught basic and advanced biomedical concepts and skills using non-animal methods are equivalent or superior to those of their peers who use animal-based laboratories such as animal dissection. Elsewhere it has been reported that students’ confidence and satisfaction increased as did their preparedness for laboratories and their information-retrieval and communication abilities. Three separate studies at universities across the United States found that students who modeled body systems out of clay were significantly better at identifying the constituent parts of human anatomy than their classmates who performed animal dissection.

In a dystopian, polluted, over consumerist, hyper-bureaucratic alternative present day, Sam Lowry is a low- level government employee who frequently daydreams of himself as a winged warrior saving a damsel in distress. One day shortly before Christmas a fly becomes jammed in a teleprinter, misprinting a copy of an arrest warrant it was receiving resulting in the arrest and accidental death during interrogation of cobbler Archibald Buttle instead of renegade heating engineer and suspected terrorist Archibald Tuttle because Buttle's heart condition didn't appear on Tuttle's medical files that were provided to Information Retrieval. Sam discovers the mistake when he discovers the wrong bank account had been debited for the arrest and visits Buttle's widow to give her the refund where he encounters the upstairs neighbour Jill Layton, and is astonished to discover that she resembles the woman from his dreams. Jill has been trying to help Mrs Buttle establish what happened to her husband, but her efforts have been obstructed by bureaucracy.

Part of it is now clockwork, which interfaces with the ant-farm via a paternoster lift the ants can ride on that turns a significant cogwheel. Its main purposes were, in a sense, data compression and information retrieval: to analyse spells, to see if there were simpler "meta-spells" underlying them, and to help Stibbons with his study of "invisible writings" by running the spells used to bring the writings into existence. (These spells must be cast rapidly, and each one can only be used once before the universe notices they shouldn't work.) In The Last Continent it was explained that the invisible writings were snippets of books that were written a long time ago and lost, snippets of books that hadn't been written yet, and snippets of books that would never be written. The theory behind this was, all books are tenuously connected, due to the fact that every book ever written cites information from every other book, whether the writers mean to or not.

Aldrich spent 15 years with Honeywell and Burroughs in the UK in various sales and marketing roles, where he became known as an innovator, before joining the Board of Redifon in 1977. In 1979, Aldrich invented online shopping by connecting a modified domestic TV to a real-time transaction processing computer via a domestic telephone line. The intellectual basis for his system was his view that videotex, the modified domestic TV technology with a very simple menu-driven human–computer interface, was a 'new, universally applicable, participative communication medium-the first since the invention of the telephone.' This enabled 'closed' corporate information systems to be opened to 'outside' correspondents not just for transaction processing but also for messaging (e-mail) and information retrieval and dissemination (later known as e-business.)1982 Videotex Communications, Collected Papers Aldrich Archive, University of Brighton December 1982 His language of 'impacts competitive trading position', 'using IT for competitive advantage', 'externalises labour costs', etc.

Zim is determined to regain his status as an Invader and pleads with The Tallest to assign him a planet. In a desperate act to get Zim as far away as possible and ensure he would not ruin things the second time around, The Tallest send Zim on a fake "secret mission" to a "mystery planet" located on the outskirts of their known universe which they do not think even exists, in order to keep him occupied and away from the real invasion. Zim is joined in his mission by GIR (Rosearik Rikki Simons), an ineffective and erratic Standard Issue Information Retrieval (SIR) unit which was hastily made out of spare parts found in a trash can. After a six month long trip across the universe, Zim finally arrives at this "mystery planet" which not only really does exist, but also coincidentally happens to be a dark, dystopian, and satirical version of Earth.

DeCS – Health Sciences Descriptors is a structured and trilingual thesaurus created by BIREME – Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information – in 1986 for indexing scientific journal articles, books, proceedings of congresses, technical reports and other types of materials, as well as for searching and recovering scientific information in LILACS, MEDLINE and other databases. In the VHL, Virtual Health Library, DeCS is the tool that permits the navigation between records and sources of information through controlled concepts and organized in Portuguese, Spanish and English. It was developed from MeSH – Medical Subject Headings from the NLM – U.S. National Library of Medicine – in order to permit the use of common terminology for searching in three languages, providing a consistent and unique environment for information retrieval regardless of the language. In addition to the original MeSH terms,Medical Subject Headings four specific areas were developed: Public Health (1986), Homeopathy (1991), Health Surveillance (2005), and Science and Health (2005).

Dey (2001) define context as "any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity." While the computer science community initially perceived the context as a matter of user location, as Dey discuss, in the last few years this notion has been considered not simply as a state, but part of a process in which users are involved; thus, sophisticated and general context models have been proposed (see survey), to support context-aware applications which use them to (a) adapt interfaces, (b) tailor the set of application-relevant data, (c) increase the precision of information retrieval, (d) discover services, (e) make the user interaction implicit, or (f) build smart environments. For example: a context-aware mobile phone may know that it is currently in the meeting room, and that the user has sat down. The phone may conclude that the user is currently in a meeting and reject any unimportant calls.

Cathal has worn a chest mounted camera (a Microsoft SenseCam) since 2006 which takes several pictures every minute, he also records his location (using GPS) and accelerometer data with each image. Cathal now has a database of over 12 million images, and currently produces about a terabyte of personal data a year. Cathal and his researchers use information retrieval algorithms to segment his personal image archive into “events” such as eating, driving, etc. New events are recognized on a daily basis using machine learning algorithms. In an interview with The Economist Cathal said that “If I need to remember where I left my keys, or where I parked my car, or what wine I drank at an event two years ago... the answers should all be there.” It was noted that while searching by date and time is easy, more complex searches within images such as looking for brand names and objects with complex form factors, such as keys, is difficult.

CUP but informedness or Youden's index is the probability of an informed decision (as opposed to a random guess) and takes into account all predictions. An unrelated but commonly used combination of basic statistics from information retrieval is the F-score, being a (possibly weighted) harmonic mean of recall and precision where recall = sensitivity = true positive rate, but specificity and precision are totally different measures. F-score, like recall and precision, only considers the so-called positive predictions, with recall being the probability of predicting just the positive class, precision being the probability of a positive prediction being correct, and F-score equating these probabilities under the effective assumption that the positive labels and the positive predictions should have the same distribution and prevalence, similar to the assumption underlying of Fleiss' kappa. Youden's J, Informedness, Recall, Precision and F-score are intrinsically undirectional, aiming to assess the deductive effectiveness of predictions in the direction proposed by a rule, theory or classifier.

In natural language processing, he was a scientist in the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International, where we worked on the Core Language Engine. Barney Pell was the Technical Area Manager of the Collaborative and Assistant Systems area within the Computational Sciences Division (now the Intelligent Systems Division) at NASA Ames Research Center, where he oversaw a staff of 80 scientists working on information retrieval, search, knowledge management, machine learning, semantic technology, human centered systems, collaboration technology, adaptive user interfaces, human robot interaction, and other areas of artificial intelligence. From 1993-1998, Barney Pell worked as a Principal Investigator and Senior Computer Scientist at NASA Ames, where he conducted advanced research and development of autonomous control software for NASA's deep space missions. He was the Architect for the Deep Space One Remote Agent Experiment and the Project Lead for the Executive component of the Remote Agent Experiment, the first intelligent agent to fly onboard and control a spacecraft.

He is the inventor of the T-Sphere, an artificially intelligent miniature device that he controls with his mask and earpieces. The T-Sphere can fly, create holographic images, project beams of light, release electrical charges, hack into computers and GPS satellites, and constantly cloaks Holt against detection and the recording of his image by any and all technological, non-organic means making him virtually invisible to everything but human line of sight. In the past, he has used them for reconnaissance, infiltration, espionage and information retrieval and storage, often multi-tasking his T-Spheres to all go off on different tasks at once. He can also use his T-Spheres offensively as projectiles and has stated as a threat to an opponent that he can instantly accelerate them to 14 miles per second (50,400 miles per hour) so when it hits them, it would cause a tremendous release of energy, turning around 70% of their corporeal being into super-heated plasma and liquifying the rest.

Furthermore, transforming WordNet into a lexical ontology usable for knowledge representation should normally also involve (i) distinguishing the specialization relations into subtypeOf and instanceOf relations, and (ii) associating intuitive unique identifiers to each category. Although such corrections and transformations have been performed and documented as part of the integration of WordNet 1.7 into the cooperatively updatable knowledge base of WebKB-2, most projects claiming to re-use WordNet for knowledge-based applications (typically, knowledge-oriented information retrieval) simply re- use it directly. WordNet has also been converted to a formal specification, by means of a hybrid bottom-up top-down methodology to automatically extract association relations from WordNet, and interpret these associations in terms of a set of conceptual relations, formally defined in the DOLCE foundational ontology. In most works that claim to have integrated WordNet into ontologies, the content of WordNet has not simply been corrected when it seemed necessary; instead, WordNet has been heavily re-interpreted and updated whenever suitable.

In natural language processing and information retrieval, explicit semantic analysis (ESA) is a vectoral representation of text (individual words or entire documents) that uses a document corpus as a knowledge base. Specifically, in ESA, a word is represented as a column vector in the tf–idf matrix of the text corpus and a document (string of words) is represented as the centroid of the vectors representing its words. Typically, the text corpus is English Wikipedia, though other corpora including the Open Directory Project have been used. ESA was designed by Evgeniy Gabrilovich and Shaul Markovitch as a means of improving text categorization and has been used by this pair of researchers to compute what they refer to as "semantic relatedness" by means of cosine similarity between the aforementioned vectors, collectively interpreted as a space of "concepts explicitly defined and described by humans", where Wikipedia articles (or ODP entries, or otherwise titles of documents in the knowledge base corpus) are equated with concepts.

Section B: Computer and Communications Networks and Systems (Section editor: Professor Alan Marshall, University of Liverpool, UK) Section B focuses on new theories, ideas and developments in computer and communications networks and related systems. The section seeks high-quality papers reporting new concepts, analyses and experimental results in areas including: network architectures and protocols, traffic engineering, resource management and quality of service, network monitoring and traffic measurements, wireless networks, personal and body area networks, vehicular networks, content and service-centric networking, energy efficient/green networking, opportunistic and cognitive networks, and networking in extreme/harsh environments. Section C: Computational Intelligence, Machine Learning and Data Analytics (Section editor: Professor Fionn Murtagh, University of Huddersfield, UK) Section C provides solutions and addresses challenging problems in such areas as data mining, image and signal processing, knowledge-based systems and the semantic web. Further thematic areas covered in this section include computational science, pattern recognition, computer vision, speech processing, machine intelligence and reasoning, web science, information retrieval, and emerging application domains in big data, e-science and u-science.

This idea directly influenced computer pioneers J.C.R. Licklider (see his 1960 paper Man-Computer Symbiosis), Douglas Engelbart (see his 1962 report Augmenting Human Intellect), and also led to Ted Nelson's groundbreaking work in concepts of hypermedia and hypertext.. As We May Think also predicted many kinds of technology invented after its publication in addition to hypertext such as personal computers, the Internet, the World Wide Web, speech recognition, and CD-ROM encyclopedias such as Encarta and online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia: "Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified." Bush's influence is still evident in research laboratories of today in Gordon Bell's MyLifeBits (from Microsoft Research), which implements path-based systems reminiscent of the Memex, is especially impactful in the areas of information retrieval and information science.. A fictional implementation of the memex appears in The Laundry Files series by Charles Stross. A high-performance computing cluster (HPC) at the Carnegie Institution for Science is named "Memex".

Precision and recall In pattern recognition, information retrieval and classification (machine learning), precision (also called positive predictive value) is the fraction of relevant instances among the retrieved instances, while recall (also known as sensitivity) is the fraction of the total amount of relevant instances that were actually retrieved. Both precision and recall are therefore based on an understanding and measure of relevance. Suppose a computer program for recognizing dogs in photographs identifies 8 dogs in a picture containing 10 cats and 12 dogs (the relevant elements). Of the 8 identified as dogs, 5 actually are dogs (true positives), while the other 3 are cats (false positives). 7 dogs were missed (false negatives), and 7 cats were correctly excluded (true negatives). The program's precision is 5/8 (true positives / all positives) while its recall is 5/12 (true positives / relevant elements). When a search engine returns 30 pages, only 20 of which were relevant, while failing to return 40 additional relevant pages, its precision is 20/30 = 2/3 while its recall is 20/60 = 1/3. So, in this case, precision is "how valid the search results are", and recall is "how complete the results are".

At the same time, subjects that must verbalize the content of a message (attended message) listening to two different message simultaneously (attended and unattended message) have a reduced ability to report the content of the attended massage, while they are unable to report the content of the unattended message. Moreover, K. Anders Ericsson and Walter Kintsch showed that, in a multiple task condition, subjects' ability of rescuing information is not compromised by an interruption of the action flow (as it happens in the concurrent thinking aloud technique), thanks to the “Long Term Working Memory mechanism” of information retrieval (Working Memory section Ericsson and Kintsch). Even if users can listen, recognize, and verbalize multiple messages in a multiple task condition and they can stop and restart actions without losing any information, other cognitive studies underlined that the overlap of activities in a multiple task condition have an effect on the goal achievement: Kemper, Herman and Lian, analysing the users' abilities to verbalize actions in a multiple task condition, showed that the fluency of a user's conversation is influenced by the overlap of actions. Adults are likely to continue to talk as they navigate in a complex physical environment.

The high-level architecture of IBM's DeepQA used in Watson Watson was created as a question answering (QA) computing system that IBM built to apply advanced natural language processing, information retrieval, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning technologies to the field of open domain question answering. > The key difference between QA technology and document search is that > document search takes a keyword query and returns a list of documents, > ranked in order of relevance to the query (often based on popularity and > page ranking), while QA technology takes a question expressed in natural > language, seeks to understand it in much greater detail, and returns a > precise answer to the question. When created, IBM stated that, "more than 100 different techniques are used to analyze natural language, identify sources, find and generate hypotheses, find and score evidence, and merge and rank hypotheses." In recent years, the Watson capabilities have been extended and the way in which Watson works has been changed to take advantage of new deployment models (Watson on IBM Cloud) and evolved machine learning capabilities and optimised hardware available to developers and researchers.

"Primary" biodiversity information can be considered the basic data on the occurrence and diversity of species (or indeed, any recognizable taxa), commonly in association with information regarding their distribution in either space, time, or both. Such information may be in the form of retained specimens and associated information, for example as assembled in the natural history collections of museums and herbaria, or as observational records, for example either from formal faunal or floristic surveys undertaken by professional biologists and students, or as amateur and other planned or unplanned observations including those increasingly coming under the scope of citizen science. Providing online, coherent digital access to this vast collection of disparate primary data is a core Biodiversity Informatics function that is at the heart of regional and global biodiversity data networks, examples of the latter including OBIS and GBIF. As a secondary source of biodiversity data, relevant scientific literature can be parsed either by humans or (potentially) by specialized information retrieval algorithms to extract the relevant primary biodiversity information that is reported therein, sometimes in aggregated / summary form but frequently as primary observations in narrative or tabular form.

The first international standard for thesauri was ISO 2788, Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri, originally published in 1974 and updated in 1986. In 1985 it was joined by the complementary standard ISO 5964, Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri. Over the years ISO 2788 and ISO 5964 were adopted as national standards in several countries, for example Canada, France and UK. In the UK they were given alias numbers BS 5723 and BS 6723 respectively. And it was in the UK around the turn of the century that work began to revise them for the networking needs of the new millennium. This resulted during 2005 - 2008 in publication of the 5-part British Standard BS 8723, as follows: BS 8723 Structured vocabularies for information retrieval - Guide Part 1: Definitions, symbols and abbreviations Part 2: Thesauri Part 3: Vocabularies other than thesauri Part 4: Interoperability between vocabularies Part 5: Exchange formats and protocols for interoperability Even before the last part of BS 8723 was published, work began to adopt and adapt it as an international standard to replace ISO 2788 and ISO 5964. The project was led by a Working Group of ISO's Technical Committee 46 (Information and documentation) Subcommittee 9 (Identification and description) known as “ISO TC46/SC9/WG8 Structured Vocabularies”.