He spent a decade in information theory before turning his attention to computing.
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Both Doyle and Elliott studied cetacean communication with various tools provided by information theory.
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It would be a stretch to bring in the information theory criteria for communication, i.e.
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Efros started his story in 1948, with the mathematician Claude Shannon, who invented information theory.
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His dissertation was in information theory, exploring the problem of both detecting and jamming radar.
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Hoel taught himself information theory and plunged into the philosophical debates around consciousness, reductionism and causation.
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But recent developments in nonequilibrium physics, complex systems science and information theory are challenging that view.
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Entropy is a big concept in information theory and black holes, as well as in biology.
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An Information Theory of Losing Consciousness This Picture Has No Red Pixels—So Why Do the Strawberries Still Look Red?
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But at the interfaces between physics, biology, information theory and philosophy, where puzzles crop up, the new ideas have generated excitement.
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The first working model was constructed by his mentor, Claude Shannon, who later became known as the father of information theory.
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Conway studies color and vision; Gibson studies language and information theory, and had been looking at the way Tsimane' speakers use numbers.
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The engineer and mathematician Claude Shannon decided to focus only on a very operative and abstract probabilistic notion: information theory was born.
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Charles H. Bennett, a physicist, information theorist and IBM Fellow at IBM Research, is one of the founders of modern quantum information theory.
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The approach involves techniques from quantum information theory and quantum computing, with quantum versions of traditional computing features like "bits" and "logic operations".
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Applying a branch of mathematics called information theory to these data, to make them manageable, Dr Califano then maps the connections inside a cell.
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As Minsky describes in the video, his enterprise greatly humored Claude Shannon, so the pioneer of information theory decided to make his own useless machine.
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Doyle's work focuses on the application of Claude Shannon's information theory to determine whether a communication system is similar to human communication in its complexity.
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Walker is also a fan of Hoel's new work tracing effective information and causal emergence to the foundations of information theory and Shannon's noisy-channel theorem.
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Dr. Tegmark's hypothesis was inspired in part by the neuroscientist Giulio Tononi, whose integrated information theory has become a major force in the science of consciousness.
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Of course, these attempts do not address the transcendental soul, whose existence cannot be scientifically assessed, but the tendency to flesh out an information-theory substitute.
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Integrated information theory has gained prominence in the last few years, even as debates have ensued about whether it is an accurate and sufficient proxy for consciousness.
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Doyle, together with the famous animal behavior and communication researcher Brenda McCowan, analyzed various animal communication data, comparing its information theory characteristics to those of human languages.
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The research group's investigations drew on information theory and digital signal processing to build an optical communications system equipped with 15 transmitting channels and a single super-receiver.
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But Norbert Wiener, who spent his career at M.I.T., became one of the most significant scientists of his era, the founder of cybernetics and a pioneer in information theory.
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Negative situations set the scene for hanger An idea in psychology known as affect-as-information theory holds that your mood can temporarily shape how you see the world.
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But it took another half century and the rise of quantum information theory, a field born in pursuit of the quantum computer, for physicists to fully explore the startling implications.
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With the math of "information theory," you can potentially figure out how many orders of entropy a language has by listening for how the language deals with interference or noise.
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His accounts of the latest thinking about microbiology or information theory are as adroit as his exploration of the links between entropy and time or his elucidation of Bayesian statistics.
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Affect-as-information theory also suggests that people are more likely to use their feelings as information about the world around them when those feelings match the situation they're in.
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Hanne Darboven's frieze-like work on paper at Galerie Crone (Booth 25, Pier 28) from 290 is also minimalist in appearance, but is based on information theory and early artificial intelligence.
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It also helped develop the first lasers and, courtesy of mathematician Claude Shannon, launched the field of information theory, which created a mathematical framework for understanding how information is transmitted and processed.
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In March, Oppenheim and his former student, Lluis Masanes, published a paper deriving the third law of thermodynamics—a historically confusing statement about the impossibility of reaching absolute-zero temperature—using quantum information theory.
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Besides Hokusai's painting, Cafferty and the team have stored a photo of Claude Shannon who is often referred to as the father of information theory and a well-known lecture made by physicist Richard Feynman.
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In fact, a number of mathematicians and scientists have also become obsessed with juggling, including Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, and Richard Ross, who heads up the cephalopods division at the California Academy of Sciences.
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One possible solution, says Hughes, is to track not only the behavior of artificially intelligent systems, a la the Turing test, but also its actual internal complexity, as has been proposed by Giulio Tononi's Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness.
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My ignorance is not merely deep, it is broad; it is a vast ocean that takes in chemistry, physics, information theory, thermodynamics… These moments give her books — which are typically about dark and uncomfortable topics — a good dose of self-effacing humor.
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I did a PhD in electrical engineering, and then moved on to start a postdoc out in California and was doing study of information theory — how you send information from point A to point B in as efficient a manner as possible.
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In 3783, the father of information theory Claude Shannon wrote a paper proving that it was possible to create a perfectly secure message, one where the code could never be cracked—even with all the time and computing power in the universe.
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Apóstol applies graph theory and information theory methods developed by Damián Horacio Zanette and Marcelo A. Montemurro to the manifesto's linguistic structure, extracting from these applications a series of codes and instructions that serve as the basis for the works of art in the exhibition.
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Just as codes reduce noise (and thus uncertainty) in transmitted data—Claude Shannon's 63 insight that formed the bedrock of information theory—Hoel claims that macro states also reduce noise and uncertainty in a system's causal structure, strengthening causal relationships and making the system's behavior more deterministic.
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Launched in late 2010 by Kamakshi Sivaramakrishnan, a rare woman in the Silicon Valley boys club (she's got Google engineering credentials and a Stanford Ph.D. in information theory), the start-up is investing aggressively in building its "global graph" that helps it anonymously identify users as they switch between gizmos.
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Because thermodynamics is more than information theory, I don't think there's a deep thermodynamic principle operating through the universe that causes black holes to behave the way they do, and I worry that physics is all in on it being a great hint for quantum gravity when it might not be.
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Information theory also has applications in Gambling and information theory, black holes, and bioinformatics.
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IEEE Transactions on Information Theory is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Information Theory Society. It covers information theory and the mathematics of communications. It was established in 1953 as IRE Transactions on Information Theory. The editor-in-chief is Igal Sason (Technion - Technion - Israel Institute of Technology).
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Topics covered: theoretical computer science, including computability theory, computational complexity theory, algorithms, algorithmic information theory, information theory and formal verification.
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Information theory studies the analysis, transmission, and storage of information. Major subfields of information theory include coding and data compression.
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Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. and related treatments using information theory to describe optimal behaviour.Linsker, R. (1990). Perceptual neural organization: some approaches based on network models and information theory.
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IEEE ITS sponsors widely attended conferences and workshops internationally each year. The flagship meeting of the Information Theory Society is the IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT).
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Algorithmic information theory (AIT) is a branch of theoretical computer science that concerns itself with the relationship between computation and information of computably generated objects (as opposed to stochastically generated), such as strings or any other data structure. In other words, it is shown within algorithmic information theory that computational incompressibility "mimics" (except for a constant that only depends on the chosen universal programming language) the relations or inequalities found in information theory. According to Gregory Chaitin, it is "the result of putting Shannon's information theory and Turing's computability theory into a cocktail shaker and shaking vigorously."Algorithmic Information Theory Algorithmic information theory principally studies measures of irreducible information content of strings (or other data structures).
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Integrated Information Theory has received both broad criticism and support.
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The Claude E. Shannon Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society was created to honor consistent and profound contributions to the field of information theory. Each Shannon Award winner is expected to present a Shannon Lecture at the following IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. It is a prestigious prize in information theory, covering technical contributions at the intersection of mathematics, communication engineering, and theoretical computer science. It is named for Claude E. Shannon, who was also the first recipient.
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The interplay between estimation theory and information theory. Entropy (information theory). Noise reduction (Denoising), filtering, prediction, sequential decision making, and learning. Connections with probability, statistics, and computer science (as listed in Weissman's CV PDF link).
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He is also a member of the IEEE Information Theory Society.
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Quantum information theory is largely concerned with the interpretation and uses of von Neumann entropy. The von Neumann entropy is the cornerstone in the development of quantum information theory, while the Shannon entropy applies to classical information theory. This is considered a historical anomaly, as Shannon entropy might have been expected to be discovered before Von Neumann entropy, given the latter's more widespread application to quantum information theory. But Von Neumann discovered von Neumann entropy first, and applied it to questions of statistical physics.
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The foundation of the society was made in 1951 when the IRE Professional Group on Information Theory (PGIT) came together for the first time. This professional group was part of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE). With the merge of the IRE into the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1963, the name was changed into IEEE Professional Technical Group on Information Theory, but one year later simplified into IEEE Information Theory Group. The final name IEEE Information Theory Society was taken in 1989.
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She has also been a distinguished lecturer for both societies, served as president of the IEEE Information Theory Society in 2009, founded and chaired the Student Committee of the IEEE Information Theory society, and chaired the Emerging Technology Committee of the IEEE Communications Society. She chairs the IEEE Committee on Diversity and Inclusion.Andrea Goldsmith, IEEE Information Theory Society. Accessed May 2, 2018.
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The log sum inequality is used for proving theorems in information theory.
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Golomb rulers are used within Information Theory related to error correcting codes.
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This mathematical discipline is more commonly known today as information theory. Sayre learned information theory from ND's James Massey, winner of the 1988 Claude E. Shannon Award and an early collaborator in the PIAI handwriting recognition project. After the handwriting project, information theory continued to figure in Sayre's research. His monograph- length "Intentionality and Information Processing: An Alternative Model for Cognitive Science" appeared in 1986.
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The ASCII codes for the word "Wikipedia", given here in binary, provide a way of representing the word in information theory, as well as for information-processing algorithms. Information theory involves the quantification of information. Closely related is coding theory which is used to design efficient and reliable data transmission and storage methods. Information theory also includes continuous topics such as: analog signals, analog coding, analog encryption.
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Under the AIC paradigm, likelihood is interpreted within the context of information theory.
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An information diagram is a type of Venn diagram used in information theory to illustrate relationships among Shannon's basic measures of information: entropy, joint entropy, conditional entropy and mutual information.Fazlollah Reza. An Introduction to Information Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill 1961.
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The theoretical aspects of data transmission are covered by information theory and coding theory.
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His research interests are in wireless communications, signal processing, information theory and control theory.
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IEEE ITS publishes the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory and the IEEE ITS Newsletter.
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It is no surprise, therefore, that information theory has applications to games of chance.
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In quantum information theory, the idea of a typical subspace plays an important role in the proofs of many coding theorems (the most prominent example being Schumacher compression). Its role is analogous to that of the typical set in classical information theory.
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Stanford Report, Report of the President: Academic Council Professoriate appointments, 2015 He was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE in 2013 IEEE Information Theory Society Fellows for contributions to information theory and its applications in signal processing.
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In 2003 Ivanishin graduated from the Moscow State University in Economics, Statistics and Information Theory.
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Delay-constrained and complexity-constrained compression and communication. Network information theory. Feedback communications. Directed information.
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Kenneth M. Sayre, "Information Theory," Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 4, 1998, pp. 782-86.
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The Iran Workshop on Communication and Information Theory (IWCIT) () is an international academic workshop that is held annually in one of the Iranian University campuses. The purpose of this workshop is to bring together researchers in frontiers of communication and information theory worldwide to share and engage in various research activities. IWCIT features world-class speakers, plenary talks and technical sessions on a diverse range of topics in communication and information theory. IWCIT is the only workshop in Iran with an emphasis on information theory, and is one of the three events that is supported by the related scientific chapter in IEEE Iran section.
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The IEEE Information Theory Society (ITS or ITSoc), formerly the IEEE Information Theory Group, is a professional society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) focused on several aspects of information: its processing, transmission, storage, and usage; and the "foundations of the communication process".
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He was president of the IEEE Information Theory Society in 1974. He died on May 12, 2011.
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There are several variants of Kolmogorov complexity or algorithmic information; the most widely used one is based on self-delimiting programs and is mainly due to Leonid Levin (1974). Per Martin- Löf also contributed significantly to the information theory of infinite sequences. An axiomatic approach to algorithmic information theory based on the Blum axioms (Blum 1967) was introduced by Mark Burgin in a paper presented for publication by Andrey Kolmogorov (Burgin 1982). The axiomatic approach encompasses other approaches in the algorithmic information theory.
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When viewed in terms of information theory, the entropy state function is simply the amount of information (in the Shannon sense) that would be needed to specify the full microstate of the system. This is left unspecified by the macroscopic description. In information theory, entropy is the measure of the amount of information that is missing before reception and is sometimes referred to as Shannon entropy. Shannon entropy is a broad and general concept used in information theory as well as thermodynamics.
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Storing or deleting one bit of information dissipates energy; however, neither classic information theory nor algorithmic information theory contain any physics variables. The variable entropy used in information theory is not a state function; therefore, it is not the thermodynamic entropy used in physics. Grassmann made use of existing and established concepts, such as message, amount of information or complexity, but set them in a new mathematical framework. His approach is based on vector algebra or on Boolean algebra instead of probability theory.
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Gray received the 2008 Claude E. Shannon Award from the IEEE Information Theory Society, for his fundamental contributions to information theory, particularly in the area of quantization theory. He was also the recipient of the 2008 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal, the 1998 Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society, the 1993 IEEE Signal Processing Society Award, and the 1984 IEEE Centennial Medal. Gray received the 2002 Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring from the National Science Foundation. In 2020 he received the IEEE Aaron D. Wyner Distinguished Service Award for his outstanding leadership in, and providing long standing, exceptional service, to the Information Theory community.
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Presently, he is an Associate Professor in quantum chemistry at the University of Copenhagen. His 2003 book Information Theory and Evolution set forth the view that the phenomenon of life, including its origin and evolution, that including human cultural evolution, has it background situated over thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and information theory.
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Along with the works of e.g. Solomonoff, Kolmogorov, Martin-Löf, and Leonid Levin, algorithmic information theory became a foundational part of theoretical computer science, information theory, and mathematical logic.R. Downey, and D. Hirschfeldt (2010), Algorithmic Randomness and Complexity, Springer-Verlag. It is a common subject in several computer science curricula.
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Information Theory has provided successful methods for alignment-free sequence analysis and comparison. The existing applications of information theory include global and local characterization of DNA, RNA and proteins, estimating genome entropy to motif and region classification. It also holds promise in gene mapping, next-generation sequencing analysis and metagenomics.
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He was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2019 "for contributions to quantum computing, information theory, and randomized algorithms".
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Their generation and their application to bandwidth reduction. IEEE Trans. on Information Theory. IT15(6), 658-664, November 1969.
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In computer science and information theory, Tunstall coding is a form of entropy coding used for lossless data compression.
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Jack Keil Wolf (March 14, 1935 – May 12, 2011) was an American researcher in information theory and coding theory.
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The principle was first expounded by E. T. Jaynes in two papers in 1957 where he emphasized a natural correspondence between statistical mechanics and information theory. In particular, Jaynes offered a new and very general rationale why the Gibbsian method of statistical mechanics works. He argued that the entropy of statistical mechanics and the information entropy of information theory are basically the same thing. Consequently, statistical mechanics should be seen just as a particular application of a general tool of logical inference and information theory.
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Imre Csiszár () is a Hungarian mathematician with contributions to information theory and probability theory. In 1996 he won the Claude E. Shannon Award, the highest annual award given in the field of information theory. He was born on February 7, 1938, in Miskolc, Hungary. He became interested in mathematics in middle school.
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Surround suppression behavior (and its opposite) gives the sensory system several advantages from both a perceptual and information theory standpoint.
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He has received several academic awards, including the Book Excellence Award of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences for his 1981 Information Theory monograph, the 1988 Paper Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society, the 2015 IEEE Richard Hamming Medal and the Academy Award for Interdisciplinary Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1989.
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Gray is currently Editor-in-Chief of Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing. He has also been Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Trans. on Information Theory (1981–1983), and served on the IEEE Information Theory Society Board of Governors (1974–1980, 1984–1987) and IEEE Signal Processing Society Board of Governors (1999–2001).
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One early commercial application of information theory was in the field of seismic oil exploration. Work in this field made it possible to strip off and separate the unwanted noise from the desired seismic signal. Information theory and digital signal processing offer a major improvement of resolution and image clarity over previous analog methods.
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Topics include quantum information theory, open systems, decoherence, complexity theory of classical and quantum systems and other models of information processing.
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I.E.E.E. Transactions on Information Theory, v. 40, n. 1, January 1994, pp. 273-275. A subsequent refinement was proposed by Ellison.
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Many of the other quantities of information theory can be interpreted as applications of the Kullback–Leibler divergence to specific cases.
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Currently, Immink holds the position of president of Turing Machines Inc, which was founded in 1998. During his career, Immink, in addition to his practical contributions, has contributed to information theory. Immink’s literatureIEEE Information Theory Society Golden Jubilee Awards for Technological Innovation He wrote over 120 articles and four books, including Codes for Mass Data Storage Media.
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The term sinc was introduced by Philip M. Woodward in his 1952 article "Information theory and inverse probability in telecommunication", in which he said that the function "occurs so often in Fourier analysis and its applications that it does seem to merit some notation of its own", and his 1953 book Probability and Information Theory, with Applications to Radar.
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Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory is a peer- reviewed academic journal that publishes long survey and tutorial articles in the field of communication and information theory. It was established in 2004 and is published by Now Publishers. The founding editor-in-chief is Sergio Verdú (Princeton University). Each issue comprises a single 50-150 page monograph.
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In the latter case, it took many years to find the methods Shannon's work proved were possible. A third class of information theory codes are cryptographic algorithms (both codes and ciphers). Concepts, methods and results from coding theory and information theory are widely used in cryptography and cryptanalysis. See the article ban (unit) for a historical application.
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Using information theory, non-equilibrium dynamics and explicit simulations computational systems theory tries to uncover the true nature of complex adaptive systems.
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Andris Ambainis (born 18 January 1975) is a Latvian computer scientist active in the fields of quantum information theory and quantum computing.
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Inequalities are very important in the study of information theory. There are a number of different contexts in which these inequalities appear.
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S. 49-54.Shinmin Wang Zhang, Hong-Yan Building human-oriented information ecosystem // Information Theory and Practice. 2007. - No. 4. - S. 531-533.
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Matthew A. Prelee and David L. Neuhoff. "Multidimensional Manhattan Sampling and Reconstruction." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 62, no. 5 (2016): 2772-2787.
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The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering maintains an industry-institution interaction. The curriculum includes electives like Computer Networking, Information Theory and Coding.
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Cover was past President of the IEEE Information Theory Society and was a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He received the Outstanding Paper Award in Information Theory for his 1972 paper "Broadcast Channels"; he was selected in 1990 as the Shannon Lecturer, regarded as the highest honor in information theory; in 1997 he received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal; and in 2003 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. During his 48-year career as a professor of Electrical Engineering and Statistics at Stanford University, he graduated 64 PhD students, authored over 120 journal papers in learning, information theory, statistical complexity, and portfolio theory; and he partnered with Joy A. Thomas to coauthor the book Elements of Information Theory, which has become the most widely used textbook as an introduction to the topic since the publication of its first edition in 1991. He was also coeditor of the book Open Problems in Communication and Computation.
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The Bit Player is a 2019 documentary film created to celebrate the 2016 centenary of the birth of Claude Shannon, the "father of information theory". The film was produced and directed by Mark Levinson, in cooperation with the IEEE Information Theory Society and the IEEE Foundation. The film premiered at the World Science Festival in New York City on May 29, and was screened for a large audience at the IEEE Information Theory Society's meeting in Vail, Colorado, on June 19. A review in Physics Today calls it "not quite a documentary" and "a delightful new film".
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In 1993, Ziv was awarded the Israel Prize, for exact sciences. Ziv received in 1995 the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal, for "contributions to information theory, and the theory and practice of data compression", and in 1998 a Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society. Ziv is the recipient of the 1997 Claude E. Shannon Award from the IEEE Information Theory Society and the 2008 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the category of Information and Communication Technologies. These prestigious awards are considered second only to the Nobel Prize in their monetary amount.
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Trusted systems in the context of information theory is based on the definition of trust as 'Trust is that which is essential to a communication channel but cannot be transferred from a source to a destination using that channel' by Ed Gerck.Feghhi, J. and P. Williams (1998) Trust Points, in Digital Certificates: Applied Internet Security. Addison-Wesley, ; Toward Real-World Models of Trust: Reliance on Received Information In Information Theory, information has nothing to do with knowledge or meaning. In the context of Information Theory, information is simply that which is transferred from a source to a destination, using a communication channel.
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She then held postdoctoral positions at the CNRS Marseille, the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies the University of Strathclyde, and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. In 2001 she became an affiliated lecturer of the Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Pembroke College. After moving to Cambridge, Datta focused her research on the field of quantum information theory, contributing to topics such as quantum state transfer, memory effects in quantum information theory, and one-shot quantum information theory. Her collaborators include Artur Ekert, Jürg Fröhlich, Alexander Holevo, Richard Jozsa, Mary Beth Ruskai, and Andreas Winter.
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The theory has also found applications in other areas, including statistical inference, natural language processing, cryptography, neurobiology, human vision, the evolution and function of molecular codes (bioinformatics), model selection in statistics,Burnham, K. P. and Anderson D. R. (2002) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information- Theoretic Approach, Second Edition (Springer Science, New York) . thermal physics, quantum computing, linguistics, plagiarism detection, pattern recognition, and anomaly detection. Important sub-fields of information theory include source coding, algorithmic complexity theory, algorithmic information theory, and information-theoretic security. Applications of fundamental topics of information theory include lossless data compression (e.g.
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Quantitative uses of the terms uncertainty and risk are fairly consistent from fields such as probability theory, actuarial science, and information theory. Some also create new terms without substantially changing the definitions of uncertainty or risk. For example, surprisal is a variation on uncertainty sometimes used in information theory. But outside of the more mathematical uses of the term, usage may vary widely.
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Juan G. Roederer is a professor of physics emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). His research fields are space physics, psychoacoustics, science policy and information theory. He conducted pioneering research on solar cosmic rays, on the theory of earth’s radiation belts, neural networks for pitch processing, and currently on the foundations of information theory. He is also an accomplished organist.
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Fano's career spans three areas, microwave systems, information theory, and computer science. Fano joined the MIT faculty in 1947 to what was then called the Department of Electrical Engineering. Between 1950 and 1953, he led the Radar Techniques Group at Lincoln Laboratory. In 1954, Fano was made an IEEE Fellow for "contributions in the field of information theory and microwave filters".
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Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon, Harry Nyquist, and Ralph Hartley in the early 20th century. Information theory, as enunciated by Shannon in 1948, provided a firm theoretical underpinning to understand the trade-offs between signal-to-noise ratio, bandwidth, and error-free transmission in the presence of noise, in telecommunications technology.
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These results were confirmed when the analysis was repeated on a larger data sample. After the top quark discovery, Grassmann worked on a connection between the classic information theory of Claude Shannon, Gregory Chaitin and Andrey Kolmogorov et al. and physics. From work done by Leó Szilárd, Rolf Landauer and Charles H. Bennett, there is a connection between physics and information theory.
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The theoretical basis for compression is provided by information theory and, more specifically, algorithmic information theory for lossless compression and rate–distortion theory for lossy compression. These areas of study were essentially created by Claude Shannon, who published fundamental papers on the topic in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Other topics associated with compression include coding theory and statistical inference.
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The term genome assembly refers to the process of taking a large number of DNA fragments that are generated during shotgun sequencing and assembling them into the correct order such as to reconstruct the original genome.Motahari, A. S., Bresler, G., & Tse, D. N. C. (2013). Information Theory of DNA Shotgun Sequencing. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 59(10), 6273-6289.
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The development of the Barlow's hypothesis was influenced by information theory introduced by Claude Shannon only a decade before. Information theory provides the mathematical framework for analyzing communication systems. It formally defines concepts such as information, channel capacity, and redundancy. Barlow's model treats the sensory pathway as a communication channel where neuronal spiking is an efficient code for representing sensory signals.
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In engineering, mathematics, physics, and biology Shannon's theory is used more literally and is referred to as Shannon theory, or information theory. This means that outside of the social sciences, fewer people refer to a "Shannon–Weaver" model than to Shannon's information theory; some may consider it a misinterpretation to attribute the information theoretic channel logic to Weaver as well.
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In general, the theoretical issues underlying concept learning are those underlying induction. These issues are addressed in many diverse publications, including literature on subjects like Version Spaces, Statistical Learning Theory, PAC Learning, Information Theory, and Algorithmic Information Theory. Some of the broad theoretical ideas are also discussed by Watanabe (1969,1985), Solomonoff (1964a,1964b), and Rendell (1986); see the reference list below.
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The relation between the coins approach and von Neumann entropy is an example of the relation between entropy in thermodynamics and in information theory.
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Stephen "Steve" Oswald Rice (November 29, 1907 – November 18, 1986) was a pioneer in the related fields of information theory, communications theory, and telecommunications.
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At the neutral level, the observer may consider logical implications projected onto future elements by past elements or derive statistical observations from information theory.
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His research interests are in quantum information theory, quantum non-locality and theoretical quantum foundations, as well as causality in gravitation and quantum physics.
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Chaitin, G. J. (1987). Algorithmic information theory. Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science, Cambridge University Press. Similar observations come from a Model Theory perspective.
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Hendrik Christoffel Ferreira (1954- Johannesburg, Nov. 20, 2018) was a professor in Digital Communications and Information Theory at the University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Phillip Johnson. Truths that Transform.William Dembski. "Intelligent design is just the Logos theology of John's Gospel restated in the idiom of information theory," Touchstone Magazine.
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L. Tassiulas and A. Ephremides, "Dynamic Server Allocation to Parallel Queues with Randomly Varying Connectivity," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 39, no. 2, pp.
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In IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 52(10), p. 4595-4602, 2006. Smart carries out research on a wide variety of topics in cryptography.
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In quantum information theory, quantum relative entropy is a measure of distinguishability between two quantum states. It is the quantum mechanical analog of relative entropy.
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27, pp. 446–472, July 1948.Robert M. Gray and David L. Neuhoff, "Quantization", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. IT-44, No. 6, pp.
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In 2008, Soljanin became a visiting researcher at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and is currently serves as co-chair for the DIMACS Special Focus on Computational Information Theory and Coding. Soljanin is a member of the editorial board of the Journal on Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing (AAECP) and a member of the Board of Governors of the IEEE Information Theory Society.
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In real societies people can be distinguished by their different resources, with the resources being incomes. The more "distinguishable" they are, the lower is the "actual entropy" of a system consisting of income and income earners. Also based on information theory, the gap between these two entropies can be called "redundancy".ISO/IEC DIS 2382-16:1996 (Information theory) It behaves like a negative entropy.
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Edited by John D. Rambow, Random House Inc. (2002) As a historic seaside resort, Mölle has hosted numerous technical and professional conferences such as: the Swedish Network of European Economists, Joint Swedish-Russian International Workshop on Information Theory;List of papers for 6th Joint Swedish-Russian International Workshop on Information Theory, Mölle, Sweden and the Royal Society (United Kingdom) of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
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He received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal in 2006, for "contributions to the theory of error-correcting codes and information theory, including the Levenshtein distance".
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This article lists notable unsolved problems in information theory which are separated into source coding and channel coding. There are also related unsolved problems in philosophy.
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In information theory, a relay channel is a probability model of the communication between a sender and a receiver aided by one or more intermediate relay nodes.
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George David Forney Jr. (born March 6, 1940) is an American electrical engineer who made contributions in telecommunication system theory, specifically in coding theory and information theory.
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Chandar, Venkat, Devavrat Shah, and Gregory W. Wornell. "A simple message-passing algorithm for compressed sensing." Information Theory Proceedings (ISIT), 2010 IEEE International Symposium on. IEEE, 2010.
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This implies that the efficiency of a source alphabet with symbols can be defined simply as being equal to its -ary entropy. See also Redundancy (information theory).
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Japan Prize 2020 Gallager's textbook, Principles of Digital Communication was published by Cambridge University Press in 2008. Gallager was President of the IEEE Information Theory Society in 1971, a member of its board of governors from 1965 to 1972 and again from 1979 to 1988. He served the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory as associate editor for coding 1963–1964 and as associate editor for computer communications from 1977 to 1980.
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In a series of papers by E. T. Jaynes starting in 1957,E. T. Jaynes (1957) Information theory and statistical mechanics, Physical Review 106:620E. T. Jaynes (1957) Information theory and statistical mechanics II, Physical Review 108:171 the statistical thermodynamic entropy can be seen as just a particular application of Shannon's information entropy to the probabilities of particular microstates of a system occurring in order to produce a particular macrostate.
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She introduced an approach that used random linear network coding to transmit and compress information. They went on to show the benefits of this technique over routing-based approaches. Effros was awarded the IEEE Communications Society & Information Theory Society Joint Paper Award in 2009 for her work on linear network coding. In 2015 she served as President of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Information Theory Society.
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The Markov chainK. Abend, T.J. Harley, and L.N. Kanal, "Classification of Binary Random Patterns," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 11, no. 4, October 1965, pp. 538–544.
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The dependency treeC.K. Chow and C.N. Liu, "Approximating Discrete Probability Distributions with Dependence Trees," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.14, no. 3, May 1965, pp. 462–467.
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His broad interests, spanning not only his own areas of physics but also information theory, applied mathematics, metallurgy, and biophysics, led him to characterize himself as a "gadfly".
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Dr. Aylin Yener holds the Roy and Lois Chope Chair in engineering at Ohio State University, and she is currently the President of the IEEE Information Theory Society.
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Although the article is mainly expository, in this paper Ingleton stated and proved Ingleton's inequality, which has found interesting applications in information theory, matroid theory, and network coding.
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"Adaptive interference suppression." Wireless Communications: Signal Processing Perspectives (1998): 64-128.M. Honig, U. Madhow and S. Verdú, "Blind Adaptive Multiuser Detection," IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, vol.
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Hlawatsch is an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing and the IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks.
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M. Sharif and B. Hassibi, On the Capacity of MIMO Broadcast Channels With Partial Side Information, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 506-522, 2005.
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D.J. Love, R.W. Heath, and T. Strohmer, Grassmannian Beamforming for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless Systems, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2735–2747, 2003.
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He discovered, with Gilles Brassard, the concept of quantum cryptography and is one of the founding fathers of modern quantum information theory (see Bennett's four laws of quantum information).
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Rudolf Ahlswede Rudolf F. Ahlswede (September 15, 1938 – December 18, 2010) was a German mathematician. Born in Dielmissen, Germany, he studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy. He wrote his Ph.D. thesis in 1966, at the University of Göttingen, with the topic "Contributions to the Shannon information theory in case of non-stationary channels". He dedicated himself in his further career to information theory and became one of the leading representatives of this area worldwide.
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His contributions to coding and information theory won the IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award in 1995 and 1999. He was elected to the US National Academy of Engineering in 2005, became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012,List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2012-11-10. and won the 2013 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal and the 2015 Claude E. Shannon Award. He is married to Ingrid Daubechies.
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Structural information theory (SIT) is a theory about human perception and in particular about visual perceptual organization, which is the neuro-cognitive process that enables us to perceive scenes as structured wholes consisting of objects arranged in space. It has been applied to a wide range of research topics,Leeuwenberg, E. L. J. & van der Helm, P. A. (2013). Structural information theory: The simplicity of visual form. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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In information theory and coding theory, linear programming decoding (LP decoding) is a decoding method which uses concepts from linear programming (LP) theory to solve decoding problems. This approach was first used by Jon Feldman et al. "Using linear programming to Decode Binary linear codes," J. Feldman, M.J. Wainwright and D.R. Karger, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 51:954-972, March 2005. They showed how the LP can be used to decodes block codes.
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He is known for his contribution to the fields of communication complexity, source coding, and more recently in probability estimation. He is a recipient of the IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award in 1992, the IEEE Information Theory Society paper award in 2006, a best paper award at NeurIPS in 2015, and a best paper honorable mention at International Conference on Machine Learning in 2017, and the 2021 Claude E. Shannon Award of IEEE Information Theory Society.
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Keith Ball's research is in the fields of functional analysis, high-dimensional and discrete geometry and information theory. He is the author of Strange Curves, Counting Rabbits, & Other Mathematical Explorations.
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In this book Seife concentrates on the information theory, discussing various issues, such as decoherence and probability, relativity and quantum mechanics, works of Turing and Schrödinger, entropy and superposition, etc.
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Applications of fundamental topics of information theory include lossless data compression (e.g. ZIP files), lossy data compression (e.g. MP3s and JPEGs), and channel coding (e.g. for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)).
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Milenkovic was a distinguished lecturer for the IEEE Information Theory Society in 2015. In 2018 she was elected as a Fellow of the IEEE "for contributions to genomic data compression".
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ZIP files), lossy data compression (e.g. MP3s and JPEGs), and channel coding (e.g. for DSL). Information theory is used in information retrieval, intelligence gathering, gambling, and even in musical composition.
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Ideas about the relationship between entropy and living organisms have inspired hypotheses and speculations in many contexts, including psychology, information theory, the origin of life, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
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Baccelli, B. Błaszczyszyn, and P. Mühlethaler. An aloha protocol for multihop mobile wireless networks. Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, 52(2):421–436, 2006. F. Baccelli, P. Mühlethaler, and B. Błaszczyszyn.
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Modiano also serves as editor-in-chief of the IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking and as associate fellow of the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory and IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.
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Weingarten, Y. Steinberg, and S. Shamai, The capacity region of the Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output broadcast channel , IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 3936–3964, 2006.
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Game theory has been used in the analysis of various software crowdsourcing projects. Information theory can be a basis for metrics. Economic models can provide incentives for participation in crowdsourcing efforts.
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Léon Nicolas Brillouin (; August 7, 1889 - October 4, 1969) was a French physicist. He made contributions to quantum mechanics, radio wave propagation in the atmosphere, solid state physics, and information theory.
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Carl W. Helstrom (1925–2013) was one of the earliest pioneers in the field of quantum information theory. He is well known in this field for discovering what is now known as the Helstrom measurement, the quantum measurement with minimum error probability for distinguishing one quantum state from another. He has written a textbook which has been widely read by experts in quantum information theory. He authored several other textbooks on signal detection and estimation theory.
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South Africa Inequality: Generalized Entropy Measure The generalized entropy index has been proposed as a measure of income inequality in a population. It is derived from information theory as a measure of redundancy in data. In information theory a measure of redundancy can be interpreted as non- randomness or data compression; thus this interpretation also applies to this index. In additional interpretation of the index is as biodiversity as entropy has also been proposed as a measure of diversity.
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As with the several other major results in information theory, the proof of the noisy channel coding theorem includes an achievability result and a matching converse result. These two components serve to bound, in this case, the set of possible rates at which one can communicate over a noisy channel, and matching serves to show that these bounds are tight bounds. The following outlines are only one set of many different styles available for study in information theory texts.
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This article discusses how information theory (a branch of mathematics studying the transmission, processing and storage of information) is related to measure theory (a branch of mathematics related to integration and probability).
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IEEE Transactions of Information Theory 36. and an extension to longer codes (but only for those values of d and w which are relevant for the GSM application) was published in 2006.
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From 1954 to 1956, he studied phonetics, acoustics, and information theory with Werner Meyer-Eppler at the University of Bonn. Together with Eimert, Stockhausen edited the journal Die Reihe from 1955 to 1962.
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The Normalized Google Distance is derived from the earlier Normalized Compression Distance. .Clustering by Compression on ArXiv.org or R.L. Cilibrasi and P.M.B. Vitanyi, Clustering by Compression, IEEE Trans. Information Theory, 51:12(2005).
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Repeating decimals (also called decimal sequences) have found cryptographic and error-correction coding applications.Kak, Subhash, Chatterjee, A. "On decimal sequences". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-27, pp. 647–652, September 1981.
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The expanded alphabet for communication enabled by considering burst patterns as discrete signals allows for a greater channel capacity in neuronal communications and provides a popular connection between neural coding and information theory.
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This is related to the concept of Hamming distance in information theory. Another related but more involved approach is to use methods from coding theory to construct nucleic acid sequences with desired properties.
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Active network research addresses the nature of how best to incorporate extremely dynamic capability within networks. In order to do this, active network research must address the problem of optimally allocating computation versus communication within communication networks. A similar problem related to the compression of code as a measure of complexity is addressed via algorithmic information theory. One of the challenges of active networking has been the inability of information theory to mathematically model the active network paradigm and enable active network engineering.
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The broadcast channel, in information theory terminology,Cover, Thomas M and Thomas, Joy A, Elements of information theory,2012, John Wiley & Sons. is the one-to-many situation with a single transmitter aiming at sending different data to different receivers and it arises in, for example, the downlink of a cellular network.Tse David and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals of wireless communication,2005, Cambridge university press. The multiple access channel is the converse, with several transmitters aiming at sending different data to a single receiver.
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Quantum computing is an area of research that brings together the disciplines of computer science, information theory, and quantum physics. The idea of information being a basic part of physics is relatively new, but there seems to be a strong tie between information theory and quantum mechanics. Whereas traditional computing operates on a binary system of ones and zeros, quantum computing uses qubits. Qubits are capable of being in a superposition, which means that they are in both states, one and zero, simultaneously.
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Vladimir Iosifovich Levenshtein (; March 20, 1935 – September 6, 2017) was a Russian scientist who did research in information theory, error-correcting codes, and combinatorial design. Among other contributions, he is known for the Levenshtein distance and a Levenshtein algorithm, which he developed in 1965. He graduated from the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics of Moscow State University in 1958 and worked at the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics in Moscow ever since. He was a fellow of the IEEE Information Theory Society.
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A key measure in information theory is entropy. Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a (with six equally likely outcomes). Some other important measures in information theory are mutual information, channel capacity, error exponents, and relative entropy.
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Feature Selection Toolbox (FST) is software primarily for feature selection in the machine learning domain, written in C++, developed at the Institute of Information Theory and Automation (UTIA), of the Czech Academy of Sciences.
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Te Sun Han and Kingo Kobayashi (2007), Mathematics of Information and Coding, American Mathematical Society. Subsection 3.7.1. It is called Shannon coding by Yeung.Raymond W Yeung (2002), A First Course in Information Theory, Springer.
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Dominique de Caen ( – ) was a mathematician, Doctor of Mathematics, and professor of Mathematics, who specialized in graph theory, probability, and information theory. He is renowned for his research on Turán's extremal problem for hypergraphs.
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Communication theory is a field of information theory and mathematics that studies the technical process of information, as well as a field of psychology, sociology, semiotics and anthropology studying interpersonal communication and intrapersonal communication.
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Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics. Physical Review Series II, 106 (4), 620–30. Finally, because the time average of energy is action, the principle of minimum variational free energy is a principle of least action.
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Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (, 25 April 1903 – 20 October 1987) was a Soviet mathematician who made significant contributions to the mathematics of probability theory, topology, intuitionistic logic, turbulence, classical mechanics, algorithmic information theory and computational complexity.
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In mathematics, computer science, telecommunication, information theory, and searching theory, error-correcting codes with feedback refers to error correcting codes designed to work in the presence of feedback from the receiver to the sender.See and .
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His current work relates to applying a combination of philosophical arguments and knowledge of Vedic sciences to solve the problems with in modern science, and thereby refining the foundations of physics, biology, and information theory.
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He has also completed a lot of research in the field of Information Theory, mostly looking at information as a thermodynamic concept, which as a result of ergodicity breaking changed the entropy of the system.
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In 1977, he joined and held a Professorship at the University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. In 1988, he received together with Imre Csiszár the Best Paper Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society for work in the area of the hypothesis testing as well as in 1990 together with Gunter Dueck for a new theory of message identification. He has been awarded this prize twice. As an emeritus of Bielefeld University, Ahlswede received the Claude Elwood Shannon Award 2006 of the IEEE information Theory Society.
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He is a Fellow of the SAIEE, the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers. Ferreira published close to 250 research papers on topics such as digital communications, power line communications, vehicular communication systems. With his work he introduced and developed a new theme in Information Theory, namely coding techniques for constructing combined channel codes, where error correction and channel properties are considered jointly. Ferreira was a pioneering initiator and stimulator of the research fields of Information Theory and Power Line Communications in South Africa.
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DISCUS was invented by researchers S. S. Pradhan and K. Ramachandran, and first published in their paper "Distributed source coding using syndromes (DISCUS): design and construction", published in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory in 2003.
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Since thermodynamic entropy can be related to statistical mechanics or to information theory, it is possible to calculate the entropy of mixing using these two approaches. Here we consider the simple case of mixing ideal gases.
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In quantum information theory, quantum mutual information, or von Neumann mutual information, after John von Neumann, is a measure of correlation between subsystems of quantum state. It is the quantum mechanical analog of Shannon mutual information.
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The DUDE has led to universal algorithms for channel decoding of uncompressed sources. E. Ordentlich, G. Seroussi, S. Verdú, and K. Viswanathan, "Universal Algorithms for Channel Decoding of Uncompressed Sources," IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 54, no.
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Dr. Yener is interested in fundamental performance limits of networked systems, communications and information theory. The applications of these fields include but not limited to information theoretic physical layer security, energy harvesting communication networks, and caching systems.
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In the last decade he extended to transformations which are in some sense a "rotation" of the Wiener process and with Ustunel extended to some general cases results of information theory which were known for simpler spaces.
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János Dezső Aczél (; 26 December 1924 – 1 January 2020),We remember Distinguished Professor Emeritus János Aczel, University of Waterloo also known as John Aczel, was a Hungarian-Canadian mathematician, who specialized in functional equations and information theory.
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His historically important works start with the presentation of the LZ77 algorithm in a paper entitled "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential Data Compression" in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (May 1977), co- authored by Jacob Ziv. He is the recipient of the 1998 Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society; and the 2007 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal, for "pioneering work in data compression, especially the Lempel-Ziv algorithm". Lempel founded HP Labs—Israel in 1994, and served as its director until October 2007.
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He also was an organizer of the IEEE Information Theory Society and Power Line Communications within South Africa and Africa. He was a member of the Technical Committee for Power Line Communications of the IEEE Communications Society, and he served on the Technical Program Committee of several IEEE conferences, including the IEEE (ISIT) International Symposium on Information Theory, the IEEE (ISPLC) International Symposium on Power Line Communications, and the IEEE Africon and Chinacom conferences. An obituary by his colleague Han Vinck was presented during a workshop in 2019.
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In 2010, Arıkan received the IEEE Information Theory Society Paper Award and the Sedat Simavi Science Award for the solution of a problem related to the construction of coding schemes that send information at a rate better suited to the capacity of communication channels. The problem had remained unresolved ever since the field of information theory was first established by Claude Shannon in 1948. Arıkan became the recipient for the Kadir Has Achievement Award in 2011 for the same accomplishment. He was named an IEEE fellow in 2012.
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Miller's Language and Communication was one of the first significant texts in the study of language behavior. The book was a scientific study of language, emphasizing quantitative data, and was based on the mathematical model of Claude Shannon's information theory. It used a probabilistic model imposed on a learning-by-association scheme borrowed from behaviorism, with Miller not yet attached to a pure cognitive perspective. The first part of the book reviewed information theory, the physiology and acoustics of phonetics, speech recognition and comprehension, and statistical techniques to analyze language.
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The field is at the intersection of mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, neurobiology, and electrical engineering. Its impact has been crucial to the success of the Voyager missions to deep space, the invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the development of the Internet, the study of linguistics and of human perception, the understanding of black holes, and numerous other fields. Important sub-fields of information theory are source coding, channel coding, algorithmic complexity theory, algorithmic information theory, information-theoretic security, and measures of information.
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In 1974 he became head of its Communications Analysis Research Department and led it until 1993, when he became a researcher in the information theory department. His research included coding theory, optical communications, cryptography, and stochastic process. In a 1975 paper, he introduced the "wire-tap channel", showing how one could obtain "perfect secrecy" when a receiver enjoys a better channel than does the wire-tapping opponent. Wyner was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, an IEEE Fellow, and received all the IEEE Information Theory Society awards, i.e.
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Shannon entropy or information content measured as the surprise value of a particular event, is essentially inversely proportional to the logarithm of the event's probability, i = log(1/p). Claude Shannon's information theory arose from research at Bell labs, building upon George Boole's digital logic. As information theory predicts common and easily predicted words tend to become shorter for optimal communication channel efficiency while less common words tend to be longer for redundancy and error correction. Vedral compares the process of life to John von Neumann's self replicating automata.
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Information theory is based on probability theory and statistics. Information theory often concerns itself with measures of information of the distributions associated with random variables. Important quantities of information are entropy, a measure of information in a single random variable, and mutual information, a measure of information in common between two random variables. The former quantity is a property of the probability distribution of a random variable and gives a limit on the rate at which data generated by independent samples with the given distribution can be reliably compressed.
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In information theory, the limiting density of discrete points is an adjustment to the formula of Claude Shannon for differential entropy. It was formulated by Edwin Thompson Jaynes to address defects in the initial definition of differential entropy.
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It corresponds exactly to the definition of negentropy adopted in statistics and information theory. A similar physical quantity was introduced in 1869 by Massieu for the isothermal processMassieu, M. F. (1869a). Sur les fonctions caractéristiques des divers fluides.
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Joslyn's research interests extend from "order theoretical approaches to knowledge discovery and database analysis to include computational semiotics, qualitative modeling, and generalized information theory, with applications in computational biology, infrastructure protection, homeland defense, intelligence analysis, and defense transformation".
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On 8 May 2006, in an arXiv preprint, "Quantum mechanics from a universal action reservoir," Lisi proposed that the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics can be derived from information theory and the existence of a universal action reservoir.
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The Pawula theorem states that the expansion either stops after the first term or the second termR. F. Pawula, "Generalizations and extensions of the Fokker- Planck-Kolmogorov equations," in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 13, no. 1, pp.
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In information theory, Pinsker's inequality, named after its inventor Mark Semenovich Pinsker, is an inequality that bounds the total variation distance (or statistical distance) in terms of the Kullback–Leibler divergence. The inequality is tight up to constant factors.
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The Kullback–Leibler divergence was introduced by Solomon Kullback and Richard Leibler in 1951 as the directed divergence between two distributions; Kullback preferred the term discrimination information. The divergence is discussed in Kullback's 1959 book, Information Theory and Statistics.
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Shinmin Wang Zhang, Hong-Yan Building human-oriented information ecosystems. Information Theory and Practice. 2007. No. 4, pp. 531-533. Finland,Melkas, Helinä Informational ecology and care workers: Safety alarm systems in Finnish elderly-care organizations // Work, 2010, vol.
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In information theory, a channel refers to a theoretical channel model with certain error characteristics. In this more general view, a storage device is also a kind of channel, which can be sent to (written) and received from (reading).
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In information theory, perplexity is a measurement of how well a probability distribution or probability model predicts a sample. It may be used to compare probability models. A low perplexity indicates the probability distribution is good at predicting the sample.
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He has also served as an adjunct professor at City University of New York, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Columbia University.Shannon Theory: Perspective, Trends, and Applications, Preface in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 48(6):1242, June 2002.
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Communications, IEEE Transactions on, 59(11):3122–3134, 2011.H. P. Keeler, B. Błaszczyszyn, M. K. Karray, et al. Sinr-based k-coverage probability in cellular networks with arbitrary shadowing. In ISIT 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, 2013.
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The School of Technology and Computer Science grew out of early activities carried out at TIFR for building digital computers. Today, its activities cover areas such as Algorithms, Complexity Theory, Formal Method, Applied Probability, Mathematical Finance, Information Theory, Communications, etc.
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Several theoretical models of data synchronization exist in the research literature, and the problem is also related to the problem of Slepian–Wolf coding in information theory. The models are classified based on how they consider the data to be synchronized.
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Kenneth M. Sayre, "Intentionality and Information Processing: An Alternative Model for Cognitive Science," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 9, no. 1, March 1986, pp. 121-165. In 1998 he contributed the entry on information theory to the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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He remained at IBM for 35 years, becoming an IBM Fellow, and later Fellow Emeritus. From 1951 onward, Mandelbrot worked on problems and published papers not only in mathematics but in applied fields such as information theory, economics, and fluid dynamics.
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Binary lambda calculus is designed from an algorithmic information theory perspective to allow for the densest possible code with the most minimal means, featuring a 29 byte self interpreter, a 21 byte prime number sieve, and a 112 byte Brainfuck interpreter.
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He has supervised more than 18 Ph.D. theses. Besides representation theory, Wallach has also published more than 150 papers in the fields of algebraic geometry, combinatorics, differential equations, harmonic analysis, number theory, quantum information theory, Riemannian geometry, and ring theory.
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Natural image statistics and neural representation. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24: 1193-1216. Natural scene statistics are useful for defining the behavior of an ideal observer in a natural task, typically by incorporating signal detection theory, information theory, or estimation theory.
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A.S. Holevo made substantial contributions in the mathematical foundations of quantum theory, quantum statistics and quantum information theory. In 1973 he obtained an upper bound for the amount of classical information that can be extracted from an ensemble of quantum states by quantum measurements (this result is known as Holevo's theorem). A.S. Holevo developed the mathematical theory of quantum communication channels, the noncommutative theory of statistical decisions, he proved coding theorems in quantum information theory and revealed the structure of quantum Markov semigroups and measurement processes. A.S. Holevo is the author of about one-hundred and seventy published works, including five monographs.
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Chaitin also writes about philosophy, especially metaphysics and philosophy of mathematics (particularly about epistemological matters in mathematics). In metaphysics, Chaitin claims that algorithmic information theory is the key to solving problems in the field of biology (obtaining a formal definition of 'life', its origin and evolution) and neuroscience (the problem of consciousness and the study of the mind). In recent writings, he defends a position known as digital philosophy. In the epistemology of mathematics, he claims that his findings in mathematical logic and algorithmic information theory show there are "mathematical facts that are true for no reason, that are true by accident".
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Richard Blahut,Richard E. Blahut was elected in 1990 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering and Computer Science & Engineering for pioneering work in coherent emitter signal processing and for contributions to information theory and error control codes. (born June 9, 1937Who's Who) former chair of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, is best known for his work in information theory (e.g. the Blahut–Arimoto algorithm used in rate–distortion theory). He received his PhD Electrical Engineering from Cornell University in 1972.
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Algorithmic information theory principally studies complexity measures on strings (or other data structures). Because most mathematical objects can be described in terms of strings, or as the limit of a sequence of strings, it can be used to study a wide variety of mathematical objects, including integers. Informally, from the point of view of algorithmic information theory, the information content of a string is equivalent to the length of the most-compressed possible self-contained representation of that string. A self-contained representation is essentially a program—in some fixed but otherwise irrelevant universal programming language—that, when run, outputs the original string.
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She received her PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering from University of Waterloo, Canada,under supervision of Prof. Ian F. Blake and her BSc and MSc in Electrical Engineering from University of Tehran. She has served as the Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, and Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC), and is currently an Associate Editor of IET Information Security and Journal of Mathematical Cryptology. Her research interest is in cryptography and information theory and their applications to information security systems, and has published over 400 papers in this area.
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He became vice president of research and development at Codex, through its acquisition by Motorola in 1977, serving in both management and technical positions. He received the IEEE Edison Medal in 1992 "for original contributions to coding, modulation, data communication modems, and for industrial and research leadership in communications technology". In 1995 he received the Claude E. Shannon Award from the IEEE Information Theory Society and he received twice, in 1990 and in 2009, the IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award. In 1998 Forney received a Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society.
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MDL is an important concept in information theory and computational learning theory. Importantly, the definite noun phrase "the minimum description length principle" is in use for at least three quite different instantiations of this idea, that, while interrelated, vary in what is meant by 'description'. It is mostly used for Jorma Rissanen's theory of learning, in which models are statistical hypotheses and descriptions are defined as universal codes, a central concept of information theory (see below). Secondly, it is still often used to refer to Rissanen's 1978 very first pragmatic attempt to automatically derive short descriptions, related to the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC).
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Some scholars argue that this theory fails the test of logical consistency and that people are not necessarily guided by rules in an organization. Some organizational members might not have any interest in communication rules and their actions might have more to do with intuition than anything else. Other critics posit that organizational information theory views the organization as a static entity, rather than one that changes over time. Dynamic adjustments, such as downsizing, outsourcing and even advancements in technology should be taken into consideration when examining an organization—and organizational information theory does not account for this.
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Influenced by Heinz von Foerster, Atlan became interested in applying cybernetics and information theory to living organisms, and went to the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot to work under the biophysicist Aharon Katchalsky. In 1972, he returned to Paris; and, in that year, his 1972 work on information theory and self-organising systems, entitled L'organisation biologique et la théorie de l'information, received a wide readership. In this book, he proposed the principle of "complexity from noise"See occurrences on Google Books. (),See occurrences on Google Books.. concept taken up in his following book Entre le cristal et la fumée (1979).
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Ruskai has been an organizer of international conferences, especially those with an interdisciplinary focus. Of particular note was her organization of the first US conference on wavelet theory, at which Ingrid Daubechies gave Ten Lectures on Wavelets.Ten Lectures on Wavelets Ruskai considers this one of her most important achievements.Six Questions With: Mary-Beth Ruskai retrieved 2014-09-20 She was also an organizer of conferences in Quantum Information Theory, including the Fall 2010 program at the Mittag-Leffler Institute,Quantum Information Theory as well as a series of workshops at the Banff International Research Station and the Fields Institute.
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Highly ordered generative art minimizes entropy and allows maximal data compression, and highly disordered generative art maximizes entropy and disallows significant data compression. Maximally complex generative art blends order and disorder in a manner similar to biological life, and indeed biologically inspired methods are most frequently used to create complex generative art. This view is at odds with the earlier information theory influenced views of Max BenseBense, Max Aesthetica; Einfuehrung in die neue Aesthetik, Agis-Verlag and Abraham MolesMoles, Abraham. Information theory and esthetic perception, University of Illinois Press where complexity in art increases with disorder.
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Nilanjana Datta is an Indian-born British mathematician working in quantum information theory. She is a Reader in Quantum Information Theory in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Pembroke College. Born in the Indian state of West Bengal, Datta graduated from Jadavpur University with a Master of Science and did a Post-MSc at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics. In 1995 she obtained a PhD from ETH Zürich under the supervision of Jürg Fröhlich and Rudolf Morf, working on quantum statistical mechanics and the Quantum Hall effect.
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Theory is becoming an important topic in visualization, expanding from its traditional origins in low-level perception and statistics to an ever-broader array of fields and subfields. It includes color theory, visual cognition, visual grammars, interaction theory, visual analytics and information theory.
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Huxley postulated that psychedelics lessened the strength of the mind's reducing valve, allowing for a broader spectrum of one's overall experience to enter into conscious experience. In the second wave of theories, Swanson includes entropic brain theory, integrated information theory, and predictive processing.
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Their investigation into the functions of feelings gave further insight into the informative functions of feelings, from which they derived core postulates of their theory. Development of the theory and postulates derived are detailed and summarised in Schwarz's (2010) ‘Feelings as information theory’.
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Clausius continued to develop his ideas of lost energy, and coined the term entropy. Since the mid-20th century the concept of entropy has found application in the field of information theory, describing an analogous loss of data in information transmission systems.
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Furthermore, just as the later-proposed minimum description length principle in algorithmic information theory (AIT), a.k.a. the theory of Kolmogorov complexity, it can be seen as a formalization of Occam's Razor, according to which the simplest interpretation of data is the best one.
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The First Iran Workshop on Communication and Information Theory (IWCIT) took place at Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran from Wednesday May 8 to Thursday May 9, 2013. Prof. Gerhard Kramer from Technische Universität München was the Keynote Speaker at IWCIT 2013.
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This is exactly the data needed to define a monad structure on : the multiplication map is and the unit map is η′S.η. See: distributive law between monads. A generalized distributive law has also been proposed in the area of information theory.
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Thomas M. Cover [ˈkoʊvər] (August 7, 1938 – March 26, 2012) was an information theorist and professor jointly in the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Statistics at Stanford University. He devoted almost his entire career to developing the relationship between information theory and statistics.
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This index is also known as the multigroup entropy index or the information theory index. It was proposed by Theil in 1972.Theil H (1972) Statistical decomposition analysis. Amsterdam: North- Holland Publishing Company> The index is a weighted average of the samples entropy.
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The IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. The Journal publishes articles in control and information theory which aim to develop solutions for unsolved problems in the field.
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Noise reduction, the recovery of the original signal from the noise-corrupted one, is a very common goal in the design of signal processing systems, especially filters. The mathematical limits for noise removal are set by information theory, namely the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem.
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From 1965 to 1967, Helstrom served as Associate Editor for Detection Theory on the editorial board of the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory; 1967 to 1971 he served as Editor-in-Chief of the same journal. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa.
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Pointwise mutual information (PMI), or point mutual information, is a measure of association used in information theory and statistics. In contrast to mutual information (MI) which builds upon PMI, it refers to single events, whereas MI refers to the average of all possible events.
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Starting in early 1997, Lin collaborated with Sifeng Liu on their works of a new theory of data analysis for partially known and partially unknown systems.Robert Vallee (2008). Grey Information: Theory and Practical Applications. Kybernetes: The International Journal of Systems, Cybernetics, and Management Science, vol.
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Erwin Lutwak (born 9 February 1946, Chernivtsi, now Ukraine), is a mathematician. Lutwak is professor at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University in New York City. His main research interests are convex geometry and its connections with analysis and information theory.
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In quantum computing and quantum information theory, the Clifford gates are the elements of the Clifford group, a set of mathematical transformations which effect permutations of the Pauli operators. The notion was introduced by Daniel Gottesman and is named after the mathematician William Kingdon Clifford.
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The group had a transdisciplinary vision. Discussions were diverse and occurred largely on a background in cybernetics, systems theory, neurobiology and information theory. Some of the disciplines regularly discussed were: anthropology, ecology, evolutionary psychology, economics and media studies. Many members influenced each other's future works.
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Coding theory started as a part of design theory with early combinatorial constructions of error-correcting codes. The main idea of the subject is to design efficient and reliable methods of data transmission. It is now a large field of study, part of information theory.
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In doing so they explain how panpsychism may be a more fundamental theory that rejects both dualism and the materialistic perspective of consciousness. Panpsychism is also implied in Integrated information theory (IIT) which is currently the most respected theory on consciousness and phenomenology by neuroscientists.
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Comparative analysis of image fusion methods demonstrates that different metrics support different user needs, sensitive to different image fusion methods, and need to be tailored to the application. Categories of image fusion metrics are based on information theory features, structural similarity, or human perception.
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Kopp's computer science research effort currently encompasses ad hoc networking, global navigation satellite system (GNSS) support protocols, network-centric warfare, exploitation of radars for high speed datalink applications, and the information theory underpinning Information Warfare, where he previously contributed much of the foundation theory.
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The CQC conducts theoretical and experimental research into quantum computing, quantum cryptography and other forms of quantum information processing, into the implications of the quantum theory of information for physics itself, and into foundational and conceptual questions in quantum theory and quantum information theory.
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Information-theoretic security is a cryptosystem whose security derives purely from information theory; the system cannot be broken even if the adversary has unlimited computing power. The cryptosystem is considered cryptoanalytically unbreakable if the adversary does not have enough information to break the encryption.
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Classification methods have also been developed for ordinal data. The data are divided into different categories such that each observations are similar to each other. Dispersion is measured and minimized in each group to maximize classification results. The dispersion function is used in information theory.
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In information theory, a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code is a linear error correcting code, a method of transmitting a message over a noisy transmission channel.David J.C. MacKay (2003) Information theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms, CUP, , (also available online)Todd K. Moon (2005) Error Correction Coding, Mathematical Methods and Algorithms. Wiley, (Includes code) An LDPC is constructed using a sparse Tanner graph (subclass of the bipartite graph).Amin Shokrollahi (2003) LDPC Codes: An Introduction LDPC codes are capacity-approaching codes, which means that practical constructions exist that allow the noise threshold to be set very close to the theoretical maximum (the Shannon limit) for a symmetric memoryless channel.
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Algorithmic information theory (AIT) is the information theory of individual objects, using computer science, and concerns itself with the relationship between computation, information, and randomness. The information content or complexity of an object can be measured by the length of its shortest description. For instance the string `"0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101"` has the short description "32 repetitions of '01'", while `"1100100001100001110111101110110011111010010000100101011110010110"` presumably has no simple description other than writing down the string itself. More formally, the Algorithmic Complexity (AC) of a string x is defined as the length of the shortest program that computes or outputs x, where the program is run on some fixed reference universal computer.
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In information theory, for any classical random variable X, the classical Shannon entropy H(X) is a measure of how uncertain we are about the outcome of X. For example, if X is a probability distribution concentrated at one point, the outcome of X is certain and therefore its entropy H(X)=0. At the other extreme, if X is the uniform probability distribution with n possible values, intuitively one would expect X is associated with the most uncertainty. Indeed such uniform probability distributions have maximum possible entropy H(X) = \log_2(n). In quantum information theory, the notion of entropy is extended from probability distributions to quantum states, or density matrices.
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In information theory, the information content, self-information, surprisal, or Shannon information is a basic quantity derived from the probability of a particular event occurring from a random variable. It can be thought of as an alternative way of expressing probability, much like odds or log-odds, but which has particular mathematical advantages in the setting of information theory. The Shannon information can be interpreted as quantifying the level of "surprise" of a particular outcome. As it is such a basic quantity, it also appears in several other settings, such as the length of a message needed to transmit the event given an optimal source coding of the random variable.
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In 1939, however, when Shannon had been working on his equations for some time, he happened to visit the mathematician John von Neumann. During their discussions, regarding what Shannon should call the "measure of uncertainty" or attenuation in phone-line signals with reference to his new information theory, according to one source:M. Tribus, E.C. McIrvine, "Energy and information", Scientific American, 224 (September 1971). : According to another source, when von Neumann asked him how he was getting on with his information theory, Shannon replied: : In 1948 Shannon published his seminal paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication, in which he devoted a section to what he calls Choice, Uncertainty, and Entropy.
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Quantum mechanics is the study of how microscopic physical systems change dynamically in nature. In the field of quantum information theory, the quantum systems studied are abstracted away from any real world counterpart. A qubit might for instance physically be a photon in a linear optical quantum computer, an ion in a trapped ion quantum computer, or it might be a large collection of atoms as in a superconducting quantum computer. Regardless of the physical implementation, the limits and features of qubits implied by quantum information theory hold as all these systems are all mathematically described by the same apparatus of density matrices over the complex numbers.
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In 1951, David A. Huffman and his MIT information theory classmates were given the choice of a term paper or a final exam. The professor, Robert M. Fano, assigned a term paper on the problem of finding the most efficient binary code. Huffman, unable to prove any codes were the most efficient, was about to give up and start studying for the final when he hit upon the idea of using a frequency-sorted binary tree and quickly proved this method the most efficient. In doing so, Huffman outdid Fano, who had worked with information theory inventor Claude Shannon to develop a similar code.
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Semioticians Doede Nauta and Winfried Nöth both considered Charles Sanders Peirce as having created a theory of information in his works on semiotics. Nauta defined semiotic information theory as the study of "the internal processes of coding, filtering, and information processing." Concepts from information theory such as redundancy and code control have been used by semioticians such as Umberto Eco and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi to explain ideology as a form of message transmission whereby a dominant social class emits its message by using signs that exhibit a high degree of redundancy such that only one message is decoded among a selection of competing ones.Nöth, Winfried (1981).
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He has served on dozens of program committees in computer science, information theory, and networks, and chaired the program committee of the Symposium on Theory of Computing in 2009. He belongs to the editorial board of SIAM Journal on Computing, Internet Mathematics, and Journal of Interconnection Networks.
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Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995; pp. 6-7 This concept was expanded upon with the advent of information theory and subsequently systems theory. Today the concept has its applications in the natural and social sciences. Properties of isolated, closed, and open systems in exchanging energy and matter.
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Around the early 1990s, shot noise based on a Poisson process and a power-law repulse function was studied and observed to have a stable distribution.S. B. Lowen and M. C. Teich. Power-law shot noise. Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, 36(6):1302–1318, 1990.
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Data Networks, Prentice Hall, published in 1988, with second edition 1992, co-authored with Dimitri Bertsekas, helped provide a conceptual foundation for this field. In the 1990s, Gallager's interests shifted back to information theory and to stochastic processes. He wrote the 1996 textbook, Discrete Stochastic Processes.
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R. Dougherty, C. Freiling, and K. Zeger, "Insufficiency of Linear Coding in Network Information Flow" (PDF), in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 51, No. 8, pp. 2745-2759, August 2005 ( erratum) Finding optimal coding solutions for general network problems with arbitrary demands remains an open problem.
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Proposed in the 1950s by Noam Chomsky, generative grammar is an analysis approach to language as a structural framework of the human mind.A Chomsky, Noam (1956). "Three Models for the Description of Language". IRE Transactions on Information Theory 2 (2): 113 123.doi:10.1109/TIT.1956.1056813.
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Lev B. Levitin is a Russian-American engineer currently a Distinguished Professor at Boston University and a Life Fellow of the IEEE. His current research interests include information theory, physical aspects of computation, complex systems and quantum measurement. He is known for the Margolus–Levitin theorem.
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New York: Dover 1994. R. W. Yeung, A First Course in Information Theory. Norwell, MA/New York: Kluwer/Plenum, 2002. Information diagrams are a useful pedagogical tool for teaching and learning about these basic measures of information, but using such diagrams carries some non-trivial implications.
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From chemistry, chemical species models like the Gray–Scott model exhibit rich, chaotic dynamics. Dynamic interactions between extracellular fluid pathways reshapes our view of intraneural communication. Information theory draws on thermodynamics in the development of infodynamics which can involve nonlinear systems, especially with regards to the brain.
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Rachel Sibande was born in 1986 in Lilongwe, Malawi. At 15, attended the University of Malawi's Chancellor College. She graduated with a Bachelors, majoring in Computer Science. Sibande attained a Master of Science in Information Theory, Coding and Cryptography from Mzuzu University in 2007 with a distinction.
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Thus, utility can be pushed arbitrarily close to optimality, with a corresponding tradeoff in average delay. Similar properties can be shown for average power minimization M. J. Neely, "Energy Optimal Control for Time Varying Wireless Networks," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, no. 7, pp.
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Today these codes are called Goppa codes. In 1981 he presented his discovery at the algebra seminar of the Moscow State University. In 1972 he won the best paper award of the IEEE Information Theory Society for his paper "A new class of linear correcting codes".
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These sciences benefited from basic research in electrical engineering and then by the development of electrical computing, which also stimulated information theory, numerical analysis (scientific computing), and theoretical computer science. Theoretical computer science also benefits from the discipline of mathematical logic, which included the theory of computation.
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Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain (born 11 October 1965), known professionally as Ignacio Cirac, is a Spanish physicist. He is one of the pioneers of the field of quantum computing and quantum information theory. He is the recipient of the 2006 Prince of Asturias Award in technical and scientific research.
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The purpose of radio resource management is to satisfy the data rates that are requested by the users of a cellular network.E. Björnson and E. Jorswieck, Optimal Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi-Cell Systems, Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory, vol. 9, no. 2-3, pp.
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In linear algebra, the Schmidt decomposition (named after its originator Erhard Schmidt) refers to a particular way of expressing a vector as the tensor product of two inner product spaces. It has numerous applications in quantum information theory, for example in entanglement characterization and in state purification, and plasticity.
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It is then preferred to choose a unit cell which corresponds to the dense packing of that dimension. In 4D this is D4 lattice; and E8 lattice in 8-dimension. The implementation of these high dimensional periodic boundary conditions is equivalent to error correction code approaches in information theory.
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Determination of cause and effect from joint observational data for two time-independent variables, say X and Y, has been tackled using asymmetry between evidence for some model in the directions, X → Y and Y → X. The primary approaches are based on Algorithmic information theory models and noise models.
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Professor Csiszar has been with the Mathematical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences since 1961. He has been Head of the Information Theory Group there since 1968, and presently he is Head of the Stochastics Department. He is also Professor of Mathematics at the L. Eotvos University, Budapest.
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Verlinde himself names it also quantum information theory. There are already critical papers on "emergent gravity" such as "Inconsistencies in Verlinde’s emergent gravity" by D Dai, D Stojkovic (Springer HEP, Nov 2017), stating that "...When properly done, Verlinde’s elaborate procedure recovers the standard Newtonian gravity instead of MOND".
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Entanglement has many applications in quantum information theory. With the aid of entanglement, otherwise impossible tasks may be achieved. Among the best-known applications of entanglement are superdense coding and quantum teleportation. Most researchers believe that entanglement is necessary to realize quantum computing (although this is disputed by some).
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An optical correlator is a device for comparing two signals by utilising the Fourier transforming properties of a lens.A. VanderLugt, Signal detection by complex spatial filtering, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 10, 1964, pp. 139–145. It is commonly used in optics for target tracking and identification.
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In information theory, the graph entropy is a measure of the information rate achievable by communicating symbols over a channel in which certain pairs of values may be confused. This measure, first introduced by Körner in the 1970s, has since also proven itself useful in other settings, including combinatorics.
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Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as "the father of information theory". Shannon is noted for having founded information theory with a landmark paper, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", which he published in 1948. He is also well known for founding digital circuit design theory in 1937, when—as a 21-year-old master's degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)—he wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship. Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for national defense during World War II, including his fundamental work on codebreaking and secure telecommunications.
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Robert Gray Gallager (born May 29, 1931) is an American electrical engineer known for his work on information theory and communications networks. He was elected an IEEE Fellow in 1968, a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 1979, a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1992, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) in 1999. He received the Claude E. Shannon Award from the IEEE Information Theory Society in 1983. He also received the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1990 "For fundamental contributions to communications coding techniques", the Marconi Prize in 2003, and a Dijkstra Prize in 2004, among other honors.
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Some concepts of real random variables have a straightforward generalization to complex random variables—e.g., the definition of the mean of a complex random variable. Other concepts are unique to complex random variables. Applications of complex random variables are found in digital signal processing, quadrature amplitude modulation and information theory.
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A 9 April 1996 vol. 452 no. 1947 769–789 Subsequently, it achieved final form in.C.H. Bennett, P. Gacs, M. Li, P.M.B. Vitanyi, W. Zurek, Information distance, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 44:4(1998), 1407–1423 It is applied in the normalized compression distance and the normalized Google distance.
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Tsachy (Itschak) Weissman is Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University.Stanford profile, Itschak Weissman He is founding director of the Stanford Compression Forum. His research interests include Information theory, statistical signal processing, and their applications, with recent emphasis on biological applications, in genomics in particular. Lossless compression and lossy compression.
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His research contributions include over 180 papers. His work in probability theory included work on random variables in compact groups, connections between measurability and connectivity, generalized convolutions, and decomposability semigroups. He also studied stochastic processes, information theory, universal algebra, and functional analysis. He was the doctoral advisor of 17 students.
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Digital clock. Digital data, in information theory and information systems, is the discrete, discontinuous representation of information or works. Numbers and letters are commonly used representations. Digital data can be contrasted with analog signals which behave in a continuous manner, and with continuous functions such as sounds, images, and other measurements.
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Wojciech Szpankowski (born February 18, 1952 in Wapno) is the Saul Rosen Professor of Computer Science at the Purdue University. He is known for his work in analytic combinatorics, analysis of algorithms and analytic information theory. He is the director of the NSF Science and Technology Center for Science of Information.
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Euler established the application of binary logarithms to music theory, long before their applications in information theory and computer science became known. As part of his work in this area, Euler published a table of binary logarithms of the integers from 1 to 8, to seven decimal digits of accuracy...
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Elias, A. Feinstein, and C. E. Shannon (1956) "A note on the maximum flow through a network", IRE. Transactions on Information Theory, 2(4): 117–119George Dantzig and D. R. Fulkerson (1956) "On the Max-Flow MinCut Theorem of Networks", in Linear Inequalities, Ann. Math. Studies, no. 38, Princeton, New JerseyL.
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In probability theory and in particular in information theory, total correlation (Watanabe 1960) is one of several generalizations of the mutual information. It is also known as the multivariate constraint (Garner 1962) or multiinformation (Studený & Vejnarová 1999). It quantifies the redundancy or dependency among a set of n random variables.
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Analyzing biological data to produce meaningful information involves writing and running software programs that use algorithms from graph theory, artificial intelligence, soft computing, data mining, image processing, and computer simulation. The algorithms in turn depend on theoretical foundations such as discrete mathematics, control theory, system theory, information theory, and statistics.
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In the computer science subfield of algorithmic information theory, a Chaitin constant (Chaitin omega number)mathworld.wolfram.com, Chaitin's Constant. Retrieved 28 May 2012 or halting probability is a real number that, informally speaking, represents the probability that a randomly constructed program will halt. These numbers are formed from a construction due to Gregory Chaitin.
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Constraint in information theory is the degree of statistical dependence between or among variables. Garner Garner W R (1962). Uncertainty and Structure as Psychological Concepts, John Wiley & Sons, New York. provides a thorough discussion of various forms of constraint (internal constraint, external constraint, total constraint) with application to pattern recognition and psychology.
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Te Sun Han (born 1941, Kiryū) is a Korean Japanese information theorist and winner of the 2010 Shannon Award. He has made significant contributions concerning the interference channelTe Han, K. Kobayashi,"A new achievable rate region for the interference channel", Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 27, No. 1. (1981), pp. 49-60.
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Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work advancements in telecommunications systems and networks (especially wireless networks), modulation and error-control coding, and information theory. High-speed network design, interference suppression and modulation, design, and analysis of fault-tolerant system, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this specialty.
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The main problem is to find examples, given d and t, that are not too large; however, such examples may be hard to come by. Spherical t-designs have also recently been appropriated in quantum mechanics in the form of quantum t-designs with various applications to quantum information theory and quantum computing.
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Although the concept of entropy was originally a thermodynamic construct, it has been adapted in other fields of study, including information theory, psychodynamics, thermoeconomics/ecological economics, and evolution. For instance, an entropic argument has been recently proposed for explaining the preference of cave spiders in choosing a suitable area for laying their eggs.
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In information theory, information dimension is an information measure for random vectors in Euclidean space, based on the normalized entropy of finely quantized versions of the random vectors. This concept was first introduced by Alfréd Rényi in 1959.See . Simply speaking, it is a measure of the fractal dimension of a probability distribution.
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Ivette Fuentes (born 7 October, 1972) is a Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Nottingham and Professor of Theoretical Quantum Optics at the University of Vienna. Her work considers fundamental quantum mechanics, quantum optics and astrophysics. She is interested in how quantum information theory can make use of relativistic effects.
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The term "information algebra" refers to mathematical techniques of information processing. Classical information theory goes back to Claude Shannon. It is a theory of information transmission, looking at communication and storage. However, it has not been considered so far that information comes from different sources and that it is therefore usually combined.
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Hillis' 1998 popular science book The Pattern on the Stone attempts to explain concepts from computer science for laymen using simple language, metaphor and analogy. It moves from Boolean algebra through topics such as information theory, parallel computing, cryptography, algorithms, heuristics, Turing machines, and evolving technologies such as quantum computing and emergent systems.
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Entropy is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering research on all aspects of entropy and information theory. It was established in 1999 and is published by MDPI. The journal regularly publishes special issues compiled by guest editors. The editor-in-chief is Kevin H. Knuth (University at Albany, SUNY).
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The Kolmogorov structure function precisely quantifies the goodness-of-fit of an individual model with respect to individual data. The Kolmogorov structure function is used in the algorithmic information theory, also known as the theory of Kolmogorov complexity, for describing the structure of a string by use of models of increasing complexity.
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Alexander Vardy is a Russian-born and Israeli-educated electrical engineer known for his expertise in coding theory.. He holds the Jack Keil Wolf Endowed Chair in Electrical Engineering at the University of California, San Diego.. The Parvaresh–Vardy codes are named after him.. Vardy was born in Moscow in 1963.. He graduated from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1985, and completed his Ph.D. in 1991 at Tel Aviv University. During his graduate studies, he also worked on electronic countermeasures as a technician fifth grade for the Israeli Air Force. He became a researcher at the IBM Almaden Research Center for two years, then became a faculty member of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign before moving to UCSD in 1996. He served as editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory from 1998 to 2001.. In 2004 a paper by Ralf Koetter and Vardy on decoding Reed–Solomon codes was listed by the IEEE Information Theory Society as the best paper in information theory of the previous two years; the resulting decoding algorithm has become known as the Koetter–Vardy algorithm.
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1976 in Leningrad Mark Semenovich Pinsker (; April 24, 1925 - December 23, 2003) or Mark Shlemovich Pinsker () was a noted Russian mathematician in the fields of information theory, probability theory, coding theory, ergodic theory, mathematical statistics, and communication networks. Pinsker studied stochastic processes under A. N. Kolmogorov in the 1950s, and later worked at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems (IITP), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. His accomplishments included a classic paper on the entropy theory of dynamical systems which introduced the maximal partition with zero entropy, later known as Pinsker's partition. His work in mathematical statistics was devoted mostly to the applications of information theory, including asymptotically sufficient statistics for parameter estimation and nonparametric estimation; Pinsker's inequality is named after him.
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Vitányi has worked on cellular automata, computational complexity, distributed and parallel computing, machine learning and prediction, physics of computation, Kolmogorov complexity, information theory and quantum computing, publishing over 200 research papers and some books.Computer science papers DBLPGoogle scholarMathSciNet Mathematical Reviews Together with Ming Li he pioneered theory and applications of Kolmogorov complexity.M. Li, P. M. B. Vitányi, "Applications of Algorithmic Information Theory", Scholarpedia, 2(5):2658; 2007 They co-authored the textbook An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications,M. Li and P. M. B.Vitányi, An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and its Applications, Springer, New York, 1993 (1st Ed.), 1997 (2nd ed.), 2008 (3rd ed.), 2019 (4th ed.) parts of which have been translated into Chinese, Russian and Japanese.
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Paul A. Benioff in 2019 Paul A. BenioffDate of birth and career information from American Men and Women of Science, Thomson Gale 2004 is an American physicist who helped pioneer the field of quantum computing. Benioff is best known for his research in quantum information theory during the 1970s and 80s that demonstrated the theoretical possibility of quantum computers by describing the first quantum mechanical model of a computer. In this work, Benioff showed that a computer could operate under the laws of quantum mechanics by describing a Schrödinger equation description of Turing machines. Benioff's body of work in quantum information theory has continued on to the present day and has encompassed quantum computers, quantum robots, and the relationship between foundations in logic, math, and physics.
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Principles of large deviations may be effectively applied to gather information out of a probabilistic model. Thus, theory of large deviations finds its applications in information theory and risk management. In physics, the best known application of large deviations theory arise in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics (in connection with relating entropy with rate function).
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Belevitch is best known for his contributions to circuit theory, particularly the mathematical basis of filters, modulators, coupled lines, and non-linear circuits. He was on the editorial board of the International Journal of Circuit Theory from its foundation in 1973. He also made major contributions in information theory, electronic computers, mathematics and linguistics.Fettweis, pp.
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He chaired the Computer Communications Technical Committee of the IEEE Communications Society from 1987 to 1989, and the Los Angeles Chapter of the IEEE Information Theory Group from 1983 to 1985. Prof. Li's doctoral adviser was Prof. Wilbur Davenport,Victor O.K. Li, "Performance Models of Distributed Database Systems," Thesis (Sc.D.) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept.
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David Harold Blackwell (April 24, 1919 – July 8, 2010) was an American statistician and mathematician who made significant contributions to game theory, probability theory, information theory, and Bayesian statistics. He is one of the eponyms of the Rao–Blackwell theorem.Roussas, G.G. et al. (2011) A Tribute to David Blackwell, NAMS 58(7), 912–928.
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The Canada Council for the Arts - Eight Canadian scientists and scholars garner over $1 million in Killam Research Fellowships He received the 2012 Canadian Award for Telecommunications Research, and the 2016 Aaron D. Wyner Distinguished Service Award. From 2014 to 2016, Prof. Kschischang served as Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.
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The theory of atomic spectra (and, later, quantum mechanics) developed almost concurrently with some parts of the mathematical fields of linear algebra, the spectral theory of operators, operator algebras and more broadly, functional analysis. Nonrelativistic quantum mechanics includes Schrödinger operators, and it has connections to atomic and molecular physics. Quantum information theory is another subspecialty.
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In 2003, Kung Yao was named IEEE Life Fellow after being an IEEE Fellow since 1993. He has received the Best Paper Award of the Journal of Communications and Networks (2011); IEEE Communications Society/IEEE Information Theory Society Joint Paper Award (2008); and IEEE Signal Processing Society's Senior Award in VLSI Signal Processing (1993).
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When V=0, the method reduces to greedily minimizing the Lyapunov drift. This results in the backpressure routing algorithm originally developed by Tassiulas and Ephremides (also called the max-weight algorithm).L. Tassiulas and A. Ephremides, "Dynamic Server Allocation to Parallel Queues with Randomly Varying Connectivity," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 39, no.
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Michael J. Dinneen is an American-New Zealand mathematician and computer scientist working as a senior lecturer at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He is co-director of the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science. He does research in combinatorial algorithms, distributive programming, experimental graph theory, and experimental algorithmic information theory.
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The idea of a projection-valued measure is generalized by the positive operator-valued measure (POVM), where the need for the orthogonality implied by projection operators is replaced by the idea of a set of operators that are a non-orthogonal partition of unity. This generalization is motivated by applications to quantum information theory.
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The article was the founding work of the field of information theory. It was later published in 1949 as a book titled The Mathematical Theory of Communication (), which was published as a paperback in 1963 (). The book contains an additional article by Warren Weaver, providing an overview of the theory for a more general audience.
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A spin model is a mathematical model used in physics primarily to explain magnetism. Spin models may either be classical or quantum mechanical in nature. Spin models have been studied in quantum field theory as examples of integrable models. Spin models are also used in quantum information theory and computability theory in theoretical computer science.
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Dirty paper coding is a coding technique that pre- cancels known interference without power penalty. Only the transmitter needs to know this interference, but full channel state information is required everywhere to achieve the weighted sum capacity. This category includes Costa precoding,M. Costa, Writing on dirty paper, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.
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We will assume for the moment that all state spaces of the systems considered, classical or quantum, are finite-dimensional. The memoryless in the section title carries the same meaning as in classical information theory: the output of a channel at a given time depends only upon the corresponding input and not any previous ones.
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Retrieved 6 June 2008. Corning is known especially for his work on "the causal role of synergy in evolution. Other work includes a new approach to the relationship between thermodynamics and biology called "thermoeconomics", a new, cybernetic approach to information theory called "control information", and research on basic needs under the "Survival Indicators" Program".
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Since 1986 he is with the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, where he is now the William Fondiller Professor of Telecommunications. His research areas cover a wide spectrum of topics in information theory and statistical communications. Prof. Shamai is an IEEE Fellow and a member of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI).
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The prize is designated after Claude Elwood Shannon and since 1974 for outstanding achievements in the area of the information theory. The prize went only five times to scientists from outside the USA. This is the beginning of a new theory known as Network coding. Rudolf Ahlswede died on December 18, 2010, at the age of 72.
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In 1868, Franciscus Donders reported the relationship between having multiple stimuli and choice reaction time. In 1885, J. Merkel discovered that the response time is longer when a stimulus belongs to a larger set of stimuli. Psychologists began to see similarities between this phenomenon and information theory. Hick first began experimenting with this theory in 1951.
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613–614 Vandewalle, pp. 429–430 Belevitch wrote a book on human and machine languages in which he explored the idea of applying the mathematics of information theory to obtain results regarding human languages. The book highlighted the difficulties for machine understanding of language for which there was some naive enthusiasm amongst cybernetics researchers in the 1950s.Fettweis, p.
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Note this quantity is not same as Holevo's chi quantity or coherent information( each of them plays important role in quantum information theory). The information theoretic meaning of Ohya's quantum mutual information is still obscure He also proposed 'Information Dynamics' and 'Adaptive Dynamics', which he applied to the study of Chaos theory, quantum information and biosciences as related fields.
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Meta-optimization of the COMPLEX-RF algorithm was done by Krus and Andersson, and, where performance index of optimization based on information theory was introduced and further developed. Meta-optimization of particle swarm optimization was done by Meissner et al., Pedersen and Chipperfield, and Mason et al. Pedersen and Chipperfield applied meta-optimization to differential evolution.
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The Security and Trust cluster seeks to combine fundamental mathematics, computer science and engineering, with practical software engineering expertise and knowledge of human behaviour, to study problems in the areas of security and trust. Research topics include cryptography, security, privacy, trust, voting issues, information security, network coding and network information theory, watermarking, steganography, error correction, modulation, signal processing.
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Savage was named an ACM Fellow for "fundamental contributions to theoretical computer science, information theory, and VLSI design, analysis and synthesis".ACM Fellow award citation, retrieved 2012-03-02. He is a life fellow of the IEEE,IEEE Computer Society Fellows , retrieved 2012-03-02. and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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In quantum information theory, the reduction criterion is a necessary condition a mixed state must satisfy in order for it to be separable. In other words, the reduction criterion is a separability criterion. It was first proved and independently formulated in 1999. Violation of the reduction criterion is closely related to the distillability of the state in question.
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The panel discussion after the August 2, 2019, screening of The Bit Player at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California. At the right, Andrea Goldsmith, a professor at Stanford and representative of the IEEE Information Theory Society. Center, Mark Levinson, director and producer of the documentary. Left, Hansen Hsu of the Computer History Museum, moderator.
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In 1967, Fano received the Claude E. Shannon Award for his work in information theory. In 1977 he was recognized for his contribution to the teaching of electrical engineering with the IEEE James H. Mulligan Jr. Education Medal. Fano retired from active teaching in 1984, and died on 13 July 2016 at the age of 98.
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As of 2019, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation support five chairs at AIMS centres. He holds a joint position at Stellenbosch University, where he works on information theory and deep learning. In March 2019 Bah was appointed to the Google advanced technology external advisory council, a collection of experts who will consider the artificial intelligence (AI) principles of Google.
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Fogel was also interested in information theory and communications, especially those associated with aircraft instrument displays. He published several articles intended to link communication theory and instrument design., These investigations led to other strategies to help with air traffic control, as this was similar to the information transfer of knowledge to humans that was experienced in the cockpit.
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In 2014, Viola was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), after a nomination from the APS Division of Quantum Information, "for seminal contributions at the interface between quantum information theory and quantum statistical mechanics, in particular, methods for decoherence control based on dynamical decoupling and noiseless subsystems and for characterizing entanglement in quantum many-body systems".
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The BCJR algorithm is an algorithm for maximum a posteriori decoding of error correcting codes defined on trellises (principally convolutional codes). The algorithm is named after its inventors: Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv.L.Bahl, J.Cocke, F.Jelinek, and J.Raviv, "Optimal Decoding of Linear Codes for minimizing symbol error rate", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-20(2), pp.
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In information theory, the source coding theorem (Shannon 1948) informally states that (MacKay 2003, pg. 81, Cover 2006, Chapter 5): > i.i.d. random variables each with entropy can be compressed into more than > bits with negligible risk of information loss, as ; but conversely, if they > are compressed into fewer than bits it is virtually certain that information > will be lost.
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Henry Otto Pollak (born December 13, 1927) is an Austrian-American mathematician. He is known for his contributions to information theory, and with Ronald Graham is the namesake of the Graham–Pollak theorem in graph theory. Born in Vienna, Austria, he since moved to United States. He received his B.Sc. in Mathematics (1947) from Yale University.
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In thermodynamics, entropy is related to a concrete process. In quantum mechanics, this translates to the ability to measure and manipulate the system based on the information gathered by measurement. An example is the case of Maxwell’s demon, which has been resolved by Leó Szilárd.Brillouin, L. Science and Information Theory ; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1956. 107.
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In his study of stochastic processes, especially Markov processes, Kolmogorov and the British mathematician Sydney Chapman independently developed the pivotal set of equations in the field, which have been given the name of the Chapman–Kolmogorov equations. Kolmogorov (left) delivers a talk at a Soviet information theory symposium. (Tallinn, 1973). Kolmogorov works on his talk (Tallinn, 1973).
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Schützenberger's second doctorate was awarded in 1953 from Université Paris III. Record at WorldCat This work, developed from earlier resultsVille, Jean & Schützenberger, Marcel- Paul, "Les opérations des mathématiques pures sont toutes des fonctions logiques," Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 232, pp. 206-207, 1951. is counted amongst the early influential French academic work in information theory.
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Donald J. Byrd is a poet, sound artist, and Professor of English at the State University of New York at Albany. His work is generally in the fields of literary analysis and information theory. In his lifetime, he proposes to complete one-hundred volumes that will complete a set which he refers to as The Nomad's Encyclopedia.
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In information theory, the cross-entropy between two probability distributions p and q over the same underlying set of events measures the average number of bits needed to identify an event drawn from the set if a coding scheme used for the set is optimized for an estimated probability distribution q, rather than the true distribution p.
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His focus is in the area of computational cognitive neuroscience. His topics of study include functional integration and binding in the cerebral cortex; neural models of perception and action; network structure and dynamics; applications of information theory to the brain; and embodied cognitive science using robotics. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2011 in the Natural Sciences category.
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The Z-channel sees each 0 bit of a message transmitted correctly always and each 1 bit transmitted correctly with probability 1–p, due to noise across the transmission medium. In coding theory and information theory, a Z-channel (binary asymmetric channel) is a communications channel used to model the behaviour of some data storage systems.
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A researcher in the field of cognitive psychology by the name of Norbert Schwarz was interested in the informative function of feelings.Schwarz, N. (2012). Feelings-as-information theory. In P. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, E. T. Higgins, P. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, E. T. Higgins (Eds.) , Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 289-308).
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In quantum information theory and operator theory, the Choi–Jamiołkowski isomorphism refers to the correspondence between quantum channels (described by complete positive maps) and quantum states (described by density matrices), this is introduced by M. D. ChoiChoi, M. D. (1975). Completely positive linear maps on complex matrices. Linear algebra and its applications, 10(3), 285-290. and A. Jamiołkowski.
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Stated by Claude Shannon in 1948, the theorem describes the maximum possible efficiency of error-correcting methods versus levels of noise interference and data corruption. Shannon's theorem has wide-ranging applications in both communications and data storage. This theorem is of foundational importance to the modern field of information theory. Shannon only gave an outline of the proof.
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In astronomy, background noise or cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation from the sky with no discernible source. In information architecture, irrelevant, duplicate or incorrect information may be called background noise. In physics and telecommunication, background signal noise can be detrimental or in some cases beneficial. The study of avoiding, reducing or using signal noise is information theory.
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George Klir is known for path-breaking research over almost four decades. His earlier work was in the areas of systems modeling and simulation, logic design, computer architecture, and discrete mathematics. More current research since the 1990s include the areas of intelligent systems, generalized information theory, fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic, theory of generalized measures, and soft computing.
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Intuitively, an algorithmically random sequence (or random sequence) is a sequence of binary digits that appears random to any algorithm running on a (prefix-free or not) universal Turing machine. The notion can be applied analogously to sequences on any finite alphabet (e.g. decimal digits). Random sequences are key objects of study in algorithmic information theory.
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Claude Shannon went on to found the field of information theory with his 1948 paper titled A Mathematical Theory of Communication, which applied probability theory to the problem of how to best encode the information a sender wants to transmit. This work is one of the theoretical foundations for many areas of study, including data compression and cryptography.
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36-46, 2007. Precoding in the downlink of cellular networks, known as network MIMO or coordinated multipoint (CoMP), is a generalized form of multi-user MIMO that can be analyzed by the same mathematical techniques.E. Björnson and E. Jorswieck, Optimal Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi- Cell Systems, Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory, vol. 9, no.
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Olivier Costa de Beauregard (Paris, 6 November 1911 - Poitiers, 5 February 2007) was a French relativistic and quantum physicist, and philosopher of science. He was an eminent specialist of time and of information theory. He studied under Louis de Broglie. From 1947, he proposed to de Broglie his interpretation of the EPR paradox which questions the notion of time.
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He is one the representatives of the Pacific Rim Mathematical Association. His main areas of research are ergodic theory, symbolic dynamics and information theory. He has published contributions in the theory of horocycle flows and entropy. Marcus has written over seventy research papers, some of them published in Annals of Mathematics, Inventiones Mathematicae and Journal of the AMS.
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In information theory, the Rényi entropy generalizes the Hartley entropy, the Shannon entropy, the collision entropy and the min-entropy. Entropies quantify the diversity, uncertainty, or randomness of a system. The entropy is named after Alfréd Rényi. In the context of fractal dimension estimation, the Rényi entropy forms the basis of the concept of generalized dimensions.
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There is still only a single circle of light, though, and what remains outside that circle is still just as mysterious, unless the flashlight is redirected. With organizational information theory, the flashlight is mental. The environment is located in the mind of the actor and is imposed on him by his experiences, which makes them more meaningful.
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Elwyn Ralph Berlekamp (September 6, 1940 – April 9, 2019) was an American mathematician known for his work in computer science, coding theory and combinatorial game theory. He was a professor emeritus of mathematics and EECS at the University of California, Berkeley.Contributors, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 42, #3 (May 1996), p. 1048. DOI 10.1109/TIT.1996.490574.
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In 1998, he received a Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society. He was one of the founders of Gathering 4 Gardner and was on its board for many years.About Gathering 4 Gardner Foundation In the mid-1980s, he was president of Cyclotomics, Inc., a corporation that developed error-correcting code technology.
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His wife Marcelle died in 1986. Brillouin was a founder of modern solid state physics for which he discovered, among other things, Brillouin zones. He applied information theory to physics and the design of computers and coined the concept of negentropy to demonstrate the similarity between entropy and information. Brillouin offered a solution to the problem of Maxwell's demon.
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Macroblock encoding methods have been used in digital video coding standards since H.261 which was first released in 1988. However, for error correction and signal-to-noise ratio the standard 16x16 macroblock size is not capable of getting the kind of bit reductions that information theory and coding theory suggest are theoretically and practically possible.
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In addition to the thermodynamic perspective of entropy, the tools of information theory can be used to provide an information perspective of entropy. In particular, it is possible to derive the Sackur–Tetrode equation in information-theoretic terms. The overall entropy is represented as the sum of four individual entropies, i.e., four distinct sources of missing information.
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Any process that generates successive messages can be considered a of information. A memoryless source is one in which each message is an independent identically distributed random variable, whereas the properties of ergodicity and stationarity impose less restrictive constraints. All such sources are stochastic. These terms are well studied in their own right outside information theory.
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From this point of view, a 3000-page encyclopedia actually contains less information than 3000 pages of completely random letters, despite the fact that the encyclopedia is much more useful. This is because to reconstruct the entire sequence of random letters, one must know, more or less, what every single letter is. On the other hand, if every vowel were removed from the encyclopedia, someone with reasonable knowledge of the English language could reconstruct it, just as one could likely reconstruct the sentence "Ths sntnc hs lw nfrmtn cntnt" from the context and consonants present. Unlike classical information theory, algorithmic information theory gives formal, rigorous definitions of a random string and a random infinite sequence that do not depend on physical or philosophical intuitions about nondeterminism or likelihood.
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Information theory is closely associated with a collection of pure and applied disciplines that have been investigated and reduced to engineering practice under a variety of rubrics throughout the world over the past half-century or more: adaptive systems, anticipatory systems, artificial intelligence, complex systems, complexity science, cybernetics, informatics, machine learning, along with systems sciences of many descriptions. Information theory is a broad and deep mathematical theory, with equally broad and deep applications, amongst which is the vital field of coding theory. Coding theory is concerned with finding explicit methods, called codes, for increasing the efficiency and reducing the error rate of data communication over noisy channels to near the channel capacity. These codes can be roughly subdivided into data compression (source coding) and error-correction (channel coding) techniques.
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Robert Tienwen Chien (November 20, 1931 – December 8, 1983) was an American computer scientist concerned largely with research in information theory, fault-tolerance, and artificial intelligence (AI), director of the Coordinated Science Laboratory (CSL) at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, and known for his invention of the Chien search and seminal contributions to the PMC model in system level fault diagnosis.
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In Bertalanffy's model, the theorist defined general principles of open systems and the limitations of conventional models. He ascribed applications to biology, information theory and cybernetics. Concerning biology, examples from the open systems view suggested they "may suffice to indicate briefly the large fields of application" that could be the "outlines of a wider generalization;"Bertalanffy, L. von, (1969). General System Theory.
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He is a Fellow of IEEE, Member of the US National Academy of Engineering, Foreign Member of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, Distinguished alumnus of National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli and holds about 200 patents. He is a co-recipient of the 1999 IEEE Information Theory best paper Award. In 2018, he was awarded the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal.
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Similarly, likelihoods are often transformed to the log scale, and the corresponding log-likelihood can be interpreted as the degree to which an event supports a statistical model. The log probability is widely used in implementations of computations with probability, and is studied as a concept in its own right in some applications of information theory, such as natural language processing.
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Mitzenmacher became a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2014.ACM Names Fellows for Innovations in Computing , ACM, January 8, 2015, retrieved 2015-01-08. His joint paper on low-density parity-check codes received the 2002 IEEE Information Theory Society Best Paper Award. His joint paper on fountain codes received the 2009 ACM SIGCOMM Test of Time Paper Award.
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Therefore, each extra bit halves the probability of a sequence of bits. This leads to the conclusion that, :P(x) = 2^{-L(x)} Where P(x) is the probability of the string of bits x and L(x) is its length. The prior probability of any statement is calculated from the number of bits needed to state it. See also information theory.
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Research laboratory for Communication, Networks & Multimedia, Connekt, addresses research problems arising in three areas: Multimedia Communications, Wireless Networks and the Internet. Areas of particular interest include Networking, Applied Information Theory and Network Performance Analysis. Lab's current research interest spans the theory and design of novel algorithms and frameworks for reliable multimedia transmission, processing and ubiquitous communication over Internet and wireless networks.
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According to the Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences, he was best known for his Uncertainty and Structure as Psychological Concepts, first published in 1962, which extended information theory into the field of psychology; his 1974 book The Processing of Information and Structure, which addressed pattern perception and dimensional interaction; and Applied Experimental Psychology, a textbook he coauthored in 1949.
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That means that, in the observation made at a given moment, traces of past observations are also present. Eventually, these processes follow one another in a loop. Vallée defined the study of this situation with the term "epistemo-praxeology", underlining the existing link between knowledge (episteme), resulting from observation, and action (praxis). Regarding the observation problem, Vallée was also interested in information theory.
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An intuition for this family of algorithms can come from various fields and mindsets, which are not necessarily quantum. This is due to the fact that these algorithms do not explicitly use quantum phenomena in their operations or analysis, and mainly rely on information theory. Therefore, the problem can be inspected from a classical (physical, computational, etc.) point of view.
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Jean-Paul Delahaye, Randomness, Unpredictability and Absence of Order, in Philosophy of Probability, p. 145–167, Springer 1993. Following Martin-Löf's work, algorithmic information theory defines a random string as one that cannot be produced from any computer program that is shorter than the string (Chaitin–Kolmogorov randomness); i.e. a string whose Kolmogorov complexity is at least the length of the string.
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Carlton Morris Caves is an American physicist. He is currently Professor Emeritus and Distinguished Professor in Physics and Astronomy at the University of New Mexico. Caves works in the areas of physics of information; information, entropy, and complexity; quantum information theory; quantum chaos, quantum optics; the theory of non-classical light; the theory of quantum noise; and the quantum theory of measurement.
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From the stance of information theory, information is taken as a sequence of symbols from an alphabet, say an input alphabet χ, and an output alphabet ϒ. Information processing consists of an input-output function that maps any input sequence from χ into an output sequence from ϒ. The mapping may be probabilistic or determinate. It may have memory or be memoryless.
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In information theory, information is taken as an ordered sequence of symbols from an alphabet, say an input alphabet χ, and an output alphabet ϒ. Information processing consists of an input-output function that maps any input sequence from χ into an output sequence from ϒ. The mapping may be probabilistic or deterministic. It may have memory or be memoryless.
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He attended high school at the Wilhelm von Humboldt Gymnasium, Ludwigshafen, Germany. He obtained his first degree in physics from the University of Freiburg and his master's degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Connecticut under a Fulbright scholarship. In 2001, he obtained his PhD from University of Potsdam under Martin Wilkens with a thesis entitled Entanglement in Quantum Information Theory.
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Jonathan Oppenheim is a professor of physics at University College London. He is an expert in quantum information theory and quantum gravity. Oppenheim proved the Third law of thermodynamics (first conjectured by Walther Nernst in 1912) with Lluis Masanes. Together with Michał Horodecki and Andreas Winter, he discovered quantum state-merging and used this primitive to show that quantum information could be negative .
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Specializing in computational linguistics, Dougherty has published several books and articles on the subject. In recent years, Dougherty has become interested in the study of biolinguistics, focusing on the role of the cochlea in the evolution of animal communication systems and naturalistic applications of information theory. Professor Dougherty has made numerous contributions to advancing the study of semiotics at New York University.
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By the transformation to the frequency domain we get: H(f) is a transfer matrix of the system, it contains information about the relationships between signals and their spectral characteristics. H(f) is non-symmetric, so it allows for finding causal dependencies. Model order may be found by means of criteria developed in the framework of information theory, e.g. AIC criterion.
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In quantum information theory, the Wehrl entropy, named after Alfred Wehrl, is a classical entropy of a quantum-mechanical density matrix. It is a type of quasi-entropy defined for the Husimi Q representation of the phase-space quasiprobability distribution. See for a comprehensive review of basic properties of classical, quantum and Wehrl entropies, and their implications in statistical mechanics.
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The universal portfolio algorithm is a portfolio selection algorithm from the field of machine learning and information theory. The algorithm learns adaptively from historical data and maximizes the log-optimal growth rate in the long run. It was introduced by the late Stanford University information theorist Thomas M. Cover. The algorithm rebalances the portfolio at the beginning of each trading period.
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From the information theory perspective, the problem is to explain how information is encoded and decoded by a series of trains of pulses, i.e. action potentials. Thus, a fundamental question of neuroscience is to determine whether neurons communicate by a rate or temporal code. Temporal coding suggests that a single spiking neuron can replace hundreds of hidden units on a sigmoidal neural net.
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The problem of deciding whether a state is separable in general is sometimes called the separability problem in quantum information theory. It is considered to be a difficult problem. It has been shown to be NP-hard.Gurvits, L., Classical deterministic complexity of Edmonds’ problem and quantum entanglement, in Proceedings of the 35th ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, ACM Press, New York, 2003.
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Erdal Arıkan (born 1958) is a Turkish professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department at Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. In 2013, Arıkan received the IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award for his contributions to information theory, particularly for his development of polar coding. In December 2017 he was honored with the 2018 Richard W. Hamming Medal. In June 2018, he received the Shannon Award.
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The assumption that information processing by the agents of the market follows the laws of quantum information theory and quantum probability was actively explored by many authors, e.g., E. Haven, O. Choustova, A. Khrennikov, see the book of E. Haven and A. Khrennikov,Haven E. and Khrennikov A. Quantum Social Science, Cambridge University Press, 2012. for detailed bibliography. We can mention, e.g.
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In quantum information theory, an entanglement witness is a functional which distinguishes a specific entangled state from separable ones. Entanglement witnesses can be linear or nonlinear functionals of the density matrix. If linear, then they can also be viewed as observables for which the expectation value of the entangled state is strictly outside the range of possible expectation values of any separable state.
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He spent the year 2010-11 as Ulam Scholar at the Center for Nonlinear Studies at Los Alamos. He joined the faculty of Santa Fe Institute in 2011 and became a professor there in September 2013.David Wolpert, Santa Fe Institute His research interests have included statistics, game theory, machine learning applications, information theory, optimization methods and complex systems theory.
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This area of social sequence analysis has focused on developing data reduction methods that can detect patterns that underlie complex streams of social phenomena. Andrew Abbott argued that sequence alignment methods in biology and information theory and computer science provided useful models. Both fields had developed combinations of sequence alignment operations to facilitate the comparison of whole sequences.Abbott, Andrew, and John Forrest. 1986.
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The theory of closed-loop perception proposes dynamic motor-sensory closed-loop process in which information flows through the environment and the brain in continuous loops.Friston, K. (2010) The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? nature reviews neuroscience 11:127-38Tishby, N. and D. Polani, Information theory of decisions and actions, in Perception-Action Cycle. 2011, Springer. p. 601-636.
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Finding the optimal weighted MMSE precoding is difficult, leading to approximate approaches where the weights are selected heuristically. A common approach is to concentrate on either the numerator or the denominator of the mentioned ratio; that is, maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and zero-forcing (ZF)N. Jindal, MIMO Broadcast Channels with Finite Rate Feedback, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, no.
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The Blackwell channel is a deterministic broadcast channel model used in coding theory and information theory. It was first proposed by mathematician David Blackwell. In this model, a transmitter transmits one of three symbols to two receivers. For two of the symbols, both receivers receive exactly what was sent; the third symbol, however, is received differently at each of the receivers.
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In information theory, specific-information is the generic name given to the family of state-dependent measures that in expectation converge to the mutual information. There are currently three known varieties of specific information usually denoted I_V, I_S, and I_{ssi}. The specific-information between a random variable X and a state Y=y is written as :I( X ; Y = y).
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When the sender and receiver share a Bell state, two classical bits can be packed into one qubit. In the diagram, lines carry 0\rangle. See the section named "The protocol" below for more details regarding this picture. In quantum information theory, superdense coding (or dense coding) is a quantum communication protocol to transmit two classical bits of information (i.e.
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Deacon's addition to Shannon information theory is to propose a method for describing not just how a message is transmitted, but also how it is interpreted. Deacon weaves together Shannon entropy and Boltzmann entropy in order to develop a theory of interpretation based in teleodynamic work. Interpretation is inherently normative. Data becomes information when it has significance for its interpreter.
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In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference processes. More specifically, MaxEnt applies inference techniques rooted in Shannon information theory, Bayesian probability, and the principle of maximum entropy. These techniques are relevant to any situation requiring prediction from incomplete or insufficient data (e.g., image reconstruction, signal processing, spectral analysis, and inverse problems).
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His reviews and articles at the time were mostly published in non-linguistic journals.In particular, Chomsky wrote an academic paper in 1956 titled Three Models for the Description of Language published in the technological journal IRE Transactions on Information Theory (). It foreshadows many of the concepts presented in Syntactic Structures. Mouton & Co. was a Dutch publishing house based in The Hague.
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Ambiguity with respect to the meaning of the term science is aggravated by the widespread use of the term formal science with reference to any one of several sciences that is predominantly concerned with abstract form that cannot be validated by physical experience through the senses, such as logic, mathematics, and the theoretical branches of computer science, information theory, and statistics.
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The plot of von Neumann entropy Vs Eigenvalue for a bipartite 2-level pure state. When the eigenvalue has value .5, von Neumann entropy is at a maximum, corresponding to maximum entanglement. In classical information theory , the Shannon entropy, is associated to a probability distribution,p_1, \cdots, p_n, in the following way: : H(p_1, \cdots, p_n ) = - \sum_i p_i \log_2 p_i.
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In quantum information theory, a quantum channel is a communication channel which can transmit quantum information, as well as classical information. An example of quantum information is the state of a qubit. An example of classical information is a text document transmitted over the Internet. More formally, quantum channels are completely positive (CP) trace-preserving maps between spaces of operators.
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This approach does not partition any data at all. Despite the aforementioned advantages of MDC, SD codecs are still predominant. The reasons are probably the comparingly high complexity of codec development, the loss of some compression efficiency as well as the caused transmission overhead. Though MDC has its practical roots in media communication, it is widely researched in the area of information theory.
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Gabor wavelets are wavelets invented by Dennis Gabor using complex functions constructed to serve as a basis for Fourier transforms in information theory applications. They are very similar to Morlet wavelets. They are also closely related to Gabor filters. The important property of the wavelet is that it minimizes the product of its standard deviations in the time and frequency domain.
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The receiver in information theory is the receiving end of a communication channel. It receives decoded messages/information from the sender, who first encoded them. Sometimes the receiver is modeled so as to include the decoder. Real-world receivers like radio receivers or telephones can not be expected to receive as much information as predicted by the noisy channel coding theorem.
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Among his honors, Lucky has been awarded four honorary doctorate degrees, the 1987 Marconi Prize, the 1995 IEEE Edison Medal, and the 1998 Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering and to both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts.
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See also, e.g., Excited state, State (computer science), State pattern, State (controls) and Cellular automaton. Requisite Variety can be seen in Chaitin's Algorithmic information theory where a longer, higher variety program or finite state machine produces incompressible output with more variety or information content. In 2009New Scientist 24 January 2009 James Lovelock suggested burning and burying carbonized agricultural waste to sequester carbon.
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Kuhle, M. (1990): The Probability of Proof in Geomorphology - an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type, the Ice-marginal Ramp (Bortensander). In: GeoJournal 21 (3); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 195-222.Kuhle, M. (2004): The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America).
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In information theory, joint source–channel coding is the encoding of a redundant information source for transmission over a noisy channel, and the corresponding decoding, using a single code instead of the more conventional steps of source coding followed by channel coding. Joint source–channel coding has been proposed and implemented for a variety of situations, including speech and videotransmission.
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An approach loosely based on information theory uses a brain-as-computer model. In adaptive systems, feedback increases the signal-to-noise ratio, which may converge towards a steady state. Increasing the signal-to-noise ratio enables messages to be more clearly received. The hypnotist's object is to use techniques to reduce interference and increase the receptability of specific messages (suggestions).
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The quintessential entropy measure, von Neumann entropy, is one such notion. In contrast, the study of one-shot quantum information theory is concerned with information processing when a task is conducted only once. New entropic measures emerge in this scenario, as traditional notions cease to give a precise characterization of resource requirements. \epsilon-relative entropy is one such particularly interesting measure.
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This is why these sets are studied in the field of algorithmic randomness, which is a subfield of Computability theory and related to algorithmic information theory in computer science. At the same time, K-trivial sets are close to computable. For instance, they are all superlow, i.e. sets whose Turing jump is computable from the Halting problem, and form a Turing ideal, i.e.
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Hans S. Witsenhausen (6 May 1930 in Frankfurt/Main, Germany - 19 November 2016 in New York City, New York) is notable for his work in the fields of control and information theory, and their intersection. He has many foundational results including the intrinsic model in stochastic decentralized control, the Witsenhausen counterexample, his work on Turán graph, and the various notions of common information in information theory. He received the I.C.M.E. degree in electrical engineering in 1953 and the degree of Licence en Sciences in mathematical physics in 1956, both from the Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. He received the S.M. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts institute of technology, Cambridge, in 1964 and 1966, respectively From 1957 to 1959 he was engaged in problem analysis and programming at the European Computation Center, Brussels.
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The primary use of the information approach to probability is to provide estimates of the complexity of statements. Recall that Occam's razor states that "All things being equal, the simplest theory is the most likely to be correct". In order to apply this rule, first there needs to be a definition of what "simplest" means. Information theory defines simplest to mean having the shortest encoding.
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He was the recipient of the 1998 Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society together with Berrou and Glavieux. In 2003 he received the Outstanding Technologist Award presented by the Foundation for Promotion of Science and Technology under the Patronage of His Majesty the King of Thailand. He died on 9 May 2006 at the age of 51 from illness.
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Information theory recognises that all data are inexact and statistical in nature. Thus the definition of measurement is: "A set of observations that reduce uncertainty where the result is expressed as a quantity."Douglas Hubbard: "How to Measure Anything", Wiley (2007), p. 21 This definition is implied in what scientists actually do when they measure something and report both the mean and statistics of the measurements.
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This is a different meaning from the usage of the term in statistics. Whereas statistical randomness refers to the process that produces the string (e.g. flipping a coin to produce each bit will randomly produce a string), algorithmic randomness refers to the string itself. Algorithmic information theory separates random from nonrandom strings in a way that is relatively invariant to the model of computation being used.
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Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz worked extensively on logarithms including logarithms with base 2. Thomas Harriot's manuscripts contained a table of binary numbers and their notation, which demonstrated that any number could be written on a base 2 system. Regardless, Leibniz simplified the binary system and articulated logical properties such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, identity, inclusion, and the empty set. He anticipated Lagrangian interpolation and algorithmic information theory.
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The field of astronomy, especially as it relates to mapping the positions of stars and planets on the celestial sphere and describing the relationship between movements of celestial bodies, have served as an important source of geometric problems throughout history. Riemannian geometry and pseudo-Riemannian geometry are used in general relativity. String theory makes use of several variants of geometry, as does quantum information theory.
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He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958, to the National Academy of Engineering in 1973, and to the National Academy of Sciences in 1978.Dates of election per the American Academy and National Academies membership lists. Fano was known principally for his work on information theory. He developed Shannon–Fano coding in collaboration with Claude Shannon, and derived the Fano inequality.
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In information theory and signal processing, the Discrete Universal Denoiser (DUDE) is a denoising scheme for recovering sequences over a finite alphabet, which have been corrupted by a discrete memoryless channel. The DUDE was proposed in 2005 by Tsachy Weissman, Erik Ordentlich, Gadiel Seroussi, Sergio Verdú and Marcelo J. Weinberger.T. Weissman, E. Ordentlich, G. Seroussi, S. Verdu ́, and M.J. Weinberger. Universal discrete denoising: Known channel.
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While enumerative methods often resort to regular expression representation of binding sites, PSFM and their formal treatment under Information Theory methods are the representation of choice for both deterministic and stochastic methods. Hybrid methods, e.g. ChIPMunk that combines greedy optimization with subsampling, also use PSFM. Recent advances in sequencing have led to the introduction of comparative genomics approaches to DNA binding motif discovery, as exemplified by PhyloGibbs.
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He was also critical of Miller's use of simple, Skinnerian single-stage stimulus-response learning to explain human language acquisition and use. This approach, per Osgood, made it impossible to analyze the concept of meaning, and the idea of language consisting of representational signs. He did find the book objective in its emphasis on facts over theory, and depicting clearly application of information theory to psychology.
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Business chess as a scientific model can be effectively used for researches in following areas: game theory, bifurcation theory, information theory, control theory and decision theory, the theory of innovation diffusion, management science, sociocultural evolution, cognitive psychology and social psychology, research into natural intelligence and artificial intelligence, and so on. Thus as an expert system the application of existing chess computer programs is possible.
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He also discovered the remote state preparation protocol in quantum information theory, which has been experimentally tested by several groups. He along with other scientists introduced the concept of geometric phase for mixed states. This has been experimentally measured by several groups around the world. In another fundamental work, Pati along with L. Maccone have discovered stronger uncertainty relations that go beyond the Heisenberg uncertainty relation.
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In computer science and information theory, set redundancy compression are methods of data compression that exploits redundancy between individual data groups of a set, usually a set of similar images. It is wide used on medical and satellital images. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La, USA The main methods are min-max differential, mín-máx predictive and centroid method.
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The genesis of Reddy's paper drew inspiration from work done by others in several disciplines, as well as linguistics.Reddy 1979, pp. 284–286 Research on information theory had led Norbert Wiener to publish the seminal book on cybernetics, in which he had stated, "Society can only be understood through a study of the messages and communications facilities which belong to it."Wiener, N. (1954).
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In information theory, the Cheung-Marks theorem,J.L. Brown and S.D.Cabrera, "On well-posedness of the Papoulis generalized sampling expansion," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, May 1991 Volume: 38 , Issue 5, pp. 554-556 named after K. F. Cheung and Robert J. Marks II, specifies conditionsK.F. Cheung and R. J. Marks II, "Ill-posed sampling theorems", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol.
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Statistical inference might be thought of as gambling theory applied to the world around us. The myriad applications for logarithmic information measures tell us precisely how to take the best guess in the face of partial information.Jaynes, E.T. (1998/2003) Probability Theory: The Logic of Science (Cambridge U. Press, New York). In that sense, information theory might be considered a formal expression of the theory of gambling.
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Many different concepts have been used to model intelligent power grids. They are generally studied within the framework of complex systems. In a recent brainstorming session, the power grid was considered within the context of optimal control, ecology, human cognition, glassy dynamics, information theory, microphysics of clouds, and many others. Here is a selection of the types of analyses that have appeared in recent years.
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Her dissertation was Capacity of Multiple User Time Varying Channels in Wireless Communications and was supervised by Robert G. Gallager. After postdoctoral research in the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Médard became an assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1998. She returned to MIT as a faculty member in 2000. In 2012 Médard served as president of the IEEE Information Theory Society.
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For example, Shannon's entropy in the context of an information diagram must be taken as a signed measure. (See the article Information theory and measure theory for more information.). Information diagrams have also been applied to specific problems such as for displaying the information theoretic similarity between sets of ontological terms . Venn diagram of information theoretic measures for three variables x, y, and z.
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As an engineer, Shannon was concerned with the challenge of reliably transmitting a message from one location to another. The meaning and content of the message was largely irrelevant. So, while Shannon information theory has been essential for the development of devices like computers, it has left open many philosophical questions regarding the nature of information. Incomplete Nature seeks to answer some of these questions.
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James Lee Massey (February 11, 1934 – June 16, 2013)Obituary at IEEE Information Theory Society was an information theorist and cryptographer, Professor Emeritus of Digital Technology at ETH Zurich. His notable work includes the application of the Berlekamp–Massey algorithm to linear codes, the design of the block ciphers IDEA (with Xuejia Lai) and SAFER, and the Massey-Omura cryptosystem (with Jim K. Omura).
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In terms of information theory, entropy is considered to be a measure of the uncertainty in a message. To put it intuitively, suppose p=0. At this probability, the event is certain never to occur, and so there is no uncertainty at all, leading to an entropy of 0. If p=1, the result is again certain, so the entropy is 0 here as well.
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The Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics (abbreviation: MPQ; ) is a part of the Max Planck Society which operates 87 research facilities in Germany. The institute is located in Garching, Germany, which in turn is located 10 km north-east of Munich. Five research groups work in the fields of attosecond physics, laser physics, quantum information theory, laser spectroscopy, quantum dynamics and quantum many body systems.
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In 1997, Robert Ulanowicz used information theory tools to describe the structure of ecosystems, emphasizing mutual information (correlations) in studied systems. Drawing on this methodology and prior observations of complex ecosystems, Ulanowicz depicts approaches to determining the stress levels on ecosystems and predicting system reactions to defined types of alteration in their settings (such as increased or reduced energy flow, and eutrophication.Robert Ulanowicz (). Ecology, the Ascendant Perspective.
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In quantum information theory, entangled states are considered a 'resource', i.e., something costly to produce and that allows to implement valuable transformations. The setting in which this perspective is most evident is that of "distant labs", i.e., two quantum systems labeled "A" and "B" on each of which arbitrary quantum operations can be performed, but which do not interact with each other quantum mechanically.
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C. T. K. Chari (5 June 1909 - 5 January 1993) was Head of the Department of Philosophy at Madras Christian College from 1958 to 1969 and the most prominent among contemporary Indian philosophers who paid close attention to psi phenomena. Chari published extensively on extremely diverse topics, such as logic, linguistics, information theory, mathematics, quantum physics, philosophy of mind, and, of course, psi research.
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Gács, P. and Vitányi, P., "In Memoriam Raymond J. Solomonoff", IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter, Vol. 61, No. 1, March 2011, p 11. Solomonoff's enumerable measure is universal in a certain powerful sense, but the computation time can be infinite. One way of dealing with this issue is a variant of Leonid Levin's Search Algorithm,Levin, L.A., "Universal Search Problems", in Problemy Peredaci Informacii 9, pp.
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In 1955, IBM organized a group to study pattern recognition, information theory and switching circuit theory, headed by Rochester. Among other projects, the group simulated the behaviour of abstract neural networks on an IBM 704 computer. That summer John McCarthy, a young Dartmouth College mathematician, was also working at IBM. He and Marvin Minsky had begun to talk seriously about the idea of intelligent machines.
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Hagenauer received his doctorate in 1974 from Darmstadt University of Technology where he also served as an assistant professor. In 1990 he was appointed a director of the Institute for Communication Technology at the German Aerospace Center DLR in Oberpfaffenhofen. In 1993 he became the Chair of the University of Technology's Communications Technology department in Munich, Germany. He was also active at the IEEE Information Theory Society.
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Huerta main contribution in theoretical physics is in geometric entropy in quantum field theory, holography, quantum gravity and quantum information theory. She uses interlacing entropy as an indicator of confinement and phase transitions. It is considered the natural order parameter for systems with topological order. Relative entropy's properties give rise to the Bekenstein dimension, energy levels in field theories and the generalized second law.
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In quantum information theory, a quantum circuit is a model for quantum computation in which a computation is a sequence of quantum gates, which are reversible transformations on a quantum mechanical analog of an n-bit register. This analogous structure is referred to as an n-qubit register. The graphical depiction of quantum circuit elements is described using a variant of the Penrose graphical notation.
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He served in these positions until 1993. From 1995-2007, he was the Boston Section representative to the Central New England Council of IEEE. He was twice elected to three-year terms on the Board of Governors of the IEEE Information Theory Society. He was the nominator for the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Milestone and was given the regional professional leadership award by IEEE in 1995.
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She has launched and led several multi-university research projects, including DARPA's ITMANET program,ITMANET, Cognition & Control in Complex Systems, 2011. and she is a principal investigator in the National Science Foundation Center on the Science of Information.Andrea Goldsmith, Center for Science of Information, September 8, 2015. In the IEEE, Goldsmith served on the board of governors for both the Information Theory and Communications societies.
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The London Institute does research in theoretical physics, mathematics and the mathematical sciences. It does not have laboratories and does not conduct experiments. While there is no top-down prescription of what research is supported, areas of focus include or have included statistical physics, graph theory, cell programming, forecasting, finance, quantum theory, network theory, machine learning, thermodynamics, innovation, information theory, fractals and dynamical systems.
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The result adds a third dimension to the traditional two-dimensional canvas. Zieliński entered Yale with a background in information theory and his artwork then consisted of conceptual collage grids made from cloth. Over the next few years at Yale his work transformed from orderly black and white collages into intense bright paintings of everyday objects, including laptops. These works were humorous in their presentation.
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Gender Parity Initiative, (accessed 2013-10-11).SMU Facts(accessed 2013-10-11) Orsak received the first award as Educator of the Year in Engineering and Science from EE Times.EE Times fetes innovators, EE Times, April 5, 2006 He was elected a Fellow of the IEEE in 2005, the highest recognition afforded by the electrical engineering profession.IEEE Fellows, IEEE Information Theory Society (accessed 2012-05-02).
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The generalized distributive law (GDL) is a generalization of the distributive property which gives rise to a general message passing algorithm. It is a synthesis of the work of many authors in the information theory, digital communications, signal processing, statistics, and artificial intelligence communities. The law and algorithm were introduced in a semi-tutorial by Srinivas M. Aji and Robert J. McEliece with the same title.
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Generalized relative entropy (\epsilon-relative entropy) is a measure of dissimilarity between two quantum states. It is a "one-shot" analogue of quantum relative entropy and shares many properties of the latter quantity. In the study of quantum information theory, we typically assume that information processing tasks are repeated multiple times, independently. The corresponding information-theoretic notions are therefore defined in the asymptotic limit.
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He was born on 11 December 1953, in Gdynia, Polish People's Republic. He is a graduate of the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry of the University of Gdańsk. After meeting Anton Zeilinger, he developed an interest in information theory and quantum interferometry. Their first joint scientific paper was published in 1991, later they created a series of international projects called Quantum Optics and Quantum Information.
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He obtained his master's degree at Moscow University in 1970 where he studied under Andrey Kolmogorov and completed the Candidate Degree academic requirements in 1972.Levin's curriculum vitae1971 Dissertation (in Russian); English translation at arXiv After researching in algorithmic problems of information theory at the Moscow Institute of Information Transmission of the National Academy of Sciences in 1972-1973, and a position as Senior Research Scientist at the Moscow National Research Institute of Integrated Automation for the Oil/Gas Industry in 1973–1977, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1978 and also earned a Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1979. His advisor at MIT was Albert R. Meyer. He is well known for his work in randomness in computing, algorithmic complexity and intractability, average- case complexity, foundations of mathematics and computer science, algorithmic probability, theory of computation, and information theory.
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Weather forecast skill is often presented in the form of seasonal geographical maps. Forecast skill for single-value forecasts (i.e., time series of a scalar quantity) is commonly represented in terms of metrics such as correlation, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, relative mean absolute error, bias, and the Brier score, among others. A number of scores associated with the concept of entropy in information theory are also being used.
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A Master of Science in Business Analytics (MSBA) is an interdisciplinary STEM graduate professional degree that blends concepts from data science, computer science, statistics, business intelligence, and information theory geared towards commercial applications. Students generally come from a variety of backgrounds including computer science, engineering, mathematics, economics, and business. University programs mandate coding proficiency in at least one language. The languages most commonly used include R, Python, SAS, and SQL.
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The foundation of the uncertainty reduction theory stems from the information theory, originated by Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver. Shannon and Weaver suggests, when people interact initially, uncertainties exist especially when the probability for alternatives in a situation is high and the probability of them occurring is equally high. They assume uncertainty is reduced when the amount of alternatives is limited and/or the alternatives chosen tend to be repetitive.
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The journal provides an international focus for knowledge representation and information management issues with respect to cultural heritage. Papers include technical contributions to cultural informatics, covering theoretical aspects, case studies, etc. The journal's subject areas cover interdisciplinary aspects in the following areas: Humanities, Social sciences and Law, Computer science, Document preparation and Text processing, Library science, Arts, Data structures, Cryptography and Information theory, and Management of Computing and Information systems.
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Many terms are used to refer to various notions of distance; these are often confusingly similar, and may be used inconsistently between authors and over time, either loosely or with precise technical meaning. In addition to "distance", similar terms include deviance, deviation, discrepancy, discrimination, and divergence, as well as others such as contrast function and metric. Terms from information theory include cross entropy, relative entropy, discrimination information, and information gain.
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Robert J. McEliece (May 21, 1942 – May 8, 2019) was a Allen E. Puckett Professor of mathematics and engineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) best known for his work in information theory. He was the 2004 recipient of the Claude E. Shannon Award and the 2009 recipient of the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal. Born in Washington D.C., McEliece was educated at Caltech (B.S. 1964, Ph.D. 1967) and Cambridge.
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Integral Psychology. Reviewed on: 05/15/2000 the spiritual dimension was central to Wilber's integral vision. Similar to the model presented by Wilber is the information theory of consciousness presented by John Battista. Battista suggests that the development of the self-system, and of human psychology, consists of a series of transitions in the direction of enhanced maturity and psychological stability, and in the direction of transpersonal and spiritual categories.
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John Mathew Cioffi (born November 7, 1956) is an American electrical engineer, educator and inventor who has made contributions in telecommunication system theory, specifically in coding theory and information theory. Best known as "the father of DSL," Cioffi's pioneering research was instrumental in making digital subscriber line (DSL) technology practical and has led to over 400 publications and more than 100 pending or issued patents, many of which are licensed.
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LOCC paradigm: the parties are not allowed to exchange particles coherently. Only local operations and classical communication is allowed LOCC, or local operations and classical communication, is a method in quantum information theory where a local (product) operation is performed on part of the system, and where the result of that operation is "communicated" classically to another part where usually another local operation is performed conditioned on the information received.
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Extreme physical information (EPI) is a principle in information theory, first described and formulated in 1998B. Roy Frieden, Physics from Fisher Information: A Unification , 1st Ed. Cambridge University Press, , pp328, 1998 by B. Roy Frieden, Emeritus Professor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. The principle states that the precipitation of scientific laws can be derived through Fisher information, taking the form of differential equations and probability distribution functions.
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Frank Verstraete is a Belgian quantum physicist who is working on the interface between quantum information theory and quantum many-body physics. He pioneered the use of tensor networks and entanglement theory in quantum many body systems. He is full professor at the Faculty of Physics of the University of Vienna and the University of Ghent. He was awarded the Lieben Prize in 2009 and the Francqui Prize in 2018.
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Despite occupying about 0.01% of the visual field (less than 2° of visual angle), about 10% of axons in the optic nerve are devoted to the fovea. The resolution limit of the fovea has been determined to be around 10,000 points. The information capacity is estimated at 500,000 bits per second (for more information on bits, see information theory) without colour or around 600,000 bits per second including colour.
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His earlier work, Liquids and Liquid Mixtures (1958) is also similarly popular and is described by Widom as a "classic". His acclaimed 2002 work Cohesion described intermolecular forces, their scientific history and their effect on properties of matter in great detail. He also co-wrote a textbook Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers (1975). Other scientific topics he wrote about include phase transitions, critical phenomena, computer simulations of interfaces, glaciers, and information theory.
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Barbara M. Terhal (born 1969) is a theoretical physicist working in quantum information and quantum computing. She is a researcher at the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Jülich Research Center), a Professor in the EEMCS Department at TU Delft, as well as the Research Lead for the Terhal Group at QUTech. Her research concerns many areas in quantum information theory, including entanglement detection, quantum error correction, fault-tolerant quantum computing and quantum memories.
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Kuhle, M. (1990): Ice Marginal Ramps and Alluvial Fans in Semi-Arid Mountains: Convergence and Difference. In: Rachocki, A.H., Church, M. (eds.): Alluvial fans: A field approach. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto-Singapore: 55–68.Kuhle, M. (1990): The Probability of Proof in Geomorphology—an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type, the Ice-marginal Ramp (Bortensander).
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Tse's research at Stanford focuses on information theory and its applications in fields such as wireless communication, machine learning, energy and computational biology. He has designed assembly software to handle DNA and RNA sequencing data and was an inventor of the proportional-fair scheduling algorithm for cellular wireless systems. He received the 2017 Claude E. Shannon Award. In 2018, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.
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Kenneth M. Sayre is an American philosopher who spent most of his career at the University of Notre Dame (ND). His early career was devoted mainly to philosophic applications of artificial intelligence, cybernetics, and information theory. Later on his main interests shifted to Plato, philosophy of mind, and environmental philosophy. His retirement in 2014 was marked by publication of a history of ND's Philosophy Department, Adventures in Philosophy at Notre Dame.
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Grammatical Man: Information, Entropy, Language, and Life is a 1982 book written by the Evening Standard's Washington correspondent, Jeremy Campbell. The book touches on topics of probability, Information Theory, cybernetics, genetics and linguistics. The book frames and examines existence, from the Big Bang to DNA to human communication to artificial intelligence, in terms of information processes. The text consists of a foreword, twenty-one chapters, and an afterword.
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Joan Vaccaro is a physicist at Griffith University and a former student of David Pegg (physicist). Her work in quantum physics includes quantum phase,The Quantum Phase Operator: A Review S.M. Barnett and J.A. Vaccaro (CRC Press, 2007) nonclassical states of light, coherent laser excitation of atomic gases, cold atomic gases, stochastic Schrödinger equations, quantum information theory, quantum references, wave–particle duality, quantum thermodynamics, and the physical nature of time.
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Aref was born on 19 December 1951 in Yazd.Dr Aref Maslehat His father, Mirza Ahmad Aref, was a famous businessman. He received a bachelor's degree in electronics engineering from the University of Tehran, and a master's degree and a PhD in electrical and communication engineering from Stanford University in 1975, 1976 and 1980, respectively. His PhD thesis was on the information theory of networks, supervised by Thomas M. Cover.
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London & NY: Routeledge, 2002. Walter Benjamin echoed Malraux in believing aesthetics was a comparatively recent invention, a view proven wrong in the late 1970s, when Abraham Moles and Frieder Nake analyzed links between beauty, information processing, and information theory. Denis Dutton in "The Art Instinct" also proposed that an aesthetic sense was a vital evolutionary factor. Jean-François Lyotard re- invokes the Kantian distinction between taste and the sublime.
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In information theory and statistics, negentropy is used as a measure of distance to normality. The concept and phrase "negative entropy" was introduced by Erwin Schrödinger in his 1944 popular-science book What is Life?Schrödinger, Erwin, What is Life – the Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, Cambridge University Press, 1944 Later, Léon Brillouin shortened the phrase to negentropy.Brillouin, Leon: (1953) "Negentropy Principle of Information", J. of Applied Physics, v.
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Thirdly, it is often used within Algorithmic Information Theory, where the description length of a data sequence is the length of the smallest program that outputs that data set. In this context, it is also known as 'idealized' MDL principle and it is closely related to Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference, which is that the best model of a data set is embodied by its shortest self- extracting archive.
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Influenced by Vittorio Somenzi, Heinz von Foerster and Henri Atlan he became interested in applying Cybernetics and Information Theory to living systems. During his stay in Trieste he worked in collaboration with Gaetano Kanizsa about the procedures of self-organization in visual cognition. In 1981 he began a working relationship with Francisco Varela and Jean Petitot and many other scholars in the field of Self-organization Theory and Complexity Theory.
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In word-based translation, the fundamental unit of translation is a word in some natural language. Typically, the number of words in translated sentences are different, because of compound words, morphology and idioms. The ratio of the lengths of sequences of translated words is called fertility, which tells how many foreign words each native word produces. Necessarily it is assumed by information theory that each covers the same concept.
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In matters relating to quantum or classical information theory, it is convenient to work with the simplest possible unit of information, the two-state system. In classical information, this is a bit, commonly represented using one or zero (or true or false). The quantum analog of a bit is a quantum bit, or qubit. Qubits encode a type of information, called quantum information, which differs sharply from "classical" information.
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He is a past member of the Board of Governors of the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc) and the IEEE Information Theory Society. He was nominated by the IEEE BoD as a candidate for the office of President-Elect in 1996 and 2002. He was the editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications from 2007-2009. He also served the IEEE Communications Society as the Director of Journals.
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Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1969 until 1983 Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies, including radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the operating system Unix, the programming languages C and C++, solar cells, the charge- coupled device (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired communications technologies and systems.
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In 1952, William Gardner Pfann revealed the method of zone melting which enabled semiconductor purification and level doping. The 1950s also saw developmental activity based upon information theory. The central development was binary code systems. Efforts concentrated more precisely on the Laboratories' prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances including N-carrier, TD Microwave radio relay, Direct Distance Dialing, E-repeaters, Wire spring relays, and improved switching systems.
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Because the Segre map is to the categorical product of projective spaces, it is a natural mapping for describing non-entangled states in quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. More precisely, the Segre map describes how to take products of projective Hilbert spaces. In algebraic statistics, Segre varieties correspond to independence models. The Segre embedding of P2×P2 in P8 is the only Severi variety of dimension 4.
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The Undergraduate School on Experimental Quantum Information Processing (USEQIP) is an annual two-week program held in May and June designed for undergraduate students completing the third year of their undergraduate education. The program aims to introduce 20 students to the field of quantum information processing through lectures on quantum information theory and experimental approaches to quantum devices, followed by hands-on exploration using the experimental facilities of IQC.
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Blackjack as controlled risk taking using Shannon's information theory probability formulas. Casino as a ′cool′ financial entropy source and the gambler as a ′hot′ financial source, once again the Second law of thermodynamics means the flow is almost always from hot to cold in the long run. For managed risk spread bets widely and in high risk high reward investments (assuming a known probability), this is the Log optimal portfolio approach.
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The number of digits (bits) in the binary representation of a positive integer is the integral part of , i.e. : \lfloor \log_2 n\rfloor + 1. In information theory, the definition of the amount of self-information and information entropy is often expressed with the binary logarithm, corresponding to making the bit the fundamental unit of information. However, the natural logarithm and the nat are also used in alternative notations for these definitions..
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Therefore, the market for Hayek is a "communication system", an "efficient mechanism for digesting dispersed information". The economist and a cyberneticist are like garderners who are "providing the appropriate environment". Hayek's definition of information is idiosyncratic and precedes the information theory used in cybernetics and the natural sciences. Finally, Hayek also considers Adam Smith's idea of the invisible hand as an anticipation of the operation of the feedback mechanism in cybernetics.
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During the 20th century, a number of interdisciplinary scientific fields have emerged. Examples include: Communication studies combines animal communication, information theory, marketing, public relations, telecommunications and other forms of communication. Computer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and the design of computer hardware.
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Moreover, the Gibbs free energy equation, in modified form, can be utilized for open systems when chemical potential terms are included in the energy balance equation. In a popular 1982 textbook, Principles of Biochemistry, noted American biochemist Albert Lehninger argued that the order produced within cells as they grow and divide is more than compensated for by the disorder they create in their surroundings in the course of growth and division. In short, according to Lehninger, "Living organisms preserve their internal order by taking from their surroundings free energy, in the form of nutrients or sunlight, and returning to their surroundings an equal amount of energy as heat and entropy." Similarly, according to the chemist John Avery, from his 2003 book Information Theory and Evolution, we find a presentation in which the phenomenon of life, including its origin and evolution, as well as human cultural evolution, has its basis in the background of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and information theory.
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Chebyshev's students included Aleksandr Lyapunov who founded the modern stability theory (lately developed by such scientists as Aleksandr Andronov and Vladimir Arnold), and Andrey Markov who developed the theory of Markov chains, playing a central role in information sciences and modern applied mathematics. At the beginning of the 20th century Nikolai Zhukovsky and Sergei Chaplygin were among founding fathers of the modern aero- and hydrodynamics and Vladimir Kotelnikov was a pioneer in information theory by independently proposing the fundamental sampling theorem. Andrei Kolmogorov, a leading mathematician of the 20th century, developed the foundation of the modern theory of probability and made other key contributions to broadest range of mathematical branches, such as turbulence, mathematical logic, topology, differential equations, set theory, automata theory, information theory, theory of algorithms, dynamical systems, stochastic processes, theory of integration, classical mechanics, mathematical linguistics, mathematical biology and applied sciences. Israel Gelfand is credited with many important discoveries in algebra, topology, mathematical physics and applied sciences.
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At the time, the nature of the data processor was not revealed. A technical article in the journal of the IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) Professional Group on Military Electronics in February 1961"A High-Resolution Radar Combat- Intelligence System", L. J. Cutrona, W. E. Vivian, E. N. Leith, and G. O Hall; IRE Transactions on Military Electronics, April 1961, pp 127–131 described the SAR principle and both the C-46 and AN/UPD-1 versions, but did not tell how the data were processed, nor that the UPD-1's maximum resolution capability was about . However, the June 1960 issue of the IRE Professional Group on Information Theory had contained a long article"Optical Data Processing and Filtering Systems", L. J. Cutrona, E. N. Leith, C. J. Palermo, and L. J. Porcello; IRE Transactions on Information Theory, June 1960, pp 386–400. on "Optical Data Processing and Filtering Systems" by members of the Michigan group.
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Dembski argues that the unguided emergence of CSI solely according to known physical laws and chance is highly improbable.Olofsson, P., "Intelligent design and mathematical statistics: a troubled alliance", Biology and Philosophy, (2008) 23: 545. (pdf, retrieved December 18, 2017) The concept of specified complexity is widely regarded as mathematically unsound and has not been the basis for further independent work in information theory, in the theory of complex systems, or in biology.Mark Perakh, (2005).
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A Mind at Play: How Claude Shannon Invented the Information Age is a biography of Claude Shannon, an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as "the father of information theory". The biography was written by Jimmy Soni and Rob Goodman, and published by Simon & Schuster in 2017. A Mind at Play is the second biography co-authored by Soni and Goodman, the first being a biography of Cato entitled Rome's Last Citizen.
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Mark Henry Hansen is an American statistician, professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and Director of the David and Helen Gurley Brown Institute for Media Innovation. His special interest is the intersection of data, art and technology. He adopts an interdisciplinary approach to data science, drawing on various branches of applied mathematics, information theory and new media arts. Within the field of journalism, Hansen has promoted coding literacy for journalists.
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In computer science and information theory, data differencing or differential compression is producing a technical description of the difference between two sets of data – a source and a target. Formally, a data differencing algorithm takes as input source data and target data, and produces difference data such that given the source data and the difference data, one can reconstruct the target data ("patching" the source with the difference to produce the target).
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During 1998–2000 Bobkov held positions at Syktyvkar State University, Russia. From 1995 to 1996 he was an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at Bielefeld University, Germany. He spent the summers of 2001 and 2002 as an EPSRC Fellow at Imperial College London, UK. Bobkov was awarded a Simons Fellowship (2012) and Humboldt Research Award (2014). Bobkov is known for research in mathematics on the border of probability theory, analysis, convex geometry and information theory.
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Zenon Walter Pylyshyn (; born 25 August 1937, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian cognitive scientist and philosopher. He holds degrees in engineering-physics (BEng 1959) from McGill University and in control systems (MSc 1960) and experimental psychology (PhD 1963), both from the Regina Campus, University of Saskatchewan. His dissertation was on the application of information theory to studies of human short-term memory. He was a Canada Council Senior fellow from 1963-1964\.
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As the year coincides with his own first experiments with the structure, Mihai Olos used to tell about a premonitory dream he had had on the night of Corbusier's death. Anyhow, whether it was a true remembrance or just something conveniently imagined,"si non-e vero, e ben trovato" as it is said in Italian. Writing about Urbanism, semantics, semiology, mathematics and information theory, Ragon mentioned G. Kepes', Langue de la vision, published in 1944.
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Kofler was visiting professor at the University of St Petersburg (former Leningrad, Russia), University of Heidelberg (Germany), McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario, Canada) and University of Leeds (England). He collaborated with many well known specialists in information theory, such as Oskar R. Lange in Poland, Nicolai Vorobiev in the Soviet Union, Günter Menges in Germany, and Heidi Schelbert and Peter Zweifel in Zürich. He was the author of many books and articles. He died in Zürich.
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Woronowicz s l Stanisław Lech Woronowicz (born 22 July 1941, Ukmergė, Lithuania (occupied by Nazi Germany at that time)) is a Polish mathematician and physicist. He is affiliated with the University of Warsaw and is a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. It was Woronowicz, and Erling Størmer, who classified positive maps in the low-dimensional cases. This translates to the Peres-Horodecki criterion, in the context of quantum information theory.
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More generally, security is possible as long as the amount of information that the adversary can store in his memory device is limited. This intuition is captured by the noisy-storage model, which includes the bounded-quantum-storage model as a special case. Such a limitation can, for example, come about if the memory device is extremely large, but very imperfect. In information theory such an imperfect memory device is also called a noisy channel.
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Kullback supervised a staff of about 60, including such innovative thinkers in automated data processing development as Leo Rosen and Sam Snyder. His staff pioneered new forms of input and memory, such as magnetic tape and drum memory, and compilers to make machines truly "multi-purpose." Kullback gave priority to using computers to generate communications security (COMSEC) materials. Kullback's book Information Theory and Statistics was published by John Wiley & Sons in 1959.
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The scheme is known as Imai-Hirakawa code.Imai, H.; Hirakawa, S.: A new multilevel coding method using error-correcting codes. Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on Volume 23, Issue 3, May 1977 Page(s):371 - 377 He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Tokyo in 1971. He was on the faculty of Yokohama National University from then until 1992, before he joined the faculty of the University of Tokyo.
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Harris had previously worked at the Universities of Hull, UMIST, Oxford, Imperial, and Cranfield, He had also worked at the UK Ministry of Defence, MoD. He had authored or co-authored 12 books and over 300 research papers. He was the associate editor of numerous international journals including Automatica, Engineering Applications of AI, International Journal of General Systems Engineering, International Journal of System Science and the International Journal on Mathematical Control and Information Theory.
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Such tasks are still artificial, but they attempt to mimic the natural demands placed on a system. For example, the task might employ stimuli that resemble natural scenes and might test the system's ability to make potentially useful judgments about these stimuli. Natural scene statistics are the basis for calculating ideal performance in natural and pseudo-natural tasks. This calculation tends to incorporate elements of signal detection theory, information theory, or estimation theory.
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A binary symmetric channel (or BSCp) is a common communications channel model used in coding theory and information theory. In this model, a transmitter wishes to send a bit (a zero or a one), and the receiver will receive a bit. The bit will be "flipped" with a "crossover probability" of p, and otherwise is received correctly. This model can be applied to varied communication channels such as telephone lines or disk drive storage.
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The Theil index can be transformed into an Atkinson index, which has a range between 0 and 1 (0% and 100%), where 0 indicates perfect equality and 1 (100%) indicates maximum inequality. (See Generalized entropy index for the transformation.) The Theil index is an entropy measure. As for any resource distribution and with reference to information theory, "maximum entropy" occurs once income earners cannot be distinguished by their resources, i.e. when there is perfect equality.
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The Pattern on the Stone: The Simple Ideas that Make Computers Work is a book by W. Daniel Hillis, published in 1998 by Basic Books (). The book attempts to explain concepts from computer science in layman's terms by metaphor and analogy. The book moves from Boolean algebra through topics such as information theory, parallel computing, cryptography, algorithms, heuristics, universal computing, Turing machines, and promising technologies such as quantum computing and emergent systems.
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After completing his graduate studies, Jelinek, who had developed an interest in linguistics, had plans to work with Charles F. Hockett at Cornell University. However these fell through and during the next ten years he continued to study information theory. Having previously worked at IBM during a sabbatical, he began full-time work there in 1972at first on leave for Cornell, but permanently from 1974. He remained there for over twenty years.
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During the next decade, a combination of factors shut down the application of information theory to natural language processing (NLP) problemsin particular machine translation. One factor was the 1957 publication of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures, which stated, "probabilistic models give no insight into the basic problems of syntactic structure".Quoted in Young (2010). This accorded well with the philosophy of the artificial intelligence research of the time, which promoted rule-based approaches.
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Vladimir Kotelnikov in October 2003 Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov (Russian Владимир Александрович Котельников; 6 September 1908 in Kazan – 11 February 2005 in Moscow) was an information theory and radar astronomy pioneer from the Soviet Union. He was elected a member of the Russian Academy of Science, in the Department of Technical Science (radio technology) in 1953. From 30 July 1973 to 25 March 1980 Kotelnikov served as Chairman of the RSFSR Supreme Council.
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In the sampling theorem, the uncertainty of the interpolation as measured by noise variance is the same as the uncertainty of the sample data when the noise is i.i.d.R.C. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications, McGraw Hill (1968) In his classic 1948 paper founding information theory, Claude Shannon offered the following generalization of the sampling theorem:Claude E. Shannon, "Communication in the presence of noise", Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 37, no.
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He wrote his doctoral thesis on Maxwell's demon, a long-standing puzzle in the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics. Szilard was the first to recognize the connection between thermodynamics and information theory. In addition to the nuclear reactor, Szilard submitted the earliest patent applications for the electron microscope (1928), the linear accelerator (1928), and the cyclotron (1929) in Germany. Between 1926 and 1930, he worked with Einstein on the development of the Einstein refrigerator.
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As for several concepts in quantum information theory, accessible information is best understood in terms of a 2-party communication. So we introduce two parties, Alice and Bob. Alice has a classical random variable X, which can take the values {1, 2, ..., n} with corresponding probabilities {p1, p2, ..., pn}. Alice then prepares a quantum state, represented by the density matrix ρX chosen from a set {ρ1, ρ2, ... ρn}, and gives this state to Bob.
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Abràmoff was born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and received his MD and MS (information theory) from the University of Amsterdam. He was a research fellow in the Neural Networks lab at RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan. He was Director of R&D; at Prodix SA, an image analysis company in Paris, France. He performed his residency in ophthalmology at the University of Utrecht Academic Hospital, and his vitreoretinal fellowship at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.
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Because faster molecules are hotter, the demon's behaviour causes one chamber to warm up and the other to cool down, thereby decreasing entropy and violating the second law of thermodynamics. This thought experiment has provoked debate and theoretical work on the relation between thermodynamics and information theory extending to the present day, with a number of scientists arguing that theoretical considerations rule out any practical device violating the second law in this way.
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He was engaged primarily in the application of mathematics (especially statistics), information theory and cybernetics to the study of language and literature. He founded and co-edited a series entitled Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics. In 1965, Doležel was invited as visiting professor to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he stayed till 1968. He co-edited (with Richard W. Bailey) a collection of studies Statistics and Style (American Elsevier, 1969).
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Translation (1949). In: Machine Translation of Languages, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. including the ideas of applying Claude Shannon's information theory. Statistical machine translation was re-introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s by researchers at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center and has contributed to the significant resurgence in interest in machine translation in recent years. Before the introduction of neural machine translation, it was by far the most widely studied machine translation method.
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Andrew (Andrzej) Stanislaw Targowski (born October 9, 1937) is a Polish- American computer scientist specializing in enterprise computing, societal computing, information technology impact upon civilization, information theory, wisdom theory, and civilization theory. One of the pioneers of applied information systems in Poland, he is an executive, university professor, scientist, civilizationist, philosopher, visionary, writer, and generalist.Who is Who in Poland (Kto Jest Kim w Polsce). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Interpress, 1984, pp. 989–990.Pula, J. (2011).
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For patent reasons, the result was not published until 1950. In 1948, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", one of the founding works in information theory, was published by Claude Shannon in the Bell System Technical Journal. It built in part on earlier work in the field by Bell researchers Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley, but it greatly extended these. Bell Labs also introduced a series of increasingly complex calculators through the decade.
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He cofounded the knowledge management company Transversal. In 2003, his book Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms was published. His interests beyond research included the development of effective teaching methods and African development; he taught regularly at the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Cape Town from its foundation in 2003 to 2006. In 2008 he completed a book on energy consumption and energy production without fossil fuels called Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air.
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MacKay used £10,000 of his own money to publish the book, and the initial print run of 5,000 sold within days. The book received praise from The Economist, The Guardian, and Bill Gates, who called it "one of the best books on energy that has been written." Like his textbook on Information theory, MacKay made the book available for free online. In March 2012 he gave a TED talk on renewable energy.
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Berlekamp taught electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley from 1964 until 1966, when he became a mathematics researcher at Bell Labs. In 1971, Berlekamp returned to Berkeley as professor of mathematics and EECS, where he served as the advisor for over twenty doctoral students.Contributors, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 20, #3 (May 1974), p. 408. He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering (1977) and the National Academy of Sciences (1999).
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Tribus published two books; Thermostatics and Thermodynamics, the first textbook basing the laws of thermodynamics on information theory rather than on the classical arguments, and Rational Descriptions, Decisions, and Designs, introducing Bayesian Decision methods into the engineering design process. He also published Goals and Gaols, a short work in which he illustrated with many historic examples how premature specialization may push students to a dead end, given the fast obsolescence of techniques.
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A complication is that this multivariate mutual information (as well as the interaction information) can be positive, negative, or zero, which makes this quantity difficult to interpret intuitively. In fact, for n random variables, there are 2^n-1 degrees of freedom for how they might be correlated in an information- theoretic sense, corresponding to each non-empty subset of these variables. These degrees of freedom are bounded by the various inequalities in information theory.
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One source for the philosophy of information can be found in the technical work of Norbert Wiener, Alan Turing (though his work has a wholly different origin and theoretical framework), William Ross Ashby, Claude Shannon, Warren Weaver, and many other scientists working on computing and information theory back in the early 1950s. See the main article on Cybernetics. Some important work on information and communication was done by Gregory Bateson and his colleagues.
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New York: George Braziller, pp. 139-1540 from which, a hypothesis for cybernetics. Although potential applications exist in other areas, the theorist developed only the implications for biology and cybernetics. Bertalanffy also noted unsolved problems, which included continued questions over thermodynamics, thus the unsubstantiated claim that there are physical laws to support generalizations (particularly for information theory), and the need for further research into the problems and potential with the applications of the open system view from physics.
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The Beckman Institute offers a variety of fellowship programs, which enable researchers to work for short periods of time at the Institute. Beckman Postdoctoral Fellowships are awarded to Beckman scholars who receive 3-year appointments, including both a stipend and a research budget. The first Beckman postdoctoral scholars were Efrat Shimshoni (condensed matter physics) and Andrew Nobel (information theory and statistics). Beckman Graduate Fellowships are awarded to students who are working at the master's or doctorate level.
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Retrieved January 10, 2020. In addition, he was made a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, holds seven U.S. patents and has co-authored more than 150 technical papers in industry journals and conference proceedings. His major research interests include information theory, signal compression, and applications of signal compression to speech, image, and video coding for wireless communication networks. He co-founded a start-up company, Zagros Networks, which developed computer chips for networks.
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In evidence-based medicine, likelihood ratios are used for assessing the value of performing a diagnostic test. They use the sensitivity and specificity of the test to determine whether a test result usefully changes the probability that a condition (such as a disease state) exists. The first description of the use of likelihood ratios for decision rules was made at a symposium on information theory in 1954. In medicine, likelihood ratios were introduced between 1975 and 1980.
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As of 2007, the journal allows the posting of preprints on arXiv. According to Jack van Lint, it is the leading research journal in the whole field of coding theory. A 2006 study using the PageRank network analysis algorithm found that, among hundreds of computer science-related journals, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory had the highest ranking and was thus deemed the most prestigious. ACM Computing Surveys, with the highest impact factor, was deemed the most popular.
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Apoorva D. Patel is a Professor at the Centre for High Energy Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He is notable for his work on quantum algorithms, and the application of information theory concepts to understand the structure of genetic languages.Mark Buchanan, "Life force," New Scientist, 2234, 15 April 2000. His major field of work has been the theory of quantum chromodynamics, where he has used lattice gauge theory techniques to investigate spectral properties, phase transitions, and matrix elements.
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Immink has served in officer and board positions for a number of technical societies, government and academic organizations, including the Audio Engineering Society, IEEE, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, and several universities. He is a trustee of the Shannon Foundation, and was a governor of the IEEE Consumer Electronics and Information Theory Societies. He was on the governors board of the Audio Engineering Society for over 10 years, and was its president in 2002–2003.
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Three previous arXiv preprints by Lisi deal with mathematical physics related to the theory. "Clifford Geometrodynamics", in 2002, endeavors to describe fermions geometrically as BRST ghosts. "Clifford bundle formulation of BF gravity generalized to the standard model", in 2005, describes the algebra of gravitational and Standard Model fields acting on a generation of fermions, but does not mention E8. "Quantum mechanics from a universal action reservoir", in 2006, attempts to derive quantum mechanics using information theory.
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The device has also been called the "Leave Me Alone Box". Minsky's mentor at Bell Labs, information theory pioneer Claude Shannon (who later also became an MIT professor), made his own versions of the machine. He kept one on his desk, where science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke saw it. Clarke later wrote, "There is something unspeakably sinister about a machine that does nothing—absolutely nothing—except switch itself off", and he was fascinated by the concept.
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Mobile phones offering only those capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The development of metal-oxide- semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications. The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. MitchellJohn F. Mitchell BiographyWho invented the cell phone? and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.
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In the mathematical theory of probability, the drift-plus-penalty method is used for optimization of queueing networks and other stochastic systems. The technique is for stabilizing a queueing network while also minimizing the time average of a network penalty function. It can be used to optimize performance objectives such as time average power, throughput, and throughput utility. M. J. Neely, "Energy Optimal Control for Time Varying Wireless Networks," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, no.
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"Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" is a paper published in 1949 by Claude Shannon discussing cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory. It is one of the foundational treatments (arguably the foundational treatment) of modern cryptography. It is also a proof that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad. Shannon published an earlier version of this research in the classified report A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography, Memorandum MM 45-110-02, Sept.
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Richard A. Leibler (March 18, 1914, Chicago, Illinois – October 25, 2003, Reston, Virginia) was an American mathematician and cryptanalyst. Richard Leibler was born in March 1914. He received his A.M. in mathematics from Northwestern University and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1939. While working at the National Security Agency, he and Solomon Kullback formulated the Kullback–Leibler divergence, a measure of similarity between probability distributions which has found important applications in information theory and cryptology.
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In probability theory and information theory, adjusted mutual information, a variation of mutual information may be used for comparing clusterings. It corrects the effect of agreement solely due to chance between clusterings, similar to the way the adjusted rand index corrects the Rand index. It is closely related to variation of information: when a similar adjustment is made to the VI index, it becomes equivalent to the AMI. The adjusted measure however is no longer metrical.
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Chiang is best known for his work on networks, especially optimization of networks, network utility maximization (NUM) and smart data pricing (SDP). He is known as a founder of the field of fog/edge computing. Chiang's Ph.D. dissertation in 2003 made contributions to information theory and optimization theory. Since then he has contributed to many areas in networking research, including wireless networks, the Internet, broadband access, content distribution, network function optimization, network economics and social learning networks.
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Arıkan served as an assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign before returning to Turkey. He joined Bilkent University as a faculty member in 1987. In 2008 Arıkan invented polar codes, a system of coding that provides a mathematical basis for the solution of Shannon's channel capacity problem. A three-session lecture on the matter given in January 2015 at Simons Institute's Information Theory Boot Camp at the University of California, Berkeley is available on YouTube.
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In physics, the no-broadcasting theorem is a result of quantum information theory. In the case of pure quantum states, it is a corollary of the no- cloning theorem: since quantum states cannot be copied in general, they cannot be broadcast. Here, the word "broadcast" is used in the sense of conveying the state to two or more recipients. For multiple recipients to each receive the state, there must be, in some sense, a way of duplicating the state.
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Around 1960, Ray Solomonoff founded the theory of universal inductive inference, a theory of prediction based on observations, for example, predicting the next symbol based upon a given series of symbols. This is a formal inductive framework that combines algorithmic information theory with the Bayesian framework. Universal inductive inference is based on solid philosophical foundations, and can be considered as a mathematically formalized Occam's razor. Fundamental ingredients of the theory are the concepts of algorithmic probability and Kolmogorov complexity.
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Wei Yu is a Canadian electrical engineer. He is a professor and Canada Research Chair in Information Theory and Wireless Communication at the University of Toronto. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2014 "for contributions to optimization techniques for multiple-input-multiple-output communications". He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Waterloo in 1997, and his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 2002.
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Tamm, Journal of Physics (USSR) 9, 449 (1945) and the method is now named after both. In the late 1940s, Dancoff began a collaboration with the Viennese-refugee physician and radiologist Henry Quastler in the new field of cybernetics and information theory. Their work led to the publication of what is now commonly called Dancoff's Law. A non-mathematical statement of this law is, "the greatest growth occurs when the greatest number of mistakes are made consistent with survival".
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Further, Krichevskii became a doctor of physical and mathematical sciences (1988) and professor (1991), specializing in the field of mathematical cybernetics and information theory. From 1962 to 1996 he worked at the Sobolev Institute of Mathematics. In the late 90s he worked in University of California, Riverside, US. His main publications are in the fields of universal source coding, optimal hashing, combinatorial retrieval and error-correcting codes. Krichevsky–Trofimov estimator is widely used in source coding and bioinformatics.
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Osvaldo Simeone is a Professor of Information Engineering with the Centre for Telecommunications Research at the Department of Informatics at King's College, London. He received an M.Sc. degree (with honors) and a Ph.D. degree in information engineering from the Politecnico di Milano, Italy, in 2001 and 2005, respectively. He was previously a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) in Newark. Simeone's research interests include wireless communications, information theory, optimization, and machine learning.
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Gallager's current interests are in information theory, wireless communication, all optical networks, data networks, and stochastic processes. Over the years, Gallager has taught and mentored many graduate students, many of whom are now themselves leading researchers in their fields. He received the MIT Graduate Student Council Teaching Award for 1993. In 1999 he received the Harvey Prize from the American Society for the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. In 2020 he was awarded the Japan Prize.
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In the mid- to late-20th century, ideas of algorithmic information theory introduced new dimensions to the field via the concept of algorithmic randomness. Although randomness had often been viewed as an obstacle and a nuisance for many centuries, in the 20th century computer scientists began to realize that the deliberate introduction of randomness into computations can be an effective tool for designing better algorithms. In some cases, such randomized algorithms even outperform the best deterministic methods.
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In the mid to late 20th-century, ideas of algorithmic information theory introduced new dimensions to the field via the concept of algorithmic randomness. Although randomness had often been viewed as an obstacle and a nuisance for many centuries, in the twentieth century computer scientists began to realize that the deliberate introduction of randomness into computations can be an effective tool for designing better algorithms. In some cases, such randomized algorithms are able to outperform the best deterministic methods.
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A two-dimensional visualisation of the Hamming distance, a critical measure in coding theory. Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error detection and correction, data transmission and data storage. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, linguistics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods.
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It has been mathematically proven that in theory linear coding is enough to achieve the upper bound in multicast problems with one source.S. Li, R. Yeung, and N. Cai, "Linear Network Coding"(PDF), in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol 49, No. 2, pp. 371–381, 2003 However linear coding is not sufficient in general (e.g. multisource, multisink with arbitrary demands), even for more general versions of linearity such as convolutional coding and filter-bank coding.
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A linear response function describes the input-output relationship of a signal transducer such as a radio turning electromagnetic waves into music or a neuron turning synaptic input into a response. Because of its many applications in information theory, physics and engineering there exist alternative names for specific linear response functions such as susceptibility, impulse response or impedance, see also transfer function. The concept of a Green's function or fundamental solution of an ordinary differential equation is closely related.
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The challenge point framework, created by Mark A. Guadagnoli and Timothy D. Lee (2004), provides a theoretical basis to conceptualize the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning. This framework relates practice variables to the skill level of the individual, task difficulty, and information theory concepts. The fundamental idea is that “motor tasks represent different challenges for performers of different abilities” (Guadagnoli and Lee 2004, p212). Any task will present the individual with a certain degree of challenge.
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Virgil Griffith (born 1983), also known as Romanpoet, is an American programmer, known for being the creator of WikiScanner, an indexing tool for Wikipedia. He has published papers on artificial life and integrated information theory. He also worked extensively on the Ethereum cryptocurrency platform. Griffith was arrested in 2019 for allegedly giving an Ethereum related presentation in North Korea, and moving cryptocurrency between South and North Korea (a violation of the international sanctions against North Korea).
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Jelinek regarded speech recognition as an information theory problema noisy channel, in this case the acoustic signalwhich some observers considered a daring approach. The concept of perplexity was introduced in their first model, New Raleigh Grammar, which was published in 1976 as the paper "Continuous Speech Recognition by Statistical Methods" in the journal Proceedings of the IEEE. According to Young, the basic noisy channel approach "reduced the speech recognition problem to one of producing two statistical models".
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In the 1940s and 1950s, a number of researchers explored the connection between neurobiology, information theory, and cybernetics. Some of them built machines that used electronic networks to exhibit rudimentary intelligence, such as W. Grey Walter's turtles and the Johns Hopkins Beast. Many of these researchers gathered for meetings of the Teleological Society at Princeton University and the Ratio Club in England. By 1960, this approach was largely abandoned, although elements of it would be revived in the 1980s.
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Between 1958 and 1968 he was adjunct Professor of Cybernetics at the Physics Institute of the University of Naples. In 1963 Braitenberg earned the Libera Docenza in Cybernetics and Information Theory, the title that used to grant access to Professorship at Italian Universities. From 1968 until his retirement in 1994 he was co-founder and co-Director of the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen and Honorary Professor at the Universities of Tübingen and Freiburg.
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This introduced the thought experiment now called the Szilard engine and became important in the history of attempts to understand Maxwell's demon. The paper is also the first equation of negative entropy and information. As such, it established Szilard as one of the founders of information theory, but he did not publish it until 1929, and did not pursue it further. Claude E. Shannon, who took it up in the 1950s, acknowledged Szilard's paper as his starting point.
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Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their fitness for a specific application. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error-correction and more recently also for network coding. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction (or detection) of errors in the transmitted data.
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An analog to thermodynamic entropy is information entropy. In 1948, while working at Bell Telephone Laboratories, electrical engineer Claude Shannon set out to mathematically quantify the statistical nature of "lost information" in phone-line signals. To do this, Shannon developed the very general concept of information entropy, a fundamental cornerstone of information theory. Although the story varies, initially it seems that Shannon was not particularly aware of the close similarity between his new quantity and earlier work in thermodynamics.
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Entropy-Based Algorithms for Best Basis Selection, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 38(2). finds a set of bases that provide the most desirable representation of the data relative to a particular cost function (e.g. entropy). There were relevant studies in signal processing and communications fields to address the selection of subband trees (orthogonal basis) of various kinds, e.g. regular, dyadic, irregular, with respect to performance metrics of interest including energy compaction (entropy), subband correlations and others.
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Video compression is a practical implementation of source coding in information theory. In practice, most video codecs are used alongside audio compression techniques to store the separate but complementary data streams as one combined package using so-called container formats. Uncompressed video requires a very high data rate. Although lossless video compression codecs perform at a compression factor of 5 to 12, a typical H.264 lossy compression video has a compression factor between 20 and 200.
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Quantum information science is an area of study about information science related to quantum effects in physics. It includes theoretical issues in computational models as well as more experimental topics in quantum physics including what can and cannot be done with quantum information. The term quantum information theory is also used, but it fails to encompass experimental research in the area and can be confused with a subfield of quantum information science that studies the processing of quantum information.
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In information theory, the entropy power inequality is a result that relates to so-called "entropy power" of random variables. It shows that the entropy power of suitably well-behaved random variables is a superadditive function. The entropy power inequality was proved in 1948 by Claude Shannon in his seminal paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Shannon also provided a sufficient condition for equality to hold; Stam (1959) showed that the condition is in fact necessary.
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Avestimehr was a postdoctoral scholar at the Center for the Mathematics of Information (CMI) at Caltech in 2008. He served as an assistant professor at the school of electrical and computer engineering of Cornell University from 2009 to 2013. Avestimehr was promoted to a professorship in electrical and computer engineering at the University of Southern California, where he has taught since 2013. He has been a general co-chair of the 2020 International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT).
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Unlike, for example, Karl Popper's informal inductive inference theory, Solomonoff's is mathematically rigorous. Algorithmic probability is closely related to the concept of Kolmogorov complexity. Kolmogorov's introduction of complexity was motivated by information theory and problems in randomness, while Solomonoff introduced algorithmic complexity for a different reason: inductive reasoning. A single universal prior probability that can be substituted for each actual prior probability in Bayes’s rule was invented by Solomonoff with Kolmogorov complexity as a side product.
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CDMTCS External Researchers He co-invented with Klaus Wagner the Staiger-Wagner Automaton. Staiger is an expert in ω-languages, an area in which he wrote more than 19 papers including the paper on this topic in the monograph.Handbook of Formal Languages He found surprising applications of ω-languages in the study of Liouville numbers. Staiger is an active researcher in combinatorics on words, automata theory, effective dimension theory ECCC Reports of Ludwig Staiger and algorithmic information theory.
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Bruce Hajek is the Center for Advanced Study Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Professor in the Coordinated Science Laboratory, and Hoeft Chair in Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His research spans communication networks, auction theory, stochastic analysis, combinatorial optimization, machine learning, information theory, as well as bioinformatics. He was elected into the National Academy of Engineering in 1999. and is the 2003 winner of the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award.
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During the Information Revolution all these activities are experiencing continuous growth, while other information- oriented activities are emerging. Information is the central theme of several new sciences, which emerged in the 1940s, including Shannon's (1949) Information Theory and Wiener's (1948) Cybernetics. Wiener stated: "information is information not matter or energy". This aphorism suggests that information should be considered along with matter and energy as the third constituent part of the Universe; information is carried by matter or by energy.
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After completing undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at UKIM Skopje, Ninoslav Marina obtained a Ph.D. at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2004. In partnership with Nokia Research Centre in Helsinki, his thesis was in the information theory with application to wireless communications. Ninoslav Marina was Director of R&D; at Sowoon Technologies from 2005 to 2007. From 2007 to 2008 he was Visiting Scholar at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
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Two weeks after the Nazis invaded Poland in September 1939, Bussgang's family fled Poland for fear of religious persecution. For the next decade, Bussgang was a refugee moving from country to country with his family. After serving in the Polish Division of the British Army in World War II, he immigrated to the United States where he established a career in the field of signal processing, information theory, and communications. He founded the high technology firm Signatron Inc.
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He is the author (with J Salz and EJ Weldon) of a textbook, Principles of Data Communications (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965). He wrote a popularized account of information theory in Silicon Dreams (St Martins Press, New York, 1989). A compilation of his essays was published under the title Lucky Strikes Again (Wiley/IEEE Press, 1992). Since 1982 he has written a bi-monthly column, Reflections, in IEEE Spectrum Magazine, which features his essays on technology and engineering culture.
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In information theory, typical set encoding encodes only the sequences in the typical set of a stochastic source with fixed length block codes. Since the size of the typical set is about 2nH(X), only nH(X) bits are required for the coding, while at the same time ensuring that the chances of encoding error is limited to ε. Asymptotically, it is, by the AEP, lossless and achieves the minimum rate equal to the entropy rate of the source.
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Claude E. Shannon, for his part, was very cautious: "The word 'information' has been given different meanings by various writers in the general field of information theory. It is likely that at least a number of these will prove sufficiently useful in certain applications to deserve further study and permanent recognition. It is hardly to be expected that a single concept of information would satisfactorily account for the numerous possible applications of this general field." (Shannon 1993, p. 180).
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The channel model for the binary erasure channel showing a mapping from channel input X to channel output Y (with known erasure symbol ?). The probability of erasure is p_e In coding theory and information theory, a binary erasure channel (BEC) is a communications channel model. A transmitter sends a bit (a zero or a one), and the receiver either receives the bit correctly, or with some probability P_e receives a message that the bit was not received ("erased") .
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Regarding the confusion in the two different codes being referred to by the same name, Krajči et alStanislav Krajči, Chin- Fu Liu, Ladislav Mikeš and Stefan M. Moser (2015), "Performance analysis of Fano coding", 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). write: > Around 1948, both Claude E. Shannon (1948) and Robert M. Fano (1949) > independently proposed two different source coding algorithms for an > efficient description of a discrete memoryless source. Unfortunately, in > spite of being different, both schemes became known under the same name > Shannon–Fano coding. There are several reasons for this mixup. For one > thing, in the discussion of his coding scheme, Shannon mentions Fano’s > scheme and calls it “substantially the same” (Shannon, 1948, p. 17). For > another, both Shannon’s and Fano’s coding schemes are similar in the sense > that they both are efficient, but suboptimal prefix-free coding schemes with > a similar performance Shannon's (1948) method, using predefined word lengths, is called Shannon–Fano coding by Cover and ThomasThomas M. Cover and Joy A. Thomas (2006), Elements of Information Theory (2nd ed.), Wiley–Interscience.
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Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics, electrical engineering, and computer science involving the quantification of information. Information theory was developed by Claude E. Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data. Since its inception it has broadened to find applications in many other areas, including statistical inference, natural language processing, cryptography, neurobiology, the evolution and functionRando Allikmets, Wyeth W. Wasserman, Amy Hutchinson, Philip Smallwood, Jeremy Nathans, Peter K. Rogan, Thomas D. Schneider, Michael Dean (1998) Organization of the ABCR gene: analysis of promoter and splice junction sequences, Gene 215:1, 111-122 of molecular codes, model selection in statistics,Burnham, K. P. and Anderson D. R. (2002) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Second Edition (Springer Science, New York) . thermal physics, quantum computing, linguistics, plagiarism detection,Charles H. Bennett, Ming Li, and Bin Ma (2003) Chain Letters and Evolutionary Histories, Scientific American 288:6, 76-81 pattern recognition, anomaly detection and other forms of data analysis.
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Luby's publications have won the 2002 IEEE Information Theory Society Information Theory Paper Award for leading the design and analysis of the first irregular LDPC error-correcting codes, the 2003 SIAM Outstanding Paper Prize for the seminal paper showing how to construct a cryptographically unbreakable pseudo-random generator from any one-way function, and the 2009 ACM SIGCOMM Test of Time Award. In 2016 he was awarded the ACM Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing; the prize is given "for outstanding papers on the principles of distributed computing, whose significance and impact on the theory and/or practice of distributed computing have been evident for at least a decade", and was awarded to Luby for his work on parallel algorithms for maximal independent sets. Luby himself won the 2007 IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award together with Amin Shokrollahi "for bridging mathematics, Internet design and mobile broadcasting as well as successful standardization". He was given the 2012 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal together with Amin Shokrollahi "for the conception, development, and analysis of practical rateless codes".
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The notation was also field-tested in the business world in 1957 during a 6-month sabbatical spent at McKinsey & Company. The first published paper using the notation was The Description of Finite Sequential Processes, initially Report Number 23 to Bell Labs and later revised and presented at the Fourth London Symposium on Information Theory in August 1960. Iverson stayed at Harvard for five years but failed to get tenure, because "[he hadn't] published anything but the one little book".
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Stochastic chains with memory of variable length are a family of stochastic chains of finite order in a finite alphabet, such as, for every time pass, only one finite suffix of the past, called context, is necessary to predict the next symbol. These models were introduced in the information theory literature by Jorma Rissanen in 1983, as a universal tool to data compression, but recently have been used to model data in different areas such as biology, linguistics and music.
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Algorithmic cooling is an algorithmic method for transferring heat (or entropy) from some qubits to others or outside the system and into the environment, which results in a cooling effect. This method uses regular quantum operations on ensembles of qubits, and it can be shown that it can succeed beyond Shannon's bound on data compression. The phenomenon is a result of the connection between thermodynamics and information theory. The cooling itself is done in an algorithmic manner using ordinary quantum operations.
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Arieh Ben-Naim (; Jerusalem, 11 July 1934) is a professor of physical chemistry who retired in 2003 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has made major contributions over 40 years to the theory of the structure of water, aqueous solutions and hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions. He is mainly concerned with theoretical and experimental aspects of the general theory of liquids and solutions. In recent years, he has advocated the use of information theory to better understand and advance statistical mechanics and thermodynamics.
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One of the major challenges in studying the origin of life has been the inability to clearly define what life is. In her investigations, Walker has used the flow of information in systems as a means to distinguish life from non-life. She used the Boolean network model, information theory, and other models to discern feasible universal traits for life. It was shown that in biological systems the components are subordinate to the whole, in what is called top-down causation.
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In probability theory and information theory, the variation of information or shared information distance is a measure of the distance between two clusterings (partitions of elements). It is closely related to mutual information; indeed, it is a simple linear expression involving the mutual information. Unlike the mutual information, however, the variation of information is a true metric, in that it obeys the triangle inequality.P. Arabie, S.A. Boorman, S. A., "Multidimensional scaling of measures of distance between partitions", Journal of Mathematical Psychology (1973) , vol.
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Markov chains are used throughout information processing. Claude Shannon's famous 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication, which in a single step created the field of information theory, opens by introducing the concept of entropy through Markov modeling of the English language. Such idealized models can capture many of the statistical regularities of systems. Even without describing the full structure of the system perfectly, such signal models can make possible very effective data compression through entropy encoding techniques such as arithmetic coding.
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Basic information theory says that there is an absolute limit in reducing the size of this data. When data is compressed, its entropy increases, and it cannot increase indefinitely. As an intuitive example, most people know that a compressed ZIP file is smaller than the original file, but repeatedly compressing the same file will not reduce the size to nothing. Most compression algorithms can recognize when further compression would be pointless and would in fact increase the size of the data.
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The school is considered one very distinct and innovative branch of general semiotics, and during its development a controversial one. Alongside the five authors mentioned, the school had a broad international membership, and amongst this decentralized constituency there is a great diversity in publications covering a wide variety of topics. A brief timeline may help contextualize: Late 1950s - Moscow mathematical linguistics paves way for cybernetic theories of culture 1960s - Semiotics born out of cybernetics and information theory. \- USSR supported development in linguistics.
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Henry Jacob Landau is an American mathematician known for his contributions to information theory, including the theory of bandlimited functions and on moment issues. Landau received an A.B. (1953), A.M. (1955) and Ph.D. (1957) from Harvard University. His thesis On Canonical Conformal Maps of Multiply Connected Regions was advised by Lars Ahlfors and Joseph Leonard Walsh. Landau later became Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Bell Laboratories and a twice visiting member at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
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One could see the braids in the rope sitting on the dock. About fifteen years earlier, in the mid-sixties, he developed a way to encrypt information in a way that the code could not be broken by others. Again, he developed this as a leader within the KRL Information Technology Laboratory. At the time, he was also studying Shannon's work on information theory and entropy, Shannon-Fano coding to use shorter codes for more frequent words or signals, etc.
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In physics, the no-deleting theorem of quantum information theory is a no-go theorem which states that, in general, given two copies of some arbitrary quantum state, it is impossible to delete one of the copies.A. K. Pati and S. L. Braunstein, "Impossibility of Deleting an Unknown Quantum State", Nature 404 (2000), p164. It is a time-reversed dual to the no-cloning theorem,W.K. Wootters and W.H. Zurek, "A Single Quantum Cannot be Cloned", Nature 299 (1982), p802.
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In coding theory, the Kraft–McMillan inequality gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a prefix code (in Leon G. Kraft's version) or a uniquely decodable code (in Brockway McMillan's version) for a given set of codeword lengths. Its applications to prefix codes and trees often find use in computer science and information theory. Kraft's inequality was published in . However, Kraft's paper discusses only prefix codes, and attributes the analysis leading to the inequality to Raymond Redheffer.
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His first research paper, titled "Better Bounds for Threshold Formulas", won the Machtey Award for best student paper at the IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS) in 1991. His areas of research include combinatorics, graph theory, probability theory, information theory, communication complexity, computational complexity theory, quantum computation and quantum information science. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in the category of Mathematical Sciences in 2008, India's highest honour for excellence in science, mathematics and technology.
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The language of film, computer technology, information theory, and liquid crystals permeate the novel. McElroy tried to make the novel as "cinematic" as possible, filled with information. The sentences were made deliberately labyrinthine, meant to be on the edge of incomprehensibility, yet to always feel as if significant clues had to be present.Tom LeClair 1978 interview, in LeClair and McCaffery (eds.) Anything Can Happen (1983) In the 1985 Carroll and Graf paperback reprint, McElroy wrote an introduction "One Reader to Another".
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Information engineering is the engineering discipline that deals with the generation, distribution, analysis, and use of information, data, and knowledge in systems. The field first became identifiable in the early 21st century. Object detection for a stop sign. The components of information engineering include more theoretical fields such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, control theory, signal processing, and information theory, and more applied fields such as computer vision, natural language processing, bioinformatics, medical image computing, cheminformatics, autonomous robotics, mobile robotics, and telecommunications.
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Dénes Petz (1953–2018) was a Hungarian mathematical physicist and quantum information theorist. He is well known for his work on quantum entropy inequalities and equality conditions, quantum f-divergences, sufficiency in quantum statistical inference, quantum Fisher information, and the related concept of monotone metrics in quantum information geometry. He proposed the first quantum generalization of Rényi relative entropy and established its data processing inequality. He has written or coauthored several textbooks which have been widely read by experts in quantum information theory.
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A quantum spin model is a quantum Hamiltonian model that describes a system which consists of spins either interacting or not and are an active area of research in the fields of strongly correlated electron systems, quantum information theory, and quantum computing. The physical observables in these quantum models are actually operators in a Hilbert space acting on state vectors as opposed to the physical observables in the corresponding classical spin models - like the Ising model - which are commutative variables.
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Consider the following phrase: "the best horse at the race is number 7". The information carried is very small, if considered from the point of view of information theory: just a few words. However let's assume that this phrase was spoken by a knowledgeable person, after a complex study of all the horses in the race, to someone interested in betting. The details are discarded, but the receiver of the information might get the same practical value of a complete analysis.
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Nowadays, innumerable physicists pursue Einstein's dream for a "theory of everything." The EPR paper did not prove quantum mechanics to be incorrect. What it did prove was that quantum mechanics, with its "spooky action at a distance," is completely incompatible with commonsense understanding. Furthermore, the effect predicted by the EPR paper, quantum entanglement, has inspired approaches to quantum mechanics different from the Copenhagen interpretation, and has been at the forefront of major technological advances in quantum computing, quantum encryption, and quantum information theory.
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Following his PhD, Daugman held a post-doctoral fellowship, then taught at Harvard for five years. After short appointments in Germany and Japan, he joined the University of Cambridge in England to research and to teach computer vision, neural computing, information theory, and pattern recognition. He held the Johann Bernoulli Chair of Mathematics and Informatics at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, and the Toshiba Endowed Chair at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan before becoming Professor at Cambridge.
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One was cybernetics, as formulated by Norbert Wiener in his Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.Paris: Librairie Hermann & Cie, 1948. The other was information theory, as recast in quantitative terms by Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver in their Mathematical Theory of Communication.Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949. . Shannon & Weaver's seminal work, which had developed during World War II, originally appeared during 1948 in Bell System Technical Journal 27, 379–423 (July) and 623–656 (October).
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To clean up transmission errors introduced by Earth’s atmosphere (left), Goddard scientists applied Reed–Solomon error correction (right), which is commonly used in CDs and DVDs. Typical errors include missing pixels (white) and false signals (black). The white stripe indicates a brief period when transmission was paused. In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.
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Mundie holds a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering (1971) and a master's degree in Information Theory and Computer Science (1972) from Georgia Tech. Mundie attended all meetings of the Bilderberg Group between 2003 and 2019 (except in 2005). He is currently a member of the Steering Committee, which determines the invitation list and the agenda for the upcoming annual Bilderberg meetings. In April, 2009, President Obama named Mundie as a member of his President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).
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His research interests lie in the areas of stochastic analysis, statistical signal processing and information theory, and their applications in a number of fields including wireless networks, social networks, and smart grid. This research work has attracted over 10,000 citations. He has published a book on Signal Detection and EstimationBook on Signal Detection & Estimation This book is considered the definitive reference in the subject.Tau Beta Pi Newsletter> He was reported to have made a particular impact in the field of wireless communications.
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Her CAD systems is interactive, knowledge based and uses information theory. She has also developed indexing systems to speed-up image analysis, techniques to monitor the reliability of CAD and advanced computational intelligence techniques, including genetic algorithms. Her knowledge-based approach uses image entropy to sort through hundreds of medical images, identifies the ones that are most informative and flag cancer indicators. Tourassi was elected a member of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee on computer-aided diagnosis (CAD).
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Working with Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen, Podolsky conceived the EPR paradox. This famous paper stimulated debate as to the interpretation of quantum mechanics, culminating with Bell's theorem and the advent of quantum information theory. In 1933, Podolsky and Lev Landau had the idea to write a textbook on electromagnetism beginning with special relativity and emphasizing theoretical postulates rather than experimental laws. This project did not come to fruition due to Podolsky's return to the United States, where he had immigrated in 1913.
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The term observer also has special meaning in other areas of science, such as quantum mechanics, and information theory. See for example, Schrödinger's cat and Maxwell's demon. In general relativity the term "observer" refers more commonly to a person (or a machine) making passive local measurements, a usage much closer to the ordinary English meaning of the word. In quantum mechanics, "observation" is synonymous with quantum measurement and "observer" with a measurement apparatus and observable with what can be measured.
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The abstract mathematical version of the game where some answers may be wrong is sometimes called Ulam's game or the Rényi–Ulam game. The game suggests that the information (as measured by Shannon's entropy statistic) required to identify an arbitrary object is at most 20 bits. The game is often used as an example when teaching people about information theory. Mathematically, if each question is structured to eliminate half the objects, 20 questions will allow the questioner to distinguish between 220 = objects.
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An encryption protocol with information-theoretic security does not depend for its effectiveness on unproven assumptions about computational hardness. Such a protocol is not vulnerable to future developments in computer power such as quantum computing. An example of an information-theoretically secure cryptosystem is the one-time pad. The concept of information-theoretically secure communication was introduced in 1949 by American mathematician Claude Shannon, the inventor of information theory, who used it to prove that the one-time pad system was secure.
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Recent advances in both AI and quantum information theory have given rise to the concept of quantum neural networks. These hold promise in quantum information processing, which is challenging to classical networks, but can also find application in solving classical problems. In 2018, a physical realization of a quantum reservoir computing architecture was demonstrated in the form of nuclear spins within a molecular solid. In 2019, another possible implementation of quantum reservoir processors was proposed in the form of two-dimensional fermionic lattices.
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Sanjeev Ramesh Kulkarni (born September 21, 1963 in Mumbai, India) is an Indian-born American academic. He is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Dean of the Faculty at Princeton University, where he teaches and conducts research in a broad range of areas including statistical inference, pattern recognition, machine learning, information theory, and signal/image processing. He is also affiliated with the Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering and the Department of Philosophy. His work in philosophy is joint with Gilbert Harman.
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One of the key real-world applications regarding Weick's concept of Organizational Information Theory can be found in healthcare. There, he went so far as to personally develop a dedicated health communications approach which "emphasizes the central role of communication and information processing within social groups and institutions". Specifically, Weick's work draws correlations between accuracy of information and the ability of organizations to adapt to change. Weick's model of organizing plays a powerful role in improving communication of health care and health promotion.
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Communication channels are also studied in a discrete-alphabet setting. This corresponds to abstracting a real world communication system in which the analog → digital and digital → analog blocks are out of the control of the designer. The mathematical model consists of a transition probability that specifies an output distribution for each possible sequence of channel inputs. In information theory, it is common to start with memoryless channels in which the output probability distribution only depends on the current channel input.
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The diffusion equation is a parabolic partial differential equation. In physics, it describes the macroscopic behavior of many micro-particles in Brownian motion, resulting from the random movements and collisions of the particles (see Fick's laws of diffusion). In mathematics, it is related to Markov processes, such as random walks, and applied in many other fields, such as materials science, information theory, and biophysics. The diffusion equation is a special case of convection–diffusion equation, when bulk velocity is zero.
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The institute investigates the interaction of light and matter. Its faculty members conduct research in topics such as theoretical quantum optics, quantum information theory, ultra-high-resolution laser spectroscopy, quantum physics of ultra- cold atoms, development of components for quantum computers and quantum networks, Bose Einstein condensation of degenerate quantum gases, attosecond physics, development of new radiation and particle sources for fundamental and medical applications, etc. There used to be a group at MPQ that conducted experiments on gravitational waves.
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In physics and computer science, quantum information is the information of the state of a quantum system. It is the basic entity of study in quantum information theory, and can be manipulated using quantum information processing techniques. Quantum information refers to both the technical definition in terms of Von Neumann entropy and the general computational term. Quantum information, like classical information, can be processed using digital computers, transmitted from one location to another, manipulated with algorithms, and analyzed with computer science and mathematics.
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Alon Orlitsky is an information theorist and the Qualcomm Professor for Information Theory and its Applications at University of California, San Diego.Alon Orlitsky, from UCSD Jacobs School of Engineering He received a BSc in Mathematics, and Electrical Engineering from Ben Gurion University in 1981, and a PhD in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1986. He was a member of Bell Labs from 1986 to 1996, and worked for De Shaw from 1996 to 1997. He joined UCSD in 1997.
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Central to Barlow's hypothesis is information theory, which when applied to neuroscience, argues that an efficiently coding neural system "should match the statistics of the signals they represent". Therefore, it is important to be able to determine the statistics of the natural images that are producing these signals. Researchers have looked at various components of natural images including luminance contrast, color, and how images are registered over time. They can analyze the properties of natural scenes via digital cameras, spectrophotometers, and range finders.
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Dertouzos was born in Athens, Greece. His father was an admiral in the Greek navy and the young Dertouzos often accompanied him aboard destroyers and submarines. This experience cultivated his interest in technology so that he learned Morse code, shipboard machinery, and mathematics at an early age. When he was 16, he came across Claude Shannon's work on information theory and MIT's attempt to build a mechanical mouse robot; these were said to have driven him to study in the university.
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Solomonoff founded the theory of universal inductive inference, which is based on solid philosophical foundations and has its root in Kolmogorov complexity and algorithmic information theory. The theory uses algorithmic probability in a Bayesian framework. The universal prior is taken over the class of all computable measures; no hypothesis will have a zero probability. This enables Bayes' rule (of causation) to be used to predict the most likely next event in a series of events, and how likely it will be.
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Leonid Anatolievich Levin ( ; ; ; born November 2, 1948) is a Soviet-American computer scientist. He is known for his work in randomness in computing, algorithmic complexity and intractability, average-case complexity, foundations of mathematics and computer science, algorithmic probability, theory of computation, and information theory. He obtained his master's degree at Moscow University in 1970 where he studied under Andrey Kolmogorov and completed the Candidate Degree academic requirements in 1972. He and Stephen Cook independently discovered the existence of NP-complete problems.
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Weiss published over 180 papers in ergodic theory, topological dynamics, orbit equivalence, probability, information theory, game theory, descriptive set theory; with notable contributions including introduction of Markov partitions (with Roy Adler), development of ergodic theory of amenable groups (with Don Ornstein), mean dimension (with Elon Lindenstrauss), introduction of sofic subshifts and sofic groups. The road coloring conjecture was also posed by Weiss with Roy Adler. Benjamin Weiss has 7 students, including Elon Lindenstrauss, a 2010 recipient of the Fields Medal.
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If a system is to be stable, the number of states of its control mechanism must be greater than or equal to the number of states in the system being controlled. Ashby states the law as "variety can destroy variety".Ashby (1956) p207 He sees this as aiding the study of problems in biology and a "wealth of possible applications" . He sees his approach as introductory to Shannon information Theory (1948) which deals with the case of "incessant fluctuations" or noise.
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Communications over a channel—such as an ethernet cable—is the primary motivation of information theory. However, such channels often fail to produce exact reconstruction of a signal; noise, periods of silence, and other forms of signal corruption often degrade quality. Consider the communications process over a discrete channel. A simple model of the process is shown below: Channel model Here X represents the space of messages transmitted, and Y the space of messages received during a unit time over our channel.
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After 1991, Dr. Majumder rejoined BUET and continued to serve it by taking various responsibilities. He particularly taught courses on telecommunications, namely Optical Communications, Analog and Digital Electronics, Advanced Electronics, Digital Communications, Satellite Communications, Electrical Circuits and Systems, Instrumentation & Control Systems, Power System Analysis, Electrical Machines, Laser Theory, Telecommunication Engineering, Advanced Telecommunication Engineering, Coding and Information Theory. Aside from teaching, Majumder also handled different administrative responsibility. He was the head of the EEE Department in two consecutive years from June 2006 to May 2008.
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In probability theory and computer science, a log probability is simply a logarithm of a probability. The use of log probabilities means representing probabilities on a logarithmic scale, instead of the standard [0, 1] unit interval. Since the probability of independent events multiply, and logarithms convert multiplication to addition, log probabilities of independent events add. Log probabilities are thus practical for computations, and have an intuitive interpretation in terms of information theory: the negative of the log probability is the information content of an event.
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This isomorphism is used to show that the "Prepare and Measure" Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols, such as the BB84 protocol devised by C. H. Bennett and G. BrassardC. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, “Quantum Cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing, Bangalore, 175 (1984) are equivalent to the "Entanglement-Based" QKD protocols, introduced by A. K. Ekert. More details on this can be found e.g. in the book Quantum Information Theory by M. Wilde.
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Dr. Ash completed a PhD in the area of information theory at Columbia University in the City of New York. He has authored journal and conference publications in various fields and received the Jury Award from Columbia University in recognition of his research. Since completion of his graduate studies, he has worked at Goldman Sachs investment banking company in the field of risk management. Concurrently, he has joined the Columbia University faculty team to teach graduate courses in convex optimization and digital signal processing.
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A deletion channel is a communications channel model used in coding theory and information theory. In this model, a transmitter sends a bit (a zero or a one), and the receiver either receives the bit (with probability p) or does not receive anything without being notified that the bit was dropped (with probability 1-p). Determining the capacity of the deletion channel is an open problem... The deletion channel should not be confused with the binary erasure channel which is much simpler to analyze.
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In the modern setting, information geometry applies to a much wider context, including non-exponential families, nonparametric statistics, and even abstract statistical manifolds not induced from a known statistical model. The results combine techniques from information theory, affine differential geometry, convex analysis and many other fields. The standard references in the field are Shun’ichi Amari and Hiroshi Nagaoka's book, Methods of Information Geometry, and the more recent book by Nihat Ay and others. A gentle introduction is given in the survey by Frank Nielsen.
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The Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IOP Publishing. It is part of the Journal of Physics series and covers theoretical physics focusing on sophisticated mathematical and computational techniques. It was established in 1968 from the division of the earlier title, Proceedings of the Physical Society. The journal is divided into six sections covering: statistical physics; chaotic and complex systems; mathematical physics; quantum mechanics and quantum information theory; classical and quantum field theory; fluid and plasma theory.
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Peter Shor called the text "an excellent book". Lou Grover called it "the bible of the quantum information field". Scott Aaronson said about it, Mike and Ike' as it's affectionately called, remains the quantum computing textbook to which all others are compared." David DiVincenzo said, "More than any of the previous attempts, this book has identified the essential foundations of quantum information theory with a clarity that has even, in a few cases, permitted the authors to obtain some original results and point toward new research directions.
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Andreas Winter (born 14 June 1971, Mühldorf, Germany) is a German mathematician and mathematical physicist at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) in Spain. He received his Ph.D. in 1999 under Rudolf Ahlswede and Friedrich Götze at the Universität Bielefeld in Germany before moving to the University of Bristol and then to the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore. In 2013 he was appointed ICREA Research Professor at UAB. Winter's research is focused in the field of quantum information theory.
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The theoretical ecologist Robert Ulanowicz has used information theory tools to describe the structure of ecosystems, emphasizing mutual information (correlations) in studied systems. Drawing on this methodology and prior observations of complex ecosystems, Ulanowicz depicts approaches to determining the stress levels on ecosystems and predicting system reactions to defined types of alteration in their settings (such as increased or reduced energy flow, and eutrophication. Conway's Game of Life and its variations model ecosystems where proximity of the members of a population are factors in population growth.
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His research interests include data compression, information theory, and statistical communication theory. Ziv was Dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering from 1974 to 1976 and Vice President for Academic Affairs from 1978 to 1982. Since 1987 Ziv has spent three sabbatical leaves at the Information Research Department of Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA. From 1955 to 1959, he was a Senior Research Engineer in the Scientific Department Israel Ministry of Defense, and was assigned to the research and development of communication systems.
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Phi, the symbol for integrated information Integrated information theory (IIT) attempts to explain what consciousness is and why it might be associated with certain physical systems. Given any such system, the theory predicts whether that system is conscious, to what degree it is conscious, and what particular experience it is having (see Central identity). According to IIT, a system's consciousness is determined by its causal properties and is therefore an intrinsic, fundamental property of any physical system. IIT was proposed by neuroscientist Giulio Tononi in 2004.
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Woodward's career in the Scientific Civil Service spanned four decades. He was responsible for the software of one of the UK's first electronic computers, the TRE Automatic Computer (TREAC) followed by the UK's first solid state computer, the Royal Radar Establishment Automatic Computer (RREAC). He is the author of the book Probability and Information Theory, with Applications to Radar. During World War II, Woodward developed a mathematical beam-shaping technique for radar antennae, which was later to become standard in the analysis of communication signals.
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Lefebvre's work on everyday life was heavily influential in French theory, particularly for the Situationists, as well as in politics (e.g. for the May 1968 student revolts). The third volume has also recently influenced scholars writing about digital technology and information in the present day, since it has a section dealing with this topic at length, including analysis of the (1977); key aspects of information theory; and other general discussion of the "colonisation" of everyday life through information communication technologies as "devices" or "services".
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The joint quantum entropy generalizes the classical joint entropy to the context of quantum information theory. Intuitively, given two quantum states \rho and \sigma, represented as density operators that are subparts of a quantum system, the joint quantum entropy is a measure of the total uncertainty or entropy of the joint system. It is written S(\rho,\sigma) or H(\rho,\sigma), depending on the notation being used for the von Neumann entropy. Like other entropies, the joint quantum entropy is measured in bits, i.e.
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This insight, that digital computers can simulate any process of formal reasoning, is known as the Church–Turing thesis. Along with concurrent discoveries in neurobiology, information theory and cybernetics, this led researchers to consider the possibility of building an electronic brain. Turing proposed changing the question from whether a machine was intelligent, to "whether or not it is possible for machinery to show intelligent behaviour". The first work that is now generally recognized as AI was McCullouch and Pitts' 1943 formal design for Turing-complete "artificial neurons".
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It includes an English presentation of the work of Takeuchi. The volume led to far greater use of AIC, and it now has more than 48,000 citations on Google Scholar. Akaike called his approach an "entropy maximization principle", because the approach is founded on the concept of entropy in information theory. Indeed, minimizing AIC in a statistical model is effectively equivalent to maximizing entropy in a thermodynamic system; in other words, the information-theoretic approach in statistics is essentially applying the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
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Ammon Lymphater became interested in the emerging science of cybernetics and information theory, and started studying the works of an animal brain, the ant's brain in particular. He took note that the inherited knowledge is an evolutionary advantage somehow not exploited in full by the evolution. Eventually he came to a conclusion that only by pure biological restrictions that adaptive abilities of insects were stopped in their tracks by the evolution. He went on further wondering whether the ants have an ability to apriori knowledge, i.e.
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The grade of service is also affected by blocking due to admission control, scheduling starvation or inability to guarantee quality of service that is requested by the users. While classical radio resource managements primarily considered the allocation of time and frequency resources (with fixed spatial reuse patterns), recent multi-user MIMO techniques enables adaptive resource management also in the spatial domain.E. Björnson and E. Jorswieck, Optimal Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi-Cell Systems, Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory, vol. 9, no.
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Médard became Cecil H. Green Professor in 2014. She was elected as a Fellow of the IEEE in 2008 "for contributions to wideband wireless fading channels and network coding." In 2016 she received the IEEE Vehicular Technology James Evans Avant Garde Award. In 2017 she won the Aaron D. Wyner Distinguished Service Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society, and the Edwin Howard Armstrong Achievement Award of the IEEE Communications Society "for pioneering work in the fields of network coding, wireless communications, and optical networking".
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Several steps in the encoding of MPEG-1 video are lossless, meaning they will be reversed upon decoding, to produce exactly the same (original) values. Since these lossless data compression steps don't add noise into, or otherwise change the contents (unlike quantization), it is sometimes referred to as noiseless coding. Since lossless compression aims to remove as much redundancy as possible, it is known as entropy coding in the field of information theory. The coefficients of quantized DCT blocks tend to zero towards the bottom-right.
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As Stephen Hawking's PhD student, he first became famous for convincing Hawking that time does not reverse in a contracting universe, along with Don Page. Hawking told the story of how this happened in his famous book A Brief History of Time in the chapter The Arrow of Time. Later on Laflamme made a name for himself in quantum computing and quantum information theory, which is what he is famous for today. In 2005, Laflamme's research group created the world's largest quantum information processor with 12 qubits.
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Though he started his career working in quantum gravity and cosmology, Raymond Laflamme is known as a pioneering scientist in quantum information theory. While at Los Alamos, he was involved with the experimental implementation of quantum information processing devices using nuclear magnetic resonance. He is also credited with developing a theoretical scheme for efficient quantum computation using linear optics, along with Emmanuel Knill and Gerard Milburn. Laflamme laid down the mathematical framework for quantum error-correcting codes, which has since developed into a broad topic of research.
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Reinforcement learning is an area of machine learning concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment so as to maximize some notion of cumulative reward. Due to its generality, the field is studied in many other disciplines, such as game theory, control theory, operations research, information theory, simulation- based optimization, multi-agent systems, swarm intelligence, statistics and genetic algorithms. In machine learning, the environment is typically represented as a Markov decision process (MDP). Many reinforcement learning algorithms use dynamic programming techniques.
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Still other work is less theoretical by attempting to compare implementable schemes. One physical layer encryption scheme is to broadcast artificial noise in all directions except that of Bob's channel, which basically jams Eve. One paper by Negi and Goel details its implementation, and Khisti and Wornell computed the secrecy capacity when only statistics about Eve's channel are known. Parallel to that work in the information theory community is work in the antenna community, which has been termed near-field direct antenna modulation or directional modulation.
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Based on the number of rapidly moving parts within any organization (i.e., information flows, individuals, etc....) the foundation upon which messaging is received constantly shifts, thus leaving room for unintended consequences relative to true intent and meaning. Equivocality arises when communication outreach "can be given different interpretations because their substance is ambiguous, conflicted, obscure, or introduces uncertainty into a situation". Organizational Information Theory provides a knowledge base and framework which can help mitigate these risks through by decreasing the level of ambiguity present during relevant communication activities.
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Organizational Information Theory (OIT) is a communication theory, developed by Karl Weick, offering systemic insight into the processing and exchange of information within organizations and among its members. Unlike the past structure-centered theory, OIT focuses on the process of organizing in dynamic, information-rich environments. Given that, it contents that the main activity of organizations is the process of making sense of equivocal information. Organizational members are instrumental to reduce equivocality and achieve sensemaking through some strategies — enactment, selection, and retention of information.
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Consumer education is an education that can be found in several areas of study in the formal school curriculum and incorporated knowledge from many disciplines, including: Economics, Game theory, Information theory, Law, Mathematics, and Psychology. Teaching the subject is considered important as the body of literatures reveals that consumers are generally not well informed, impulsive, hardly critical, and with behavior influenced by habit and suggestion. Training for teachers also include instruction regarding different branches of consumerism. Consumer education focuses on both functional skills and rights.
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Ruskai's research focuses on mathematics applicable to quantum mechanics. In 1972 she and Elliot Lieb proved the Strong Subadditivity of Quantum Entropy, which was described in 2005 as "the key result on which virtually every nontrivial quantum coding theorem (in quantum information theory) relies".A New Inequality for the von Neumann Entropy. retrieved 2014-09-20 In 1981 she gave the first proof that an atom can have only a maximum number of electrons bound to it regardless of the charge of its nucleus.
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This conservation constraint is equivalent to Kirchhoff's current law. Flow networks also find applications in ecology: flow networks arise naturally when considering the flow of nutrients and energy between different organisms in a food web. The mathematical problems associated with such networks are quite different from those that arise in networks of fluid or traffic flow. The field of ecosystem network analysis, developed by Robert Ulanowicz and others, involves using concepts from information theory and thermodynamics to study the evolution of these networks over time.
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Nicolas Jean Cerf (born 1965) is a Belgian physicist. He is professor of quantum mechanics and information theory at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and a member of the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium. He received his Ph.D. at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1993, and was a researcher at the Université de Paris 11 and the California Institute of Technology. He is the director of the Center for Quantum Information and Computation at the Université Libre de Bruxelles.
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With Blumer, Ehrenfeucht, and Warmuth he introduced the Vapnik-Chervonenkis framework to computational learning theory, solving some problems posed by Leslie Valiant. In the 1990s he obtained various results in information theory, empirical processes, artificial intelligence, neural networks, statistical decision theory, and pattern recognition. Haussler’s research combines mathematics, computer science, and molecular biology. He develops new statistical and algorithmic methods to explore the molecular function and evolution of the human genome, integrating cross-species comparative and high-throughput genomics data to study gene structure, function, and regulation.
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In 1925, after years of conducting research and development under Western Electric, the Engineering Department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and under the shared ownership of American Telephone & Telegraph Company and Western Electric. Researchers working at Bell Labs are credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B, C, C++, and S. Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.
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The uppercase letter Η is used as a symbol in textual criticism for the Alexandrian text-type (from Hesychius, its once-supposed editor). In chemistry, the letter H as symbol of enthalpy sometimes is said to be a Greek eta, but since enthalpy comes from ἐνθάλπος, which begins in a smooth breathing and epsilon, it is more likely a Latin H for 'heat'. In information theory the uppercase Greek letter H is used to represent the concept of entropy of a discrete random variable.
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Wolfowitz's main contributions were in the fields of statistical decision theory, non-parametric statistics, sequential analysis, and information theory. One of his results is the strong converse to Claude Shannon's coding theorem. While Shannon could prove only that the block error probability can not become arbitrarily small if the transmission rate is above the channel capacity, Wolfowitz proved that the block error rate actually converges to one. As a consequence, Shannon's original result is today termed "the weak theorem" (sometimes also Shannon's "conjecture" by some authors).
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UC Davis (2015). In 1948 Claude Shannon published A Mathematical Theory of Communication article in two parts in the July and October numbers of the Bell System Technical Journal. (July, October) In this fundamental work he used tools in probability theory, developed by Norbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to communication theory at that time. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing what became known as the dominant form of information theory.
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Mathematician Ştefan Odobleja was one of the precursors of cybernetics, while Grigore Moisil is viewed as the father of computer science in Romania. Another mathematician, Cristian S. Calude is known for his work on algorithmic information theory, while physicist Victor Toma is known for the invention and construction of the first Romanian computer, the CIFA-1 in 1955.Victor Toma- "Tatăl calculatoarelor din țările socialiste". România Liberă, July 13, 2007 At the beginning of the second millennium, there was a boom in Romania in the number of computer programmers.
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Randal A. KoeneRandal A. Koene personal website is a Dutch neuroscientist and neuroengineer, and co-founder of carboncopies.org,carboncopies.org the outreach and roadmapping organization for advancing Substrate-Independent Minds (SIM). Between 2008 and 2010, Koene was Director of the Department of Neuroengineering at the Fatronik-Tecnalia Institute in Spain,Tecnalia the third largest private research organization in Europe. Koene earned his Ph.D. in Computational Neuroscience at the Department of Psychology at McGill University, and his M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering with a specialization in Information Theory at Delft University of Technology.
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Media studies is a discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history, and effects of various media; in particular, the mass media. Media Studies may draw on traditions from both the social sciences and the humanities, but mostly from its core disciplines of mass communication, communication, communication sciences, and communication studies. Researchers may also develop and employ theories and methods from disciplines including cultural studies, rhetoric (including digital rhetoric), philosophy, literary theory, psychology, political science, political economy, economics, sociology, anthropology, social theory, art history and criticism, film theory, and information theory.
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Dybuster Orthograph is divided into three games. The colour game is a recognition game with colours assigned to each letter, the graph game uses syllable separation and their representation are practiced as a 2D structure, and in the learning game the words are spoken and have to be entered with the help of the multi-sensory representation. With the help of information theory and machine learning, the learning and error behaviour of the user is analysed in the background, [5]. Based on the analysis, the words are selected individually for each user.
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Egan also uses the hypothetical technological advances in Distress to explore ideas about anarchism, especially when its protagonist, Andrew Worth, a journalist, travels to the anarchistic man-made island named Stateless. Andrew meets some minor characters on Stateless who explain to him the relationship between anarchistic principles and various ideas such as quantum physics, information theory and independent spirituality.(p.221) Worth also meets a painter, Munroe, who attempts to explain how anarchy functions on Stateless.(p.114) Munroe is an Australian as are Andrew Worth and Greg Egan himself.
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Minya initiated her professional career as a graphic designer, specializing in trademarks and logos. A number of companies and institutions worldwide carry her logos – Swiss Pilates association,Swiss Pilates association - logo by Minya Mikic Information Theory Student Society USA, Serbian Gymnastics FederationSerbian Gymnastics Federation - logo by Minya Mikic etc. After working briefly as a professor of graphic design in Bogdan Suput high school of art and design in Novi Sad she moved to Rome in 1999 and concentrated on painting. There she established a collaboration with Galleria della Tartaruga in via Sistina, Rome.
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Ray Solomonoff developed algorithmic probability which gave an explanation for what randomness is and how patterns in the data may be represented by computer programs, that give shorter representations of the data circa 1964. Chris Wallace and D. M. Boulton developed minimum message length circa 1968. Later Jorma Rissanen developed the minimum description length circa 1978. These methods allow information theory to be related to probability, in a way that can be compared to the application of Bayes' theorem, but which give a source and explanation for the role of prior probabilities.
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Processes related to functional decomposition are prevalent throughout the fields of knowledge representation and machine learning. Hierarchical model induction techniques such as Logic circuit minimization, decision trees, grammatical inference, hierarchical clustering, and quadtree decomposition are all examples of function decomposition. A review of other applications and function decomposition can be found in , which also presents methods based on information theory and graph theory. Many statistical inference methods can be thought of as implementing a function decomposition process in the presence of noise; that is, where functional dependencies are only expected to hold approximately.
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A crucial problem of multivariate statistics is finding the (direct-)dependence structure underlying the variables contained in high-dimensional contingency tables. If some of the conditional independences are revealed, then even the storage of the data can be done in a smarter way (see Lauritzen (2002)). In order to do this one can use information theory concepts, which gain the information only from the distribution of probability, which can be expressed easily from the contingency table by the relative frequencies. A pivot table is a way to create contingency tables using spreadsheet software.
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Information measures (IM) are the most important tools of information theory. They measure either the amount of positive information or of "missing" information an observer possesses with regards to any system of interest. The most famous IM is the so-called Shannon-entropy (1948), which determines how much additional information the observer still requires in order to have all the available knowledge regarding a given system S, when all he/she has is a probability density function (PD) defined on appropriate elements of such system. This is then a "missing" information measure.
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Entropy plays a fundamental role in information theory and statistical physics, as well as in quantum mechanics in a generalized formulation due to von Neumann. Entropy appears always as a subadditive quantity in all of its formulations, meaning the entropy of a supersystem or a set union of random variables is always less or equal than the sum of the entropies of its individual components. Additionally, entropy in physics satisfies several more strict inequalities such as the Strong Subadditivity of Entropy in classical statistical mechanics and its quantum analog.
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The first set of proposals for computer based machine translation was presented in 1949 by Warren Weaver, a researcher at the Rockefeller Foundation, "Translation memorandum". These proposals were based on information theory, successes in code breaking during the Second World War, and theories about the universal principles underlying natural language. A few years after Weaver submitted his proposals, research began in earnest at many universities in the United States. On 7 January 1954 the Georgetown-IBM experiment was held in New York at the head office of IBM.
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Gregory John Chaitin ( ; born 25 June 1947) is an Argentine-American mathematician and computer scientist. Beginning in the late 1960s, Chaitin made contributions to algorithmic information theory and metamathematics, in particular a computer-theoretic result equivalent to Gödel's incompleteness theorem.Review of Meta Math!: The Quest for Omega, By Gregory Chaitin SIAM News, Volume 39, Number 1, January/February 2006 He is considered to be one of the founders of what is today known as algorithmic (Solomonoff-Kolmogorov- Chaitin, Kolmogorov or program-size) complexity together with Andrei Kolmogorov and Ray Solomonoff.
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Mooers was a native of Minneapolis, Minnesota, attended the University of Minnesota, and received a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1941. He worked at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory from 1941 to 1946, and then attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned a master's degree in mathematics and physics. At M.I.T. he developed a mechanical system using superimposed codes of descriptors for information retrieval called Zatocoding. He founded the Zator Company in 1947 to market this idea, and pursued work in information theory, information retrieval, and artificial intelligence.
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This is due to the active nature of the network in which communication packets contain code that dynamically change the operation of the network. Fundamental advances in information theory are required in order to understand such networks. An active network channel uses executable code in the packet to impact the channel controlling the relationship between the transmitted sequence X and the received sequence Y. X is composed of a data portion X^{data} and a code portion X^{code}. Upon incorporation of X^{code}, the channel medium may change its operational state and capabilities.
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In wireless network communication, when a transmitter is trying to send a signal to a receiver, all the other transmitters in the network can be considered as interference, which poses a similar problem as noise does in traditional wired telecommunication networks in terms of the ability to send data based on information theory. If the positioning of the interfering transmitters are assumed to form some point process, then shot noise can be used to model the sum of their interfering signals, which has led to stochastic geometry models of wireless networks.
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In 1962, Gordon studied the implications of quantum mechanics on Shannon's information capacity. He pointed out the main effects of quantization and conjectured the quantum equivalent of Shannon's formula for the information capacity of a channel. Gordon's conjecture, later proven by Alexander Holevo and known as Holevo's theorem, became one of the central results in the modern field of quantum information theory. In his work with W.H. Louisell published in 1966, Gordon addressed the problem of measurement in quantum physics, focusing in particular on the simultaneous measurement of noncommuting observables.
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This is a list of computer scientists, people who do work in computer science, in particular researchers and authors. Some persons notable as programmers are included here because they work in research as well as program. A few of these people pre-date the invention of the digital computer; they are now regarded as computer scientists because their work can be seen as leading to the invention of the computer. Others are mathematicians whose work falls within what would now be called theoretical computer science, such as complexity theory and algorithmic information theory.
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Smoothness is a measure of how similar colors that are close together are. There is an assumption that objects are more likely to be colored with a small number of colors. So if we detect two pixels with the same color they most likely belong to the same object. The method described above for evaluating smoothness is based on information theory, and an assumption that the influence of the color of a voxel influences the color of nearby voxels according to the normal distribution on the distance between points.
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A source or sender is one of the basic concepts of communication and information processing. Sources are objects which encode message data and transmit the information, via a channel, to one or more observers (or receivers). In the strictest sense of the word, particularly in information theory, a source is a process that generates message data that one would like to communicate, or reproduce as exactly as possible elsewhere in space or time. A source may be modelled as memoryless, ergodic, stationary, or stochastic, in order of increasing generality.
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In physics, in the area of quantum information theory and quantum computation, quantum steering is a special kind of nonlocal correlations, which is intermediate between Bell nonlocality and quantum entanglement. A state exhibiting Bell nonlocality must also exhibits quantum steering, a state exhibiting quantum steering must also exhibit quantum entanglement. But for mixed quantum states, there exist examples which lie between these different quantum correlation sets. The notion was initially proposed by Schrödinger, and later made popular by Howard M. Wiseman, S. J. Jones, and A. C. Doherty.
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István Vincze ( - ) was a Hungarian mathematician, known for his contributions to number theory, non-parametric statistics, empirical distribution, Cramér–Rao inequality, and information theory. Considered by many, as an expert in theoretical and applied statistics, he was the founder of the Mathematical Institute of the Hungarian Academy, and was the Head of the Statistics Department. He also held the post of professor at Eötvös Loránd University. He wrote over 100 academic papers, authored 10 books, and was a speaker at several conferences, including the Berkeley Symposiums in 1960, 1965, and 1970.
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Notable researchers in this branch of geography include David Mark, Daniel Montello, Max J. Egenhofer, Andrew U Frank, Christian Freksa, Edward Tolman, and Barbara Tversky, among others. Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT) is a biennial international conference with a focus on the theoretical aspect of space and spatial information. The US National Research Council published a book titled, “Learning to think spatially (2006)” written by the Committee on Support for Thinking Spatially. The committee believes that incorporating GIS and other spatial technologies in K–12 curriculum would promote spatial thinking and reasoning.
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Bhadeshia has developed a wide range of freely accessible teaching materials on metallurgy and associated subjects.Teaching materials The subject matters cover crystallography, metals and alloys, steels in particular, phase transformation theory, thermodynamics, kinetics, mathematical modelling in materials science, information theory, process modelling, thermal analysis, ethics and natural philosophy. The resources include lecture notes, slides, videos, algorithms, review articles, books, cartoons, audio files, experimental data archives, image libraries, seminars, examples classes, question sheets and answers, automated learning (MOOCS), and a diverse range of other electronic resources. A YouTube channel (bhadeshia123) contains about 1300 educational videos.
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FOIL learns function-free Horn clauses, a subset of first- order predicate calculus. Given positive and negative examples of some concept and a set of background-knowledge predicates, FOIL inductively generates a logical concept definition or rule for the concept. The induced rule must not involve any constants (color(X,red) becomes color(X,Y), red(Y)) or function symbols, but may allow negated predicates; recursive concepts are also learnable. Like the ID3 algorithm, FOIL hill climbs using a metric based on information theory to construct a rule that covers the data.
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In operator theory, a branch of mathematics, a positive-definite kernel is a generalization of a positive-definite function or a positive-definite matrix. It was first introduced by James Mercer in the early 20th century, in the context of solving integral operator equations. Since then positive-definite functions and their various analogues and generalizations have arisen in diverse parts of mathematics. They occur naturally in Fourier analysis, probability theory, operator theory, complex function-theory, moment problems, integral equations, boundary-value problems for partial differential equations, machine learning, embedding problem, information theory, and other areas.
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The International Journal of Quantum Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing original, primary research and review articles on all aspects of quantum chemistry, including an expanded scope focusing on aspects of materials science, biochemistry, biophysics, quantum physics, quantum information theory, etc. The 2016 impact factor of the journal is 2.92. It was established in 1967 by Per-Olov Löwdin. In 2011, the journal moved to an in- house editorial office model, in which a permanent team of full-time, professional editors is responsible for article scrutiny and editorial content.
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The challenge point framework involves concepts generated through various lines of research including information theory, communications theory, and information processing (Lintern and Gopher 1978; Martenuik 1976; K.M. Newell et al. 1991; Wulf and Shea 2002). Specific notions borrowed from prior research important to understanding the theoretical framework include: :# Learning is a problem-solving process in which the goal of an action represents the problem to be solved and the evolution of a movement configuration represents the performer’s attempt to solve the problem (Miller et al. 1960 as cited by Guadagnoli and Lee 2004).
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Goodstein's theorem is a statement about the Ramsey theory of the natural numbers that Kirby and Paris showed is undecidable in Peano arithmetic. Gregory Chaitin produced undecidable statements in algorithmic information theory and proved another incompleteness theorem in that setting. Chaitin's theorem states that for any theory that can represent enough arithmetic, there is an upper bound c such that no specific number can be proven in that theory to have Kolmogorov complexity greater than c. While Gödel's theorem is related to the liar paradox, Chaitin's result is related to Berry's paradox.
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He has published more than 350 research papers on wireless networks and communications systems, network protocol design and modeling, statistical communications, random signal processing, information theory, and control theory and systems. He received Best Paper Awards at IEEE ICC 2018,IEEE GLOBECOM 2014, IEEE GLOBECOM 2009, IEEE GLOBECOM 2007, and IEEE WCNC 2010, respectively. One of his IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications papers has been listed as the IEEE Best Readings (receiving the top citation rate) Paper on Wireless Cognitive Radio Networks and Statistical QoS Provisioning over Mobile Wireless Networking.
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Motivated by an application problem in computer architecture, Araujo, Dejter and HorakAraujo C; Dejter I. J.; Horak P. "generalization of Lee codes", Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 70 77-90 (2014). introduced a notion of perfect distance-dominating set, PDDS, in a graph, constituting a generalization of perfect Lee codes,Golomb S. W.; Welsh L. R. "Perfect codes in the Lee metric and the packing of polyominoes", SIAM J. Applied Math. 18 (1970), 302-317. diameter perfect codes,Horak, P.; AlBdaiwi, B.F "Diameter Perfect Lee Codes", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 58-8 (2012), 5490-5499.
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It is possible to treat different measures of algorithmic information as particular cases of axiomatically defined measures of algorithmic information. Instead of proving similar theorems, such as the basic invariance theorem, for each particular measure, it is possible to easily deduce all such results from one corresponding theorem proved in the axiomatic setting. This is a general advantage of the axiomatic approach in mathematics. The axiomatic approach to algorithmic information theory was further developed in the book (Burgin 2005) and applied to software metrics (Burgin and Debnath, 2003; Debnath and Burgin, 2003).
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Physicist John Archibald Wheeler stated that: By using Fisher information, in particular its loss I - J incurred during observation, the EPI principle provides a new approach for deriving laws governing many aspects of nature and human society. EPI can be seen as an extension of information theory that encompasses much theoretical physics and chemistry. Examples include the Schrödinger wave equation and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution law. EPI has been used to derive a number of fundamental laws of physics, biology, the biophysics of cancer growth, chemistry, and economics.
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In information theory an entropy encoding is a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium. One of the main types of entropy coding creates and assigns a unique prefix-free code to each unique symbol that occurs in the input. These entropy encoders then compress data by replacing each fixed-length input symbol with the corresponding variable-length prefix-free output codeword. The length of each codeword is approximately proportional to the negative logarithm of the probability of occurrence of that codeword.
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Sigrún Klara completed a BA in English, Icelandic and library science from the University of Iceland in 1967, an MSLS in Library Science and Information Theory from Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, in 1968 and studied in the United States on a Fulbright grant. She was the first Icelander to complete a doctorate in Library Science and Information Science from the University of Chicago in 1987. Sigrún Klara worked as a reference librarian in Kresge Library at Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan from 1967 to 1968. She then went to Peru in South America.
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1996 he was nominated Doctor Honoris Causa of the Toruń University. We wrote numerous scientific papers about mathematical physics, handbooks of theoretical physics and mathematics, as well as works on philosophy and history. Due to his seminal paper "Quantum Information Theory" Reports on Mathematical Physics 10, 43-72, 1976 and later books on this subject R.S. Ingarden, A. Kossakowski and M. Ohya, Information Dynamics and Open Systems. Classical and Quantum Approach, Springer 1997 he is considered as one of the founding fathers of the modern theory of quantum information.
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In principle, the community does not try to create the concrete models of quantum (-like) representation of information in the brain. The quantum cognition project is based on the observation that various cognitive phenomena are more adequately described by quantum information theory and quantum probability than by the corresponding classical theories (see examples below). Thus the quantum formalism is considered an operational formalism that describes nonclassical processing of probabilistic data. Recent derivations of the complete quantum formalism from simple operational principles for representation of information support the foundations of quantum cognition.
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In information theory, given an unknown stationary source with alphabet A and a sample w from , the Krichevsky–Trofimov (KT) estimator produces an estimate pi(w) of the probability of each symbol i ∈ A. This estimator is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the worst-case regret asymptotically. For a binary alphabet and a string w with m zeroes and n ones, the KT estimator pi(w) is defined as:Krichevsky, R. E. and Trofimov V. K. (1981), "The Performance of Universal Encoding", IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, Vol. IT-27, No. 2, pp. 199–207.
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Stephen Wiesner in the straw hat (2015) Stephen J. Wiesner (born 1942) is a research physicist currently living in Israel. As a graduate student at Columbia University in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s, he discovered several of the most important ideas in quantum information theory, including quantum money (which led to quantum key distribution), quantum multiplexing S.J. Wiesner, "Conjugate Coding", SIGACT News 15:1, pp. 78–88, 1983. (the earliest example of oblivious transfer) and superdense coding (the first and most basic example of entanglement-assisted communication).
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The related theories may be conflicting in this regard. For example, the Feelings-as-information Theory suggested that people in a positive mood tend to avoid stimuli such as ads. If people acquire a good mood as a result of processing media content, they may avoid paying attention to ads embedded in this context and process them less intensively. However, the Hedonic Contingency view stated that people in a positive mood may engage in greater processing of a stimulus because they believe that the consequences are going to be favorable.
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It was at Stanford that he became an independent co-discoverer of the non-octave musical scale that he later named the Bohlen–Pierce scale. Many of Pierce's technical books were written at a level intended to introduce a semi-technical audience to modern technical topics. Among them are Electrons, Waves, and Messages; An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals, and Noise; Waves and Ear; Man's World of Sound; Quantum Electronics; and Signals: The Science of Telecommunication.John R. Pierce and A. Michael Noll, SIGNALS: The Science of Telecommunication, Scientific American Books (New York, NY), 1990.
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In 1948, Claude Shannon published "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", an article in two parts in the July and October issues of the Bell System Technical Journal. This work focuses on the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. In this fundamental work he used tools in probability theory, developed by Norbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to communication theory at that time. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing the field of information theory.
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Information theory was a fashionable scientific approach in the mid '50s. However, pioneer Claude Shannon wrote in 1956 that this trendiness was dangerous. He said, "Our fellow scientists in many different fields, attracted by the fanfare and by the new avenues opened to scientific analysis, are using these ideas in their own problems ... It will be all too easy for our somewhat artificial prosperity to collapse overnight when it is realized that the use of a few exciting words like information, entropy, redundancy, do not solve all our problems."Quoted in Liberman (2010).
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W. E. Hick (1952) devised a CRT experiment which presented a series of nine tests in which there are n equally possible choices. The experiment measured the subject's RT based on the number of possible choices during any given trial. Hick showed that the individual's RT increased by a constant amount as a function of available choices, or the "uncertainty" involved in which reaction stimulus would appear next. Uncertainty is measured in "bits", which are defined as the quantity of information that reduces uncertainty by half in information theory.
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31), with a tendency for larger associations between choice RT and intelligence (r=−.49). Much of the theoretical interest in RT was driven by Hick's Law, relating the slope of RT increases to the complexity of decision required (measured in units of uncertainty popularized by Claude Shannon as the basis of information theory). This promised to link intelligence directly to the resolution of information even in very basic information tasks. There is some support for a link between the slope of the RT curve and intelligence, as long as reaction time is tightly controlled.
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If out-of-sample prediction error is expected to differ from in-sample prediction error, cross- validation is a better estimate of model quality. AIC is founded on information theory. When a statistical model is used to represent the process that generated the data, the representation will almost never be exact; so some information will be lost by using the model to represent the process. AIC estimates the relative amount of information lost by a given model: the less information a model loses, the higher the quality of that model.
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Some of the oldest methods of telecommunications implicitly use many of the ideas that would later be quantified in information theory. Modern telegraphy, starting in the 1830s, used Morse code, in which more common letters (like "E", which is expressed as one "dot") are transmitted more quickly than less common letters (like "J", which is expressed by one "dot" followed by three "dashes"). The idea of encoding information in this manner is the cornerstone of lossless data compression. A hundred years later, frequency modulation illustrated that bandwidth can be considered merely another degree of freedom.
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If, of course, it were > possible to predict the change in the parameters, then there would be other > parameters which were unchanged, but the search for ultimately stable > parameters in evolutionary systems is futile, for they probably do not > exist.... Social systems have Heisenberg principles all over the place, for > we cannot predict the future without changing it.Evolutionary Economics, > 1981, p. 44 > There is a fundamental theorem in information theory that says information > has to be surprising. Equilibrium can't exist in a system in which > information is an essential element.
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Albeverio's main research interests include probability theory (stochastic processes; stochastic analysis; SPDEs); analysis (functional and infinite dimensional, non-standard, p-adic); mathematical physics (classical and quantum, in particular hydrodynamics, statistical physics, quantum field theory, quantum information, astrophysics); geometry (differential, non-commutative); topology (configuration spaces, knot theory); operator algebras, spectral theory; dynamical systems, ergodic theory, fractals; number theory (analytic, p-adic); representation theory; algebra; information theory and statistics; applications of mathematics in biology, earth sciences, economics, engineering, physics, social sciences, models for urban systems; epistemology, philosophical and cultural issues.
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The Shannon information is closely related to information theoretic entropy, which is the expected value of the self-information of a random variable, quantifying how surprising the random variable is "on average." This is the average amount of self-information an observer would expect to gain about a random variable when measuring it.Jones, D.S., Elementary Information Theory, Vol., Clarendon Press, Oxford pp 11-15 1979 The information content can be expressed in various units of information, of which the most common is the "bit" (sometimes also called the "shannon"), as explained below.
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If the intensive properties of different finitely extended elements of a system differ, there is always the possibility to extract mechanical work from the system. The term exergy is also used, by analogy with its physical definition, in information theory related to reversible computing. Exergy is also synonymous with: available energy, exergic energy, essergy (considered archaic), utilizable energy, available useful work, maximum (or minimum) work, maximum (or minimum) work content, reversible work, and ideal work. The exergy destruction of a cycle is the sum of the exergy destruction of the processes that compose that cycle.
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Vernon L. Smith used these techniques to model sociability in economics. There, a model correctly predicts that agents are averse to resentment and punishment, and that there is an asymmetry between gratitude/reward and resentment/punishment. The classical Nash equilibrium is shown to have no predictive power for that model, and the Gibbs equilibrium must be used to predict phenomena outlined in Humanomics. Quantifiers derived from information theory were used in several papers by econophysicist Aurelio F. Bariviera and coauthors in order to assess the degree in the informational efficiency of stock markets.
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Typically, these approaches follow a machine learning approach, where large numbers of manually rated photographs are used to "teach" a computer about what visual properties are of relevance to aesthetic quality. A study by Y. Li and C.J. Hu employed Birkhoff's measurement in their statistical learning approach where order and complexity of an image determined aesthetic value. The image complexity was computed using information theory while the order was determined using fractal compression. There is also the case of the Acquine engine, developed at Penn State University, that rates natural photographs uploaded by users.
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In information theory, dual total correlation (Han 1978), information rate (Dubnov 2006), excess entropy (Olbrich 2008), or binding information (Abdallah and Plumbley 2010) is one of several known non-negative generalizations of mutual information. While total correlation is bounded by the sum entropies of the n elements, the dual total correlation is bounded by the joint-entropy of the n elements. Although well behaved, dual total correlation has received much less attention than the total correlation. A measure known as "TSE- complexity" defines a continuum between the total correlation and dual total correlation (Ay 2001).
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The telecommunication industry has also motivated advances in discrete mathematics, particularly in graph theory and information theory. Formal verification of statements in logic has been necessary for software development of safety-critical systems, and advances in automated theorem proving have been driven by this need. Computational geometry has been an important part of the computer graphics incorporated into modern video games and computer-aided design tools. Several fields of discrete mathematics, particularly theoretical computer science, graph theory, and combinatorics, are important in addressing the challenging bioinformatics problems associated with understanding the tree of life.
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In 1953, Léon Brillouin derived a general equationLeon Brillouin, The negentropy principle of information, J. Applied Physics 24, 1152–1163 1953 stating that the changing of an information bit value requires at least kT ln(2) energy. This is the same energy as the work Leó Szilárd's engine produces in the idealistic case. In his book,Leon Brillouin, Science and Information theory, Dover, 1956 he further explored this problem concluding that any cause of this bit value change (measurement, decision about a yes/no question, erasure, display, etc.) will require the same amount of energy.
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Quantum cryptography was proposed first by Stephen Wiesner, then at Columbia University in New York, who, in the early 1970s, introduced the concept of quantum conjugate coding. His seminal paper titled "Conjugate Coding" was rejected by IEEE Information Theory but was eventually published in 1983 in SIGACT News (15:1 pp. 78–88, 1983). In this paper he showed how to store or transmit two messages by encoding them in two "conjugate observables", such as linear and circular polarization of light, so that either, but not both, of which may be received and decoded.
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There are two principal ways of formulating thermodynamics, (a) through passages from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another, and (b) through cyclic processes, by which the system is left unchanged, while the total entropy of the surroundings is increased. These two ways help to understand the processes of life. The thermodynamics of living organisms has been considered by many authors, such as Erwin Schrödinger, Léon BrillouinLéon Brillouin Science and Information Theory (Academic Press, 1962) (Dover, 2004) and Isaac Asimov. To a fair approximation, living organisms may be considered as examples of (b).
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George Frederick Chapline Jr. (born May 6, 1942) is an American theoretical physicist, based at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. His most recent interests have mainly been in quantum information theory, condensed matter, and quantum gravity. In 2003 he received the Computing Anticipatory Systems award for a new interpretation of quantum mechanics based on the similarity of quantum mechanics and Helmholtz machines. He was awarded the E. O. Lawrence Award in 1982 by the United States Department of Energy for leading the team that first demonstrated a working X-ray laser.
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Yakir Aharonov, Lev Vaidman: Protective measurements of two-state vectors, in: Robert Sonné Cohen, Michael Horne, John J. Stachel (eds.): Potentiality, Entanglement and Passion-At-A-Distance, Quantum Mechanical Studies for A. M. Shimony, Volume Two, 1997, , pp. 1–8, p. 2 In 1956, he became a researcher at the IBM Watson Laboratory and started to build his own information theory based on quantum mechanics. He taught at Yale University and the University of Hawaii, became chairman of the International Time Academy, and was the Vice President of International Philosophy Academy.
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In science and engineering, a system is the part of the universe that is being studied, while the environment is the remainder of the universe that lies outside the boundaries of the system. It is also known as the surroundings or neighborhood, and in thermodynamics, as the reservoir. Depending on the type of system, it may interact with the environment by exchanging mass, energy (including heat and work), linear momentum, angular momentum, electric charge, or other conserved properties. In some disciplines, such as information theory, information may also be exchanged.
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Active listening has been developed as a concept in music and technology by François Pachet, researcher at Sony Computer Science Laboratory, Paris. Active listening in music refers to the idea that listeners can be given some degree of control on the music they listen to, by means of technological applications mainly based on artificial intelligence and information theory techniques, by opposition to traditional listening, in which the musical media is played passively by some neutral deviceFrançois Pachet. "The Future of Content Is in Ourselves" . "The Future of Content Is in Ourselves".
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These include the scattering of cold neutrons, X-ray, visible light, and more. Statistical physics plays a major role in Physics of Solid State Physics, Materials Science, Nuclear Physics, Astrophysics, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine (e.g. study of the spread of infectious diseases), Information Theory and Technique but also in those areas of technology owing to their development in the evolution of Modern Physics. It still has important applications in theoretical sciences such as Sociology and Linguistics and is useful for researchers in higher education, corporate governance, and industry.
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"shannon", A Dictionary of Units of Measurement For this and historical reasons, the shannon is more commonly known as the bit. The introduction of the term shannon provides an explicit distinction between the amount of information that is expressed and the quantity of data that may be used to represent the information. IEEE Std 260.1-2004 still defines the unit for this meaning as the bit, with no mention of the shannon. The shannon can be converted to other information units according to The shannon is named after Claude Shannon, the founder of information theory.
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Kauffman, supra have suggested the relevance of autocatalysis models for life processes. In this construct, a group of elements catalyse reactions in a cyclical, or topologically circular, fashion. Several investigators have used these insights to suggest essential elements of a thermodynamic definition of the life process, which might briefly be summarized as stable, patterned (correlated) processes which intake (and dissipate) energy, and reproduce themselves.See Brooks and Wylie, Smolin, Kauffman, supra, and Pearce Ulanowicz, a theoretical ecologist, has extended the relational analysis of life processes to ecosystems, using information theory tools.
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In 1973, Saharon Shelah showed that the Whitehead problem in group theory is undecidable, in the first sense of the term, in standard set theory. Gregory Chaitin produced undecidable statements in algorithmic information theory and proved another incompleteness theorem in that setting. Chaitin's incompleteness theorem states that for any system that can represent enough arithmetic, there is an upper bound c such that no specific number can be proved in that system to have Kolmogorov complexity greater than c. While Gödel's theorem is related to the liar paradox, Chaitin's result is related to Berry's paradox.
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The counterexample lies at the intersection of control theory and information theory. Due to its hardness, the problem of finding the optimal control law has also received attention from the theoretical computer science community. The importance of the problem was reflected upon in the 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) 2008, Cancun, Mexico, where an entire session was dedicated to understanding the counterexample 40 years after it was first formulated. The problem is of conceptual significance in decentralized control because it shows that it is important for the controllers to communicateMitterrand and Sahai.
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Ascendency is a quantitative attribute of an ecosystem, defined as a function of the ecosystem's trophic network. Ascendency is derived using mathematical tools from information theory. It is intended to capture in a single index the ability of an ecosystem to prevail against disturbance by virtue of its combined organization and size. One way of depicting ascendency is to regard it as "organized power", because the index represents the magnitude of the power that is flowing within the system towards particular ends, as distinct from power that is dissipated naturally.
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When information messaging remains an unclear variable, organizations will usually revert to a number of Organizational Information Theory-based methodologies which are designed to encourage ambiguity reduction: 1\. Choice Points--Describes an organization's decision to ask: "should we attend to some aspect of our environment that was rejected before?" Re-tracing one's steps can provide both management and individuals with a comfort zone in addressing frequency and volume regarding messaging, lest anything have been missed. 2\. Behavior Cycles--Represents "deliberate communication activities on the part of an organization to decrease levels of ambiguity".
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In quantum information theory, there exist structures known as SIC-POVMs or SICs, which correspond to maximal sets of complex equiangular lines. Some of the known SICs--those in vector spaces of 2 and 3 dimensions, as well as certain solutions in 8 dimensions--are considered exceptional objects and called "sporadic SICs". They differ from the other known SICs in ways that involve their symmetry groups, the Galois theory of the numerical values of their vector components, and so forth. The sporadic SICs in dimension 8 are related to the integral octonions.
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He received his Ph.D. from the University of Saarbrücken in 1966, and his habilitation in 1970. Schnorr's contributions to cryptography include his study of Schnorr groups, which are used in the digital signature algorithm bearing his name. Besides this, Schnorr is known for his contributions to algorithmic information theory and for creating an approach to the definition of an algorithmically random sequence which is alternative to the concept of Martin-Löf randomness. Schnorr was a professor of mathematics and computer science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe university at Frankfurt.
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11, pp. 126–147, 1932 The Nyquist stability criterion can now be found in all textbooks on feedback control theory. His early theoretical work on determining the bandwidth requirements for transmitting information laid the foundations for later advances by Claude Shannon, which led to the development of information theory. In particular, Nyquist determined that the number of independent pulses that could be put through a telegraph channel per unit time is limited to twice the bandwidth of the channel, and published his results in the papers Certain factors affecting telegraph speed (1924)Nyquist, Harry.
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Many of the same entropy measures in classical information theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as Holevo entropy and the conditional quantum entropy. Unlike classical digital states (which are discrete), a qubit is continuous-valued, describable by a direction on the Bloch sphere. Despite being continuously valued in this way, a qubit is the smallest possible unit of quantum information, and despite the qubit state being continuously-valued, it is impossible to measure the value precisely. Five famous theorems describe the limits on manipulation of quantum information.
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Theoretical and computational neuroscience is the field concerned with the analysis and computational modeling of biological neural systems. Since neural systems are intimately related to cognitive processes and behaviour, the field is closely related to cognitive and behavioural modeling. The aim of the field is to create models of biological neural systems in order to understand how biological systems work. To gain this understanding, neuroscientists strive to make a link between observed biological processes (data), biologically plausible mechanisms for neural processing and learning (biological neural network models) and theory (statistical learning theory and information theory).
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Flemming Topsøe (born 25 August 1938 in Aarhus, Denmark) is a Danish mathematician, and is emeritus in the mathematics department of the University of Copenhagen. He is the author of several mathematical science works, among them works about analysis, probability theory and information theory. He is the older brother of the engineer Henrik Topsøe (born 1944), son of the engineer Haldor Topsøe (1913–2013) and great-grandson of the crystallographer and chemist Haldor Topsøe (1842–1935). Topsøe completed his magister degree in mathematics at Aarhus University in 1962 .
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Ray Solomonoff (July 25, 1926 – December 7, 2009) was the inventor of algorithmic probability, his General Theory of Inductive Inference (also known as Universal Inductive Inference),Samuel Rathmanner and Marcus Hutter. A philosophical treatise of universal induction. Entropy, 13(6):1076–1136, 2011 and was a founder of algorithmic information theory.Vitanyi, P. "Obituary: Ray Solomonoff, Founding Father of Algorithmic Information Theory" He was an originator of the branch of artificial intelligence based on machine learning, prediction and probability. He circulated the first report on non-semantic machine learning in 1956.
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Paweł Horodecki (born in 1971) is a Polish professor of physics at the Gdańsk University of Technology working in the field of quantum information theory. He is best known for introducing (together with his father Ryszard Horodecki and brother Michał Horodecki) the Peres-Horodecki criterion for testing whether a quantum state is entangled. Moreover, Paweł Horodecki demonstrated that there exist states which are entangled whereas no pure entangled states can be obtained from them by means of local operations and classical communication (LOCC). Such states are called bound entangled states.
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Reza graduated from the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Tehran in 1938, receiving a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. He received a master's and PhD in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1946 and Polytechnic University of New York (now New York University Tandon School of Engineering) in 1950 respectively. He was a Fellow of the IEEE and AAAS for his contribution to network and information theory. He was an honorary member of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature and wrote and spoke extensively on classical Persian poetry.
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Former Canadian Football League player and founder of Golden Star Resources, Dave Fennell. Founder and chairman of Nygård International, Peter Nygård. In the realm of science, notable UND alumni include important contributor to information theory Harry Nyquist, pioneer aviator Carl Ben Eielson, Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson, engineer and NASA astronaut Karen L. Nyberg, and leading NASA manager John H. Disher. Alumni who have become notable through literature include the Pulitzer Prize- winning playwright and author Maxwell Anderson, Rhodes scholar and poet Thomas McGrath, essayist and journalist Chuck Klosterman, and novelist Jon Hassler.
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Peres obtained his Ph.D. in 1959 at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology under Nathan Rosen. Peres spent most of his academic career at Technion, where in 1988 he was appointed distinguished professor of physics. Peres is well known for his work relating quantum mechanics and information theory, an approach which is extensively used in his textbook referenced below. Among other things, he helped to develop the Peres–Horodecki criterion for quantum entanglement, as well as the concept of quantum teleportation, and collaborated with others on quantum information and special relativity.
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In information theory, linguistics and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences. Informally, the Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one word into the other. It is named after the Soviet mathematician Vladimir Levenshtein, who considered this distance in 1965. Appeared in English as: Levenshtein distance may also be referred to as edit distance, although that term may also denote a larger family of distance metrics known collectively as edit distance.
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For example, data assimilation techniques, such as the space–time Kalman filter, can be used to integrate pedogenetic knowledge and field observations. In the information theory context, the objective of pedometric mapping is to describe the spatial complexity of soils (information content of soil variables over a geographical area), then represent this complexity using maps, summary measures, mathematical models and simulations. Simulations are a preferred way of visualizing soil patterns as they represent both the deterministic pattern due to the landscape, geographic hot-spots and short range variability (see image below).
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250px In computer networking, telecommunication and information theory, broadcasting is a method of transferring a message to all recipients simultaneously. Broadcasting can be performed as a high-level operation in a program, for example, broadcasting in Message Passing Interface, or it may be a low-level networking operation, for example broadcasting on Ethernet. All- to-all communication is a computer communication method in which each sender transmits messages to all receivers within a group.Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, Volume 4 by David Padua 2011 page 43 In networking this can be accomplished using broadcast or multicast.
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The first thorough treatment of group testing was given by Sobel and Groll in their formative 1959 paper on the subject. They described five new procedures – in addition to generalisations for when the prevalence rate is unknown – and for the most optimal one, they provided an explicit formula for the expected number of tests it would use. The paper also made the connection between group testing and information theory for the first time, as well as discussing several generalisations of the group-testing problem and providing some new applications of the theory.
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The origins of communication theory is linked to the development of information theory in the early 1920s. Limited information-theoretic ideas had been developed at Bell Labs, all implicitly assuming events of equal probability. Harry Nyquist's 1924 paper, Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed, contains a theoretical section quantifying "intelligence" and the "line speed" at which it can be transmitted by a communication system. Ralph Hartley's 1928 paper, Transmission of Information, uses the word "information" as a measurable quantity, reflecting the receiver's ability to distinguish one sequence of symbols from any other.
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Kolmogorov (left) talks on the structure function (see drawing on the blackboard) in (Tallinn, 1973). The structure function was originally proposed by Kolmogorov in 1973 at a Soviet Information Theory symposium in Tallinn, but these results were not published p. 182\. But the results were announced inAbstract of a talk for the Moscow Mathematical Society in Uspekhi Mat. Nauk Volume 29, Issue 4(178) in the Communications of the Moscow Mathematical Society page 155 (in the Russian edition, not translated into English) in 1974, the only written record by Kolmogorov himself.
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An n-gram model models sequences, notably natural languages, using the statistical properties of n-grams. This idea can be traced to an experiment by Claude Shannon's work in information theory. Shannon posed the question: given a sequence of letters (for example, the sequence "for ex"), what is the likelihood of the next letter? From training data, one can derive a probability distribution for the next letter given a history of size n: a = 0.4, b = 0.00001, c = 0, ....; where the probabilities of all possible "next-letters" sum to 1.0.
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A recent objection of creationists to evolution is that evolutionary mechanisms such as mutation cannot generate new information. Creationists such as William A. Dembski, Werner Gitt, and Lee Spetner have attempted to use information theory to dispute evolution. Dembski has argued that life demonstrates specified complexity, and proposed a law of conservation of information that extremely improbable "complex specified information" could be conveyed by natural means but never originated without an intelligent agent. Gitt asserted that information is an intrinsic characteristic of life and that an analysis demonstrates the mind and will of their Creator.
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Academic Archive of Andrey Ershov During his scientific career, Prof. Petrosian taught various mathematics courses at the Yerevan State University (1957–78) and at the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute (1978–86). He has authored several textbooks, patents, and monographs in the areas of computational mathematics, algorithmic information theory, automata and discrete mathematics. He has edited five volumes of the Proceedings of the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences and served as a Ph.D. adviser to over 20 post-graduate students, mainly in the Graph Theory field.
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132, pp. 157–187, 2004 and by T.M. Cover, J.A. Thomas.Cover, Thomas M. and Thomas, Joy A., Elements of Information Theory, 2nd Edition, Wiley, 2006 A.N. Akansu and M.U. Torun published the book in financial signal processing entitled A Primer for Financial Engineering: Financial Signal Processing and Electronic Trading.Akansu, Ali N.; Torun, Mustafa U., A Primer for Financial Engineering: Financial Signal Processing and Electronic Trading, Boston, MA: Academic Press, 2015 An edited volume on the subject with the title Financial Signal Processing and Machine Learning was also published.
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Information theory leads us to believe it is much more difficult to keep secrets than it might first appear. A brute force attack can break systems based on asymmetric key algorithms or on most commonly used methods of symmetric key algorithms (sometimes called secret key algorithms), such as block ciphers. The security of all such methods currently comes from the assumption that no known attack can break them in a practical amount of time. Information theoretic security refers to methods such as the one-time pad that are not vulnerable to such brute force attacks.
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In information theory, the Hamming distance between two strings of equal length is the number of positions at which the corresponding symbols are different. In other words, it measures the minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into the other, or the minimum number of errors that could have transformed one string into the other. In a more general context, the Hamming distance is one of several string metrics for measuring the edit distance between two sequences. It is named after the American mathematician Richard Hamming.
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His professional research objective is the implementation of whole brain emulation: creating the large-scale high-resolution representations and emulations of activity in neuronal circuitry that are needed in patient- specific neuroprostheses. He is a member of the Oxford working group that convened in 2007 to create a first roadmap toward whole brain emulation.Whole Brain Emulation: A roadmap Koene has professional expertise in computational neuroscience, psychology, information theory, electrical engineering and physics. He organizes neural engineering efforts to obtain and replicate function and structure information that resides in the neural substrate for use in neuroprostheses and neural interfaces.
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Shannon is considered "The Father of Information Theory". The microprocessor has origins in the development of the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor), which was first demonstrated by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng of Bell Labs in 1960. Following the development of MOS integrated circuit chips in the early 1960s, MOS chips reached higher transistor density and lower manufacturing costs than bipolar integrated circuits by 1964. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by Moore's law, leading to large-scale integration (LSI) with hundreds of transistors on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s.
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Prior to that, she was a professor of mechanical engineering at Duke University. She is the founder and director of NSF Integrative Graduate Education and research trainee-ship. Her teaching interests include optimal control theory, sensor networks, intelligent systems, feedback control of dynamic systems, and multivariable control. She will be the Institute Director for the Veho Institute for Vehicle Intelligence established at Cornell Tech. Professor Ferrari’s research interests include Robotics, Theory of computation, Statistics and machine learning, systems and Networking, Neuroscience, Signal and Image Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Sensors and Actuators, Complex Systems, Remote Sensing, Algorithms, Nonlinear dynamics, Information theory, and communications.
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Information overload (also known as infobesity, infoxication, information anxiety, and information explosion) is the difficulty in understanding an issue and effectively making decisions when one has too much information about that issue. Generally, the term is associated with the excessive quantity of daily information. Information overload most likely originated from information theory, which are studies in the storage, preservation, communication, compression, and extraction of information. The term, information overload, was first used in Bertram Gross' 1964 book, The Managing of Organizations, and it was further popularized by Alvin Toffler in his bestselling 1970 book Future Shock.
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In his book, The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood, published in 2011, author James Gleick, notes that engineers began taking note of the concept of information, quickly associated it in a technical sense: information was both quantifiable and measurable. He discusses how information theory was created to first bridge mathematics, engineering, and computing together, creating an information code between the fields. English speakers from Europe often equated "computer science" to "informatique, informatica, and Informatik." This leads to the idea that all information can be saved and stored on computers, even if information experiences entropy.
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Quantum cryptography attributes its beginning by the work of Stephen Wiesner and Gilles Brassard. In the early 1970s, Wiesner, then at Columbia University in New York, introduced the concept of quantum conjugate coding. His seminal paper titled "Conjugate Coding" was rejected by the IEEE Information Theory Society, but was eventually published in 1983 in SIGACT News. In this paper he showed how to store or transmit two messages by encoding them in two "conjugate observables", such as linear and circular polarization of photons, so that either, but not both, of which may be received and decoded.
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Etienne Vermeersch had an MA in classical philology and in philosophy. In 1965 he obtained his PhD on the philosophical implications of information theory and cybernetics at Ghent University, Belgium. He became a professor at Ghent University in 1967 and taught introductory courses in philosophy and in the philosophy of science, as well as courses in 20th- century philosophy and in philosophical anthropology. He worked on the foundations of the social sciences, on the philosophical aspects of research into informatics, on artificial intelligence, and on general social and ethical problems, mainly with regard to bioethics, environmental philosophy, and cultural philosophy.
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Subsequently, Frieze and Kannan gave a different version and extended it to hypergraphs. They later produced a different construction due to Alan Frieze and Ravi Kannan that uses singular values of matrices. One can find more efficient non- deterministic algorithms, as formally detailed in Terence Tao's blog and implicitly mentioned in various papers. An inequality of Terence Tao extends the Szemerédi regularity lemma, by revisiting it from the perspective of probability theory and information theory instead of graph theory.. Terence Tao has also provided a proof of the lemma based on spectral theory, using the adjacency matrices of graphs.
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Markov chains have many applications as statistical models of real-world processes, such as studying cruise control systems in motor vehicles, queues or lines of customers arriving at an airport, currency exchange rates and animal population dynamics. Markov processes are the basis for general stochastic simulation methods known as Markov chain Monte Carlo, which are used for simulating sampling from complex probability distributions, and have found application in Bayesian statistics, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, physics, chemistry, economics, finance, signal processing, information theory and artificial intelligence. The adjective Markovian is used to describe something that is related to a Markov process.
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However, it has been argued that this model would actually generate 1/f2 noise rather than 1/f noise. This claim was based on untested scaling assumptions, and a more rigorous analysis showed that sandpile models generally produce 1/fa spectra, with a<2\. Other simulation models were proposed later that could produce true 1/f noise, and experimental sandpile models were observed to yield 1/f noise. In addition to the nonconservative theoretical model mentioned above, other theoretical models for SOC have been based upon information theory , mean field theory , the convergence of random variables , and cluster formation.
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Analytical Modeling of Heterogeneous Cellular Networks: Geometry, Coverage, and Capacity. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Key performance and quality of service quantities are often based on concepts from information theory such as the signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio, which forms the mathematical basis for defining network connectivity and coverage. The principal idea underlying the research of these stochastic geometry models, also known as random spatial models, is that it is best to assume that the locations of nodes or the network structure and the aforementioned quantities are random in nature due to the size and unpredictability of users in wireless networks.
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Specified complexity is an argument proposed by Dembski and used by him in his works promoting intelligent design. According to Dembski, the concept is intended to formalize a property that singles out patterns that are both specified and complex. Dembski states that specified complexity is a reliable marker of design by an intelligent agent, a central tenet to intelligent design and which Dembski argues for in opposition to modern evolutionary theory. The concept of specified complexity is widely regarded as mathematically unsound and has not been the basis for further independent work in information theory, complexity theory, or biology.
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During the 1950s so called "scaling" methods were developed in the social sciences to explore and summarize multidimensional data sets. After Shepard introduced non-metric multidimensional scaling in 1962 one of the major research areas within multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was estimation of the intrinsic dimension. The topic was also studied in information theory, pioneered by Bennet in 1965 who coined the term "intrinsic dimension" and wrote a computer program to estimate it. During the 1970s intrinsic dimensionality estimation methods were constructed that did not depend on dimensionality reductions such as MDS: based on local eigenvalues.
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In bioinformatics, one can distinguish between two separate problems regarding DNA binding sites: searching for additional members of a known DNA binding motif (the site search problem) and discovering novel DNA binding motifs in collections of functionally related sequences (the sequence motif discovery problem). Many different methods have been proposed to search for binding sites. Most of them rely on the principles of information theory and have available web servers (Yellaboina)(Munch), while other authors have resorted to machine learning methods, such as artificial neural networks. A plethora of algorithms is also available for sequence motif discovery.
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He also received the 2007 joint Communication Society and Information Theory Society best paper award as well as the 2017 Mustafa Prize for his work on raptor codes. He is the principal inventor of Chordal Codes, a new class of codes specifically designed for communication on electrical wires between chips. In 2011 he founded the company Kandou Bus dedicated to commercialization of the concept of Chordal Codes. The first implementation, transmitting data on 8 correlated wires and implemented in a 40 nm process, received the Jan Van Vessem Award for best European Paper at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) 2014.
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In 2005, he was elected an IACR Fellow, "for pioneering research in information integrity, information theory, and secure protocols and for substantial contributions to the formation of the IACR."IACR Fellow citation He was invited to write the section on cryptology in the 16th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1986) and to revise the section for the current edition. He was Rothschild Professor at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge University and Visiting Fellow of Trinity College, 1995–96. He was awarded the 2009 James F. Zimmerman Award by the University of New Mexico.
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In quantum information theory, a quantum catalyst is a special ancillary quantum state whose presence enables certain local transformations that would otherwise be impossible. Quantum catalytic behaviour has been shown to arise from the phenomenon of catalytic majorization. The catalytic majorization relation can be used to find which transformations of jointly held pure quantum states are possible via local operations and classical communication (LOCC); particularly when an additional jointly held state is optionally specified to facilitate the transformation without being consumed. In the process sometimes referred to as entanglement catalysis, the catalyst can be understood as that temporarily involved entangled state.
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Physicist Arun K. Pati along with Samuel L. Braunstein proved this theorem. The no-deleting theorem, together with the no-cloning theorem, underpin the interpretation of quantum mechanics in terms of category theory, and, in particular, as a dagger symmetric monoidal category.John Baez, Physics, Topology, Logic and Computation: A Rosetta Stone (2009)Bob Coecke, Quantum Picturalism, (2009) ArXiv 0908.1787 This formulation, known as categorical quantum mechanics, in turn allows a connection to be made from quantum mechanics to linear logic as the logic of quantum information theory (in exact analogy to classical logic being founded on Cartesian closed categories).
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Rényi proved, using the large sieve, that there is a number K such that every even number is the sum of a prime number and a number that can be written as the product of at most K primes. Chen's theorem, a strengthening of this result, shows that the theorem is true for K = 2, for all sufficiently large even numbers. The case K = 1 is the still-unproven Goldbach conjecture. In information theory, he introduced the spectrum of Rényi entropies of order α, giving an important generalisation of the Shannon entropy and the Kullback–Leibler divergence.
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There are two paths to earning a bachelor's degree (SB) in physics from MIT. The first, "Course 8 Focused Option", is for students intending to continue studying physics in graduate school. The track offers a rigorous education in various fields in fundamental physics including classical and quantum mechanics, statistical physics, general relativity, electrodynamics, and higher mathematics. The second, "Course 8 Flexible Option" is designed for those students who would like to develop a strong background in physics but who would like to branch off into other research directions or more unconventional career paths, such as information theory, computer science, finance, and biophysics.
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She calls ontopoetics "postmaterialist" for the way it breaks with the fundamental metaphysical premise of reductive materialism. In 1990, the physicist David Bohm published "A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter," a paper based on his interpretation of quantum mechanics. The philosopher Paavo Pylkkänen has described Bohm's view as a version of panprotopsychism. The integrated information theory of consciousness (IIT), proposed by the neuroscientist and psychiatrist Giulio Tononi in 2004 and since adopted by other neuroscientists such as Christof Koch, postulates that consciousness is widespread and can be found even in some simple systems.
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Applying classical methods of machine learning to the study of quantum systems (sometimes called quantum machine learning) is the focus of an emergent area of physics research. A basic example of this is quantum state tomography, where a quantum state is learned from measurement. Other examples include learning Hamiltonians, learning quantum phase transitions, and automatically generating new quantum experiments. Classical machine learning is effective at processing large amounts of experimental or calculated data in order to characterize an unknown quantum system, making its application useful in contexts including quantum information theory, quantum technologies development, and computational materials design.
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However, even if both techniques have inherent noise, it is widely appreciated that for color, digital photography has much less noise/grain than film at equivalent sensitivity, leading to an edge in image quality.Shannon information theory, noise and perceived image quality Norman Koren, 2000/2010, retrieved May 2010. For black-and-white photography, grain takes a more positive role in image quality, and such comparisons are less valid. Noise in digital cameras can produce color distortion or confetti- like patterns, in indoor lighting typically occurring most severely on the blue component and least severely on the red component.
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He studied electrical engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Delhi, where he earned a B.Tech in 1997. He then studied electrical engineering in the United States, receiving an MSc at the California Institute of Technology in 1999 and then a PhD at Stanford University in 2003. He then worked at University of California, Irvine, while occasionally also holding positions at Lucent Bell Labs, Qualcomm and Hughes Software Systems. He studied communications networks and solved problems in network information theory, and made numerous discoveries in the area of wireless communication and networks, including important discoveries in interference alignment in wireless networks.
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Dr. Simeone is a co-recipient of the 2017 JCN Best Paper Award, the 2015 IEEE Communications Society Best Tutorial Paper Award, and of the Best Paper Awards of IEEE SPAWC 2007 and IEEE WRECOM 2007. Simeone currently serves as an Editor for IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. Dr Simeone is a co-author of a monograph, an edited book published by Cambridge University Press, and more than one hundred research journal papers. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for his contributions to cooperative cellular systems and cognitive radio networks.
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Neural coding is a neuroscience-related field concerned with how sensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons. The main goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble. It is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information, and that neurons follow the principles of information theory and compress information, and detect and correct errors in the signals that are sent throughout the brain and wider nervous system.
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Random linear network coding T. Ho, R. Koetter, M. Médard, D. R. Karger and M. Effros, "The Benefits of Coding over Routing in a Randomized Setting" in 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. is a simple yet powerful encoding scheme, which in broadcast transmission schemes allows close to optimal throughput using a decentralized algorithm. Nodes transmit random linear combinations of the packets they receive, with coefficients chosen from a Galois field. If the field size is sufficiently large, the probability that the receiver(s) will obtain linearly independent combinations (and therefore obtain innovative information) approaches 1.
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Inspired by neuroscience, informatics, and the occupation with electronic calculating machines, but also by Wittgenstein's concept of the language-game, Bense tried to put into perspective or to extend the traditional view of literature. In that, he was one of the first philosophers of culture who integrated the technical possibilities of the computer into their thoughts and investigated them across disciplinary boundaries. He statistically and topologically analysed linguistic phenomena, subjected them to questions of semiotic, information theory, and communication theory using structuralistic approaches. Thus Bense became the first theoretician of concrete poetry, which was started by Eugen Gomringer in 1953, and encouraged e.g.
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Frederick Jelinek (18 November 1932 – 14 September 2010) was a Czech-American researcher in information theory, automatic speech recognition, and natural language processing. He is well known for his oft-quoted statement, "Every time I fire a linguist, the performance of the speech recognizer goes up". Jelinek was born in Czechoslovakia just before the outbreak of World War II and emigrated with his family to the United States in the early years of the communist regime. He studied engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and taught for 10 years at Cornell University before being offered a job at IBM Research.
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Algorithmic information theory is the area of computer science that studies Kolmogorov complexity and other complexity measures on strings (or other data structures). The concept and theory of Kolmogorov Complexity is based on a crucial theorem first discovered by Ray Solomonoff, who published it in 1960, describing it in "A Preliminary Report on a General Theory of Inductive Inference" as part of his invention of algorithmic probability. He gave a more complete description in his 1964 publications, "A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference," Part 1 and Part 2 in Information and Control. Andrey Kolmogorov later independently published this theorem in Problems Inform.
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Further, this definition of trust is abstract, allowing different instances and observers in a trusted system to communicate based on a common idea of trust (otherwise communication would be isolated in domains), where all necessarily different subjective and intersubjective realizations of trust in each subsystem (man and machines) may coexist.Trust as Qualified Reliance on Information, Part I, The COOK Report on Internet, Volume X, No. 10, January 2002, . Taken together in the model of Information Theory, information is what you do not expect and trust is what you know. Linking both concepts, trust is seen as qualified reliance on received information.
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In 2005 he announced that he would no longer be teaching the course himself, but it is likely that it will continue to be taught in a similar manner in the future. He is remembered for his witty mathematical comments during lectures as well as his tradition of awarding Leibniz Cookies and Fig Newtons to top performers in his class. His doctoral students included Patrick Fischer, Louis Hodes, Carl Jockusch, Andrew Kahr, David Luckham, Rohit Parikh, David Park, and John Stillwell. Rogers won the Lester R. Ford Award in 1965 for his expository article Information Theory.
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The problem was thought to be insoluble, but in tackling it Szilard recognized the connection between thermodynamics and information theory. Szilard was appointed as assistant to von Laue at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in 1924. In 1927 he finished his habilitation and became a Privatdozent (private lecturer) in physics. For his habilitation lecture, he produced a second paper on Maxwell's Demon, Über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen (On the reduction of entropy in a thermodynamic system by the intervention of intelligent beings), that had actually been written soon after the first.
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Alain Aspect's experiments in 1982 and many later experiments definitively verified quantum entanglement. Entanglement, as demonstrated in Bell-type experiments, does not violate causality, since it does not involve transfer of information. By the early 1980s, experiments had shown that such inequalities were indeed violated in practice – so that there were in fact correlations of the kind suggested by quantum mechanics. At first these just seemed like isolated esoteric effects, but by the mid-1990s, they were being codified in the field of quantum information theory, and led to constructions with names like quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation.
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A group of eight binary digits is called one byte, but historically the size of the byte is not strictly defined. Frequently, half-, full-, double- and quad-words consist of a number of bytes which is a low power of two. In information theory, one bit is the information entropy of a binary random variable that is 0 or 1 with equal probability, or the information that is gained when the value of such a variable becomes known. As a unit of information, the bit is also known as a shannon, named after Claude E. Shannon.
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He served in this post until September 2005 and was succeeded by Parviz Dawoodi after the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Then, he served as a professor in the department of electrical engineering at Sharif University of Technology, offering courses on cryptography, coding theory, estimation theory and Information Theory. He is currently one of the members of the Expediency Discernment Council that is an advisory unit for Iran’s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. He was nominated for parliamentary election of 2008 as the reformist front's first in the list but he withdrew to protest the rejection of some candidates by the Guardian Council.
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It also expresses Harris's lifelong interest in the further evolution or refinement of language in context of problems of social amelioration (e.g., "A Language for International Cooperation" [1962], "Scientific Sublanguages and the Prospects for a Global Language of Science" [1988]), and in possible future developments of language beyond its present capacities. Harris's linguistic work culminated in the companion books A Grammar of English on Mathematical Principles (1982) and A Theory of Language and Information (1991). Mathematical information theory concerns only quantity of information, or, more exactly, the efficiency of communication channels; here for the first time is a theory of information content.
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The no-cloning theorem (as generally understood) concerns only pure states whereas the generalized statement regarding mixed states is known as the no-broadcast theorem. The no-cloning theorem has a time-reversed dual, the no-deleting theorem. Together, these underpin the interpretation of quantum mechanics in terms of category theory, and, in particular, as a dagger compact category. This formulation, known as categorical quantum mechanics, allows, in turn, a connection to be made from quantum mechanics to linear logic as the logic of quantum information theory (in the same sense that intuitionistic logic arises from Cartesian closed categories).
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It has furthermore been neglected in classical information theory that one wants to extract those parts out of a piece of information that are relevant to specific questions. A mathematical phrasing of these operations leads to an algebra of information, describing basic modes of information processing. Such an algebra involves several formalisms of computer science, which seem to be different on the surface: relational databases, multiple systems of formal logic or numerical problems of linear algebra. It allows the development of generic procedures of information processing and thus a unification of basic methods of computer science, in particular of distributed information processing.
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Integrated information theory (IIT), developed by the neuroscientist and psychiatrist Giulio Tononi in 2004 and more recently also advocated by Koch, is one of the most discussed models of consciousness in neuroscience and elsewhere. The theory proposes an identity between consciousness and integrated information, with the latter item (denoted as Φ) defined mathematically and thus in principle measurable. The hard problem of consciousness, write Tononi and Koch, may indeed be intractable when working from matter to consciousness. However, because IIT inverts this relationship and works from phenomenological axioms to matter, they say it could be able to solve the hard problem.
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The Middle European Cooperation in Statistical Physics (MECO) is an international conference on statistical physics which takes place every year in a different country of Europe. MECO evolved in the early 1970s with the aim of bridging the gap between the communities of scientists from the Eastern and Western parts of Europe, separated as they were by the iron curtain. Since then, MECO conferences have become the yearly nomadic reference meetings for the community of scientists who are active in the field of Statistical Physics in the broader sense, including modern interdisciplinary applications to biology, Finance , information theory, and quantum computation.
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The Horace Hearne Jr. Institute for Theoretical Physics is at Louisiana State University. The Hearne Institute is funded by a donation of two endowed chairs by Horace Hearne Jr. and the State of Louisiana, as well as additional grants from a variety of national and international granting agencies.. It currently has as co-directors Jonathan Dowling and Jorge Pullin. The institute hosts faculty, postdoctoral researchers, students — as well as long- and short-term visitors — who conduct research on quantum technologies and on gravitational physics. The Hearne Institute also sponsors international workshops on quantum information theory, quantum technologies, relativity and quantum gravity.
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In computing, telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, an error correction code, sometimes error correcting code, (ECC) is used for controlling errors in data over unreliable or noisy communication channels. The central idea is the sender encodes the message with redundant information in the form of an ECC. The redundancy allows the receiver to detect a limited number of errors that may occur anywhere in the message, and often to correct these errors without retransmission. The American mathematician Richard Hamming pioneered this field in the 1940s and invented the first error- correcting code in 1950: the Hamming (7,4) code.
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Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing US$15 per month, plus $0.30–0.40 per local call, equivalent to (in 2012 US dollars) about $176 per month and $3.50–4.75 per call. The development of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications. The Advanced Mobile Phone System analog mobile cell phone system, developed by Bell Labs and introduced in the Americas in 1978, gave much more capacity. It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s.
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He is also a fellow of the Marconi Foundation and visiting fellow of the Isaac Newton Institute. He has received various awards from other organisations. In July 2008, he was also awarded a Degree of Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) by Royal Holloway, University of London. He was also awarded the IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award in 1981 (together with Martin E. Hellman), The Franklin Institute's Louis E. Levy Medal in 1997 a Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society in 1998, and the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal in 2010.
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In quantum information theory, the Lieb conjecture is a theorem concerning the Wehrl entropy of quantum systems for which the classical phase space is a sphere. It states that no state of such a system has a lower Wehrl entropy than the SU(2) coherent states. The analogous property for quantum systems for which the classical phase space is a plane was conjectured by Alfred Wehrl in 1978 and proven soon afterwards by Elliott H. Lieb, who at the same time extended it to the SU(2) case. The conjecture was only proven in 2012, by Lieb and Jan Philip Solovej.
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Decoding Reality: The Universe as Quantum Information is a popular science book by Vlatko Vedral published by Oxford University Press in 2010. Vedral examines information theory and proposes information as the most fundamental building block of reality. He argues what a useful framework this is for viewing all natural and physical phenomena. In building out this framework the books touches upon the origin of information, the idea of entropy, the roots of this thinking in thermodynamics, the replication of DNA, development of social networks, quantum behaviour at the micro and macro level, and the very role of indeterminism in the universe.
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Formal science is a branch of science studying formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics. Whereas the natural sciences and social sciences seek to characterize physical systems and social systems, respectively, using empirical methods, the formal sciences are language tools concerned with characterizing abstract structures described by symbolic systems. The formal sciences aid the natural and social sciences by providing information about the structures the latter use to describe the world, and what inferences may be made about them.
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In information theory, the computationally bounded adversary problem is a different way of looking at the problem of sending data over a noisy channel. In previous models the best that could be done was ensuring correct decoding for up to d/2 errors, where d was the Hamming distance of the code. The problem with doing it this way is that it does not take into consideration the actual amount of computing power available to the adversary. Rather, it only concerns itself with how many bits of a given code word can change and still have the message decode properly.
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A generalization of the idea of geometric borders is the idea of fiat boundaries by which is meant any sort of boundary that does not track an underlying bona fide physical discontinuity (fiat, latin for “let it be done”, a decision). Fiat boundaries are typically the product of human demarcation, such as in demarcating electoral districts or postal districts.Smith, Barry, 1995, "On Drawing Lines on a Map" in A. U. Frank, W. Kuhn and D. M. Mark (eds.), Spatial Information Theory. Proceedings of COSIT 1995, Berlin/Heidelberg/Vienna/New York/London/Tokyo: Springer Verlag, 475–484.
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An amount of (classical) physical information may be quantified, as in information theory, as follows.Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver, Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois Press, 1963. For a system S, defined abstractly in such a way that it has N distinguishable states (orthogonal quantum states) that are consistent with its description, the amount of information I(S) contained in the system's state can be said to be log(N). The logarithm is selected for this definition since it has the advantage that this measure of information content is additive when concatenating independent, unrelated subsystems; e.g.
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The requisite-variety condition can be seen as a simple statement of a necessary dynamic equilibrium condition in information theory terms cf. Newton's third law, Le Chatelier's principle. 17/13. This law (...) says that if a certain quantity of disturbance is prevented by a regulator from reaching some essential variables, then that regulator must be capable of exerting at least that quantity of selection. (Were the law to be broken, we would have a case of appropriate effects without appropriate causes, such as an examinee giving correct answers before he has been given the questions (S.7/8). .
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Joseph Kampé de Fériet Marie-Joseph Kampé de Fériet (Paris, 14 May 1893 - Villeneuve d'Ascq, 6 April 1982) was professor at Université Lille Nord de France from 1919 to 1969. Besides his works on mathematics and fluid mechanics, he directed the Institut de mécanique des fluides de Lille (ONERA Lille) and taught fluid dynamics and information theory at École centrale de Lille from 1930 to 1969. He devised the Kampé de Fériet functions, which further generalize the generalized hypergeometric functions. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1928 at Bologna, in 1932 at Zurich, and in 1954 at Amsterdam.
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In 1948, Claude Shannon used his recently introduced science of information theory to study radar systems and suggest that there were calculable fundamental limits to their performance. This was unexpected, and provoked wide interest in the radar field. In 1949, the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), the Air Ministry's radar research arm, began applying this new concept to consider the extraction of both location and velocity information from a radar signal, and to the expected performance of long-range radars against low flying aircraft and the detection of submarine snorkels in rough seas. The work was interesting enough that the Ministry of Supply funded further development under the rainbow code Orange Poodle.
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Important philosophers of mind include Plato, Patanjali, Descartes, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Searle, Dennett, Fodor, Nagel, Chalmers, and Putnam. Psychologists such as Freud and James, and computer scientists such as Turing developed influential theories about the nature of the mind. The possibility of nonbiological minds is explored in the field of artificial intelligence, which works closely in relation with cybernetics and information theory to understand the ways in which information processing by nonbiological machines is comparable or different to mental phenomena in the human mind. The mind is also portrayed as the stream of consciousness where sense impressions and mental phenomena are constantly changing.
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Cybernetical physics is a scientific area on the border of cybernetics and physics which studies physical systems with cybernetical methods. Cybernetical methods are understood as methods developed within control theory, information theory, systems theory and related areas: control design, estimation, identification, optimization, pattern recognition, signal processing, image processing, etc. Physical systems are also understood in a broad sense; they may be either lifeless, living nature or of artificial (engineering) origin, and must have reasonably understood dynamics and models suitable for posing cybernetical problems. Research objectives in cybernetical physics are frequently formulated as analyses of a class of possible system state changes under external (controlling) actions of a certain class.
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In long-range interacting systems, this velocity remains finite, but it can increase with the distance travelled. In the study of quantum systems such as quantum optics, quantum information theory, atomic physics, and condensed matter physics, it is important to know that there is a finite speed with which information can propagate. The theory of relativity shows that no information, or anything else for that matter, can travel faster than the speed of light. When non-relativistic mechanics is considered, however, (Newton's equations of motion or Schrödinger's equation of quantum mechanics) it had been thought that there is then no limitation to the speed of propagation of information.
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In information theory, turbo codes (originally in French Turbocodes) are a class of high-performance forward error correction (FEC) codes developed around 1990–91, but first published in 1993. They were the first practical codes to closely approach the maximum channel capacity or Shannon limit, a theoretical maximum for the code rate at which reliable communication is still possible given a specific noise level. Turbo codes are used in 3G/4G mobile communications (e.g., in UMTS and LTE) and in (deep space) satellite communications as well as other applications where designers seek to achieve reliable information transfer over bandwidth- or latency-constrained communication links in the presence of data-corrupting noise.
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William "Bill" Kent Wootters (born 7 July 1951) is an American theoretical physicist, and one of the founders of the field of quantum information theory. In a joint paper with Wojciech H. Zurek proved the no cloning theorem, at the same time as Dennis Dieks D. Dieks, "Communication by EPR devices", Physics Letters A 92 (1982) 271–272. and independently of James L. Park who had formulated the no-cloning theorem in 1970. He is known for his contributions to the theory of quantum entanglement including quantitative measures of it, entanglement-assisted communication (notably quantum teleportation, discovered by Wootters and collaborators in 1993) and entanglement distillation.
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In 1948, the promised memorandum appeared as "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", an article in two parts in the July and October issues of the Bell System Technical Journal. This work focuses on the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. In this fundamental work, he used tools in probability theory, developed by Norbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to communication theory at that time. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure of the information content in a message, which is a measure of uncertainty reduced by the message, while essentially inventing the field of information theory.
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Alignment-free methods can broadly be classified into five categories: a) methods based on k-mer/word frequency, b) methods based on the length of common substrings, c) methods based on the number of (spaced) word matches, d) methods based on micro-alignments, e) methods based on information theory and f) methods based on graphical representation. Alignment-free approaches have been used in sequence similarity searches, clustering and classification of sequences, and more recently in phylogenetics (Figure 1). Such molecular phylogeny analyses employing alignment-free approaches are said to be part of next-generation phylogenomics. A number of review articles provide in-depth review of alignment-free methods in sequence analysis.
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Some of his most important work includes the application of information theory to ecological studies and the creation of mathematical models for the study of populations. Among his books, the most influential are: Natural Communities (1962), Perspectives In Ecological Theory (1968), Ecology (1974), The Biosphere (1980), Limnology (1983) and Theory of Ecological Systems (1991). He received many scientific awards, including the inaugural medal of the A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences, the Naumann-Thienemann Medal from the International Society of Limnology (SIL), the Ramón y Cajal Award of the Spanish Government, and the Gold Medal of the Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan Government).
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Paul Vitanyi and Li, pioneered Kolmogorov complexity theory,M. Li, P. M. B. Vitányi, "Applications of Algorithmic Information Theory", Scholarpedia, 2(5):2658; 2007 applications and co-authoring the textbook An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications,.M. Li and P. M. B.Vitányi, An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and its Applications, Springer, New York, 1993 (1st Ed.), 1997 (2nd ed.), 2008 (3rd ed.) In 2000, Li founded Bioinformatics Solutions Inc, a biomedical software company, primarily providing solutions for tandem mass spectrometry protein characterization. Originally developed to identify novel peptides through de novo peptide sequencing, the technology has been adapted to address antibody characterization.
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His research has focused on cosmology, combining theoretical work with new measurements to place constraints on cosmological models and their free parameters, often in collaboration with experimentalists. He has over 200 publications, of which nine have been cited over 500 times. He has developed data analysis tools based on information theory and applied them to cosmic microwave background experiments such as COBE, QMAP, and WMAP, and to galaxy redshift surveys such as the Las Campanas Redshift Survey, the 2dF Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. With Daniel Eisenstein and Wayne Hu, he introduced the idea of using baryon acoustic oscillations as a standard ruler.
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The fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory by Harry Nyquist, Ralph Hartley, Claude Shannon and others during the early 20th century, was done with these applications in mind. Data transmission is utilized in computers in computer buses and for communication with peripheral equipment via parallel ports and serial ports such as RS-232 (1969), FireWire (1995) and USB (1996). The principles of data transmission are also utilized in storage media for Error detection and correction since 1951. Data transmission is utilized in computer networking equipment such as modems (1940), local area networks (LAN) adapters (1964), repeaters, repeater hubs, microwave links, wireless network access points (1997), etc.
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Michał Horodecki (born 1973) is a Polish physicist at the University of Gdańsk working in the field of quantum information theory, notable for his work on entanglement theory. He co-discovered the Peres-Horodecki criterion for testing whether a state is entangled, and used it to find bound entanglement together with his brother Paweł Horodecki and father Ryszard Horodecki. He co- discovered with Jonathan Oppenheim, Paweł Horodecki and Karol Horodecki that secret key can be drawn from some bound entangled states. Together with Fernando Brandao he proved that every one-dimensional quantum state with a finite correlation length obeys an area law for entanglement entropy.
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In information theory, a symbol (event, signal) of probability p contains -\log_2(1/p) bits of information. Hence, Zipf's law for natural numbers: \Pr(x) \approx 1/x is equivalent with number x containing \log_2(x) bits of information. To add information from a symbol of probability p into information already stored in a natural number x, we should go to x' such that \log_2(x') \approx \log_2(x) + \log_2(1/p), or equivalently x' \approx x/p. For instance, in standard binary system we would have x' = 2x + s, what is optimal for \Pr(s=0) = \Pr(s=1) = 1/2 probability distribution.
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Neuroscientist Christof Koch, who has helped to develop the theory, has called IIT "the only really promising fundamental theory of consciousness". Technologist and ex-IIT researcher Virgil Griffith says "IIT is currently the leading theory of consciousness." However, his answer to whether IIT is a valid theory is ‘Probably not’. Daniel Dennett considers IIT a theory of consciousness in terms of “integrated information that uses Shannon information theory in a novel way”. As such it has “a very limited role for aboutness: it measures the amount of Shannon information a system or mechanism has about its own previous state—i.e., the states of all its parts”.
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He was awarded the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal in 1993, an IEEE Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society in 1998, the Kolmogorov Medal of the University of London in 2006,Kolmogorov Medal web site, University of London. and the IEEE Claude E. Shannon Award in 2009. A Festschrift collection, which includes an interview and substantial biographical information, was published by the Tampere University of Technology in honor of his 75th birthday.Peter Grünwald, Petri Myllymäki, Ioan Tabus, Marcelo Weinberger, and Bin Yu (eds.), Festschrift in Honor of Jorma Rissanen on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday, Tampere University of Technology, 2008.
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In information theory, the interference channel is the basic model used to analyze the effect of interference in communication channels. The model consists of two pairs of users communicating through a shared channel. The problem of interference between two mobile users in close proximity or crosstalk between two parallel landlines are two examples where this model is applicable. Unlike in the point-to-point channel, where the amount of information that can be sent through the channel is limited by the noise that distorts the transmitted signal, in the interference channel, it is mainly the signal from the other user that hinders the communication.
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According to Lloyd, once we understand the laws of physics completely, we will be able to use small-scale quantum computing to understand the universe completely as well. Lloyd states that we could have the whole universe simulated in a computer in 600 years provided that computational power increases according to Moore's Law. However, Lloyd shows that there are limits to rapid exponential growth in a finite universe, and that it is very unlikely that Moore's Law will be maintained indefinitely. Lloyd is principal investigator at the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, and directs the Center for Extreme Quantum Information Theory (xQIT) at MIT.
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Gregory “Greg” Raleigh (born 1961 in Orange, California), is an American radio scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur who has made contributions in the fields of wireless communication, information theory, mobile operating systems, medical devices, and network virtualization. His discoveries and inventions include the first wireless communication channel model to accurately predict the performance of advanced antenna systems, the MIMO-OFDM technology used in contemporary Wi-Fi and 4G wireless networks and devices, higher accuracy radiation beam therapy for cancer treatment, improved 3D surgery imaging, and a cloud-based Network Functions Virtualization platform for mobile network operators that enables users to customize and modify their smartphone services.
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In statistics and information theory, a maximum entropy probability distribution has entropy that is at least as great as that of all other members of a specified class of probability distributions. According to the principle of maximum entropy, if nothing is known about a distribution except that it belongs to a certain class (usually defined in terms of specified properties or measures), then the distribution with the largest entropy should be chosen as the least-informative default. The motivation is twofold: first, maximizing entropy minimizes the amount of prior information built into the distribution; second, many physical systems tend to move towards maximal entropy configurations over time.
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Working mostly at Harvard University, MIT and Princeton University, he went on to become one of the founders of psycholinguistics and was one of the key figures in founding the broader new field of cognitive science, circa 1978. He collaborated and co-authored work with other figures in cognitive science and psycholinguistics, such as Noam Chomsky. For moving psychology into the realm of mental processes and for aligning that move with information theory, computation theory, and linguistics, Miller is considered one of the great twentieth-century psychologists. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Miller as the 20th most cited psychologist of that era.
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John A. Smolin (born 1967) is an American physicist and Fellow of the American Physical Society at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Smolin is best known for his work in quantum information theory, where, with collaborators, he introduced several important techniques,Bennett, Charles H.; DiVincenzo, David P.; Smolin, John A.; Wooters, William K. (1996), "Mixed State Entanglement and Quantum Error Correction", Phys. Rev. A 54: 3824-3851 including entanglement distillation, for quantum error-correction and the faithful transmission of quantum information through noisy quantum channels, as well as for entanglement-assisted transmission of classical information. He helped elucidate the complex relations between classical and quantum capacities of various channelsD.
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They have applications in many disciplines such as biology, chemistry, ecology, neuroscience, physics, image processing, signal processing, control theory, information theory, computer science, cryptography and telecommunications. Furthermore, seemingly random changes in financial markets have motivated the extensive use of stochastic processes in finance. Applications and the study of phenomena have in turn inspired the proposal of new stochastic processes. Examples of such stochastic processes include the Wiener process or Brownian motion process, used by Louis Bachelier to study price changes on the Paris Bourse, and the Poisson process, used by A. K. Erlang to study the number of phone calls occurring in a certain period of time.
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That is, a difference can be seen in the DNA sequence, but the differences have no effect on the growth or health of the person. Identifying variants that are significant or likely to be significant is a difficult task that may require expert human and in silico analysis, laboratory experiments and even information theory. In spite of those efforts, many people may be worried about their particular VUS, even though it has not been determined to be significant or likely to be significant. Most discovered VUSs will not be investigated in a peer-reviewed research paper, as this effort is usually reserved for likely pathogenic variants.
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In more general terms, the frequency approach can not deal with the probability of the death of a specific person given that the death can not be repeated multiple times for that person. Karl Popper echoed the same sentiment as Aristotle in viewing randomness as subordinate to order when he wrote that "the concept of chance is not opposed to the concept of law" in nature, provided one considers the laws of chance.Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery p. 206The Philosophy of Karl Popper, Herbert Keuth p. 170 Claude Shannon's development of Information theory in 1948 gave rise to the entropy view of randomness.
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Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he gained a B.Sc. at University of Michigan before joining the US Army in World War II, as a Sonic deception officer in the Ghost army. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1949, writing his dissertation in physics. After post-doctoral work at the University of Cambridge and University of Sorbonne, he worked at the Mathematics Research Center at Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he pioneered work in algebraic coding theory on group codes, first published in the paper A Class of Binary Signaling Alphabets. Here, he also worked along with other information theory giants such as Claude Shannon and Richard Hamming.
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PQI researchers work on various aspects of quantum computing and information. Development in information theory as well as in quantum algorithms is carried out. Qubit platforms, such as superconducting microwave circuits and Majorana Fermions in semiconducting nanowires are designed for quantum computing. Quantum simulation is another approach to quantum computing; the experimental thrust is the design of a 1D solid state quantum simulation platform that can be controlled on the nanoscale, while a theoretical approach consists of the development of powerful numerical methods that would open the door to faster, more accurate simulations of various novel and exotic quantum systems on a classical computer.
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Two particularly important types of t-designs in quantum mechanics are projective and unitary t-designs. A spherical design is a collection of points on the unit sphere for which polynomials of bounded degree can be averaged over to obtain the same value that integrating over surface measure on the sphere gives. Spherical and projective t-designs derive their names from the works of Delsarte, Goethals, and Seidel in the late 1970s, but these objects played earlier roles in several branches of mathematics, including numerical integration and number theory. Particular examples of these objects have found uses in quantum information theory, quantum cryptography, and other related fields.
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Unitary t-designs are analogous to spherical designs in that they reproduce the entire unitary group via a finite collection of unitary matrices. The theory of unitary 2-designs was developed in 2006 specifically to achieve a practical means of efficient and scalable randomized benchmarking to assess the errors in quantum computing operations, called gates. Since then unitary t-designs have been found useful in other areas of quantum computing and more broadly in quantum information theory and applied to problems as far reaching as the black hole information paradox . Unitary t-designs are especially relevant to randomization tasks in quantum computing since ideal operations are usually represented by unitary operators.
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During the inter-war period, Rathgeber was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Silvio Gesell which were popular in Germany at the time. Rathgeber retired in 1973 and in retirement returned to his earlier interest in economics and its connection with physics and in particular entropy and control system design. In 1974 he developed a theory explaining how random noise in the form of an error rate, as defined in Claude Shannon's information theory causes an inverse linear relationship between unemployment and inflation, but at the time such ideas were not taken seriously. Rathgeber continued to write various unpublished papers about his theory.
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This was justified by the assertion that pointing reduces to an information processing task. Although no formal mathematical connection was established between Fitts's law and the Shannon- Hartley theorem it was inspired by, the Shannon form of the law has been used extensively, likely due to the appeal of quantifying motor actions using information theory. In 2002 the ISO 9241 was published, providing standards for human–computer interface testing, including the use of the Shannon form of Fitts's law. It has been shown that the information transmitted via serial keystrokes on a keyboard and the information implied by the ID for such a task are not consistent.
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Differential entropy (also referred to as continuous entropy) is a concept in information theory that began as an attempt by Shannon to extend the idea of (Shannon) entropy, a measure of average surprisal of a random variable, to continuous probability distributions. Unfortunately, Shannon did not derive this formula, and rather just assumed it was the correct continuous analogue of discrete entropy, but it is not . The actual continuous version of discrete entropy is the limiting density of discrete points (LDDP). Differential entropy (described here) is commonly encountered in the literature, but it is a limiting case of the LDDP, and one that loses its fundamental association with discrete entropy.
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Verification-based message-passing algorithms (VB-MPAs) in compressed sensing (CS), a branch of digital signal processing that deals with measuring sparse signals, are some methods to efficiently solve the recovery problem in compressed sensing. One of the main goal in compressed sensing is the recovery process. Generally speaking, recovery process in compressed sensing is a method by which the original signal is estimated using the knowledge of the compressed signal and the measurement matrix.D. L. Donoho, A. Javanmard, and A. Montanari, “Information-theoretically optimal compressed sensing via spatial coupling and approximate message passing,” in Information Theory Proceedings (ISIT), 2012 IEEE International Symposium on, 2012, pp. 1231–1235.
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According to Weick, organizations experience continuous change and are ever-adapting, as opposed to a change followed by a period of stagnancy. Building off of Orlikowski’s idea that the changes that take place are not necessarily planned, but rather inevitably occur over time, Organizational Information Theory explains how organizations use information found within the environment to interpret and adjust to change. In the event that the information available in the information environment is highly equivocal, the organization engages in a series of cycles that serve as a means to reduce uncertainty about the message. A highly equivocal message might require several iterations of the behavior cycles.
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In telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, forward error correction (FEC) or channel coding is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy communication channels. The central idea is the sender encodes the message in a redundant way, most often by using an ECC. The redundancy allows the receiver to detect a limited number of errors that may occur anywhere in the message, and often to correct these errors without re-transmission. FEC gives the receiver the ability to correct errors without needing a reverse channel to request re- transmission of data, but at the cost of a fixed, higher forward channel bandwidth.
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Transformations consisting of a valid transformation on each state acting independently are always valid. In the case of a two-system model, there is also a transformation that is analogous to the c-not operator on qubits. Furthermore, within the bounds of the model it is possible to prove no-cloning and no-broadcasting theorems, reproducing a fair deal of the mechanics of quantum information theory. The monogamy of pure entanglement also has a strong analogue within the toy model, as a group of three or more systems in which knowledge of one system would grant knowledge of the others would break the knowledge balance principle.
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It is generally well established that any quantum mechanical measurement can be reduced to a set of yes/no questions or bits that are either 1 or 0. RQM makes use of this fact to formulate the state of a quantum system (relative to a given observer!) in terms of the physical notion of information developed by Claude Shannon. Any yes/no question can be described as a single bit of information. This should not be confused with the idea of a qubit from quantum information theory, because a qubit can be in a superposition of values, whilst the "questions" of RQM are ordinary binary variables.
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The general approach to traceback is to accumulate path metrics for up to five times the constraint length (5 (K - 1)), find the node with the largest accumulated cost, and begin traceback from this node. The commonly used rule of thumb of a truncation depth of five times the memory (constraint length K-1) of a convolutional code is accurate only for rate 1/2 codes. For an arbitrary rate, an accurate rule of thumb is 2.5(K - 1)/(1−r) where r is the code rate.B. Moision, "A truncation depth rule of thumb for convolutional codes," 2008 Information Theory and Applications Workshop, San Diego, CA, 2008, pp.
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Together with Christoph Adami, he defined the quantum version of conditional and mutual entropies, which are basic notions of Shannon's information theory, and discovered that quantum information can be negative (a pair of entangled particles was coined a qubit-antiqubit pair). This has led to important results in quantum information sciences, for example quantum state merging. He is best known today for his work on quantum information with continuous variables. He found a Gaussian quantum cloning transformation (see no-cloning theorem) and invented a Gaussian quantum key distribution protocol, which is the continuous counterpart of the so-called BB84 protocol, making a link with Shannon's theory of Gaussian channels.
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One justification of Occam's razor is a direct result of basic probability theory. By definition, all assumptions introduce possibilities for error; if an assumption does not improve the accuracy of a theory, its only effect is to increase the probability that the overall theory is wrong. There have also been other attempts to derive Occam's razor from probability theory, including notable attempts made by Harold Jeffreys and E. T. Jaynes. The probabilistic (Bayesian) basis for Occam's razor is elaborated by David J. C. MacKay in chapter 28 of his book Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, where he emphasizes that a prior bias in favour of simpler models is not required.
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In the field of bioinformatics and computational biology, many statistical methods have been proposed and used to analyze codon usage bias. Methods such as the 'frequency of optimal codons' (Fop), the relative codon adaptation (RCA) or the codon adaptation index (CAI) are used to predict gene expression levels, while methods such as the 'effective number of codons' (Nc) and Shannon entropy from information theory are used to measure codon usage evenness. Multivariate statistical methods, such as correspondence analysis and principal component analysis, are widely used to analyze variations in codon usage among genes. There are many computer programs to implement the statistical analyses enumerated above, including CodonW, GCUA, INCA, etc.
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The Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security is a comprehensive work on Cryptography for both information security professionals and experts in the fields of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, Engineering, Information Theory, Data Encryption, etc.Edgar R. Weippl, Computing Reviews, May, 2006 It consists of 460 articles in alphabetical order and is available electronically and in print. The Encyclopedia has a representative Advisory Board consisting of 18 leading international specialists. Topics include but are not limited to authentication and identification, copy protection, cryptoanalysis and security, factorization algorithms and primality tests, cryptographic protocols, key management, electronic payments and digital certificates, hash functions and MACs, elliptic curve cryptography, quantum cryptography and web security.
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In computing and telecommunications, a unit of information is the capacity of some standard data storage system or communication channel, used to measure the capacities of other systems and channels. In information theory, units of information are also used to measure the entropy of random variables and information contained in messages. The most commonly used units of data storage capacity are the bit, the capacity of a system that has only two states, and the byte (or octet), which is equivalent to eight bits. Multiples of these units can be formed from these with the SI prefixes (power-of-ten prefixes) or the newer IEC binary prefixes (power-of-two prefixes).
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In metric geometry, the discrete metric takes the value one for distinct points and zero otherwise. When applied coordinate-wise to the elements of a vector space, the discrete distance defines the Hamming distance, which is important in coding and information theory. In the field of real or complex numbers, the distance of the discrete metric from zero is not homogeneous in the non-zero point; indeed, the distance from zero remains one as its non-zero argument approaches zero. However, the discrete distance of a number from zero does satisfy the other properties of a norm, namely the triangle inequality and positive definiteness.
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Exactly how, when, or why Harry Nyquist had his name attached to the sampling theorem remains obscure. The term Nyquist Sampling Theorem (capitalized thus) appeared as early as 1959 in a book from his former employer, Bell Labs, and appeared again in 1963, and not capitalized in 1965. It had been called the Shannon Sampling Theorem as early as 1954, but also just the sampling theorem by several other books in the early 1950s. In 1958, Blackman and Tukey cited Nyquist's 1928 article as a reference for the sampling theorem of information theory, even though that article does not treat sampling and reconstruction of continuous signals as others did.
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In statistics and information geometry, there are many kinds of statistical distances, notably divergences, especially Bregman divergences and f-divergences. These include and generalize many of the notions of "difference between two probability distributions", and allow them to be studied geometrically, as statistical manifolds. The most elementary is the squared Euclidean distance, which forms the basis of least squares; this is the most basic Bregman divergence. The most important in information theory is the relative entropy (Kullback–Leibler divergence), which allows one to analogously study maximum likelihood estimation geometrically; this is the most basic f-divergence, and is also a Bregman divergence (and is the only divergence that is both).
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Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information. It was originally proposed by Claude Shannon in 1948 to find fundamental limits on signal processing and communication operations such as data compression, in a landmark paper titled "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Its impact has been crucial to the success of the Voyager missions to deep space, the invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the development of the Internet, the study of linguistics and of human perception, the understanding of black holes, and numerous other fields. The field is at the intersection of mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, neurobiology, information engineering, and electrical engineering.
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The basic idea of information theory is that the "informational value" of a communicated message depends on the degree to which the content of the message is surprising. If an event is very probable, it is no surprise (and generally uninteresting) when that event happens as expected; hence transmission of such a message carries very little new information. However, if an event is unlikely to occur, it is much more informative to learn that the event happened or will happen. For instance, the knowledge that some particular number will not be the winning number of a lottery provides very little information, because any particular chosen number will almost certainly not win.
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According to Budiansky, Inman did so by "sending memos back and forth to himself approving his solutions." In 1976, Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie published their paper, New Directions in Cryptography, introducing a radically new method of distributing cryptographic keys, which went far toward solving one of the fundamental problems of cryptography, key distribution. It has become known as Diffie–Hellman key exchange. However, when Hellman and two of his graduate students attempted to present their work on this on October 10, 1977 at The International Symposium on Information Theory, the National Security Agency warned them that doing so would be legally equivalent to exporting nuclear weapons to a hostile foreign power.
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George Birkhoff, Norman Levinson and the pair Mary Cartwright and J. E. Littlewood have applied similar methods to qualitative analysis of nonautonomous second order differential equations. Claude Shannon used symbolic sequences and shifts of finite type in his 1948 paper A mathematical theory of communication that gave birth to information theory. During the late 1960s the method of symbolic dynamics was developed to hyperbolic toral automorphisms by Roy Adler and Benjamin Weiss, and to Anosov diffeomorphisms by Yakov Sinai who used the symbolic model to construct Gibbs measures. In the early 1970s the theory was extended to Anosov flows by Marina Ratner, and to Axiom A diffeomorphisms and flows by Rufus Bowen.
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The formal sciences are the branches of science that concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, theoretical computer science, information theory, systems theory, decision theory, statistics, and theoretical linguistics. Unlike other branches, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world (empirical knowledge), but rather with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules. Hence there is disagreement on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science. Methods of the formal sciences are, however, essential to the construction and testing of scientific models dealing with observable reality, and major advances in formal sciences have often enabled major advances in the empirical sciences.
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Clippinger received a fellowship to the University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School, where he studied cybernetics and information theory, completing his master’s thesis on a computer simulation and statistical analysis of adaptation strategies for “self-organizing symbolic system”. While in graduate school in Philadelphia, he worked with the Black Panther Breakfast program and Hispanic Young Lords and North Philadelphia gangs to mitigate youth violence. He entered the University of Pennsylvania doctoral program to study content analysis, computational linguistics and Artificial Intelligence. While in graduate school he worked as a Research Associate at the Brandeis University Florence Heller School, where he applied cybernetics, systems theory and simulation models to the design and delivery of integrated and accountable human services.
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Purifying a qubit means (in this context) making the coin as unfair as possible: increasing the difference between the probabilities for tossing different results as much as possible. Moreover, the entropy previously mentioned can be viewed using the prism of information theory, which assigns entropy to any random variable. The purification can, therefore, be considered as using probabilistic operations (such as classical logical gates and conditional probability) for minimizing the entropy of the coins, making them more unfair. The case in which the algorithmic method is reversible, such that the total entropy of the system is not changed, was first named "molecular scale heat engine", and is also named "reversible algorithmic cooling".
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During World War II, his work on the automatic aiming and firing of anti-aircraft guns caused Wiener to investigate information theory independently of Claude Shannon and to invent the Wiener filter. (To him is due the now standard practice of modeling an information source as a random process—in other words, as a variety of noise.) His anti-aircraft work eventually led him to formulate cybernetics. After the war, his fame helped MIT to recruit a research team in cognitive science, composed of researchers in neuropsychology and the mathematics and biophysics of the nervous system, including Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts. These men later made pioneering contributions to computer science and artificial intelligence.
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His PhD thesis was directed by Pr. Nicolas Cerf where he researched quantum key distribution (QKD) and related classical information theory problems such as secret-key distillation, reconciliation and privacy amplification. His thesis was later expanded into a book, "Quantum Cryptography and Secret-Key Distillation" published by Cambridge University Press on 29 June 2006. Along with Joan Daemen and Michaël Peeters he designed the NOEKEON family of block ciphers which were submitted to the NESSIE project in September 2000. In 2006 Guido Bertoni joined the team and together they designed the RadioGatún hash function and stream cipher, introduced the concept of cryptographic sponge functions and designed the Keccak sponge function which later became the SHA-3 standard.
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Initially the domain of a few, isolated individuals, chaos theory progressively emerged as a transdisciplinary and institutional discipline, mainly under the name of nonlinear systems analysis. Alluding to Thomas Kuhn's concept of a paradigm shift exposed in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), many "chaologists" (as some described themselves) claimed that this new theory was an example of such a shift, a thesis upheld by Gleick. The availability of cheaper, more powerful computers broadens the applicability of chaos theory. Currently, chaos theory remains an active area of research, involving many different disciplines such as mathematics, topology, physics, social systems, population modeling, biology, meteorology, astrophysics, information theory, computational neuroscience, pandemic crisis management, etc.
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A key should, therefore, be large enough that a brute-force attack (possible against any encryption algorithm) is infeasible - i.e. would take too long to execute. Shannon's work on information theory showed that to achieve so-called perfect secrecy, the key length must be at least as large as the message and only used once (this algorithm is called the one-time pad). In light of this, and the practical difficulty of managing such long keys, modern cryptographic practice has discarded the notion of perfect secrecy as a requirement for encryption, and instead focuses on computational security, under which the computational requirements of breaking an encrypted text must be infeasible for an attacker.
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Transformations described by symplectic matrices play an important role in quantum optics and in continuous-variable quantum information theory. For instance, symplectic matrices can be used to describe Gaussian (Bogoliubov) transformations of a quantum state of light. In turn, the Bloch-Messiah decomposition () means that such an arbitrary Gaussian transformation can be represented as a set of two passive linear-optical interferometers (corresponding to orthogonal matrices O and O' ) intermitted by a layer of active non-linear squeezing transformations (given in terms of the matrix D). In fact, one can circumvent the need for such in-line active squeezing transformations if two-mode squeezed vacuum states are available as a prior resource only.
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As the subject matter required better understanding of extensive systems, Eriksson generated a series of lectures on complex and chaotic systems and the modelling of emergent growth systems. His research focus shifted to the pragmatic interpretations of chaos theory and the utilization of neural network calculation in foresight tasks, such as the optimized control of a wind power plant based on wind forecast or the utilization of the brain's alpha wave in predicting epileptic attacks. In Eriksson's view, the understanding and modelling of complex systems required better understanding of the human mental functions. In his article “Impact of information compression on intellectual activities in the brain” in 1996 Eriksson presented an information theory based model for cognition.
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In information theory, Shannon's source coding theorem (or noiseless coding theorem) establishes the limits to possible data compression, and the operational meaning of the Shannon entropy. Named after Claude Shannon, the source coding theorem shows that (in the limit, as the length of a stream of independent and identically-distributed random variable (i.i.d.) data tends to infinity) it is impossible to compress the data such that the code rate (average number of bits per symbol) is less than the Shannon entropy of the source, without it being virtually certain that information will be lost. However it is possible to get the code rate arbitrarily close to the Shannon entropy, with negligible probability of loss.
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The AR model assumes that X(t)--a sample of data at a time t--can be expressed as a sum of p previous values of the samples from the set of k-signals weighted by model coefficients A plus a random value E(t): The p is called the model order. For a k-channel process X(t) and E(t) are vectors of size k and the coefficients A are k×k-sized matrices. The model order may be determined by means of criteria developed in the framework of information theory and the coefficients of the model are found by means of the minimalization of the residual noise. In the procedure correlation matrix between signals is calculated.
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Sergio Verdú (born Barcelona, Spain, August 15, 1958) was the Eugene Higgins Professor of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University, where he taught and conducted research on Information Theory in the Information Sciences and Systems Group. He was also affiliated with the Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics. He was dismissed from the faculty as of September 22, 2018, following a University investigation into his conduct in relation to University policies that prohibit consensual relations with students and require honesty and cooperation in University matters. Verdu received the Telecommunications Engineering degree from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, in 1980 and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1984.
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The development of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications. There was a rapid growth of wireless telecommunications towards the end of the 20th century, primarily due to the introduction of digital signal processing in wireless communications, driven by the development of low-cost, very large- scale integration (VLSI) RF CMOS (radio-frequency complementary MOS) technology. The development of cell phone technology was enabled by advances in MOSFET (metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor) semiconductor device fabrication. The MOSFET (MOS transistor), invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, is the basic building block of modern cell phones.
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He also published a number of Torah commentaries on the Chabad.org website and blogs on the Times of Israel website. In 2018 his book From Infinity to Man – Basic Ideas of Kabbalah in Terms of Information Theory and Quantum Physics, was published in Russia. The English-language edition was published in March 2019. Shifrin’s first children’s book Travels with Sushi in the Land of the Mind was published in the UK and US in October 2019. Originally conceived as a tale to entertain his grandchildren, the book is inspired by Shifrin’s interest in science and religion, and introduces children to quantum physics and classical morality through an adventure into an alternate dimension.
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The final Computational Genomics conference was held in 2006, featuring a keynote talk by Nobel Laureate Barry Marshall, co- discoverer of the link between Helicobacter pylori and stomach ulcers. As of 2014, the leading conferences in the field include Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) and Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB). The development of computer-assisted mathematics (using products such as Mathematica or Matlab) has helped engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists to start operating in this domain, and a public collection of case studies and demonstrations is growing, ranging from whole genome comparisons to gene expression analysis. This has increased the introduction of different ideas, including concepts from systems and control, information theory, strings analysis and data mining.
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His synergy with Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, laid the foundations for the technological convergence of the information age. He made important contributions to the design, guidance and control of anti- aircraft systems during World War II. He helped develop the automatic artillery weapons that defended London from the V-1 flying bombs during WWII. After the war, Bode along with his wartime rival Wernher von Braun developer of the V1, and, later, the father of the US space program, served as members of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor of NASA. During the Cold War, he contributed to the design and control of missiles and anti-ballistic missiles.
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Subsequently, she joined the prominent Applied Mathematics department of the Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta, where she pursued her interests in quantum and statistical physics. She received her master's degree in 1997, and after a short period of research work in India, moved to Gdańsk, Poland to work with Marek Żukowski at the University of Gdańsk, where she received her PhD in January 2004. Following her doctoral studies she moved to Hannover, Germany as a Humboldt Research Fellow to work with Maciej Lewenstein at the Leibniz University. Thereafter, she joined ICFO - The Institute of Photonic Sciences at Barcelona, Spain to continue her research on quantum information theory, condensed matter and statistical physics.
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He provides the example of a computer, which using hierarchical reductionism is explained in terms of the operation of hard drives, processors, and memory, but not on the level of logic gates, or on the even simpler level of electrons in a semiconductor medium. Others argue that inappropriate use of reductionism limits our understanding of complex systems. In particular, ecologist Robert Ulanowicz says that science must develop techniques to study ways in which larger scales of organization influence smaller ones, and also ways in which feedback loops create structure at a given level, independently of details at a lower level of organization. He advocates (and uses) information theory as a framework to study propensities in natural systems.
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The John Stewart Bell Prize for Research on Fundamental Issues in Quantum Mechanics and their Applications (short form: "Bell Prize") was established in 2009, funded and managed by the University of Toronto, Centre for Quantum Information & Quantum Control (CQIQC). It is awarded every odd-numbered year, for significant contributions relating to the foundations of quantum mechanics and to the applications of these principles – this covers, but is not limited to, quantum information theory, quantum computation, quantum foundations, quantum cryptography, and quantum control. The selection committee has included Gilles Brassard, Peter Zoller, Alain Aspect, John Preskill, and Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain, in addition to previous winners Sandu Popescu, Michel Devoret, and Nicolas Gisin.
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He was the recipient of the 2008 CAP-CRM Prize in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, awarded for "fundamental results in quantum information theory, including the structure of quantum algorithms and the foundations of quantum communication complexity."2008 CAP/CRM Prize in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics He has authored several highly cited papers in quantum information, and is one of the creators of the field of quantum communication complexity. He is also one of the founding managing editors of the journal Quantum Information & Computation,List of editors of Quantum Information & Computation a founding fellow of the Quantum Information Processing program at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and a Team Leader at QuantumWorks.
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In information theory, a soft-decision decoder is a kind of decoding methods – a class of algorithm used to decode data that has been encoded with an error correcting code. Whereas a hard-decision decoder operates on data that take on a fixed set of possible values (typically 0 or 1 in a binary code), the inputs to a soft-decision decoder may take on a whole range of values in-between. This extra information indicates the reliability of each input data point, and is used to form better estimates of the original data. Therefore, a soft- decision decoder will typically perform better in the presence of corrupted data than its hard-decision counterpart.
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Much of traditional GOFAI got bogged down on ad hoc patches to symbolic computation that worked on their own toy models but failed to generalize to real-world results. However, around the 1990s, AI researchers adopted sophisticated mathematical tools, such as hidden Markov models (HMM), information theory, and normative Bayesian decision theory to compare or to unify competing architectures. The shared mathematical language permitted a high level of collaboration with more established fields (like mathematics, economics or operations research). Compared with GOFAI, new "statistical learning" techniques such as HMM and neural networks were gaining higher levels of accuracy in many practical domains such as data mining, without necessarily acquiring a semantic understanding of the datasets.
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It is said that, when Shannon was deciding what to call his new measure and fearing the term 'information' was already over-used, von Neumann told him firmly: "You should call it entropy, for two reasons. In the first place your uncertainty function has been used in statistical mechanics under that name, so it already has a name. In the second place, and more important, no one really knows what entropy really is, so in a debate you will always have the advantage." (Connections between information- theoretic entropy and thermodynamic entropy, including the important contributions by Rolf Landauer in the 1960s, are explored further in the article Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory).
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This image illustrates part of the Mandelbrot set fractal. Simply storing the 24-bit color of each pixel in this image would require 1.62 million bytes, but a small computer program can reproduce these 1.62 million bytes using the definition of the Mandelbrot set and the coordinates of the corners of the image. Thus, the Kolmogorov complexity of the raw file encoding this bitmap is much less than 1.62 million bytes in any pragmatic model of computation. In algorithmic information theory (a subfield of computer science and mathematics), the Kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is the length of a shortest computer program (in a predetermined programming language) that produces the object as output.
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Large organizations of all types have become adept at overwhelming news organizations and other entities requesting information under state and federal freedom of information and open records laws. In a 2011 example, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill responded to an appeals court order to release certain records related to 11 specific athletes with a document dump of thousands of pages of phone records and parking tickets. The court's order was related to a media request under North Carolina open records law related to an ongoing NCAA investigation of the UNC football program. An underlying principle of information theory is that information must be comprehensible in order to be useful.
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Jaynes around 1982 Edwin Thompson Jaynes (July 5, 1922 - April 30, 1998) was the Wayman Crow Distinguished Professor of Physics at Washington University in St. Louis. He wrote extensively on statistical mechanics and on foundations of probability and statistical inference, initiating in 1957 the maximum entropy interpretation of thermodynamics as being a particular application of more general Bayesian/information theory techniques (although he argued this was already implicit in the works of Josiah Willard Gibbs). Jaynes strongly promoted the interpretation of probability theory as an extension of logic. In 1963, together with Fred Cummings, he modeled the evolution of a two-level atom in an electromagnetic field, in a fully quantized way.
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Entropy has often been loosely associated with the amount of order or disorder, or of chaos, in a thermodynamic system. The traditional qualitative description of entropy is that it refers to changes in the status quo of the system and is a measure of "molecular disorder" and the amount of wasted energy in a dynamical energy transformation from one state or form to another. In this direction, several recent authors have derived exact entropy formulas to account for and measure disorder and order in atomic and molecular assemblies. One of the simpler entropy order/disorder formulas is that derived in 1984 by thermodynamic physicist Peter Landsberg, based on a combination of thermodynamics and information theory arguments.
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Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. Baseband bandwidth applies to a low-pass filter or baseband signal; the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff frequency. Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy and is one of the determinants of the capacity of a given communication channel. A key characteristic of bandwidth is that any band of a given width can carry the same amount of information, regardless of where that band is located in the frequency spectrum.
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The next notable program was the GOR method, named for the three scientists who developed it — Garnier, Osguthorpe, and Robson, is an information theory- based method. It uses the more powerful probabilistic technique of Bayesian inference. The GOR method takes into account not only the probability of each amino acid having a particular secondary structure, but also the conditional probability of the amino acid assuming each structure given the contributions of its neighbors (it does not assume that the neighbors have that same structure). The approach is both more sensitive and more accurate than that of Chou and Fasman because amino acid structural propensities are only strong for a small number of amino acids such as proline and glycine.
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There is a physical quantity closely linked to free energy (free enthalpy), with a unit of entropy and isomorphic to negentropy known in statistics and information theory. In 1873, Willard Gibbs created a diagram illustrating the concept of free energy corresponding to free enthalpy. On the diagram one can see the quantity called capacity for entropy. This quantity is the amount of entropy that may be increased without changing an internal energy or increasing its volume.Willard Gibbs, A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces, Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, 382–404 (1873) In other words, it is a difference between maximum possible, under assumed conditions, entropy and its actual entropy.
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Minimum message length (MML) is a Bayesian information-theoretic method for statistical model comparison and selection. It provides a formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor: even when models are equal in their measure of fit-accuracy to the observed data, the one generating the most concise explanation of data is more likely to be correct (where the explanation consists of the statement of the model, followed by the lossless encoding of the data using the stated model). MML was invented by Chris Wallace, first appearing in the seminal paper "An information measure for classification". MML is intended not just as a theoretical construct, but as a technique that may be deployed in practice.
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Gustavo de Veciana is an American computer scientist and engineer, who is currently a Cullen Trust for Higher Education Endowed Professor at the University of Texas at Austin.. He is a 1993 Ph.D. graduate of the University of California at Berkeley. He has taught undergraduate and graduate courses in telecommunication networks, probability and random processes, analysis and design of communication networks, digital communications, and information theory. His research focuses on the analysis and design of communication and computing networks, data-driven decision-making in man-machine systems, and applied probability and queueing theory. In 2009, he was designated a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for his contributions to the analysis and design of communication networks.
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In 2006, Chli pursued her graduate work at Imperial College London under the mentorship of Andrew Davison. She worked in the Robot Vision Group where she worked towards developing novel ways to manipulate data to enable efficient autonomous navigation of mobile devices. Since vision-based methods are the key to enabling autonomous navigation, Chli tried to address the challenges that lie in preserving precision while achieving efficient information processing. She used the principles of Information Theory to guide the estimation based decisions made after gathering information from the environment and showed that these principals improved the efficiency and consistency of the algorithms used to estimate motion and form probabilistic maps of the environment.
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Drive demonstrated the mechanisms for a simple reproductive behavior, and argued that the lessons learned informed our understanding of the physiological basis of libido. Brain Arousal and Information Theory addressed the mechanisms that wake up the entire brain as well as their damping down by sleep, anesthesia or traumatic brain injury. The Altruistic Brain, co-written with Dr. Sandra Sherman, argued that altruistic behavior can be considered as a natural neurophysiological phenomenon, and put forth an elegant theory of how such prosocial behaviors can be explained without reference to any unusual neural capacities. How the Vertebrate Brain Regulates Behavior; A Field Develops offers Pfaff’s perspective on his more than fifty years in neuroscience.
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Thermodynamic Models , Modeling in Ecological Economics (Ch. 18) Thermoeconomics thus adapts the theories in non-equilibrium thermodynamics, in which structure formations called dissipative structures form, and information theory, in which information entropy is a central construct, to the modeling of economic activities in which the natural flows of energy and materials function to create and allocate resources. In thermodynamic terminology, human economic activity (as well as the activity of the human life units which make it up) may be described as a dissipative system, which flourishes by consuming free energy in transformations and exchange of resources, goods, and services. The article on Complexity economics also contains concepts related to this line of thinking.
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IFISC claims to focus on advanced studies with potential applications, avoiding the polarization between basic and applied science. The research followed by the institute manifests itself in the basis of a transverse line of exploratory nature covering the generic phenomena of nonlinear physics and complex systems, with tools borrowed form Statistical Physics, Dynamical Systems, Information Theory, Computational Methods and Quantum Mechanics. The main research line is complemented by a group of sublines of transfer of knowledge from that line, that include quantum physics and nanoscience, nonlinear photonics and information technologies, geophysical fluids, biocomplex systems and social and socio-technical systems. Since 2012 IFISC has been running a Master program in Complex systems.
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He then left teaching to work on research projects involving cultural ideas of information theory and has been recognized by UNESCO for his work in that field. Mann moved to New York in the 1980s and was an associate of American composers John Cage and Kenneth Gaburo. He performed text in collaboration with artists such as Thomas Buckner, David Dunn, Annea Lockwood, Larry Polansky, and Robert Rauschenberg. Mann recorded with the ensemble Machine For Making Sense with Amanda Stewart, Rik Rue and others, Chris Mann and the Impediments (with two backup singers and Mann reading a text simultaneously while only being able to hear one another), and Chris Mann and The Use.
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In 1997 he was awarded The Franklin Institute's Louis E. Levy Medal, in 1981 the IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award (together with Whitfield Diffie), in 2000, he won the Marconi Prize for his invention of public-key cryptography to protect privacy on the Internet, also together with Whit Diffie. In 1998, Hellman was a Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society, and in 2010 the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal. In 2011, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Also in 2011, Hellman was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for his work, with Whitfield Diffie and Ralph Merkle, on public key cryptography.
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In 2012, he pioneered the use of concepts from information theory as a measure of complexity in nature. The author of over one hundred papers in peer- reviewed journals, Gleiser has also published five popular science books in the US: "The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected" (2016), "The Island of Knowledge" (2014), A Tear at the Edge of Creation (2010), The Prophet and the Astronomer (2002), and The Dancing Universe (1997/2005). Translated in over 15 languages, Gleiser's books offer a uniquely broad cultural view of science and its relation with religion and philosophy. "The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected", "The Prophet and the Astronomer" and "The Dancing Universe" won the Jabuti Award for best nonfiction in Brazil.
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Developments in rocketry, that could propel missiles, and the discovery of semiconductors that were sensitive to infra red radiation led defence scientists and policy makers to focus on the development of heat seeking missiles. Under the direction of R.A. Smith, TRE became a major center for theoretical and experimental research on semiconductor physics. Macfarlane was given an individual merit post as Superintendent for theoretical work in the Physics Division. This included the applications of electromagnetic theory to antenna design and to the behaviour of magnetrons, of non-linear mathematics to guidance systems, of information theory to the filtration of radar signals, and of quantum mechanics to the electronic behaviour of crystalline solids.
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Prof. Marina has been a guest professor at twenty universities, including United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Israel, Russia, Brazil, Hong Kong, Norway, Finland, Portugal, and the Czech Republic. He has an excellent record and experience in fund raising through various public funding instruments both in academia and industry, including programs such as the Swiss CTI, Swiss NSF, the European Commission and the European Space Agency. He has been an evaluator expert and a reviewer within European Commission’s 6th and 7th Framework Program. Dr. Marina is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and is one of the co-founders of the Macedonian Chapter of the IEEE Information Theory Society.
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In information theory, the typical set is a set of sequences whose probability is close to two raised to the negative power of the entropy of their source distribution. That this set has total probability close to one is a consequence of the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) which is a kind of law of large numbers. The notion of typicality is only concerned with the probability of a sequence and not the actual sequence itself. This has great use in compression theory as it provides a theoretical means for compressing data, allowing us to represent any sequence Xn using nH(X) bits on average, and, hence, justifying the use of entropy as a measure of information from a source.
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The binary logarithm function is the inverse function of the power of two function. As well as , alternative notations for the binary logarithm include , , (the notation preferred by ISO 31-11 and ISO 80000-2), and (with a prior statement that the default base is 2) . Historically, the first application of binary logarithms was in music theory, by Leonhard Euler: the binary logarithm of a frequency ratio of two musical tones gives the number of octaves by which the tones differ. Binary logarithms can be used to calculate the length of the representation of a number in the binary numeral system, or the number of bits needed to encode a message in information theory.
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Vlatko Vedral is a Serbian-born (and naturalised British citizen) physicist and Professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Oxford and Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore and a Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford. He is known for his research on the theory of Entanglement and Quantum Information Theory. As of 2017 he has published over 280 research papers in quantum mechanics and quantum information and was awarded the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award in 2007. He has held a Lectureship and Readership at Imperial College, a Professorship at Leeds and visiting professorships in Vienna, Singapore (NUS) and at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada.
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The two most important divergences are the relative entropy (Kullback–Leibler divergence, KL divergence), which is central to information theory and statistics, and the squared Euclidean distance (SED). Minimizing these two divergences is the main way that linear inverse problem are solved, via the principle of maximum entropy and least squares, notably in logistic regression and linear regression. The two most important classes of divergences are the f-divergences and Bregman divergences; however, other types of divergence functions are also encountered in the literature. The only divergence that is both an f-divergence and a Bregman divergence is the Kullback–Leibler divergence; the squared Euclidean divergence is a Bregman divergence (corresponding to the function ), but not an f-divergence.
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The exhibitions were held in a number of museums and galleries across Zagreb presenting the latest work from internationally known artists. At the first exhibition in 1961, a common theme was the investigation of the relationship between structure and surface, and the beginnings of programmed and kinetic art, a topic that was to be developed further in the following exhibition of 1963. Experiments in visual perception gave a scientific dimension, and by the third exhibition in 1965, artists were examining the relations between cybernetics and art, and events included a symposium on the topic. The 1968/69 exhibition and colloquium dealt further with ideas of information theory and aesthetics, called "Computers & Visual Research".
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Beaulieu is a member of the IEEE Communication Theory Committee and served as its representative to the Technical Program Committee of the 1991 International Conference on Communications (ICC) and as co-representative to the Technical Program Committee of the 1993 ICC and the 1996 ICC. He was general chair of the Sixth Communication Theory Mini-Conference in association with GLOBECOM’97 and co-chair of the Canadian Workshop on Information Theory 1999. He has been an editor for Wireless Communication Theory of the IEEE Transactions on Communications since January 1992, and was editor-in-chief from January 2000 to December 2003. He served as an associate editor for Wireless Communication Theory of the IEEE Communications Letters from November 1996 to August 2003.
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Daniel Polani is a professor of Artificial Intelligence and Director of the Centre for Computer Science and Informatics Research (CCSIR), and Head of the Adaptive Systems Research Group, and leader of the SEPIA (Sensor Evolution, Processing, Information and Actuation) Lab at the University of Hertfordshire. Polani is best known for his work in artificial intelligence, cognitive science and robotics, applying the tools of information theory to cognitive modelling and analysing intelligent agent behaviour and decision making in complex adaptive systems and sensor evolution. Rooted in embodied cognition and dynamical systems Polani's work on relevant information and empowerment stem from the concept of organisms as Shannon information processing entities and the treatment of the perception-action loop as an information channel.
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The partition function or configuration integral, as used in probability theory, information theory and dynamical systems, is a generalization of the definition of a partition function in statistical mechanics. It is a special case of a normalizing constant in probability theory, for the Boltzmann distribution. The partition function occurs in many problems of probability theory because, in situations where there is a natural symmetry, its associated probability measure, the Gibbs measure, has the Markov property. This means that the partition function occurs not only in physical systems with translation symmetry, but also in such varied settings as neural networks (the Hopfield network), and applications such as genomics, corpus linguistics and artificial intelligence, which employ Markov networks, and Markov logic networks.
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The Gibbs measure is also the unique measure that has the property of maximizing the entropy for a fixed expectation value of the energy; this underlies the appearance of the partition function in maximum entropy methods and the algorithms derived therefrom. The partition function ties together many different concepts, and thus offers a general framework in which many different kinds of quantities may be calculated. In particular, it shows how to calculate expectation values and Green's functions, forming a bridge to Fredholm theory. It also provides a natural setting for the information geometry approach to information theory, where the Fisher information metric can be understood to be a correlation function derived from the partition function; it happens to define a Riemannian manifold.
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Ioannis Kontoyiannis (born January 1972) is a Greek mathematician and information theorist. He is the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research with the Statistical Laboratory, in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, of University of Cambridge. He is also a Fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge, an affiliated member of the Division of Information Engineering, Cambridge, a Research Fellow of the Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, a Senior Member of Robinson College, Cambridge, and a trustee of the Rollo Davidson Trust. His research interests are in information theory, probability, and statistics, including their applications in data compression, bioinformatics, neuroscience, machine learning, and the connections between core information-theoretic ideas and results in probability theory and additive combinatorics.
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When describing the full four-year UK BMus degree or its equivalent in Germany, the term is applied mostly to people who have graduated at bachelor's level in music and applied physics and who have gathered, under university supervision, at least a year of appropriate industrial experience in the music or recording business. Their musical training generally encompasses a full conventional classical training including instrumental studies, conducting, composition, historic and analytical studies and performance; together with applied physics and mathematics including calculus, the Fourier transform, complex numbers, information theory and modulation techniques, acoustics, electronics and much experience in recording techniques and music technology garnered in modern studios and on many locations. A portfolio of recordings must be offered in the final degree assessment.
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In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman first described the notion of a digital signature scheme, although they only conjectured that such schemes existed based on functions that are trapdoor one-way permutations."New Directions in Cryptography", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IT-22(6):644–654, Nov. 1976."Signature Schemes and Applications to Cryptographic Protocol Design", Anna Lysyanskaya, PhD thesis, MIT, 2002. Soon afterwards, Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman invented the RSA algorithm, which could be used to produce primitive digital signatures (although only as a proof-of-concept - "plain" RSA signatures are not secureFor example any integer, r, "signs" m=re and the product, s1s2, of any two valid signatures, s1, s2 of m1, m2 is a valid signature of the product, m1m2.).
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In quantum information theory and quantum optics, the Gisin–Hughston–Jozsa–Wootters (GHJW) theorem is a result about the realization of a mixed state of a quantum system as an ensemble of pure quantum states and the relation between the corresponding purifications of the density operators. The theorem is named after physicists and mathematicians Nicolas Gisin, Lane P. Hughston, Richard Jozsa and William Wootters, though much of it was established decades earlier by Erwin Schrödinger. The result was also found independently by Nicolas Hadjisavvas building upon work by Ed Jaynes, while a significant part of it was likewise independently discovered by N. David Mermin. Thanks to its complicated history, it is also known as the HJW theorem and the Schrödinger–HJW theorem.
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In 1967 he became Spain's first professor of ecology. In 1957, with the translation into English of his inaugural lecture as a member of the Barcelona Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Information Theory in Ecology", he gained a worldwide audience. Another groundbreaking article, "On certain unifying principles in ecology", published in American Naturalist in 1963, and his book "Perspectives in Ecological Theory" (1968), based on his guest lectures at the University of Chicago, consolidated him as one of the leading thinkers of modern ecology. In the summer of 1958 he was professor of Marine ecology at the Institute of Marine Biology (currently Department of Marine Sciences) of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez and produced the work ' ("Natural Communities").
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In mathematics and telecommunications, stochastic geometry models of wireless networks refer to mathematical models based on stochastic geometry that are designed to represent aspects of wireless networks. The related research consists of analyzing these models with the aim of better understanding wireless communication networks in order to predict and control various network performance metrics. The models require using techniques from stochastic geometry and related fields including point processes, spatial statistics, geometric probability, percolation theory, as well as methods from more general mathematical disciplines such as geometry, probability theory, stochastic processes, queueing theory, information theory, and Fourier analysis.F. Baccelli and B. Błaszczyszyn. Stochastic Geometry and Wireless Networks, Volume I — Theory, volume 3, No 3–4 of Foundations and Trends in Networking.
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The main areas involved are those of longitudinal history (the history of technologies, the history of the book, the histories and theories of aesthetics) and also research in communications and information theory. Mediology is not a narrow specialist area of contemporary academic knowledge (as media sociology is), nor does it aspire to be a precise science of signs (as semiotics does). It differs from the models put forward by communication studies, in that its focus is not isolated individuals and a fleeting few moments of communication. Instead mediologists study the cultural transmission of religions, ideologies, the arts and political ideas in society, and across societies, over a time period that is usually to be measured in months, decades or millennia.
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In information theory, the Shannon–Hartley theorem tells the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted over a communications channel of a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise. It is an application of the noisy-channel coding theorem to the archetypal case of a continuous-time analog communications channel subject to Gaussian noise. The theorem establishes Shannon's channel capacity for such a communication link, a bound on the maximum amount of error-free information per time unit that can be transmitted with a specified bandwidth in the presence of the noise interference, assuming that the signal power is bounded, and that the Gaussian noise process is characterized by a known power or power spectral density. The law is named after Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley.
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Shah's research focuses on the theory of large complex networks which includes network algorithms, stochastic networks, network information theory and large scale statistical inference. His work has had significant impact both in the development of theoretical tools and in its practical application. This is highlighted by the "Best Paper" awards he has received from top publication venues such as ACM SIGMETRICS, IEEE INFOCOM and NIPS. Additionally, his work has been recognized by the INFORMS Applied Probability Society via the Erlang Prize, given for outstanding contributions to applied probability by a researcher not more than 9 years from their PhD and the ACM SIGMETRICS Rising Star award, given for outstanding contributions to computer/communication performance evaluation by a research not more than 7 years from their PhD.
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Channel capacity is the tightest upper bound on the rate of information that can be reliably transmitted over a communications channel. By the noisy-channel coding theorem, the channel capacity of a given channel is the limiting information rate (in units of information per unit time) that can be achieved with arbitrarily small error probability. Information theory, developed by Claude E. Shannon during World War II, defines the notion of channel capacity and provides a mathematical model by which one can compute it. The key result states that the capacity of the channel, as defined above, is given by the maximum of the mutual information between the input and output of the channel, where the maximization is with respect to the input distribution.
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Other faculty who influenced Anderson's design aesthetic were the graphic artist John Gilchrist, whose recommended reading included D'Arcy Thompson's book On Growth and Form. Other readings were from Ralph Knowles, who was an early advocate of environmentally-friendly design that prefigured more recent sustainable design and development, and Richard Berry, the urban planner and theorist who explored with his students the relationship between design and information theory. Through the University's work-study program, Anderson worked as an assistant to Crombie Taylor, preparing an exhibit of the ornamentation of the early modernist architect, Louis Sullivan, which melded together aspects of both organic and geometric form. The curriculum at the College included numerous electives, and the administration permitted great latitude in the courses that students took.
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The entropic vector or entropic function is a concept arising in information theory. It represents the possible values of Shannon's information entropy that subsets of one set of random variables may take. Understanding which vectors are entropic is a way to represent all possible inequalities between entropies of various subsets. For example, for any two random variables X_1,X_2, their joint entropy (the entropy of the random variable representing the pair X_1,X_2) is at most the sum of the entropies of X_1 and of X_2: :H(X_1,X_2) \leq H(X_1) + H(X_2) Other information-theoretic measures such as conditional information, mutual information, or total correlation can be expressed in terms of joint entropy and are thus related by the corresponding inequalities.
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Later he applied methods from the metric theory of functions to problems in probability theory and number theory. He became one of the founders of modern probability theory, discovering the law of the iterated logarithm in 1924, achieving important results in the field of limit theorems, giving a definition of a stationary process and laying a foundation for the theory of such processes. Khinchin made significant contributions to the metric theory of Diophantine approximations and established an important result for simple real continued fractions, discovering a property of such numbers that leads to what is now known as Khinchin's constant. He also published several important works on statistical physics, where he used the methods of probability theory, and on information theory, queuing theory and mathematical analysis.
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Pierce wrote on electronics and information theory, and developed jointly the concept of pulse code modulation (PCM) with his Bell Labs colleagues Barney Oliver and Claude Shannon. He supervised the Bell Labs team which built the first transistor, and at the request of one of them, Walter Brattain, coined the term transistor; he recalled: Pierce's early work at Bell Labs was on vacuum tubes of all sorts. During World War II he discovered the work of Rudolf Kompfner in a British radar lab, where Kompfner had invented the traveling-wave tube;Kompfner, Rudolf, The Invention of the Traveling-Wave Tube, San Francisco Press, 1964. Pierce worked out the math for this broadband amplifier device, and wrote a book about it, after hiring Kompfner for Bell Labs.
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English translation, 1965, "An Attempt at Objective Generalization," Discussion Papers of The Michigan Inter-university Community of Mathematical Geographers Generalization was probably the most thoroughly studied aspect of cartography from the 1970s to the 1990s. This is probably because it fit within both of the major two research trends of the era: cartographic communication (especially signal processing algorithms based on Information theory), and the opportunities afforded by technological advance (because of its potential for automation). Early research focused primarily on algorithms for automating individual generalization operations. By the late 1980s, academic cartographers were thinking bigger, developing a general theory of generalization, and exploring the use of expert systems and other nascent Artificial intelligence technologies to automate the entire process, including decisions on which tools to use when.
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The modern period of telecommunication history from 1950 onwards is referred to as the semiconductor era, due to the wide adoption of semiconductor devices in telecommunication technology. The development of transistor technology and the semiconductor industry enabled significant advances in telecommunication technology, led to the price of telecommunications services declining significantly, and led to a transition away from state-owned narrowband circuit-switched networks to private broadband packet-switched networks. In turn, this led to a significant increase in the total number of telephone subscribers, reaching nearly 1billion users worldwide by the end of the 20th century. The development of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications.
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Soljanin received her European Diploma from the University of Sarajevo in 1986 and then got her PhD and MS from Texas A&M; University in 1989 and 1994 respectively, all of which were in electrical engineering. During her studies, she worked in the Energoinvest Company in Bosnia where she was developing optimization algorithms and software for power system control. After graduation from Texas A&M; in 1994, Soljanin joined Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey and currently serves there as a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff in the Mathematics of Networks and Communications research department. From 1990 to 1992, Soljanin served as a technical proofreader and from 1997 to 2000 served as associate editor for Coding Techniques for the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.
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Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) is a set of multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technologies for multipath wireless communication, in which multiple users or terminals, each radioing over one or more antennas, communicate with one another. In contrast, single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) involves a single multi- antenna-equipped user or terminal communicating with precisely one other similarly equipped node. Analogous to how OFDMA adds multiple-access capability to OFDM in the cellular-communications realm, MU-MIMO adds multiple-user capability to MIMO in the wireless realm. SDMA,N. Jindal, MIMO Broadcast Channels with Finite Rate Feedback, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 5045–5059, 2006.D. Gesbert, M. Kountouris, R.W. Heath Jr., C.-B.
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Nevertheless, despite all these deficiencies of the actual experiments, one striking fact emerges: the results are, to a very good approximation, what quantum mechanics predicts. If imperfect experiments give us such excellent overlap with quantum predictions, most working quantum physicists would agree with John Bell in expecting that, when a perfect Bell test is done, the Bell inequalities will still be violated. This attitude has led to the emergence of a new sub-field of physics which is now known as quantum information theory. One of the main achievements of this new branch of physics is showing that violation of Bell's inequalities leads to the possibility of a secure information transfer, which utilizes the so-called quantum cryptography (involving entangled states of pairs of particles).
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James Bieri (born 1927) is a psychologist and biographer who introduced in 1955 the concept of cognitive complexity, derived from his doctoral study with George A. Kelly. Subsequently, integrating ideas from information theory and psychophysics, Bieri and his research team at Columbia University published a volume entitled Clinical and Social Judgment (John Wiley, 1966). After serving in the U.S. Navy, Bieri obtained his undergraduate degree from Antioch College (1950) and his Ph.D. at Ohio State University (1953). He held teaching positions at Harvard University (Department of Social Relations), Columbia University (School of Social Work), City University of New York (Brooklyn College), and the University of Texas at Austin, where he was Professor and Director of the Clinical Psychology Training Program.
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That is, if one expresses a density matrix as a probability distribution over the outcomes of a SIC-POVM experiment, one can reproduce all the statistical predictions implied by the density matrix from the SIC-POVM probabilities instead. The Born rule then takes the role of relating one valid probability distribution to another, rather than of deriving probabilities from something apparently more fundamental. Fuchs, Schack, and others have taken to calling this restatement of the Born rule the urgleichung, from the German for "primal equation" (see Ur- prefix), because of the central role it plays in their reconstruction of quantum theory. The following discussion presumes some familiarity with the mathematics of quantum information theory, and in particular, the modeling of measurement procedures by POVMs.
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The Institut de recherche en informatique et systèmes aléatoires is a joint computer science research center of CNRS, University of Rennes 1, ENS Rennes, INSA Rennes and Inria, in Rennes in Brittany. It is one of the eight Inria research centers. Created in 1975 as a spin-off of the University of Rennes 1, merging the young computer science department and a few mathematicians, more specifically probabilists, among them Michel Métivier, who was to become the first president of IRISA. Research topics span from theoretical computer science, such as formal languages, formal methods, or more mathematically oriented topics such as information theory, optimization, complex system... to application-driven topics like bioinformatics, image and video compression, handwriting recognition, computer graphics, medical imaging, content-based image retrieval.
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According to Benjamin Peters, these "two Soviet articles set the stage for the revolution of cybernetics in the Soviet Union". The first article - authored by three Soviet military scientists - attempted to present the tenets of cybernetics as a coherent scientific theory, retooling it for Soviet use; they purposely avoided any discussion of philosophy, and presented Wiener as an American anti-capitalist, in order to avoid any politically dangerous confrontation. They asserted cybernetics' main tenets as: (1) information theory, (2) the theory of automatic high-speed electronic calculating machines as a theory of self-organising logical processes, and (3) the theory of automatic control systems (particularly, the theory of feedback). In juxtaposition, Kolman's defense of cybernetics mirrored the Stalinist criticisms it had endured.
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In collaboration with Gilles Brassard of the Université de Montréal he developed a system of quantum cryptography, known as BB84, which allows secure communication between parties who share no secret information initially, based on the uncertainty principle. With the help of John Smolin, he built the world's first working demonstration of quantum cryptography in 1989. His other research interests include algorithmic information theory, in which the concepts of information and randomness are developed in terms of the input/output relation of universal computers, and the analogous use of universal computers to define the intrinsic complexity or "logical depth" of a physical state as the time required by a universal computer to simulate the evolution of the state from a random initial state.
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In January 1992 MacKay was appointed the Royal Society Smithson Research Fellow at Darwin College, Cambridge, continuing his cross-disciplinary research in the Cavendish Laboratory, the Department of Physics of the University of Cambridge. In 1995 he was made a University Lecturer in the Cavendish Laboratory. He was promoted in 1999 to a Readership, in 2003 to a Professorship in Natural Philosophy and in 2013 to the post of Regius Professorship of Engineering. MacKay's contributions in machine learning and information theory include the development of Bayesian methods for neural networks, the rediscovery (with Radford M. Neal) of low-density parity-check codes, and the invention of Dasher, a software application for communication especially popular with those who cannot use a traditional keyboard.
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Numerous U-M graduates contributed greatly to the field of computer science, including Claude Shannon (who made major contributions to the mathematics of information theory), and Turing Award winners Edgar Codd, Stephen Cook, Frances E. Allen and Michael Stonebraker. U-M also counts among its alumni nearly two dozen billionaires, including prominent tech-company founders and co-founders such as Dr. J. Robert Beyster, who founded Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in 1969 and Google co-founder Larry Page. Several prominent and/or groundbreaking women have studied at Michigan--by 1900, nearly 150 women had received advanced degrees from U-M. Marjorie Lee Browne received her M.S. in 1939 and her doctoral degree in 1950, becoming the third African American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics.
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Several centuries after the technological singularity largely destroyed earth, various posthuman factions compete for dominance in the solar system. Though sentient superintelligent AGI has never been successfully developed, civilization has been greatly transformed by the proliferation of Hansonian brain emulations (termed "gogols" in reference to the author of the same name's work Dead Souls). An alliance of powerful gogol copies rule the inner system from computronium megastructures housing trillions of virtual minds, laboring to resurrect the dead in religious devotion to the philosophy of Nikolai Federov. This alliance, the Sobornost, has been in conflict with a community of quantum entangled minds who adhere to the "no-cloning" principle of quantum information theory, and so do not see the Sobornost's ultimate goal as resurrection, but death.
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In 2003, he completed his habilitation in the field of quantum physics at the University of Vienna, where he was an associate professor until 2014. He has had several research experiences abroad: in 2004 at Imperial College in London, and from 2005 to 2008 as professor at the Tsinghua University in Beijing. Since 2008 he has been guest professor at the University of Belgrade. Between July 2013 and June 2019 he has been Director of the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and since February 2014 he has the Chair of Quantum Information Theory and Fundamentals of Quantum Physics in the group Quantum Optics, Quantum Nanophysics and Quantum Information at the University of Vienna.
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Le Sy Vinh and Arndt von Haeseler have shown, by means of massive and systematic simulation experiments, that the accuracy of the ME criterion under the BME branch length estimation model is by far the highest in distance methods and not inferior to those of alternative criteria based e.g., on Maximum Likelihood or Bayesian Inference. Moreover, as shown by Daniele Catanzaro, Martin Frohn and Raffaele Pesenti, the minimum length phylogeny under the BME branch length estimation model can be interpreted as the (Pareto optimal) consensus tree between concurrent minimum entropy processes encoded by a forest of n phylogenies rooted on the n analyzed taxa. This particular information theory-based interpretation is conjectured to be shared by all distance methods in phylogenetics.
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Venn diagram of information theoretic measures for three variables x, y, and z, represented by the lower left, lower right, and upper circles, respectively. The multivariate mutual information is represented by gray region. Since it may be negative, the areas on the diagram represent signed measures. In information theory there have been various attempts over the years to extend the definition of mutual information to more than two random variables. The expression and study of multivariate higher-degree mutual- information was achieved in two seemingly independent works: McGill (1954) who called these functions “interaction information”, and Hu Kuo Ting (1962) who also first proved the possible negativity of mutual-information for degrees higher than 2 and justified algebraically the intuitive correspondence to Venn diagrams .
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Software studies is an emerging interdisciplinary research field, which studies software systems and their social and cultural effects. The implementation and use of software has been studied in recent fields such as cyberculture, Internet studies, new media studies, and digital culture, yet prior to software studies, software was rarely ever addressed as a distinct object of study. To study software as an artifact, software studies draws upon methods and theory from the digital humanities and from computational perspectives on software. Methodologically, software studies usually differs from the approaches of computer science and software engineering, which concern themselves primarily with software in information theory and in practical application; however, these fields all share an emphasis on computer literacy, particularly in the areas of programming and source code.
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The four originators of Blackjack's Basic Strategy went on with their lives away from casinos and gambling, dedicating themselves to scientific research, teaching and business."Aberdeen Four Horsemen made movie 21 possible" by Bill Ordine, The Baltimore Sun, 7 April 2008 But their work caused an immediate sensation in gambling research as well as among professional gamblers. MIT Professor of Mathematics Edward O. Thorp tested their strategy on the university's IBM computers and found it to be accurate "within a couple of hundredths of a percentage point." Thorp went on to formulate the first strong card counting strategy and tested it in actual casino play, in trips he took to Las Vegas, often accompanied by Claude Shannon, the so-called "father of information theory".
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The theory of entropic gravity abides by Newton's law of universal gravitation on Earth and at interplanetary distances but diverges from this classic nature at interstellar distances. Entropic gravity, also known as emergent gravity, is a theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force—a force with macro-scale homogeneity but which is subject to quantum-level disorder—and not a fundamental interaction. The theory, based on string theory, black hole physics, and quantum information theory, describes gravity as an emergent phenomenon that springs from the quantum entanglement of small bits of spacetime information. As such, entropic gravity is said to abide by the second law of thermodynamics under which the entropy of a physical system tends to increase over time.
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Simula's research in cybersecurity, cryptography and information theory is conducted at Simula UiB. Simula's research in communications systems and machine learning takes place at SimulaMet. Simula is host for the national infrastructure eX3 (Experimental Infrastructure for Exploration of Exascale Computing), a national research infrastructure funded by the Research Council of Norway. The eX3 infrastructure allows High-Performance Computing (HPC) researchers throughout Norway and their collaborators abroad to experiment hands-on with emerging HPC technologies – hardware as well as software Simula has hosted previous centres of excellence and innovation including the Centre for Biomedical Computing (a Center of Excellence; SFF) and Certus (a Center for Research-based Innovation; SFI), and been a partner in the Center for Cardiological Innovation and SIRIUS HPC.
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Wiener's early work on information theory and signal processing was limited to analog signals, and was largely forgotten with the development of the digital theory.John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, Steve Joshua Heims, MIT Press, 1980 Wiener is one of the key originators of cybernetics, a formalization of the notion of feedback, with many implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. Wiener's work with cybernetics influenced Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, and through them, anthropology, sociology, and education. In the mathematical field of probability, the "Wiener sausage" is a neighborhood of the trace of a Brownian motion up to a time t, given by taking all points within a fixed distance of Brownian motion.
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In this work, Haddad has merged systems biology and system thermodynamics with network engineering systems to develop functional and robust algorithms for agent coordination and control of autonomous multiagent aerospace systems. In particular, looking to autonomous swarm systems appearing in nature for inspiration, he has developed control algorithms to address agent interactions, cooperative and non- cooperative control, task assignments, and resource allocations for multiagent network systems. This work has had a major impact on cooperative control of unmanned air vehicles, autonomous underwater vehicles, distributed sensor networks, air and ground transportation systems, swarms of air and space vehicle formations, and congestion control in communication networks. His results exploit fundamental links between system thermodynamics and information theory in "ingenious ways" and have initiated major breakthroughs in control of networks and control over networks.
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Kenneth A. Loparo is Nord Professor of Engineering and Chair of Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA, where has been affiliated with since 1979. He was an assistant professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Cleveland State University from 1977 to 1979. Prof. Loparo's research interests include stability and control of nonlinear and stochastic systems with applications to large-scale electricity systems including generation and transmission and distribution; nonlinear filtering with applications to monitoring, fault detection, diagnosis, prognosis and reconfigurable control; information theory aspects of stochastic and quantized systems with applications to adaptive and dual control and the design of distributed autonomous control systems; the development of advanced signal processing and data analytics for monitoring and tracking of physiological behavior in health and disease.
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The research presented in the book differs from the traditional view and presents support from standard lexicons to explain how the Qur'anic/Arabic words were originally understood by Bedouins of the area. The book also argues that the phenomenon of Revelation is global and non-human, and several of its premises such as the human pair was born 59000 years ago from a female of a previous specie(s) are likely to generate a lot of controversy amongst the traditionalists of all faiths. The book suggests "collective scientific investigation" of the information by a panel of linguists, science historians and scientists of various disciplines, for in-depth verification of the research and premises made in the book. The book has outlined a mechanism based on information theory precepts for this purpose.
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In statistics, probability theory, and information theory, a statistical distance quantifies the distance between two statistical objects, which can be two random variables, or two probability distributions or samples, or the distance can be between an individual sample point and a population or a wider sample of points. A distance between populations can be interpreted as measuring the distance between two probability distributions and hence they are essentially measures of distances between probability measures. Where statistical distance measures relate to the differences between random variables, these may have statistical dependence,Dodge, Y. (2003)--entry for distance and hence these distances are not directly related to measures of distances between probability measures. Again, a measure of distance between random variables may relate to the extent of dependence between them, rather than to their individual values.
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Distributed source coding (DSC) is an important problem in information theory and communication. DSC problems regard the compression of multiple correlated information sources that do not communicate with each other."Distributed source coding for sensor networks" by Z. Xiong, A.D. Liveris, and S. Cheng By modeling the correlation between multiple sources at the decoder side together with channel codes, DSC is able to shift the computational complexity from encoder side to decoder side, therefore provide appropriate frameworks for applications with complexity-constrained sender, such as sensor networks and video/multimedia compression (see distributed video coding"Distributed video coding in wireless sensor networks" by Puri, R. Majumdar, A. Ishwar, P. Ramchandran, K. ). One of the main properties of distributed source coding is that the computational burden in encoders is shifted to the joint decoder.
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In information theory and computer science, the Damerau–Levenshtein distance (named after Frederick J. Damerau and Vladimir I. Levenshtein.) is a string metric for measuring the edit distance between two sequences. Informally, the Damerau–Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of operations (consisting of insertions, deletions or substitutions of a single character, or transposition of two adjacent characters) required to change one word into the other. The Damerau–Levenshtein distance differs from the classical Levenshtein distance by including transpositions among its allowable operations in addition to the three classical single-character edit operations (insertions, deletions and substitutions). In his seminal paper, Damerau stated that in an investigation of spelling errors for an information- retrieval system, more than 80% were a result of a single error of one of the four types.
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The notion of adding more variety or states to resolve ambiguity or undecidability (also known as the decision problem) is the subject of Chaitin's metamathematical conjecture algorithmic information theory and provides a potentially rigorous theoretical basis for a general management heuristic. If a process is not producing the agreed product more information, if applicable, will correct this, resolve ambiguity, conflict or undecidability. In "Platform for Change" (Beer 1975) the thesis is developed via a collection of papers to learned bodies, including UK Police and Hospitals, to produce a visualization of the "Total System". Here a "Relevant ethic" evolves from "Experimental ethics" and the "Ethic with a busted gut" to produce a sustainable earth with reformed "old institutions" becoming "new institutions" driven by approval (eudemonicEudemony -sustainable, ethical pleasure c.f.
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In 1945, as the war was winding down, the NDRC was issuing a summary of technical reports as the prelude to its eventual closing down. Inside the volume on Fire Control a special essay titled Data Smoothing and Prediction in Fire-Control Systems, coauthored by Ralph Beebe Blackman, Hendrik Bode, and Claude Shannon, formally introduced the problem of fire control as a special case of transmission, manipulation and utilization of intelligence, in other words it modeled the problem in terms of data and signal processing and thus heralded the coming of the information age. Shannon, considered to be the father of information theory, was greatly influenced by this work. It is clear that the technological convergence of the information age was preceded by the synergy between these scientific minds and their collaborators.
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Foundations of Computer Science: Potential – Theory – Cognition, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 201–208, Springer Self-organizing natural systems are a central subject, studied both theoretically and by simulation experiments. The study of complex systems in general has been grouped under the heading of "general systems theory", particularly by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Anatol Rapoport, Ralph Gerard, and Kenneth Boulding. These sciences include psychology and cognitive science, cellular automata, generative linguistics, natural language processing, connectionism, self-organization, evolutionary biology, neural network, social network, neuromusicology, quantum cellular automata, information theory, systems theory, genetic algorithms, computational sociology, communication networks, artificial life, chaos theory, complexity theory, network science, epistemology, quantum dot cellular automaton, quantum computer, systems thinking, genetics, economy, philosophy of science, quantum mechanics, cybernetics, digital physics, digital philosophy, bioinformatics, agent-based modeling and catastrophe theory.
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In information theory and statistics, negentropy is used as a measure of distance to normality.Aapo Hyvärinen, Survey on Independent Component Analysis, node32: Negentropy, Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Computer and Information ScienceAapo Hyvärinen and Erkki Oja, Independent Component Analysis: A Tutorial, node14: Negentropy, Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Computer and Information ScienceRuye Wang, Independent Component Analysis, node4: Measures of Non-Gaussianity Out of all distributions with a given mean and variance, the normal or Gaussian distribution is the one with the highest entropy. Negentropy measures the difference in entropy between a given distribution and the Gaussian distribution with the same mean and variance. Thus, negentropy is always nonnegative, is invariant by any linear invertible change of coordinates, and vanishes if and only if the signal is Gaussian.
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The 1698 Savery Engine – the world's first commercially useful steam engine: built by Thomas Savery The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Owing to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as meteorology, information theory, and biology (physiology), and to technological developments such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine, cryogenics and electricity generation. The development of thermodynamics both drove and was driven by atomic theory. It also, albeit in a subtle manner, motivated new directions in probability and statistics; see, for example, the timeline of thermodynamics.
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The modern period of telecommunication history from 1950 onwards is referred to as the semiconductor era, due to the wide adoption of semiconductor devices in telecommunication technology. The development of transistor technology and the semiconductor industry enabled significant advances in telecommunication technology, and led to a transition away from state-owned narrowband circuit- switched networks to private broadband packet-switched networks. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technologies such as large-scale integration (LSI) and RF CMOS (radio-frequency complementary MOS), along with information theory (such as data compression), led to a transition from analog to digital signal processing, with the introduction of digital telecommunications (such as digital telephony and digital media) and wireless communications (such as cellular networks and mobile telephony), leading to rapid growth of the telecommunications industry towards the end of the 20th century.
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As a conceptual artist, DuBois takes on various topics in American culture and places them under a computational microscope to raise issues relevant to information theory, perception of time, canonicity, and gaze. For example, his trio of pieces on gestalt media, Academy, Billboard, and Play, look at three iconic cultural "canons" in American popular culture (the Academy Awards, the Billboard Hot 100, and Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month). His piece Hindsight is Always 20/20, based on a statistical analysis of presidential State of the Union addresses, uses computational means as a lens into the politics of political rhetoric. Fashionably Late for the Relationship, his feature-length collaboration with performance artist Lián Amaris, uses the radical time-compression of a 72-hour film of a performance to deconstruct romantic obsession.
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Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal of two types of Golgi-stained neurons from the cerebellum of a pigeon. In the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse. These studies complemented the anatomical picture with a conception of the brain as a dynamic entity. Reflecting the new understanding, in 1942 Charles Sherrington visualized the workings of the brain waking from sleep: The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems.
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Asher Peres (; January 30, 1934 – January 1, 2005) was an Israeli physicist, considered a pioneer in quantum information theory, as well as the connections between quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. According to his autobiography, he was born Aristide Pressman in Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne in France, where his father, a Polish electrical engineer, had found work laying down power lines. He was given the name Aristide at birth, because the name his parents wanted, Asher, the name of his maternal grandfather, was not on the list of permissible French given names. When he went to live in Israel, he changed his first name to Asher and, as was common among immigrants, changed his family name to the Hebrew Peres, which he used for the rest of his life.
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Different code rates (Hamming code). In telecommunication and information theory, the code rate (or information rateHuffman, W. Cary, and Pless, Vera, Fundamentals of Error-Correcting Codes, Cambridge, 2003.) of a forward error correction code is the proportion of the data-stream that is useful (non- redundant). That is, if the code rate is k/n for every k bits of useful information, the coder generates a total of n bits of data, of which n-k are redundant. If R is the gross bitrate or data signalling rate (inclusive of redundant error coding), the net bitrate (the useful bit rate exclusive of error-correction codes) is \leq R \cdot k/n. For example: The code rate of a convolutional code will typically be 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8, etc.
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In information theory, the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) is a general property of the output samples of a stochastic source. It is fundamental to the concept of typical set used in theories of data compression. Roughly speaking, the theorem states that although there are many series of results that may be produced by a random process, the one actually produced is most probably from a loosely defined set of outcomes that all have approximately the same chance of being the one actually realized. (This is a consequence of the law of large numbers and ergodic theory.) Although there are individual outcomes which have a higher probability than any outcome in this set, the vast number of outcomes in the set almost guarantees that the outcome will come from the set.
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It is usual in the computer industry to specify password strength in terms of information entropy which is measured in bits and is a concept from information theory. Instead of the number of guesses needed to find the password with certainty, the base-2 logarithm of that number is given, which is commonly referred to as the number of "entropy bits" in a password, though this is not exactly the same quantity as information entropy. A password with an entropy of 42 bits calculated in this way would be as strong as a string of 42 bits chosen randomly, for example by a fair coin toss. Put another way, a password with an entropy of 42 bits would require 242 (4,398,046,511,104) attempts to exhaust all possibilities during a brute force search.
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Temporal information retrieval (T-IR) is an emerging area of research related to the field of information retrieval (IR) and a considerable number of sub- areas, positioning itself, as an important dimension in the context of the user information needs. According to information theory science (Metzger, 2007), timeliness or currency is one of the key five aspects that determine a document's credibility besides relevance, accuracy, objectivity and coverage. One can provide many examples when the returned search results are of little value due to temporal problems such as obsolete data on weather, outdated information about a given company’s earnings or information on already- happened or invalid predictions. T-IR, in general, aims at satisfying these temporal needs and at combining traditional notions of document relevance with the so-called temporal relevance.
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In physics, the no-communication theorem or no-signaling principle is a no-go theorem from quantum information theory which states that, during measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is not possible for one observer, by making a measurement of a subsystem of the total state, to communicate information to another observer. The theorem is important because, in quantum mechanics, quantum entanglement is an effect by which certain widely separated events can be correlated in ways that suggest the possibility of instantaneous communication. The no-communication theorem gives conditions under which such transfer of information between two observers is impossible. These results can be applied to understand the so-called paradoxes in quantum mechanics, such as the EPR paradox, or violations of local realism obtained in tests of Bell's theorem.
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The min-entropy, in information theory, is the smallest of the Rényi family of entropies, corresponding to the most conservative way of measuring the unpredictability of a set of outcomes, as the negative logarithm of the probability of the most likely outcome. The various Rényi entropies are all equal for a uniform distribution, but measure the unpredictability of a nonuniform distribution in different ways. The min-entropy is never greater than the ordinary or Shannon entropy (which measures the average unpredictability of the outcomes) and that in turn is never greater than the Hartley or max-entropy, defined as the logarithm of the number of outcomes with nonzero probability. As with the classical Shannon entropy and its quantum generalization, the von Neumann entropy, one can define a conditional version of min-entropy.
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Linked lists were developed in 1955–1956 by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert A. Simon at RAND Corporation as the primary data structure for their Information Processing Language. IPL was used by the authors to develop several early artificial intelligence programs, including the Logic Theory Machine, the General Problem Solver, and a computer chess program. Reports on their work appeared in IRE Transactions on Information Theory in 1956, and several conference proceedings from 1957 to 1959, including Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference in 1957 and 1958, and Information Processing (Proceedings of the first UNESCO International Conference on Information Processing) in 1959. The now-classic diagram consisting of blocks representing list nodes with arrows pointing to successive list nodes appears in "Programming the Logic Theory Machine" by Newell and Shaw in Proc. WJCC, February 1957.
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The Italian artist Bruno Munari began building "useless machines" (macchine inutili) in the 1930s. He was a "third generation" Futurist and did not share the first generation's boundless enthusiasm for technology, but sought to counter the threats of a world under machine rule by building machines that were artistic and unproductive. The version of the useless machine that became famous in information theory (basically a box with a simple switch which, when turned "on", causes a hand or lever to appear from inside the box that switches the machine "off" before disappearing inside the box again) appears to have been invented by MIT professor and artificial intelligence pioneer Marvin Minsky, while he was a graduate student at Bell Labs in 1952. Minsky dubbed his invention the "ultimate machine", but that sense of the term did not catch on.
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In information theory and telecommunication engineering, the signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) (also known as the signal-to-noise-plus- interference ratio (SNIR)) is a quantity used to give theoretical upper bounds on channel capacity (or the rate of information transfer) in wireless communication systems such as networks. Analogous to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) used often in wired communications systems, the SINR is defined as the power of a certain signal of interest divided by the sum of the interference power (from all the other interfering signals) and the power of some background noise. If the power of noise term is zero, then the SINR reduces to the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). Conversely, zero interference reduces the SINR to the SNR, which is used less often when developing mathematical models of wireless networks such as cellular networks.
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In ring theory, Posner is the namesake of Posner's theorem, stating that certain tensor products of algebras with the fields of fractions of their centers are central simple algebras.. Posner's research in information theory and coding theory was applied in the design of the NASA Deep Space Network, used for the communications between spacecraft and their base stations on Earth. He also studied communications networks and cellular telephone switching systems, and was an advocate for basic research in the US space program. Beginning in the early 1980s, Posner founded the study of neural networks at JPL and Caltech, and helped create the interdisciplinary graduate program in Computation and Neural Systems at Caltech. He also helped found the annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, served as general chair of the first conference in 1987, and chaired its oversight body, the NIPS Foundation..
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The third, 'The human link in communication systems,' used information theory and its idea of channel capacity to analyze human perception bandwidth. The essay concluded how much of what impinges on us we can absorb as knowledge was limited, for each property of the stimulus, to a handful of items. The paper on "Psycholinguists" described how effort in both speaking or understanding a sentence was related to how much of self-reference to similar-structures-present-inside was there when the sentence was broken down into clauses and phrases. The book, in general, used the Chomskian view of seeing language rules of grammar as having a biological basis—disproving the simple behaviorist idea that language performance improved with reinforcement—and using the tools of information and computation to place hypotheses on a sound theoretical framework and to analyze data practically and efficiently.
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These conflicts can be reduced to a basic conflict between the need for more data on the map, and the need for less, with generalization as the tool for balancing them. One challenge with the information theory approach to generalization is its basis on measuring the amount of information on the map, before and after generalization procedures. One could conceive of a map being quantified by its map information density, the average number of "bits" of information per unit area on the map (or its corollary, information resolution, the average distance between bits), and by its ground information density or resolution, the same measures per unit area on the Earth. Scale would thus be proportional to the ratio between them, and a change in scale would require the adjustment of one or both of them by means of generalization.
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P. DiVincenzo, P.W. Shor, and J. A. Smolin, "Quantum-channel capacity for very noisy channels", Phys. Rev. A, 1717 (1999) as well as phenomena such as data hiding and data unlocking that have no analog in classical information theory. Together with Charles H. Bennett he built the world's first working demonstration of quantum cryptography in 1989,Bennett, Bessette, Brassard Salvial, and Smolin "Experimental Quantum Cryptography", J. of Cryptology 5, 3-28 (1992) driven by software written by Francois Bessette, Gilles Brassard and Louis Salvail and implementing the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol. Smolin coined the term "Church of the Larger Hilbert Space" to describe the habit of regarding every mixed state of a quantum system as a pure entangled state of a larger system, and every irreversible evolution as a reversible (unitary) evolution of a larger system.
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Similar to torque and energy in physics; information-theoretic information and data storage size have the same dimensionality of units of measurement, but there is in general no meaning to adding, subtracting or otherwise combining the units mathematically. Other units of information, sometimes used in information theory, include the natural digit also called a nat or nit and defined as log2 e (≈ 1.443) bits, where e is the base of the natural logarithms; and the dit, ban, or hartley, defined as log2 10 (≈ 3.322) bits. This value, slightly less than 10/3, may be understood because 103 = 1000 ≈ 1024 = 210: three decimal digits are slightly less information than ten binary digits, so one decimal digit is slightly less than 10/3 binary digits. Conversely, one bit of information corresponds to about ln 2 (≈ 0.693) nats, or log10 2 (≈ 0.301) hartleys.
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Basic tools of econophysics are probabilistic and statistical methods often taken from statistical physics. Physics models that have been applied in economics include the kinetic theory of gas (called the kinetic exchange models of markets ), percolation models, chaotic models developed to study cardiac arrest, and models with self-organizing criticality as well as other models developed for earthquake prediction. Moreover, there have been attempts to use the mathematical theory of complexity and information theory, as developed by many scientists among whom are Murray Gell-Mann and Claude E. Shannon, respectively. For potential games, it has been shown that an emergence- producing equilibrium based on information via Shannon information entropy produces the same equilibrium measure (Gibbs measure from statistical mechanics) as a stochastic dynamical equation, both of which are based on bounded rationality models used by economists.
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Hamblin attended North Sydney Boys High School and Geelong Grammar. Interrupted by the Second World War and radar service in the Australian Air Force, Hamblin's studies included Arts (Philosophy and Mathematics), Science (Physics), and an MA in Philosophy (First Class Honours) at the University of Melbourne. He obtained a doctorate in 1957 at the London School of Economics on the topic Language and the Theory of Information, apparently under Karl Popper, critiquing Claude Shannon's information theory from a semantic perspective. From 1955, he was lecturer at N.S.W. University of Technology, and later professor of philosophy at the same place, until his death in 1985, during which time the organization had been renamed The University of New South Wales. In the second half of the 1950s, Hamblin worked with the third computer available in Australia, a DEUCE computer manufactured by the English Electric Company.
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Karl Weick's Organizational Information Theory views organizations as " 'sensemaking systems' which incessantly create and re-create conceptions of themselves and of all around them". From a less clinical (and more intuitive) perspective, Weick and his collaborator, Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, jointly describe sensemaking as an action which "involves turning circumstances into a situation that is comprehended explicitly in words or speech and that serves as a springboard to action". In its more defined organizational context, sensemaking can be looked at as a process "that is applied to both individuals and groups who are faced with new information that is inconsistent with their prior beliefs". In factoring the uneasiness (or cognitive dissonance) that results from this experience, they will create narratives to fit the story which serve both as a buffer and a guiding light for further renditions of the story.
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While many might view these nuances as roadblocks or impediments to progress, Organizational Information Theory views each one as a catalyst for improved performance and positive change through: "increased sensitivity to a shifting environment, room for adaptation and creative solutions to develop, sub-system breakdown without damaging the entire organization, persistence through rapid environmental fluctuations and fostering an attitude where self-determination by the actors is key". Another overriding component of Weick's approach is that information afforded by the organization's environment---including the culture within the organizational environment itself---can impact the behaviors and interpretation of behaviors of those within the organization. Thus, creation of organizational knowledge is impacted by each person's personal schema as well as the backdrop of the organization's objectives. The organization must sift through the available information to filter out the valuable from the extraneous.
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In the field of data compression, Shannon coding, named after its creator, Claude Shannon, is a lossless data compression technique for constructing a prefix code based on a set of symbols and their probabilities (estimated or measured). It is suboptimal in the sense that it does not achieve the lowest possible expected code word length like Huffman coding does, and never better but sometimes equal to the Shannon–Fano coding. The method was the first of its type, the technique was used to prove Shannon's noiseless coding theorem in his 1948 article "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", and is therefore a centerpiece of the information age. This coding method gave rise to the field of information theory and without its contribution, the world would not have any of the many successors; for example Shannon-Fano coding, Huffman coding, or arithmetic coding.
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Beckman Postdoctoral Fellowships are awarded to recent Ph.D.'s who receive 3-year appointments at the Beckman Institute, including both a stipend and a research budget. They must be doing interdisciplinary research in an area of research relevant to the Beckman Institute. The first Beckman postdoctoral fellows were Efrat Shimshoni (condensed matter physics) and Andrew Nobel (information theory and statistics) in 1992. Since the founding of the original Beckman Institute Postdoctoral Fellows Program, two similar programs have been initiated: the Carle Foundation Hospital-Beckman Institute Postdoctoral Fellows Program (begun in 2008 and jointly funded by the Carle Foundation Hospital of Urbana, Illinois) and the Beckman-Brown Interdisciplinary Postdoctoral Fellowship (begun in 2015 by an endowment from the Arnold O. and Mabel M. Beckman Foundation made in honor of Theodore L. Brown, founding director of the Beckman Institute).
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Information theory studies the transmission, processing, extraction, and utilization of information. Abstractly, information can be thought of as the resolution of uncertainty. In the case of communication of information over a noisy channel, this abstract concept was made concrete in 1948 by Claude Shannon in his paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", in which "information" is thought of as a set of possible messages, where the goal is to send these messages over a noisy channel, and then to have the receiver reconstruct the message with low probability of error, in spite of the channel noise. Shannon's main result, the noisy-channel coding theorem showed that, in the limit of many channel uses, the rate of information that is asymptotically achievable is equal to the channel capacity, a quantity dependent merely on the statistics of the channel over which the messages are sent.
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It is assumed that each microstate is equally likely, so that the probability of a given microstate is pi = 1/W. When these probabilities are substituted into the above expression for the Gibbs entropy (or equivalently kB times the Shannon entropy), Boltzmann's equation results. In information theoretic terms, the information entropy of a system is the amount of "missing" information needed to determine a microstate, given the macrostate. In the view of Jaynes (1957), thermodynamic entropy, as explained by statistical mechanics, should be seen as an application of Shannon's information theory: the thermodynamic entropy is interpreted as being proportional to the amount of further Shannon information needed to define the detailed microscopic state of the system, that remains uncommunicated by a description solely in terms of the macroscopic variables of classical thermodynamics, with the constant of proportionality being just the Boltzmann constant.
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Shannon was born in Petoskey, Michigan in 1916 and grew up in Gaylord, Michigan. He is well known for founding digital circuit design theory in 1937, when—as a 21-year-old master's degree student at MIT—he wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship. In 1948, Shannon published his most influential work, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, in which he is considered to have founded the field of information theory and paved the way for the feasibility of mobile phones, the development of the Internet and many other technological applications. A Mind at Play chronicles these events in Shannon's life as well as his interactions with his peers at the time including Albert Einstein, Alan Turing, Vannevar Bush, John von Neumann, Kurt Gödel, Leonard Kleinrock, Irwin M. Jacobs, Lawrence Roberts, Thomas Kailath, Steve Jobs and others.
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"Physics, Philosophy, and Quantum Technology," D.Deutsch in the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing, Shapiro, J.H. and Hirota, O., Eds. (Rinton Press, Princeton, NJ. 2003) The field of quantum technology has benefited immensely from the influx of new ideas from the field of quantum information processing, particularly quantum computing. Disparate areas of quantum physics, such as quantum optics, atom optics, quantum electronics, and quantum nanomechanical devices, have been unified in the search for a quantum computer and given a common "language", that of quantum information theory. The Quantum Manifesto was signed by 3,400 scientists and officially released at the 2016 Quantum Europe Conference, calling for a quantum technology initiative to coordinate between academia and industry, to move quantum technologies from the laboratory to industry, and to educate quantum technology professionals in a combination of science, engineering, and business.
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