I have eaten) Secondary verb 14a. Score of 1: Infinitival complements (i.e. I wan"na see" = I want to see) 14b. Score of 6: Gerund (i.e.
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Timothy Stowell in 1981 proposed that the small clause is indeed a constituent, pg. 87-88. and proposed a structure for small clauses using X-bar theory. Stowell proposes that the subject is defined as an NP occurring in a specifier position, that case is assigned in the specifier position, and that not all categories have subjects. His analysis explains why case-marked subjects cannot occur in infinitival clauses, although NPs can be projected up to an infinitival clause's specifier position.
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The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future.
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Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges § 1973 :(3) When the infinitival subject is co-referential either with the object of the main verb or some other argument constructed in a higher syntactic level, eg. a dative of interest with an impersonal verb or verbal expression, then it is usually omitted within the infinitival clause, and any predicate adjective or participle etc. stands in whichsoever case the main verb's argument stands.Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges § 937 But it is not unusual at all that an accusative be present or—more usually—understood by a predicate adjective, participle etc.
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William Watson Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb § §136 Yet it can be also in use with any infinitival use, no matter whether indirect speech is involved or not. In the following examples the infinitival clause is put in square brackets []: :: ::say some-people [SocratesACC wiseACC beINF] literal translation (Subject and predicate adjective are in accusative case) :: Some people say that Socrates is (or: was) wise. idiomatic translation :: :: pro3rd pl consider [Socrates ACC wise ACC be INF] literal translation (as stated before) :: They consider Socrates to be (or: to have been) wise. idiomatic translation :: Oratio Recta/Direct speech for both above examples would have been: ΣωκράτηςNOM σοφόςNOM ἐστινFIN (or ).
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In general, Greek is a pro drop language or a null-subject language: it does not have to express the (always in nominative case) subject of a finite verb form (either pronoun or noun), unless it is communicatively or syntactically important (e.g. when emphasis and/or contrast is intended etc.).Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges §§ 929-931 Concerning infinitives, no matter of which type, either articulated or not, and also either of the dynamic or declarative use, the following can be said as a general introduction to the infinitival syntax (:case rules for the infinitival subject): :(1) When the infinitive has a subject of its own (that is, when the subject of the infinitive is not co- referential either with the subject or the object of the governing verb form), then this word stands in the accusative case (Accusative and Infinitive).Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges § 936 :(2) When the subject of the infinitive is co-referential with the subject of the main verb, then it is usually neither expressed nor repeated within the infinitival clause (Nominative and Infinitive).
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The Brindisi dialect is a variant of Salentino and, although there are minor differences between the various municipalities, the root remains unchanged. It is spoken not only in Brindisi, but in some towns of the province of Taranto. The Brindisi also affects some dialects north of Lecce in the southA. Calabrese, The sentential complementation of salentino: a study of a language without infinitival clauses, 1993.
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In common with many Bantu languages, Rangi employs a system of noun classes. Rangi has 19 noun classes. Classes 1-10 show regular singular- plural distinctions (with odd numbers representing singular forms and even numbers representing the plural forms). Class 12 is used for (singular) diminutive nouns, class 15 contains infinitival nouns, classes 16 and 17 contain locative nouns, whilst class 19 contains plural diminutives nouns.
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Examples: mu:tu: 'to sit'/'to be', present mu:ta (from mu:t-ata), wi:a 'to lie'/'to be', present wi:ata, kvna 'to float'/'to be', present ga:rata. In the last example note that this seemingly suppletive present may in fact hark back to the original historical form, and infinitival kvna may be the changed one. The form mvra 'to hear' has grammaticalized into an evidential suffix -mush 'hearsay'. Ex. hauanchi isin wuru: yamanaiamalim ma:maia-mushun-de: 'They say that in this land many men died'.
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The grammar of Macedonian is, in many respects, similar to that of some other Balkan languages (constituent languages of the Balkan sprachbund), especially Bulgarian. Macedonian exhibits a number of grammatical features that distinguish it from most other Slavic languages, such as the elimination of case declension, the development of a suffixed definite article, and the lack of an infinitival verb, among others. The first printed Macedonian grammar was published by Gjorgjija Pulevski in 1880.Gjorgjija Pulevski on the site of MANU.
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Isocrates, 10 (Helenae encomion). 46 :: pro3rd pl think-they [theACC their natureACC more-ableACC beINF than-the by the gods chosen-as-best] literal translation (infinitival subject and predicate in accusative) :: They think that their nature is more competent than the one chosen by the gods as best. idiomatic translation Oratio recta/Direct speech would have been: ἡNOM ἡμετέρα φύσιςNOM ἱκανωτέραNOM ἐστὶFIN τῆς ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν προκριθείσης. "Our nature is more competent than the one chosen by the gods as best".
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Fischer was born in Hilversum in 1951. She holds an M.A. in the History of English and General Linguistics from Newcastle University (1975) and an M.A. (doctoraalexamen) in English Language and Literature from the University of Amsterdam (1976, cum laude). She obtained her PhD from the University of Amsterdam (1990, cum laude) with a thesis entitled Syntactic Change and Causation: Developments in Infinitival Constructions in English. Fischer was professor of Germanic Linguistics at the University of Amsterdam from 1999 until her retirement in 2016.
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Carole Chaski was born in 1955, one of six children of Milton S. Chaski, Sr., and Marylee (née Evans) Chaski. Chaski attended Severn School and graduated in 1973, where she earned awards for both English and Spanish proficiency. Chaski earned her A.B. magna cum laude in English and Ancient Greek from Bryn Mawr College in 1975, and her M.Ed. in Psychology of Reading from the University of Delaware in 1981. Her 1988 Ph.D. dissertation in Linguistics at Brown University was titled Syntactic theories and models of syntactic change : a study of Greek infinitival complementation.
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Many Native American languages and some languages in Africa and Australia do not have direct equivalents to infinitives or verbal nouns. Instead, they use finite verb forms in ordinary clauses or various special constructions. Being a verb, an infinitive may take objects and other complements and modifiers to form a verb phrase (called an infinitive phrase). Like other non-finite verb forms (like participles, converbs, gerunds and gerundives), infinitives do not generally have an expressed subject; thus an infinitive verb phrase also constitutes a complete non-finite clause, called an infinitive (infinitival) clause.
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Exceptional case-marking (ECM), in linguistics, is a phenomenon in which the subject of an embedded infinitival verb seems to appear in a superordinate clause and, if it is a pronoun, is unexpectedly marked with object case morphology (him not he, her not she, etc.). The unexpected object case morphology is deemed "exceptional". The term ECM itself was coined in the Government and Binding grammar frameworkSee for instance Chomsky (1986:85-87), Cowper (1992:100f.), Napoli (1993:210-213), Lasnik (1999:8ff.). although the phenomenon is closely related to the accusativus cum infinitivo constructions of Latin.
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454–455: "When the subject of the governing verb... is at the same time the subject of the infinitive also, the subject is not expressed by the acc. of a personal promoun in Greek, as in Latin, but is wholly omitted, and when adjectives and substantives stand with the infinitive, to explain or define the predicate, they are put, by attraction, in the nominative". (for a modern perspective and relevant modern terminology see also big PRO and little pro and control constructions). In the following examples infinitival clauses are bracketed []; coreferent items are indexed by means of a subscripted "i".
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Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges, § 1060 ff. the dative or genitive being used instead of a predicate in the accusative: ; see also below. On the other hand, as it is indicated by predicate adjectives/sunstantives or participial constituents of the infinitival clause, it is not unusual at all for an accusative to be understood and be supplied by context as the subject of the infinitive, as the following examples illustrate. As far as the genitive is concerned, a predicate substantive or a participle normally stands in the accusative while an adjective may stand either in accusative or in genitive case.
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Particle is a somewhat nebulous term for a variety of small words that do not conveniently fit into other classes of words. The Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language defines a particle as a "word that does not change its form through inflection and does not fit easily into the established system of parts of speech". The term includes the "adverbial particles" like up or out in verbal idioms (phrasal verbs) such as "look up" or "knock out"; it is also used to include the "infinitival particle" to, the "negative particle" not, the "imperative particles" do and let, and sometimes "pragmatic particles" like oh and well.
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Plato, Hippias Major, 282e :: almost in-some-degree proi think-I [meACC more money have-earnedINF than othersACC two-togetherACC [whoever like-you] of-the sopisths]. (literal translation) :: Ii pretty well think Ii have earned more money than any other two sophists together of your choice. (idiomatic translation) Here the unemphatic dropped null-subject (if emphatic, a 1st person pronoun ἐγώi NOM should be present) of the main verb is emphatically repeated right after the verb within the infinitival clause in accusative case (ἐμέ, "I"). The meaning is ‘I believe that it is I who have made more money than any other two sophists together – you may choose whoever you like’.
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The Seri language of northwestern Mexico has infinitival forms used in two constructions (with the verb meaning 'want' and with the verb meaning 'be able'). The infinitive is formed by adding a prefix to the stem: either iha- (plus a vowel change of certain vowel-initial stems) if the complement clause is transitive, or ica- (and no vowel change) if the complement clause is intransitive. The infinitive shows agreement in number with the controlling subject. Examples are: icatax ihmiimzo 'I want to go', where icatax is the singular infinitive of the verb 'go' (singular root is -atax), and icalx hamiimcajc 'we want to go', where icalx is the plural infinitive.
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When the infinitival subject is coreferent with a word constructed with the governing verb in a higher syntactic level, in other words, when the subject of the infinitive is itself (a second) argument of the governing verb, then it is normally omitted and understood either in the oblique case in which the second argument is put (see also in the previous paragraph the reference to PRO and control structures), or in the accusative as if in an accusative and infinitive construction (but with the accusative noun or pronoun obligatorily suppressed and implied). :: i DAT DAT Xenophon, Anabasis, 7.1.21 :: now for-youDAT, Xenophon, is-possible [PROi man DAT become INF]. literal translation :: Now it is possible for you, Xenophon, [to become a man].
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Bernard Outtier, Jost Gippert, Winfried Boeder In 1972, Gippert graduated from the Leibniz- Gymnasium in Essen, Germany. Having studied Comparative Linguistics, Indology, Japanese studies, and Chinese studies from 1972 to 1977 at the University of Marburg and the Free University of Berlin,"Jost Gippert's curriculum vitae" Retrieved 2 March 2016 he was awarded his Ph.D. in 1977 on the basis of his work on the syntax of infinitival formations in the Indo-European languages. From 1977 to 1990, he worked as a research fellow and held lectures at the universities of Berlin, Vienna and Salzburg. While being research assistant for Oriental Computational Linguistics in 1991, he habilitated at the University of Bamberg with his inaugural dissertation on the study of Iranian loanwords in Armenian and Georgian.
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