"It is shocking to hear the President say outright that he is willing to put himself indebt (sic) to a foreign power... not to mention the foreign interference in an American election part," House Judiciary Chairman Jerry Nadler tweeted Wednesday night.
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Although defined as independent regulatory bodies, both entities have been exposed to the accusation of not being entirely independent, a condition resulting from the indebt interference exerted by politicians over these two bodies.
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The Wings made their fortunes primarily from outfitting seamen, and to a lesser extent from the production and sale of the whale oil and whalebone. Typically, they would indebt a recruited sailor for the cost of their clothing and supplies, the cost for boarding them before the ship departed, and then charge substantial interest on these loans.
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The campaign, prolonged for the following year and coinciding with devastating bubonic plague and cholera epidemics (which together killed around 1.6% of the population in both countries),Giurescu, p. 122. soon became a drain on local economy:Hitchins, p. 192. according to British observers, the Wallachian state was required to indebt itself to European creditors for a total sum of ten million piastres, in order to provide for the Russian army's needs.Djuvara, pp. 321–2.
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Most projects were funded from the national budget or private Cambodian funds, because as Sihanouk declared 'I do not want to indebt my children'. International technical assistance was accepted from the UN and foreign governments, such as the United States of America, the USSR, and China. Two UN experts, Vladimir Bodiansky and Gerald Hanning, provided valuable technical support in the early 1960s to the point that Vann Molyvann said they were his masters. Gerald Hanning who had participated in the ModulorLe Corbusier, Le Modulor Essai sur une mesure harmonique à l'échelle humaine applicable universellement à l'architecture et à la mécanique, Bäsel, Suisse, Birkhäuser, 1950, p.
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For example, a study in Bangladesh showed that women have 100% control over loans that are smaller than 1000 Taka but only 46% of control if the loan is bigger than 4,000 Taka. A study in India showed that women may be put under pressure by their male relatives to join a credit group and indebt themselves. A study in Bangladesh showed that microcredit increases dowries, with women forced at times to take microcredit loans as the only means to pay these increased dowries for their daughters. The first randomized evaluation of the introduction of microcredit, carried out in Hyderabad in India, found no impact on women's decision-making.
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The result was a situation in which miners were perpetually indebt to their employer, receiving only an "advance against unearned wages." Because the company store was often the only place to spend scrip, the company could charge exorbitant prices in these rural communities compared to prices in major cities. $1 scrip coin from Peerless Coal & Coke Co., Vivian, West Virginia There was no uniform design, but each coin generally identified the location of the coal company town and predominantly featured the words "non-transferrable" to communicate to recipients it could not be transferred for U.S. currency. Coal scrip was deemed unconstitutional if non-transferable in the early-twentieth century, but continued to exist in Kentucky and West Virginia until officially outlawed by Congress in 1967.
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A truck system, in the specific sense in which the term is used by labour historians, refers to an unpopular or even exploitative form of payment associated with small, isolated and/or rural communities, in which workers or self-employed small producers are paid in either: goods, a form of payment known as truck wages, or tokens, private currency ("scrip") or direct credit, to be used at a company store, owned by their employers. A specific kind of truck system, in which credit advances are made against future work, is known in the U.S. as debt bondage. Many scholars have suggested that employers use such systems to exploit workers and/or indebt them. This could occur, for example, if employers were able to pay workers with goods which had a market value below the level of subsistence, or by selling items to workers at inflated prices.
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