A brass rail circumscribes the chamber; only members, pages, and clerks can go inside.
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A tall windbreak, white as a glacial crevasse, circumscribes the front door, shrouding it from view.
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That, more than anything else except perhaps your health, is what most describes, and circumscribes, your life.
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Influential monks have preached anti-Muslim rhetoric and pushed successfully for a law that circumscribes interfaith marriage.
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Our Constitution equally circumscribes the powers of the government by declaring certain civil rights and freedoms as fundamental.
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" De Kooning was always more open-minded: "Whatever an artist's personal feelings are, as soon as an artist fills a certain area on the canvas or circumscribes it, he becomes historical.
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Adding salt to the wound, while "no admit, no deny" materially circumscribes what I can say about the case and its disposition, it apparently doesn't tie the SEC's hands to quite the same degree.
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Because of the reticence over granting Puerto Rico Chapter 9, or bankruptcy, status (which it actually had before 1984, when Congress inexplicably changed the rules) it strictly circumscribes the debt restructuring process so that states on the mainland with their own serious debt problems — such as Illinois and California — can't cite Puerto Rico as a precedent for turning to Washington for relief.
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Under the operculum are muscles. The thin body wall circumscribes the interior of the shell, except the apex.
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The species epithet refers to the Baja California Peninsula of northwestern Mexico, which circumscribes the range of the species.
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Elliptical Road is an 8-lane roundabout that circumscribes Quezon City Memorial Circle. R-7 continues at Commonwealth Avenue.
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The Acarosporomycetidae are a subclass of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. This subclass contains the single order Acarosporales, which circumscribes the single family Acarosporaceae.
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During the southern hemisphere winter, intense wave activity circumscribes the pole at around 50°S, with 5 m significant wave heights typical in the southern Indian Ocean.
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A fringing reef circumscribes the atoll. There are two openings into the ocean. It almost encompasses a large lagoon. The lagoon itself is in length and is more than in width.
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All other polycons' edges are hyperbolic. Like the polycons, the Platonicons are made of only one type of conic surface. Their unique feature is that each one of them circumscribes one of the five Platonic solids. Unlike the other families, this family is not infinite.
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The plane flies into view and heads in the direction of the Tower, training a brightly coloured banner. As it approaches it begins to circle anticlockwise. Seven times it circumscribes the Tower. On its seventh circuit confetti falls from the plane showering the Tower and the ground below.
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Hobbs Ridge () is a prominent arc-shaped ridge which circumscribes Hobbs Glacier to the north and northwest and forms the divide with the lower part of Blue Glacier, on the Scott Coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in association with Hobbs Glacier. Projection Peak rises at its most southeastern point.
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Shariah is addressed in two ways: #"Islam is the official religion of the State and is to be considered a source of legislation." But decisions according to Shariah may not abrogate articles or guarantees: #"Any legal provision that conflicts with this Law is null and void." Thus the Law of Administration circumscribes Shariah.
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This way, even if a certain part of his biography still survives in the oral tradition of the region of Apurímac—where it has acquired unusual characteristics—, in Cusco as well as in the Peruvian Literary Canon, knowledge of his life and work circumscribes mostly to scholars of literature in Colonial Spanish America.
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It starts from the intersection of the Old National Highway (Manila South Road) at the Calamba Crossing in Calamba. It will then follow a route that circumscribes the Laguna de Bay, passing through the municipalities of Los Baños, Bay, Calauan, Victoria, Pila, Santa Cruz, the capital of Laguna, and terminates in Pagsanjan, all in Laguna.
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Multiply the result by 4 to estimate . In this procedure the domain of inputs is the square that circumscribes the quadrant. We generate random inputs by scattering grains over the square then perform a computation on each input (test whether it falls within the quadrant). Aggregating the results yields our final result, the approximation of .
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Archimedes wrote the first known proof that is an overestimate in the 3rd century BCE, although he may not have been the first to use that approximation. His proof proceeds by showing that is greater than the ratio of the perimeter of a regular polygon with 96 sides to the diameter of a circle it circumscribes.
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Big Bend is an area of Upper Falls that is named for the Big Bend of Coal River.United States Geological Survey, ID Number 7728 "Big Bend" The river's Big Bend circumscribes Big Bend Golf Course, which also takes its name. The official name "Tornado" first appeared when a new post office opened in the community in 1881.
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Kentucky Route 2313 is a supplemental road in the city of Liberty in central Casey County. The U-shaped highway partially circumscribes the Casey County Courthouse between a pair of intersections with KY 70 Business (Campbellsville Street) in the Liberty Downtown Historic District. KY 2313's eastern intersection is also the southern terminus of KY 49 (Hustonville Street).
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La Palma has a road network of some . All the main roads are asphalted and in a good state, although there are many sharp bends, some very narrow. In order to reach some small hamlets in the north of the island it is necessary to travel on earth tracks. A good paved road approximately , circumscribes the island.
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Vastupurushamandala is a yantra. The design lays out a Hindu temple in a symmetrical, self-repeating structure derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles. The four cardinal directions help create the axis of a Hindu temple, around which is formed a perfect square in the space available. The circle of mandala circumscribes the square.
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Split Rock Trail originates at Bartow Circle and stretches for along the west side of the park. First designated in 1938 along the path of the former Split Rock Road, the path was renovated in summer 1987. The park is also traversed by a bridle path. That path circumscribes both golf courses, with a spur to the Bronx Equestrian Center.
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The Elliptical Road is a roundabout in Quezon City which circumscribes the Quezon Memorial Circle, a large park. It was named after its elliptical shape. The spinning in this roundabout is in a counterclockwise direction. The road is divided into 8 lanes, wherein 3 are the main lanes, 4 lanes are for exiting vehicles with one lane for bicycles and pedicabs.
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The star incorporates 49 points to commemorate the university's founding by Prince Karim Aga Khan, the Forty-Ninth imam of the Ismaili Muslims. The outer ring circumscribes a Quranic Ayat (3:103) rendered in classic thuluth script. AKU- IED is a center for developing teachers, educators, education managers, researchers and policy makers. Apart from teacher training, AKU-IED offers MEd (Masters of Education) and PhD.
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This clade circumscribes five subordinate clades: two traditional tribes (Hypocalypteae and Indigofereae) and three informal clades (the mirbelioids, the millettioids, and Hologalegina), as well as several minor taxa. The name of this clade is informal and is not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN or the ICPN. The clade does not currently have a node-based definition.
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The highway reduces to two lanes east of Chinquapin Round Road and meets the southern end of MD 435 (Taylor Avenue) and the northern end of MD 387 (Spa Road) at the Westgate Circle roundabout next to Annapolis National Cemetery. MD 450 continues into the Colonial Annapolis Historic District as a municipally maintained street. The road surface changes to brick for the one block before the highway enters Church Circle, a traffic circle that circumscribes St. Anne's Church. The streets that emanate from the circle include Franklin Street, which leads to the Banneker-Douglass Museum; South Street, which passes the Old City Hall and Engine House; Duke of Gloucester Street and Main Street, a non-parallel pair of one-way streets that head toward and from the city's docks; School Street, which leads to State Circle, which is unsigned MD 797 and circumscribes the Maryland State House; Northwest Street, which enters the circle from the namesake direction; and College Avenue, onto which MD 450 continues.
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Existing in the area now is a spacious net enclosure where 100 Philippine tarsiers are kept safe from predators as well as for feeding, breeding and display. The 100 tarsiers in the enclosure have gotten used to a fence that circumscribes the territory. At night, they can be seen climbing out of the fence to forage for food farther into the forest. They return again before daybreak, as if observing a curfew.
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The leaves are oblong, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, about 3.5 centimeters long – those on the branches very numerous, small, and 1 to 1.5 centimeters long – with narrowed base and pointed or somewhat rounded tip. The flowers are small, about 1.2 millimeters long, greenish or purplish, and borne in dense axillary clusters. The capsules are nearly spherical, depressed, about 1.2 millimeters in diameter, purple, and irregularly circumscribes above the middle. The seeds are black (Nadkarni, 1982).
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223-4, Sanford & Co., Worcester, Massachusetts, 1878. The Putnam House still stands at 211 Putnam Hill Road, Sutton, Massachusetts. The house has a large central chimney, and a triple-run staircase which circumscribes the oven and chimney. The house has five fireplaces, five windows in each room, and five trees planted in front of the house to break westerly winds. The farm’s large barn is close to the house and situated to break northeasterly winds.
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The Mixiomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota. The class contains a single order, the Mixiales, which in turn contains a single family, the Mixiaceae that circumscribes the monotypic genus Mixia. Only one species has been described to date, Mixia osmundae; this species was originally named Taphrina osmundae by Japanese mycologist Toji Nishida in 1911. It is characterized by having multinucleate hyphae, and by producing multiple spores on sporogenous cells.
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Other spheres defined for some but not all polyhedra include a midsphere, a sphere tangent to all edges of a polyhedron, and an inscribed sphere, a sphere tangent to all faces of a polyhedron. In the regular polyhedra, the inscribed sphere, midsphere, and circumscribed sphere all exist and are concentric.. When the circumscribed sphere is the set of infinite limiting points of hyperbolic space, a polyhedron that it circumscribes is known as an ideal polyhedron.
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The act marked a breaking point of a largely hands-off attitude by the state in place since the established with the Saltsjöbaden Agreement in 1938. Even though the act circumscribes the extent to which collective bargaining regulates the labour- market, left-wing supporters of the claim the benefits of act's labour security and promotion of indefinite contracts. Liberal critics, on the other hand, claim that decreased flexibility increases thresholds to hiring and blocks employers from firing incompetent labour.
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The curvature (or bend) of a circle is defined as k = ±1/r, where r is its radius. The larger a circle, the smaller is the magnitude of its curvature, and vice versa. The plus sign in k = ±1/r applies to a circle that is externally tangent to the other circles, like the three black circles in the image. For an internally tangent circle like the large red circle, that circumscribes the other circles, the negative sign applies.
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Photograph of the retina of the human eye, with overlay diagrams showing the positions and sizes of the macula, fovea, and optic disc Perifovea is a region in the retina that circumscribes the parafovea and fovea and is a part of the macula lutea. The perifovea is a belt that covers a 10° radius around the fovea and is 1.5 mm wide. The perifovea ends when the Henle's fiber layer disappears and the ganglion cells are one-layered.
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If a circle circumscribes the flower, it should have a diameter 0.6 times the entire height of the flag. The petals are uniformly spread around the centre point of the flag, radiating outward and pointing in a clockwise direction. Each of the flower's petals bears a five-pointed red star with a red trace, suggestive of a flower stamen. The heading that is used to allow a flag to be slid or raised onto a pole is white.
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Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx. Waldeyer's ring circumscribes the naso- and oropharynx, with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate (and to the back of the oral cavity). It is believed that Waldeyer's ring prevents the invasion of microorganisms from going into the air and food passages and this helps in the defense mechanism of the respiratory and alimentary systems.
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Malveae is a tribe of flowering plants in the mallow family Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae. The tribe circumscribes approximately 70 genera and 1040 species and has the greatest species diversity out the three tribes that make up Malvoideae (followed by Hibisceae and then Gossypieae). The flowers of Malveae are five-merous with a characteristic staminal column, a trait found throughout Malvoideae. Although there are not many economically important species within Malveae, the tribe includes Althaea officinalis, otherwise known as the Marsh Mallow.
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The building also contains a memorial entrance tower with stained glass, commemorative wall artwork, and a bust depicting the building's namesake, Milo H. Stuart. On the third floor of the tower is a carillon, which plays during the school's passing periods. The Howard Longshore Stadium is where the school's football team has its games and where the marching band, track and field, and cross country teams practice. It includes a running track which circumscribes it, as well as concrete bleachers on each side.
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The Polk Parkway, also known as Florida State Road 570 (SR 570/FL 570), is a , limited-access toll road which runs through Polk County, Florida. It is operated as part of Florida's Turnpike Enterprise system of limited-access expressways. The Polk Parkway mainly serves as a beltway around Lakeland forming a semicircle, which along with I-4 circumscribes most of the city limits of Lakeland. As part of Florida's Turnpike network, SunPass, E-Pass, and LeeWay electronic toll collection are recognized along with coin collection at toll plazas and interchange ramps.
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The constitution gives the president the power to return a bill unsigned but it circumscribes the power to send it back only once for reconsideration. If the parliament sends back the bill with or without changes, the president is obliged to sign it. In mid-2006, President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam sent back a controversial bill regarding the exclusion of certain offices from the scope of 'offices of profit', the holding of which would disqualify a person from being a member of parliament. The combined opposition, the NDA, hailed the move.
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Zalis also notes that such difficulties in assessing Aderca's stylistic category have to do with the single motivation of his protagonists, often an erotic one, which "circumscribes" their whole existence. Zalis sees Aderca's work as superficially indebted to the more naturalistic modernist school, through its vitalism, but ultimately "bookish" in character. With his literary theory, Aderca sought to import Western modernism, acclimatizing its diverse components to a Romanian context. His various works are more or less explicitly indebted to Expressionism, which they mimic in altering traditional narrative techniques.
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The 'case à impluvium' in Ziguinchor, Casamance, Senegal, a centre for the arts run by the Alliance Franco-Sénégalaise An impluvium is a type of dwelling typical of the Jola in the Casamance region of Senegal. It is a circular mud building, built with a ring of rooms around a walkway that circumscribes a central water trench, fed by an opening that allows water into the building. Impluvia remain cool in very hot weather as the water evaporates. There is a particularly fine example that serves as a hotel in Enampore.
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The park is surrounded by residences, and by the Town Hall (formerly Park School), at the north end. In recent years, commercial development has extended to the Water Valley development, along State Highway 257, near the intersection with Windsor Lake,Topographic map from USGS via Microsoft Research Maps a small reservoir in the irrigation system of Weld County, is one block north of the BNSF tracks. The lake is a popular spot for fishing. In the last decade, a 2.25 mile bike path was completed which circumscribes the lake.
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To the rear is a Shahed 129, and to the left (blue) a Shahed 121. Though the Shahed 129 airframe is likely capable of its claimed 1700 km combat range, it relies on a ground control station, which Iranian state media say is limited to a 200 km datalink. Independent analysts are more positive, saying the effective range is likely 300–400 km, but are clear that the drone's reliance on a ground station severely circumscribes its effective range. Other experts say the Shahed 129's datalink could likely not reach even 200 km.
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Karen Eliot is a multiple identity, a shared nom de plume that anyone is welcome to use for activist and artistic endeavours. It is a manifestation of the "open pop star" idea within the Neoist movement. The name was developed in order to counter the male domination of that movement, the most predominant multiple-use names previously being Monty Cantsin and Luther Blissett. Karen Eliot was not born, she was materialised from social forces, constructed as a means of entering the shifting terrain that circumscribes the ‘individual’ and society.
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But if a person on either world lacks a duplicate (for instance if a Proton citizen immigrated there from another planet, or a counterpart from the opposite frame died), he can cross to the other through an energy "curtain" that circumscribes each frame. The first three books in the series follow Proton serf Stile as he enters Phaze and becomes an important political force there. The next three concern the adventures of Mach (Citizen Blue's son), Bane (Stile's son), and Bane's companions. Finally, volume 7, Phaze Doubt follows Bane's and Mach's nine- year-old children, Flach and Nepe, among others.
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" Maria Zheleva of Soundigest shared a similar view and praised Styles' vulnerability in the song's lyrics and vocals which "ignites that place in our hearts that's longing to be filled by someone who means everything, and it's enchanting." Courteney Laroca of Insider gave the song a 8.1/10 rating and regarded it as "one of the more upbeat tracks on Fine Line, providing a much-needed dose of pep and a glance into Styles' more playful side." Alex Rodobolski of Exclaim! called the song "a fun pop banger" with an "endearing tune" that circumscribes the album with "a certain sense of mysticism.
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Tank Hill Park is located in San Francisco near the intersection of Clayton Street and Twin Peaks Boulevard, which circumscribes the hill to the south and east. A rocky outcropping defines the north side, which falls in cliffs to houses below. From the south, and higher side of the hill, along Twin Peaks Boulevard, steps and a path lead to the top of the hill, which offers wonderful views of downtown San Francisco and the Golden Gate. The top of the hill offers flat and paved areas that date back to civic waterworks that once existed on the top of the hill.
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He explored new materials and compositions, and on the occasion of the Moon landing, he founded the Agrà Movement, a futurist current looking at these exalting successes of technology and thus expresses in artwork the absence of gravity, the Zero-G that by subtracting from bodies their terrestrial weight, proposes to free man and art from all conditioning. Monachesi's pieces in coloured methacrylate are truly dynamic action- sculptures: "... the artist moulds the transparent and fluorescent perpex sheet, and succeeds in capturing and freeing the void of the full figure it circumscribes," (Floriano de Santis, 1990).Cf. S. Papetti, ed., Monachesi.
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This clade circumscribes six subordinate clades: one traditional tribe (Exostyleae) and five informal clades (the genistoids, the vataireoids, the dalbergioids, the Andira clade, and the Old World Clade), as well as the genus Amphimas. The clade has the following ICPN-compliant, node- based definition: > The most inclusive crown clade exhibiting the structural rearrangement in > the plastid genome (inversion of a ~50 Kb segment in the large-single copy > region with endpoints between the accD and trnK regions) homologous with > that found in Aldina latifolia Spruce ex Benth. 1870, Holocalyx balansae > Micheli 1883, Maackia amurensis Rupr. 1856, Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. > 1825, and Glycine max (L.) Merr.
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Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are usually tested together as part of the cranial nerve examination. The examiner typically instructs the patient to hold his head still and follow only with the eyes a finger or penlight that circumscribes a large "H" in front of the patient. By observing the eye movement and eyelids, the examiner is able to obtain more information about the extraocular muscles, the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, and cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. Loss of function of any of the eye muscles results in ophthalmoparesis. Since the oculomotor nerve controls most of the eye muscles, it may be easier to detect damage to it.
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Median of a right angle of a triangle Thales' theorem states that if A is any point of the circle with diameter BC (except B or C themselves) ABC is a right triangle where A is the right angle. The converse states that if a right triangle is inscribed in a circle then the hypotenuse will be a diameter of the circle. A corollary is that the length of the hypotenuse is twice the distance from the right angle vertex to the midpoint of the hypotenuse. Also, the center of the circle that circumscribes a right triangle is the midpoint of the hypotenuse and its radius is one half the length of the hypotenuse.
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An urban growth boundary, or UGB, is a regional boundary, set in an attempt to control urban sprawl by, in its simplest form, mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for urban development and the area outside be preserved in its natural state or used for agriculture. Legislating for an "urban growth boundary" is one way, among many others, of managing the major challenges posed by unplanned urban growth and the encroachment of cities upon agricultural and rural land. An urban growth boundary circumscribes an entire urbanized area and is used by local governments as a guide to zoning and land use decisions, and by utilities and other infrastructure providers to improve efficiency through effective long term planning (e.g. optimising sewerage catchments, school districts, etc.).
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The Transvaal Basin is one of three basins of the Transvaal Supergroup on the Kaapvaal craton. The evolution of this 2.65–2.05 Ga Neoarchaean–Palaeoproterozoic basin is thought to have been derived largely from magmatism, palaeoclimate and eustasy, while plate tectonics played an intermittent role. The supergroup is made up of basal ‘protobasinal’ rocks, upon which followed the Black Reef Formation, Chuniespoort Group and the uppermost Pretoria Group.Encyclopædia Britannica The Transvaal Supergroup displays three unconformity-bounded sequences that surface in two geographically distinct areas – the Transvaal Basin, which circumscribes the Bushveld Igneous Complex, and the Griqualand West basin, lying between Kimberley and Sishen at the western Kaapvaal craton rim, extending into southern Botswana beneath the Kalahari Sands as the Kanye Basin.
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After his short affiliation to Surrealism, a style which is almost entirely absent from his published work, Baconsky embraced a style which reflected his communist sympathies, and which is most often seen as the source of some of his poorest work. Cornel Ungureanu describes the early 1950s Baconsky as "an exponent of socialist realism" and a "passionate supporter of the communist utopia"; his stance in respect to the authorities was described by literary historian Alex Drace-Francis as "conformist"Drace-Francis, p.72 (a word also used by Călinescu), while Paul Cernat circumscribes Baconsky to the "pure and tough Stalinism" of the day. His early works are seen by literary critic Sorin Tomuţa as "an unfortunate debut with conjectural lyrics".
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She said the books are notable for "a scrupulous passivity, an agreement to cover the story not as it is occurring but as it is presented, which is to say as it is manufactured." She ridicules "fairness" as "a familiar newsroom piety, the excuse in practice for a good deal of autopilot reporting and lazy thinking." All this focus on what people said and thought—their "decent intentions"—circumscribes "possible discussion or speculation", resulting in what she called "political pornography". The Post's Richard Harwood defended Woodward in a September 6, 1996, column, arguing that Woodward's method is that of a reporter—"talking to people you write about, checking and cross- checking their versions of contemporary history," and collecting documentary evidence in notes, letters, and records.
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The prime minister may lead a coalition government and/or a minority government dependent on support from smaller parties during confidence-and-supply votes. Jacinda Ardern is sworn in as the 40th Prime Minister by the Governor-General, Dame Patsy Reddy, 26 October 2017 Once appointed and sworn in by the governor- general, the prime minister remains in the post until dismissal, resignation, or death in office. He or she, like all ministers, holds office "during the pleasure of the Governor-General", so theoretically, the governor-general can dismiss a prime minister at any time; however, convention heavily circumscribes the power to do so. The governor-general might rarely exercise reserve power to dismiss a prime minister in circumstances pertaining to a non-confidence motion against the government in the House of Representatives.
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The tremendous public success of La pell de brau (1960) signified the popular recognition of Espriu: the author posed the historical drama of Sepharad (poet's nickname for Spain after the Jewish usage) in poems with a high spiritual, moral and political resonance. Llibre de Sinera (1963), one of his most hermetic books, ties in with subjects from the two previous works and again circumscribes the civil ambit of his poetry to the "homeland" mythicized in Sinera, a word phonetically formed by spelling backwards Arenys. In Setmana Santa (1971), through the images of the ritual procession, the author presents the myth of the Catholic Passion from a metaphysical perspective. The bibliography of Espriu contains two more poems, included in the first volume of his Complete works (1968) (Per al llibre de salms d'aquests vells cecs and Fragments. Versots. Intencions.
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Neoplatonism is a strand of Platonic philosophy that emerged in the second century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion. The term does not encapsulate a set of ideas as much as it encapsulates a chain of thinkers which began with Ammonius Saccas and his student Plotinus (c. 204/5 – 271 AD) and which stretches to the 5th century AD. Even though neoplatonism primarily circumscribes the thinkers who are now labeled Neoplatonists and not their ideas, there are some ideas that are common to neoplatonic systems; for example, the monistic idea that all of reality can be derived from a single principle, "the One". After Plotinus there were three distinct periods in the history of neoplatonism: the work of his student Porphyry (third to early fourth century); that of Iamblichus (third to fourth century) and that school's later continuation in Syria; and the period in the fifth and sixth centuries, when the Academies in Alexandria and Athens flourished.oxfordbibliographies.
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If a straight line is considered a degenerate circle with zero curvature (and thus infinite radius), Descartes' theorem also applies to a line and two circles that are all three mutually tangent, giving the radius of a third circle tangent to the other two circles and the line. If four circles are tangent to each other at six distinct points, and the circles have curvatures ki (for i = 1, ..., 4), Descartes' theorem says: When trying to find the radius of a fourth circle tangent to three given kissing circles, the equation is best rewritten as: The ± sign reflects the fact that there are in general two solutions. Ignoring the degenerate case of a straight line, one solution is positive and the other is either positive or negative; if negative, it represents a circle that circumscribes the first three (as shown in the diagram above). Problem-specific criteria may favor one solution over the other in any given problem.
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Consider a right angle moving rigidly so that one leg remains on the point P and the other leg is tangent to the curve. Then the vertex of this angle is X and traces out the pedal curve. As the angle moves, its direction of motion at P is parallel to PX and its direction of motion at R is parallel to the tangent T = RX. Therefore, the instant center of rotation is the intersection of the line perpendicular to PX at P and perpendicular to RX at R, and this point is Y. If follows that the tangent to the pedal at X is perpendicular to XY. Draw a circle with diameter PR, then it circumscribes rectangle PXRY and XY is another diameter. The circle and the pedal are both perpendicular to XY so they are tangent at X. Hence the pedal is the envelope of the circles with diameters PR where R lies on the curve.
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