In historical linguistics, apocope is often the loss of an unstressed vowel.
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Apocope comes from the Greek () from () "cutting off", from () "away from" and () "to cut".
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Steinhauer, Hein. Synchronic Metathesis and Apocope in Three Austronesian Languages of the Timor Area. Thesis. Leiden University, 1996. Retrieved 2017-3-7.
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Palgrave Macmillan. / An example of apocope in Israeli Hebrew is the word lehit, which derives from להתראות lehitraot, meaning "see you, goodbye".
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Stress is penultimate in most dialects of Quechua. In some varieties, factors such as apocope of word-final vowels may cause exceptional final stress.
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In phonology, apocope () is the loss (elision) of one or more sounds from the end of a word, especially the loss of an unstressed vowel.
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Apocope takes precedence; the nucleus of the final light syllable (CV) is deleted. For example, /nahana-ta/ 'to create' becomes [nahánat], as the final vowel is deleted. If there is a syllable-final nasal, then this creates a heavy syllable and apocope is blocked. When CV roots appear without a suffix, their vowels are lengthened, creating an underlying structure of two syllables, even if the surface form is monosyllabic.
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The apocope, the dropping of the final vowel of words, resulting from pronunciations like 'Wacky-white' for "Waikouaiti" has been identified with Southern Māori. However, the devoicing, rather than apocope, of final vowels occurs in the speech of native Māori- speakers throughout New Zealand, and the pronunciation of the names of North Island towns by locals often omits final vowels as well, like in the pronunciation of "Paraparam" or "Waiuk".
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The only productive vocative form involves suppression of apocope and the accent shift to accent-final. For example, díitʃ 'uncle' becomes diitʃí 'uncle-VOC' and páblo 'Pablo' becomes pabló 'Pablo-VOC'.
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The general term for a loss of sound segments in the field of linguistics is known as "elision". Other types of elision include the processes of apheresis, syncope, apocope, synizesis, and synaloepha.
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In Estonian and the Sami languages, apocopes explain the forms of grammatical cases. For example, a nominative is described as having apocope of the final vowel, but the genitive does not have it. Throughout its history, however, the genitive case marker has also undergone apocope: Estonian ("a city") and ("of a city") are derived from and respectively, as can still be seen in the corresponding Finnish word. In the genitive form, the final , while it was being deleted, blocked the loss of .
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There are three ways to mark the vocative case, and all three suppress apocope. There are two unproductive suffixes: -ta and -wa. For example, yátsu 'brother' takes -ta to produce yatsutá. Meanwhile, ápa 'father' takes -wa to produce apawá.
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The dialect of Salten is well known for its large use of apocope. For instance, a local would say while in the formal Norwegian language one would say The words in this list () are pronounced with two syllables in formal Norwegian, but with just one in some Salten dialects.
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Helong speakers are found in four villages on the South-Western coast of West Timor, as well as on Semau Island, a small island just off the coast of West Timor.Steinhauer, Hein. Synchronic Metathesis and Apocope in Three Austronesian Languages of the Timor Area. Thesis. Leiden University, 1996.
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The Hatran b-yld corresponds to the Syriac bēt yaldā "anniversary". The apocope of the final consonant of the substantive bt in the construct state is not attested in either Old Aramaic or Syriac; it is, however, attested in other dialects such as Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Jewish Palestinian Aramaic.
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Its toponomy probably comes from a union of the Spanish word val (apocope of valle), meaning "valley", and the Basque mahatseta, which means "vineyard", Val-Mahatseta would then mean "valley of vineyards", which would eventually evolve into Valmaseda, currently in use in Spanish, and Balmaseda, following the orthographic rules of the Basque language.
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For example, /i.u.a.i.na/ ‘show’ becomes /i.wa.i.na/. Word-initial /i, u/ are realized as [y, w] when in front of a non-identical vowel. For example, /i.u.mi/ ‘water’ becomes /yu.mi/. Note that [ɰ] cannot appear in the word-initial position. Aguaruna also experiences three types of vowel elision: apocope, syncope, and diphthong reduction.
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Both cities serve the office of the county governor; however, Steinkjer houses the main functions. Trøndelag county and the neighbouring Møre og Romsdal county together form what is known as Central Norway. A person from Trøndelag is called a trønder. The dialect spoken in the area, trøndersk, is characterized by dropping out most vowel endings; see apocope.
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Emily Stagg (speller # 148) was sponsored by the New Haven Register in New Haven, Connecticut and spelled: seguidilla, disclaimant, kookaburra, viand, apocope, brunneous, clavecin (spelled incorrectly as "clavison"). She came in 6th place. In 2006, as a junior in Carleton College, she wrote an op-ed article for the New York Times questioning the usefulness of the National Spelling Bee.
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It is the only Ogham inscribed stone to be recorded in County Leitrim. First examined by Mac Neill in 1909, the stone then marked the Kellagher family burial plot "opposite the middle of the eastern gable of the ruin" of Cloonmorris church. The long stone dates to , has an ecclesiastical association, and is not definitely post-apocope. The defaced inscription makes accurate reading difficult.
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In many cases in Papiamentu, the acute accent preserves emphasis in words of Spanish and/or Portuguese origin where they would otherwise have naturally occurred, i.e. without an acute accent. In these cases, words have undergone a seemingly systematic elision of final letters, or apocope. In verbs, the final -r in infinitive form and -do of past participles had been dropped, among other examples.
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Although modern Māori has largely been standardised around the form which was primarily formerly found in the central North Island, historically regional variations did exist, one of which — Southern Māori — has been revived to a very limited extent. This dialect displays marked phonological variations, notably in the existence of apocope. Several consonants are also changed in this dialect, with replacing , replacing , and used in place of in some areas.
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Word-final short vowels tend to be subject to apocope except for when the stem is syllabic. That is, the word would become sīsīp "duck" but remains niska "goose" because the stem is composed of only a single syllable. Similarly, post-consonantal word-final is lost. In the case of the Plains Cree word for "dog" , the is only lost after the short vowel is dropped when the plural suffix -k is added.
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The genitive case historically was derived from the accusative case through the process of apocope. The genitive form is always identical to the accusative form, except that the final /-n/ has been deleted. Historically, possession was once marked by the accusative suffix, but was lost due to the common occurrence of word-final nasal deletion in Aguaruna. The genitive indicates possession by attaching to the possessor and is immediately followed by the possessed.
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Metathesis and apocope, together binding processes, are pervasive in Leti as a feature of combinations of morphemes. The preferred "flow of speech" in Leti seems to involve chains of CCV units. The free form of any Leti morpheme always features a final vowel, so those whose bound forms end in consonants feature two allomorphs which are related by CV metathesis. Thus 'skin, fly (n.), fish, bird' have bound forms (the latter two with long vowels) but free forms .
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Westrobothnian always apocopes long-stem words, never short-stem words, while Ostrobothnian can have apocope in any word. Another difference is that Westrobothnian regularly differentiates feminine definite forms, depending on whether the word ends in a vowel or a consonant, while Ostrobothnian inflection can be more generalised. Westrobothnian has short-stem nouns viku, viko def. -n ’week,’ sögu, sögo, def. -n ’saw, story,’ long-stem skir def. -a ’magpie,’ kvissel def. kvissla ’blister,’ while Ostrobothnian has corresponding vik(å), def. -on, sag, def.
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Of these, 2,581 (1.9%) were members of other Christian groups, while 1,762 (1.3%) were irreligious, 508 (0.3%) were Muslims, 158 were Buddhists, and 52 belonged to other religions. Trøndersk is a dialect of Norwegian which with minor modifications is spoken throughout Trøndelag and Nordmøre. It is characterized by the use of apocope, palatalization and retroflex flaps (thick "L"). The Trøndersk spoken in Nord-Trøndelag is broader and closer to Old Norse than what is spoken in Trondheim, with the broadest language being spoken in Innherred.
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There also exist solely-masculine apocope forms (e.g. al ("to him", from a + el), del ("of him", from de + el), algún (from alguno) and buen (from bueno)) simply due to inherited tendencies in phonology and morphology. Some early proposals for gender neutrality in Spanish have included extending the use of the gender-neutral -es ending for plural nouns, so that mis hijos ("my children") becomes mis hijes if they are of more than one gender, or non-binary). Sometimes even feminist proposals can be constructed as sexist.
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Danzig Platt deviated significantly from North German Platt. While Platt has the pronunciations "maken" (to make), "slapen" (to sleep), "seggen" (to say), "vertellen", in Danzig Platt the pronunciations are "moake", "schloape", "saje", "vertalle". mochum Walter Petter, "Vom Danziger Deutsch". In: Danziger Hauskalender 1950 Typical of Danzig Missingsch is Apocope of a final 'e' as in "Katz" (cat) or "Straß" (street), and Entrundung of Umlaute "ü" and "ö" so that "Tier" is (door) is pronounced instead of High German Tür, and "Sehne" (sons) instead of Söhne.
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The specifics of consonants gradation vary by language (see the separate article for more details). Apocope (strongest in Livonian, Võro and Estonian) has, in some cases, left a phonemic status to the phonological variation in the stem (variation caused by the now historical morphological elements), which results in three phonemic lengths in these languages. Vowel harmony is also characteristic of the Finnic languages, despite having been lost in Livonian, Estonian and Veps. The original Uralic palatalization was lost in proto- Finnic, but most of the diverging dialects reacquired it.
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Cuca is a Mexican alternative metal band from Guadalajara, Jalisco that was formed in 1989 by musician and painter José Fors (vocals). Their first official concert, according to the band, was on February 14, 1990. Their first record, La Invasión de los Blátidos (1992), set them apart from any other Mexican band, since the album contained irreverent, humorous, curse-word laden lyrics and an aggressive sound that, at the time, was not expected in Mexican music. "Cuca" is an apocope for cucaracha (cockroach), and blátidos means blattodea, which is the scientific name given to cockroaches.
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He mocked the pronunciation of Hegelochus, the actor in Euripides' play Orestes, which was performed in 408 BC.Smith, p. 706; Scholion to Euripides, l. 279. In line 279 of the play, instead of "after the storm I see again a calm sea" ("γαλήν’ ὁρῶ"), Hegelochus recited "after the storm I see again a weasel" ("γαλῆν ὁρῶ"). In the nominative, the adjective forms that give "calm sea" are "γαληνός, γαληνόν", and "weasel" is either "γαλῆ" "γαλέη." The accusative of "γαλῆ" is "γαλῆν", and the accusative plural of γαληνόν is γαληνά, which, after apocope, results in "γαλήν’ ὁρῶ".
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In other words, the following are possible syllable types in Taos: CV, CVV, CVC, CVVC, CVCC (and in loanwords also: CCV, CCVV, CCVC, CCVVC, CCVCC, CCVVCC). This can be succinctly represented in the following (where optional segments are enclosed in parentheses): : C1 (C2)V1(V2)(C3)(C4<) + Tone Additionally, every syllable has a tone associated with it. The number of possible syllables occurring in Taos is greatly limited by a number of phonotactic constraints. A further point concerns Trager's analysis of Taos coda syllables: CC clusters occurring in codas are only possible as a result of vowel elision, which is often apocope.
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Trelew's foundation is linked with Welsh settlement in Argentina, the leaders of which were Captain Sir Love Jones-Parry of Madryn and Lewis (Luis) Jones, who acted as spokesmen to deal with the Argentine government in the beginning of the 1860s. The town was named Trelew in honour of Jones, tre meaning "town" in Welsh and Lew being an apocope for Lewis. Trelew was established on 20 October 1886 as the starting point for the Central Chubut Railway line that would link the lower Chubut River Valley to Puerto Madryn. Railway building equipment and 400 settlers arrived on July 28 of that same year on the steamer Vesta.
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Argies, is a band from Argentina of punk rock, reggae, dub and ska, formed in Rosario, Santa Fe; in 1984.Biografía de Argies Retrieved March 26, 2016 The name "Argies" is the pejorative apocope for "argentine", expression extensively used by the British soldiers during the war in Falkland in 1982.Argies Go Home Retrieved March 26, 2016 Even though their musical root is the British punk from the seventies, the band's lyrics have a testimonial style and, nowadays, turning to a deeper search into the inside of human ethic. Unlike most bands, which have fixed members, Argies works as a cooperative of independent musicians.
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The accusative suffix is -na, which is used to mark both direct objects and indirect objects. However, when the subject of a clause is first person plural, second person singular, or second person plural, then only first person singular objects take accusative case. For example, in the sentence núwa hapímkutʃin ɨŋkɨáu 'the women put their brooms (in baskets)’, núwa 'women' takes no suffix because it is the nominative case, and hapímkutʃin 'brooms' takes the accusative case -na, though the [a] has been lost in apocope. On the other hand, in the sentence tsabáu yuwáta 'eat a banana!' there is no accusative suffix on tsabáu 'banana' because the subject is 'you (singular)'.
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Starting in the 9th century, several feudal documents (especially oaths and complaints) written in macaronic Latin began to exhibit elements of Catalan, with proper names or even sentences in Romance. For example, in the act of consecration of the cathedral of Urgell from 839 the toponymy exhibits clear Catalan traits, like apocope in Argilers < ARGILARIUS, Llinars < LINARES, Kabrils < CAPRILES, and reduction of Latin clusters as in Palomera < PALUMBARIA. Another text, from the early 11th century, exhibits the names of seven fruit trees: Of special historical and linguistic importance is the Memorial of Complaints of Ponç IMemorial de greuges de Ponç I, comte d'Empúries, contra Jofre, Compte de Roselló (ca. 1050–1060), featuring whole sentences in Romance.
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Furthermore, there is voice distinction between the onsets of "kôr" and "gòn", not to mention syllabic syncope of the [no] in "Nôkôr" without the accompanying tone rise as normally occurs during monosyllabification in Southeast Asian tone languages (Thurgood, 1992; Thurgood and Li, 2002). However, if the word passed directly from Cham into Vietnamese without a Khmer intermediary stage, the complex onset, apocope and voice distinctions would be eliminated. Furthermore, the [au]~[o] alternation is well established in Vietnamese, and is still active today. For example, "không" as [χomɰ] or [χawmɰ] meaning "no" is not dialectal according to region, but is used in free variation throughout present day Ho Chi Minh City (Lopez, 2010).
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The city's name – which literally translates to Marketplace on the Beavers' Field – was first mentioned after the unification of two Árpád-era villages, Hód and Vásárhely – the former getting its name after Beaver's lake, an apocope term of Hód-tó (nowadays marking one of the city's districts and the canal Hód-tavi- csatorna), the latter Vásárhely coming from the medieval legal term marking the settlements with the right of hosting markets, literally meaning Market town. The interim term mező, which also refers to the city's state as an oppidum – a city with certain rights given by its feudal ruler – was later added to the town and its name.Kiss Lajos: Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára I. (A–K). 4. bőv., jav. kiadás.
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