148 Sentences With "yaws" | Random Sentence Generator

"We thought we would have been a lot further with Yaws," said Engels.

The team on Saturday checked the plane's handling, and tested rolls and yaws.

One of those diseases is Yaws, a chronic bacterial infection affecting mainly skin and bone.

A campaign in 753-64 against yaws, a bacterial infection that attacks skin, bone and cartilage, provides an object lesson.

Some researchers wondered if the primates had succumbed to yaws – a tropical, bacterial infection that can result in similar facial deformities.

Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease, guinea-worm disease, leishmaniasis, river blindness, trachoma and yaws are some of the 18 now collectively referred to as "neglected tropical diseases" (NTDs).

The app developed for the trachoma survey is also being trialled for gathering information about other diseases on WHO's list, including schistosomiasis, yaws, soil-transmitted helminth infections and guinea worm disease.

Early yaws lesions are often itchy, and more lesions may form along lines that are scratched. Yaws may be evolving less conspicuous lesions. Yaws is most common among children, who spread it by playing together. It is not thought that yaws is transmitted from mother to child in the womb, though this is not entirely certain.

Following that, there was a program to investigate rumors of yaws through 2011. In May 2016 the World Health Organization declared India free of yaws. India was the first country where yaws was endemic and which eliminated it. This success in India led to excite for other countries to also try to eliminate yaws by year 2020 using techniques which India developed.

Attempts to integrate yaws eradication into the primary healthcare system in the late 1960s failed, and by the 1970s, yaws was making a comeback in many countries. Weak control efforts were made in the late 70s and mid-80s. In 1995, the WHO estimated 460 000 worldwide cases. With few cases, mainly affecting poor, remote communities with little access to treatment, yaws became poorly known, yaws knowledge and skills died out even among health professionals, and yaws eradication was not seen as a high priority.

LYME and LYCE software bundles are based on Erlang and comprise Yaws. They are composed entirely of free and open-source software Yaws (Yet another web server) is a web server written in Erlang by Claes (klacke) Wikström. Yaws can be embedded into other Erlang-based applications or run as a regular standalone web server.Steve Vinoski article at the IEEE Internet Computing review, July/August 2011 Because Yaws uses Erlang's lightweight threading system, it performs well under high concurrency.

India is a country where yaws is now considered to have been eliminated. In the Phillipines, yaws stopped being listed as a notifiable disease in 1973; as of 2020, it is still present in the country. Following the development of orally administered azithromycin as a treatment, in the WHO targeted yaws for eradication by 2020. In April 2012, WHO initiated a new global campaign for the eradication of yaws, which has been on the WHO eradication list since 2011.

European doctor treats an Indonesian woman for yaws, early- to mid-20th-century. After eliminating yaws in India, the Indian government releases a report called "Yaws elimination in India – a step towards eradication". 2006. It is currently thought that it may be possible to eradicate yaws although it is not certain that humans are the only reservoir of infection. A single injection of long-acting penicillin or other beta lactam antibiotic cures the disease and is widely available, and the disease is believed to be highly localised. A 1953 questionnaire-based estimate was that there were 50-150 million yaws cases in 90 countries.

Examination of remains of Homo erectus from Kenya, that are about 1.6 million years old, has revealed signs typical of yaws. The genetic analysis of the yaws causative bacteria—Treponema pallidum pertenue—has led to the conclusion that yaws is the most ancient of the four known Treponema diseases. All other Treponema pallidum subspecies probably evolved from Treponema pallidum pertenue. Yaws is believed to have originated in tropical areas of Africa, and spread to other tropical areas of the world via immigration and the slave trade.

Serological tests cannot distinguish yaws from the closely related syphilis; no test distinguishing yaws from syphilis is widely available. The two genomes differ by about 0.2%. PCR and DNA sequencing can distinguish the two. There are also no common blood tests which distinguish among the four treponematoses: syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum), yaws (Treponema pallidum pertenue), bejel (Treponema pallidum endemicum), and pinta (Treponema carateum).

The Indian government began programs to eliminate yaws in the 1950s. India began its Yaws Eradication Program in 1996 and identified 735 cases at its start. In 2004 the Indian government announced that the health program seemed to have eliminated the disease. Even after yaws seemed to be gone, the government continued monitoring and searching for cases heavily through 2006.

Yaws is not a venereal disease. T. pallidum pertenue has been identified in non-human primates (baboons, chimpanzees, and gorillas) and studies show that experimental inoculation of human beings with a simian isolate causes yaws-like disease. However, no evidence exists of cross- transmission between human beings and primates, but more research is needed to discount the possibility of a yaws animal reservoir in non-human primates.

Haemophilus ducreyi infections can cause skin conditions that mimic primary yaws. People infected with Haemophilus ducreyi lesions may or may not also have latent yaws, and thus may or may not test positive on serological tests. This was discovered in the mid 2010s. It seems that a recently diverged strain of Haemophilus ducreyi has evolved from being a sexually transmitted infection to being a skin ulcer pathogen that looks like yaws.

There are several varieties of this disease, variously known as framboesia, pian, verrugas, and crab-yaws.

From 2008 to 2012, 13 countries reported over 300 000 new cases to the WHO. There was no system for certifying local elimination of yaws, and it is not known whether the lack of reports form some countries is because they stopped having yaws cases or because they stopped reporting them. It is estimated that if there is not an active surveillance programme, there is less than a 1-in-2 chance that a country will successfully report yaws cases (if it gets them) in over three-quarters of countries with a history of yaws. These countries are thought to need international assistance to mount effective surveillance.

The latter is likely the way it was introduced to Europe from Africa in the 15th century. The first unambiguous description of yaws was made by the Dutch physician Willem Piso. Yaws was clearly described in 1679 among African slaves by Thomas Sydenham in his epistle on venereal diseases, although he thought that it was the same disease as syphilis. The causative agent of yaws was discovered in 1905 by Aldo Castellani in ulcers of patients from Ceylon.

He died on 13 May 1826 in Munich, possibly from a tropical disease such as Yaws or Chagas disease.

Countries with Yaws, currently and previously, . Because T. pallidum pertenue is temperature- and humidity-dependent, yaws is found in humid tropical forest regions in South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. About three quarters of people affected are children under 15 years of age, with the greatest incidence in children 6–10 years old. Therefore, children are the main reservoir of infection.

It can result from syphilis, yaws, Paget's disease of bone, vitamin D deficiency or Weismann- Netter–Stuhl syndrome. It can be due to osteomalacia.

Many eradication campaigns ended in complacency and neglect; even in areas where transmission was successfully interrupted, re-introduction from infected areas occurred. Yaws eradication remained a priority in south-east Asia. Prior to the 2012-onwards WHO campaign, India launched its own national yaws elimination campaign which appears to have been successful.WHO South-East Asia report of an intercountry workshop on Yaws eradication, 2006 Certification for disease-free status requires an absence of the disease for at least five years. In India this happened on 19 September 2011. In 1996 there were 3,571 yaws cases in India; in 1997 after a serious elimination effort began the number of cases fell to 735. By 2003 the number of cases was 46. The last clinical case in India was reported in 2003 and the last latent case in 2006.

However, the wounding potential of M67 is mostly limited to the small permanent wound channel the bullet itself makes, especially when the bullet yaws (tumbles).

A large number of Indians died as a result of bowel diseases such as yaws and worm infections. Others died from ulcers that were not treated and did not heal. British Colonial Office records from 1879 mention that many Indians who contracted yaws were expelled from the estates and left to die. Plantation owners generally lacked empathy for and mistreated indentured workers, a legacy of slavery.

UNICEF (United Nations International Child Emergency Fund) was adopted to the UN in 1953 and began a campaign to help children suffering from yaws. Yaws is an easily curable disease, but unfortunately some places around the world do not have access to penicillin which is the cure. UNICEF worked to provide children around the world with this vaccination. In 1989, the UN adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Hall, In Miserable Slavery, pp. 144, 152–53, 201, 212, 219, 238–39. When two of his slaves were affected by yaws, Thistlewood gave them mercury pills on his doctor's advice.

It is treated with antibiotics and can be prevented through improved hygiene and sanitation. Yaws is most prevalent in the warm, moist, tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

It has been used as poles, railway sleepers, mining supports, for fencing and house stumps. Indigenous Australians used the gum medicinally as an antiseptic liquid to treat cuts, sores, burns, ulcers and yaws.

The housefly is a very common and cosmopolitan species which transmits diseases to man. The organisms of both amoebic and bacillary dysenteries are picked up by flies from the faeces of infected people and transferred to clean food either on the fly's hairs or by the fly vomiting during feeding. Typhoid germs may be deposited on food with the fly's faeces. The house fly cause the spread of yaws germs by carrying them from a yaws ulcer to an ordinary sore.

It is more common in remote areas, where access to treatment is poorer. It is associated with poverty and poor sanitation facilities and personal hygiene. Worldwide, almost 85% of yaws cases are in Ghana, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. Rates in sub- Saharan Africa are low, but tend to be concentrated in specific populations. , it is estimated that about 89 million people live in yaws-endemic areas, but data are poor, and this is likely an over-estimate.

One design by Tidal Energy Pty Ltd passively yaws the shrouded turbine using a turntable with a peer reviewed claim of 3.84 (384%) increase in efficiency over the same turbine minus the shroud - See Kirke..

Although one of the first descriptions of the disease was made in 1679 by Willem Piso, archaeological evidence suggests that yaws may have been present among human ancestors as far back as 1.6 million years ago.

Bejel, or endemic syphilis, is a chronic skin and tissue disease caused by infection by the endemicum subspecies of the spirochete Treponema pallidum. Bejel is one of the "endemic trepanematoses" (endemic infections caused by spiral-shaped bacteria called treponemes), a group that also includes yaws and pinta. Typically, endemic trepanematoses begin with localized lesions on the skin or mucous membranes. Pinta is limited to affecting the skin, whereas bejel and yaws are considered to be invasive because they can also cause disease in bone and other internal tissues.

The global prevalence of this disease and the other endemic treponematoses, bejel and pinta, was reduced by the Global Control of Treponematoses (TCP) programme between 1952 and 1964 from about 50 to 150 million cases to about 2.5 million (a 95 percent reduction). Following the cessation of this program yaws surveillance and treatment became a part of primary health systems of the affected countries. However incomplete eradication led to a resurgence of yaws in the 1970s with the largest number of case found in the Western Africa region.

His work is represented in a number of anthologies including The Penguin Book of South African Verse, Inscapes, A Century of South African Poetry and Halala Madiba: Nelson Mandela in Poetry. The phrase "Ah big yaws?" from his poem A Variation on a Theme of Thomas Hardy's was used as the title of Robin Malan's book on South African English Malong, Rawbone. Ah Big Yaws? David Philip, Cape Town, 1972 and his poem A Prayer in the Pentagon provided inspiration for the song Typical Situation by Dave Matthews.

Yaws is often diagnosed by the appearance of the lesions. Blood antibody tests may be useful but cannot separate previous from current infections. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most accurate method of diagnosis. There is no vaccine.

Guinea-worm disease was an NTD in India until the year 2000 when fortunately people in India eradicated the disease. In 2006 India announced the eradication of yaws after going since 2003 with no reported cases of the disease.

Hepatic gumma Moulage of a gumma in syphilis for training students. University of Tübingen. A gumma (plural gummata or gummas) is a soft, non-cancerous growth resulting from the tertiary stage of syphilis (and yaws). It is a form of granuloma.

Without treatment, physical deformities occur in 10% of cases. Yaws is common in at least 13 tropical countries as of 2012. Almost 85% of infections occurred in three countries—Ghana, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands. The disease only infects humans.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, but as with yaws and bejel, serological tests for syphilis, such as rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and TPHA, will be positive, and the spirochetes can be seen on dark field microscopy of samples taken from the early papules.

Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions at Indiana University-Bloomington. Retrieved on April 20, 2008. Yaws was treated with mercuric chloride (labeled as Corrosive Sublimate) before the advent of antibiotics. It was applied topically to alleviate ulcerative symptoms.

Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws. Treponema carateum is the cause of pinta. Treponema paraluiscuniculi is associated with syphilis in rabbits.

The most common diseases are bilharziasis, leprosy, malaria, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis and yaws. The Central African Republic is a yellow fever endemic zone country. The Pasteur Institute at Bangui cooperates actively with vaccination campaigns. All medicine, antibiotics, and vaccine imports must be authorized by the Ministry of Health.

The disease can be treated with penicillin, tetracycline (not to be used in pregnant women), azithromycin or chloramphenicol, and can be prevented through contact tracing by public health officials. A single intramuscular injection of long-acting penicillin is effective against endemic treponematoses including pinta, yaws, and bejel.

The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp., page 245 Life in the Duff Islands during the prehistoric period was far from idyllic with a high incidence of the infectious disease yaws.

Benzathine benzylpenicillin, also known as benzathine penicillin G, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used to treat strep throat, diphtheria, syphilis, and yaws. It is also used to prevent rheumatic fever. It is given by injection into a muscle.

Yaws has been almost totally eradicated in the northern part of the country. Sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) has also been greatly reduced in the north. In 2002, 203 new cases of cholera were reported. On 16 March 2020, the first COVID-19 case in the country was confirmed in Porto-Novo.

In 2015, there was no information on the incidence of yaws in at least 19 countries. In 2016 the number of reported cases was 59,000, but data was missing from many countries. The WHO had last updated these figures in 2018, and had not published numbers for years after 2016, .

European states kept these weapons largely among themselves by refusing to sell these weapons to African leaders.Collins and Burns (2007), pp. 268–269. African germs took numerous European lives and deterred permanent settlements. Diseases such as yellow fever, sleeping sickness, yaws, and leprosy made Africa a very inhospitable place for Europeans.

Carl L. Yaws (2008) Thermophysical Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons. 800 pages. Alexandru T. Balaban, Subhash C. Basak, Timothy Colburn, and Gregory D. Grunwald (1994): "Correlation between structure and normal boiling points of haloalkanes C1-C4 using neural networks". Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Science, volume 34, issue 5, pages 1118–1121.

Mnesia forms part of the LYME web application stack. This is akin to LAMP, but based on Erlang. Implementation in Erlang confers an efficiency benefit because of the use of a single virtual machine throughout an application. LYME makes use of this, since the Yaws web server is also implemented in Erlang.

The meeting was significant, and representatives of most countries where yaws is endemic attended and described the epidemiological situation at the national level. The disease is currently known to be present in Indonesia and Timor-Leste in South-East Asia; Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu in the Pacific region; and Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana and Togo in Africa. As reported at the meeting, in several such countries, mapping of the disease is still patchy and will need to be completed before any serious eradication effort could be enforced.Drug and a syphilis test offer hope of yaws eradication, 2013 Little progress was made on reducing incidence between 1992 and 2015.

Syphilis is a disease classified in a category of Treponemal disease. This group includes diseases like pinta, yaws, endemic syphilis and venereal syphilis. These diseases have symptoms that include inflammatory changes in tissues throughout the body. Initially the infected person may notice an area of inflammation at the site where the bacteria entered the body.

Treponema pallidum is a spirochaete bacterium with various subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel, and yaws. It is transmitted only amongst humans. It is a helically coiled microorganism usually 6–15 μm long and 0.1–0.2 μm wide. T. pallidum's lack of metabolic pathways (tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) results in minimal metabolic activity.

The latent stage that results lasts a lifetime in many cases. In a minority of cases, the disease exits latency and enters a tertiary phase, in which destructive lesions of skin, bone, and cartilage ensue. Unlike yaws and bejels, syphilis in its tertiary stage often affects the heart, eyes, and nervous system as well.

Bell B. A treatise on gonorrhoea virulenta and lues venerea. Edinburgh: James Watson and Co., 1793. Hill, like Freer before him and Bell after him, believed that the most successful treatment was mercury, supplemented on occasion by Peruvian bark. Hill was clear that sibbens and what he termed West Indian yaws were distinct diseases.

Yaws is spread by direct contact with the fluid from a lesion of an infected person. The contact is usually of a non-sexual nature. The disease is most common among children, who spread it by playing together. Other related treponemal diseases are bejel (Treponema pallidum endemicum), pinta (Treponema carateum), and syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum).

During the dry season, the leafy branches are burned as a way to repel biting insects. The bark has been used as a laxative and to treat dysentery and syphilis. The leaves have been used to treat leishmaniasis, fevers, yaws and ringworm. The Guyana Patamona use the juice of young leaves to treat persistent sores.

These masks often have large features and are created to be intentionally ugly. They achieve this by distorting the features in unnatural manners such as having bulging eyes or misplaced mouths. Many deformities present in the masks come from naturally occurring human diseases and illnesses. One that is often depicted is gangosa - a part of yaws.

The conditions of the indenture varied from between one and five years, with the workers being released if they fell ill or bought themselves out of their contract. They were not allowed to leave the plantation without a permit, on pain of fines or even imprisonment. Many of the workers and their families suffered from yaws, hookworm, and malaria.

Of the 1,201 evacuees to Truk only 737 returned after the war, and of the about 600 left behind on Nauru, a total of around 400 survived. The Angam girl, Eidegenegen Eidagaruwo, did not make it back from Truk as she had died of malnutrition and yaws like most of the other Nauruans who had died in Truk.

This theory is supported by genetic studies of venereal syphilis and related bacteria, which found a disease intermediate between yaws and syphilis in Guyana, South America. However, the study has been criticized in part because some of its conclusions were based on a tiny number of sequence differences between the Guyana strains and other treponemes whose sequences were examined.

The clinical features of syphilis, yaws, and bejel occur in multiple stages that affect the skin. The skin lesions observed in the early stage last for weeks or months. The skin lesions are highly infectious, and the spirochetes in the lesions are transmitted by direct contact. The lesions regress as the immune response develops against T. pallidum.

Yaws is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter. The center may break open and form an ulcer. This initial skin lesion typically heals after three to six months.

Aerodynamic spin diagram: lift and drag coefficients vs. angle of attack Many types of airplanes spin only if the pilot simultaneously yaws and stalls the airplane (intentionally or unintentionally). Under these circumstances, one wing stalls, or stalls more deeply than the other. The wing that stalls first drops, increasing its angle of attack and deepening the stall.

186x186px There are limited data available on the prevalence of yaws, although it primarily affects children. The mortality risk is very low, but the disease causes disfigurement and disability if untreated. The most common symptom is skin lesions. It is a chronic bacterial infection, transmitted by skin contact, and caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue.

Jacques Pépin and Annie-Claude Labbé reviewed the colonial health reports of Cameroon and French Equatorial Africa for the period 1921–59, calculating the incidences of the diseases requiring intravenous injections. They concluded that trypanosomiasis, leprosy, yaws, and syphilis were responsible for most intravenous injections. Schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, and vaccinations against smallpox represented lower parenteral risks: schistosomiasis cases were relatively few; tuberculosis patients only became numerous after mid-century; and there were few smallpox vaccinations in the lifetime of each person. The authors suggested that the very high prevalence of the Hepatitis C virus in southern Cameroon and forested areas of French Equatorial Africa (around 40–50%) can be better explained by the unsterile injections used to treat yaws, because this disease was much more prevalent than syphilis, trypanosomiasis, and leprosy in these areas.

Arsthinol (INN) is an antiprotozoal agent. It was synthesized for the first time in 1949 by Ernst A.H. Friedheim by complexation of acetarsol with 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (British anti-Lewisite) and has been demonstrated to be effective against amoebiasis and yaws. It was marketed few years later by Endo Products (Balarsen, Tablets, 0.1 g). Among trivalent organoarsenicals, arthinol was considered as very well tolerated.

Rhinopharyngitis mutilans, also known as gangosa, is a destructive ulcerative condition that usually originates about the soft palate and spreads into the hard palate, nasopharynx, and nose, resulting in mutilating cicatrices, and outward to the face, eroding intervening bone, cartilage, and soft tissues. It occurs in late stages of yaws, usually 5 to 10 years after first symptoms of infection.

It refers to the NTD roadmap milestones that included for example eradication of dracunculiasis by 2015 and of yaws by 2020, elimination of trachoma and lymphatic filariasis as public health problems by 2020, intensified control of dengue, schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases.World Health Organization (WHO) (2012). Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases. A raodmap for implementation.

The satellite is commanded from Vilnius University amateur radio station, LY1BWB. Ground control software is written in Erlang and has a web interface, served by Yaws. The source code of the software is partly available for public use. Communication is done using custom protocol, which is built on top of reduced set of AX.25 and handles full-duplex data transfer, when required.

Implications for Global Health. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA Two infectious diseases have successfully been eradicated: smallpox and rinderpest. There are also four ongoing programs, targeting poliomyelitis, yaws, dracunculiasis, and malaria. Five more infectious diseases have been identified as potentially eradicable with current technology by the Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication—measles, mumps, rubella, lymphatic filariasis and cysticercosis.

The disease is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact with an infective lesion, with the bacterium entering through a pre-existing cut, bite or scratch. Early (primary and secondary) yaws lesions have a higher bacterial load and are thus more infectious. Both papillomas and ulcers are infectious. Infectivity is thought to last 12–18 months after infection, longer if there is a relapse.

The nodule that appears early in the disease can resemble a bug bite, sebaceous cyst, lipoma, onchocerciasis (in Africa), other mycobacterial skin infections, or an enlarged lymph node. Skin ulcers can resemble those caused by leishmaniasis, yaws, squamous cell carcinoma, Haemophilus ducreyi infection, and tissue death due to poor circulation. More diffuse lesions can resemble cellulitis and various fungal infections of the skin.

Potts served as Governor of Guam from December 3, 1906 to October 3, 1907. Potts sought to separate whites from the native Chamorro population by denouncing interracial marriage, calling it "degenerating to the whites", and threatened to forcibly discharge any military man who married a native Guamanian woman. He successfully obtained additional funding from Congress to combat outbreaks of leprosy and yaws on the island.

A successful user of LYME is the Swedish internet payment-processing company Klarna, who have built their whole architecture on LYME. This is seen as a successful project that demonstrates virtues of both LYME and functional programming in general. LYME was also covered in the Erlang session at the Software Practice Advancement (SPA) 2008. Besides Yaws, there are several other web servers written in Erlang, e.g.

The official roadmap aimed for elimination by 2020. The Morges approach (named after Morges, Switzerland, where a meeting on it was held) involved mass treatment with azithromycin. This was safe, but ran into problems with antibiotic resistance, and did not fully interrupt transmission. In March 2013, the WHO convened a new meeting of yaws experts in Geneva to further discuss the strategy of the new eradication campaign.

Tropical diseases, including malaria, scrub typhus, hookworm and dysentery were endemic. The native population also suffered from tropical ulcers, yaws and vitamin deficiencies, mainly beri beri. The population was about 300,000, of whom 1,800 were Europeans; there were very few Asians owing to Australia's immigration policy. The main exports were copra and natural rubber, of which it contributed about one-eighth of Australia's supply.

The hospital was remote and struggling with no electricity or water, and both tuberculosis and yaws were endemic. Childbirth and obstetrics was a major part of Horne's work in the hospital. She was the only doctor in the hospital and worked every day. Some of the surgery methods used due to decisions made locally had strong arguments in their favour but have been controversial in other locations.

In the face of the river of Halda until 1960, there were plenty of shoots in Maduunhat zia market. The people of Banskhali used to buy a piece of boat from the Gaduna boat and enter the canal through the river Halda. Raozan was famous for bamboo, cane and cottage making cottage industries. Plow yaws for cultivation of hay, etc, were produced in wood hills.

Students from both nations are also given the opportunity to exchange cultures and traditions during the stay with their foster families. Krimbati Program In January 2019, All Saints School carried out the Krimbati program. Krimbati comes from a Kwijau word for orangutan-like creatures. The aim of the programme was to spread awareness about the yaws disease which was common in some tropical countries.

He was a keen traveler and freelanced as a member of the Black Star photo agency. Life magazine of May 1953 included his imagery of sufferers of yaws in an essay ’Dreadful diseases: some progress is made in healing Africa’s sick’.’Dreadful diseases: some progress is made in healing Africa’s sick’ LIFE, 4 May 1953, Vol. 34, No. 18, ISSN 0024-3019, Time Inc.

Then the individual can expect more widespread soft tissue changes and lastly the diseases start to affect the bones. However, Only 10-20 percent of people infected with venereal syphilis show bone changes.Roberts 1995, pgs 151-155 Venereal syphilis has more severe symptoms than the other types of treponemal disease. Nervous system and circulatory disruption are unique to venereal syphilis and are not seen in yaws, endemic syphilis or pinta.

Even though surgery was his speciality, Leader Stirling had to deal with all sorts of medical problems working as a single doctor. Indeed, he affirms that surgery was a small part of his work. Tropical disease would in fact take most of his time. Examples of those are malaria (the most common), yaws, bilharzia, hookworm infestation, leprosy, and ulcers of the leg (acute or chronic) "the biggest constant problem".

In 1902, Obasa married Charlotte Olajumoke, daughter of the wealthy merchant Richard Beale Blaize, and was given a comfortable house as a wedding present. In 1903, he visited Ekiti during Governor William MacGregor's smallpox vaccination program. He made useful medical observations on subjects such as yaws, hookworm and inguinal hernias. In 1904, Obasa resigned from his position as colonial surgeon so he could spend more time at home.

The poliovirus is now confined to small parts of the world due to extermination efforts. Dracunculus medinensis, a parasitic worm which causes the disease dracunculiasis, is now close to eradication thanks to efforts led by the Carter Center. Treponema pallidum pertenue, a bacterium which causes the disease yaws, is in the process of being eradicated. Biologist Olivia Judson has advocated the deliberate extinction of certain disease-carrying mosquito species.

The ailerons primarily control roll. Whenever lift is increased, induced drag is also increased. When the stick is moved left to roll the aircraft to the left, the right aileron is lowered which increases lift on the right wing and therefore increases induced drag on the right wing. Using ailerons causes adverse yaw, meaning the nose of the aircraft yaws in a direction opposite to the aileron application.

There was no plumbing or proper medical equipment, which made it challenging for him to perform surgery. He encountered a variety of surgical cases, ranging from childbirth emergencies to infections resulting from accidents. The most prevalent diseases during Rambo's early years in Mungeli were yaws and syphilis. Rambo sent workers into villages to gather all people with symptoms of these or other significant diseases and give them injections for their ailments.

The Brazilian physician and researcher Juliano Moreira said of the work: > This clearly masterful work, when carefully reexamined, shows, at each > perquisition, new excellences, and thus it is still one of the most > authentic glories of Dutch medical literature. We owe to Pies a description, > so accurate and meticulous, of the then reigning endemics in Brazil and the > means of treating them. He observed the yaws, tetanus, various types of > paralysis, dysentery, hemeralopia, maculopapular.

In 1946, Duvalier aligned himself with President Dumarsais Estimé and was appointed Director General of the National Public Health Service. In 1949, he served as Minister of Health and Labor, but when Duvalier opposed Paul Magloire's 1950 coup d'état, he left the government and resumed practicing medicine. His practice included taking part in campaigns to prevent yaws and other diseases. In 1954, Duvalier abandoned medicine, hiding out in Haiti's countryside from the Magloire regime.

This variety deleted the steel insert, shifting the center of gravity rearward, and allowing the projectile to destabilize (or yaw) at about , nearly earlier in tissue than the M43 round. This change also reduces penetration in ballistic gelatin to ~ for the newer M67 round versus ~ for the older M43 round. However, the wounding potential of M67 is mostly limited to the small permanent wound channel the bullet itself makes, especially when the bullet yaws.

These diseases are common in 149 countries, affecting more than 1.4 billion people (including more than 500 million children) and costing developing economies billions of dollars every year. They resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013—down from 204,000 deaths in 1990. Of these 20, two were targeted for eradication (dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) by 2015 and yaws by 2020), and four for elimination (blinding trachoma, human African trypanosomiasis, leprosy, and lymphatic filariasis) by 2020.

From 1936 to 1958, Browne dedicated himself to the mission hospital at Yakusu, Belgian Congo. At Yakusu, he performed a wide range of roles from treating disease outbreaks and researching diseases to performing operations to midwifery. Patients with a wide variety of ailments arrived from surrounding areas daily to seek care. He frequently handled outbreaks of smallpox, polio, tuberculosis, malaria, yaws and typhoid and made major breakthroughs in the treatment of leprosy and Onchocerciasis.

When Mwindo learns of this, he goes down to the underworld the same way his father, Shemwindo did. Mwindo falls in darkness until he lands in the great cavernous jungles of the Underworld. He follows a path until he comes to the hut of Kahindo, daughter of Muisa, the God of the Dead. Kahindo would be a beautiful young maiden, but she is infected with yaws, which leaves pus-filled sores all over her body.

In 1771, Abba's son Johnie died at the age of six from lockjaw, and later that same year she lost another child at the age of one week. Two years later, her remaining son, Neptune, took ill and died after "a most violent cold". In 1775, Abba gave birth to a boy, who died a week later. In 1771, Nanny lost her six year old daughter, little Phibba from yaws, after Dr Panton prescribed mercury pills.

One problem with the forward-swept design is that when a swept wing yaws sideways (moves about its horizontal axis), one wing retreats while the other advances. On a forward-swept design, this reduces the sweep of the rearward wing, increasing its drag and pushing it further back, increasing the amount of yaw and leading to directional instability. This can lead to a Dutch roll in reverse.Miller, J.; The X-Planes, Speciality Press, Second Printing (1985), Pages 175-177.

Grave of Jack and Charmian London London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the Klondike. Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections and diseases, including yaws. At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine.

In the early 1900s, yaws was very common; in sub-saharan Africa, it was more frequently treated than malaria, sometimes making up more than half of treatments. Mass treatment campaigns in the 1950s reduced the worldwide prevalence from 50–150 million to fewer than 2.5 million; however, during the 1970s there were outbreaks in South-East Asia, and there have been continued sporadic cases in South America. , it was unclear how many people worldwide were currently infected.

Placards often suggested that a diamond could facilitate a favorable courtship outcome: "You will always be on the right road with one of our beautiful diamonds." "You will always be on the right road with one of our beautiful diamonds" One is described by a dealer: :1950s USA Baranger CO's RARE Honeymoon Motion Rocket- As seen in Kitahra's Book Yesterdays Toys. This is one of perhaps 6 or 7 Surviving rare Baranger Motion Display Rockets. Moon Rotates as rocket pitches & Yaws up & down.

Pinta, the least severe of treponemal infections being limited to the skin, is thought to be transmitted by skin-to-skin contact (similar to bejel and yaws), and after an incubation period of two to three weeks, produces a raised papule, which enlarges and becomes hyperkeratotic (scaly/flaky). Lesions are usually present in the exposed surface of arms and legs. Local lymph nodes might be enlarged. Three to nine months later, further thickened and flat lesions (pintids) appear all over the body.

Haemophilus ducreyi is a fastidious gram-negative coccobacillus bacteria. It causes the sexually transmitted disease chancroid, a major cause of genital ulceration in developing countries characterized by painful sores on the genitalia. Chancroid starts as an erythematous papular lesion that breaks down into a painful bleeding ulcer with a necrotic base and ragged edge. More recently, it has also been found to cause chronic skin ulceration away from the genitalia, infect children and adults, and behave in a manner that mimics yaws.

Airplane in a right turn skid In a straight flight, the tail of the airplane aligns the fuselage into the relative wind. However, in the beginning of a turn, when the ailerons are being applied in order to bank the airplane, the ailerons also cause an adverse yaw of the airplane. For example, if the airplane is rolling clockwise (from the pilot point of view), the airplane yaws to the left. It assumes a crab-like attitude relative to the wind.

Saberchanney did not report the incident, but it came to light after a carpenter witnessed the flogging and complained to Lieutenant-Governor Berkeley. Parsons was later prosecuted for his actions. Following repeated complaints of maltreatment, Governor Robinson appointed R.P. Cropper, the St. Lucia Protector of Indians, to investigate the conditions of Indian indentured labourers in Saint Vincent. Cropper's report found that poverty and disease were widespread among the workers, yaws were common, and many workers were abnormally thin and malnourished.

Unlike turning a boat, changing the direction of an aircraft normally must be done with the ailerons rather than the rudder. The rudder turns (yaws) the aircraft but has little effect on its direction of travel. With aircraft, the change in direction is caused by the horizontal component of lift, acting on the wings. The pilot tilts the lift force, which is perpendicular to the wings, in the direction of the intended turn by rolling the aircraft into the turn.

Subsequent writers credited Hill and his physician colleague and friend Dr Ebenezer Gilchrist (bap1708-1774) with providing the most precise description of the clinical features and natural history of the disease in Scotland.Hibbert S. Historical remarks on yaws and sibbens considered as identical diseases. Edinburgh Journal of Medical Science 1826; 1: 287. Hill and Gilchrist also appreciated that the condition could be prevented by improving personal hygiene and avoiding contact with sufferers, and both men advocated these and similar preventive measures.

There have been a series of yaws eradication efforts; these have succeeded in eradicating the disease locally from many countries, but have not lasted long enough to eradicate it globally. It was one of the first diseases targeted by the WHO after the organization was formed in 1948. The first effort was from 1952 to 1964, by the WHO and the UNICEF. It reduced the number of cases to 5% of the former burden, from 50 million cases to 2.5 million.

In 1912 the staff was increased to six with the employment of a parasitologist, bacteriologist, biochemist and entomologist. The work of the Institute expanded as the scientists investigated diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, filariasis, typhoid, hookworm, many unidentified fevers, amoebic dysentery, tropical sprue, leprosy, yaws and gangosa. During this period Breinl identified amoebic dysentery during one of his research trip to New Guinea. The outbreak of World War 1 and the loss of hospital staff seriously affected the work of the Institute.

Yellow fever, sleeping sickness, yaws, leprosy, trachoma, and meningitis are endemic. A broad program was set up in 1961 to control these and other diseases. Compulsory vaccination against smallpox and yellow fever was instituted, efforts by mobile health units to track down cases and provide treatment were intensified, and general health measures were tightened both within the country and at the borders. In 1999, Ivory Coast immunized children up to one year old as follows: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, 62 percent, and measles, 62 percent.

The town features: an office of the district commissioner; a post office; an office for the police commander, an office of the State health foundation(SZF) and the Eliazer Jaques football stadium, named after the founder of the Football Federation of Saramacca and president. There is also a Moravian Church and a Roman Catholic church. Until 1990, Groningen maintained a nursing home for yaws sufferers. In that year it was closed after it was discovered that the disease could be cured within days by applying Salvarsan.

Immune-system cells, neutrophils and plasma cells, accumulate in the skin, in densities that may cause microabscesses. Warthin-Starry or Levaditi silver stains selectively stain T. pallidum, and direct and indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase tests can detect polyclonal antibodies to T. pallidums. Histology often shows some spatial features which distinguish yaws from syphilis (syphilis is more likely to be found in the dermis, not the epidermis, and shows more endothelial cell proliferation and vascular obliteration). Blood-serum (serological) tests are increasingly done at the point of care.

In 1790, he became a member of the Corporation of Surgeons, and in 1795 published a small volume on Morbid Poisons. On the basis of that work, the University of Aberdeen awarded him an M.D. The following year, he left London for Madeira, where he resided for eight years, practising medicine and conducting research. He visited the lazaretto near Funchal, and learned about leprosy, yaws, and other diseases. This work contributed to the second edition of his work on Morbid Poisons, which he is principally known for.

Smith felt that he had to stay on guard in Fernandina because he suspected that slave dealers were planning to steal some of the Africans to carry them away for sale as slaves.Swanson:60-62, 73-74, 77-80 After further delays, 100 of the Africans were boarded on Washington's Barge, which sailed on 30 September 1829. (Some of the Africans had died, and some were too ill to travel. Two boys were kept back because they had yaws.) On 31 December 1829 Washington's Barge arrived in Barbados, badly damaged and out of drinking water.

Browne was born in Woodstock, County Mayo, sent to relatives on Antigua in 1737 and returned to Europe due to ill health after two years. He studied medicine, natural history and especially botany at Reims, Paris and Leyden, qualifying in 1743. He worked as a physician at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, visited Barbados, Montserrat, Antigua and St. Kitts in the West Indies and settled as physician in Jamaica in 1746. He corresponded with the botanist Carl Linnaeus, among whose papers were found fragments of articles on venereal diseases and yaws by Browne.

The use of sulphur in various skin preparations in the field of dermatology due to sulphur's antifungal, antibacterial and keratolytic properties. The sulphur content in the springs ranges from 0.8% to 1.3%. Furthermore the continued saturation of the sulphur containing clay with the saline water which drips from the roof of the cave results in an improvement of the clay’s medicinal properties. The clay also has components which include bromide and arsenic, the latter was used to treat syphilis, yaws and other bacterial infections before the development of penicillin.

The 7.62×39mm M43 projectile does not generally fragment when striking an opponent and has an unusual tendency to remain intact even after making contact with bone. The 7.62×39mm round produces significant wounding in cases where the bullet tumbles (yaws) in tissue, but produces relatively minor wounds in cases where the bullet exits before beginning to yaw. In the absence of yaw, the M43 round can pencil through tissue with relatively little injury. Most, if not all, of the 7.62×39mm ammunition found today is of the upgraded M67 variety.

He was the son of Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern and Margaret of Guelders. He and his brothers Stephen and Frederick matriculated in the juristic faculty of the 'Universitas Studii Coloniensis' (the old university of Cologne). He suffered from a severe illness known as the Franzosenkrankheit or the French Disease, a term covering both syphilis and yaws - it prevented him from exercising his office and eventually proved fatal. His bishopric was devastated by the War of the Succession of Landshut and its territories were altered by the creation of the dukedom of Palatinate-Neuburg.

After taking it from the Germans during World War I, the Belgians occupied Ujiji in what is now Tanzania from 1916 to 1920, and called on the White Sisters for medical help. As well as treating Belgian soldiers, the White Sisters provided medical services to the African communities, in the hope of converting them from Islam or traditional religions. They remained after the British took over, and by 1920 were seeing about forty five patients a day at their clinic in Ujiji. They treated venereal diseases, yaws, malaria and other disease.

Jeanselme, Antoine Edouard Sociétés savantes de FranceEdouard Jeanselme BIU Santé, Paris He is credited with performing the first clinical and histological studies of juxta-articular nodes; structures associated with syphilis and yaws that are sometimes referred to as "Jeanselme's nodules".Jeanselme's nodules Mondofacto or as "Lutz-Jeanselme nodules", named in conjunction with Brazilian physician Adolfo Lutz.Infektionskrankheiten der Haut I edited by Alfred Marchionini, Hans Götz; (Jeanselme was the first to describe these nodules in tertiary syphilis). As a treatment for leprosy, he advocated a mixture of chaulmoogra oil, camphor and guaiacol.

Soloa became the high chief of Manono Island,M.J. Marples & D.F. Bacon (1953) "Observation on yaws and certain skin diseases in Manono, Western Samoa", Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 47, Issue 2, pp141–147 and was given the chiefly title of Leiataua. Following the creation of the Legislative Assembly in 1948, he was chosen to represent Aiga- i-le-Tai by the three Fautua (high chiefs).W. Samoa's New Assembly Now Taking Shape: Samoan Members Chosen Pacific Islands Monthly, May 1948, p49 However, he was not re-elected in 1951.

They include a growing range of treponemal and non-treponemal assays. Treponemal tests are more specific, and are positive for any one who has ever been infected with yaws; they include the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay. Non-treponemal assays can be used to indicate the progress of an infection and a cure, and positive results weaken and may become negative after recovery, especially after a case treated early. They include the venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL; requires microscopy) and rapid plasma (RPR; naked-eye result) tests, both of which flocculate patient-derived antibodies with antigens.

The MHA-TP test is rarely used any more. Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TP-PA) and the Toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST), which may be used to confirm a positive VDRL result, are more specific for syphilis than non-treponemal tests and in the presence of a positive test, more likely indicate active infection. Unfortunately, other treponemal infections such as yaws, bejel, and pinta and possibly nonpathogenic commensal treponemes can result in a positive. Not all these disease are venereal; it has been recommended that a careful explanation of this fact be included with test results.

Those suffering from malaria also faced Blackwater fever,Gleichen, p. 167. whereby red blood cells burst in the bloodstream, releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure. Captain Harry Ranken, who would in World War I be awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry, was posted to the enclave in 1911 and 1914 as a member of the Sudan Sleeping Sickness Commission, where he was based in Yei and researched methods of treatment for sleeping sickness and yaws."The Late Captain R.S. Ranken, V.C.", The British Medical Journal, Vol.

The Bengal Medical College was established in Calcutta in 1835. In 1839 Stewart-Mackenzie, the British Governor of Ceylon, started sending a small number of Ceylonese to study medicine in Calcutta. In 1847 Samuel Fisk Green, an American medical missionary, started a private medical school in Manipay, northern Ceylon. The establishment of a medical school in Ceylon was advocated by Governor George William Anderson in 1852. The island was hit by the yaws disease in the 1860s, leading to a massive depopulation in the Vanni. In 1867 governor Hercules Robinson appointed James Loos, the colonial surgeon for the Northern Province, to investigate the depopulation.

Most political actors perceived Duvalier—a medical doctor who had served as a rural administrator of a United States-funded anti-yaws campaign before entering the cabinet under Estimé—as an honest and fairly unassuming leader without a strong ideological motivation or program. When elections were finally organized, this time under terms of universal suffrage (both men and women now had the vote), Duvalier, a black, painted himself as the legitimate heir to Estimé. This approach was enhanced by the fact that Duvalier's only viable opponent, Louis Déjoie, was a mulatto and the scion of a prominent family. Duvalier scored a decisive victory at the polls.

Establishing a locally trained and geographically varied workforce has allowed CDC to have ready and deployable human resources for emergencies or emerging needs anywhere in the world. PHAs are part of a deployable team that can be credited with the eradication of smallpox, the identification of new strains of disease, and the halting of epidemics. PHAs have been called to respond to outbreaks of disease such as hantavirus, Lassa fever, monkeypox, encephalitis, tuberculosis, measles, AIDS, smallpox, polio, Legionnella, Guillain–Barré syndrome, SARS, syphilis, PPNG, babesiosis, and cholera. PHAs were assigned to work in health campaigns such as Guinea worm, malaria, syphilis, diarrheal diseases, yellow fever, yaws, swine flu, and measles.

He obtained a Diploma in Public Health from the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata in 1948 and an M.D. degree in Bacteriology from Andhra Medical College. He joined the Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad as a lecturer in Bacteriology in 1953 and was promoted to Professor in 1957. During his 14 years of service in medical college he organized the department of Microbiology and developed into a full-fledged postgraduate center with comprehensive research facilities. He travelled on an A.T.C.M. Fellowship in 1958–1959 to Syracuse, New York and Virus Labs in Albany, New York, U.S.A where he worked on Yaws, Endemic typhus and Cholera.

Furthermore, the flies are so small that the gauze must be very fine to offer effective protection. Apart from the irritation however, the flies frequently move from host to host and from anus to face or to open lesions; accordingly they can be dangerous vehicles for many infectious organisms. Bacterial examples, in particular in the Caribbean and parts of South America, include the transmission of Treponema pallidum pertenue, the spirochaete that causes yaws. Less specifically, any of a range of bacterial species can cause human acute conjunctivitis (pinkeye), and understandably the incidence of pinkeye tends to rise sharply when relevant species of Chloropidae are swarming.

Such an outcome raised Chesterman's status and he became perceived as a "powerful medicine man" by the locals. Soon after, Chesterman made use of both chemotherapy and nursing auxiliaries to fight the epidemic of yaws in the same region. Rather than relying on the improvement of standards of living and public hygiene, Chesterman advocated for the mass use of chemotherapy, which complements his support for the motto "prevention is better than cure". He also believed that the development of a programme of simple health posts that functioned through the service of trained and supervised medical auxiliaries would support the adoption of Western medicine in tropical Africa.

Flight dynamics is the study of the performance, stability, and control of vehicles flying through the air or in outer space. It is concerned with how forces acting on the vehicle influence its speed and attitude with respect to time. For a fixed-wing aircraft, its changing orientation with respect to the local air flow is represented by two critical angles, the angle of attack of the wing("alpha") and the angle of attack of the vertical tail, known as the sideslip angle("beta"). A sideslip angle will arise if an aircraft yaws about its centre of gravity and if the aircraft sideslips bodily, i.e.

François Duvalier in 1968 A former Minister of Health who had earned a reputation as a humanitarian while serving as an administrator in a U.S.-funded anti-yaws campaign, François Duvalier (known as "Papa Doc") soon established another dictatorship. His regime is regarded as one of the most repressive and corrupt of modern times, combining violence against political opponents with exploitation of Vodou to instill fear in the majority of the population. Duvalier's paramilitary police, officially the Volunteers for National Security (Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale – VSN) but more commonly known as the Tonton Macoutes, named for a Vodou monster, carried out political murders, beatings, and intimidation. An estimated 30,000 Haitians were killed by his government.

Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince in 1907, the son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and baker His aunt, Madame Florestal, raised him. He completed a degree in medicine from the University of Haiti in 1934, and served as staff physician at several local hospitals. He spent a year at the University of Michigan studying public health and in 1943, became active in a United States-sponsored campaign to control the spread of contagious tropical diseases, helping the poor to fight typhus, yaws, malaria and other tropical diseases that had ravaged Haiti for years. His patients affectionately called him "Papa Doc", a moniker that he used throughout his life.

Yaws is a rarely fatal but highly disfiguring disease caused by the spiral-shaped bacterium (spirochete) Treponema pallidum pertenue, a close relative of the syphilis bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum, spread through skin to skin contact with infectious lesions. The global prevalence of this disease and the other endemic treponematoses, bejel and pinta, was reduced by the Global Control of Treponematoses (TCP) programme between 1952 and 1964 from about 50 million cases to about 2.5 million (a 95% reduction). However, following the cessation of this program these diseases remained at a low prevalence in parts of Asia, Africa and the Americas with sporadic outbreaks. According to a 2012 official WHO roadmap, the elimination should be achievable by 2020.

At least one wing must be stalled for a spin to occur. The other wing rises, decreasing its angle of attack, and the aircraft yaws towards the more deeply stalled wing. The difference in lift between the two wings causes the aircraft to roll, and the difference in drag causes the aircraft to continue yawing. The spin characteristics diagramAerodynamics For Naval Aviators, Hurt, Revised January 1965, Issued by The Office Of The Chief Of Naval Operations Aviation Training Division, Figure 4.32 shown in this section is typical of an aircraft with moderate or high aspect ratio and little or no sweepback which leads to spin motion which is primarily rolling with moderate yaw.

Spanish missionary Bartolomé de las Casas spoke out against the brutality of the Spaniards in a campaign against the enslavement of the Tainos. He quoted one Taino cacique (tribal chief) who said of the Spaniards, "They speak to us of an immortal soul and of their eternal rewards and punishments, and yet they rob our belongings, seduce our women, violate our daughters." In a 1500 letter Columbus wrote of the slave trade in Hispaniola, "…there are plenty of dealers who go about looking for girls; those from nine to ten are now in demand." Among the things the Spanish sailors brought back to the old world was yaws, a bacterial disease that the Taino women carried and that was transmitted to the soldiers while raping the women.

Both databases Mnesia and CouchDB as well as Yaws (and also Mochiweb, Misultin, and Cowboy) are written in Erlang, so web applications developed for LYME/LYCE may be run entirely in one Erlang virtual machine. This is in contrast to LAMP where the web server (Apache) and the application (written in PHP, Perl or Python) might be in the same process, but the database is always a separate process. As a result of using Erlang, LYME and LYCE applications perform well under high load and if distribution and fault tolerance is needed. The query and data manipulation language of Mnesia is also Erlang (rather than SQL), therefore a web- application for LYME is developed using only a single programming language.

By the time French and English explorers reached the area, the village had long been abandoned. Analysis of these burials has shown that Fort Ancient peoples were not as healthy as their less agrarian ancestors, a byproduct of their heavy dependence on maize agriculture. The chronic malnutrition and niacin deficiency caused by the eating of maize as their major food source caused many of the Fort Ancient peoples to have high rates of arthritis, dental diseases, lower life expectancies and a high infant mortality. This chronic malnutrition also made them prone to other infections, such as tuberculosis (which only a few specimens exhibited) and treponematosis (a non venereal form of yaws or syphilis) a disease which many were found to have been afflicted with.

Guns defense maneuvering, or "guns-D", is the last resort for a defender that fails to outmaneuver the attacker. Guns-D is a series of random changes in the defenders flight path, intended to spoil the attacker's aim by presenting a constantly shifting target, and, hopefully, to maneuver out of the bullet stream (hose). It consists of arbitrary speed changes, yaws, skids, slips, pitch-ups, and rolls, and is often referred to as "jinking". Because the attacker must aim ahead of the opponent, the primary goal in guns-D is to disorient the attacker's aim by keeping the nose pointed in a different direction than the velocity vector (the direction of travel), and is very effective at preventing the attacker from achieving a suitable guns solution.

Between 1994 and 2012, Silverman travelled to Guyana to lead medical teams offering free medical treatment to the country's residents when their health system was not able to serve those in remote communities. Dr. Silverman demonstrated that the high prevalence of malaria in some regions of Guyana was leading to widespread use of antimalarial drugs, which then caused bacteria to become resistant to important antibiotics (the quinolones). Malarial control using bednets and other non-antibiotic means could then help prevent the loss of utility of these antibiotics. Through his work in Guyana, Dr. Silverman was among the team that discovered the relationship between Yaws in the New World and the outbreak of syphilis in Europe after the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.

The middle rowers of a crew (numbers 2 and 3 in a four, and 3, 4, 5 and 6 in an eight) are normally the most powerful and heaviest rowers, colloquially known as the Fuel Tank, Engine Room, Power House, Big Watts or Meat Wagon. The boat pitches and yaws less in the middle, and the rowers there have less effect on these movements, being closer to the centre of mass and centre of buoyancy. Therefore, the rowers in the middle of the boat do not have to be as technically sound or reactive to the movements of the boat, and can focus more on pulling as hard as they can. It is common practice among crews to put the most technically proficient rowers at the bow and stern and the physically strongest and heaviest rowers in the centre.

Cook defended some students against these claims of insubordination, including one of their "brightest", who she said had not had the opportunity to tell her side of the story and whose reprimand had not been justified. However, Cook was suspicious of her students and treated them like "morally suspect, impractical girls", censoring their mail and was explicitly concerned that they might form romantic attachments that might potentially end their careers. The training that Cook provided had a strong moralising component; Cook considered Ugandan mothers to be harsh or ignorant in their treatment of their infants and believed that the local Baganda people had a lack of moral conscience that was causing high levels of infant mortality. Historian Carol Summers has suggested that this patronising and negative view was in part the result of the Cook's confusing yaws with syphilis and thus thinking that there was an STD epidemic of huge proportions.

The first description of ainhum in the West appears to have been provided by English surgeon Robert Clarke, who made a passing reference to "dry gangrene of the little toe" as a common occurrence in the Gold Coast in an 1860 report to the Epidemiological Society of London, but did not recognize it as a distinct entity and believed it to be a consequence of "suppressed yaws". Ainhum was first recognized as a distinct disease and described as such in detail by Brazilian physician Jose Francisco da Silva Lima (1826-1910), in 1867. The name "ainhum" (from the Yoruba ayùn, meaning "to saw" or "to file") was used to refer to the disease by Yoruba speakers in Bahia, Brazil, where Silva Lima practiced. The first histological studies of ainhum were conducted by O. E. H. Wucherer and published in 1872, and the first imaging studies were conducted in 1924.

This was despite the fact that none of the three main STIs - gonorrhoea, syphilis and the less common ulcerative granuloma - could be easily diagnosed by the methods available at the time. Bacteriological testing was not applied to non-European suspected STI cases; clinical diagnosis was deemed sufficient. The tropical disease of yaws, which caused skin lesions and produced a positive Wasserman reaction, could also be mistaken for syphilis. Not only were some people sent to lock hospitals unnecessarily, those that were actually infected had little chance of a cure until antibiotic therapy became available in the 1940s. Penicillin was introduced for the treatment of gonorrhoea in 1943 but was only generally available from 1944. The Protection of Aboriginals and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Amendment Act 1934 extended the provisions of the 1897 Act and the powers of the Chief Protector. It enabled compulsory medical examinations, and also allowed for "uncontrollable" Aboriginal people or "half-castes" (the definition of this term was changed to include South Sea Islander people) to be sent to an institution.

In 1966, he published a collection of his photographs, titled Puerto Rico: The Quiet Revolution. Page produced several photo stories for the World Health Organization from 1957 to 1960. Most of his photographs focused on health in the United States, but he also traveled to Latin America, Asia and Africa to photograph topics including rural health, yaws and trachoma. The bulk of Page's career was spent as a magazine photographer, and, as a result, few of his photographs were in private hands and his work was largely forgotten by the time of his death in 1985, at the age of 67. Keith F. Davis, Curator of Photography at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, while researching and writing the first edition of An American Century of Photography, published in 1995, became aware of Page’s non-magazine work. Davis searched for Page’s photographs, leading to the discovery of a "lost" photographic treasure. After negotiations with the Page estate, Nelson-Atkins purchased about 100 prints for the Museum’s Hallmark Photographic Collection, including many that were one of a kind.

Lambaréné is marked centre left. In the first nine months, he and his wife had about 2,000 patients to examine, some travelling many days and hundreds of kilometres to reach him. In addition to injuries, he was often treating severe sandflea and crawcraw sores, framboesia (yaws), tropical eating sores, heart disease, tropical dysentery, tropical malaria, sleeping sickness, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, necrosis, abdominal tumours and chronic constipation and nicotine poisoning, while also attempting to deal with deliberate poisonings, fetishism and fear of cannibalism among the Mbahouin. Schweitzer's wife, Helene Schweitzer, was an anaesthetist for surgical operations. After briefly occupying a shed formerly used as a chicken hut, in late 1913 they built their first hospital of corrugated iron, with two 13-foot rooms (consulting room and operating theatre) and with a dispensary and sterilising room in spaces below the broad eaves. The waiting room and dormitory (42 by 20 feet) were built, like native huts, of unhewn logs along a 30-yard path leading from the hospital to the landing-place.