1000 Sentences With "whorl" | Random Sentence Generator

Saturated washes whorl into psychedelic compositions, as if seen through a fugue state.

At the center is a whorl of creamy white flesh, wobbly as custard.

The resulting mash-up is a whorl of jutting, twisting, cradling, writhing, hoisting movement.

Both Whorl and her husband are Marine Corps veterans who did multiple tours in Afghanistan.

Towards the end of Whorl, I moved house and set this studio up in my house.

He stayed grounded through the whorl of pro-wrestling madness despite being a regular on Total Divas.

The album will arrive via their own Delicacies imprint on November 93, and follow 2014's Whorl.

So we knew right from the outset that Whorl was going to be not clubby at all.

When we played [Whorl, live in Joshua Tree], we had a computer under the desk recording it.

"My husband was on 19 pills a day, and they had me on 11 pills day," Whorl said.

It pushes over the storm wall, reaches the first rows of shops, and sucks buildings up into its massive whorl.

Amid the whorl of imagery, Emmaline offers to sacrifice herself in place of her child if her family is protected.

Of all President-elect Donald J. Trump's rivals over the past year, the tiny narrow-mouthed whorl snail must be the smallest.

It cannot be an accident that the lions of Silicon Valley, who live and die by the information whorl, are bullish on meditation.

She reminded one friend of a sparrow: her head topped with a feathery whorl of short gray hair, bursting with noisy argument but fundamentally gentle.

Those whirlpools would trap some black paint in one place — like debris trapped in a whorl at the edge of a stream — and the paint wouldn't mix.

Coates was dogged by feelings of failure and inadequacy even after he published his first story for The Atlantic, which landed with a splash and a whorl.

In the heart of Central Park, actors dressed like modern Senators lined up to stab a Caesar sporting a whorl of golden hair and an overlong red tie.

The multiple competing vectors of activity characteristic of Rasheed's assemblages have been distilled down, like a reduced sauce, into the concentrated linguistic whorl of a small handful picture frames.

" Whorl said she, her husband, and her brothers all talked about marijuana with their VA doctors, "but we were told in the same breath, 'Don't say that I told you.

Mx. Mandel is nonbinary, and with their bright orange jumpsuit emblazoned with patches stitched with trash graphics (the recycling whorl and other insignia) they looked like an indie Eagle Scout.

The lowest spiral keel is concealed with succeeding whorl. The number of beads on the upper most spiral keel is ca 165-177 on the last whorl, ca 130 on penultimate whorl, ca 80 on the sixth whorl, ca 50 on the fifth whorl, ca 42 on the fourth whorl, ca 28 on the third whorl and ca 19 on the second whorl. The base is sculptured with about 40 spiral threads. The inner surface is smooth, pearly lustrous, ornamented with four spiral dull grooves which correspond to the outer keels respectively.

The ribs are perpendicular, narrow, widely spaced, not continuing from whorl to whorl. The number nine on the penultimate whorl, on the body whorl eight. Fine even close-set spirals overrun the whole shell. The wide aperture is unarmed.

The third whorl shows oblique axial ribs. Strong axial ribs, not alternating from one whorl to the next, extend to the body whorl, where they attenuate. These axial ribs do not become arcuate below the suture. Each whorl becomes angular by strong, spiral lirae (12 on the body whorl), very distinct on the sides.

The ribs are rounded and placed their breadth apart, alternate from whorl to whorl, undulate the suture, extend to the base, and number twelve on the penultimate whorl. The spirals are fine threads of uniform size and spacing, crossing both ribs and interstices, extending over the whole whorl except the fasciole area, numbering eight on the penultimate whorl and twenty on the body whorl. The wide aperture is unarmed. The varix is broad and high.

They are crowded on the last whorl, do not cross the suture from whorl to whorl, and become fewer and fainter ascending the spire. The initial whorl is smooth. The aperture is very oblique and subcircular. The outer lip is effuse, fimbriated by the termination of the spiral sculpture.

The sutures are linear. Sculpture:—Conspicuous ribs descend continuously from whorl to whorl at the rate of twelve to the penultimate whorl. On the body whorl the ribs become gradually smaller, and vanish on the base. The whole surface is overrun by minute, closely packed, even, sharp spiral threads.

The protoconch is slightly tilted. The ribs are rather prominent, rounded, set their own breadth apart, discontinuous from whorl to whorl, those on the body whorl gradually vanishing below the periphery. The ribs number nine on the penultimate whorl. There are fine, close, even spiral threads that overrun the whole shell.

The fourth contains brown granules. The penultimate whorl is crooked. The body whorl is rounded. The umbilicus is crenulated.

It shows low, rounded, and close-set ribs. They number eleven on the penultimate whorl, and become evanescent on the body whorl. The spirals are close fine threads, nearly uniform in size and spacing, crossing ribs and interstices alike, and extending over the whole whorl from the suture downwards, numbering about six on the penultimate whorl and twenty-two on the body whorl. The wide aperture is unarmed.

The shell contains 3 whorls. The 1½ whorl of the protoconch is tilted and inflated. The body whorl comes scarcely in contact with the penultimate whorl, at last deeply descending. The sculpture of the shell shows sharp, projecting ring ribs, widely spaced on the last half whorl, but crowded on the penultimate.

It is of a frosted white colour and coral-like texture. The shell showe a scalar, blunt, but small-pointed spire, a smallish body whorl, a conical base, and a small, undefined snout. Sculpture : Longitudinals— there are about 13 ribs on each whorl. But they do not all exactly answer from whorl to whorl.

The sculpture consists of oblique opisthocline axial ribs, 11 on the first whorl, increasing to 12–13 on the body whorl, from suture to suture, and obsolescent on the base. The shell shows fine spiral striae 6–7 on the first whorl, increasing to about. 25 (between sutures) on the body whorl, crossing the ribs. No cingulum.

It resembles Babelomurex nakayasui, but its body whorl is weak and each spine on the body whorl expands in an irregular direction.

The body whorl is axially sculptured with12 nodose and rounded ribs, the second whorl 15, the third whorl 16. The other whorls contain three rounded, webbed varices with short, open spines and high ribs between the varices. The body whorl is spirally sculptured with five rather high, rounded cords, the second and third whorl with six or seven, the fourth with six to eight cords and one shallow thread between each pair of cords, the fifth whorl with 17–19 cords and threads and the last teleoconch whorl with nine or ten cords and shallow threads. The large, round to ovate, white aperture can be closed by a brown round to ovate operculum.

The last whorl is not much wider than penultimate whorl. The aperture is oblique. The apertural margin is straight. Umbilicus is relatively narrow.

On the third whorl the posterior keel at the summit of the whorl, which is a little wider than the other two, shows a spiral striation on its middle. This grows gradually stronger as the shell advances, until on the penultimate whorl it has divided this keel into two, the posterior one of which is a little less developed than the anterior one, which resembles the other between the sutures. The summit of the last whorl falls considerably below the periphery, showing five spiral keels between the sutures on the penultimate whorl. The periphery of the body whorl is sulcate.

The protoconch is depressed and asymmetrical. The ribs are slight and inconspicuous, their own breadth apart, those on the body whorl descending from the suture only to the periphery. They number fourteen on the penultimate whorl, and as many on the body whorl. These are dominated by the spirals, which are coarse, wide-spaced, and amount to eighteen on the body whorl.

The short spire is conic. The apical whorl is smooth, the following whorl has three granose lirae, the next with 3 or 4; the penultimate has 7 or 8 equal, grained lirae. The interstices are narrow. The body whorl has ten such lirae.

The body whorl shows about nine ribs. Strong spirals cross the ribs, two on the second whorl, three above the aperture, a fourth and faint fifth on the body-whorl. The sutures of the early whorls are sharp. of those succeeding concavely rounded.

The protoconch is buff yellow, a splash of the same on the anterior dorsal portion of the body whorl, a pale yellow thread, confined to one spiral cord, ascends each whorl below the angle, and another surrounds the body whorl below the periphery. The adult contains 4½ whorls. The body whorl bears fifteen longitudinal costae which cross the flattened part of the whorl obliquely, where they are separated by twice their breadth. Above the angle they bend and enlarge suddenly.

The axial ribs are rounded and number 11-14 per whorl. The shoulder angle lies below the middle of the whorl. The periphery is flattened so that body whorl is weakly biangulate. The aperture is rather large with a rather narrow, slightly notched siphonal canal.

A Pseudocochlespira species with a beaded carina situated below mid-whorl. The whorl is made of two fine spirals, with another spiral below the carina.

The sculpture of the whole shell is overrun with spiral flat-topped cords, which become gradually smaller and closer on approaching the anterior end. There are; twenty-five of these on the body whorl, of which eight ascend the penultimate whorl. The radials are curved delicate riblets, tapering upwards, and vanishing before reaching the summit of the whorl .These riblets disappear on the body whorl.

The protoconch consists of two whorls, somewhat globose, smooth and polished. The apical whorl is oblique to the succeeding whorl. Sculpture : The penultimate whorl shows six to seven and the body whorl sixteen to twenty spiral riblets, seven or eight of which are in front of the aperture. They are slightly variable in strength, some in breadth equal to the interspaces, others rather narrower.

The whorl in front of the suture as far as the shoulder is flattish. The shoulder of the whorl is strongly marked and angular. It is coronated by the ends of (on the penultimate whorl about 25) straight, protractively oblique narrow ribs with subequal interspaces, becoming obsolete on the base of the body whorl. Incremental lines are more or less distinct but not regular.

The initial whorl is minute, and smooth; the second bulbous, and smooth. The next are finely reticulated by fine spiral threads, and somewhat protractive arcuate fine riblets. This sculpture gradually merges into that of the adult whorl. The latter comprise—on the body whorl—eleven or twelve arcuate ribs, retractive from the suture, protractive from the shoulder of the whorl forward to the siphonal canal.

The robust dull brown shell is large and broadly conic. (The whorls of the protoconch are decollated and probably the first whorl of teleoconch is missing from the type specimen) All but the last whorl of the teleoconch are flattened, flatly shouldered and crenulated at the summit. The body whorl is inflated and well rounded. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a strong sulcus.

On the body whorl a distinct peripheral belt is present on which the growth lines are strongly bent backward, indicating a deep sinus in the apertural margin. The larval shell is globular, about as wide as high and has approximately five whorls which attach very high onto the preceding whorl. In apical view, therefore, the second and third whorls are very narrow, even much narrower than the nucleus and first whorl of the protoconch. The fifth whorl gradually attaches somewhat lower on the penultimate whorl.

The earlier whorls have the periphery nearer the anterior suture, the whorl behind the periphery somewhat flattened and compressed, crossed by low obscure riblets, about a dozen on the fourth whorl, which become obsolete later. The whorl in front of the periphery shows no axial sculpture. The whole whorl is spirally sculptured with narrow sharp incised lines, one dividing the space behind the periphery, and about five in front of the periphery on the penultimate whorl. On the body whorl between the periphery and the siphonal fasciole there are about twelve of these lines, though they probably vary in number with the individual, while the incremental lines are moderately conspicuous.

The whorls are crossed by oblique axial ribs, 10 on the first whorl (as preserved, possibly this is the 2nd), increasing to 11 (12) on the body whorl. They are very finely spirally striated throughout. The whorl equals in length to the spire. It is obtusely angled.

The protoconch consists of two smooth, elevated, symmetrical whorls. The ribs are rather low and rounded, discontinuous from whorl to whorl. They number eight on the penultimate whorl, which become shorter, lower, wider spaced, and tend to disappear. Fine, dense, even spiral threads overrun the whole surface.

Sculpture:—Large deep meshes are formed on the body of the shell by the intersection of the main sculpture. The ribs are nine on the penultimate and eleven on the body whorl. They are elevated, perpendicular, alternating from whorl to whorl, twice their breadth apart, vanishing on the base and below the suture. The spirals are sharp, elevated cords, thirteen on the body whorl, three on the penultimate, overriding the ribs.

The latter has 2½ whorls, the first two being smooth and helicoid. The next half whorl carries about ten sharp, narrow, arcuate, radiate riblets, quite discordant with the succeeding sculpture. The adult whorl begins abruptly with seven prominent ribs, which descend the whorls vertically and continuously. These are traversed by spaced spiral cords which commence with two on the third whorl and end with seventeen on the body whorl.

Sculpture : The radials are twelve prominent round-backed ribs, ceasing on the base, discontinuous from whorl to whorl, and broader than their interstices. The spirals amount to sixteen on the body whorl, and to four on the penultimate whorl. They are stout close-set cords which traverse both ribs and interstices and continue on the base. There they carry large beads in continuation of the axes of the ribs.

They are marked by incremental lines only. The sutures are scarcely impressed. The preceding whorl shines through the appressed summit, and the anterior termination of the preceding whorl forms a zone that gives to the shell a false suture effect. The periphery of the body whorl is well rounded.

The shell has four or four and a half slightly convex whorls. The last whorl is often weakly descending near aperture. The whorls from whorl 3 onwards are more narrowly coiled than in Oxychilus cellarius, the last whorl descending lower. The umbilicus is wide (one sixth of diameter).

The apical whorls is smooth, glossy, rounded and opaque white. The other whorls are rather convex. They are ornamented with spiral thread-like cords, four on the second whorl. about six or seven on the next, eight or nine on the penultimate whorl, and about forty on the body whorl.

The third apical whorl is globular and closely cancellate. The two lower whorls are coarsely ribbed and spirally lirate. The body whorl contains 10 ribs and 11 lirae. The lowest lira on the body whorl is very strongly ridged, while below this to the base the shell is fairly smooth.

The 4th whorl is wholly purplish-black, as is the body whorl. In some shells these bands persist on to the last 2 whorls. Additional bands arise so that on the body whorl 5 distinct bands can be counted. Rarely additional minute bands can be seen between these principal bands.

The aperture is pale buff. The interior is ochraceous orange. Sculpture:—The ribs are slender, fiexuous, fifteen to a whorl, spaced by more than their breadth, alternating from whorl to whorl, not rising above the suture, but extending thence to the base. The intercostal spaces are crossed by fine engraved striae.

Sculpture The radials are elevate narrow spaced ribs—on the first adult whorl eleven, on the body whorl eight. Between these ribs are incised spiral lines, increasing from six on the first adult whorl to about twenty-four on the last. Aperture :—The aperture is narrow. The varix is slight.

The shell of Oecotraustes is evolute, the outer whorl only moderately embracing the inner whorls, laterally compressed whorl height greater than width. Outer flanks and venter ribbed, ribs sinuous.

The ribs are oblique, rounded, rather wider than the interspaces, becoming less marked and more distant on the body whorl, and almost absent on the base, about 14 in the penultimate whorl. There are sublenticular accremental incisions. The spiral incisions ai'e deep, irregularly slightly wavy, about 8 in the penultimate whorl, and 20 in the body whorl, nearly equidistant, in places alternately fine and wide. The colour of the shell is uniform light-straw tint.

These are contabulate, the first whorl somewhat eroded, the two following whorls bicarinate, the penultimate and body whorl more or less tricarinate. The body whorl is sculptured with 24 spaced spiral striae with microscopic vertical striae in the interstices. The fourth, sixth and eighth striae below the suture on the body whorl are larger than the others and three or four striae near the umbilicus are closer together. The umbilicus is of moderate size.

Body whorl with finely beaded spiral cords, which are stronger anteriorly. Sides of body whorl nearly straight; interior purple. Shoulder smooth. Maximum shell length 7.5 cm, commonly to 4 cm.

Each whorl has 5 elevated transverse lines. The angle of the body whorl is rounded. The base of the shell is .slightly convex and contains numerous transverse lines, mostly punctate.

They are limited at the top by clear decurrent striae. The nodular folds disappear on the third part of the penultimate whorl, and there exists no traceof them on the body whorl. The surface is decorated with barely visible sigmoid growth lines. The body whorl occupies half the height tor of the shell.

The next one is lightly rib-striate. The remainder whorls are clathrate, encircled bv strong spiral lirae, crossed by elevated, lamellar, regular, vertical striae. There are 3 or 4 spirals on the penultimate whorl, 9 on the body whorl. The body whorl is rounded, with a strong, prominent varix behind the outer lip.

The height of the shell attains 1 mm, its diameter 0.9 mm. The very small, white shell is umbilicate, turbinate, not nacreous, with a conic brownish spire. The first whorl appears to be smooth. On the second whorl fine radial folds or puckering appears below the suture, becoming coarser on the following whorl.

Ribs are falcoid or falcate and thus biconcave, strong and projected. Sometimes, ribs can be broad and flat topped on outer part of whorl and in some species they can be striate on inner part of whorl. Some species have midlateral groove, or series of undulating depressions on inner half of whorl.

They are generally smooth, polished and strongly angulate in the middle. They are longitudinally obliquely ribbed. These 15 ribs vanish entirely when crossing the suture and also on the body whorl from the periphery to the base of the shell. The body whorl and the penultimate whorl are crossed by inconspicuous lirae.

The ribs are prominent, discontinuous from whorl to whorl, projecting at the periphery and gradually vanishing on the base. They number nine on the penultimate whorl. Very many and close spiral threads overrun both ribs and interstices. Two spirals, larger and wider spaced than the rest, traverse the periphery and ascend the spire.

Sculpture:—The ribs are seven to a whorl, slightly oblique to the axis, low and round-backed, decreasing in prominence as growth proceeds, continuing from whorl to whorl. The spirals are numerous, closely packed, grained, unequal threads extending from the suture 'to the base. On the upper whorl two spirals predominate to form a double keel, but these gradually decrease, so that when the body whorl is reached the discrepancy between major and minor spirals has nearly disappeared. The aperture is narrow, the varix equal to the preceding ribs, and not rising above the plane of the suture.

Whilst in some the bands on the body whorl are broken up into dots. The spire is very short. and contains five whorls. The body whorl is very large, rapidly descending.

Above the upper keel the whorl slopes to the suture, below the lower the base is concavely excavated. The colour of the shell is pale yellow. It contains four whorls, plus the protoconch. These whorls are wound obliquely..The topmost whorl is undulated by about sixteen broad radial ribs, which disappear on the next whorl.

The length of the shell attains 7.5 mm, its diameter 4 mm. (Original description) The small, white shell has about five whorls, including one rather large smooth protoconch whorl. The suture is undulate and appressed. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl four, on the body whorl about a dozen) prominent equal cords.

Last whorl (of 5) ends straight or partially descending. Whorl peripheries rounded except for a conspicuous peripheral keel on the ultimate whorl, with a similar keel encircling the umbilicus. Umbilicus rather wide and open. Aperture wide, with separated angular and parietal lamellae; collumelar, upper and lower palatal teeth large, infraparietal, basal and interpalatal teeth small.

Sculpture:The body whorl shows fine, close spiral threads of which every fourth is larger. At irregular intervals incipient varices traverse the whorl. On the penultimate whorl the spiral sculpture is more coarse and distant. The umbilicus is narrow, bordered by a slight rib, which, continuing to the anterior extremity, is there notched by the pseudocanal.

The curve of the penultimate whorl is canceled. The shell has a prominent spire, acute at the apex;. The four whorls increase in size The body whorl has 26-28 ribs, of which 8-10 are larger, the penultimate whorl only 8, including 3 - 4 larger. These form a lattice with numerous, oblique, longitudinal threads.

These are sharply angular, with an angle about two-fifths distance from the anterior margin of whorl. The upper and lower surfaces are flat. About fifteen oblique nodes ornament the angle and extend down on the lower portion of the whorl, becoming obsolete before reaching the suture. The nodes become obsolete on the body whorl.

The small spire is conical. The rounded whorls are convex. The body whorl is very rapidly enlarging. The oblong aperture spreads out twice as wide as the diameter of the last whorl.

The penultimate whorl is longitudinally oblique. The body whorl is bicarinate. Between the sutures the shell is radially obliquely adorned with margined keels. The base of the shell shows five spiral irae.

The inner lip is reflexed over the base of the last whorl. There is no umbilicus. The colour is horn or tan, often with a broad reddish band on the last whorl.

It contains 6. turreted whorls, regularly increasing. The white protoconch is large. The first whorl and a half are smooth, then closely set longitudinal riblets are seen, and the whorl becomes carinate.

They are parted by shallow rounded furrows of double their breadth. On the first regular whorl they appear as simple beads 9 in number. On the next whorl they assume the form of straight riblets, whose obliquity increases on each successive whorl. The lines of growth, which are quite independent of the riblets, are very slight.

The ribs are broad and low, crowded above, and becoming more spaced as growth proceeds. They become evanescent on the last half whorl, discontinuous from whorl to whorl, amounting to eight on the penultimate, sometimes lightly impressed and sometimes interrupted by the fasciole, which is not otherwise apparent. The suture is sinuate. The aperture is fusiform.

There are nine nodes on penultimate whorl, nodes becoming inconspicuous on the body whorl. Above the peripheral nodes, the surface is smooth except for faint spiral cords and strongly curved lines marking the anal sinus. Below the nodular periphery are four or five spiral cords. On the body whorl, such cords extend over the entire base.

The next whorl contains four spirals; the third has seven, not all equal in thickness. The penultimate whorls has eleven spirals and the body whorl has about fourteen above the periphery and about twenty-five below. The umbilical area is smooth and dirty white. The thin peristome is subcircular, and interrupted on its junction witli the whorl.

There are 15 spirals on the body whorl, strong, equal and continuous. The longitudinal ribs number 22 on the body whorl, about as high as the spiral cords, but wider and more rounded, disappearing on the very short siphonal canal. The penultimate whorl contains 6 spiral cords. The aperture measures three-sevenths the total altitude of the shell.

In the third whorl the lack of B function but presence of C-function mimics the fourth whorl, leading to the formation of carpels also in the third whorl. Most genes central in this model belong to the MADS-box genes and are transcription factors that regulate the expression of the genes specific for each floral organ.

They are ornamented with close, granulose, unequal cinguli (the colored bands or spiral ornamentation), with two on the upper, and 3 or 4 on the body whorl more prominent. The penultimate whorl has 12-15 lirae. The globose body whorl is rounded, descending, and convex beneath. The aperture is ovate-rounded, the margins nearly continuous, plicated finely all around.

It isconstricted by deep, canaliculate sutures ; The five convex whorls are encircled by closely beaded equal spirals The interstices are lamellose-striate On the penultimate whorl there are (typically) 9 spirals, 17 on the body whorl, including the base. The body whorl is rounded. The aperture is also rounded. The thick outer lip is crenulate inside.

The 5–6, convex whorls are rounded, encircled by alternately larger and smaller closely beaded riblets, numbering 9 on the penultimate, 4 on the next earlier whorl, about 14 on the last whorl, of equal size on its latter portion. The sutures are narrowly canaliculate. The body whorl is rounded. The rounded aperture is finely sulcate inside.

The shell contains 3½ whorls, including a protoconch of 1½ whorl. The protoconch shows fine spiral grooves, continued on the adult as broad, shallow furrows, which are broadest at the suture becoming smaller and closer anteriorly. On the body whorl are twenty- two spiral ribs, on the penultimate whorl six. The latter are latticed by fine radial riblets.

It is either smooth or ribbed, sometimes at the uppermost part of the whorl or the entire whorl. The shell possesses between 4.75 and 6 whorls, whereby the last whorl is sometimes expanded. The opening (aperture) is taller than wide. The peristome is roundish, sometimes quite massive, in most cases with a small, straight parietal shield.

Prominent ribs, parted by their own breadth, are set at nine or ten to a whorl.;Both ribs and interstices are traversed by a series of uniform sharp spiral threads—six on the penultimate whorl and thirteen on the body whorl. The aperture is narrow, protected by a broad and high varix. The siphonal canal is short and open.

In all species septal nacks are short retrochoanitic (point adapically) in the first whorl, are transitory in the second whorl, and become prochoanitic (point adorally) in the third whorl and thereafter. Closely related Stenopopanoceras differs in that its siphuncle starts off ventral. Parapopanoceras was named by Haug in 1994. The type species is Popanoceras verneuili Mojsisovics 1886.

The whorls are spirally lirated with minute nodules. The penultimate whorl is trilirate. The body whorl is inflated, globose and almost square-shaped. The aperture is subcircular and silvery white on the inside.

The subsequent whorls are angulated. They are crossed by very obscure lirae and faintly discernible ribs, becoming obsolete on the body whorl. The body whorl shows many inconspicuous lirae. The aperture is oblong.

It has a small body whorl and aperture, and a rather contracted base. Sculpture: Longitudinals—on the body whorl there are 14, on the penultimate whorl 10, and on the first regular whorl 9 ribs. They arise very feebly at the suture, gain height in the sinus-area, and add on a little breadth below. They are high, narrow, and rounded toward the aperture they are crowded, but in general they are parted by rounded furrows of two or three times their width.

On the fourth whorl the radials first appear as eight prominent round-backed ribs, crossed by two, afterwards three, spiral cords, forming deep meshes by their intersection. The ribs descend continuously and obliquely from whorl to whorl, but decrease in relative importance. The spirals multiply by intercalation till on the body whorl they amount to twenty-five, but there also they are insignificant compared to their initial stage. Two or three of the peripheral spirals project beyond the succeeding fasciole.

They number about 20 on the penultimate whorl and on the body whorl as many as 55. Those around the lower part of the body whorl are pretty regularly alternately larger and small, the latter being the more granulous. The body whorl is contracted at the lower part, and is destitute of the plicae on about a third of its extent near the lip. The aperture together with the siphonal canal are a little less than half the length of the shell.

The size of the whitish, solid shell varies between 11 mm and 14 mm. The protoconch is paucispiral with a slightly less than one whorl and shows fine spiral striae (stretch marks). The teleoconch consists of 3.5 whorls with the second and the third whorl showing five spiral bands and the body whorl with twelve spiral bands. The whorls are axially crossed by twelve and thirteen rounded ribs on the second and third whorls and by ten ribs on the body whorl.

The protoconch is composed of two small smooth elevated whorls. The sculpture shows radials that are prominent perpendicular discontinuous ribs, which are dislocated at but continue on the snout;.tTey are nodose at, the passage of the spirals, and wider spaced on the body whorl, being set at the rate of ten on the penultimate whorl and eight on the body whorl. The spirals are strong evenly-spaced threads, nine on the body whorl and three on the one before.

Sculpture: The radials are discontinuous from whorl to whorl, feeble and oblique on the shoulder, prominent and perpendicular on the peripheral area, and traversing the basal excavation, widely spaced. There are on the body whorl ten spirals slighter than the radials. On the fasciole area of the body whorl are three faint and narrow threads. From the shoulder to the basal angle are five cords, which override the ribs and thus enclose a series of oblong and nearly uniform meshes.

It is very prominent from the concavity of the whorl above and below. The sharpness of this keel is due not so much to its crest, which is rounded, but to its being beset by prominent round, conical, pointed tubercles, of which there are about 15 on the penultimate whorl. On the upper whorls these are fewer, but they begin at once on the first whorl below the embryonic shell. On the body whorl they disappear entirely toward the aperture.

The protoconch is smooth white, pointed, drawn out. The sculpture consists of longitudinal ribs thirteen or fourteen on the body whorl, obsolete on the lower third of the whorl and not extending to the suture, below which is a smooth band only marked by oblique lines of growth. The ribs are slightly nodulous at their posterior terminations (where they are united by a slight carina) strong on the upper whorls, slightly flexuous on the convexity of the whorl. The whorl below the carina is marked by very faint grooves close together and passing over the ribs, stronger at the anterior end of the body whorl.

Illustration of H. bessonowi In 2011, a tooth whorl from a Helicoprion was discovered in the Phosphoria site in Idaho. The tooth whorl measured in length. Comparisons with other Helicoprion specimens show that the animal that sported this whorl would have been in length, and another, even bigger tooth whorl that was discovered in 1980s (but was not published until 2013) which the discoverers dubbed IMNH 49382 or "Boise" was discovered at the same site. The whorl is incomplete, but in life it would have been long and would have belonged to an animal that possibly exceeded in length, making Helicoprion the largest known eugeneodont.

The whorls of the teleoconch are convex, separatecl by an undulated suture, with rather thick, rounded ribs, 9 or 10 in number on the penultimate whorl . These ribs occupy the whole space of the upper whorls. They are slightly angular below a narrow infrasutural excavation, especially on the body whorl and become less distinct on the base of the body whorl, where they disappear at last on the siphonal canal. Of the spirals firstly a strong one, with oblong nodules corresponding to the ribs, border the suture, it is accompanied by a much finer one in the excavation, 3 rather strong spirals cross the lower part of each whorl, and amount to about 1 7 on the body whorl and siphonal canal, with eventually a narrow intermediate one in the interstices of the body whorl.

On the penultimate whorl the ribs number 11, on the body whorl 10. The spiral revolving lines are discernible with a lens. The aperture is oblong. The sinus is very wide and somewhat shallow.

The interstices are beautifully clathrate with delicate oblique lamellae. The body whorl is at the peristome almost disunited from the penultimate whorl. The suture is canaliculate. The umbilicus is perspective, with concentric granulose cinguli.

The about 5 whorls are slightly convex, lusterless, and spirally lirate. The lirae number about 9 on the penultimate whorl. The body whorl is high. The lip is a little deflected toward the aperture.

For terms see gastropod shell. The 1.4-2.1 x 3-4 mm. shell is variable. It has 4-5 whorls and the last whorl width seen from above 1.5-2 x of penultimate whorl.

Superman is expressed early on in flower development, in the stamen whorl adjacent to the carpel whorl. It interacts with the other genes of the ABC model of flower development in a variety of ways.

A darker band of the same colour appears on each whorl.

The umbilicus is moderately wide, becoming wider at the last whorl.

In most Cyperoideae, however, only one haplostemonous whorl of stamens remains.

Strongly convex to convex above, flattened below, with 5.2–5.8 whorls. Whorls rounded, sometimes with slight peripheral keel (the keel prominent in subadults); sutures shallow on most of spire, often deeper above last half of body whorl. Umbilicus rather narrow, symmetrical, deep, partly overlapped by reflected peristome, exposing upper whorls in oblique view. Mouth broadly oval, except where interrupted by penultimate whorl; last half of body whorl expanding and often descending markedly below penultimate whorl, sometimes also with downturn just behind edge of mouth.

The nucleus is smooth, followed by a 2nd and 3rd whorl, each with 6 spiral lirae of which the upper ones are slightly undulate. On the fourth whorl the lirae disappear, only the 'upper one remains and becomes beaded. It borders the broadly canaliculated suture, which in this and in the fifth whorl, is crossed by conspicuous striae, which run partly also on the convex, smooth, lower part of these whorls. Near the body whorl the beads disappear, the suture becomes less broad and deep.

On the body whorl there are about 14 cords, but only that at the shoulder is conspicuous. The interspaces are narrower with an occasional intercalary thread. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 20) narrow nearly vertical ribs with subequal interspaces reticulating the spirals, with deep interstices, but on the body whorl becoming obsolete. The aperture is narrow.

The cords cover the body whorl. They are feebler on the periphery, coarser on the base There are also faint spiral striae here and there. The axial sculpture on the upper part of the spire shows 14 or 15 strong rounded ribs with wider interspaces, feebler on the penultimate whorl, becoming obsolete on the body whorl. The aperture is ovate.

The whorls of the teleoconch are ventricose. The conspicuous spiral, raised lirae (7 at the penultimate whorl, 18 on the body whorl) extend at unequal intervals over the whole surface of the lower whorls. They are almost unbroken on the ventricose body whorl, while crossed frequently above by irregular liral riblets on the upper whorls. The aperture is rotund-ovate.

The whorls are evenly rounded. The spiral sculpture consists of fine even equal close-set minute threads covering the whole surface. The axial sculpture consists of almost microscopic, even, regular incremental lines, and on the third whorl about 16 small sharp ribs crossing the whorl, with wider interspaces and becoming obsolete on the fourth whorl. The anal sulcus is shallow.

Hair on the back of the head usually grows in a circular flattened pattern from a central point; this can also occur on facial hair in men. The definition of a whorl is hairs that rotate round an axis.Ziering, Follow Hair Whorl. Skin And Allergy News The point where the hair whorl is found is the spot where the hair changes direction.

The transverse sculpture consists of fairly distinct ribs (13 on the body whorl) which become weaker and tend to fade out on the body whorl. The ribs extend from the notch to the succeeding suture and to about the center of the body whorl. The notch is distinct and broadly U-shaped. The siphonal canal is short and wide; aperture rather narrow.

The sutures are deeply canaliculate. The 5-6 convex whorls are encircled by numerous equal, densely, finely beaded spiral ribs, with deep interstices, in each of which an interstitial riblet arises on the last part of the body whorl. The spiral ribs on the penultimate whorl number 7 to 9. On the body whorl they number 12, exclusive of the interstitial riblets.

The shell periphery is usually rounded and the last whorl does not descend below the preceding whorl but is parallel to the preceding suture. The outer wall of the last whorl generally possesses two short longitudinal furrows that correspond with internal apertural lamellae. The umbilicus is narrow and deep. The semi-ovate aperture has an expanded peristome with a reflexed lip.

The shell is deeply perforate, long-ovate, regularly finely striate, very glossy and reddish-brown in color. The shell has 5½ convex whorls. The last whorl is about equal to the penult, which is a third higher than the preceding whorl, which is double the height of the next earlier. Last whorl has a transverse callus of the same color near the aperture.

The small, imperforate, thin, fragile shell has a globosely conoidal shape. Its sculpture consists of very finely spirally striated, with 30 striations on the penultimate whorl and obscured on the body whorl by growth lines. The colour is variable and typical. The 2 apical whorls are white or pinkish-white, on the third whorl 2 purplish bands equidistant from the sutures arise.

Sculpture:—-The second whorl has a nepionic sculpture of numerous fine radial riblets. The remainder of the shell is traversed by six prominent stout spaced radial ribs, which ascend the spire vertically and without interruption. These are crossed by fine and coarse spirals. The major spirals number ten on the body whorl, four on the penultimate whorl, and three on the previous whorls.

Sculpture: The ribs are low and broad, with narrow interstices, six on the body whorl. The spirals are sharp threads running evenly over both ribs and furrows, and increasing by intercalation. On the penultimate whorl are four spirals, and on the body whorl fourteen, some of which are alternately large and small. The aperture:—The sinus is U-shaped, rather wide and deep.

The nuclear whorl is smooth, the remainder clathrate with strong spiral ribs crossed by elevated, close, vertical striae, which crenulate the ribs and cut the interstices into pits. There are 3 stronger spirals on the penultimate whorl, with a riblet in each interval. On the earlier whorls there are only 3 spirals. The body whorl at its termination has about 27 spirals.

Sculpture:—The radials are discontinuous, vertical, moderately prominent ribs, which diminish at the sutures and vanish on the base, and are set at ten to a whorl. The spirals are prominent cords which override the ribs, four on the penultimate whorl and twelve on the body whorl. Of these the anterior five run across the snout and are beaded. The Apertureis sinuate.

The length of the shell attains 4 mm, its diameter 1.5 mm. The small, fusiform shell is slightly elongated. The thickened shell is shiny, with a purple lilac coloration on the upper whorls, below the yellow protoconch. On the penultimate whorl and the body whorl, a light white band occupies the middle, becoming more intense on the dorsal part of the body whorl.

Whorl of Hexachara setacea showing spirally ridged oogonia (approximately 5 mm across). A single fertile whorl of Hexachara riniensis. The whorls of branches are arranged in a hexaradial symmetrical manner . In Hexachara each node produces a whorl of six laterals, and oogonia are produced on each lateral Feist, M., Liu, J. and Tafforeau, P. (2005): New insights into paleozoic charophyte morphology and phylogeny.

The spire rather is acute. The suture is slightly appressed. The whorl in front of it is polished and slightly constricted. The margin of the whorl here and there is obscurely plicate by the incremental lines.

The five whorls are spirally strongly ridged. The ridges are nodulous and number three on the penultimate whorl. The interstices are spirally striate. The body whorl is depressed, angulate at the periphery, and concentrically lirate below.

The sutures are impressed. The 3 to 4 whorls are convex and rapidly widening. They are encircled by spiral striae which are nearly obliterated on the body whorl. This body whorl is very large and depressed .

The teleoconch contains 3 whorls, with two raised carinae on the spire and six on the body whorl. The body whorl contains about 6 equal spiral cords. The axial ribs are absent. The sutures are subrectangular.

The acute apex is flesh colored. The five whorls are slightly convex. They are spirally encircled by regularly granose subequal lirae. These number about 6 on the penultimate whorl, 11 to 13 on the last whorl.

The uppermost whorls are flat, and spirally striate. The penultimate whorl is convex. The last whorl is completely smooth, obliquely descending, flatly depressed above, almost concave. The aperture is almost exactly like that of Monodonta canalifera.

The penultimate whorl is a trifle projecting above the suture. The body whorl is obtusely subangular at the periphery. The aperture is triangular-ovate. The outer lip is arcuate above, green-marginate just within the edge.

The interstices are smooth. The ribs on the penultimate whorl gradually vanish and the first whorl and a half is smooth. The subquadrate aperture is almost free. The peristome is formed by one of the ribs.

For the remainder, the transverse sculpture consists of subequal rils, largest on the periphery, smaller toward the sutures, which they reach above and below, the track of the notch not being marked by a flattened band, as is generally the case. There are about eleven of these to a whorl, on the body whorl they are less pronounced, and become obsolete toward the anterior third of the whorl, where the lines of growth are particularly conspicuous. The completion of the adult aperture is marked by a particularly large rib or swelling of the margin, which becomes more conspicuous in case the shell continues to grow. In the older part of the shell the ribs are continued in the same line from whorl to whorl, in the body whorl and a half they become alternate or irregular.

The surface of the fasciole here and there is marked by obscure, irregular, short, oblique, fine ridges at right angles to the lines of growth. In front of the fasciole are (on the penultimate whorl fourteen) low, feeble, protractivcly oblique ribs, with much wider shallow interspaces, hardly reaching the suture in front on the spire or the periphery on the body whorl. The spiral sculpture is confined to the whorl in front of the fasciolc and consists of (on the penultimate whorl about fifteen) fine, sharp incised lines, on the body of the whorl rather distant, the interspaces flat and often unequal but toward the siphonal canal closer and more regular. The aperture is semilunar.

The five whorls are spirally lirate. The lira is largest at the middle of the whorl and causes sometimes a slight carina there. The body whorl is slightly but abruptly deflected anteriorly. The circular aperture is white.

The apex is blunt, the smooth rounded 1½ whorl is scarcely projecting. There are six tumid whorls increasing rapidly. The penultimate whorl rises swollen out of the suture. The base of the shell is a little flattened.

The sutures are hardly visible. The body whorl is subangulated, but not carinated, on the periphery. The nucleus is prominent, bubble-shaped, shining opaque white. The second whorl is deep rose-pink, with three longitudinal beaded ribs.

The length of the shell attains 4.25 mm, its diameter 1.7 mm. (Original description) The minute shell has a protoconch with a small apex. The whorl is later swollen. The second whorl shows three strong spiral threads.

The carina is slightly crenulated on the body whorl posteriorly. The body whorl is rounded at the periphery. The convex base is deeply and broadly umbilicated and very finely corrugated. The simple aperture is elliptical and heliciform.

The protoconch consists of two small smooth helicoid whorls. Sculpture:—The first adult whorl shows numerous small radial riblets. On the subsequent whorls the ribs are spaced seven to a whorl. They are continuous, perpendicular, and elevated.

Their interstices contain raised spiral threads, which grow coarser on approaching the umbilicus. The protoconch contains 1½ whorl, concluding with a prominent varix. The three whorls are tabulate above, and rounded below. The body whorl descends rapidly.

A narrow sutural band occupies the upper one third of the whorl. Incremental lines are visible. The suture is deeply impressed and distinct. The body whorl is somewhat ventricose and narrowed anteriorly, with transverse ribs sometimes obsolete.

A fingerprint arch. A fingerprint loop. A fingerprint whorl. A fingerprint arch.

The sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 22) somewhat sigmoid rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, reaching from the suture over the whorl to the siphonal canal. They are constricted over the narrow anal fasciole and feebler on the anterior part of the body whorl. These ribs are cut into subnodulous segments by deep narrow sharp spiral grooves, with much wider interspaces, two or three on the spire, nine or ten between the fasciole and the siphonal canal on the body whorl. On the canal are five or six coarse close-set threads.

Other spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire one or two) strong peripheral cords, swollen and almost angulated where they override the ribs. On the body whorl there are six or seven cords with much wider interspaces and as many more smaller close-set threads on the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture consists of seven or eight very prominent short ribs on the penultimate whorl; fading out on the body whorl, and rather prominent widely spaced incremental lines most conspicuous on the body whorl. The aperture is subovate.

In the second whorl both A- and B-genes are expressed, leading to the formation of petals. In the third whorl, B and C genes interact to form stamens and in the center of the flower C-genes alone give rise to carpels. The model is based upon studies of mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana and snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus. For example, when there is a loss of B-gene function, mutant flowers are produced with sepals in the first whorl as usual, but also in the second whorl instead of the normal petal formation.

The shell grows to a length of 8 mm. The shell is narrowly shouldered. Numerous indistinct longitudinal plications fade out towards the lower part of the body whorl. There are about sixteen revolving ridges on the body whorl.

These are four to six on the upper whorl, nodulous on the riblets. The nodules are compressed and subacute. The body whorl is convex above and slender below the middle. At this point the costellae are becoming obsolete.

The height of this conical- pyramidal, imperforate shell attains 11 mm. It is highly sculptured and conspicuously keeled around every whorl just above the suture. The body whorl at the periphery is bicarinate. The aperture is square-shaped.

The body whorl is rounded at the periphery. The colour of the shell is generally blackish-grey, irregularly rayed with white. The shell contains six whorls six. The first one and a half whorl is minute and unsculptured.

'I'he protoconch is small and regular; at first smooth, then two raised spiral lines begin on the first whorl, and soon become distinct carinae. On the second to third whorl, the upper one forming the shoulder; slender transverse riblets begin on the second, and become very evident on the third whorl. The aperture is narrow-ovate, angulated posteriorly. The sinus is broad and shallow.

The suture is appressed, a coronet of short, elevated, backward pointing wrinkles marginating the whorl in front of it. The fasciole is wide, with obsolete sculpture or is smooth, polished, very sloping, subconcave. The shoulder of the whorl is angulated, ornamented (on the whorl before the last) with about four- teen nodular riblets. These riblets on the early whorls are short, stout, and very prominent.

Each whorl spreads in a broad shelf above, and thence narrows anteriorly. Sculpture:—On the body whorl there are four, and on the earlier two, spiral cords, the topmost running along the angle of the shell. The radials which over-ride these are thin elevated lamellae, commencing at the suture and ending as imbricating scales on the snout. There are sixteen on the body whorl.

The two apical whorls are smooth, convex, rather large. The rest is considerably excavated above and rather bulgingly convex inferiorly and obliquely ribbed. There are 9 ribs on the penultimate whorl, subobsolete in the concavity at the upper part of the whorl, and again nodulous at the suture. The body whorl shows a transverse series of white dots on the ribs a little below the middle.

The body whorl is broad and spindle-shaped. Each spire whorl contains six rounded varices that are broader at the body whorl, but thinner and curved back at the stubby, top whorls and around the siphonal canal. The sutures between the whorls are deep and crossed by the oblique varices. The porcelaneous white aperture has an oval shape and has a finely dentate outer lip.

The body whorl measures two-thirds of the shell's length. Sculpture: on the body- whorl are eight widely spaced thick and prominent vertical ribs radiating from the suture, and vanishing on the base. On the shoulder these are linked and overrun by a spiral cord of nearly equal calibre. This sculpture is repeated on the penultimate whorl, where the radials are smaller and closer.

The length of the shell attains 6 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm. The ovate shell contains probably 7 whorls (the apex is missing). The 5 remaining whorls are slightly convex and contain 12 longitudinal ribs (continuing to the base of the body whorl). The spiral lirae form small nodules when crossing the ribs (4 in the penultimate whorl, 10 in the body whorl) and are very cancellate.

Paracymbites is an extinct genus of lower Jurassic ammonite that lived during Raricostatum zone of upper Sinemurian. Animals belonging to this genus had small shells with semicircular whorl section and rounded or fastigate venter, of which umbilicus made about 25% of diameter. Last whorl could have been excentric. Keel was faint and it might have been only on the earlier part of the last whorl.

The other whorls are convex and crossed by oblique, symmetrically arranged ribs. There are only few in the upper whorls, but numerous (up to fifteen) and of a brown color in the penultimate whorl and in the body whorl They are crossed by transverse nodulose lirations. There is no beading at the sutures. The body whorl shows a dorsal varix close to the outer lip.

Whorl Mountain is a mountain, in the northern part of Yosemite National Park, well north of Mount Conness, and barely inside the boundary of Yosemite. Whorl Mountain is the 22nd-highest mountain, in Yosemite National Park. Whorl Mountain is just south of Matterhorn Peak. Bath Mountain is west, and a bit south, and Excelsior Mountain is southeast, as are both North Peak and Tioga Peak.

The subsequent whorls show indistinct longitudinal ribs, except on the body whorl. The body whorl shows brown spots below the suture and brown flames at the back and below. The narrow aperture is oblique. The outer lip is simple.

Large body whorl with fine spiral striations. Smooth columella. The thin outer lip of the aperture extends beyond the apex of the shell and is thus longer than the body whorl. The aperture narrows posteriorly and is wider anteriorly.

There are about 18 on the second and 20 upon the penultimate whorl. The spaces between the ribs and keels appear as concave quadrangular depressions. The umbilicus is narrowly perforated. The sutures are deeply channeled by the shouldered whorl.

The siphonal canal is short and straight. The shell contains 5 whorls, of which two in the smooth, elevated protoconch. The body whorl contains three peripheral spiral keels. There are two such keels on each whorl of the teleoconch.

The five whorls are sloping above, convex, longitudinally irregularly striate, and spirally costate. The costae are rugose, irregular, slightly elevated, about four on the penultimate whorl, twelve on the body whorl. The aperture is circular. The peristome is simple.

The body whorl is very ventricose. The suture is strongly impressed, often slightly channelled. The protoconch consists of two or three small, light chestnut-brown whorls, with very finely cancellated sculpture. The apical whorl is very small and regularly coiled.

These waves make their appearance on about the fifth whorl, and are evanescent on the last whorl. There are about three in a millimeter and a half. The aperture is narrow and slightly callous. The short siphonal canal is nearly straight.

The size of an adult shell varies between 15 mm and 32 mm. The whorls are with shallow channel above. The shoulder angle is situated above or at the middle of the whorl. The body whorl has an obconical shape.

On the first teleoconch whorl there are two white axials . On the body whorl, the eighth abapical cordlet becomes lighter toward the peristome, with some white spots. Then two axials closest to the peristome are white on the central part.

The size of the shell varies between 32 mm and 62 mm. The shell is white. The upper part of body whorl, spire and interior are tinged with pink. The body whorl also shows longitudinal chestnut striations, forming two irregular bands.

The last whorl is shortly deflexed in front in adult specimens. The aperture is rotund-ovate, being slightly narrowed above, but not angular there. The aperture is not modified in form by the preceding whorl. The aperture is moderately oblique.

The second and the third whorl are cancellate. The subsequent whorls contains few, rounded ribs, crossed everywhere by 3 - 4 rough, spiral lirae; nine ribs and in the body whorl. The ovate-shaped aperture is narrow. The sinus is not deep.

Each whorl is encircled by two more prominent, remote sulci. The shell contains 6 convex whorls, separated by deep sutures, and inflated above. The body whorl is subangulate, convex beneath, and contains numerous unequal concentric lirae. The aperture is rhomboidal.

The spire is obtuse and contains four convex whorls, separated by impressed sutures. The first whorl is narrow and slowly increasing. The body whorl is large, rather convex above, and rounded beneath. The large aperture is very oblique and subrotund.

The height of the shell attains 11 mm. The whitish shell is strongly iridescent, with mainly a purple hue. The 5¾ whorls are barely concave, with the exception of the body whorl. Only the first and the second whorl are granulated.

They are spirally cingulate, with 6 lirae on penultimate whorl. The body whorl is subangular, a little depressed above, dilated in the middle. The base of the shell is convex and ornamented with about 8 lirae. The aperture is rhomboidal.

Whorl was produced Off-Broadway in 2015, co-directed by Scanlan and Michael Mayer (Scanlan's best friend for 40 years)Clement, Olivia. "The Verdict: Critics Review Sherie Rene Scott's Prison Drama 'Whorl Inside a Loop'" playbill.com, August 28, 2015Soloski, Alexis.

They are well rounded, having their summits closely appressed to the preceding whorl. The suture is moderately well impressed. The periphery and the base of the body whorl are well rounded. The ovate aperture is rather large, and white within.

Vitrea contracta figure 4 For terms see gastropod shell. The 2.2-2.6 mm. shell is colourless translucent and shiny. It is almost smooth with 4-5 whorls, the last whorl width seen from above 1.4-1.6 x of penultimate whorl.

The small shell is white, covered with an olivaceous periostracum, and with four whorls exclusive of an apical whorl or two (which in the specimens is always eroded). The suture is distinct. The edge of the whorl in front of it is slightly thickened. The spiral sculpture on the upper whorls consists of a somewhat blunt peripheral keel, undulated more or less toward the apex and obsolete on the body whorl.

These tubercles are protruding, rounded, very regularly arranged and give the whorls a streamlined appearance. There are 15 plicae on the penultimate whorl, 20 on the body whorl These plicae do not extend to the suture. On the body whorl however, they continue downward in an obsolete manner. The infra-sutural zone, is wide, sloping, with very arched growth lines, a little more developed close to the suture.

On the body whorl, anterior to the fasciole, run about sixteen rather flat-topped spiral lyrae, about twice their own breadth apart, between which one or two-minute interstitial threads may occur. On the penultimate whorl there are four such spirals .Wave-like ribs are set at about thirteen to a whorl, interrupted by the fasciole, but continuing to the base and ascending the spire perpendicularly. Aperture :—The mouth is narrow.

The oblique ribs (14–15 on the penultimate whorl) are crossed with regular elevated ridges, which are less distinct below the sutures, from which descend very fine and close-set crescent-shaped striae (10–12 on the penultimate whorl) as far as the angle of the whorl, crossing the concentric lines. The spire is sharp. The apex is dark brown or purple. The aperture is elongately ovate, brown within.

The spiral sculpture consists of a few feeble threads on the earlier whorls. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl nine or ten. on the body whorl only three or four) short prominent riblets extending from the fasciole protractively forward to the succeeding suture on the spire. On the body whorl there is on the later part only an angle at the anterior edge of the fasciole.

The inner lip is narrow, smooth, applied, free at the front, with a callus posteriorly at the junction with the outer lip. The columella is subconcave, joining the body whorl at a very open angle. The spiral sulcations are equidistant, 9 in the penultimate, 17 in the body whorl. The axial accremental striae, distinct under the microscope, cross the spirals, sinuous, comparatively distant, especially on the body whorl.

They are rather convex and slightly angular by the projection of one of the numerous lirae. These number about 6 on the penultimate whorl, and 7 on the upper part of the body whorl, besides several intermediate, elevated striae, which become very numerous towards the aperture. The body whorl is angular at the periphery. Its convex base has numerous, crowded, elevated striae (partly wanting in a few specimens).

The outer whorl is coiled over these so that the whorl inside only touches the outer one by these prominences. They are not continuous over the base, but within the ample umbilicus are two rows of small prominences corresponding in number to those on the periphery. The circular aperture has a complete circular varix which is radiately crenulated. The apex is sunk below the top of the body whorl.

The ribs are narrow, elevated, round-backed, alternating from whorl to whorl, in-bent at the summit, the shaft perpendicular and the base out-curved, thirteen on the penultimate and eleven on the body whorl. The rib before the varix is evanescent. The spirals are prominent cords crossing both ribs and interspaces, on the upper whorls three or four, on the last twelve. The uppermost spiral accentuates the shoulder angle.

The 5 to 5½ whorls are nearly planulate, but the upper margin of each whorl is prominent and projecting beyond the periphery of the preceding. The body whorl is carinated at the periphery. The sculpture above consists of spiral lirae, about 5 to 8 on each whorl, cut into close oblique beads. The interstices are obliquely finely striate, one or two of the broader ones usually with a central riblet.

The remaining whorls are rather flat with 8 dense ribs (continuing to the base of the body whorl) and crossed by spiral lirae forming nodules (4 in the penultimate whorl, 10 in the body whorl). The aperture is narrow and measures almost half the length of the shell. The outer lip is very incrassate and slightly sinuate below the suture. The siphonal canal is rather wide and truncate at its base.

The sutures are either simple, linear, or somewhat canaliculate. There is a concavity in the subsutural area. The about 5 whorls are spirally transversed by excessively minute spiral striae. The body whorl has an acute nodulous carina at the periphery, and another angulation or keel at the middle of the upper surface of the whorl and continued upon the spire, and which is usually nodose on the body whorl.

The radial sculpture is smooth and consists of round-backed perpendicular ribs truncated by a smooth and constricted fasciole, amounting to eleven on the penultimate whorl. On the earlier part of the body whorl these ribs are smaller and closer together than previously. Half a whorl behind the aperture is a rough varix, beyond which the ribs cease. The spiral sculpture on the base shows about a dozen fine grooves.

These grooves number 10 on the penultimate whorl, about 38 on the body whorl, where some of the upper and many of the basal ones have still intermediate lirae, lacking on the penultimate and older whorls. On the last part of body whorl, the shell is still sculptured by strong growth lines, which, in crossing the interspaces or lirae between the grooves make them granulous. The body whorl is contracted below its periphery, ending in a long, straight siphonal canal, which is strongly attenuated towards its base. The aperture is elongately subtriangular, its upper margin nearly horizontal, with a deep, rather narrow sinus.

The colour of the shell is pale buff, with rust dots between the peripheral nodules, and irregular rust streaks and splashes elsewhere. Sculpture: On the summit of each whorl is a collar of two strong spirals. Besides, the whole surface is over-ran with fine, close, flat-topped spiral threads, amounting to about fifty-five on the body whorl. Along the shoulder runs a row of upright tubercles, twice as high as broad, and more than their own breadth apart—twenty-two on the penultimate whorl, most distinct on the earlier whorls, and gradually fading till they almost disappear on the body whorl.

The revolving sculpture consists of (on the smaller whorls) two or three to (on the body whorl) sixteen flattened raised bands, with wider interspaces, which are much more marked, or even knobby, on the smaller whorls where they pass over the transverse ribs, gradually become more uniform, and, on the last whorl, are nearly as well defined between the ribs as on them. Nine of those on the body whorl are crowded together on the anterior third, the rest spread over the body of the whorl. There are hardly any traces of revolving striation. The notch is deep, but not producing a band.

Superman normally restricts the effect of another gene called (APETALA3) in the fourth whorl, leaving APETALA3 expression only present in the second and third whorls. APETALA3 is a gene normally associated with the development of a stamen in the third whorl, so by its restriction, we allow for the development of other organs in the fourth whorl (such as the Pistil). A mutation which completely removes superman gene function would result in flowers that carry extra stamens, replacing the pistils which would normally be developing in the fourth whorl. This mutation was named the sup-1 mutation.

The tooth-whorl represented all the teeth produced by that individual in the lower jaw; as the individual grew, the older, smaller teeth were moved into the center of the whorl by larger, newer teeth appearing. Models of the Helicoprion tooth-whorl have been made. In the 1994 book Planet Ocean: A Story of Life, the Sea, and Dancing to the Fossil Record, author Brad Matsen and artist Ray Troll describe and depict an example of such a model. They proposed that no teeth were present in the animal's upper jaw besides the crushing teeth for the whorl to cut against.

In some examples there is a row of brown blotches in each whorl, running round the body whorl to a little above the middle of the outer lip.Verco, J.C. 1909. Notes on South Australian marine Mollusca with descriptions of new species. Part XII.

There are no spirals. The ribs are set about fourteen to a whorl. They start up suddenly, immediately below the contracted fasciole area. They are prominent, perpendicular, wide-spaced, discontinuous, decreasing anteriorly, become obsolete on the body whorl, and vanish below the periphery.

The subsequent five whorls are impressed at the suture and longitudinally incrassate (12 on the body whorl). The spiral lirae are few, in the last whorl they are absent just in the centre. The aperture is ovate. The outer lip is thin.

The body whorl and the preceding whorl show two parallel rows of short projections. These are quite distinct and equally strong. Each row contains between 7 and 12 projections (in most cases 9 or 10). These projections don't point upward but project horizontally.

The aperture broadly ovate and the outer lip is thin. The inner lip is raised anteriorly with a slight umbilical chink between it and the body-whorl. The columella-plait small and oblique. The protoconch of one whorl that is smooth and polished.

The size of an adult shell varies between 15 mm and 35 mm. The umbilicate shell has a conoidal shape. The color is isabella-yellow. It is sculptured with very fine subgranose lirae, about 11 on penultimate whorl, 40 on the body whorl.

The suture is linear. The body whorl is angular at the periphery and a little convex beneath. The whorl is a trifle deflexed at the aperture. The aperture is quadrangular with a couple of rather strong riblets inside the upper outer lip.

The minute apex is acute. The sutures are deeply impressed. The shell has about 5 whorls. These are very convex, those of the spire bicarinate The body whorl has two principal carinae and several smaller ones on the base of the whorl.

The outer lip is rugose and dentate within. The whorls are pretty convex, especially above. The body whorl is rounded, deflected anteriorly and flattened. The penultimate whorl has six series of granules, which are the same width as their densely striate interstices.

The penultimate whorl has 4 spiral cinguli, a minute riblet interposed in each interval. The pits between the longitudinal and spiral riblets are oblong and quadrilateral. The body whorl is convex beneath, with close radiating lamellae . The ovate aperture is sulcate inside.

The diameter of the subdiscoidal, deeply umbilicate, white shell attains 2 mm. The spire is flat and contains three whorls. The body whorl is slightly descending and circular in section. Its upper portion is level with the periphery of the penultimate whorl.

The ribs are broad and rounded, well spaced, discontinuous from one whorl to another, nine on the penultimate whorl, gradually vanishing towards the base. Both ribs and interstices overrun by fine dense spiral threads. The aperture is wide. The lip is simple.

The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 16) rounded narrow riblets crossing the whorls and obsolete on the base. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire three, on the body whorl four) prominent rounded cords. These are more or less nodose at the intersections with the ribs, and between the cords two or three fine threads and a few finer striae. The posterior cord forms a shoulder to the whorl.

The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl in front of the shoulder about 6) incised lines, with wider interspaces, overrunnuig the ribs. On the body whorl this sculpture extends to the siphonal canal . The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 17) short, rounded ribs extending from the shoulder, where they are most prominent, over the periphery and obsolete on the base. There are also fairly distinct incremental lines.

The suture is impressed. Radials in the sculpture are entirely absent. Spirals amount to thirty two on the body whorl and to ten on the penultimate whorl. The summit of the whorl is crowned by a strong cord followed by a corresponding sulcus, thence the spirals diminish to the periphery, where they are small and crowded, with another change the base and aperture are occupied by eight broad and widely spaced spirals.

These pass gradually into slightly oblique, rounded riblets, which begin in front of the notch-band with a slight shoulder, then continue across the whorl, and are somewhat attenuated by the time they reach the suture. Of these there are about fifteen on the body whorl, less distinct anteriorly. The lines of growth are tolerably prominent, and especially so on the body whorl. Of the revolving sculpture there is little or none.

The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about nine) strong flattish threads, equal all over the surface and without intercalary striae. They have narrower interspaces on the spire and equal or wider ones on the body whorl. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 10) sharp-edged narrow nearly straight ribs reaching nearly to the siphonal canal from the fasciole, with much wider interspaces. The narrow aperture is dark purple.

Behind the aperture are about twenty-eight spiral cords of various sizes, sometimes with minor threads in their interstices. On the second mature whorl, nine prominent radial ribs arise, undulating the keels. After increasing to eleven and maintaining their relative prominence for several whorls, the ribs commence to fade on the antepenultimate, they disappear from the body whorl. About the penultimate and body whorl, equal radials and spirals produce by intersection an evenly beaded surface.

The spirals are strong cords, two on the antepenultimate whorl, three on the penultimate whorl, and seven on the body whorl. On the latter the third spiral from the suture runs into the top of the varix, between the fourth and the fifth is a wide gap, and the last three are tubercular and traverse the snout. The aperture shows a very thick and prominent varix. The sinus is small and shallow.

The small claviform shell has a length of 6.2 mm, its diameter 2.6 mm. The vitreous protoconch is very small and consists of 1½ whorl (breadth ca 0,75 mm), the teleoconch contains 5 whorls.. The axial ribs are strong (with 9 ribs on the penultimate whorl). The body whorl has an inverted cone shape and its dorsum is prominently humped. The short siphonal canal is narrow and twisted slightly to the right.

The nucleus is white, smooth, occupying about one whorl. The next 3 whorls are straight on their upper part. They are separated from the lower part of each whorl by a sharp keel, and crossed by rather distant radiating ribs, which form sharp tubercles in crossing the keel, and on the third whorl also near the suture. These ribs become obsolete, and disappear on the last whorls, which are smooth on their upper surface.

The length of the shell attains 39 mm, its diameter 11 mm. The elongate, fusiform, turreted shell is very characteristically coloured. The reddish-ochre colour is uniform, except where the transverse lirations (5 in the penultimate whorl and about 22 in the body whorl) cross the ribs or plications (14 in the body whorl), where they are white and slightly nodulous. The suture is well defined by the sudden termination of the ribs.

The form is just like Clanculus cruciatus (Linnaeus, 1758). The shell consists of 6 to 7 rather rounded whorls, the body whorl not angulated to speak of, and with a rather convex base. The spiral cinguli gradually increase in number, so that on the penultimate whorl there are about 11, on the body whorl about 40 of them. On the upper whorls they are distinctly granulose, on the last almost entirely smooth.

The body whorl has a sharply angled periphery. The shell upper surface is circled by irregularly beaded bands, 5 or 6 on each whorl, uneven in size, the upper row largest;. The bead in each whorl is larger on the upper row than those at lower rows, The base of the shell is nearly flat, concentrically lirate. These lirae are granulose, rather coarse, with broad interspaces, which are frequently occupied by revolving lirulae or striae.

The main body whorl has 20 distinct spiral ribs, mostly flat-topped, some with fluted scales. The body whorl contains about thirteen lirae, which are generally wider than their interstices, and of which the subcoronal and one or two median ones are more prominent. The penultimate and last whorl bear numerous elevated vaulted scales upon the lirae. The aperture is pearly white or brownish tinted within, about half the length of the shell.

The spire is obtusely elevated. The shell has about five whorls, that are nearly flat. The body whorl is large, subangulated near the base, with three very dark bands, two of which are below the angle. The penultimate whorl has two bands only, and the lowest of these is nearly or quite concealed by the suture, and on the upper whorl the same band is indicated only by a dark, hair-like line.

Bradfordia is a moderately involute to involute genus included in the ammonoid cephalopod family Oppeliidae, coiled so that the outer whorl encloses most, or much, of the previous, but with a small umbilicus exposing inner whorls. The shell is compressed, whorl height much greater than width, extending well out from the contact with the adjacent inner whorl. Outer flanks are finely ribbed and the rounded venter is smooth. Bradfordia lived during the Middle Jurassic.

The whorls are subangulate at the shoulder. The axial sculpture consists of sharp, sigmoid riblets (22 or more on the penultimate whorl) obsolete on the base and on most of the body whorl. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The aperture is simple.

The length of the shell attains 5 mm, its diameter 2.2 mm. (Original description) The small shell is vitreous white. It is few whorled, the body whorl much the largest. It contains a smooth protoconch of1½ whorl and somewhat more than 3½ subsequent whorls.

The glossy shell corresponds in shape and construction to Tomellana lineata var. gracilis. The difference shows up visibly at the fourth whorl .The folding of the upper whorls corresponds to that of Tomellana. lineata until the 6th or 7th whorl, only to become obsolete upwards.

The fourth whorl shows numerous somewhat undeveloped noduled riblets. The remaining eight whorls are spirally ornamented with close revolving lines, crossing the conspicuously noduled longitudinal ribs. The nodules are white. The body whorl is obliquely twelve- ribbed, below the periphery obscurely fasciated with white.

Height of five whorls, 12 mm; of body whorl, 7 mm; diameter of decollation, 1.7 mm.; of body whorl, 4.5 mm. (Original description) The shell contains more than six hardly rounded whorls (decollate). These are white, with a dark olive periostracum, the base white.

On the penultimate whorl there are about fifteen cinguli, and on the upper whorls five or six. The large, acute, brown protoconch consists of about 4½ whorls, which increase regularly. The apical whorl is small, rounded and prominent. The others are distinctly carinated and shouldered.

The spirals are sharp widely- spaced threads, of which there are twenty on the body whorl, evenly distributed between the fasciole and the end of the siphonal canal. Five of these ascend the penultimate whorl. The aperture is simple. The outer lip is thin.

Fine, delicate and close, raised lines of growth, or lamellae, cover the interspaces and cross the raised cinguli. The protoconch is very small, smooth and glossy. The first whorl is minute and regularly spiral, not upturned. Three spiral cinguli appear on the second whorl.

The periphery of the body whorl is obscurely angulated, and somewhat inflated. The base of the shell is moderately long, curving gently to the anterior portion of the shell. It is marked like the body whorl with fine, spiral lines. The sutures are somewhat constricted.

Desmoulin's whorl snail (Vertigo moulinsiana) is a species of minute air- breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails. This species was named in honor of the early-19th-century French naturalist Charles des Moulins.

For terms see gastropod shell. The shell is about 2 to 3 millimeters wide, with 6 whorls and shallow sutures. The apex is blunt. The penultimate whorl is striated with 15 to 23 lines and the aperture climbs only slightly at the penultimate whorl.

Cowichan knitters spin wool three different ways: with a Salish spindle and whorl, with a converted sewing machine, and with a home-made spinning machine. The spindle and whorl are rarely used today.Meikle 1987, p.10. There are five known types of Salish spindles.

The height of the shell attains 15 mm. This is a very distinct little shell, with slender spire, granulose upper whorls, and a wide, rather depressed body whorl. The small, thin shell is umbilicate. It has a slender elevated spire and a broad body whorl.

The suture is not deep but distinct, accompanied by the upper part of a nearly covered spiral. The spirals are closely beset with compressed beads. The upper row of each whorl is slightly the largest. The body whorl is angular, keeled by the last spiral.

On the last three they are scarcely indicated. Of these ribs there are about 28 upon the third and 24 upon the seventh whorl. The sutures are well impressed. The periphery and the short base of the body whorl are somewhat inflated, and well rounded.

The length of the shell attains 11.5 mm, its diameter 4.5 mm. (Original description) The spire is about of the same height as the aperture. The protoconch has a smooth nucleus, the second whorl is reticulate. Each subsequent whorl contains about 18 axial riblets.

Persististrombus nodosus is quite polymorphic, but it is usually slender with high spire. Spire whorls show strong nodes or spines. The sutural ramp and the last whorl bear spiral ribs, quite variable in number and strength. The surface of the last whorl is crumpled.

In addition, the body whorl shows many shallow dents. The periphery of the body whorl and the moderately long base are somewhat inflated and well rounded. They are also marked like the spire. The large aperture is oval, while the posterior angle is acute.

The perianth-segments are in two whorls of three. Segments in the outer whorl are small and spreading while the inner whorl forms fruit valves, which are widely ovately-triangular. The seeds produced are dry and reddish brown. This plant blooms June through September.

The penultimate whorl is very flat. The last whorl has four spiral keels, with a blunt keel below the sutures, two at the periphery. The aperture is round.Melvill & Standen (1912), The Marine Mollusca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition Part II. Being a supplementary catalogue.

Maccoyoceras is a genus of nautilids included in the family Trigonoceratidae from the Mississippian of North America (Michigan) and Europe. The shell of Maccoyocerasis evolute, volutions only slightly impressed, whorl section hexagonal. Venter flattened, flanks converging, umbilical shoulder prominent. Siphuncle slender, ventral of whorl center.

The shell is elongated and thick. It has seven to eight convex whorls. There is a thick cord running over the abapical end of the body whorl. The color is a whitish with a blurry brown suprasutural band, fading out on the body whorl.

This was partly due to the presence on the reserve of the rare Desmoulin's whorl snail.

The lower part shows rather strong, rounded ribs from suture to suture, about 10 on penultimate whorl, fainter in the excavation, which latter as well as the ribs disappear on body whorl, with the exception of a strong rib behind the peristome. This latter whorl is moreover slightly compressed, with a trace of a second rib or indistinct varix on the left side of the whorl, which is contracted below, with a few indistinct spiral lirac near the base. The whole shell is covered with very fine growth-striae. The aperture is short, oval, with a broad, rather deep, rounded sinus at the suture, narrower by a strong columellar tubercle.

The shell contains nine whorls. The body whorl is quite different in shape and sculpture. The nodules, of which there are on the body whorl only eleven, instead of becoming obsolete on the latter half of the whorl, are produced in the form of stout, strong ribs over the periphery, when these suddenly cease and the anterior part of the whorl is as it were constricted, instead of gradually tapering to the siphonal canal, so that the latter is much more clearly differentiated from the rest of the aperture than is usual in this genus. There is no spiral sculpture, even on the siphonal canal where traces are usually perceptible.

The protoconch is composed of 4 whorls: the first two are smooth, the next two show vertical, straight and filiform riblets, cut by an acute peripheral keel. The subsequent whorls are impressed at the top by the infra-sutural zone which is furnished with arcuated lines of growth. Then they become convex and show strong longitudinal ribs (13 on the body whorl) and narrower cords narrower, but also very conspicuous (4 on the penultimate whorl and 12 on the body whorl) which pass over the peristome and determine, at the points of intersection, small acute tubercles. The ribs are closer together and less prominent at the end of the body whorl.

The shell grows to a length of 10 mm. (Original description) The shell is closely related to Inodrillia pharcida with which it may advantageously be compared. The most obvious differences are, that in I. pharcida the ribs and their intersecting sharp spirals are as strong on the body whorl as on the others, in Inodrillia acrybia the ribs on the last whorl are obsolete and the spirals fainter. The spire of I. acrybia is shorter in proportion to the body whorl, the siphonal canal is longer, there is one less whorl in the adult shell, the fasciole is less excavated, the suture more appressed, and consequently less evident.

The sculpture consists of rather narrow axial ribs, about 12 or 13 on body whorl, crossed by spirals, of which one more or less strong one, just below the suture, another at the angle and one or two on the lower part. The body whorl with siphonal canal, with about 12 spirals, those on the upper whorls and 5 upper ones on body whorl are sharply tubercled in passing the ribs, those on the contracted part of body whorl and siphonal canal are more plain. Moreover, the whole shell is covered with fine growth lines. The aperture s elongately oval, angular above, with a rather short, wide siphonal canal below.

These two colors are separated by a small brown zone that circulates between the ribs. On the body whorl the tawny yellow hue appears at the suture and disappears at the siphonal canal, leaving only two white bands, one on the upper part of the whorl, the other at the end. The spire is decorated with longitudinal ribs and decurrent striae; The ribs (numbering 10 on the penultimate whorl and 11 on the body whorl), are fairly prominent, not very thick, leaving between them an interstice equal to twice their breadth. Originating at the suture, they descend flexuously towards the siphonal canal where their concentric arcs come together.

The fasciole is wide, smooth except for faint arched incremental lines, excavated, extending from the appressed suture to the angle of the whorls. The spiral sculpture consists of slender elevated threads, tending to run in pairs, with wide interspaces, and extending from the fasciole to the suture in front. There are five or six threads on the whorl next to the last and 20–22 on the body whorl including the siphonal canal. These, without becoming swollen, run over (on the body whorl 16) numerous oblique riblets, beginning at the angle of the whorls where they are largest, crossing the whorl and becoming obsolete on the base.

Alexander Karpinsky's 1899 hypothesis of the placement of the tooth whorl on H. bessonowi. Outdated illustration of H. bessonowi, showing tooth-whorl at the front of the jaw Until 2013, the only known fossils of this genus on record were their teeth, which were arranged in a "tooth-whorl" strongly reminiscent of a circular saw. As the skeletons of chondrichthyid fish are made of cartilage, including those of Helicoprion and other eugeneodonts, the entire body disintegrates once it begins to decay, unless exceptional circumstances preserve it. The tooth-whorl was not realized to be in the lower jaw until the discovery of the skull of a related genus of eugeneodont, Ornithoprion.

Of these tubercles there are about twenty-seven on the body whorl. But they diminish rapidly up the spire. The base of the body whorl is defined by a small rounded thread, which forms a feeble keel. It lies quite below the origin of the outer lip.

The plicae are rendered conspicuous by the light-brown colouring of the interstices. The suture is slightly impressed. The body whorl measures half the total length. The body whorl is at the top obtusely angulated, then slightly convex and below the middle part contracted and attenuated.

The body whorl is smooth with sigmoid sides and a deep anal notch. The long aperture is almost straight with a very straight siphonal lip. The white spire shows brown, regularly scattered blotches. The same blotches are found on the body whorl in irregularly interrupted spiral bands.

The protoconch is buff. Besides a two-whorled mucronate protoconch there are about seven whorls which wind obliquely and are girt with solid projecting keels. The turreted spire is a little longer than the body whorl. Sculpture: On the body whorl are four nearly equal girdles.

The shell of this species grows to a length between 11 mm and 22 mm. The shell is stouter than Spirotropis patagonica, with a shorter body whorl. The ribs are stronger and fewer, evanescent on the body whorl. The revolving lines are slighter and scarcely apparent.

Ammonites belonging to this genus have evolute shells, with compressed to depressed whorl section. Flanks were slightly convex and venter has been low. Whorl section is subrectangular. Prorsiradiate ribs are strong and fibulate on inner whorls and tuberculate to spined on the place of ventrolateral shoulder.

The suture is waved, with an impressed line above it. The body whorl is short, angular on the shoulder. The body whorl shows an impressed revolving line above and four raised revolving lines inferiorly. The upper sinus of outer lip is deep and rounded, lower obselete.

The sutures are strongly channeled. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a strong groove. The base of the body whorl is well rounded. It is marked by five spiral cords, which grow successively a little weaker from the periphery to the umbilical area.

They are spirally sulcate, the sulci about 5 on the penultimate whorl. The body whorl is much dilated, slightly depressed above, rounded in the middle, very obliquely striate, obsoletely transversely sulcate, slightly convex beneath. The aperture is subrhomboidal and lirate within. The acute lip is green.

There are 20 on the last whorl and 10 on the antepenultimate whorl. Faint growth-striae cross riblets and grooves obliquely. The aperture is round, bevelled at the edge, and thickened within but not externally. Charles Hedley, The Mollusca of Mast Head Reef, Capricorn Group, Queensland.

The shell contains 7 whorls. The first whorl is eroded, the remainder are angulated and nodulose above. Above the carina the shell is obliquely nodulose, below the carina spirally lirate with 4 lirae. The body whorl is biangular, convex beneath, and has 7 concentric brown-spotted lirae.

Shell elongately fusiform with a high gradate spire and rounded body whorl tapering gently to the anterior canal. Sutural groove narrow but forming a prominent shoulder on the adult whorls. No sutural nodules. Thin axial costae present only on the first whorl, absent from the succeeding whorls.

The sutures are narrowly canaliculate. The five, convex whorls are encircled by numerous closely finely granose riblets, usually 12-14 in number on the body whorl, the interstices with oblique raised striae or not visibly sculptured. The rounded body whorl is globose. The aperture is rounded.

The last whorl is ventricose. The aperture is large and semi-ovate. The inner-lip is posteriorly ascending on the body whorl. The columella is straight, excavated, and with a curved, elevated, external ridge continued in front into the outer lip which is simple and acute.

It shows many ribs, 15-16 in the penultimate whorl and 13-14 on the body whorl. The rather narrow aperture is almost quadrangular. The outer lip is flexuously arcuate and incrassate on the outside and the inside. The round sinus lies deep under the suture.

Beneath they show a less obvious zone of the same color;. The spiral lines number 7 to 8 on the penultimate whorl, 15 on the body whorl. The outer lip is acute, slightly sulcate, with dots of carmine. The inner lip is arcuate, reflexed, and planate.

The first three rows of gemmules following on the penultimate whorl and the body whorl seem almost confluent, producing the appearance of longitudinal riblets. The aperture is narrow and oblong. The outer lip is somewhat thickened. The anal sinus is conspicuous, and the columellar margin is straight.

The length of the shell attains 5.5 mm, its width 2.1 mm. (Original description) This shell is more solid and opaque than Filodrillia lacteola. It has 15 spiral lirae in the penultimate whorl and 50 in the body whorl, crossed by crowded accremental striae.Verco, J.C. 1909.

The inner lip is complete, applied, glazed, thin, thickened at the back to meet the margin of the sinus. The columella is nearly straight. The thin spirals number seven in the penultimate whorl and twenty in the body whorl. Faint accremental striae minutely roughen the sculpture.

The anal fasciole slopes forward flatly to the shoulder of the whorl with only arcuate incremental lines for sculpture. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 20) obliquely protractive short ribs, strongest at the shoulder and on the body whorl stopping abruptly near the periphery. The spiral sculpture is hardly perceptible, on the base of the shell there are a few distant obsolete threads and faint microscopic striae. These vary in strength in different specimens.

Sculpture : The fasciole slightly excavate, crossed by crescentic lines, and traversed by fine threads. The ribs are discontinuous, oblique, widely spaced, round-backed, bolder on the upper whorls, disappearing on the ventral side of the body whorl, but re-appearing on the dorsal . They are set at twelve to a whorl. The spirals are flat-topped cords which override the ribs—about twenty-two on the body whorl and five or seven on the upper whorls.

The body whorl is very large. The ovate aperture is emarginated at the upper part, at its union with the outer lip, which is rather thin, and striated internally. The columella is arcuated, covered by the inner lip, which is enlarged into a whitish, wide, and thick callosity, upon the body of the lbody whorl. The color of this shell is of a reddish brown, with one or two transverse bands upon the middle of the body whorl.

The color pattern of the first whorl is white the remainder brownish-red, streaked with white, ornamented with a zone of chestnut interrupted with white above. They are spirally lirate, and elegantly clathrate with lamellose radiating striae. There are four spiral cinguli on the penultimate whorl. The convex body whorl is elongated, with a zone of white and chestnut spots at the periphery, convex beneath, whitish or maculate with chestnut, clathrate, with about 4 concentric lirae.

The greenish involucre that envelops the florets is up to in diameter, and consists of three whorls of overlapping bracts that are lance-shaped. The bracts in the outer whorl are bristly and glandular, about long and mm (0.02 in) wide. The bracts in the middle whorl eventually become hairless, are about 5 mm (0.22 in) long and wide. The bracts in the innermost whorl are hairless to begin with, about 5 mm long and mm (0.02 in) wide.

They number about fifteen on the penultimate whorl and are obsolete above the angle, absent upon the greater part of the body whorl. The spirals consist of five minute threads on the slope above the angle. Beneath the latter there are four much stronger riblets, forming gemmules at the intersections of the longitudinals. The body whorl contains about twenty-three spirals, those upon the base and neck more widely spaced, but equally slender as those on the shoulder.

The sculpture of the upper surface consists of spiral series, four or five on each whorl, of regular, closely arranged granules, which are either rounded, bead-like, or laterally compressed. Upon the periphery of each whorl, there is a row of radiating, minutely perforated pustules, numbering on the body whorl 28. The base of the shell is concentrically sculptured with 6 to 7 concentric, densely granose lirae. It is slightly convex, radiately striped with brown or purplish.

Tentacles in the inner whorl are shorter and function to transfer captured food to the central mouth. The tentacles are sometimes banded and come in an array of colours; white, yellow, orange, green, brown, blue, black, purple and violet. The colour of the inner whorl often contrasts with that of the outer whorl. The column of this tube anemone secretes mucus in which is embedded a unique type of cnidocytes that mesh together to form a fibrous structure.

A cyclic flower is a flower type formed out of a series of whorls; sets of identical organs attached around the axis at the same point. Most flowers consist of a single whorl of sepals termed a calyx; a single whorl of petals termed a corolla; one or more whorls of stamens (together termed the androecium); and a single whorl of carpels termed the gynoecium. This is a cyclic arrangement. Some flowers contain flower parts with a spiral arrangement.

These ribs are crossed by faint spirals, the posterior or peripheral being the strongest, two on the second whorl, three above the aperture, a fourth on the body whorl, beyond which the longitudinal ribs only persist a short distance. The whorls are tabulated above the periphery. Seen under a lens, it shows many subsidiary spiral striations between the main spirals. The suture is well marked by a narrow overlapping of each whorl by the one following.

The inner lip has a thin, complete glaze. The base of the shell is roundly concave. The columella is straight, curved to the left in the siphonal canal, and slightly thickened on the outside of its anterior end. The narrow spiral cords, one-third as wide as their interspaces, increase from four in the first whorl to nine in the penultimate whorl, and twenty-three in the body whorl, and are minutely roughened by sublenticular accremental striae.

The lines of growth are more or less distinct, but not uniform, while tlie ribs on one whorl bear no uniform relation in position to those on the next or preceding whorls. Longitudinally each whorl is appressed in a thickened band against the suture, next in front of which band is the (except on the last half-whorl) narrow unsculptured band indicating the path of the notch. This on the last half-whorl widens out considerably if the specimen in hand be typical, though in this case it may be an individual characteristic. Before the notch-band, and even encroaching a little on it, and extending over the surface of the whorls, are six or seven (on the body whorl seventeen) slightly raised rounded revolving lines, with slightly wider shallow interspaces, which are about equally prominent over the transverse ribs and between them.

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Aperture had ventral rostrum. Body chamber made about 75% of whorl and was faintly plicate, or smooth.

The spiral sculpture consists of on the upper whorl one, on the third two, on the body whorl about seven obscure rounded rather coarse threads with narrower interspaces. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow close to the suture. The outer lip is varicose and smooth within.

They are not perfectly uniform in size, and between them are frequently much finer lines. These cross about (on the body whorl) fifteen transverse rounded riblets, which extend from near the suture forward to the siphonal canal. The body whorl is rather compressed. The aperture is elongated and narrow.

The arcuate ribs number 14-19 per whorl, but becoming sometimes obsolete on later whorls. The color of the shell consists of patches of yellowish-brown. Characteristic for this species is that the spiral sculpture shows 4–5 well-spaced grooves per whorl. Furthermore, the subsutural cord is feeble.

The shell is straw-coloured with closely ranged spiral lirae of dark chestnut alternating with ochreous. In the centre of each whorl is a white spiral band, bringing into prominence the strongly modiiled ribs of the angle of the whorl. The aperture is oblong. The outer lip is thin.

These are somewhat rounded and depressed at the suture. The numerous, slender, wavy, yellowish red longitudinal ribs are crossed in each whorl by 5 to 6 spiral lirae. The body whorl is depressed in the middle and then turning upright. The aperture is wide and oblong and white within.

The orthocline axial ribs are crossed on each whorl by 7–8 strong spiral lirae forming small tubercles. The body whorl is slightly inflated and shows 9–14 spiral lirae. The outer lip shows 3–5 denticles..The white aperture is ovate. The peristome is simple and slightly incrassate.

The body whorl has 4 (or 5) strong, elevated ribs around the middle, above them two or three beaded ribs. The base of the shell has 9 fine, distinct smooth concentric lirae. The body whorl is somewhat biangular at periphery, slightly convex beneath. The oblique aperture is nearly round.

They are somewhat irregularly waved and concave anteriorly. The shell shows an evanescent spiral strife, not always visible, and eight or ten spiral raised threads on the anterior third of the body whorl. The body whorl is otherwise smooth. The notch is deep, rounded and leaving no fasciole.

The anal sinus is deep, separated from the body whorl by a thick callous ridge. Columella smooth within. The siphonal canal is short and wide. Sculpture : The shell shows regular low axial ridges, about 15 on the body whorl, slightly constricted at their upper ends near the suture.

The length of the shell attains 6 mm, irts diameter 2 mm. The small shell has an ovate-fusiform shape. It contains 6-7 subconvex whorls crossed by oblique, obtuse longitudinal plicae (5-7 in penultimate whorl and fewer in the body whorl). The small aperture is ovate.

Sculpture: There are two spirals, on the upper whorls, on the body whorl 7–8,. These are pretty strong, but fine beaded threads. The first lies remote below the suture, and is sparsely ornamented by longitudinally produced, high and pointed, tubercles. It forms a shoulder on the whorl.

The size of the shell varies between 7 mm and 10 mm. The imperforate, solid, light brown shell has a conoidal shape with a rounded body whorl and base. Its elevated spire contains 6–7 convex whorls, separated by deep sutures. The first whorl is planorboid and smooth.

The shell has a tubercuiated spire. The body whorl is covered by narrow, raised revolving striae. Its color is ash-white, longitudinally streaked and maculated with chestnut. The tubercles of the spire are white, and there is usually a white band below the middle of the body whorl.

All these cross (on the penultimate whorl) fourteen even, rounded, narrow riblets, with narrower interspaces, which start at the anterior edge of the fasciole, cross the whorl, and fail on the siphonal canal. The suture is distinct and wavy. The fasciole is obscure, not excavated. The whorls are rounded.

The umbilicus is wide and shallow. The shell consists of three whorls. The last half-whorl comes scarcely in contact with the others, and is suddenly and deeply deflected. Sculpture: The body whorl is ringed by 16 thick, projecting, distant ribs which fade above and below at the sutures.

Occasionally darker spots of a brownish colour are to be seen on the costae of the body whorl at or a little below the centre of the whorl. Pritchard, G.B. & Gatliff, J.H. 1899. On some new species of Victorian mollusca. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria n.s.

Shape convex to low-convex above, flattened below. Whorls rounded, with shallow to very shallow sutures. Umbilicus moderately wide, symmetrical, deep, exposing upper whorls, usually slightly overlapped by reflected peristome. Mouth broadly oval, except where interrupted by penultimate whorl; last part of body whorl expanding, descending near mouth.

The shell is obliquely striate, spirally lirate with 6 subequal lirae on the penultimate whorl. The body whorl is a little convex above, carinated in the middle, convex beneath and provided with 7–8 concentric, white-and-brown articulated lirae. The aperture is rhomboid. The columella is subtruncate below.

The leaf blade is dorsiventral, medium-sized to large and disposed oppositely or in a whorl and with entire margin. The leaf venation is pinnate, with numerous veins ending in a marginal vein. Phyllotaxy is whorled i.e. two or more leaves arises at a node and form a whorl .

The apical one is depressed. The characteristic scaly spines are hollow, fluted and cover profusely the surface. They are thrice-ranked on the penultimate whorl and six-ranked on the body whorl. Three of them are conspicuous, more particularly the one in both whorls just below the sutures.

They are rounded at the periphery and co, cave at the base. The body whorl is ornamented with twenty, broad, squarely projecting, transverse ribs. These arise at a distance from the suture, enlarge to the periphery and continue to the basal angle. These ribs vanish on the penultimate whorl.

The last whorl is not descending. The last whorl is rounded at the periphery and moderately convex beneath. The aperture is slightly oblique and broadly lunate. The peristome is thin in one plane, with columellar margin is curved, oblique, never quite vertical, carried forward and briefly reflected above.

A few irregular linear markings run down from the suture. There are two series of broad, equidistant bands of distant zig-zag lines on the body whorl. The shell is spotted below the suture with the spots ceasing on the penultimate whorl. The remaining spiral whorls contain no markings.

The first whorl is marked by several slender strongly incised spiral lines, the remaining with numerous very fine closely crowded, wavy, spiral striations. The sutures are well impressed. The periphery and the base of the body whorl are well inflated. They are marked like the space between the sutures.

All species of Galanthus are perennial petaloid herbaceous bulbous (growing from bulbs) monocot plants. The genus is characterised by the presence of two leaves, pendulous white flowers with six free perianth segments in two whorls. The inner whorl is smaller than the outer whorl and has green markings.

The shell grows to a length of 21 mm. (Original description) The strong shell is white and dark-brown tipped. It has a biconical shape, with a short stout scalar spire, angulated whorls, a roundly contracted marginated suture, and a small body whorl conically narrowed into a small unequal-sided snout. Sculpture. Longitudinal sculpture—on the earlier whorls there are very small, narrow, oblique ribs originating in a mid-whorl row of tubercles, but on the body whorl the riblets almost disappear.

The suture is distinct, undulating. The subsutural band is very narrow, concave, lapping well on the preceding whorl. Prominent, strong, oblique, rounded ribs, nine on the body whorl, separated by concave spaces of about the same width, cross the whorls from suture to suture, faintly defined on the subsutural band, and most prominent just below it. On the body whorl, these gradually lade away at the base of the siphon, and appear on the siphonal canal as conspicuous, much curved lines of growth.

The fasciole is wide, steep, excavated and marked with close-set fine even spirals.;It is bounded behind by a sharply cut elevated thread, a little space in front of the suture. The whorl in front of the fasciole is covered with close-set, strong, subequal, flattish spirals, with narrow channelled interspaces. These spirals, from two on the four apical whorls, increase to seven on the penultimate whorl, and eleven (behind those on the siphonal canal) on the body whorl.

Behind and parallel to the lip-edge there are three narrow sickle-shaped ribs, which are probably an accidental feature. Very slightly above the middle of the whorls runs a feeble angulation set with round but a little narrowed and obliquely elongated knobs, of which there are about 12 on each whorl. On the first regular whorl there are about 10. Before the end of the penultimate they have quite died out, and even the angulation of the whorl tends to disappear.

The Edestidae are a poorly known, extinct family of shark-like eugeneodontid holocephalid cartilaginous fish. Similar to the related family Helicoprionidae, members of this family possessed a unique "tooth-whorl" on the symphysis of the lower jaw and pectoral fins supported by long radials. In addition to having a tooth-whorl on the lower jaw, at least one species of the genus Edestus had a second tooth-whorl in the upper jaw. The palatoquadrate was either fused to the skull or reduced.

The suture is distinct, not appressed. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl thirteen, on the body whorl seventeen) sharp, narrow, nearly vertical ribs, with wider interspaces, arcuate and feeble above the periphery, where they form angular projections, obsolete on the last half of the body whorl. They become obsolete midway between the periphery and the siphonal canal. The upper surface of the whorls are flattish, sloping, with about fifteen fine, close, more or less alternated spiral threads.

Return to the Whorl alternates between the narrator's first-person adventures on his way home and a third-person account of his travels on the Whorl, which he visited after Green. This third-person story is ostensibly penned by Hide, Hoof, Daisy, and Vadsig. Near the end, there is a section written by Hoof alone, and the very last pages are written by Daisy. On the Whorl, the Long Sun has been blown out temporarily, and the world is in near-total darkness.

Epicalyx of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis An epicalyx, which forms an additional whorl around the calyx of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles In other words, the epicalyx is a group of bracts resembling a calyx or bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx. It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. Each individual segment of the epicalyx is called an episepal because they resemble the sepals in them. They are present in the hibiscus family, Malvaceae.

The body whorl ais bout equal in length to the spire, slightly convex above, and tapering to the base. The oblique plicae against the keel become almost obsolete on the latter half of the whorl, while the spiral lirae numbering about 22 are quite as deep and broad as those on the upper whorls. The aperture is oblong, moderately wide, without any definite anterior siphonal canal. The outer lip is thin, with rather a broad sinus at the juncture of the whorl.

The upper surface has numerous delicate spiral closely granulose riblets, numbering about 10 or 11 on the penultimate whorl, but more numerous on the upper surface of the body whorl because interstitial lirulae are intercalated. On the antepenultimate whorl there are 5, and on earlier whorls 3 granose lirae. On the base of the shell there are distinctly granose concentric lirae in the middle, but toward the periphery the lirae become smaller, narrower, and less distinctly grained. The spire is conical.

Sculpture : the upper whorls carry three thick, elevated, spiral ribs, divided by broad, deep grooves. These vanish on the body whorl, which is entirely covered by dense, microscopic spirals so crossed by radials as to give the effect of fine punctures over the whole surface. The basal funicle is massive, coiled on the body whorl like a subsidiary whorl, far extended anteriorly, its truncate extremity excavate. A small perforation occurs below the subcircular aperture in the base of the funicle.

The two envision the living animal to have a long and very narrow skull, creating a long nose akin to the modern-day goblin shark. According to their studies, the fossils that have been found are essentially a growth ring, as each set of new teeth pushes the previous set into the whorl. For over a century, whether the tooth-whorl was situated in the lower jaw wasn't certain. Older reconstructions placed the whorl in the front of the lower jaw.

The 9 remaining whorls are divided in 2 parts, of which the upper part is excavated, slightly convex in itself in last 2 whorls. The lower part of each whorl shows rounded, oblique axial ribs, disappearing on the body whorl, where there are only traces on ventral side. These ribs number eleven on penultimate whorl. The finer sculpture consists of fine and coarse growth striae and spiral ones, stronger below the suture, across the convex ribbed part, fainter near the base.

Also, sometimes the labrum is very slightly concave where it joins the body whorl on the columellar side.

The spiral sculpture on the early whorls consists of two strong cords one on each side of the periphery between which are first one, later two, and finally four smaller threads. The posterior cord gives the whorl a slight shoulder. On the body whorl in front of the anterior cord to the end of the siphonal canal are smaller, more or less alternate flattish cords close-set, the interspaces wider on the canal. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 20) rounded sigmoid ribs with wider or subequal interspaces, crossing the early whorls, becoming less evident on the later whorls, and obsolete on the base of the body whorl.

The suture is strongly marked by the slight contraction of the whorl above, and a constriction of the shoulder of the whorl below, but is not really deep, for the inferior whorl laps up on that above it. The aperture is long, narrow, oblong, sharply pointed above, and produced into an open broadish spout-like siphonal canal below. The outer lip forms a regular flat curve to the siphonal canal, where it is slightly concave and then straight. At its junction with the body there is a strongly marked little rounded nick which cuts into the edge, but is bordered by a small encircling pad lying between it and the body whorl.

The subsequent whorls are convex, angular, gradate by a conspicuous excavation of the upper part, the lower part perpendicular. The spirals consist of a keel and a few, rather strong, slightly flattened lirae on the lower part, 4 in number on penultimate whorl and 2 narrow ones at the base of excavation, just above the keel The body whorl shows numerous stronger, flat lirae, eventually divided by a very fine groove, and some intermediate ones. The axial sculpture consists of numerous fine growth striae and curved riblets in the upper part of the excavation, less pronounced on the body whorl, not quite extending to the keel. The body whorl is convex, regularly attenuated towards the rather long siphonal canal.

The spiral sculpture on the rest of the shell (1) consists of (on the whorls preceding the body whorl) two or three prominent white stout threads, somewhat swollen where they ride over the ribs. On the body whorl there are about fifteen of these primary spirals. Between the fasciole and the end of the siphonal canal, in each of the wide interspaces, are (2) three or four much finer hardly elevated flattish threads, similar to those on the fasciole, and on the body whorl the marginating thread behind the fasciole is wider and somewhat crenulated. The transverse sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 9) stout, rounded ribs, beginning at the fasciole and obsolete on the siphonal canal.

These riblike striae are less conspicuous on the body whorl. The lower part of each whorl has the appearance of a broad margin, slightly concave above, separated from the upper part of each whorl, by a kind of spiral rib, which is slightly crenulated. This marginal part is sculptured by rather conspicuous spiral and stronger, oblique, but nearly straight, riblike radiating striae, which on the upper part make the keel slightly crenulate (on the largest specimen the keel is smooth, on account of the less conspicuous sculpture). The basal part of body whorl is convex, with a few more or less conspicuous spiral striae around the umbilicus, and faint, strongly curved, radiating striae.

A 2008 reconstruction, created by Mary Parrish under the direction of Robert Purdy, Victor Springer, and Matt Carrano for the Smithsonian, places the whorl deeper into the throat, although other studies did not accept this conclusion. A 2013 study based on new data places the tooth-whorl at the back of the jaw, where the tooth-whorl occupied the entire mandibular arch. Cast of tooth-whorl In his 1939 article, author Harry E. Wheeler describes another Helicoprion fossil, based on the species H. sierrensis, collected by J. H. Menke, that resides at the University of Nevada, W. M. Keck Earth Science and Mineral Engineering Museum. This fossil is number 1002 and is currently on display in case 62.

On the upper half of the shell, the papillae may be vaguely lengthened in the regular shell colour by striae that reach at most about the periphery of the shell; only the final quarter of the [body whorl] with irregular radial riblets. Cervical part of the body whorl is with a rounded basal keel, separated by an indentation from a rather prominent dorsal hump. Apertural lip is thickened by a whitish callus, broadly reflected, continuous but not protruding at the parietal side. Clausilial apparatus with a prominent lamella parietalis, reaching about ⅛ whorl into the aperture, where it ends next to the most frontal part of the lamella spiralis, which extends for about ½ whorl inside.

The shell contains 8 whorls, making allowance for the eroded apex. They have a long, sloping, slightly concave shoulder, a blunt angulation about two-thirds down, and below this are nearly cylindrical. The fifth whorl enlarges somewhat disproportionately. And the last whorl is swollen, with a sharper angulation than the rest.

The snout is very short. There is a small constriction round the top of each whorl. The profile-lines are faintly angulated, but are very slightly convex. The fine suture is well marked, being a little impressed and defined by the slight swelling round the top of the inferior whorl.

On the body whorl such lines follow the third, seventh, and tenth spirals. On the back of the body whorl there may be an irregular orange blotch. The shell contains seven whorls, of which 3½ compose the protoconch. Sculpture: A subsutural space representing the fasciole is smooth save for radial wrinkles.

The length of the shell attains 2.25 mm, its diameter 1.25 mm. (Original description) The minute, white, semi- transparent shell has an oval-elongated shape. Its spire is longer than the body whorl. It contains five whorls, narrowly shouldered, with flexuous plicae, about 16 on the body whorl, microscopically spirally striate.

The nucleus is smooth. The upper whorls have concentric ribs. On the third whorl they are pointed above, at some distance from the suture, and near the base of this whorl, appears a row of tubercles on a spiral rib. The subsequent whorls are slightly concave or canaliculated near the suture.

This sculpture extends over the anterior half of the whorl, becoming finer and closer on the siphonal canal. The aperture is elongate. The sharp outer lip is thin. There is a wide, deep, anal sulcus on the posterior slope of the whorl about midway between the suture and the periphery.

The shell of Puzosia is basically discoidal, evolute to subinvolute, with a wide umbiicaus. Sides bear close spaced sinuous ribs, periodically interrupted by narrow sinuous constrictions, about six per whorl. Whorl section is somewhat compressed, higher than wide, with slightly convex sides and rounded venter. The suture is complexly ammonitic.

The thin shell is fragile and has a smooth surface. It has a heliciform shape, with a low spire and a very large, ventricose body whorl. The shell contains four to five, very convex and evenly rounded whorls. The apical whorl is small, spiral, obliquely upturned and incurved, but not prominent.

It contains 8 whorls, angulated in the upper part and slightly convex below. It shows narrown sharply angulated ribs, 10 on the penultimate whorl and 11 in the body whorl. The ribs are crossed by fine, flattened striae. The narrow aperture measures about half the total length of the shell.

The 5½ convex whorls are encircled by numerous spiral lirae. They are clathrate with regular, elevated lamellae of growth, especially prominent between the lirae. The spiral lirae number 9 or 10 on the penultimate whorl, every alternate one slightly larger. On the body whorl there are about 16 to 18 lirae.

The following whorl, if eroded, shows iridescent blue-green nacre, which is spirally grooved. The about 5 whorls are smooth and rounded when not eroded. The body whorl is obtusely subangulate at the periphery. The base of the shell is rather flattened, radiately striped with red and white, and not eroded.

They are spirally granose-lirate with 6 finely beaded lirae on the penultimate whorl, the fifth larger, more prominent, simulating a carina. The body whorl is angulate, plano-convex beneath and concentrically cingulate. The about 7 cinguli are granose with the interstices sometimes bearing concentric lirulae. The aperture is rhomboidal.

Globose-flatenned shell with 4 ½ whorls with a clear suture and thin and irregular striation. Last whorl 3 times larger than the penultimate, growing progressively to the aperture. The aperture is oblique-oval descending from the third to the fourth whorl. Soft peristome with a brownish inner lip slightly reflected.

The first whorl is smooth, while the next three are more convex than the lower ones, and have traces of spiral sculpture. The sculpture of the body whorl is nearly obsolete. The aperture is elliptical, tapering to a very short siphonal canal anteriorly. The outer lip is arcuate and thin.

The six whorls are very convex, separated by canaliculate sutures. The body whorl has about nine rather separated lirae, the whole surface covered with crowded elevated sibfoliaceus radiating lamellae. The round aperture measures half the length of the shell or less. The peristome is usually nearly free from body whorl above.

The obtuse spire is dome-shaped, or low-conic and contains five whorls. The upper ones are sometimes angulate, spirally lirate with the lirie wider than their interstices, on the body whorl often subobsolete. The last whorl descends, and is somewhat concave below the suture. The oval aperture is white within.

There are about 7 principal lirae on the penultimate whorl, about the same number on the next earlier. The body whorl is bluntly angled. The base of the shell is unicolored pinkish, nearly flat, with about a dozen narrow beaded lirae. There is a small white tract around the axis.

The body whorl has a depressed rotund shape. On top it shows an angle, below it is rotund. The body whorl contains seven lirae, the upper ones granulated, the others plane. The shell has a wide and deep umbilicus.. It contains seven ridges above the periphery, the upper ridges being beaded.

As each subsequent whorls rises above the shoulder margin of the previous whorl, the sutures are not visible. The body whorl is large and almost spindle- shaped. The ovate aperture has a small anal canal that point slightly backwards. The outer lip is crenulate, but has a smooth inner surface.

The sutures are very deeply impressed. The about 6 whorls are very convex and nodulose below the sutures. The entire surface is covered with spiral lirae which are distinctly beaded on the base, less obviously so above. They number about 12 on the penultimate whorl, 20 on the body whorl.

The height of the shell attains 12 mm. The umbilicate shell has a conoidal shape. It is isabella-colored and sculptured with very fine spiral lirae, about 11 on the penultimate whorl, 40 on the last whorl. They are on the upper whorls distinctly granulose, on the last almost entirely smooth.

The size of the fusiform, varicose shell varies between 25 mm and 42 mm. The spire is higher than the other species in this genus and consists of six whorls. The hollow sutures are visible when not hidden by the subsequent whorl. The body whorl is rather broad and spindle- shaped.

The body whorl has a protruded, keeled periphery, not descending more rapidly, with a distinct subperipheral sulcus. The umbilicus is widely open and U-shaped. The last whorl does not decoil as rapidly. The apertural barriers consist of three parietals, a single columellar one that slants downwards, and three long palatals.

The apex is acute. The sutures are linear. The seven whorls are flattened, encircled by numerous fine lirae, which become obsolete on the lower whorl, which shows usually very ill-defined obliquely descending small folds, at right angles to the incremental striae. The body whorl is acutely angular at the periphery.

The first four of these above the periphery are equally spaced; the fifth is a little nearer to the summit of the whorl than its neighbor. The sutures are well impressed. The periphery of the body whorl is well rounded. It is marked by the feeble continuations of the axial ribs.

The Whirly Whorl (Roud 12573) 7\. Pretty Polly (Roud 329) Side 2 8\. The Old Bachelor (Roud 7162) 9\.

The body whorl has a dull shine and is white or very faint yellow-tan with no distinguishing marks.

The species is thought to be a scavenger. Its egg mass is an upright orange collar of one whorl.

Calogaza possesses strong, elevated spiral cords in the upper part of each whorl. These are colored with brown spots.

There is a wet ditch which has water whorl grass. There is access to the site from Church Lane.

The size of the shell varies between 2 mm and 3 mm. Each whorl contains four of five incisions.

The body whorl is doubly keeled. The aperture is oblong. The outer lip is thin. The sinus is inconspicuous.

The suture is inconspicuous, not constricted. The fasciole is feebly marked. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about a dozen) low rounded ribs with much wider interspaces, crossing the whorls, and well-marked close incremental lines. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the first adult whorl 2, on the next 3, and on the body whorl 8 or 9) sharp fine threads with much wider interspaces, a little swollen where they override the ribs, and forming by the intersection a rather open reticulum.

The suture is minutely channeled. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl three, on the body whorl about a dozen) strong squarish cords with narrower interspaces, growing smaller toward the siphonal canal and covering the entire whorl. The cord in front of the suture is separated by a somewhat wider and deeper interspace from those in front of it. The axial sculpture consists of numerous equal regular narrow sulci, cutting the stronger spirals into squarish nodules but less evident on the base.

In the concave space just below the suture are crowded very fine spirals, eight in the penultimate. Below a prominent thread which bounds this space are more distant and stouter lirae, two in the first whorl, three in the second, four in the third, eight in the fourth, and about forty in the body whorl. Axial threadlets concave forwards to the prominent spiral thread, and convex forwards thence to the suture, run in the body whorl over the base to the siphonal anal. Verco, J.C. 1909.

This lower part has rather inconspicuous axial ribs, nearly disappearing in the body whorl and tubercled at the angle below the excavation. Otherwise the axial sculpture consists of rather strong, nearly riblike, much curved, raised striae in the excavation and very fine growth-lines. Of spirals there are 4 on penultimate whorl, below and besides that accompanying the peripheral angle, and numerous spirals on body whorl, with eventually intermediate ones. Moreover the shell is covered with excessively small granules, only visible under a strong lens.

The small, brownish-orange to yellowish, claviform shell has a length of 9.2 mm, its diameter 3.7 mm. The smooth protoconch is small (height about 0.8 mm) and consists of 1½ whorl, the teleoconch contains 5½ whorls.. The axial ribs are strong (with 9-11 ribs on the penultimate whorl). The body whorl has an inverted cone shape and its dorsum is not prominently humped and with a low and distinct varix. The short siphonal canal is relatively wide and twisted slightly to the right.

The spaces that separate them here are about as wide as the broad ribs. On the fourth teleoconch whorl they begin to be more oblique and tend toward the formation of a lamina at the tip. This becomes accentuated on the fifth whorl, and on the succeeding whorls it becomes increasingly more pronounced, gradually forming the broad winglike expansion that characterizes this species. There are 10 ribs on the fifth and sixth, 8 upon the seventh to ninth, and 12 upon the body whorl.

The fifth whorl and the ninth whorl show nine short protractive axial ribs confined to the shoulder and periphery. The whorls are covered with spiral threads of which two marginating the suture and two on the periphery are more conspicuous than the rest, but not perceptibly nodulous. Between the peripheral cords there are, on the later whorls, from two to four minor threads.;On the base of the body whorl there are six or seven major, as many intermediate, and about a dozen minor threads.

On the body whorl the revolving cinguli continue at about uniform distances over the entire whorl and siphonal canal, but anteriorly the cinguli thicken and are wider than the grooves, while on the convex part of the whorl they are narrower than the intervals. The aperture is broad-ovate, rather large, acute posteriorly. The outer lip is thin, strongly convex in the middle, with a broad and shallow posterior sinus above the shoulder. The siphonal canal is short, straight, not contracted at the base.

The protoconch contains 2½ whorls, smooth, symmetrical, andconical. The sculpture shows prominent, narrow ribs, as broad as their interstices, proceeding from suture to base, but discontinuous from whorl to whorl. The spirals are sharp widely spaced threads traversing both ribs and interstices, but more conspicuous in the latter, amounting to four on the penultimate and thirteen on the body whorl, the one on the shoulder being more important than the rest. Besides the major spiral other close and minute threads overrun the fasciole area.

The intercalary threads appear on the penultimate whorl. On the first half of the body whorl they become numerous, covering the whole surface uniformly, but a little coarser on the verge of the umbilicus which is moderately wide and deep. This sculpture becomes obsolete and the last quarter of the body whorl is perfectly smooth and polished. The axial sculpture consists of numerous retractively arcuate threads beginning at the suture and extending feebly to the periphery on the upper part of the spire, later becoming obsolete.

As in allied forms, there is a colour dimorphism i nwhich olive brown replaces the carmine, a trace of which remains on the summit. The shell contains five whorls. On the penultimate whorl there are four spirals, the upper being a double bead row, and a fifth half-buried in the suture by the succeeding whorl. On the body whorl there are thirteen spirals which become taller, broader, more widely spaced and more inclined to break up into beads as they ascend from base to suture.

The parts begin with a perianth of whorled tepals, with the outer whorls more sepaloid, graduating to more petaloid inner tepals. The stamens are also numerous and in a whorl. The carpels are arranged in a whorl, are separate, and number from 5 to numerous carpels in each whorl, each carpel containing a single ovule. The stem presents nodes unilacunar (with one trace), with internal phloem absent, secondary thickening developing from a conventional cambial ring, xylem with tracheids; The sieve-tube plastids are S-type.

The straight line only interrupted by a row of short, fold- like, oblique tubercles at the lower part of the whorls, somewhat fainter near the aperture. They number 17 on the penultimate whorl. The whorls have a second row of slightly oblong, bead-like tubercles, just below the suture, about 30 in number on the body whorl. The spiral sculpture consists of impressed striae, crossing the lower half of basal row of tubercles on each whorl, and 2 or 3 just above the suture.

The nuclear whorls are lost. The anal fasciole is depressed, forming a constricted concave band near the posterior edge of the whorl which is thickened and marginate. On the anterior side of the fasciole the shoulder of the whorl forms the periphery on which arc (thirteen on the body whorl) short, rounded, wavelike nodules or axial ribs which are slightly protective and do not extend over the base. The other axial sculpture is composed of rather marked elevated, more or less irregular lines of growth.

The axial and spiral sculpture is subequal, dense and fenestrate. The spiral sculpture is dominant with three spiral cords on the upper whorls and with an additional fourth on the large body whorl. The axial ribs become subobsolete over the body whorl. The aperture is elongated and measures about half the total length.

Above the middle of each whorl, there is a strong carination that projects slightly. The body whorl shows a tendency to a second carination. The whole surface is covered with unequal and irregular threads as well as by somewhat broken microscopic lines. (Original description) The high, narrow shell has a biconically fusiform shape.

The lower half of the upper whorls between the nodules are black, as is also the middle portion of the body whorl. The four spiral series of little tubercles on the fine ribs of the body whorl are bright yellow. That two riblets bifurcate from each of the large tubercles is very remarkable.

On the body whorl they do not continue to the base, and become broader and weaker toward the aperture. There are eleven on the last and penultimate whorls. On the first infra-embryonic whorl there are about seventeen, crowded, sharp, scarcely curved and oblique. The lines of growth are numerous and unequal.

The spiral sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 14) obsolete, close set, hardly perceptible equal and equally distributed small threads covering the whorl in front of the shoulder. The aperture is narrow and measures about two-fifths the whole length. The anal sulcus is feeble. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated.

The first one is rounded, the second whorl is slightly convex, the others are convex and obtusely angulated. They show a few smooth oblique plicae. The interstices between the ribs are rather smooth. The body whorl is oblong and slightly convex on top and with a short, but conspicuous, fold below the suture.

The whorls are moderately rounded. Their color is whitish with a pinkish brown banded base. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the first whorl one, on the second two) peripheral strong threads, on the body whorl four with much wider striated interspaces. These threads on dead specimens show paler than the general surface.

The shell contains seven whorls. The two white, opaque whorls in the protoconch are rounded and smooth,. The intermediates whorls are rather convex, angular on the first whorls in the upper part, becoming rounder on the penultimate whorl and rather convex on the body whorl. The whorls are crossed by longitudinal ribs.

Asymptoceras is a genus of aipoceratids (Nautiloidea) similar to Aipoceras but tightly coiled and with only part of the body chamber divergent from the previous whorl. Shell evolute, expanding fairly rapidly; umbilicus open, perforate; whorl section ovoid to subquadrate. Asymptoceras is known from Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) sediments in Europe and North America.

The vast majority of specimens appear as yellow-white, with orange-brown bands. Usually there are 3 spiral bands on each whorl of the spire, up to 6 on the last whorl of the shell. Some brown spiral lines, especially those at the periphery, may be represented by separate streaks which curve axially.

Strongly convex to pyramidal above, rounded below, with 4.7–5.2 whorls. Whorls rounded, flattened above near the moderately deep sutures. Umbilicus narrow to very narrow, deep, ± symmetrical, partly overlapped by reflected peristome. Mouth almost round, except where interrupted by penultimate whorl, the last part of body whorl expanding markedly, descending slightly near mouth.

Cornea verticillata, also called vortex keratopathy or whorl keratopathy, is a condition characterised by corneal deposits at the level of the basal epithelium forming a faint golden-brown whorl pattern. It is seen in Fabry disease or in case of prolonged amiodarone intake. Causes Amiodarone Fabry’s disease Chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Indomethacin Phenothiazines etc.

The body whorl is subcylindrical, obtusely subangular at the periphery, convex beneath. The surface all over is encircled by delicate spiral elevated striae, and around the umbilicus decussated by growth lines. The aperture is subcircular, a trifle modified by the contact of the penultimate whorl. The margins are all thin and simple.

The shell is very large, solid, rimate, ovate-conic. The spire is subregularly tapering and the penultimate whorl is somewhat bulging. The last whorl is depressed on the back. The color of the shell is dark reddish-brown or rich chestnut with narrow darker streaks and a lighter margin below the suture.

Of the threads, six to thirteen appear on the penultimate whorl. They begin with the second whorl, and there the longitudinals are rather disproportionately strong and regular. The embryonic apex is faintly but coarsely tubercled. The color of the shell is yellowish white, shot on the upper side with a dark iridescence.

The periphery is carinated spinose, bearing about twelve radiating more or less foliated spines upon the body whorl. This body whorl descends deeply toward the aperture. The convex base is concentrically more or less densely squamosely lirate. The outer lirae are generally prominent and subspinose, sometimes causing the periphery to appear bicarinate.

They are ornamented by numerous fine but well incised subequal and subequally spaced spiral lines; about thirty-three of which appear between the summit and the periphery of the last whorl. The sutures are well marked. The periphery of body whorl is well rounded. The baseof the shell is rather prolonged, well rounded.

The body whorl is subangular or rounded at the periphery and convex beneath. The surface texture consists of numerous, unequal spiral striations which are beaded on the early whorls. These striations are slightly crenulated by regular incremental lines. These striations number about 9 on the penultimate whorl, 12–14 on the base.

The white shell has a fusiform shape. It measures up to 15 mm, with a moderately high spire of shouldered whorls. The protoconch is small and consists of little more than one whorl. The teleoconch shows a sculpture of axial lamellae and spiral cords (4–5 on penultimate whorl) forming a coarse lattice.

The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a strong, well rounded spiral cord. The base of the body whorl is decidedly attenuated. It is marked by seven subequal spiral cords, the spaces between which are marked by numerous slender, axial threads. The aperture is elongate- ovate, and decidedly effuse anteriorly.

The body whorl has a distinct peripheric keel. The sculpture consists of 5 to 6 low spiral threads, the lower and upper margins much elevated, especially the former. They are crossed by broad nodulous radiate ribs, which, however, do not extend over the lower half of the whorl. These ribs are often obsolete.

The three whorls are loosely coiled. The body whorl contains 16 thick, prominent ribs that cross the whorl, slender on leaving the suture. They slant forward, thickening rapidly, but when turning they descend the periphery perpendicularly. On the base they bend and then taper and rapidly curve into the umbilicus, crenelating its margin.

The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl eight or nine) narrow rounded ribs extended over the whole whorl with wider interspaces and somewhat constricted in front of the appressed suture. There is no evident anal fascicle apart from the constrictio. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is hardly evident.

The shell of Gymnites is evolute, generally smooth, with a wide umbilicus. Whorls are moderately embracing, whorl section oval and somewhat compressed. The outer whorl may be costate or have rows of nodes, or both. The suture is ammonitic with a wide bifurcated ventral lobe and two lateral lobes on either side.

The upper whorls are glossy. The sculpture shows narrow, sharp radials, elevated riblets, becoming closer and smaller as growth proceeds, and vanishing on the base. The first adult whorl has sixteen riblets, which increase to about twenty-seven on the body whorl. The base of the shell has about ten incised spiral lines.

The surface is slightly striate above, and on the first half of the base. The last half whorl is regularly latticed or malleate in a diamond pattern. The shell has 5 whorls; the first one is flattened. The last half-whorl is straightened out: it runs to the periphery and is then upturned.

The last whorl is densely corrugated in a zigzag pattern, but sometimes this sculpture is almost obsolete. The shell has 4 whorls. The final whorl is carinated at the periphery, and has three deep, dark-colored grooves, as well as one small one behind the lip. The aperture of the shell is subhorizontal.

The body whorl is obtusely angular. Each whorl is encircled by four sharply-compressed well- elevated ribs, the two uppermost of which are beaded. The interspaces are concave, smooth, with a single groove near the margin of the umbilicus. The latter occupies ⅓ of the base, is tunnel-shaped and penetrates to the apex.

The shell contains six whorls. The ribs are low, distant, perpendicular, angled at the shoulder, running from suture to base, but not continuing from one whorl to another. They number seven on the penultimate whorl. The spirals are very slender and widely spaced threads, between which are a few still finer threads.

The open siphonal canal is very short. The single reddish-brown band around the body whorl and the broadly expanded lip at once mark the distinctness of this species. The maculations near the suture are about three on a whorl. Smith, E.A. (1882) Diagnoses of new species of Pleurotomidae in the British Museum.

These are divided by broad and gently sloping interstices. Across both ribs and furrows run fine, close, spiral threads, amounting to 32 to 36 on the body whorl, and about onehalf that number on the penultimate whorl. Between the threads are microscopic radial bars. The aperture is oval, the anterior notch not apparent.

All the whorls are adorned with longitudinal, undulated, reddish, or brown lines, quite near together. Wide, brown spots often partially cover them, a line equally brown passes over each whorl. Upon the body whorl are found three others, which sometimes form quite large bands of the same color. The sutures are slightly canaliculated.

The small, claviform shell has a maximum length of 7 mm and a width of 2.8 mm. The protoconch contains at least 4 whorls and the teleoconch 5 whorls. The protoconch has 35 axial riblets on its penultimate whorl and 21 to 24 ribs on its last whorl. The collabral threads are weak.

The body whorl is swollen. The aperture is ovate. The thin, outer lip is expanded. The siphonal canal is short.

Both are subglobular and involute with a reniform whorl section. Ephippioceras has been found in North America, Europe, and China.

It differs from Lioceratoides by being more evolute and having thicker whorl section. Ribs are also are more regularly arranged.

Underneath the flowers is a whorl of bracts. Fertilized flowers produce achenes with 2 sterile chambers and one fertile chamber.

The spiral sculpture consists of alternate threads with narrower interspaces, the major threads (on the spire two or three) rather prominent, especially the posterior one, which forms a sort of shoulder to the whorl, more conspicuous in the earlier whorls. The minor threads usually number one on the spire, but on the body whorl sometimes two or even three in the interspaces between the major threads. The threads are little or not at all swollen where they cross the ribs but are rendered harsh by the intersection of fine sharp close-set incremental lines. Other axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl seven) prominent rounded ribs, crossing the whole whorl, with subequal interspaces, and practically continuous vertically up the spire.

Toward the upper part of the spire the spaces between the ribs remain brown, but on the later whorls they partake of the waxen pale band as well as the ribs. The axial sculpture consists of about (on the penultimate whorl 17) short oblique similar ribs, beginning at the shoulder and on the body whorl gradually becoming obsolete toward the siphonal canal, separated by subequal interspaces. The spiral sculpture consists of in front of the suture a prominent blunt keel, in the anal fasciole two or three subequal cords. In front of the shoulder (on the penultimate whorl four, on the last whorl twelve or more) there are flattish equal cords overrunning the ribs, separated by narrower grooves which toward the siphonal canal become gradually wider.

The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 18) short rounded obliquely protractive ribs with narrower interspaces extending from the succeeding suture to the anterior edge of the anal fasciole and across it as an arcuate thread to the preceding suture. These ribs become more or less obsolete on the body whorl and are feebly if at all produced beyond the periphery. The spiral sculpture between the fasciole and the succeeding suture consists of five cr six equal and equidistant strong threads with subequal interspaces on the penultimate whorl and about a dozen on the base of the body whorl, with smaller and closer ones on the siphonal canal. The angle at the anterior edge of the fasciole is prominent.

The suture is distinct. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 15) narrow, sharp, similar riblets with wider interspace. This sculpture extends over the base. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 16) even regular similar threads with subequal interspaces which pass over but do not nodulate the ribs.

The edge of the rectilinear columella is subcallose. The keel is on the 3rd to 7th whorl closer to the bottom than the top. On the penultimate whorl it is approximately in the middle between the two. von Martens (1904) Die beschalten Gastropoden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, 1898–1899.. In. A. Systematisch- geographischer Theil.

All three come from the Middle Devonian of N Am, specifically New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Differences lie primarily in the symmetry of the whorl section and in the suture. Naedyceras is described as having a loosely coiled low-spired coiled dextral torticonoc. or trochoidal, shell with a flattened dorsum and subtriangular whorl section.

The length of the shell attains 3 mm. This species differs from its congeners in its greater ventricosity and roundness of the whorl. The number of longitudinal ribs on the body whorl is sixteen in the specimen figured. The spiral acute lirations are also more frequent than obtain in Veprecula sykesii or Veprecula vepratica.

The shell up to 15 mm high with rather high spire and a rounded body whorl. The protoconch is small, distinctly cyrtoconoid with 2.5 smooth whorls. The teleoconch contains 6-7 convex whorls, with a sculpture of regular spiral cords, broader than the interspaces. Its axial folds become distinctly flexuous on the body whorl.

The shell is up to 20 mm high, solid, with 5-6 moderately convex whorls and a conical spire. The last whorl is about 70% of total height. Protoconch of one smooth, mucronate whorl. Teleoconch is with a variably developed sculpture consisting of spiral cords and threads, and slightly flexuous or straight axial folds.

The size of an adult shell varies between 20 mm and 69 mm. The spire is convex, rather obtuse. The body whorl is encircled by distant punctate striae. The color of the shell is rosy tinged with yellow and interruptedly banded with white blotches below the shoulder and in the middle of the body-whorl.

The armorial was borne in 2 forms, as 3 concentric annulets or as a whorl, blazoned thus: "Argent, a gurges azure". It was thus a blue device on a white background. The whorl form can be seen as one of the quarterings on the escutcheon on the funerary monument to John Copleston, Esquire (d. 1608).

The surface of the embryonic whorls is smooth, the others encircled by numerous delicate, finely beaded lirulae, which on the penultimate whorl number about 16-20. On the upper surface of the body whorl there are 18-25 lirulae. The spire is elevated, its lateral outlines concave above. The sutures are a little impressed.

There are 3½ subsequent whorls. Their sculpture consists of narrow, slightly oblique ribs which pass across the spire-whorls from suture to suture and on the body whorl follow down on the anterior canal to its tip. There are 8 ribs on the body whorl. The spaces between the ribs are wide, flat and smooth.

It is alternately whitish and brown below the suture and painted on the peripheral rib in the same alternate manner. The surface of the shell is highly polished. The apical whorl is smooth, the next four or five whorls are densely granulate (granules in 4 or 5 series). The next whorl is generally spirally ribbed.

The nucleus is smooth. The next two whorls contain a few (3 or 4) lirae, which are slightly irregular, the upper one is beaded. The lirae become less distinct, being broader and flatter on the next whorl, and are transferred in distant striae with smooth interstices. The infrasutural beads, cease on the penultimate whorl.

We may also get Valampuries with Orange Brown innerlip. Valampuries with Orange coloured stripes on its main body whorl are also seen. Completely milky-white Valampuries are also very rare and expensive. Gauri Valampuries showing presence of dark brown or black spots near its cavity on main body whorl are also very rare and expensive.

The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a spiral groove. The base of the body whorl is well rounded. It is marked by four incised lines on the posterior two-thirds, which are equally spaced but grow successively weaker. The peripheral and first subperipheral channel are equal to those on the spire.

The body whorl rather longer than the spire. Adult sculpture : The longitudinals number fifteen to sixteen small riblets on the body whorl, equal to or rather wider than the interspaces, and usually less developed on the anterior end. They are continuous in some, irregular in others. The spirals consist of undulating delicate riblets and threads.

This view was also taken of the ogham inscribed on the Orcadian Buckquoy spindle-whorl until its 1995 interpretation as Old Irish.Forsyth, Katherine (1995) "The ogham-inscribed spindle-whorl from Buckquoy: evidence for the Irish language in pre-Viking Orkney?", in The Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 125 pp. 677-96.

The small, claviform shell has a maximum length of 6 mm and a width of 2.1 mm. The protoconch contains at least 6 whorls and the teleoconch 5½ convex whorls. The protoconch has 15–16 axial ribs on its penultimate whorl and 21 to 24 ribs on its last whorl. The collabral threads are strong.

Aethoceras is a genus of Tarphycerida nautiloids included in the family Estonioceratidae for which the shell is a loosely coiled, gradually expanding dextral torticone with a slightly depressed whorl section. Siphuncle small, ventral, submarginal. Whorl section somewhat resembles early stages of Estonioceras in being laterally fanged. Trochoidal coiling brings to mind the later Trocholitidae.

The size of an adult shell varies between 35 mm and 75 mm. The thick shell is small with a low spire. It has five rows of small granules at anterior end of whorl. It is dark brown or red in color with a mottled cream banding around the shoulders and across the body whorl.

The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 17) short rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, hardly extended over the periphery and gradually becoming obsolete on the body whorl . Incremental lines are somewhat conspicuous on the base where they slightly reticulate the spiral sculpture. The latter comprises three prominent cords on the periphery equal and equidistant, swollen where they over ride the ribs, and feebler on the body whorl. The anal fasciole carries finer equal spiral threads, the base 10 or more somewhat larger and more nearly adjacent as they approach the siphonal canal.

The protoconch is glassy, white, mammillate and consists of two whorls. The other whorls number about six, of which the body whorl forms more than half the shell. The sculpture consists of (on the body whorl) 12 rounded straight ribs, widest near the periphery, extending across the whorls and fainter near the suture and on the siphonal canal. These are crossed by about (on the body whorl) 16 rounded even threads, which pass over the ribs and interspaces without any marked nodulation and are separated by wider interspaces.

The length of the shell attains 7 mm, its diameter 2.75 mm. (Original description) The ribs are broader, flatter, further apart than in Mitromorpha volva, and are more widely spaced on the upper half of the basal whorl than elsewhere. There are four ribs on the penultimate whorl, and sixteen to seventeen on the body whorl, as against five to seven and at least twenty-one respectively in volva. The interstices show distinct axial sculpture, consisting of fine raised lines very close together, with numerous more prominent ones occurring very irregularly.

The six remaining whorls are angular, separated by a conspicuous, waved suture, their upper part excavated. The sculpture consists of narrow axial ribs, 14 in the body whorl, oblique in the upper whorls, elegantly flexuous in last one and a row of oblique, short plicae, on a faint subsutural rib. The axial ribs end in rather sharp tubercles in their upper part at the limit of excavation. The ribs are crossed by narrow spiral lirae, 3 more conspicuous and some fainter ones on penultimate whorl, numerous, rather unequal ones on the body whorl.

The spiral sculpture consists of numerous fine impressed lines, strongest on the ribs of which they faintly crenulate the crests, and well marked on the siphonal canal where the interspaces are slightly raised and rounded. The transverse sculpture consists of (on the body whorl ten) elevated ribs, not continuous from whorl to whorl, extending from suture to the siphonal canal. These are thin and slightly curved behind the periphery, a little swollen on the periphery and in front of it again diminishing. The suture is somewhat appressed, undulated by the ribs.

Spirals—near the bottom of each whorl there is a slight keel on the line of the old sinus-scars It includes two, bluntly rounded, close-set threads, which are crenulated by a series of small squarish tubercles which, being arranged in pairs, one on each thread and placed one above the other, form short little bars. They are parted by furrows broader than they. There are about forty of these bars on the last whorl, becoming more irregular towards the mouth. On the penultimate whorl there are about fifty.

The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl between the fasciole and the succeeding suture about six) fine equal, equally spaced threads, with narrower deep interspaces, forming minute nodules where they cross the ribs. On the body whorl the threading continues hardly altered, to the end of the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 35) narrow ribs with subequal interspaces, extended from the fasciole to the siphonal canal, forming a very uniform reticulation over the whole surface. The aperture (the outer lip defective) is rather wide.

The post- nuclear whorls are sharply angular. Their upper part is slightly concave and occupies about ⅔ of each whorl,. The sculpture consists of numerous, sharp axial ribs, 16 in number on the body whorl, with pointed tubercles at the angle, connected by a rather faint spiral..Moreover, there are very faint growth lines and spiral striae, more conspicuous on the base of the body whorl, especially on the ribs, and a few stronger ones on the siphonal canal. The aperture is oval, angular above, with a short, broad siphonal canal below.

The inner lip is thin and narrow. The columella is smooth. Sculpture : The 1st whorl of the protoconch is smooth, the 2nd crossed by threads which, beginning at the upper suture, pass first longitudinally and singly, then at the periphery bifurcate, each branch passing obliquely to the suture, thus reticulating the lower half. The adult whorls are entirely reticulated by axial ribs, about 8 on the first whorl and 20 on the body whorl, overridden by less prominent and narrower spiral ribs, forming transverse beads at the intersections.

There are 2 spirals on the first adult whorl, 5 on the penultimate (of which the two upper are smaller than the others), and 13 on the body whorl counting just behind the outer lip. Of these, the two upper are less prominent than the others. The interstices are deep, between the spirals 2 to 3 times the width of the latter, and between the axials about 1½ times the width of the ribs. At the anterior end of the body whorl the spirals are more prominent than the axials.

The teleoconch contains three whorls. The protoconch consists of 3½ whorls, of which the first is turbinate, slightly tilted and engraved with microscopic spirally punctured lines, followed by two transitional whorls keeled at periphery, and ornamented by fine close obliquely radiating riblets. The adult sculpture : on the body whorl, fifteen spiral cords, of which the third and eighth are prominent, expressing the angle above and below the barrel of the whorl, the basal cords are broken into beads. The penultimate whorl shows six, and the antepenultimate with three spirals.

The subsequent whorls are convex, separated by a linear suture, with a slight excavation below it. The sculpture consists of remote, rounded ribs, 10 in number on penultimate whorl, stronger on the upper ones, and numerous, raised, axial striae, as well on the ribs as in the interstices. This sculpture is crossed by numerous spiral lirae, which are fainter in the excavation and of which some, (4 on penultimate whorl) are stronger. In crossing the ribs these stronger lirae produce tubercles, strongest on upper whorls, nearly disappearing on the body whorl.

The sculpture shows spiral threads predominating, amounting on the body whorl to about thirty, not impinging on a broad anal fasciole, beneath this strong and widely spaced, becoming feebler and closer below the periphery, but waxing stronger on the back of the siphonal canal. The penultimate carries six such spirals, then three, then two on the earlier whorls. The radials are stronger on the younger whorls, but decrease on the older. In the body whorl they fade away about the periphery, and in the penultimate scarcely reach across the whorl.

The excavation is crossed by numerous, slightly curved, axial riblets. The convex part of whorls is sculptured by strong, rounded, oblique, axial ribs, 11 in number on the body whorl, crossed by strong spirals, 6 in number on penultimate whorl, of which 4 are stronger and are especially prominent on the crest of axial ribs. These ribs disappear on the base of the body whorl, which, as well as the rather short siphonal canal is lirate. The aperture is oval, angular above, ending below in a rather narrow, slightly curved, compressed siphonal canal.

The spire consists of six whorls separated by a well- marked suture. The protoconch contains four embryonic whorls: the first is smooth, the next two are reticulated, the fourth likewise reticulated on its lower half, but decorated, at the top, with arched longitudinal folds. The first spiral whorl shows below the subsutural area which is sloping, not excavated, a very prominent keel which extends to the body whorl. On the body whorl, a second keel begins at the point of contact of the outer lip and the recurrent cords.

The ribs extend from the shoulder to the suture or, on the body whorl, to the base, where they become obsolete. These ribs are crossed on the spire by about six prominent spiral threads, subequal and with wider interspaces, often with a more minute intercalary thread, the primaries somewhat swollen on the summits of the ribs. On the body whorl the same sculpture extends over the whorl and upon the siphonal canal. The outer lip is thin, broadly arcuate, simple, with a rounded, shallow, anal sulcus close to the suture.

These are concave at top, thin, convex at the sides, obliquely costated and finely transversely lirated. The costae are rather fine, 14 on the penultimate whorl, subnodose a little above the middle, where the concavity of the whorl commences, attenuated at the upper extremity, and becoming obsolete about the middle of the body whorl. The spiral lirae are not conspicuous, rather far apart, and are not found in the excavation at the upper part of the volutions. The aperture is small, occupying rather more than a third of the entire length.

The subsequent whorls are glistening, constricted and appressed at the suture. These whorls contain (on the penultimate whorl eighteen) arcuate and protractive axial ribs which extend from the suture to the siphonal canal except over the last half of the body whorl. The constriction which indicates the anal fasciole gives the posterior edge of the whorl a marginate appearance, but does not interrupt the ribs, which are very prominent in front of the fasciole at the shoulder. The whole surface is evenly sculptured by strongly incised, almost channelled lines, with wider, flat, strap-like interspaces.

There are over the whole surface very faint traces of spirals. At the bottom of each whorl, about 0.25 mm. above the suture, is a sharp narrow thread, which on the body whorl is bordered below by a second, rather higher and sharper, which forms the carina, and which on the spire is buried by the overlap of the succeeding whorl. On the base of the shell there are about eleven fine spirals, within which is a strong furrow, and a projecting, crenulated, or ropelike thread forming the edge of the umbilicus.

The sculpture is variable, according as extra threads are or are not intercalated. The radials extendi from suture to base and traverse the basal furrow, narrow, discontinuous from whorl to whorl, perpendicular, twelve to fourteen to a whorl. The spirals number from eleven to fifteen, according to presence or absence of intercalated threads. On the snout six or seven close and knotted threads, then a wide basal furrow followed by from five to eight fine threads which by intersection with the radials on the peripheral area enclose large meshes.

The whorls of the teleoconch are slightly convex, strongly lirate below the suture, with at first 2, lower on 3 strong spiral lirae on each whorl, 14 in number on the body whorl and 2 faint ones below subsutural liration, more or less visible on upper whorls. The whorls are crossed by thick, rounded ribs, making the lirae slightly beaded, 9 in number on penultimate whorl, faint on last one, which has a very strong rib behind the peristome. Moreover the shell is crossed by conspicuous growth lines. The aperture is oblong and angular above.

They are strengthened with longitudinal suberect rounded costae, whereof there are 12 on the penultimate whorl and about 16 on the body whorl (those towards the outer lip being finer), gradually vanishing a little below the middle. Between the more slender ribs there are a few fine intermediate ones, but this may only be an individual peculiarity. The whorls are also transversely lirate. Lirae of different thicknesses, numerous, raised equally between and upon the costae, fewer and coarser upon the upper whorls, and about 30 on the body whorl.

Below this spiral remains a rather large groove. The basal part of the whorls show narrow, a little oblique ribs, 15 in number on the body whorl, ending below the groove in short tubercles, which are connected by a second spiral. The space between the ribs is sculptured by fine and coarse growth-lines and faint spiral striae, becoming stronger and groove-like towards the base of the body whorl, and have the character of lirae on the short, large siphonal canal. The body whorl is regularly convex, until the siphonal canal.

The sculpture consists of subequidistant fine axial riblets, obsolete on the shoulder and below the periphery of the body whorl, 15 to 20 on the body-whorl. The interstices are of about the same width or slightly broader than the riblets. They are crossed and reticulated by fine spiral threads, 3 very fine and close together on the shoulder, 5 from the angle to the suture, occasionally with a few very fine interstitial threads, 15 to 20 on the body whorl. The crossing-points are sometimes slightly nodulous.

The intercalary threads appear on the penultimate whorl and on the first half of the body whorl they become numerous, covering the whole surface uniformly, but a little coarser on the verge of the umbilicus which is moderately wide and deep. This sculpture becomes obsolete and the last quarter of the body whorl is perfectly smooth and polished. The axial sculpture consists of numerous retractively arcuate threads beginning at the suture and extending feebly to the periphery on the upper part of the spire, later becoming obsolete. The base of the shell is rounded.

The periphery of the body whorl is sometimes articulated with white, and the base of the shell is either unicolored dark, or finely dotted with white. The shell contains 10 whorls, the apical one or two convex and smooth, the following flat, finely spirally striate (about 14 striae on the penultimate whorl of a large specimen). The body whorl is convex at the periphery, angulated there in specimens not completely adult, and convex beneath, with 10-12 concentric lirulae there. The entire surface contains fine lines of growth.

Both lamellae penetrate inward about one-third of a whorl, being conspicuously nodose at the edges, and there is a very weak continuation to about half a whorl inward. At a point about one-fourth of a whorl inward there is a low, short and blunt columellar lamella and two short basal folds. All or part of these are visible in an oblique view in the aperture, but owing to the opaque texture of the shell they are not visible through the base in specimens examined. The height of the shell is 2.1 mm.

The height of the shell attains 9 mm, its diameter varies between 11 mm and 13 mm. The thick, solid, imperforate shell has a little hollow or depression at the place of the umbilicus. It is orbicularly conoid or subdepressed with 5 whorls. The first whorl is whitish, often eroded, the last brownish, purplish or red, obliquely striated, and ornamented with spiral granulose lirae, 3 on the penultimate whorl, 8 or 9 on the body whorl, of which the first is composed of larger beads, and the fourth forms the periphery.

The 3½ postnuclear whorls are marked by strongly incised spiral lines, causing the space between them to appear as raised, well rounded spiral cords on the first two postnuclear whorls and as broad flattened cords on the last whorl. Eight of these spiral cords appear on the first, seven on the second, while on the last turn 12, including the peripheral cord, appear between the periphery and the summit. Those nearest the periphery on this whorl are much narrower than on the posterior portion of the whorl. The sutures are well marked.

The suture is distinct and not appressed. The whorl in front of it descends flatly to a nearly peripheral keel, the flattened portion corresponding to the anal fasciole. The fasciole is spirally sculptured by four or live very fine, equidistant, simple, similar threads, crossed by (on the body whorl about twenty-five) elevated, sharp, arcuate, lamellar riblets, which are continued over the whorl with wider interspaces to the anterior part of the base. The shoulder keel is minutely duplex, narrow, subspinose where it crosses the ribs, and more prominent than they.

Before the last half whorl is formed, the shell is umbilicate, and judging by the growth-lines, the juvenile and subadult shell is carried with the equatorial plane nearly vertical. However, as the last half whorl starts to form, the direction of growth changes: it tilts to the right, not to the left as in the Helicidae, and subsequently that half whorl grows up across the base of the shell. The final aperture in the adult is slightly above the keel or widest diameter of the shell. aperture of an adult shell of Anostoma.

The length of the shell varies between 4.5 mm and 8.5 mm. (Original description) The small, white, solid shell has a swollen protoconch consisting of 1½ whorl and 5½ subsequent whorls. The suture is distinct, not appressed, with a slightly constricted fasciole in front of it. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10-11) rounded fiexuous smooth ribs, most prominent at the periphery on the spire, sigmoidly flexed on the body whorl and absent from the base; the interspaces are equal or wider than the ribs.

The suture is impressed. The body whorl is very short and slightly inflated. The aperture is ovate. The columella is sinuate.

In gastropods, if the shell of a snail is ventricose or subventricose, it means the whorl of the shell is swollen.

The aperture is ovate. The siphonal canal is rather produced. The body whorl is shorter than the spire.Hutton F. W. 1873.

Whorl section is laterally compressed, flanks gently bowed, venter sharp. The suture is strongly ammonitic. The genus Oiophyllites may be related.

The interstices are channelled. The body whorl is subangulate. The columella is straight and short. It terminates in a small tooth.

The shell of species in the genus Bulinus is sinistral. It has a very large body whorl and a small spire.

The following whorl is spirally striate. The last two whorls are smooth. The six whorls are convex. The sutures are distinct.

Delimitation is commonly not problematic, because calyx and corolla both occur in an isomerous whorl or series of sepals and petals.

The aperture is obliquely oval. The outer lip is thin, simple, ridged outside by the spirals, with an obtuse shallow, wide triangular sinus at the angulation. Sculpture : above the angle are three spirals in each whorl, and one below it. In the body whorl are eighteen, subdistant just below the angle, crowded towards the siphonal canal.

The subsequent upper whorls are nearly smooth, but with a strong keel, which is at first spinous. The spines are horizontally spreading, but soon become more or less upturned and have the character of erect trigonal spines. On the following 3 whorls they are spreading again on the body whorl. The spines number about 20 on the body whorl.

The columella is slightly curved. The shell shows numerous straight rounded axial ribs that extend across the whorls, and over about two- thirds of the body whorl there are about 24 on the penultimate whorl. They are separated by deep grooves, which are narrower than the ribs. There is one distinct spiral groove or depression below the suture.

The; spiral sculpture consists of fine close-set threads over the entire surface. The whorls are moderately convex. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl six) prominent ribs, with much wider interspaces, extending the whole length of the whorl and on the spire more prominent at the periphery. The aperture is narrow and parallel-sided.

The length of the shell attains 4.6 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm. The shell has biconic shape with a rather acute spire. The overall color is white with yellow dots on the last two or three whorls. There is a violet margin on top of the penultimate whorl and below the suture, continuing on the body whorl.

The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl eight) prominent angular ribs with wider interspaces, beginning abruptly at the shoulder rapidly dwindling anteriorly and obsolete on the base. These ribs are crossed by (on the body whorl about 14) widely spaced slender cords, slightly nodulous at the intersections. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow.

The shell contains about 8 whorls in all, of regular but rapid increase. They are in form convexly conical, slightly shouldered above. The body whorl, which is narrow, is produced into a convexly conical base and a short oblique-ended snout. The suture is slightly impressed, and is somewhat strongly marked by the swelling of the whorl immediately below.

The base of the shell is defined by a sharp angle which continues the horizon of the suture. Sculpture:—The fasciole area is without spirals, but is crossed by radial crescentic wrinkles. The spirals may amount to twenty-seven on the body whorl, those on the periphery being alternately larger and smaller. Seven of these ascend the penultimate whorl.

The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 16) strong obliquely protractive ribs, most prominent at the shoulder where they begin, disappearing on the base and obsolete on the body whorl. The incremental lines are inconspicuous. The aperture is rather wide. The anal sulcus is close to the suture, rounded, rather wide but not deep.

They are conical above and cylindrical below the keel. The body whorl is slightly tumid, and contracts very gradually to a long and small siphonal canal. The suture is extremely minute as each whorl laps up on the one above it. The aperture is oblong, pointed above, and drawn out into a long narrow siphonal canal below.

The size of an adult shell varies between 13 mm and 20 mm. The whorls are shortly and obliquely ribbed. The ribs are obsolete on the back of the last whorl, depressed below the sutures. The color of the shell is yellowish brown, with a deep reddish chestnut spot on the back of the body whorl.

A single spiral runs between the angulation and the upper suture, and in the body whorl bounds the front of the posterior sinus. Another lies midway between the angulation and the lower suture. In the suture, the second angulation of the body whorl may appear as a sutural cord. This bounds the back of the posterior labral sinus.

The suture is distinct, not appressed. The whorls are rounded. The anal fasciole is smooth except for minute arcuate, elevated, more or less distant axial lines, and the intervening incremental lines. The whorl in front of the fasciole is axially sculptured with (on the body whorl about twenty-six) moderately strong, equal, rounded, somewhat protractive ribs with subequal interspaces.

These puckerings rise on the upper whorls into finely and sharply tubercled straight riblets, which on the body whorl are numerous, obsolete, and oblique. On the penultimate whorl there are about 20 of them. Spirals: in the sinus-area there are just perceptible traces of spiral lines. About the angle of the whorls small impressed furrows begin to appear.

The suture is obscure and strongly appressed. The anal fasciole is slightly constricted. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl nine) strong rounded ribs most prominent at the periphery, extending from suture to suture, with subequal interspaces, obsolete on the last half of the body whorl and on the base. The incremental linesare irregular and obscure.

The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 3 or 4) incised lines in front of the periphery. The wider interspaces are raised and more or less rounded. On the body whorl there are 16 or more, extending to the siphonal canal. The incised lines have a more opaque appearance contrasting with the translucent white of the whorls.

There is no fine spiral striation. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about a dozen) strong, wide ribs less prominent on the fasciole and fading out on the base and the last half of the body whorl. The interspaces are equal or sometimes wider. The ribs are cut by the incised lines but are not nodulose.

The shell grows to a length of 14 mm, its diameter 6 mm. (Original description) The small, polished shell is white, with, on the body whorl and in the throat, a livid pinkish tint. The shell contains 10 whorls. The protoconch is eroded, but its first whorl is flattish and appears from above discoid and glassy.

The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 13, on the body whorl 10) rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, strongest at the shoulder, extending from suture to the base. The incremental lines are rather strong on the fasciole. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded with a callous margin. The outer lip is arcuate and thin.

The shell has a high spire with the body whorl less than half the total length. The body whorl has an inflated profile, not narrowing at all around the siphonal canal; with axial ribs attenuated towards the base. The aperture is ovate and is dirty white inside. It has a broad and very short siphonal canal.

It is rather widely umbilicate. The 5½ convex whorls are separated by a narrowly canaliculate suture, and encircled by granose lirae, about 7 on the penultimate whorl . The body whorl has a roundly angulated periphery and is encircled by about 14 granulose lirae. The white umbilicus is surrounded by a white granuliferous rib, and with a smooth rib within.

The shell is small or medium-sized, slender or moderately slender. The whorls are angulated at the periphery or rounded. The protoconch is slender or moderately slender, the apex generally rising abruptly, consisting of about 2½ or 3 whorls. The body whorl or half whorl bears curved, protractive axial riblets and generally bulges at its periphery.

The spire is composed of six whorls, the lower larger than all the others together. At the base of each whorl of the spire, is found a transverse band of slightly apparent, articulated black points. A band, more strongly marked, the points of which are more distinctly observable, surrounds the body whorl. The aperture is ovate, subdilated, and smooth.

The spire is high and very slightly scalar. The sharp apex is minute, flattened on the one side, with the very small embryonic 1¼ whorl rising sharply on the other. The spire contains 7 whorls, that increase in size regularly. The body whorl is small, from the large part of it cut out by the umbilicus.

On the base and the siphonal canal are about a dozen smaller close-set threads. None of the thread are nodulose where they cross the ribs. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl eight) narrow sigmoid ribs, with wider interspaces, extending from suture to siphonal canal across the body whorl. The aperture is narrow.

The fourth whorl is sculptured by concentric ribs, with stronger tubercles at the top. Near that depression; on the fifth whorl, the sculpture consists of a row of tubercles and 3 beaded lirae, of which the third, near the keel is the strongest. This keel is compressedly crenulate. The space between suture and tubercles has short, irregular folds.

They are encircled by lirae, usually 5 or 6 in number on the penultimate whorl, but very variable. The body whorl shows a prominent rib at the periphery, convex beneath. The aperture is quadrangular, delicately ribbed within and iridescent, green predominating. The columella is arcuate above, then straight and oblique, terminating near the base in a slight denticle.

The thick shell is opaque The shell grows to a length of 6.7 mm. The teleoconch contains seven flat whorls with a deep suture. The body whorl has 15 revolving lines, the upper ones more distant, about four lines on the next whorl, the number of lines diminishing on the upper whorls. The columellar tooth is distinct.

The 4-5 whorls are flattened above and sloping outwards. They rapidly enlarge, so that the body whorl considerably exceeds in size the rest of the shell. The slit is long and central, equal in width, with upturned edges. The aperture is nearly circular, but somewhat angulated where it is united to the body whorl below the peripheral keel.

They are sculptured with distant elevated radiating lamellae. The body whorl is very large, globose, with longitudinal rather distant lamellae. The interstices are decussated by numerous very fine growth lines and spiral lirulae. The anal fasciole starts on the body whorl opposite the aperture, terminating in a long, narrow slit which does not attain the edge of the peristome.

The apex is tinged with orange. The upper whorls are nearly flat, separated by a linear suture, which becomes more deeply impressed at the body whorl. The body whorl is slightly convex, rounded at the periphery, deeply deflected and flattened toward the aperture. The base of the shell is rather flattened, about the same as in Clanculus clanguloides.

The stamens are in two whorls of five, one whorl opposite the sepals and the other opposite the petals. Those in the outer whorl, opposite the sepals, are longer. The filaments are fused at the base, shortly in Lepidobotrys, but forming an extension of the tubular nectary in Ruptiliocarpon. The pollen is produced in four thecae on each anther.

There are two deep narrow channels running parallel on the solid white base callus. One, is at the edge of the base, the other, is very close and runs parallel to it. The body whorl of Ancillista ngampitchae sp. nov. is smooth, semiglossy, but by using a magnifying glass, very fine vertical ribs are visible on the body whorl.

The height of the shell attains 6½ mm, its diameter 6 mm. The solid, perforate shell has a conoidal shape. The 6½ whorls are angulate, excavated above, ornamented with granose cinguli with square red spots, and minutely longitudinally striate. The cinguli number 5 on penultimate whorl, 6 on the body whorl, which is angulate at its base.

The about 6 whorls are slightly convex, and spirally lirate. The body whorl is encircled by about 14 granose separated lirae, of which about 6 are on the upper surface, their interstices bearing spiral stripe. The body whorl is obtusely angular at the periphery, slightly convex beneath, a little descending anteriorly. The aperture is rounded-tetragonal.

The gamosepalous green sepals consist of ovate lobes, and are distributed in one whorl. The annular disk is hypogynous. The five gamesepalous petals have oblong or ovate lobes and are disposed in one whorl. The corolla lobes overlapping to the left (such as A. rostrata) or to the right (such as A. macrophylla) in the bud.

Towards the base they curve in and vanish at the basal constriction. On the penultimate whorl these costae alternate with those below the suture. These longitudinal costae are over-ridden by a series of fine sharp spiral cords knotted at each costa. The body whorl carries four larger and more undulating ones above the angle and ten below it.

The spiral sculpture consists of the few raised cords with wider interspaces. There are 3 spirals on the spire-whorls, about 6 on the body whorl, with 9 more on the anterior canal. The interspaces in addition carry fine and submicroscopic spiral lines. The base of the body whorl is somewhat constricted with a short siphonal canal.

The sutures are linear. The body whorl has a delicate carina at the otherwise blunt periphery. Above this, parallel with it, there is a narrow raised cord which does not extend above the lower whorl, and will probably be found to be quite inconstant. The whole upper surface of the whorls is traversed by numerous scarcely perceptible spirals.

The six whorls are convex, encircled by spiral lirae which are more or less beaded upon the upper surface, the interstices between them minutely spirally striated. On the penultimate whorl they number about six. Below the periphery the lirae are finer, closer, and nearly smooth. The body whorl is obtusely angulate or rounded at the periphery.

There are about nine, flat whorls, encircled by numerous equal, finely-beaded lirae of which there are about 9 on penultimate whorl. The interstices are densely costulated by fine incremental striae. The body whorl is acutely angled at the periphery. It is flat below and nearly smooth toward the outer edge, and finely granose-striate on the inner half.

There are 9 ridges on the penultimate whorl, rather narrow, the upper ones minutely granulated. The body whorl is angled at the periphery, with a slight keel, which is articulated with rather distant oblong yellowish brown spots. The base of the shell is rather convex, faintly lirate near the margin. The lirae become gradually more prominent towards the centre.

The penultimate whorl contains 8 close-set spiral rows of smooth ovate granules. The body whorl has ten spiral rows of granules above the acutely angled periphery. The granules of the infrasutural row are much larger and placed axially, the rest spirally ovate. The ten rows on the base have flatter, more quadrate, and more close-set granules.

The conical, solid shell has well-rounded globose whorls with six to eight smooth spiral cords per whorl and no umbilicus. Its base is flattened. The surface is encircled by numerous spiral smooth riblets, their interstices closely finely obliquely striate. There are usually seven to nine riblets on the penultimate whorl, about nine on the base.

The; white base of the shell is convex. The penultimate whorl contains six series of granules, with the interstices as wide as the ridges, and is obliquely striate. The body whorl has eight series of granules above, nine on the base. The oblique columella is solute above, the edge rugose- denticulate, terminating below in a prominent tooth.

The whorls are ornamented with longitudinal wavy streaks of brown or rosy, and sometimes spiral zones. They are spirally lirate with 7 lirae on the penultimate whorl, upper and lower ones most prominent, the intermediate 5 slightly granose. The interstices are sharply obliquely striate. The body whorl is angular, convex beneath and contains about 8 concentric lirae.

The body whorl is large and very convex. All these whorls are encircled by wide and distant ribs, slightly convex, numbering ten upon the body whorl. Others, more narrow, are placed alternately within the furrows, which are wide and very slightly striated. The surface of this shell is of a white color, slightly grayish, and sometimes rose-colored.

The 16 longitudinal ribs and the transverse lirae (5–6 in the penultuimate whorl, 18–20 in the body whorl) are produced into acute nodules at the points of intersection. The small aperture is narrow. The outer lip is slightly incrassate, distinctly sinuate and shows about six small denticles inside. The wide siphonal canal is very short.

The whorls are spirally cingulate, with four unequal cinguli on the penultimate whorl, the upper two smaller, the third forming a carina. There is sometimes a delicate riblet between the 3d and 4th lirae. The body whorl is subrotund, with unequal, alternating cinguli. The base of the shell is convex, with 5-6 concentric beaded cinguli.

They are elegantly ornamented with elevated spiral ribs and longitudinal striae. The first whorl is nearly smooth. The body whorl is double as long as the spire It is tumid, dilated and ornamented with 3 elevated cinguli on the lower part, 2 less elevated ones above. The base of the shell has 6 granulose, minutely striated, concentric cinguli.

The others are convex and show 7-8, almost straight and strong ribs extending to the base of the body whorl. These are crossed overall by slight spiral striations, (eight in the body whorl). The aperture is oblong and measures almost one-half of the total length of the shell. The outer lip is strongly incrassate and slightly sinuate.

To date, 55 painted pebbles have been found. 11 of these were found in Caithness, 5 in Orkney and 27 in Shetland. Most have come from broch sites which have been shown to have had an extensive post-broch occupation. An ogham-inscribed spindle-whorl was associated with one find at Buckquoy in Orkney (see Buckquoy spindle whorl).

The last whorl is with nearly parallel sides, rounded and slightly attenuated base. The columella is stout, strongly twisted, white, short. The outer lip is nearly straight, somewhat thickened, especially anteriorly, not lirate or denticulate internally. The shell is with two revolving ridges, the posterior one is fainter and placed in advance of the middle of the whorl.

The body whorl is one and one-half armed with erect long stout tubular spines on the carinae, ten to twelve in number on the last whorl, usually tinged with green. The ovate aperture ovate, pearly white and iridescent within. The columella is thickened below, deflexed, produced and somewhat channelled, excavated at the conspicuous umbilicus. The operculum is subcircular.

The ribs are rather prominent, rounded and broader than their interstices. They number nine on the penultimate whorl and on the body whorl ten.;These are spaced more widely than those above, commencing at the suture and terminating rather abruptly at the periphery. The spirals are even, comparatively coarse, and close-set threads, which overrun the whole shell.

The shell is small, in the adult stage averaging about 62 mm. in length, against 90 to 110 mm. for the fully adult carpenteriana. It is proportionately much heavier, the anal fasciole is more strongly constricted, and the appressed margin of the whorl does not approach as closely to the periphery of the preceding whorl as in that species.

Barrandeoceras is a large, coiled, Middle Ordovician nautiloid cephalopod and part of the Tarphycerida. The shell is serpenticonic with whorls touching but not embracing. The adult body chamber becomes freed of the preceding whorl, a rather common character among tarphyceroids. Whorl section is oval, somewhat more narrowly rounded ventrally, on the outer rim, than dorsally, on the inner rim.

The body whorl is similarly tumid ; but it and the aperture sare till more shorter.;The penultimate whorl is very much smaller and especially is narrower; while the upper whorls are broader, and the apex very much broader and blunter. The specimen is in too bad condition for detailed description. R.B. Watson, Mollusca of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ Expedition.

The length of the fusiform shell attains 10 mm, its diameter 3.75 mm. It contains 10½ whorls, of which 1½ in the protoconch. This species is conspicuous for its exactly continuous longitudinal ribs, those of whorl succeeding whorl descending in a perfectly straight line to the base. These whorls are slightly once-angled beyond the centre.

Matterhorn Peak is quite near to Twin Peaks, and just north of Whorl Mountain. The peak can be ascended without climbing gear.

The body whorl is carinated in the middle. The base is rounded. The aperture as high as wide. The throat is striated.

Hypselostoma is a genus of very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The spire is conoidal. It contains about six convex whorls. The large body whorl is depressed-globose. The outer lip is simple.

The sinus is obscure. The siphonal canal is wide and produced. The shell shows three characteristic red bands on the body whorl.

The body whorl is regularly attenuated towards its base.Schepman, 1913. The prosobranchia of the Siboga expedition. Part IV -V - VI: Toxoglossa; p.

Shell moderately evolute, whorl section oval with constrictions present throughout. Ribs single, strong, form chevrons on a narrowly rounded to acute venter.

The sinuation of the outer lip and impression of the whorl behind the peristome, give a slightly ringent aspect to the mouth.

Of these about the upper one is smooth, the rest at first faintly, then strongly ribbed, with numerous elegant ribs and traces of a keel near the base of visible part of last nuclear whorl. The subsequent whorls are angularly convex, separated by a deep, strongly waved suture. The sculpture consists of rounded, not continuous, axial ribs, 7 in number on the body whorl, crossed by spirals, of which a faint crenulated one, just below the suture, another strong one at the periphery, making the ribs slightly tubercled, and 3 spirals below it on penultimate whorl, 16 on the body whorl and siphonal canal, moreover a few very faint spirals above the periphery and numerous growth lines. The aperture is elongately oval, with a sharp angle above and a rather wide siphonal canal below.

The body whorl is inflated. The columella is slightly twisted and not callous. The aperture is wide. The sharp outer lip is arcuate.

The main plant species in the Hammar Marshes are hornwort, whorl-leaf watermilfoil, common reed, bulrush, sago pondweed, southern cattail and shining pondweed.

Vertigo is a genus of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The height of the shell attains 2.5 mm, its diameter 5 mm. The penultimate whorl contains five prominent keels, all of equal strength.

The suture is impressed. The shell contains four whorls. The white apex is smooth. The last whorl is rapidly enlarging, subangular at periphery.

The interstices are quadrate. The longitudinal ribs of the body whorl are slightly oblique. The aperture is oblong. The outer lip is incrassate.

The body whorl is subplanulate anteriorly. The aperture is subquadrate. The outer lip is thin. The columella is obliquely produced and nearly straight.

The size of the shell varies between 20 mm and 31 mm. It has a rounded whorl profile and a uniform spiral sculpture.

Vertigo ronnebyensis is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

They are separated by impressed sutures. The apex is minute. The body whorl is obtuse-angulate at the periphery. The aperture is round.

The spire is more or less elevated. The apex is obtuse. The sutures are impressed, sometimes subcanaliculate. The body whorl is convex beneath.

Its color is whitish-ashen. The surface is dull. The apex is minute, its tip subimmersed. The apical whorl has a smooth appearance.

Cylindrovertilla is a genus of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

This axial sculpture is reduced to absent on the body whorl. The aperture is semicircular. The narrow columella is curved. Hasegawa K., 1998.

The overall shape of the shell is button-like, with a gray or brown streaked, ridge-sculptured body whorl and a low spire.

Vertigo heldi is a species of minute, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snail.

Vertigo arctica is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The subdiscoidal shell is umbilicate. The spire is depressed. The whorls are rounded and the body whorl is descending. The aperture is circular.

Lennox wins the throwing challenge, and the Farlain squeak by with the Game victory. They celebrate and get drunk at the Whorl Dance.

Vertigo lilljeborgi is a species of minute land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The subsequent whorls are angular, excavated above, separated by a conspicuous, irregularly waved suture, with a rather strong rib just below it, with short bead-like folds. The lower part of whorls shows oblique ribs, 15 in number on the body whorl, tubercled at their upper part below the excavation. Moreover, the basal part of whorls is crossed by faint spirals, 2 in number on the penultimate whorl, about 10 in a slightly contracted body whorl, of which latter the upper ones are more conspicuous, bead-like in crossing the ribs. Those on the siphonal canal are plain.

This lower part shows narrow, obtuse, axial ribs, occupying also the lower part of excavation, about 17 in number on the body whorl, where they are fainter near the aperture. These ribs are crossed by two strong spirals on the upper two whorls, three on the penultimate and numerous ones on the body whorl. The upper spiral forms a keel, which is tuberculiferous by the intercrossing of the ribs. Moreover there are fainter spirals in some of the interstices and just above the keel, in the basal part of the excavation, three in number in the penultimate whorl.

The transverse sculpture consists of, on the body whorl, ten strong squarish ribs and numerous fine and occasionally impressed lines of growth. The longitudinal sculpture consists of a distinct angulation of the whorl, in front of the anal fasciole, which on the transverse ribs develops into stout swellings, which in the earlier whorls are connected by an obscure rib. The whole surface of the whorl is covered with rather wide and shallow grooves and their even wider interspaces. The grooves are closest and finest on the siphonal canal and behind the angulation, and faintest or nearly absent on the periphery.

Subsequent whorls (excepted last one), practically exist only of the excavation, which is sculptured by curved, raised striae and is bordered, just below the suture, by a conspicuous, spiral liration, with laterally compressed, fold-like beads. These become fainter towards the aperture. Just above the suture, a second row of depressed, slightly pointed tubercles, form a keel below the excavation of the body whorl, about 12 in number on that whorl, where they form the top of short, oblique, axial ribs. The lower part of the body whorl contains about 15 lirae and a few intermediate ones.

The spiral sculpture consists of extremely fine, close-set, regular threads, uniform over the entire surface, but scarcely visibly developed in the first four whorls, which appear polished to the naked eye. The threads on the body whorl are about nine in the breadth ol a millimeter. The transverse sculpture consists of rather stout, sharp ribs (on the seventh whorl ten) which extend from suture to suture, with a slight fiexuosity near the suture, but no marked interruption for a fasciole. On the body whorl there are fourteen of these ribs, beside the large shouldered varix behind the aperture.

The sculpture consists of numerous strong, smooth, rounded ribs, which are not separated by any intermediate space, and which spring directly from the suture. There are about 15 of these ribs on the penultimate whorl. A deep groove or depression on the upper part of the whorl almost reduces the ribs to vanishing point, above which they reappear with a strong bend towards the left, and give the effect of a row of tubercles at the suture. There is one faint impressed line about the upper third of the body whorl, and a number on the base.

On the penultimate whorl, the number of rows of tubercles amounts to three and the suture is conspicuously crenulated by the keel, which rests on the body whorl. This whorl is adorned by 5 spiral rows of tubercles, of which the second from above is the smallest. Moreover, the keel is surmounted by short, conical, rather sharp spines of which 38 are visible, if seen from below. The base of the shell is nearly flat, more convex towards the aperture, with 7 spiral rows of beads on rounded lirae, and a row of stronger ones, bordering the umbilicus.

Thick shell is cylindrically turbinated, somewhat inflared, and varies in length between 25 mm and 90 mm. The spire is of varying height (mostly short), and with distant, spiral ridges on the lower half of the body whorl. The whole surface is distantly encircled by granular striae. The colouration is variable: often creamy orange, variously painted with chestnut longitudinal irregular streaks, usually forming three broad series or bands, zigzagging lines on upper part of body whorl and spire, and with brown bands across central and lower half of body whorl; or pale orange with white shoulder mottling and a central band.

VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences The small, solid shell has a fusiform shape. It is white with a series of brown spots below the suture on alternate ribs, and a brown band on the base. The sculpture consists of numerous longitudinal ribs slightly narrower than their intervals, and about 13 in number on the body whorl. These are crossed by spiral cords, narrower than their intervals, of which there are 6 on the body whorl, followed by a costate space, as though a cord had been omitted, and then 4 more beaded, oblique cords on the narrow, lower part of the whorl.

The height of the shell varies between 6 mm and 9 mm, with a tiny protoconch of less than one whorl and a teleoconch up to 5-6 whorls. The sculpture consists of beaded spiral cords as wide as the interspaces, one of which is concealed by the suture and continued on peripheral angle of the body whorl. The profile of first teleoconch whorl is convex, of the later whorls less so but swollen subsuturally, with a suture somewhat canaliculated. The abapical surface is slightly convex, bearing 6-10 spiral cords, as wide as the interspaces, crossed by growth lines but not beaded.

The body whorl is armed around the carinate periphery with long slender closed tubular radiating spines, about eight in number on the body-whorl, and which are reabsorbed as the growth advances leaving only short stumps to festoon the sutures. The upper surface shows a close revolving series – generally eight to ten on the body whorl – of minute laterally compressed granules. The base of the shell is slightly convex, usually with a marginal row of granules, and several rows surrounding the central callus. The aperture is transversely ovate, angulate and channelled at peripheral carina, iridescent within.

On subsequent whorls the ribs amount to about ten, not continuous from one whorl to the next, bent, and thickened on the shoulder, thence quickly tapering to the suture, continuing in the opposite direction to the base of the body whorl. The whole shell is over-run by microscopic spiral threads, alternately larger and smaller. Aperture :—The mouth is narrow, oblong, protected by a stout varix which ascends the previous whorl, and in which is excavated a shallow semicircular sinus. The outer lip has a very narrow free margin, within which are about eight small inconspicuous teeth.

The first two apical whorls are pale brown. The remainder of the shell is beige with tiny ash-grey dots arranged in spiral rows and looser wavy axial lines. There are small dark blotches serially arranged along the suture, and a larger series of crescentic blotches just above the shoulder of the body whorl. The areas between the shoulder and the suture, and along a band on the anterior part of the body whorl, are darker with blurred blotches; some darker blotches or flames are also sometimes visible on the middle part of the body whorl.

The first whorl is flattened. The upper three whorls are radiately ribbed, the following radiately slightly plicate in the direction of lines of growth, with a spiral series of rather large white separate beads upon the edge of the flattened shoulder below the suture, and six series of distinct small beads, separated by interstices of half their breadth upon the slope of the whorl. The periphery is sharply bicarinate, with the upper carina stellate with sharp compressed hollow spines, about twelve in number on body whorl. The lower carina contains thirty to thirty-five vaulted scales, becoming spines toward the aperture.

The sculpture consists of narrow, oblique ribs, ending at the excavation with small, slightly pointed tubercles. The excavation is nearly smooth, but with short plicae on a faint subsutural rib, more conspicuous on upper whorls.disappearing on the body whorl and curved growth lines. The lower part of the whorls contains flat lirae, 6 in number on the penultimate whorl, separated by narrow grooves.

The others are convex with an indistinct suture. The longitudinal ribs are dense and are crossed by two transverse striae on each whorl, subsutarally sulcate and decussate by small lirae. The superior part of the narrow, oblique body whorl is slightly rounded, the inferior part attenuate and elongate. The superior part of the columella is concave, inflated at the middle.

The suboval aperture measures about ⅓ the total length of the shell. The body whorl is well rounded at the middle and then contracted below. The almost straight axial ribs number 13–16 per whorl. A spiral striation or groove at the periphery, which also winds up the spire just above the suture, is usually more strongly marked than the rest.

The inner lip is complete, applied, smooth. The columella is long and nearly straight. The axial ribs are oblique, fading out above the angle, rounded, nearly as wide as the spaces, ten in the penultimate whorl, absent from the base. The spiral lirae are crowded, fourteen in the penultimate, whorl, very close-set on the base, granulated by fine accremental striae.

They are fainter on the siphonal canal. The transverse sculpture consists of numerous (on the penultimate whorl 28) narrow, little elevated, slightly oblique riblets, beginning and strongest at the fasciole, and passing over the whorl to fade away on the base. The thin margin of the suture is sometimes undulated by passing over them. The aperture is narrow and long.

The part below the excavation on the body whorl is lirate over its whole surface. The upper, excavated part of whorls is crossed by rather distant curved riblets, which, in crossing the infrasutural lirae, produce small beads. At last the whole shell is covered with fine growth striae and excessively fine granules. The body whorl is convex, strongly attenuated towards its base.

Sculpture: Deep square meshes are enclosed by radial and spiral cords, with small prickles at the point of intersection. Both the radials and the spirals vary in their development. On the body whorl there may be from nine to twelve radials, and from fifteen to eighteen spirals. On the upper whorl there are from three to five spirals, the peripheral one dominating.

The body whorl is compressed at the periphery, as in Glandina parallela (synonym of Euglandina rosea (Férussac, 1821) ) giving the body whorl a subcylindric aspect. The suture is appressed. The aperture is long, rather narrow, internally smooth, and with very little callus on the columella or body. The outer lip is sharp, emarginate before and behind and arched forward in the middle.

There are many well-developed growth lines. There is no other axial sculpture except faint incremental lines. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 6 and on the body whorl about 10) fine, equal and equally distributed low threads with narrower interspaces, covering the whole shell except the anal fasciole. The aperture is ample, hardly differentiated from the short siphonal canal.

The apex is minute, flattened, with the minute bulbous embryonic 1¼ whorl projecting on one side. The 8 whorls increase rapidly in size. They are rounded, but angulated by the projection of the spirals, very tumid on the base. The suture is linear, but strongly defined by the contraction of the suprajacent whorl and the flat shoulder of the one below.

The 5½ whorls are slightly convex, especially the body whorl. The nucleus is smooth and shining. The sculpture consists on the upper whorls of rather distant, radiating ribs, crossed about halfway by a spiral rib or keel, forming small, sharp tubercles where they cross each other. On the third whorl, another series of tubercles appears, at some distance from the deep suture.

The small conical shell is 1.9 mm high and 1.0 mm wide. The five arched whorls increase uniformly in size up to the penultimate whorl – the last whorl becomes smaller towards the aperture. The apertural border with the lip is well formed and slightly folded over towards the spindle. The shell is shiny, slightly stripy and has a weakly developed palatine torus.

The apex is minute, with the small embryonic 1¼ whorl rising from a minute flat. The shell contains 6¼ whorls, angulated and narrow in the spire, but the body whorl is inflated and expanded. The suture is deeply impressed, somewhat depressed, and very strongly defined. The perpendicular aperture is round, slightly pointed on the base, and angulated at the upper carina.

The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated. Many of the specimens have the body whorl conspicuously striped with brown. The dead specimens are often slaty with pale spiral threads. There is also some variation in stoutness and in the strength of the posterior thread which in a few specimens is stronger than the others giving a slight shoulder to the whorl.

This species was described under the name Helix camelina from today's Lebanon by Jules René Bourguignat in 1852. The shape of the shell is almost flat, and the color is light horn. The shell has up to almost 6 whorls, which slowly increase. The last whorl is not much wider than the previous whorl, and is flat on the lower side.

These are slightly swollen where they cross the ribs, the posterior cord somewhat more widely separated from the rest. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl nine) rounded ribs with equal or wider interspaces, crossing the whorls but becoming obsolete toward the end of the body whorl. The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is sharp and lirate within.

The adult shell is netted over by 8 elevate spirals (17 in the body whorl) and radials enclosing deep oblong meshes. The shell shows almost 11 straight ribs (continuing to the base of the shell in the body whorl). The aperture measures 2/5 of the total length. The columella is slightly callous on its top and has a flattened form.

The length of the shell attains 5 mm, its diameter 3 mm. The delicate, white, ovate-fusiform shell is extremely highly sculptured, with many oblique, spiral carinae (two at the antepenultimate whorl, three at the penultimate and five at the body whorl), one being especially conspicuous at the periphery. The cross cancellations are pronounced and fine. The shell contains eight whorls.

The shell contains 7 whorls, of which three smooth conical whorls in the protoconch. The rest are strongly convex with a shallow suture. The 7 axial ribs (9-10 on the penultimate whorl) are high, strong and compressed and are narrower than the intervals, not becoming weak below suture. The ribs are crossed by fine, flattened lirae (12 on the penultimate whorl).

The delicate lirae number about 12 on the penultimate whorl. The body whorl is dilated, biangular, ornamented with transverse white and reddish- violet interrupted lines, like flexuous rays. At the suture and periphery, there are zones formed of violet-brown spots alternating with white or yellowish ones. The base of the shell is convex, with 15 to 16 concentric lirae.

The penultimate whorl has about 7 granose unequal ridges, the upper two large, third and fifth smaller. The body whorl is carinated, plano-concave beneath, with 7 concentric lirae, slightly or not at all granulose, separated by obliquely striated interstices. The aperture is rhomboidal, grooved within, the basal margin subcrenate. The oblique columella is folded above, compressed in the middle and toothless.

The length of the shell size varies between 15 mm and 45 mm. The shell is heavy and coarse with rough, grained surface with moderate sutures between rounded whorls. The body whorl is swollen and the penultimate whorl somewhat less. The shell shows a rounded keel (a spiral ridge marking a change of slope) and an umbilicus sealed with a callus.

The five whorls are deeply convex, while the body whorl is subangulate. The first whorl of the five is discoidal. It is characterized by extremely minute wrinkling over the whole surface, only discernible under the microscope when quite fresh. The umbilicus is very large when young, and sharply keeled; when adult it is often nearly filled up by the callous lip.

The body whorl is carinated and spinose at the periphery. The color of the shell is above grayish, maculated with purplish brown and faint green. The base of the shell is radiately striped, lineolate or maculate with brown. The upper surface of the whorls is closely granulose, and each whorl bears at its periphery about 17 radiating perforated short spines.

This genus was proposed for a group of deepwater species which had been erroneously referred to Cyclostrema. They are small, thin, of rather delicate texture (with the exception of Lissospira rarinota), opaque white, and slightly lustrous. Their shell consists of few convex whorls forming an elevated spire, with a relatively large, prominent nuclear whorl and a large body whorl. The suture is deep.

The axial postnuclear sculpture originates near the end of the first half of the final whorl of the protoconch. The rather narrow axials are more or less obtuse, numbering 9 or 10 on the penultimate whorl. The somewhat oblique and oblanceolate aperture has about the same length as the maximum diameter of the shell. The outer lip is feebly arcuate.

The periphery of the body whorl is rounded. The base of the shell is inflated, well rounded, and somewhat attenuated anteriorly. The surface is covered by numerous equal and equally closely spaced slender wavy spiral striations, of which there are about forty between the summit and the periphery of the body whorl. The base is marked like the space posterior to it.

The suture is deep but not channelled. The whorls are very round, but the spire is hardly rising above the body whorl. The base of the shell is rounded, with a very narrow umbilicus, into which the whorl descends without any angle or other change of curve. The large aperture is circular, the upper part a little angulated at the suture.

The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 11, on the body whorl 9) promment, slightly shouldered ribs with wider interspaces. The ribs undulate the appressed suture. The spiral sculpture consists of close-set alternated threads over the whole surface except between the shoulder and the suture, which is arcuately striated by the incremental lines. The aperture is narrow and straight.

The height of the shell attains 14 mm, its diameter 16 mm. The perforate shell has a conoid shape with an acute apex and 6½ whorls.,The first whorl is rosy, the following whorls convex, grayish, spotted with white and black at the narrow sutures. They are spirally lirate with numerous granulose lirae, 8 to 10 on the penultimate whorl.

The sutures are subcanaliculate. The acute apex is eroded. The following whorls are finely granose in spiral series, of which there are 10 to 12 on each whorl. The body whorl is somewhat deflected anteriorly, bearing about 30 spiral granose ridges, very close and fine upon and below the periphery, coarser above and around the umbilicus, the interstices obliquely striate.

The body whorl contains about 17 to 21 closely beaded cinguli, of which the 8th or 9th usually forms the peripheral angle, all above that being subequal and equally spaced. Those of the base are more crowded and finer ; the interstices are sharply, finely obliquely striate. The body whorl is deflected toward the aperture, and appearing gibbous. The aperture is subhorizontal, and subtetragonal.

They are characterized by shells in which the whorls bear growth lines or lamellar folds, or both, commonly corresponding to constrictions in the internal mold. The external suture, that not lying against the previous whorl, has two lateral lobes (per side), the first being much larger. The internal lobe, which lies against the previous whorl, has a cruciform dorsal lobe.

The shell length varies between 6 mm and 15 mm. (Original description) The solid shell has a biconical shape and is slightly constricted around the upper part of each whorl. It contains 9 whorls. Its color is lavender-gray, with a broad peripheral band of buff descending the spire, and on the body whorl underlined by a single or double chocolate line.

The shell contains 7 whorls, including a protoconch of whorls. Sculpture: The protoconch is at first smooth, afterwards ornamented by numerous fine arcuate riblets, which end abruptly. The adult whorls carry from eight to nine prominent spaced ribs. These are crossed by distant spiral threads, of which there are twenty on the body whorl, and six on the penultimate whorl.

The length of the shell attains 3.6 mm, its diameter 1.5 mm. (Original description) The small, solid shell is ovate and turreted. Its colour is uniform grey.. On the holotype four whorls are remaining (the apex missing in the only example seen]). Sculpture : oblique, wave-like, radial folds, five to a whorl, expanded and projecting prominently at the summit of each whorl.

The petals are white or pinkish and divided into two narrow lobes. Each flower remains open for three nights as a means of preventing self-fertilisation; the flower reveals one whorl of stamens on the first night, the second whorl of stamens on the second night, and the three styles on the third night. The seeds are wide and kidney-shaped.

Koreozospeum has a thin, squat ovate-conic shell, which shows fine spiral rows of interconnected pits constant throughout the teleoconch. The peristome has an oblique, ear-shaped (auriform) form. The shell shows a conspicuously pleated lip folded back onto the body whorl. Koreozospeum has an interrupted lamellar ridge on the next to last whorl, which then develops a uniformly shaped annular lamella.

The length of the shell attains 5.5 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm. The white, elongate fusiform shell contains 6- 7 whorls of which 2 in the protoconch. These are intermediary convex with linear sutures, discreetly undulant. The shell shows many longitudinal striae and oblique ribs. It shows manyrounded ribs, 12-146 in the penultimate whorl and 10-12 on the body whorl.

The shell grows to a height of 2.5 mm. The shell has a delicate yellow color with coarse and very conspicuous granulation of the surface. When seen in profile, they appear like little spines. It has about three well-rounded, rather loosely coiled whorls, forming an elevated spire with relatively large, prominent nuclear whorl and a very large body whorl.

The five whorls of the teleoconch are increasing rapidly in size, early ones well rounded, later ones less so, their summits being closely appressed to the preceding whorl. The simple sutures are well impressed. The periphery and the base of the body whorl are well rounded, the latter somewhat elongated. The aperture islarge, ovate, somewhat effuse anteriorly, milk-white within.

The mouth consists of a whorl separated into three and a quarter volutions. The biggest diameter is about . The whorls have a separation of about in the first volution, and it goes to about at the largest whorl displayed. The specimen has a total of about 32 teeth in the first volution, 36 in the second, and 41 in the last.

There are 11 longitudinal ribs on a whorl, which are crossed by three or four spiral threads in front of the angle, none behind it. On the body whorl, the spiral threads in front of the angle are about twelve, some of which are stronger than the others. The aperture is linear. The outer lip is rather thick nut not grooved.

The lirae number 7 to 8 on the penultimate whorl, 5 on the preceding. The body whorl is rounded, compressed below the suture above, somewhat convex beneath, and provided with about 10 concentric lirae. The ovate aperture is slightly dilated, the lip plicatulate within. The arcuate columella is thin in the middle, concave and bears 2 or 3 tubercles below.

The siphonal canal is narrow, nearly of the same height as the aperture. Sculpture : The indistinctly turreted whorls have a broad shoulder showing deeply curved growth-lines. Below the faint angle there are short axial costae which are very little raised and broadly convex, about 10 on a whorl. On the body whorl they are very oblique, and vanish on the lower half.

The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a strong broad groove. It is curved by the axial ribs which extend to the posterior border of the first basal cord. The base of the body whorl is well rounded. It is marked by six strong rounded, spiral cords which are a little weaker at the umbilical area than at the periphery.

They are marked by 8 strongly incised spiral lines on the first and second and 20 upon the third, between the sutures. The sutures are well marked. The periphery and the base of the body whorl are well rounded. They are marked by numerous spiral striations, which are a little weaker than those between the periphery and summit of the body whorl.

The suture is impressed. The body whorl measures more than half the length of the shell. The aperture is suboval. The columella is straight.

The body whorl is pyrriform. The outline is concave below, with revolving striae towards the base.George Washington Tryon, Manual of Conchology vol. VI, p.

On the body whorl the first basal keel appears above the sutures, which is therefore not channeled like the sutures of the preceding whorls.

The body whorl is carinated or angulated. The aperture is subquadrate. The outer lip is simple, or lirate within. The inner lip is reflexed.

The apex is acute. The sutures are very slightly impressed. There are about nine, flattened whorls. The body whorl is subangular at the periphery.

The minute apex is acute. The sutures impressed. There are about 8 or 9, convex whorls. The body whorl is rounded at the periphery.

Vertigo ultimathule is a species of minute, air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

Their interstices are radiately striate. The elevated spire is slender, its outlines concave. The apex is minute. The apical whorl is smooth and rounded.

Vertigo alpestris is a species of minute, air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The body whorl is angulate. The base of the shell is flat. The umbilical margin is crenulate. The columella terminates in a bent tubercle.

The apex is acute. The about 5 whorls are coarsely lirate. The sutures are subcanaliculate. The body whorl is obtusely angular at the periphery.

Hypselostoma perigyra is a species of very small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

Vertigo parcedentata is a species of minute, air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The whorl in front of it slopes flatly to an angular shoulder and is sculptured with three or four flattish spiral threads with slightly wider interspaces separated from the keel at the shoulder by a channel three times as wide as the others. The shoulder keel is duplex, the posterior cord most prominent, the anterior, closely adjacent, less so. In front of these, extending to the siphonal canal, is a series (five on the penultimate whorl, eighteen on the body whorl) of similar but less prominent, subequal, and subequidistant cords, with numerous smaller intercalary threads, the interspaces wider than the primary cords. From the shoulder to the periphery on the body whorl are (on the type species about fourteen) numerous obscure narrow vertical riblets extending to but not over the base, but not nodulating the superincumbent cords.

The subsequent whorls are slightly convex, separated by a linear, indistinct suture, bordered by a narrow excavation. The sculpture consists of rounded ribs, on a little more than 4 following whorls, disappearing on lower whorls. They are all crossed by spiral lirae, 9 in number on penultimate whorl, of which one borders the suture, another the excavation, about 30 on the body whorl and the siphonal canal, besides a few intermediate ones on this body whorl, scarcely appreciable on the upper ones. These lirae produce a cancellation on the upper 4 post-nuclear whorls (hence the name); moreover there are numerous finer spiral lines between the principal ones, making the whole shell spirally striated, crossed by more or less conspicuous growth- striae, strongly incised at intervals, closer on last part of the body whorl, making the principal lirae nearly beaded.

The shell grows to a length of 12 mm. The shell is white, shining and subpellucid. There are eight whorls. The nuclear whorl is smooth.

Vertigo pseudosubstriata is a species of minute, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The spire is low, sides convex. The suture is shallow, adpressed. The shell has 6 whorls, that are rapidly increasing. The last whorl is rounded.

A body whorl is subrounded, its base a little convex. It is sculptured with granose cinguli. The aperture is subrotund. The lip is lirate within.

Central area of the whorl covered with faint light brown zigzag axial lines. Locality: Southern part of Australia, ranging from Victoria to Fremantle, Western Australia.

Vertigo extima is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

There is broadening at the last whorl. The width of the shell is 4.5–6 mm. The height of the shell is 1.7–3 mm.

The suture is impressed. The body whorl is obtusely angular at the middle. It shows 16-18 spiral granose lirae. The small granules are close.

Vertigo antivertigo is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

Their edges project outside. They are pa23ery and rolled up like a spiral cord. The body whorl is very large. The thin peristome is simple.

Winter visitors include lesser redpolls and bramblings. The reserve also plays host to many invertebrate species, and is a particular haven for Desmoulin's whorl snail.

These are convex and rounded. The body whorl is equal to about two fifths of the spire. The apex is twisted. The suture is distinct.

The threading is obsolete on the body whorl or reduced to fine striation on the base and on the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture on the spire consists of about 16 short rounded ribs swollen at the shoulder and reaching the succeeding suture, but fainter on the body whorl and absent from the base. The aperture is simple. The columella is white and erased.

The periphery is formed by a sort of rib, on which stand two to four similar keels, but smaller than the others and more crowded. In front of the rib there is a faint constriction of the whorl. The keels are less prominent on the siphonal canal, which is moderately long and recurved. On the penultimate whorl there are about 14 keels between the sutures.

Below these bars, above the angle of the shell, there originate oblique threads, which at the angle become nearly perpendicular. On the spire these form little tubercled riblets, of which there are about 25 on the penultimate whorl, but on the body whorl they become somewhat obsolete. They are parted by broad shallow intervals. Besides these there are numerous coarse but feeble growth lines.

The suture is distinct, appressed, the whorls shouldered immediately in front of it. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl seven or eight) prominent, slightly protractively oblique ribs, with wider interspaces, extending over the whole whorl and prominent at the shoulder, but not continuous over the spire. The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is varicose, thick, striated in front, smooth within.

The body whorl is long and rather cylindrical, closely striate below. The color of the shell is white, clouded with bluish ash, orange-brown, chestnut or chocolate, everywhere encircled by narrow chocolate interrupted lines, often separated into somewhat distant dots The middle of the body whorl is usually irregularly fasciate with white. The spire is tessellated with chestnut or chocolate.George Washington Tryon, Manual of Conchology vol.

The length of the shell attains 15 mm, its diameter 7 mm. (Original description) The white shell is more or less discolored by ferruginous red (probably adventitious). It contains 5½ rounded whorls, a subglobular smooth protoconch forming1½ of these. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 6 or 7, on the body whorl about 14) coarse rather irregular cords with narrower channelled interspaces.

There is only spiral nets on the body whorl, the two upper regions are smooth.The body whorl measures more than five-eighths of the total length. It is ovally attenuated at the base, on which sinuous ribs extend, crossed by an alternating reticulation, which tightens by winding around the siphonal canal. The aperture is very narrow, with almost parallel edges, truncated by the siphonal canal.

Near and on the siphonal canal the darker colour reappears in a fainter way. The body whorl is humpbacked by a strong, oblique varix, even continued in a fainter manner on the siphonal canal. This body whorl with canal is crossed by about 20 principal lirae. The aperture is oblong, with a rather deep sinus above, narrower at its entrance than behind, where it is regularly rounded.

The length of the shell attains 14 mm, its diameter 5.5 mm. The biconic-claviform shell has about two whorls in the protoconch and five weakly convex whorls in the teleoconch. The shell shows 10 to 12 axial ribs on the early whorls and 9 to 11 on the penultimate whorl. The ribs only occupy the lower two-thirds of the whorl, the remainder being simple.

The body whorl contains about 15 spiral lirae, but only the upper three are nodulose. The ribs on the body whorl are terminated inferiorly by the spiral lirations around the cauda, which are rather thicker than those on the rest of the shell. The oval aperture measures 10/23 of the total length of the shell. The short siphonal canal is recurved and inclined to the right.

The body whorl shows five longitudinal ribs, squarely rhomboidal, angulated near the suture, and carinated at the periphery, the ribs having projecting points here, and the carina being curved between them. The body whorl is excavately contracted below. Scarcely visible sublenticular longitudinal striae in upper part; rather less obsolete spiral striae. These are more valid below the carina, where seven can be counted on the ventral aspect.

The lower edge of the anal fasciole is defined by a sulcus slightly unlike the other intervals, where the growth lines bend abruptly backward. The shell contains 8 whorls, the first two brown, with the usual diagonally intersecting grooves of Daphnella, the next whorl with three spirals. The body whorl is long, tapering above and below. The aperture measures more than half the shell's length.

The outer lip has a thin crimped edge. The sinus is small, but very well defined at the extreme top of the long narrow aperture. Sculpture: Longitudinals—there are on each whorl many (27 on penultimate, about 40 on the body whorl) fine, rounded, curved threads, which correspond with the old lines of growth. They are parted by minute furrows, which are rather narrower than the threads.

The length of the shell attains 9 mm, its diameter 4 mm. (Original description) The small shell is yellowish white. It shows rather coarse spiral channels, separated by narrow, rounded threads crossed by narrow riblets, strongly on the upper whorls, on the body whorl fainter. They extend axially from the broad concave fasciole to about the middle of the whorl, where they become obsolete.

The suture is distinct, preceded by an obscure thickened margin, not appressed. The whorls descend flatly from the suture to the shoulder. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10 or 11) short, protractively oblique rounded ribs, extending on the spire from the shoulder to the succeeding suture, but on the body whorl not over the base. Obscure incremental lines arcuate on the anal fasciole.

The protoconch itself is globular, plain, the next beautifully but microscopically cancellate, the remainder longitudinally acutely costate, angled above. They are crossed by, in full-grown specimens, on the upper whorls, two, on the body whorl four, spiral raised ribs. The interstitial spacesare quadrate, smooth and acutely echinate at the points of junction. The number of the ribs on the body whorl is eleven to twelve.

The spiral sculpture shows on the second normal whorl 3, on the next 4, and on the body whorl 10 slender threads with wider interspaces, overrunning the ribs and in front of these finer close-set threads on the columella. The aperture is hardly wider than the siphonal canal. The thin outer lip is arcuately produced in front. The columella is very short and attenuated in front.

On the body whorl they are obsolete on the base. Their number is about 14 on a whorl. The whole surface, and especially the interstices, are very distinctly striated by fine flexuous growth lines, crescent-shaped on the smooth depression of the shoulder. The microscopic spiral lines are sometimes visible on the shoulder, and, a little stouter, upon the lower part of the base.

The height of the shell attains 8 mm, its diameter 3.5 mm. The species is distinguished from Splendrillia aoteana by its much smaller size, the broader shoulder, and the slender, short, oblique costae, sometimes reduced to pointed tubercles on the body whorl, their number being 12 to 14 on the body whorl. Suter H. (1913-1915), Manual of New Zealand Mollusca; Wellington, N. Z. :J. Mackay, govt.

The rest are concave above the convex, oblique ribs (ten on the penultimate whorl) with transverse tubercles on the middle caused liy spiral lirae passing over them. The tubercles are more pronounced upon some of the upper volutions than upon the last two or three. In the upper concavity the threads are finer than those below. The body whorl is attenuated in front and finely lirate throughout.

The size of an adult shell varies between 46 mm and 185 mm. This species has a rather thin and slender shell with a smooth surface, an acuminate Spire and an angulate shoulder. The color of the shell is white with two chocolate spiral bands on the body whorl. This body whorl shows a pattern of axial reddish brown reticulated lines forming white triangles or quadrangular markings.

In addition to the spiral sculpture the whorls are marked by axial ribs which have their beginning in the nodulose spiral threads on the first postnuclear whorl. These axial ribs are slightly protractively slanting. They extend but very slightly posteriorly to the posterior sulcus, and evanesce anteriorly on the base of the body whorl. They are more than twice the width of the spaces that separate them.

The god Tartaros enters Auk's mind and fixes the damage to his brain, making Auk a prophet of Tartaros in the process. Tartaros guides Auk out of the tunnels and eventually instructs him in guiding people to leave the whorl. When Patera Silk and his retinue travel to Mainframe, the home of the gods, Auk takes a landing craft that heads away from the Whorl.

Mimagoniatites is a genus of ammonoid cephalopod which lived during the early Devonian, regarded as belonging to the Agoniatitdae as a member of the subfamily Mimagoniatitinae. The shell is discoidal, primarily evolute, becoming mildly involute in later growth stage, moderately to rapidly expanding. Whorl section of first two whorls approximately circular, subtrapezoidal in later whorls. Umbilicas perforated, protoconch swollen, not in contact with first whorl.

The length of the shell attains 12 mm, its diameter 4.5 mm. The fusiform shell had an acuminate spire. It shows 9 flattened whorls with shallow sutures, however the penultimate whorl is subconvex..The 2 whorls of the protoconch are white and smooth. The shell is obliquely longitudinally costate, the costae fading towards the upper part and the base of the body whorl, with close revolving lines.

The shell contains 7 whorls, angularly convex, finely spirally striated throughout and longitudinally regularly ribbed. The ribs are narrow, rather distant (12 on the penultimate whorl). The body whorl is longer than the spire, angular above, then slightly convex, attenuated towards the base, terminating in a short narrow slightly recurved rostrum. The aperture is long, rather wide in the middle, and narrower at each end.

The surface of the shell is covered with narrow spiral closely and conspicuously beaded ridges, numbering 8-12 on the penultimate whorl, sometimes equal in size, sometimes alternately larger and smaller. On the next earlier (antepenultimate) whorl there are about 7, and still earlier whorls have 3 beaded carinae. The interstices are obliquely striate. The spire is a little concave in outline toward the apex.

The length of the shell attains 6.3 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm. This small species has 6½ whorls, of which the first 3 comprise the embryonic shell. These whorls are smooth and convex until the last half-whorl, which has close, fine backwardly arched riblets. Subsequent whorls have slightly protractive rounded ribs, eleven on the penultimate whorl, rather high, and compressed below the sutures.

These ridges are costiform, rounded, regular, as wide as the interstices, and ornamented with blood-red spots. These spots are here and there interrupted, sometimes disposed in nearly regular series parallel with the axis, and more obscure on the posterior part of the body whorl. The white interstices between the ridges are profound and sulciform. The body whorl is more produced than the spire, quite inflated.

Shell is pupilloid-like, almost smooth (with weak radial lines), aperture is almost round, with single columellar lamella relatively deep in aperture that goes through almost whole body-whorl inside it and single palatal lamella in the begging of body-whorl (could be visible through wall of shell). Basal peristome is almost complete, slightly reflected. Height of shell 2.4–2.5 mm, diameter 1.2–1.3 mm.

Towards the body whorl, about eight irregular tubercles make their appearance. These are also covered by the wrinkles and granules, below the tubercles. The last row of granules runs uninterrupted and is succeeded towards the keel by short plications, which have about the same direction as the wrinkles. Moreover, the upper surface of this whorl is covered by spiral lirae, only visible under a lens.

The shell is very small, its length measuring 3.5 – 4 mm and it is 6.5 mm wide. The small, very solid, shell has an depressed, orbicular shape with a conic spire. The 4½-5 whorls are convex and strongly spirally lirate.These lirae are smooth, about twelve in number on the body whorl, three on penultimate whorl, not perceptibly crenulated by the very subtle incremental stride.

The hyaline, white shell has a fusiformshape. Its length measures up to 25 mm but generally no more than 15 mm. The small protoconch is smooth and consists of little more than one whorl. The teleoconch contains 6-7 whorls bearing a very strong median keel and delicate, foliated varixes (6-9 on the body whorl) forming elongated projections at their intersection with the keel.

The length of the shell varies between 11 mm and 19 mm. The fusiform shell has a moderately high spire and a deep suture. The globose and smooth protoconch contains 1 1/2 whorl. The teleoconch shows strong, elevated, and rounded axial varices set quite far apart from each other (about 6 on the body whorl) and flat spiral cords which overrun the varices.

Ochetoceras is a genus of ammonites, belonging to the Oppeliidae, that lived during the Late Jurassic from the early Oxfordian to the early Tithonian, and type for the subfamily Ochetoceratinae. The shell of Ochetoceras is rather involute and strongly ribbed. The whorl section is compressed, higher than wide, and deeply impressed by the previous whorl. Flanks are broadly convex and converge to a narrowly rounded venter.

The Tetragonoceratidae is a small family of nautilitids constituting a part of the superfamily Tainocerataceae in which shells are coiled with a generally quadrate whorl section. Coiling is either gyroconic or evoluute with a slight dorsal impression. Flanks diverge from the umbilical to the ventral shoulders so as to make the whorl sections widest close to the venter. Nodes made develop on the flanks and shoulders.

The flowers are hermaphrodite, in one to many whorls, in umbels, racemes or panicles; they have six stamens, and six to nine carpels arranged in a whorl, connate at the base, each with two to many ventral ovules; The styles are terminal. The fruit is a whorl of follicles; the follicles are laterally compressed, stellately radiating, with a more or less elongated apical beak.

Male with veins 4 to 8 of hindwings moderately developed in the aborted costal area. Similar to Erebus hieroglyphica, differs from having large whorl of forewing and absence of yellow sub-apical bar. Abdomen with tufts of orange hair in anal segment round claspers. Female is somewhat similar to male, but with indistinct antemedial line to forewing and line from the whorl to inner margin.

The apex is articulated with crimson. The sculpture of the shell shows on the upper whorls four gemmule rows, and part of a fifth is visible along the suture. The body whorl has twelve rows, of which seven are on the base. The gemmules are prominent, glossy, about fifty to a whorl, their breadth apart from row to row, but closer within the row.

The height of the shell varies between 8 and 9 mm, its diameter between 11 and 12 mm. The low conical, deeply umbilicate shell is subcarinate at the periphery. The carina is evanescent toward the termination of the body whorl. Its color is light brown or grayish, striped with rich brown, the markings somewhat interrupted around the middle of the upper surface of the body whorl.

The height of the shell attains 4.5 mm, its diameter 2 mm. The solid, oblong shell has a subcylindrical shape. It is rounded at each extremity. Colour: the upper part of each whorl is dull white, the lower slate-purple, the anterior extremity is again dull white, the dark band on the median third of the body whorl fading away before reaching the aperture.

Ammonites belonging to this family had serpenticone shells with keel, that can be surrounded by grooves, if a species is densely ribbed and compressed. Whorl section is circular, or has flat sides. Ribs are simple and strong with the exception of Leptechioceras that had strongly compressed whorl section on outer whorls and these outer whorls were also smooth. Initial ontogenical stage is smooth, but very short.

The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a broad channel, crossed by the axial ribs which terminate at the posterior edge of the first basal keel. The base of the body whorl is well rounded. It is marked by five subequal and subequally spaced spiral lirations, separated by broad spaces which are marked by numerous prominent axial threads. The aperture is broadly oval.

The sculpture of the protoconch is smooth, the next whorl shows a couple of spiral keels, which by intercalation multiply in number, but decrease in relative importance as the whorls advance. The body whorl carries close fine spiral threads, of which every fourth or fifth predominates. The radials are confined to faint growth lines. The aperture is slightly descending, oblique, angled above, rounded below.

These snails are between 3 and 4 mm long and 1.1 to 1.3 mm wide. Their elongated shells are light brown with fine ribbing (60-70 ribs with a penultimate whorl). The apertural margin in lateral view is oblique / and (-shaped, with an exaggerated , and a P-like opening at the suture in the last quarter of the last whorl. There is no cervical callus.

The sutures are surrounded above by a small band of alternating white and red spots, while the lower part is marked by another brown band, sometimes broken by distant white spots. The middle of the body whorl is surrounded by a subcrenulated red band, interrupted by white spots. At the base of the whorl are seen transverse striae, and a small brown band. The aperture is ovate.

The colour of the shell is amber- brown, with ochraceous reflections. The sculpture shows prominent, arcuate ribs, each slightly overhanging the one below, seven to a whorl, consecutive on the spire, smaller on the body whorl where they do not reach the base. On the base and snout are six revolving threads. The aperture is rather wide, flanked by a tall and thick varix.

The axial sculpture consists of ten rounded ribs extending across the whorl with subequal or wider interspaces. The ribs are not shouldered and start from the suture which they undulate. The spiral sculpture consists of incised lines in the interspaces between the ribs. The brown color is situated in these grooves of which there are six or more on the body whorl, rather widely spaced;.

The rest are slightly convex and longitudinally ribbed. The ribs are stout, broader than the interstices, suberect, a little arcuated. Those on the body whorl become obsolete a trifle below the middle, whence downward the whorl is transversely finely striated, the striae at the extremity being closer together than those above. The aperture is small, ovate, occupying about one third of the entire length.

The solid shell is white, covered with a pale straw-colored periostracum. It contains eight whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus. The suture is distinct with a slightly swollen margin. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about nine) nodular ribs, peripheral on the spire, becoming obsolete on the body whorl, beginning in front of the fasciole and obscure beyond the periphery.

The body whorl is convex above, and slightly depressed beneath the suture, at the periphery flattened and biangulate. The base of the shell is nearly flat, delicately spirally striate, around the umbilicus encircled with a shallow groove. The umbilicus is white, deep, surrounded by a whitish callus forming a faint tooth at the base of the columella. It is bordered by a shallow sulcus on the whorl.

It contains seven whorls, including a smooth helicoid tip. The radials are wide spaced, prominent, flexuous, perpendicular, and continuous ribs, which diminish at the shoulder and gradually vanish on the base. On the antepenultimate whorl there are ten, and on the body whorl eight, including the varix. The spirals are extremely fine and close threads, evenly distributed over the whole surface, and microscopically beaded.

The base is conical, excavated just within the peripheral carina. It rises to the edge of the umbilicus, which is marked by a strong thread, and within is vertically striated. The body whorl descends from the general plane, and finally becomes separated from the body whorl. The simple margin is sharply angulated by the carinations, otherwise the aperture would be ovate, with the columellar side somewhat excavated.

The fourth whorl is also convex and coarsely obliquely costate. The body whorl is encircled by about ten coarsish lirae, whereof the three uppermost are equal in size to the submedian carina of the upper whorls, which falls just above them on this volution. The interstices between them are coarsely striated by the lines of growth. The aperture is small, occupying three-sevenths of the entire length.

Leaves are found in a whorl of 4 to 9 leaves and they are petioled (4–6 cm), oblong, or lanceolate, acuminate. The base of the leaf is rounded to cuneate in shape. In variety polyphylla, the leaves are 2.5–5.0 cm wide. The dull-green leaves contain three primary veins and spread out in a horizontal whorl at the top of the stem.

The protoconch has a minute apex and a swollen smooth globular succeeding whorl. These are followed by a peripherally keeled whorl, the subsequent whorls. These develop into two and then three spiral flattish spiral cords, including the peripheral one and in front of it, while behind the keel the surface slopes flatly up to the oppressed suture only interrupted by obscure ridges due to the axial sculpture. On the body whorl in front of the anal fasciole there are about a dozen similar cords extending to the end of the siphonal canal with about equal channeled inter-spaces, the posterior two or three cords more or less nodulous at the intersections.

The anal fasciole close to it, is flattish, at first with fine spiral sculpture but on the body whorl it becomes nearly smooth. There is other spiral sculpture of a narrow prominent thread at the periphery which is doubled on the subsequent whorls. On the body whorl there are eleven of the threads which are somewhat nodulose where they override the ribs, with much wider interspaces, and a few close threads on the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture consists of about 13 somewhat oblique narrow ribs, extending from the suture to the shoulder on the spire, and on the body whorl obsolete on the base.

The sculpture consists of a strong spiral keel, peripheral on the spire with more or less nodulation (in cue specimen with fifteen small nodules on the penultimate whorl, but none on the body whorl; another has them obsolete on the spire), stronger on the earlier whorls when present, an obscure ridge in front of the suture, stronger on the earlier whorls. There is a faint spiral striation on the anal fasciole between the ridge and the keel. The whole surface is covered with a microscopic, close, impressed, vermicular network of fine lines anastomosing in every direction. On the body whorl the keel is well above the periphery.

The transverse sculpture consists of eleven to (on the body whorl) sixteen slightly oblique rounded ribs, faintly evident across the band and anteriorly extending to the suture, or, on the body whorl, well forward on the siphonal canal. These are crossed by (on the smaller whorls) two to four or (on the last one) sixteen rounded threads, distinct in the interspaces and slightly swollen on the tops of the ribs where they cross. Half of those on the body whorl are in its anterior third, being as usual more crowded on the siphonal canal. The lines of growth are but slightly visible, and there are only faint indications of spiral striae.

They become stronger on the earlier whorls and number about fifteen on the penultimate whorl. These ribs are feeble, with wider interspaces, rounded, and protective, becoming obsolete on the base and most of the body whorl. The spiral sculpture is strongest in the shoulder keel, which is a little nodulous where it crosses the ribs. In front of it are three to five spiral threads (on the spire) of which the second is strongest and faintly nodulous, the others feebler, more adjacent and simple These become more numerous by intercalation, the body whorl having about sixteen between the keel and the end of the siphonal canal.

The whorls are crossed below the subsutural band by about 16 strong, prominent, rounded, somewhat oblique ribs, most prominent on the middle of the whorl, but not angulated. On the body whorl these ribs become very oblique below the middle and follow the curve of the edge of the lip, nearly fading out anteriorly. The surface between the ribs is marked by faint growth lines and by fine, unequal, slightly raised revolving lines, which pass over the ribs without interruption. They become more evident on the lower part of the body whorl and are very faint on the subsutural band, which is more decidedly marked by receding, strongly curved growth lines.

The shell elsewhere is dark reddish, nearly black. The body whorl is more than half the shell. The aperture is narrow and dark. Dall, William Healey.

The lip is attached to the last whorl. The width of the shell is 2.5–3 mm. The height of the shell is 4-5.5 mm.

1.5 mm long, slender, glabrous, those of whorl interior glands, anthers c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous, glands c. 0.8 mm long, irregular, the female yellow, c.

On the top of the cypselae is a whorl of crown-like or free pappus bristles. C. congestum has eight homologous sets of chromosomes (2n=16).

The spire is conical. The apex is rather blunt. The apical whorl is rather prominent, reddish, corneous or purplish, smooth and rounded. The suture is impressed.

The body whorl is rounded. The base of the shell shows a few concentric, separated, impressed lines. The aperture is ovate. The thin outer lipis acute.

The color of the shell is white, the body whorl is suffused with brownish.Kilburn R.N. 1992. Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 6.

The body whorl shows a conspicuous white submedian band. The smooth apex has a bright, horny color. The columella is almost straight. Sulliotti G. R. (1889).

Invertebrates include two populations of the rare whorl snail Vertigo geyeri, a species in Europe which is listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive.

The 4½ slightly convex whorls enlarge rapidly. The body whorl is subangulated at the base. The umbilical area is longitudinally crispate. The continuous peristome is thickened.

The name of Wat Ounalom commemorates one of the holiest relics in Cambodia, a hair (lom) from the whorl (unna) between the eyebrows of the Buddha.

There is a deep, broad groove at the suture. The aperture is ovate. The siphonal canal is rather produced. The body whorl is shorter than the spire.

On the body whorl there is a row of white spots below the nodules. The shell contains 7 whorls. The apex is mamillated. The aperture is ovate.

The body whorl measures more than half the length of the shell. The aperture is suboval. The columella is straight. The open siphonal canal is rather long.

The suture is impressed. The body whorl is ventrose. The subovate aperture measures half the length of the shell. The columella is slightly twisted at its base.

The terminal varix is strong. The subsutural region is not contrastingly dark. The base of the body whorl shows a row of weak white pustules.Kilburn R.N. (1988).

The size of the shell varies between 27 mm and 78 mm. The shell is obsolete!y coronated with tubercles. The stout body whorl is somewhat convex.

The spire is short. Its outlines are concave. The apical whorl is corneous, projecting, and rounded. It follows the whorls of the spire lirate, with scalloped sutures.

In this genus, the shell is deeply rimate and ovate. The apex is acuminate and obtuse. The shell has 5–6 whorls. The last whorl is rounded.

The sutures are canaliculated. The body whorl is ventricated and has a slight angle. The aperture is rounded. There is a thick nodulous ridge bordering the umbilicus.

The characteristics of this genus are: The depressed shell is white, or uniformly colored. The body whorl is obliquely striate. The spire short. The aperture is circular.

Vertigo hubrichti, common name Hubricht's vertigo, is a species of minute land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The width of shell of this species is 9–15 mm. The shell has a noticeable keel at the center of the periphery of the body whorl.

The convex whorls are encircled by stride. The body whorl is large, scarcely angulated. The base of the shell is a little convex. The suture is distinct.

Shell of Pseudothurmannia species can reach a diameter of about . They show flat or slightly convex sides, a surface with dense ribs and a subquadrate whorl section.

Scale bar = 5 mm. Fig. 13. Spiny anisotomous axis. Hu-04. Scale bar = 5 mm. Fig. 14. Axis transversely fractured at node showing six leaves per whorl.

The sutures are hardly impressed. The body whorl is slightly convex with 7 - 8 carinae. The small aperture is elongate-oval. The outer lip is deeply sinuated.

The length of the shell attains 8 mm, its diameter 3.5 mm. (Original description) The white, small shell is roundly shouldered with a rather coarse sculpture on the spire, which becomes obsolete on the body whorl. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 13) rounded irregular ribs with subequal interspaces. The ribs are nodulate by the intersection of three or four rather strong spiral cords with narrower interspaces.

The whorls are rounded. The region of the fasciole in front of the closely appressed suture is flattish, constricted, and polished. The transverse sculpture in front of the fasciole (on the penultimate whorl) consists of about fourteen short, stout, obliquely set riblets, which coronate the whorl and do not reach the suture in front. The spiral sculpture consists of rather narrow shallow grooves, separating slightly raised flattish, rather wider, threads.

The length of the shell varies between 8 mm and 16 mm. (Original description) The high, narrow shell has a biconical shape. It is fragile, translucent white, glossy, feebly ribbed and spiralled, with a stumpy subscalar spire, ending in a large, conical, sculptured, sharp- tipped dome, and with a small body whorl, contracted base, and produced snout. Sculpture: Longitudinals—there are on the body whorl about 20 flexuous oblique threads.

From the distinct suture the surface slopes flatly to the subangular periphery, the rest of the whorl is rounded. The spiral sculpture consists of uniform fine threads with narrower interspaces over the whole surface. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 15) narrow rather sharp ribs with much wider interspaces, obsolete behind the shoulder and on the base. There are also fine incremental lines which roughen the spiral threads.

It shows in the upper part an accused callus. The solid shell is quite thick, subopaque, adorned with longitudinal ribs, decurrent cords and growth lines. It contains 18 to 19 longitudinal ribs on the penultimate whorl. These are large, rounded, spread out only on the base of whorls, mamillate at the keel, obsolete above, sometimes bifid below, slightly obliquely, very short on the body whorl, where they merge with growth lines.

The decurrent striae are somewhat thin, regular, spaced, continuous, very attenuated at the top of the whorls, scarcely more marked at the base of the body whorl along the siphonal canal. The striations are strong, irregular, very wavy-flexuous. They form in the concave region of the whorls small corrugated folds, very close together. They blend in the body whorl, with the prolongation of the nodules of the keel.

The succeeding two whorls are similarly sculptured, the axial ridges and spiral threads being more numerous. The body whorl shows low axial ridges, sinuous near the suture and becoming obsolete at the periphery, the whole overridden by close regular spiral threads. Colour : Dark buff, a faint purple spiral band on the lower edge of the spire whorls. On the bodv whorl are sinuous brown marks near the suture.

Below the keel, amounting on the body whorl to about forty, they are wider spaced, often alternating in size and tend to be knotted by the radials. The protoconch is smooth and very glossy, dome shaped, a whorl and a half, ending with a sinus. The aperture is narrow and perpendicular. The outer lip is very deeply insinuate at the keel, then sweeping forward in a full curve.

The suture is distinct. The color of the shell is dark purplish brown or black. The surface is covered with rather coarse, inconspicuous, revolving ribs, interrupted on the body whorl by rude incremental lines. The middle of upper whorls and upper part of the body whorl display fourteen to fifteen equidistant, longitudinal, nodose, slightly oblique ribs, which are whitish in the holotype (being somewhat rubbed) on the larger whorls.

The transverse sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 14 to 18) sharp-edged low narrow oblique strongly bent ridges rather than ribs, evanescent on the base and fasciole, but corresponding to the elevations on the presutural band. These are proportionally stronger and more prominent near the apex, and become obsolete on the last part of the body whorl. The suture is distinct. The whorls are moderately full.

The suture is linear, quite inconspicuous. The 5 whorls of the spire are straight, sloping, with two carinae, slightly nodulated, equidistant from each other and the sutures, the lower much the larger and rounder. Other spirals arise, so that in the penultimate whorl there are two above each carina and two below the lower. In the body whorl there are twelve below it; they are steep behind and sloping in front.

The suture is appressed, distinct, the whorl in front of it is constricted. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the body whorl) a sharp thread or low keel above the periphery, two more at the periphery. On the anterior one the suture is laid and it also forms the anterior boundary of the dark coloration. On the base are about five less conspicuous threads; all these have much wider interspaces.

The length of the shell attains 5.2 mm, its diameter 2.3 mm. The solid, elongate shell has a uniform dull color and consists of 7 convex whorls, separated by an impressed suture. The two whorls of the protoconch are smooth. The subsequent whorls show axial ribs (10 on the body whorl) and spirally decurrent cords (3 on the penultimate, 6 on the body whorl), forming a remarkable network with quadrangular meshes.

The ribs and keels are about equal in strength, the intersections forming sharp points. The body whorl has upon the base four additional keels, the space between the two peripheral keels and the four on the base being greater than that between any other two. A fine thread is visible in this wide space, there is also a duplication of the posterior keel. The body whorl has about twelve ribs.

The 7 remaining whorls are convex, separated by a deep, undulated suture. The sculpture consists of remote, rounded, axial ribs, more conspicuous on the upper whorls, nearly disappearing on the body whorl. There are eighteen on the penultimate whorl and conspicuous growth lines on the ribs and the interstices. The whole shell is crossed by unequal spirals, of which about 5 on the penultimate one are more prominent.

They are slightly concave and shouldered in the sinus-area, which is bordered by a faint angulation, below which they are slightly tumid, without any contraction into the inferior suture. The body whorl, which is rather small, has a conical base produced into a broadish, triangular, one-sided aperture. The suture is slight, inasmuch as the inferior whorl laps up on the one above. But there is an appreciable constriction.

These three have interspaces equal to or wider than themselves. On the body whorl in front of the periphery the cinguli are flat-topped little elevated wide bands with narrower interspaces, this sculpture becoming obscure toward the siphonal canal. Above the periphery is one well-marked cingulum slightly turreting the whorl which inclines from it to the suture in a flattened manner. The aperture is pointed in front, wider behind.

Sculpture : broad peripheral undulations compose radial ribs spaced at ten to a whorl, fine spiral cords continue across both ribs and interstices and extend over the base. Of these, the body whorl carries sixteen and the penultimate six, those on the periphery increase in size and sharpen the projection of the ribs. The aperture is ovate,. The outer lip is thin, simple, with a slight smear of callus on the columella.

The length of three whorls attains 8 mm ; of the body whorl, 6 mm; of the aperture, 4 mm; maximum diameter 5 mm. (Original description) The small, solid, chalky shell has an olivaceous pcriostracum. It is decollate with about 4½ remaining whorls. The suture is obscure, with a narrow slightly elevated band in front of it, and on the body whorl a gradually developing similar band behind it.

The shell contains 9 whorls in all, slightly straight and sloping below the suture, convexly rounded above, cylindrical below. The body whorl is a little tumid, with a rounded base produced into a short, broad, lopsided snout. The suture is very slight, as the inferior whorl laps up on the one above it, but it is defined by the curve of the whorls. The aperture is oval, pointed above.

The whorls in this species are only moderately rounded and distinctly angular at the shoulder. The suture is distinct, appressed, coronated by the ends of the ribs in front,. The fasciole is sloping and hardly constricted. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about a dozen) narrow nearly straight ribs, with wider interspaces, strongest at the shoulder, obsolete on the base and toward the end of the body whorl.

The small, orange to yellowish, claviform shell has a length of 8.8 mm, its diameter 3.6 mm. The smooth protoconch is small (height about 0.8 mm) and consists of 1⅔ whorls, the teleoconch contains 5½ whorls. The axial ribs are strong (with 10-14 ribs on the penultimate whorl). The body whorl has not an inverted cone shape and its dorsum is not prominently humped and is without a distinct varix.

On the body whorl they extend but feebly across the base and evanesce on the columella. These ribs are about two-thirds as wide as the spaces that separate them. Eight are present on the first, and 10 on all but the body whorl, which has 12. In addition to the axial ribs the whorls are marked by fine incremental lines on the spire as well as the base.

The anal fasciole is not spirally striate. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 10) sharp- edged ribs, with wider interspaces, compressed and arcuate on the anal fasciole, nearly vertical elsewhere and extending over the whole whorl, but not continuous over the spire. The incremental lines are inconspicuous. The aperture is rather wide and short with a deep rounded anal sulcus and a prominent subsutural callosity.

The pointed spire is conical and, formed of six slightly convex whorls, the lowest of which is as large as all the others. They are flattened and angular at the upper part, crowned upon the angle by a subgranulated margin. The suture is accompanied at the upper part of each whorl, by a small, slightly convex and undulating margin. Upon the body whorl are seen nine rounded, transverse, very angular folds.

There are eighteen on the fifth and twenty-six on the penultimate whorl. The periphery and the base of the body whorl are well rounded, the latter marked by the strong continuations of the axial ribs, which extend almost undiminished to the umbilical region. The intercostal spaces on the base are marked like those between the sutures by twenty-two incised spiral lines. The sutures are well marked.

Sculpture: Stout perpendicular ribs extending from the shoulder to the base are set at thirteen to a whorl, about their own breadth apart. The spirals number three or four on the upper whorls, and nine on the body whorl. A bead occurs where a spiral intersects a rib, and on the snout, where the radials do not otherwise appear, the small close spirals are still beaded. The aperture is wide.

The length of the shell attains 6 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm. (Original description) The thin, tall and narrow shell has a pagodiform shape. The body whorl has a median cylindrical area, angled above and below. The keel along the lower angle is buried by the suture of the following whorl, that along the upper angle projects more and ascends the spire to the protoconch, where it suddenly ceases.

The whorls of the spire contain four spiral cords, the upper two the stronger, cross the axials below the shoulder, giving a reticulate sculpture to the spire. The shoulder is smooth and concave. The body whorl has spiral sculpture only. The uppermost spiral cord on the shoulder angle is faintly nodulous on the earlier part of the body-whorl as a last suggestion of the previous axial sculpture.

The posterior cord is on the summit of the whorl and is a little stronger than the rest, rendering the whorls, which are excurved, crenulated. The sutures are well marked but not channeled. The periphery and the somewhat attenuated base of the body whorl are well rounded. They are marked by seven strong, rounded, spiral cords which diminish successively in size and spacing from the periphery to the umbilical area.

The first whorl is smooth, and separated by simple sutures. The remaining whorls are rather plane, lamellosely bicarinate above the middle, channelled between the carinae. The body whorl is subdescending, and is a little constricted just below the carina, then inflated and convex. The groove terminates a short distance behind the lip in an oblong foramen, which does not attain the edge of the lip, a smooth space intervening.

The length of this very rare shell attains 3 mm, its diameter 1.25 mm. (Original description) This is a minute turreted pale brown species. The shell contains six whorls, angled just below the sutures, then straight. The straight longitudinal ribs, few in number, are crossed by lirae, conspicuous and large for the size of the shell, six at the penultimate whorl, nine on the body whorl, and less in proportion (e.g.

The length of the shell attains 28.5 mm, its diameter 7.5 mm. On the penult whorl there are sixteen axial ribs, crossed by five or six narrow spiral cords. On the body whorl there are about eighteen narrow, spiral cords, which are slightly enlarged where they cross the ribs and widely spaced in the peripheral region and above. Between them are many minute spirals and rather sharp axial striae.

Beggar-tick (Bidens comosa) Bracts that appear in a whorl subtending an inflorescence are collectively called an involucre. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts, in this case called an involucel. In this case they may be called chaff, paleas, or receptacular bracts and are usually minute scales or bristles.

The sculpture is closely scored by sharp spiral cuts, which are deepest about the periphery, fainter midway up the whorl and vanish from the base and from the first four whorls. On the penultimate whorl between the insertion of the lip and the suture, there are sixteen of these impressed spirals. The flat interspaces are obliquely ci'ossed by faint irregular growth lines. The aperture is very oblique ovate.

The sculpture of the upper surface consists of spiral series of very regular, deeply, separated rounded granules or beads, five or six rows on each whorl. On the periphery and base the granules are smaller. On the base of the shell the rows are more separated, and sometimes have minute intercalated beaded lirae. In the interstices; there are 12 to 15 rows of beads on the entire body whorl.

They are spirally lirate with granose lirae;, 6 on the penultimate whorl, of which the 1st, 3d, 5th are entirely reddish, the 2d, 4th, 6th composed of alternating white and black granules. The body whorl is globose, bearing 15 or 16 lirae, somewhat convex beneath. The concentric lirae are uniform yellowish-brown, often in pairs, separated by single alternately white and black articulated lirae. The oblique aperture is rhomboid.

It is obsoletely distantly spirally grooved. These number about 7 on the penultimate whorl, mostly indistinct, crossed by more or less distinct oblique growth lines . The base of the shell contains about 5 spiral separated narrow ridges, often inconspicuous. The colour is whitish, tinged with blue on the body whorl and yellowish or pinkish on the spire, all over closely longitudinally marked with longitudinal zigzag markings of purple.

In the lower half of each whorl these are crossed by three spiral threads, in the intervals of which there are about three very low spirals. On the body whorl there are about 20 major spirals. They are closer anteriorly, where there are fewer of the low minor spirals, there being four in the upper intervals, down to one in the lower. The aperture is of nearly the same width throughout.

The shell is small, of a yellowish green- color, minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth. The spire is flat, composed of 2.5-3 whorls, separated by a well-defined suture. The outer whorl has a sharp margin on a level with the spire, diminishing near, but still modifying, the aperture. Below this line the whorl is very convexly rounded so as to encircle a small, deep, abruptly formed umbilicus.

The showy, solitary flowers are bisexual. Perianth campanulate or trumpet-shaped with six free tepals arranged into two whorls: the outer whorl has nectar secreting pouches, while the inner whorl has upright tepals with dorsal crests. The tepals are white or yellow with purplish spots, usually recurved or reflexed. The six stamens are inserted at base of the tepals, and the filaments are slightly flattened, forming a short tube.

The length of the shell attains 16.5 mm, its diameter 5.5 mm. (Original description) A slender shell of medium size containing about nine whorls. The apex is decorticated, but apparently the smooth papillate initial whorl is succeeded by a little more than half a whorl, on which the sculpture is limited to a medial and a stronger anterior spiral. The remaining whorls are both axially and spirally adorned.

The body whorl goes slightly down to the aperture. The surface is smooth, except for the base of the body whorl, which has, seen from the periphery, low concentric striae, that disappear at a considerable distance from the umbilicus. The circular aperture has a continuous peristome. The columella has a thick, narrow callus that hardly reflects on the umbilical opening in young specimens but cover it completely in adults.

The thin, umbilicate shell has a conical shape. It is ashen, whitish or reddish in color. The surface is lusterless, the dull outer layer very thin, overlying a brilliantly iridescent nacre. The sculpture consists of a rather prominent spiral ridge or carina at the shoulder of each whorl, beneath which, on the peripheral portion of the whorl, there are several (generally 3 to 6) smaller lirae, often subobsolete.

The lower whorls contain conspicuously beaded spirals, of which there are 6 larger on each whorl, and in the interstices a much smaller thread, more or less beaded. The body whorl is angular at the periphery. The base of the shell is convex, with 14 spiral lirae and a few intermediate ones, some of these are intermediate lirae.Schepman 1908-1913, The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition; Leyden,E.

Bolinus cornutus is protected by a large, thick, spiny shell, club-shaped and with a broad body whorl. The maximum length of the shell is approximately 200 millimetres. Its spire is low and the body whorl has six or seven varices, each varix forming two long, hollow spines. Short spines also spiral off the long, straight siphonal canal of the shell, which is narrowly open along its length.

The surface of the shell is rather glossy, with fine radial microscopic scratches. The radials are prominent, close-set, discontinuous ribs, wider spaced on the back of the body whorl, amounting to nine on the penultimate. The spirals are chiefly apparent as beads upon the ribs, but suddenly enlarge upon the snout to massive tubercles. On the body whorl there are nine, on the penultimate three, and on the antepenultimate two.

It is smaller than Cantharidus sanguineus (height: 5.5 mm, diameter 4.5 mm) but it is more deeply ribbed and its grooves are wider.Tryon (1889), Manual of Conchology XI, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia The imperforate shell is more deeply ribbed, and the ribs narrower. They number 5 to 7 on the penultimate whorl, 15 to 16 on the body whorl. Sometimes they are obsoletely granose through being crossed by growth lines.

The size of the shell varies between 9 mm and 20 mm. The shell is much depressed, the spire reaches only a trifle above the body whorl. The colour is variable; in both specimens a greenish-grey colour predominates. In the largest one, the top whorls are variegated with crimson and a large patch of the same colour occupies the upper part of the body whorl, near the aperture.

Shoulder nodules developed on the costae and persisting to the adult whorls but irregularly developed and much reduced in size. Spiral lirae weakly developed and confined to the anterior portion of the body whorl. Four major and three or four minor plaits. Colour pattern of thin axial chestnut bands and three interrupted thicker spiral bands on the body whorl, one of which is also present on the spire.

The lirae are beaded where the ribs cross them, less obvious on the lower whorls, the uppermost of the lirae on each whorl with a series of small tubercles, giving a coronated appearance to the whorls. The body whorl is rounded, the peripheral spiral being only very little prominent. The base of the shell is convex, with 6 beaded lirae, cancellated by numerous, irregular, radiating ribs. The aperture is nearly rounded.

Often the folds upon the body whorl disappear partially upon the edge of the outer lip, and this whorl presents at its base a few striae which intersect the folds crosswise, and thus form granulations. The whitish aperture is subrotund and a little narrowed above. The thick outer lip is accompanied by a slightly prominent external varix. The internal part of the lip is marked with numerous fine striae.

The axial sculpture consists of, on the spire, obscure nodulations at the shoulder (about 15 on the penultimate whorl) which do not form ribs and are absent from the body whorl. The incremental lines are fine but obscure. Beside these there are minute, anteriorly obliquely retractive lines somewhat microscopically reticulated by the lines of growth.tTere is no spiral sculpture except on some specimens a few obsolete lines on the base.

The inflorescence consists of large clusters of racemes which contain small greenish flowers that are bisexual. The perianth-segments are in two whorls of three. Segments in the outer whorl are small and spreading while the inner whorl forms the fruit valves, which are rounded or kidney-shaped and have either entire edges or crinkly ones. Each flower has six stamens, a pistil consisting of three fused carpels and three styles.

These riblets render the flattened and faintly spirally striated, raised spaces between the incised channels feebly crenulated on both edges. Five incised channels appear between the sutures on the second and third whorl and six on the fourth and fifth. The periphery and the base of the body whorl are well rounded, the latter sculptured like the space between the sutures, with six spiral channels. The suboval aperture is quite large.

The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a spiral groove. The base of the body whorl is well rounded, and marked by eight spiral cords which grow successively weaker and closer spaced from the periphery to the umbilical area. The wide grooves between the spiral cords are marked by slender, raised, axial threads, which correspond to the ribs on the spire. The aperture is ovate and somewhat effuse anteriorly.

There are about six ribs on a whorl, oblique, subnodose at the middle, attenuating at both extremities and not reaching to the upper suture. The transverse striae are rather coarse, minutely decussated by the flexuous lines of growth. The body whorl shows a third brown zone below the middle. The aperture is whitish within, ornamented with the three exterior bands, occupying about four elevenths of the entire length of the shell.

Pearl-like granules are formed where the ridges cross one another, in the present shell however they are more regular in size and more rounded. There are three rows of these granules on each whorl, besides an additional smaller one and some indistinct transverse ridges close to the suture. There are ten longitudinal keels on the body whorl. The sinus is deep, but rather contracted, bent down rather abruptly.

The periphery of the body whorl is somewhat inflated. The base of the shell is well rounded, attenuated anteriorly to reenforce the columella. The entire surface is covered by numerous somewhat wavy, subequal and subequally closely placed spiral lirations, of which about 40 occur between the summit and the periphery and about an equal number on the base of the last whorl. The aperture is large, decidedly patulous anteriorly.

Starflowers have creeping rhizomes with 8 inch (20 cm) vertical stalks. Each stalk has a whorl of 5-9 lanceolate leaves at its tip, with one or two white flowers on smaller stalks extending from the center of the whorl. The flowers are about 0.5 inches (11 mm) across and consist of five to nine petals that form a star-like shape.Trientalis borealis Northern Starflower Retrieved 3 November 2017.

The suture is closely appressed with a cord-like edge behind the strongly constricted, arcuately striated anal fasciole. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about seven) flattish, close-set cords. In some specimens these alternate in size, in others they are nearly equal. On the body whorl there are about 25, some irregularly larger than the others, and a few smaller threads on the siphonal canal .

C. ramosus has a large, solid, very rugged and heavy shell, of up to 330 mm in length. It has a relatively globose outline, possessing a short spire, a slightly inflated body whorl, and a moderately long siphonal canal. One of its most striking ornamentations are the conspicuous, leaf-like, recurved hollow digitations. It also presents three spinose axial varices per whorl, with two elongated nodes between them.

On the body whorl they change their character, becoming mere striations, and more numerous than in the fasciole of the anal sinus. A second slightly gemmed thread appears on the body whorl, and 2 fine spiral lines on the anterior tabulation. On the base of the shell there are 4 strong spirals, and on the siphonal canal about 10 much weaker. The spireis conic, very little higher than the aperture.

The shell contains seven convex whorls. The first three whorls are smooth. The remainder, with exception of the body whorl, are ornamented with about eighteen transverse ridges and two or three rather indistinct spiral grooves, the whole giving a cancellate appearance to the surface. On the body whorl the transverse and spiral sculpture are of about equal prominence, the transverse sculpture being more subdued than on the whorls above it.

The height of the very slender shell varies between 5.5 mm to 9.0 mm The protoconch consists of 1.25 whorl, and the teleoconch of ca. 10 very flat whorls. The protoconchis smooth, the teleoconch apparently smooth and glossy but with tiny punctures visible only under very high magnification, densely set in spiral bands. The aperture is piriform, channelled at the insertion of outer lip on the previous whorl.

The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 16) strongly protractive short ribs starting at the shoulder, which they slightly nodulate, and reaching to the suture, but obsolete on the body whorl and not reaching much beyond the periphery The outer lip is thin and sharp. The inner lip is erased. The columella is short and obliquely attenuated in front. The siphonal canal is short, distinct and slightly recurved.

There are 4.5-6 weakly convex whorls with weak suture. The last whorl width is 1.5 x or less of the preceding whorl which is well rounded at lower side. The umbilicus is not very wide, 1/8-1/7 of diameter. Genitalia: internal ornamentation of proximal penis consisting of more than seven longitudinal pleats, sometimes straight and distinct, sometimes wavy, slender and connected by lateral projections giving a reticulate appearance.

If the perianth is differentiated, the outer whorl of sepals forms the calyx, and the inner whorl of petals, the corolla. If the perianth is not differentiated into sepals and petals, they are collectively known as tepals. In some flowers, a tube or cup-like hypanthium (floral tube) is formed above or around the ovary and bears the sepals, petals, and stamens. There may also be a nectary producing nectar.

The suture is distinct but not channelled. The whorls are not turreted. The apex is rather obtuse. The protoconch is minute, whitish, smooth and consists of 1½ whorl .

The large body whorl is oval and not rostrate. The aperture is wide. The outer lip is thin and arcuate, moderately sinuous below. Sowerby III, G. B. (1896).

The rather solid shell is in form and general appearance like Bela. The spire is generally rather short. The body whorl is swollen. The whorls are often shouldered.

The oblique interstices are smooth. The body whorl is subcostate. The base of the shell is transversely striated. The white aperture is ovate, becoming blunt at the top.

The subangular body whorl is depressed above. The base of the shell is convex, with about 8 concentric lirae. Tnere is no umbilical perforation. The aperture is rhomboidal.

The shell shows many opisthocline ribs. The body whorl is at the top slightly concave, but otherwise slightly convex. The columella is delicately contorted. The aperture is elongated.

Pleuroceras has a planulate shell with a quadrate whorl section, bearing strong radial ribs ending in ventro-lateral tubercles. The venter is tabulate with a strong serrated keel.

The body whorl is biangular. The base of the shell is rather flattened. The suture is slightly impressed. The oblique aperture is subquadrangular, iridescent and slightly lirate within.

Vertigo pygmaea, common name the "crested vertigo", is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The body whorl is large and rounded. The umbilical region is white. The interior is greenish black, showing the external white markings. The thin, horny operculum is multispiral.

The body whorl is tricarinate, beneath white and rounded. The wide umbilicus is perspective and crenate within. The aperture is perfectly circular, pearly inside. The peristome is continuous.

KOVÁCS, Z. (2014). Toarcian Dactylioceratidae (Ammonitina) from the Gerecse Mts (Hungary). Hantkeniana, 9, 45-77. It differs from Peronoceras by not having compressed whorl section and regular fibulation.

Vertigo bollesiana, common name the delicate vertigo snail, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

Vertigo gouldii, common name the variable vertigo, is a species of minute air- breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

They are very coarsely costate and also roughly lirate. The lirae are white, the interstices fulvous. The body whorl is attenuated at the base. The aperture is narrow.

Vertigo milium, common name the blade vertigo, is a species of minute air- breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The apex is blackish-purple. The whorls are slightly angled, a little rounded, and longitudinally striate. They are sculptured with fine spiral cords. The body whorl is subangular.

The spire is sculptured with transverse impressed lines. The body whorl is angulated. The base of the shell is a little convex. The subquadrate aperture is white inside.

The suture is subcanaliculate. The body whorl is obtusely bi-angular at the periphery. The base of the shell is somewhat convex. The aperture is rounded and oblique.

The spire is conic. The 6 to 7 whorls are convex. The apex is usually eroded and orange-colored. The body whorl is flattened around the superior portion.

The lip is buff. The interior is ochraceous brown. The protoconch consists of two small helicoid whorls. Sculpture:—The first whorl is keeled, and develops small radial ribs.

The periphery of the body whorl is well rounded. The base of the shell is short and strongly umbilicated. The aperture is oval;. The posterior angle is obtuse.

The very slender shell attains a height between 5.2 mm and 6.6 mm. The protoconch contains 1.5 whorl and the teleoconch ca. 7.5 whorls. The protoconch is smooth.

The body whorl becomes disjointed. The large aperture is round and cancellated with the lips. The cancelli are transversely striated. The outer margin of the periphery is crenate.

It is scalar, carinated, with spiral threads, thin, white. The axial sculpture on the shell is scored with coarse irregular sinuous lines of growth ; but there is no trace of any other longitudinal markings. The spiral sculpture shows above the middle of each whorl is a strong carination only slightly projecting, but marked by the angulation of the whorl and by the prominence of the thread on its crest. On the body whorl there is a tendency to a second carination, which runs into the aperture just below the junction of the outer lip, and is thus concealed on all the earlier whorls (it is evident that this inferior angulation is a feature which varies much in different individuals).

The whorls of the teleoconch are keeled, the keel running in the 2 uppermost whorls a trifle above the linear suture, in the following whorls it is coalescing with the suture. On the body whorl it has the appearance of a blunt, rounded rib, with a slight groove above it. The upper whorls are nearlystraight, the last 2 ones slightly convex, the body whorl rapidly contracted below the keel. The sculpture consists of numerous raised spiral striae, rather fine in upper part of whorls, very fine on a narrow zone just above the keel, coarser on the keel, much coarser on the basal part of body whorl and on the siphonal canal, which is long and slender.

The outer lip is thin, simple, corrugated by the spirals, convex in profile, with a shallow, round sinus near the suture. The inner lip has a glaze, thicker on the columella, which is straight and forms a round, open angle with the slightly concave base of the whorl. There are four spirals in the first whorl, five in the second, and seventeen in the body whorl, becoming crowded towards the aperture, about one-third the width of the concave interspaces, which are well roughened (and the spirals slightly so) by crowded fine distinct oblique axial lirae. The spirals are opaque white in colour, and are faintly articulated with tiny brown suhdistant spots ; the labrum is brownstained outside.

On the body whorl there are about ten strong primaries in all, partly on the back of the siphonal canal, about five intercalaries on the body of the whorl, and on all the unoccupied area very fine numerous granulous or frosty spiral threads. On the fasciole there are no other spirals. The transverse sculpture consists of fine sharp incremental lines, which produce the shagreening of the tertiary spirals ; and of numerous elevated rounded threads, which reticulate the stronger spirals, induce little nodes at the intersections, and extend from the front margin of the fasciole forward over the whole whorl, disappearing only on the back of the siphonal canal. The interstices are deep, and nearly square.

These are separated by interspaces of about the same width, in the middle of which there is a much smaller, thin revolving cingulus, alternating pretty regularly with the larger ones around the periphery. On the anterior part of the body-whorl, and sometimes at the periphery, there are two or three small revolving cinguli in some of the interspaces. On the penultimate whorl there are usually five to seven of the primary cinguli, and on the body whorl and siphon there are about eighteen to twenty. The whole surface is also covered, in perfect specimens, with fine, slightly elevated, wavy lines of growth, which are most conspicuous on the intervals between the ribs.

The shell has moreover strong, riblike growth-striae, making the interstices of the ribs somewhat granular. The red- brown colour appears in the interstices of the nodules of subsutural rib, and between the ribs in the excavation, forming on the lower part of the body whorl, 2 more or less distinct bands, one at the periphery, the other at the base of the body whorl. The base of the siphonal canal is of the same colour, which in some instances occupies nearly the whorl between two ribs. The aperture is oval, with a broad, rather shallow anus at the suture and a very shallow one near the limit of the siphonal canal.

Enoploceras is like Anoploceras in that both have a broad subquadrate, wider than high, whorl section but differs in that Anoploceras has conspicuous ribs while Enoploceras has primarily nodes.

In people with straight, coarse hair the scalp will show in the center of the whorl because the light penetrates to the scalp. Both men and women have cowlicks.

Ornament weakens in the adult and the last whorl may be smooth. The suture is with numerous adventitious and autxiliary elements, with saddles and lobes that are much frilled.

The periphery of the body whorl is well rounded. The base of the shell is slightly prolonged, and well rounded. The aperture is ovate. The posterior angle is acute.

The suture is moderately deep. The body whorl has an inverted cone shape. The dorsum is not prominently humped and lacks a definite varix. The anal sinus is wide.

The remainder are longitudinally many-ribbed., These ribs are stout, angled, and echinate, crossed by many faint revolving lines. The body whorl is ten-ribbed. The aperture is oblong.

Gastrocopta sp. from the Viernheim borehole is an undescribed species of a very small fossil land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The 11–15 mm. shell is globular with a depressed, low, conical spire. The whorls are convex, with quite deep sutures. The last whorl is angled on the periphery.

It is finely spirally striated throughout, the upper whorls being longitudinally plicated. The body whorl is lightly inflated. The aperture is oblong. The outer lip is arcuate and acute.

Gastrocopta contracta, common name the bottleneck snaggletooth, is a species of very small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The suture is rather deep. The body whorl descends obliquely near the lip. It is somewhat flattened beneath near the center. The aperture is obliquely subcircular and iridescent within.

Vertigo ventricosa, common name the five-tooth vertigo, is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The body whorl is obtusely angular. The base of the shell is concentrically grooved. The umbilical region is impressed and bounded by a rufous callus. The aperture is subquadrate.

The body whorl shows an impressed revolving line above and four raised revolving lines inferiorly. The upper sinus of the outer lip is deep and rounded, the lower obsolete.

The spire is elevated, sometimes scalariform. The apex acute. The upper whorls are slightly convex. The body whorl is convex, depressed below the suture and, rounded at the periphery.

Also, Aglaodorum has a longer peduncle and produces only one whorl of flowers instead of many as in Aglaonema.Bown, Demi (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. .

The spire is conoid. The apex is generally eroded and orange-colored. The 6 whorls are convex. The body whorl is somewhat flattened or subconcave around the upper part.

The body whorl is angulate at the periphery, somewhat convex beneath. The aperture is subrhomboidal and smooth within. The columella is straightened in the middle. The umbilicus is narrow.

The planulate whorls with packed lirae, that are crenulate and transverse. The sutures are obliquely striate. The body whorl is subangulate. The base of the shell is slightly convex.

Cylindrovertilla kingi, common name King's amber pupasnail, is a species of minute, air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The body whorl measures 2/5 of the total length. The sutures are impressed. The whorls contain 10-12 axial, hardly oblique ribs. They are narrow, prominent and compressed.

The posterior part is smooth, concave, with a slight ridge at the suture. The aperture is oval. The siphonal canal produced. The body whorl is longer than the spire.

The sutures are well impressed. The periphery of the body whorl is well rounded. The base of the shell is moderately long, and well rounded. The aperture is suboval.

The sutures are clearly defined but not channeled. The periphery and the base of the body whorl are well rounded. The aperture is oval. The posterior angle is obtuse.

The last whorl descends somewhat, giving the shell a slightly distorted appearance. It is girded with about twelve transverse costae, a few at the base being smaller than five principal ones around the middle. The aperture is bluish within, faintly stained with olive-brown near the margins. The peristome widely and deeply sinuated on the outer lip in the concavity of the whorl, arcuate and prominent in the middle, then shallowly sinuated again.

The length of the shell varies between 8 mm and 13 mm, its diameter 5 mm. (Original description) The small, white shell contains about five whorls, the protoconch decorticated. The whorls show a subangular shoulder in front of the anal fasciole. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 20) low, threadlike ribs extending from the shoulder to the succeeding suture, but more or less obsolete on the body whorl.

Longitudinals—there are on the body whorl 16 narrow, raised, dextrally convex, and rather oblique ribs; originating at the angle of the whorls, where they are a little tubercled and swollen. They are parted by furrows of about the same breadth as themselves. They die out across the base, and do not appear on the aperture. There are about 13 ribs on the penultimate whorl, and they diminish rapidly up the spire.

The spiral sculpture consists of well-developed cords, which are about half as wide as the spaces that separate them. Of these cords, 4 occur between the sutures on the first whorl, 5 upon the second, 6 upon the third and 7 upon the penultimate whorl. The base of the shell is marked by about 15 spiral cords, which equal those on the spire in strength and spacing. The aperture is moderately large.

These appear just below the sutural smooth band (sixteen on the body whorl), cross the whorls of the spire with a slight angulation above the middle of those whorls, but on the body whorl disappear at about the periphery . Tolerably evident lines of growth appear here and there, crossing the spiral sculpture. The spire is less than one third of the shell. The aperture measures a little less than half the length of the shell.

In crossing the ribs, they produce still 2 fainter tubercles on the lirae of penultimate whorl. Numerous ones on the body whorl, but not on the siphonal canal, where the ribs disappear. Moreover the shell is crossed by very fine growth-striae, more conspicuous in excavation and fine spiral striae, of which about 2 in excavation. The aperture is oval, angular above, ending in a short, wide siphonala canal below, slightly directed to the left.

The suture is distinct, not appressed. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl four) stronger threads the posterior forming the shoulder, and between them in the wider interspaces much finer intercalary threads. On the base of the shell the minor threads become close-set and coarser. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl fourteen or more) low threadlike ribs extending to the siphonal canal and shortly sigmoid behind the shoulder.

The length of the shell attains 6.2 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm. (Original description) The small, fusiform, short, stout shell is whitish, with three obscure pale brownish spiral bands on the body whorl. The protoconch is minute, translucent, and contains about one whorl with somewhat over four subsequent whorls in the teleoconch The suture is appressed and obscure. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous very fine equal close-set threads over the whole surface.

The length of the shell attains 9 mm, its diameter 3.5 mm. The solid, acuminate, ovate shell contains 8 whorls. The general aspect of the surface of this shell is granulous, but on closer examination the upper third part of each whorl is found to exhibit only the longitudinal ribs, which are suddenly directed obliquely to the left. The white band occupies about half the whorl, and includes the four upper series of granules.

The length of the acuminate pyramidal shell varies between 7 mm and 12 mm. The shell consists of 7½ whorls of which 1½ in the protoconch. Each of the longitudinal ribs may be said to be composed of four transverse nodules, and those on the body whorl are bifurcate from the middle downwards. The lirae on the body whorl below the four principal ones are only slightly interrupted in the interstices between the ribs.

The length of the shell attains 14 mm. (Original description) The white, conical, ribbed shell has a high, subscalar, small-pointed apex, a short tumid body whorl, a rounded contracted base, and a small aperture. The longitudinal sculpture consists on the body whorl of 14 ridge-shaped, round- topped, curved, oblique ribs. They are not strong and originate in small rounded beads at an angulation below the sinus-area, and die out on the base.

These increase in number and diminish in distinctness, till on the body whorl they are very numerous, crowded, and insignificant. This arises from intermediate riblets, which are almost invisible on the earlier whorls, reaching on the body whorl a prominence equal to that of the others. These are best seen in the sinus-area. Behind the lip is a strong and broad varix, scored with the riblets, and bevelled off to a thin prominent edge.

The shell contains 9-10 whorls in all, of regular, but rather rapid increase. They are at first rather broad, but the penultimate is high and the body whorl rather long and narrow. They rise in steps one above another, being a little flattened above, are well rounded, and have a slight contraction into the lower suture. The body whorl is produced into a very lop-sided, long, and somewhat oblique and obliquely truncated snout.

The subsequent whorls show a broad, concave upper part and a much narrower lower part. The sculpture consists of 2 conspicuous spirals, just below the suture, less distinctly developed on the body whorl, 5 much fainter ones in the excavation. This latter is bordered by a rather strong keel, which makes the whorls angular. Moreover there is a second keel at some distance, with 2 faint intermediate ones on the penultimate whorl.

The sculpture is harsher on the earlier whorls. The radials are narrow, almost lamellate, ending abruptly at the shoulder and gradually on the base, slightly oblique, fourteen widely spaced on the body whorl and on the penultimate sixteen. These are crossed by spiral threads of smaller gauge, forming long narrow meshes, amounting to sixteen on the body whorl and to six on the penultimate. The fasciole is flat, only incised by crescentic growth lines.

The sinus falls at the summit where the whorls are somewhat contracted. The surface of the whorls of the teleoconch are marked with strong, rounded, protracted axial ribs, which begin practically anterior to the sinus and extend strongly to the periphery. They are scarcely defined anterior to this on the body whorl. Of these ribs 10 occur upon the first to fourth, 12 upon the fifth to seventh, and 14 upon the penultimate whorl.

A part of the first turn of the protoconch whorl is lost. The remaining protoconch turn appears to be smooth. The early postnuclear whorls are marked by protractively slanting, axial ribs, of which 9 occur upon the first three whorls and 10 upon the fourth. On the first three whorls these axial ribs are quite regular, being strongest on the middle of the whorl and tapering toward the summit and the periphery.

The petal- like tepals are pale to bright yellow, oblong, and long. Male flowers occur in dense clusters, with 9-12 stamens surrounded by two whorls of tepals. Female flowers are less conspicuous, with fewer flowers per cluster and a single pistil surrounded by two whorls of tepals; the outer whorl is petal-like and the inner whorl is reduced to nectar-producing scales. Flowers remain open for about 1 week making thickets conspicuous.

The length of the shell attains 12 mm, its diameter 4 mm. (Original description) The small, narrow shell has a fusiform shape and is of rude sculpture. It is dusky-brown with a rufous tinge over the body whorl and orifice. The shell contains 7-8 whorls (the nepionic being imperfect in the specimens seen), the remainder longitudinally furnished with obtusely-rounded, strong, and frequent ribs, say about fourteen on the body whorl.

The anal fasciole is narrow, nearly smooth except for lines of growth, bordered in front by an inconspicuous angular shoulder. From this shoulder extend (on the body whorl about eighteen) feeble, narrow, subequal, protractive, axial riblets, with subequal interspaces, crossed by fine, close-set spiral threads. The ribs extend to the suture, or on the body whorl to the base, and the threads cover the whole surface. The anal sulcus is shallow.

The shell contains 4 whorls, of which two constitute the protoconch, the last descending, and in slight contact with its predecessor. The protoconch is smooth, helicoid, and sharply defined. The sculpture of the shell shows in the body whorl twenty-four, in the penultimate whorl nineteen, elevated curled and forwardly-directed lamellae, whose broad summits nearly equal their interstices. The lamellae are smooth and glossy, but the interstices are distantly spirally striated.

They are rather high between the sutures, shouldered at the summit, flattened, suddenly contracted below the periphery. The summits of succeeding whorls fall considerably anterior to the periphery, which appears decidedly angular. The whorls are marked by strong axial ribs which extend undiminished over the angular periphery and the base of the body whorl to the umbilical region. Sixteen of these ribs occur upon the second, twenty-two upon the fourth and the penultimate whorl.

On the body whorl are fourteen, on the penultimate whorl eighteen. Both ribs and interspaces are crossed by sharp, minute, close, waved, spiral grooves. The flat-topped interspaces of these grooves, four times their width, are again cross-cut by close minute furrows into oblong beads. The aperture is narrow, three-fifths of the shell's length, fortified without by a broad but low incurving varix, which rises above the suture, enclosing a shallow sinus.

The sand collar egg mass of Euspira catena The rounded shell is thin and polished and brownish-yellow, with a row of reddish markings just below the suture of the last whorl. It can grow to about and has a short spire and seven rounded whorls separated with distinct sutures. The lowest whorl occupies about 90% of the volume. It has a large umbilicus and the operculum is ear-shaped and spirally wound.

The spire is high and slightly scalar. The apex is very small, flatly rounded, the embryonic 1½ whorl very slightly projecting. The seven whorls increase gradually. They are well rounded, the last slightly angulated below, and on the base flattened, but rather less so towards the aperture, where there is a slight contraction and downward turning of the whole whorl, without, however, any descending of the lip at its junction with the body.

The base of the body whorl is marked by eight additional cords, which equal those between the sutures in strength and have about the same spacing. The spaces between these spiral cords are about as wide as the cords. In addition to the spiral cords, the whorls are marked by slender axial ribs, which are slightly protractive. Of these ribs, 12 occur upon the first, 16 upon the second and 28 upon the last whorl.

Sculpture :—On the penultimate whorl are five larger and five smaller spirals. On the body whorl are twenty-five spirals, of which seven are on the snout, besides uncounted threads, one in each of the broader furrows. Numerous close-set radial threads lattice the spaces between the main spirals, but do not cross them. Three spirals run along the fasciole, the outer rows of radial bars there contained are set in chevron.

In biology, a whorl is a cluster of cells or tissue that surrounds another and wraps around another in an expanding circular pattern. Whorls occur at the ends of different structures or in the middle of structures. Structures of some organs are often described as whorls and used in the aid of identification. The Hassall's corpuscle, formed from type VI epithelial reticular cells in the thymus, is an example of a whorl-shaped structure.

There is a moderately elevated round thread in front of the suture and more or less undulated by the ends of the ribs behind it. On the siphonal fasciole there are a few fine threads. The transverse sculpture of (on the body whorl fifteen) moderately elevated ribs, beginning and strongest on the shoulder of the whorl and fading away anteriorly near the siphonal canal. On the base they are slightly nodulous between the spiral grooves.

The narrow umbilicus is profound. The slightly elevated, rather narrow, transverse striae are crowded, blunt, and very unequal above, on the base rather regular and elevated. The striae number 4 on the penultimate whorl, about 6 above the periphery of the body whorl, with here and there an intermediate smaller one, and upon the base 10 less elevated ones. The interstices look pitted on account of the elevated incremental striae that cross them.

The size of the shell varies between 6 mm and 10 mm. The shell has a depressed globoso-conocal shape. It is light brown, with three large white spots between the suture and the periphery of each whorl, dividing the whorl into equal areas. There are also small spots darker than the general coloration which are especially apparent on the strong spiral cords which they divide into equal alternating light and dark areas.

The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 50 mm. The grayish white shell is elongated, turreted, brilliant and pointed at its summit. It is slightly widened at its base nebulously longitudinally strigate with pale orange-chestnut, frequently breaking up into revolving series of dots. Its color is sometimes inclining to red, spotted with numerous brown spots arranged in transverse series, three in number upon each whorl, and five upon the body whorl.

The sutures are deeply impressed. The surface of whorls are encircled by narrow spiral lirae, separated by spaces about 1 mm wide (in a specimen of 15 mm diam.). These interstices are closely latticed by oblique raised striae, and bear on the last part of the whorl from one to three minute spiral interstitial threads. There are about 16 principal threads on the body whorl of the largest specimen, but this character is extremely variable.

The blunt nucleus is rather smooth, followed by a whorl which is simply costate. The other whorls have 3 spiral lirae, crossed by ribs, which form blunt spines on the upper spiral, round beads on the median one and compressed, spinelike squamae (decumbent scales) on the third spiral or peripheral keel. On the body whorl these ribs become lamellose and double, each rib consisting of about 2 lamellae. The sutures are deeply channelled.

The shell is reticulate (quite tight in the upper whorls, more expanded at the body whorl) with a granular, high mesh network produced by the intercrossing of vertical rounded, rather strong ribs and 3 strong decurrent cords. The body whorl is convex, slightly depressed toward the base, below the 5th and 6th ribs, which are stronger than the others. The aperture is elongated, narrow, with the same color as the shell. The columella is purplish.

The length of the shell attains 9 mm, its diameter 4.2 mm. (Original description) The small, white shell shows a thin grayish periostracum. It contains about five similarly sculptured whorls exclusive of the (lost) protoconch;. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl thirteen) sharp, narrow, vertical ribs, feeble and concavely excavated between the suture and the keeled shoulder of the whorl, there prominently angular beyond the shoulder vertical, becoming obsolete on the base.

The first is close to the suture and is exquisitely beaded from the middle of the second whorl. The beads are about 35 on the last and 22 on the penultimate whorl. The second ridge is remote from the first, and forms a shoulder to the whorls. The third, fourth and fifth occupy the periphery, which is carinated by the fourth till close up to the aperture, when the fifth forms the carina.

With Riegelhuth and Ansel Adams, he made the first ascent of Blacksmith Peak, and then led a traverse from South Whorl to Whorl Peak. Heading north with Tony Charlton of the New Zealand Alpine Club, they climbed Mount Shasta, and in Oregon, Mount Thielsen, Three-Fingered Jack and Mount Washington. Continuing to Washington, they climbed Mount Rainier. They proceeded to the Canadian Rockies, where they climbed Mount Hungabee and Mount Temple in Banff National Park.

The five post-nuclear whorls are slightly rounded, somewhat constricted at the summit. They are marked by almost vertical lines of growth and very regular, closely spaced, wavy, spiral striations; of the latter about 25 occur between the sutures and the third whorl. The periphery of the body whorl is decidedly inflated and strongly rounded. The base of the shell is moderately long, well rounded, with a narrow umbilicus, marked like the spire.

The periphery of the shell forms a twisted ridge at the outer edge of each whorl. Each whorl also has regular, coarsely sculpted rows of fine knobs and folds. The base is marked with several spiral cords concentric to the arcuated columella which has a pearly groove. The unusual operculum has four strong ridges on its outer side decorated with hard shelly bristles that radiate in a curvilinear fashion from its pointed edge.

The white flowers are about across. The flower has five tepals arranged in a single whorl. Characteristic of the genus Kewa, the outer two appear to be sepals, being green; one appears to be half sepal and half petal; and the inner two appear to be petals, being white with a green stripe on the back. The stamens are arranged in two whorls: ten paired in one whorl alternating with five single in the other.

The nucleus is rather smooth. It is followed by a whorl, with regular, distinct ribs, slightly angular at some distance from the suture. From there towards the aperture the suture is excavated and the shell bears strong ribs, becoming more distant as they approach the aperture, and become obsolete on the last half whorl. These ribs have blunt spines, bordering the margin of the subsutural excavation, and sharper ones at the periphery.

Sculpture: The protoconch consists of 2½ whorls and is microscopically obliquely reticulated. The body whorl has about forty spiral threads, the penultimate twelve, and so on till the topmost with three is reached. Between the larger threads smaller ones are intercalated, and gradually enlarge till of equal size. The small sharp radials, close set at the rate of about eighty to a whorl, override the spirals and produce beads at the points of intersection.

The outer lip is thin, produced and probably thickened in the perfectly mature adult. The columella and body whorl show no callus. The columella is straight. The suture is appressed.

The apex is usually eroded. When perfect it is acute. The protoconch has a very small and slightly prominent smooth apex. Its first whorl is marked with fine spiral lines.

The body chamber bulges slightly. The aperture in mature specimens is somewhat contracted. Sutures form slight lateral lobes, dorsal lobes, and broad ventral and umbilical saddles. Whorl section is symmetric.

Normal length is between 15 and 40 mm. The body whorl is narrowly elongated conical in shape. The spire is elevated and scalariform, conical in profile. The protoconch is multispiral.

The coloration is the same as in Clanculus clanguloides. (described as Trochus robertsi) On old specimens, the compression and deflection of the body whorl gives the shell a bullet shape.

They are elegantly ribbed lengthwise (12–14 in body whorl), transversely regularly lirate. The ribs are angular, smooth, shining. The lirae are broad and flattened. The aperture is narrowly ovate.

The other whorls show pronounced noduled ribs (11 on the body whorl). The many spiral lirae form nodules when crossing the ribs. The aperture is narrow. The sinus is wide.

The shell of Ancillista ngampitchae sp. nov. is 2 ovate and bulbous and the last whorl is prominent. The aperture is also ovate and very wide with a thin lip.

The body whorl increases rapidly in size and is rotund at the periphery. The umbilicus goes deep. The aperture is rotund and has a fine lip. The columella is simple.

The size of the shell varies between 7 mm and 35 mm. The lengthened, solid shell is ear-shaped. It has a scalar spire. The body whorl descends very deeply.

The seven whorls are plane, and transversely deeply lirate. The lirae are unequal. The whorls are subdistant, and angulate at the sutures. The body whorl is granulose around the umbilicus.

The imperforate shell is ear-shaped and orbicularly depressed. The shell contains 3 bicarinate whorls. The roughened body whorl is transversely lirate with unequal line. The interstices are longitudinally striated.

Ammonites belonging to this genus have small, evolute and compressed shells with suboval to subquadrate whorl section. Primary ribs are strong, simple and bifurcating. Secondary ribs are projected.Kovács, Z. (2014).

The apex is dark red. The six whorls are nearly flat. They are encircled by numerous narrow finely beaded lirae. The interstices on the lower whorl show minute beaded threads.

The sutures are linear. The 10 whorls are nearly planulate. The apex is acute. The sculpture of the spire consists of spiral prominently beaded lirae, about eight on each whorl.

They become obsolete toward the periphery like the ribs. The sutures are well marked. The smooth base of the body whorl is rather prolonged. The suboval aperture is moderately large.

The spire is conic and eroded. The sutures are linear and impressed. The five whorls are convex and spirally grooved. These grooves are shallow, about 5 on the penultimate whorl.

The body whorl is rounded at the periphery. The ovate aperture slightly exceeds one-third the total length. It is brilliantly iridescent within, and sulcate. The greenish peristome is thickened.

Dipoloceras is similar to but distinct from Oxytropidoceras in that Oxytropidoceras has a compressed whorl section, high standing keel and lower ribs. Both have more or less typical ammonitic sutures.

The suture is opaque. The sculpture is much plainer on the body whorl. The inner lip shows a thin deposit of callus. The outer lip is thin, edged with black.

The periphery and the base of the body whorl are well rounded, and smooth without sculpture. The aperture is rhomboidal. The posterior angle is obtuse. The outer lip is thin.

Gastrocopta boninensis is a species of very small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails. This species is endemic to Japan.

Nesopupa quadrasi is a species of very small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails. This species is endemic to Guam.

Nesopupa rodriguezensis is a species of very small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails. This species is endemic to Mauritius.

Species in this family have thick-shelled, fusiform shells with conical-shaped whorls. The large body whorl ends in a long siphonal canal. The columella contains three to four plaits.

The base is white, with a pink central area. The 5½ whorls are convex. The body whorl is wide and narrowly rounded at the periphery. The ovate aperture is oblique.

The apical whorl is vitreous. The others are smooth and have gradual spiral ascent. Three upper whorls (especially the penultimate) show radially sculptured sutures. The two keels are margined accordingly.

The shell is subdiscoidal with a broad umbilicus. The last whorl is separate from the rest of the shell and features a tube-like snorkel structure. The operculum is multispiral.

The body whorl is bicarinate. The base of the shell is concentrically sulcate. The aperture is subrhomboid, with its upper part smooth. The columella is arcuate; terminating in two teeth.

The body whorl is carinated with plicate-nodose carina. The base of the shell is convex, squamosely concentrically lirate. The white columella is arcuate, not dentate. The aperture is oblique.

The siphonal canal is very short. The body whorl is as long as the spire. The color of the shell is ochraceous white. The apex and the columella are white.

The width of the aperture is 3.2 mm. The height of the aperture is 5.2 mm. The height of the last whorl is 8.39 mm. The shell has 6.5 whorls.

The height of the small, milky-white shell attains 6 mm, its width 2.25 mm. It has an ovate-fusiform shape. It contains 8 whorls. The body whorl is bicarinate.

Vertigo modesta, common name the cross vertigo, is a species of minute air- breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

The shoulder angle is somewhat coronate. The surface of the shell is finely spirally striate. The anal sinus is broad and deep. The body whorl constitutes about half the total length.

The body whorl occupies about three-fifths of the shell. The suture is deep. The aperture is oval and rather wide. Its length rather exceeds one half that of the shell.

The shoulder is indistinct. The body whorl has a narrow conoid-cylindrical shape. The white aperture is narrow, widening anteriorly. The thick outer lip is straight, sloping somewhat below the shoulder.

Keyserlingitinae is a subfamily of the Sibiritidae, Early Triassic Ammonoidea. Shells tend to have subquadrate whorl sections as in Durgaites and Kyserlingites and to be strongly ribbed or nodose or both.

The color is olivaceous ochre. The spire is low. The suture is shallow. The shell has 5 whorls with sides convex above, rather flattened on the periphery of the last whorl.

The minute shell has a blunt protoconch. The second whorl shows a peripheral keel. The seven subsequent whorls are moderately rounded, axially and spirally sculptured. The siphonal canal is almost obsolete.

The spire of the shell is elevated. The body whorl is truncated. The siphonal canal is scarcely indicated at the broad base of the aperture. The anal sinus is very shallow.

The body whorl is tumid and contracted at the base. The aperture is slightly longer than the spire. The columella stands almost straight. The siphonal canal is short and slightly recurved.

The numerous, sharp plicae on these whorls have an irregular pattern. These become obsolete beyond the periphery on the body whorl. The deep suture is not channeled. The aperture is subovate.

Ammonites of this genus had serpenticone planulate shells with mostly single ribs and no tubercules. Whorl section was round. Only difference between Prodactylioceras and Bettoniceras is that latter is missing tubercules.

The short spire is conoid. The suture is impressed. The 5 to 6 whorls are slightly convex and spirally finely grooved. The body whorl is somewhat flattened around the upper part.

The periphery of the body whorl is rounded. The base of the shell is convex, with an impressed umbilical area. The suture is not much impressed. The circular aperture is oblique.

Above and below the suture they are flat. The base of the last whorl forms an angle. The aperture is irregularly subquadrate and sulcate within. The columella has a prominent callus.

They are crossed by spiral cords that do not protrude much. The body whorl measures ⅔ of the total length of the shell. The siphonal canal is short. The aperture is oval.

Its top is attached to the penultimate whorl. it covers mostly the umbilicus. The brownish operculum is rather thick and consists of polygyrous spirals.J. Thiele, Die antarktischen Schnecken und Muscheln pp.

The 5½ whorls are convex and tubular. The body whorl is slightly convex beneath and carinated around the umbilicus. The aperture is oblique, and circular. Its margins are thin and arcuate.

The whorl is somewhat constricted in front of it. The sculpture consists only of faint incremental lines. The base of the shell is rounded. The aperture is rounded ovate, slightly oblique.

The edge of the shell is acute. The body whorl is somewhat inflated at the upper portion. The columella bears three ascending plates.JH Gatliff, Description of Voluta (Amoria) spenceriana sp. n.

Vertigo occulta is a species of minute land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails. This species is endemic to the United States.

They contain a few axial ribs, crossed spirally by angulate lirae (eight lirae in the body whorl). The narrow aperture is oblong. The outer lip is incrassate. The columella is simple.

The body whorl measures about 3/5 of the total length. The rather narrow aperture is elongate. The outer lip is flexuously arcuate and incrassate on the outside and the inside.

The height of the last whorl is 3.0 mm. The maximum recorded shell length is 3.8 mm.Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence".

The five whorls are convex, slightly excavated at the sutures. They are nearly smooth and obsoletely spirally lirate. The large body whorl is convex below. The ovate aperture is silvery within.

Vertigo hebardi is a species of minute land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails. This species is endemic to the United States.

The interstices are smooth. The body whorl is carinated, the carina bearing about eight nodules. The flat base of the shell is smooth, with fine oblique incremental striae. The aperture angulated.

The periphery of the body whorl is obtusely angulated. The base of the shell is moderately long, and well rounded. it is marked like the spire. The aperture is broadly oval.

The subsutural region is not contrastingly dark. The base of the body whorl is without a row of pustules. The aperture is oblong-ovate. The thin outer lip is slightly curved.

The same with the spiral lirae. On the body whorl these lirae are of varying thickness, the interstices are alveate. The whitish aperture is oblong. The outer lip is slightly incrassate.

As the shell grows the anterior beaded cordon becomes situated more near the centre of the exposed whorl and (on the fourth whorl about twenty) the nodulations represent the posterior terminations of narrow very protractive axial riblets, which on the fifth whorl fade out on the base. The anal fasciole is conspicuously marked with arcuate, close, fine ripples. In front of the shoulder in the young the whole base of the shell and siphonal canal are covered with close, fine, spiral threads, which as the shell grows older appear also on the anal fasciole. On the other hand in the older shells the nodular band next the suture and that at the periphery become less prominently sculptured and the ribs almost obsolete.

The protoconch and subsequent whorls are eroded, remaining 4 whorls convex, angular, separated by a deep suture. The sculpture consists of axial ribs, rather remote on the upper whorls, 19 in number on penultimate whorl, nearly disappearing on the body whorl and numerous, raised striae or growth lines. These are crossed by spirals, of which a subsutural one is beaded, as well as those on the angle of keel ; above this latter are a few faint spirals and more numerous ones on lower part of whorls, 4 on penultimate, about 20 on the body whorl and siphonal canal, faintly beaded or crenuliferous at the points of intercrossing. The aperture is elongately oval, with a rather blunt angle above, ending below in a rather narrow siphonal canal.

In front of the first band is a depression with two or three incised spiral lines, followed by a strong nodulous keel corresponding to the anal fasciole, in front of which again are (on the spire one, on the last whorl four) strong, simple, distant, spiral threads, of which the second is strongest and followed by the widest interval. The series is preceded by eight or ten smaller, closer, simple, spiral threads which extend to the end of the siphoanl canal. The axial sculpture consists of incremental lines and on the earlier whorls obscure wrinkles connected with the nodules on the keel, which number on the penultimate whorl about twenty-four and on the body whorl become obsolescent. The aperture is short and lunate.

The shell contains about 8 whorls, of which about two are in the protoconch. These two are large, white, smooth, unsculptured, forming for the shell a rather blunt button-like apex. The succeeding whorls are marked by a transverse sculpture of twelve to (on the body whorl) eighteen narrow, oblique, llexuous ribs, which begin as little sharp nodules at the suture, are evanescent over the notch-band, thence continue to the next suture, or in the body whorl become evanescent at its anterior third. These ribs are crossed by a variable number of rather sharp revolving threads, with wider interspaces, usually three or four in number (on the older whorls) to sixteen (on the body whorl), beginning just in advance of the band.

The 6 remaining whorls are not very convex, but apparently so by a row of coarse, obtuse, rounded beads, near the base of upper whorls and the periphery of the body whorl, where they are 14 in number; a second row of small tubercles, rounded in upper whorls, having the character of oblique folds on lower ones, runs just below the deep suture, on a subsutural rib. The lower on the shell is lirate, 2 faint lirae in the interstices of the peripheral beads, 2 strong ones below the beads of the body whorl and numerous fainter ones on the base and the siphonal canal. The shell is covered with very fine growth lines. The body whorl is strongly attenuated below.

The anal fasciole slopes to a corded shoulder. The spiral sculpture begins by two strong cords, one of which marks the shoulder and to these are added by intercalation until the penultimate whorl has four and the body whorl fourteen, not counting the threads on the siphonal canal. These are reticulated by axial cords of similar size which do not form ribs or nodes though the posterior cord at the shoulder is slightly undulated. The anal sulcus is obscure.

The fasciole in front of it flattish, the anterior margin of the fasciole forming a more or less angular shoulder to the whorl. The axial sculpture consists of very fine incremental lines and at and near the shoulder of feeble fine flexuous wrinkles, stronger on the spire. The spiral sculpture consists of very fine close striae over the whole surface except a few threads on the siphonal canal. The body whorl equals about two- thirds the whole length.

In typical modern flowers, the outer or enclosing whorl of organs forms sepals, specialised for protection of the flower bud as it develops, while the inner whorl forms petals, which attract pollinators. Tepals formed by similar sepals and petals are common in monocotyledons, particularly the "lilioid monocots". In tulips, for example, the first and second whorls both contain structures that look like petals. These are fused at the base to form one large, showy, six-parted structure (the perianth).

The suture is less appressed and undulate. While the ribs are almost obsolete in the fasciolar region, the angulation is nearly at the periphery and the slopes either way from it are nearly equal. The shell is whitish toward the vertex, ashy on the intermediate whorls, and with a tendency to orange or flesh-color for the body whorl. It is never striped or spotted, and the columella is always like the rest of the body whorl.

In all there are seven whorls including the protoconch. The early ones are rounded, and soon take on an angulation just in front of the fasciole. The spiral sculpture consists of three or four fine threads on the fasciole, and three or four stronger threads between the fasciole and the suture in front. On the body whorl there are fifteen or twenty of these between the shoulder of the whorl and the front end of the siphonal canal.

Rarely the posterior thread is more prominent than the others. On the body whorl there are about nine threads, more adjacent as they approach the siphonal canal which has about six more closely set. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 14) low narrow straight ribs extending from the suture to the siphonal canal with slightly narrower interspaces. There is no nodulation at the intersections with the spiral sculpture and the reticulations are squarish and deep.

The length of the shell attains 9.5 mm, its diameter 3.75 mm. (Original description) The thin, white, polished shell has a fusiform shape and contains 8 whorls; The protoconch is smooth. The succeeding whorl or two are scalariform, by reason of sharp scale-like transverse lamellae. The remaining whorls show sharp transverse ridges prominent on the spire and on the posterior half of the body whorl (where there are eighteen of them) and obsolete on the anterior half.

These give the whorl a turreted appearance. The spiral sculpture consists further of a strong simple thread revolving a short distance in front of the suture and forming the posterior margin of the fasciole. There are also a dozen or more similar threads on the body whorl, extending from the periphery, where the interspaces are wide, to the siphonal canal, where they are narrow. On the first three whorls of the spire none of these threads are visible.

The protoconch consists of two smooth, convex whorls. These are followed by slightly convex whorls showing 11-12 longitudinal ribs that continue in the body whorl almost to the base of the shell. The uppermost of the three or four chief spiral lirations is situated a little above the middle of the whorls, and it is at this point that they appear to be slightly angulated. These spiral liration number 16–18 in the body whorl.

The lower whorls are suturally impressed just below the sutures, at the summit of each whorl, once spirally acutely keeled, the remaining portion being rather ventricose, longitudinally obliquely multicostate, crossed by, on the four penultimate whorls, three to five spiral revolving lines, gemmulate at the several points of junction with the ribs. The gemmules are shining, often pale. The body whorl possesses fourteen such lirae, with over twenty closely grained ribs. The aperture is narrow and oblong.

The radial ribs are perpendicular and discontinuous, absent on base and fasciole, set at about fourteen to a whorl, and chiefly discernible as knots on the spirals. On the body whorl the spirals amount to fifteen, on the penultimate to six, and on the antepenultimate to four sharp elevated cords. Aperture :—The varix is moderately prominent, and mounts considerably on the penultimate. The inner edge of the outer lip is beset with ten small crowded denticules.

In the first and second spire-whorls a smaller secondary lira arises above the angle and another below. In the third whorl another tertiary and still smaller lira is intercalated above, and another in each interval below. In the body whorl, below these, arising at the suture is a stout cord forming a second angulation, below which the base is markedly concavely onstricted, and has about ten lirae, diminishing in size anteriorly. The aperture is obliquely oval, narrowed behind.