1000 Sentences With "tsarist" | Random Sentence Generator

That will shift resources without challenging what Aslund calls a "tsarist plutocratic system".

In the early 28503s, the Social-Democrat Workers Party was formed in Tsarist Russia.

A red flag in the exhibit screams "Down with the Tsarist constitution!" in Yiddish.

Lenin liquidated Russia's Tsarist aristocracy, the bourgeoisie and the affluent peasants known as kulaks.

Meanwhile, most of the east belonged to tsarist Russia, where serfdom remained legal until 1861.

The US is turning into Tsarist Russia with its mighty oligarchs and its downtrodden poor.

In place of a restive industrial proletariat, Tsarist Russia had a long tradition of peasant revolt.

The trend was particularly noticeable among Jewish refugees who emigrated to New York, fleeing persecution in Tsarist Russia.

The other segment of Jews, the Ashkenazi, live mostly in Baku and arrived fleeing Tsarist and Bolshevik pogroms.

Russkiy Mir is a modern alternative to the territorial ambitions of the Soviet Union or the Tsarist Empire.

A century ago, the tsarist monarchy was toppled and the Russian Empire replaced with a revolutionary socialist system.

The "Hymn of Free Russia" celebrated the fruits of revolution, rejoicing in the recent fall of the Tsarist dictatorship.

The country that is now Moldova was part of Tsarist Russia during the 19th century and known as Bessarabia.

The country suffered under Soviet, Nazi and again Soviet occupations for 50 years, and before that under tsarist rule.

In the end, the open-air prison of the tsarist autocracy collapsed under the weight of its own contradictions.

There's Dayton, where my great-grandmother Fanny Shane arrived after courageously fleeing the anti-Semitic violence of Tsarist Russia.

Soon afterwards, the Russian Military-Historic Society (RVIO), a Tsarist-era body revived in 2012, announced plans for the monument.

He was first arrested in 1905, shortly after tsarist troops detained Leon Trotsky and other leaders of the Petersburg Soviet.

Since Ottoman and Tsarist times, these two centres of power have often competed for influence over the eastern Christian world.

Tsarist colonization began in Alaska in the 1740s, driven by the trade in sea otter fur, and was often brutal.

Every other nation — even the autocratic Tsarist Russia and the Empire of Brazil — managed to abolish slavery without a war.

Mr. Ratmansky tells the story of a magical rooster in Tsarist Russia with a heavy dose of mime and folk dance.

The twilight of the tsarist era had seen a flowering of creative religious thought in Russia and this movement shifted westwards.

The history of Japanese espionage is filled with derring-do, from sabotage in Tsarist Russia to stealing secrets in Latin America.

He was jailed in Lukyanivska, a tsarist-era prison, where he shared a nine-square-metre cell with three other men.

In fact, the very first person to be tried for terrorism, Vera Zasulich, was a woman and an anarchist in Tsarist Russia.

In Tsarist Russia, church teaching provided moral arguments for the liberation of the serfs, but plenty of serfs toiled on church lands.

After the annexation, among the first assets that the new Russian authorities seized and nationalised were two tsarist-era wineries, Noviy Svet and Massandra.

Written by Irving Berlin, who was born in Tsarist Russia as Israel Beilin, the song has been described as the most successful ever recorded.

He professes strong feelings about Russia's religious heritage; he was once seen to shed tears while visiting a tsarist-era pilgrims' compound in Jerusalem.

Many of the country's modern pathologies can be traced back to this grand tsarist experiment—to its tensions, its traumas and its abject failures.

The blood libel has proved startlingly resilient, recurring across medieval and early modern Europe, and reappearing in tsarist Russia in the early twentieth century.

It was this failure, Ali argues, that turned Lenin toward the European labor movement as a surer path to overthrow of the Tsarist police state.

Born in 1886, he grew up in a Yiddish-speaking family in tsarist Poland; his mother died when he was 11, leaving him introverted and aimless.

But according to some residents of Armyansk, a long way from Crimea's Tsarist-era palaces and its picturesque mountainous sea coast, those problems urgently need addressing.

"Fiddler on the Roof" is an award-winning musical based on the "Tevye" stories by Sholem Aleichem, about a Jewish family facing persecution in Tsarist Russia.

Putin has not made Russia greater or more powerful, but has presided over the diminishing extent of Russian empire, compared to its Tsarist or Soviet past.

Postwar Poland, newly independent after more than a century of tsarist rule, experienced a sudden surge of chauvinist pride and annexed much of Lithuania, including Wilno.

The crowd bristled that people still seemed to associate Ukraine with tsarist pogroms, pointing out that its voters had recently elected a Jewish comedian as president.

In 2004, Vekselberg dropped roughly $100 million buying nine of those intricate fabrications, crafted out of gems and precious metals as royal gifts in Tsarist times.

But some governments do repudiate debt in a symbolic rupture with their predecessors: the young Soviet Union shocked the world when it disavowed Tsarist debt in 1918.

In the 20th century Tsarist and Soviet Russia smashed itself to pieces by competition first with the Germanic bloc in central Europe and then with Anglo-Americans.

To any devout Russian, it is the home of Saint Seraphim, an ascetic monk who was one of the most revered holy men of the tsarist era.

One of the only unifying ideas among the more radical left-wing political factions of the period was the belief that the tsarist regime must be eliminated.

His father, an engineer, served first the tsarist and then the Bolshevik government, and the family spent the war years crisscrossing the region—Belarus, Russia, Latvia, Estonia.

The performance of "Eugene Onegin" on May 26th transported its audience to an estate in tsarist Russia and then, in the final act of Tchaikovsky's opera, to St Petersburg.

The Russian community in Germany is diverse and includes ethnic Germans whose ancestors first moved to tsarist Russia, Soviet Jews granted asylum in postwar Germany and more recent arrivals.

None of this was part of my upbringing: most of it had been abandoned when my grandparents fled tsarist Lithuania, in the late eighteen-eighties, and settled in Boston.

That building's eventual return to the aegis of Moscow would be a great fillip for Mr Putin who takes a strong interest in the built heritage of the tsarist era.

Perhaps the most enduring fantasy, that Jews are plotting to dominate the world and destroy civilisation, was popularised by the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", a tsarist forgery from 1903.

Involvement with local Christian communities has historically been a lever of Russian influence, as clearly emerges from the annals of tsarist foreign policy which are still perused by aspiring Russian diplomats.

In 2100, this entrepreneurial immigrant, who had arrived in New York from Tsarist Russia aged 16, acquired the only local licence to sell the Frederics Permanent Wave machine for curling hair.

The self-appointed revolutionary "vanguard" of the working classes seized power in Tsarist Russia in 1917, established absolute state control, and exterminated millions of citizens who doubted their wisdom and vision.

She had smuggled tsarist diamonds out of Russia in a tube of toothpaste and once borrowed a pistol to assassinate Hungary's Prime Minister, though he resigned before she could shoot him.

He suggested that the inauguration be moved from the State Kremlin Palace, a modernist concrete box, to St. Andrew's Hall, an ornate tsarist throne room that would provide an imperial spectacle.

Malorossiya was the term used to describe swaths of modern-day Ukraine when they were part of the Russian Empire in tsarist times and is one many Ukrainians today regard as offensive.

The centenary of the Bolshevik Revolution poses deeply uncomfortable questions for a regime fueled by contradictory strands of nostalgia -- one for the Tsarist era, the other for the Soviet system which uprooted it.

His various activities landed him in prison several times and finally earned him, in 1913, a sentence to Siberian exile, where he remained until the fall of the tsarist autocracy, in February, 1917.

Mr Putin justified the Kremlin's monopoly over politics and the commanding heights of the economy by evoking the symbols of tsarist rule and appealing to cultural stereotypes says Lev Gudkov, a Russian sociologist.

Opposition activists likened Shaveddinov's treatment to the way in which Tsarist Russia and the former Soviet Union sent political opponents to far-off corners of what is the world's largest country by territory.

Tsarist-era Russia was a big agricultural exporter, but Bolshevik collectivisation wiped out farming traditions and created an inefficient collective system that by the 1970s left the Soviet Union importing grain and other foodstuffs.

Maria Ermolova, one of Tsarist Russia's great actresses, was proclaimed the first "People's Artist of the Republic" in 1921 (and later had a theatre, a planet and a crater on Venus named after her).

For his PhD, Wang was focusing on the study of regional governance practices across multiple countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries — including Qajar Iran, Tsarist Russian Turkestan, and Afghanistan, the university said.

"How is it that the places we live in come to feel that they are ours?" a noted historian asks in this exacting memoir, which traces his family's journey from tsarist Russia to postwar England.

"Our and your predecessors understood the importance of this bridge," he told workers at an inspection of the site on an island just off Crimea's coast, referring to aborted plans dating back to Tsarist Russia.

Early this year Finland criticized its giant eastern neighbor and tsarist-era ruler for allowing increasing numbers of asylum seekers with no Finnish visas to cross their Arctic border, and held high-level meetings with Moscow.

While most observers agreed that the Soviet Union had been doomed, Alexander Prokhanov, a devoted Stalinist and ideologist of state nationalism, said Russia was resurrecting itself as a symbiosis of the Tsarist and the Soviet empires.

Like their flock, Moscow's spiritual leaders also find themselves poised between an idealised tsarist past, a Soviet era whose legacy is still very palpable and a future understanding of Russian power which will somehow draw on both.

Putin received Erdogan in a Tsarist-era palace outside his home city of St Petersburg in August, when the two leaders, both powerful figures ill-disposed to dissent, announced plans for an acceleration in trade and energy ties.

A residency programme allows artists to live and work in the crumbling 19th-century splendour of the former Kreenholm textile works, which a century ago employed 10,000 people and was the largest factory in the Tsarist Russian empire.

" Asked about an earlier statement that he was being mistreated, he said that guards at Lefortovo Prison, the tsarist-era jail where he is being held, had become a "little bit nicer" but added: "They are not the problem.

It marks a three-way border with North Korea and Russia created in 19693 when tsarist forces took advantage of imperial China's weakness and swiped a swathe of coastal land, leaving Jilin province landlocked and the sea a tantalising 15km away.

The former will be charged with fostering innovation, while the latter will be run by Ms Vasilieva and renamed the Ministry of Enlightenment, a reprise of a Soviet and tsarist name indicating a focus on vospitanie of the state-approved sort.

MOSCOW (Reuters) - Russian grain is flowing around the world in a way not seen since the last years of the Tsarist empire a century ago but the country's export expansion looks set to hit a wall because of a lack of infrastructure.

In the summer of 1913, the tsarist navy made an extraordinary intervention in the affairs of the monastic peninsula and deported about 800 Russian monks, from St Panteleimon and elsewhere, as punishment for being on the losing side of a raging theological argument.

In 19th-century Russia, to be sentenced to penal labour in the prisons, factories and mines of Siberia was a "pronouncement of absolute annihilation", writes Daniel Beer in his masterly new history of the tsarist exile system, "The House of the Dead".

The year 19173 had already given the Tsarist regime a taste of what was coming for it: Following the Russian Empire's catastrophic invasion of Japan, the working class attempted, unsuccessfully, to rise up, and were killed by the thousands on Bloody Sunday.

TSARIST-ERA BEGINNINGS An idea first hatched under Russian Tsar Nicholas the Second in 1910, the bridge will now consist of two parallel road and rail spans capable of carrying 40,000 vehicles every 24 hours and connected by road to the Crimean capital of Simferopol.

Its brief renaissance ended in 2012, and since then Perm has lapsed into its former status as an average Russian industrial city: an utterly unglamorous mixture of charming but mostly lackluster tsarist buildings in the center and piles of gray concrete in the suburbs.

Tsarist-era beginnings An idea first hatched under Russian Tsar Nicholas the Second in 1910, the bridge will now consist of two parallel road and rail spans capable of carrying 40,000 vehicles every 24 hours and connected by road to the Crimean capital of Simferopol.

He writes: Notice that, although Genseric (or Gaiseric as he appears in my own book) is depicted as fairly "White" he is nevertheless shown in very Turkish guise (this, after all, is a painting from Tsarist Russia, old, old enemies of the Ottomans): n.

The basic rights enjoyed by its citizens — equality before the law, freedom of association, of expression and to cultivate their own languages — meant that the monarchy was less repressive than tsarist Russia and more tolerant than imperial Germany in its management of national diversity.

The first song celebration, held in the university town of Tartu in 1869, coincided with the "Age of Awakening", a period when Estonians first began to recognise themselves as a nation and demand self-government (first from a ruling German elite and then from Tsarist Russia).

Two competing governments, known as "Dual Power," immediately sprung to life: The Provisional Government, made up of the industrialists and liberals from the figurehead Tsarist parliament, and the Petrograd Soviet, revived from the warm memories of 1905 as the political voice of workers, soldiers, and peasants.

Historically, eastern Europe has been the main staging ground of modern anti-Semitism and genocide, not just during the Holocaust but in events such as the revolt of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, a Cossack hetman (military commander) in the 17th century, and the pogroms of the Black Hundreds, a Tsarist militia in the 19th century.

Stalin: The first question concerns membership in the CC. During the period between the June Plenum and the present Plenum several members of the CC were removed from the CC and arrested: Zelensky, who turned out to be a Tsarist secret police agent, Lebed', Nosov, Piatnitsky, Khataevich, Ikramov, Krinitsky, Vareikis—all together 21940 persons. . . .

When he went to the city of Tsaritsyn (later renamed Stalingrad), on the Southern Front, to try to turn the tide for the Bolsheviks, he immediately caused a mess by fighting with the tsarist-era officers who were saving the Red Army from defeat, and then pursuing (and executing) supposed enemies of the people.

Until the collapse of the tsarist Russian empire in World War I, Dnipro and other towns in the region — like Kryvyi Rih, where Mr. Zelensky grew up — were part of what was known as the Pale of Settlement, an area of the empire where Jews were allowed to live and work, in contrast to many other parts of Russia's territory.

On America's religious right, and in particular on the isolationist right, a powerful groundswell of opinion applauds Vladimir Putin on at least two grounds: the Russian president's self-appointment as an international guardian of traditional values, with respect to marriage, sexuality and reproduction, and his advocacy of the rights of persecuted Christians in the Middle East, a Russian concern that goes back to Tsarist times.

After being derided as savages by tsarist-era Russian officials who began coveting their land in the 18th century, and then force-marched into Soviet-style modernity, Kazakhs have spent the last 26 years as an independent nation trying, with a large degree of success, to revive pride in their own past traditions while proving that they can join the modern world separate from Russia.

Even in tsarist and Soviet times, some Russian leaders endeavored to move the country toward a more institutional model of governance, only to run up against a variety of problems, including the absence of an independent judiciary, systemic corruption and energetic radical political groups — to say nothing of many leaders&apos proclivity to use violence to impose their will rather than seek a lasting consensus.

This system has also been described by the following terms: Imperial autocracy, Russian autocracy, Muscovite autocracy, tsarist absolutism, imperial absolutism, Russian absolutism, Muscovite absolutism, Muscovite despotism, Russian despotism, tsarist despotism or imperial despotism.

The Girl Scout emblem has incorporated three snowdrops since the tsarist period.

To force him to surrender the tsarist authorities decide to burn Zaur's native village.

Thus, the black-gold-silver tsarist flag should have been used in the film.

The system was preserved in Tsarist Russia after the disintegration of the Golden Horde.

At that time Estonia was part of Tsarist Russia. Latvian and Lithuanian refugees founded Scout troops.

The resulting political systems of Tsarist autocracy and Soviet communism had no space for independent institutions.

The beginning of the Russification of Estonia split the society further. One group took a moderate stance towards the Tsarist demands, the other was an Estonian nationalist faction who largely rejected these concessions. On 28 April 1893, the society was shut down by the Tsarist authorities.

Rabbi Shmaryahu Yitzchak Bloch (1864 - December 1923) was a rabbi and Talmudist in Tsarist Russia and England.

Barbara Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974 (1974) pp 161-279.

Basanavičius was elected as its chairman. After loud, passionate, and intense discussions, the Seimas adopted a four-paragraph resolution which declared Tsarist government as Lithuania's most dangerous enemy and demanded autonomy for Lithuania. The resolution also called for passive and peaceful resistance to Tsarist authorities, such as not paying taxes, organizing strikes, boycotting certain products, etc. The autonomy was not achieved and the Tsarist authorities soon reestablished their control, but it laid the groundwork for establishing the independent Lithuanian in 1918.

During the February 1917 Russian Revolution, Gendarmes stationed at Kronstadt remained loyal to the tsarist regime, fired on demonstrators and were later being imprisoned for trial. On the Corps of Gendarmes was formally abolished by the order of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, along with the regular tsarist police.

The activities of the movement were observed under Tsarist and Soviet rule by Okhrana and Soviet secret police.Sherali Turdiev: The Activity of Turkestani Jadids as Reflected in the Records of the Tsarist Secret Police (1905–1907). In: Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, Julia Katschnig (ed.): Central Asia on Display. Proceedings of the VII.

The ARF gradually acquired significant strength and sympathy among Russian Armenians. Mainly because of the ARF's stance towards the Ottoman Empire, the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration, as tsarist and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903. On 12 June 1903, the tsarist authorities passed an edict to bring all Armenian Church property under imperial control. This was faced by strong ARF opposition, because the ARF perceived the tsarist edict as a threat to the Armenian national existence.

William Weinstone was born December 15, 1897 in Vilnius, then part of the Tsarist Russian Empire. Will was the son of Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia to escape that nation's pervasive anti-semitism during the late Tsarist period. His original surname was "Weinstein," a name which Will Americanized when he was older.

Carolyn Johnston Pouncey, The Domostroi: Rules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible, p. 95 In late Tsarist Russia the dowry originally consisted of clothing for the bride, linen, and bedding.Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia, Village Life in Late Tsarist Russia, pp. 3–4, 1993, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis.

She did not work alone, but with close consultation with Brasol, and another former tsarist officer, General G. J. Sosnowsky.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, entry on "Вайгач" In 1916 the Tsarist government declared that the island belonged to the Russian Empire.

Afterwards, a number of Catholics were publicly flogged and about 71 were brought to trial. These events were exploited in anti-Russian and anti-Tsarist propaganda that enhanced the development of Lithuanian national consciousness.A. S. Stražas, "Lithuania 1863-1893: Tsarist Russification and the Beginnings of the Modern Lithuanian National Movement," Lituanus 42:3 (Fall 1996).

Alexander was captured as a five year old during a Tsarist raid on the Chechen village of Aldi, his birth name was Ali. His mother Rahimat died in childbirth. The father of the child, Alkhazur fell in battle with the Tsarist troops attacking his aul. He was taken up by a sixteen-year-old lieutenant Nikolay Raevsky.

The Tsarist government responded with a brutal crackdown; some 500 people were executed and hundreds more were jailed or deported to Siberia.

17 (March 26, 1966), pg. 2. He was subsequently arrested eight times and sent into Siberian exile three times by the Tsarist government.

It was formed in rural areas Downary in the 19th century as a settlement - the tsarist army barracks located near the Osowiec Fortress.

Desperacja is a Polish historical film, released in 1988. Set in 1862, Colonel Huber, of the Warsaw Tsarist police investigates the Polish underground.

Briefly in 1817, Fort Elizabeth, near the Waimea River, and two other Russian forts near Hanalei were part of the tsarist Russian America.

Russian Provisional Government in March 1917 With the 1917 February Revolution, Tsar Nicholas II's abdication, and the formation of a completely new Russian state, Russia's political spectrum dramatically altered. The tsarist leadership represented an authoritarian, conservative form of governance. The Kadet Party (see Constitutional Democratic Party), composed mostly of liberal intellectuals, formed the greatest opposition to the tsarist regime leading up to the February Revolution. The Kadets transformed from an opposition force into a role of established leadership, as the former opposition party held most of the power in the new Provisional Government, which replaced the tsarist regime.

Legislative decrees invalidated some--but not all-- of the provisions of the Tsarist copyright law. In the context of the general abolition of legal and testimonial succession rights, the nationalization decree of November 26, 1918 also reduced the copyright term from the 50 years p.m.a. (--"after the author's death") of the Tsarist copyright law to the lifetime of the author.Levitsky p. 32\.

Many ambassadors and senior aides were tsarist appointees who resigned, so that the Foreign Ministry could barely function. Kerensky and Milyukov wanted to continue the tsarist foreign policy especially regarding the war. They still hoped to gain control of The Straits around Constantinople. The British wanted to support Russian morale, while distrusting the depth of its popular support and capabilities.

Civil war years with appeal to Muslim women Although the communist revolution promised to redefine gender, Soviet rule until 1924 did little to alter women's status in Central Asia. From 1918 to 1922 Soviet troops fought against revived Khanates, basmachi rebels, and Tsarist armies.Massell (1974), p. 14. During this time Tsarist Turkestan was renamed the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR).

By 1900 it called for a constitution and a parliament ("Duma"). It praised the peasant commune and the zemstvo. It wanted more equality and distrusted capitalism, industry and businessmen.Daniel Balmuth, "The Russian Bulletin," 1863-1917: A Liberal Voice in Tsarist Russia (2000) Much more popular than serious newspapers were the 429 short-lived satirical publications poking fun at the tsarist regime.

Taymaskha Gekhinskaya fought for ten years against the Tsarist troops in the Caucasian War, commanding a detachment. In 1840, she participated in the Battle of the Valerik River. According to Lieutenant General Apollo Galafeev, on February 15, 1842, a Tsarist detachment led by Lt. Col. Sulimovsky and a Chechen detachment led by Naib Shamil Akhverdy-Magom took place near Bolshaya Yandyrka.

The so-called Tsarist Garden, where larch and seven American limes grew, was planted by emperors Alexander Pavlovich, Nikolai Pavlovich and Princess Alexandra Feodorovna.

The Soviet Army M35 version usually had hidden buttons. A double breasted version (kitel) for officers of all ranks existed during the Tsarist period.

History of World War I, Volume 3. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 697. Tsarist Russia had War Socialism.Pons, Silvio; Romano, Andrea (2000).

In 1947 Iskritsky was released and deported in Shymkent, Kazakhstan. He died in 1949, having earned 10 Tsarist Russia and Soviet Red Army awards.

Modern Russia (the Russian Federation) has many symbols. Some of these symbols have ancient origins. Some from the Tsarist era. Some from the Soviet Union.

In autumn 1664 the Siberia Bashkirs also resumed talks with the tsarist authorities. Their ambassadors visited Tobolsk and entered into an agreement with the governor.

Qiyomat was first reworked in 1935, which led to the loss of contemporary references; Fitrat transferred the story into the time of Tsarist rule. In the Soviet versions, the focus of the story is no longer on the colonial oppression of the Tsarist era and the satiric presentation of life in the Soviet Union, but on the criticism of religion.Kleinmichel 1993, p. 114–118; Allworth 2002, p.

Starting in the 1860s, the Tsarist occupation of Central Asia both increased the number who veiled and raised the status of veiling. Russia ruled Central Asia as one unit, called Turkestan, although certain zones retained domestic rule.Massell (1974), p. 18. The Tsarist government, while critical of veiling, kept separate laws for Russians and Central Asians in order to facilitate a peaceful, financially lucrative empire.

The Piarist monks bought the palace in 1756 and established a collegiate and a printing house. Later it was bought by Michał Kazimierz Ogiński in 1766 and reconstructed by Pietro Rossi. The palace was confiscated by the tsarist government in 1794 and transformed into an apartment house. It housed a brewery of Dominik Zajkowski from 1803 until 1831 when the palace was taken by tsarist military.

Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914-1945 (English trans.). Feltrinelli. p. 68. Sociologist Pitirim Sorokin claims that Tsarist Russian War Socialism had existed for two hundred years in support of the Tsarist regime until their overthrow in 1917. The War Socialist economy of Russia was based upon that in Germany and was supported by non- socialist and socialist parties alike.Raleigh, Donald J. (2002).

Valančius lived in a wooden building next to the seminary and planted an avenue of poplar trees and established a garden with about twenty different species of fruit trees. Museum interior After the failed anti-Tsarist Uprising of 1863, Tsarist authorities relocated the seminary to Kaunas. The former seminary building in Varniai was used as military barracks. In 1927–1931, the building housed the Varniai concentration camp.

The newspaper reaffirmed its goal to support interests of farmers and peasants and to propagate democratic, anti-Tsarist and anti-clergy ideas. For example, in 1912, the newspaper supported Menahem Mendel Beilis during his blood libel trial; but the support was not well received by Lithuanian public and readership dipped. Because of its liberal opinions, Lietuvos ūkininkas was a frequent target of Tsarist censors.

And he argued that the animosities, anxieties, and incompatibilities of the "two Russias" weakened the legitimacy, efficacy, and stability of tsarist, communist, and post-communist regimes.

The Liberals disagreed with the Conservative restrictionism and this demonstrates the contested political response in Britain regarding the effects of anti-Jewish Pogroms in Tsarist Russia.

By exposing numerous Tsarist agent provocateurs such as Yevno Azef, Burtsev gained fame as a counterintelligence expert and became known as "the Sherlock Holmes of the Revolution".

Ukrainians and Georgians soon found themselves in the same political reality. Both countries opposed Russian domination and resisted Russification attempts by the Tsarist and later Soviet Russia.

In the late Tsarist years, Russia supported the French colonial positions on Morocco.David Stevenson: 1914–1918: The History of the First World War, London 2004, p. 66.

According to the Tsarist Governor stationing in Piotrków, mob attacked the Jewish shops in Częstochowa, killing fourteen Jews and one Russian gendarme. The imperial army brought in to restore order were said to have been stoned by the mob. Soldiers then fired, and shot two Polish rioters and wounded several others according to the Russian Governor. Within days, the Tsarist report from Russia made its way to the foreign press.

In spite of the numbers involved the "Sveaborg Rebellion" proved far less of a threat to the Tsarist government than the mutinies of the previous year had done. The reasons included the indifference of the bulk of the Finnish population to any dissatisfaction within the Russian occupying forces and the fact that by August 1906 discipline and morale had been largely restored within the Tsarist army and navy.

Zimmerman, Joshua D. Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892-1914. Madison, Wisc: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. pp. 170-171 In 1902 the PPS centre in London began publishing a new Yiddish periodical, Di proletarishe velt.Zimmerman, Joshua D. Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892-1914.

Bortkevičienė organized and ran several charitable organizations, including those supporting gifted students, political prisoners of the Tsarist regime, and deported Prussian Lithuanians. She was also a member of women's movement in Lithuania, being an active member of the Lithuanian Women's Association and the chair of the Lithuanian Women's Union. For her various activities Bortkevičienė was arrested and imprisoned numerous times by different regimes, including Tsarist Russia, independent Lithuania, and Soviet Lithuania.

Tucker presented lucidly formulated views on tsarist and Soviet politics. He affirmed that change in Soviet political leadership was even more important than continuity in Russian political culture.

In tsarist times, Inskaya Street was lined with illegal brothels.Жрицы любви появились раньше Новосибирска. Sibnet.ru. In the mid-1950s, the street was divided by Kommunalny Bridge.Улица грёз. Сиб.фм.

1896 — The Qing Dynasty grants a concession to build the railway to Tsarist Russia.Huenemann, Ralph William (1984). The Dragon and the Iron Horse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

The Tsarist authorities would not approve another women's organization thus effectively preventing the Lithuanian Women's Union from being organized. The Women's Union was officially established only in 1922.

Lithuanian press denied any involvement of Poles while Polish press blamed Lithuanians for fracturing the united front against the Tsarist regime. In March 1894, Pope Leo XIII issued encyclical Caritatis on the church in Poland sparking a fierce debate between Catholic and secular Lithuanian activists. Vincas Kudirka in Varpas attacked the encyclical because the pope urged compliance and obedience to the Tsarist regime and thus "betrayed the blood spilled in Kražiai". Defenders of the encyclical, including Pranciškus Bučys, pointed out that it forced Tsarist authorities to make concessions and relax restrictions on the Catholic Church and that the pope urged obedience only as much as it did not go against religious beliefs and freedom.

Stepan Timofeyevich Razin (, ; 1630 – ), known as Stenka Razin (), was a Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the nobility and tsarist bureaucracy in southern Russia in 1670–1671.

This well-organized and equipped expedition, contrary to expectations, had almost no effect on the tsarist government's resettlement policy, although its works (more than 40 volumes) were promptly published.

Tsarist repression led to the rapid outlawing PAFT already in 1909. In May 1920. By Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay reactivated activity PAFT. De Courtenay became the first president.

The Independent Jewish Workers Party () was a Jewish political party in Russia. The party was founded in 1901 on the initiative of Sergei Zubatov, the head of the Tsarist secret police (the Okhrana).Independent Jewish Workers Party Zubatov had been impressed by the growth of the General Jewish Labour Bund, a clandestine Jewish socialist party. The Independent Jewish Workers Party was intended to counter the influence of the Bund, mobilizing Tsarist loyalty among Jewish workers.

The taking of hostages and a few exemplary executions usually brought the men back. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as "military specialists" (voenspetsy),Overy, R.J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, W.W. Norton & Company (2004), , p. 446: By the end of the civil war, one-third of all Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist voenspetsy. taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty.Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Alexander Yegorov, 9. Kliment Voroshilov, 10. Ivan Fedko. Date: 13 August 1921 During the Russian Civil War, several former Tsarist officers joined the Red Army, either voluntarily or through coercion.

This list includes officers of the Imperial Army commissioned before 1917 who joined the Bolsheviks as commanders or military specialists. For former Tsarist NCOs promoted under the Bolsheviks, see Mustang.

Many claimed to be former Tsarist officers offering their service to rise against the Bolsheviks, though MacDonell reportedly suspected them to have been agents working on behalf of the Bolsheviks.

Public support for the tsarist regime simply evaporated in 1917, ending three centuries of Romanov rule.W. Bruce Lincoln, Passage through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution 1914–1918 (1986).

In July 1914 the Tsarist government called for general mobilization. Russia entered into war with Germany. The First World War had begun. The RSDLP(b) denounced the war as imperialist.

Hiding from the Tsarist police. he later went underground in Paris and then in Zürich. He also kept in touch with the Polish Blanquists such as Caspar Turski and others.

He was assassinated by a Tsarist police agent in Kutaisi; Rizhinashvili was 20 years of age. His story is described in a 1936 play by the Georgian Jewish writer Gerzel Baazov.

The Third Proletariat was created in 1900 as a splinter group of the Polish Socialist Party. It was led by Ludwik Kulczycki and, beset by Tsarist repression, ceased operations in 1909.

The Committee for Military-Technical Assistance () was an organisation set up in 1915 by the Tsarist authorities to ensure greater collaboration between industrial and technical experts and the Russian war effort.

The exception was when the wife owned sheep through a dowry ().Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia, Edited by: David L. Ransel. "Village Life in Late Tsarist Russia". Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

The 1917 Russian revolution changed the realities. The war devastated not only Russian soldiers, but also the Russian economy, which was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand by the end of 1915. The tsarist regime's advances for the security on its southern borders proved ruinous. The tsarist regime's desire to control the Eastern Anatolia and the straits (perceived as an underbelly), in the end created the conditions that brought about Russia's own downfall.

After the February Revolution of 1917 the nationalities within the tsarist empire (renamed the Russian Republic) demanded national autonomy from Petrograd. In summer of 1917 the Provisional government approved regional administration over some parts of former tsarist Ukraine. In October 1917 the government of Ukraine denounced the Bolsheviks' armed revolt and declared it would decisively fight against any attempted coup in Ukraine. A special joint committee for preservation of revolution was organized to keep the situation under control.

As an ethnographer he saw the type of persecution which blind kobzars suffered from Tsarist police whenever they visited the city. He was persecuted by Tsarist authorities because of his association with Ukrainian culture and the bandura. He was removed from studies in 1899, and in 1905 was forced to emigrate. When he returned from Austria-Hungary he was followed by police and incarcerated, and with the outbreak of World War I was forced into internal exile to Russia.

Edith attended the girls school at Petrischule in St. Petersburg. Petrischule was rich in tradition and created an interesting and highly intellectual surrounding for Edith. The school was situated opposite The Winter Palace, which enabled Edith to experience the troubles in Tsarist Russia at close range. She was almost certainly in the city on Bloody Sunday in January 1905 when the Tsarist guards opened fire on thousands of starving citizens who had gathered to protest the lack of food.

Witte had to form his cabinet from 'tsarist bureaucrats and appointees lacking public confidence'. The Kadets doubted that Witte could deliver on the promises made by the Tsar in October, knowing the Tsar's staunch opposition to reform.Figes, p. 194–5 Witte argued that the Tsarist regime could be saved from a revolution only by the transformation of Russia to a 'modern industrial society', in which 'personal and public initiatives' were encouraged by a rechtsstaat who guaranteed civil liberties.

As Kwapinski wrote, 1906 was a difficult year for inhabitants of Russian- controlled Congress Poland. They were repressed by Tsarist police and Cossacks of the Russian Imperial Army, and Polish taxpayers had to support them with their money. During one of its meetings, the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party decided to confiscate the money of Polish taxpayers, and use it to fight Tsarist oppression. “At that time, we had received a number of fantastic mauser rifles.

Afanasy P. Schapov Afanasiy Prokopievich Shchapov (Афанасий Прокофьевич Щапов in Russian) (May 10(17).1830 - February 27(10.3).1876) was a Russian historian accused of "Siberian nationalism" and persecuted by tsarist authorities.

The return to Poland's independence was a result of the First World War on the Polish lands (1914–1918), the overthrow of Tsarist regime, and the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918.

Although this sometimes resulted in inefficient command, the Party leadership considered political control over the military necessary, as the Army relied more and more on experienced officers from the pre- revolutionary Tsarist period.

Goleniewski claimed to have detailed information about alleged Tsarist money. His claims are detailed in the books Lost Fortune of the Tsars by William Clarke, and Hunt for the Czar by Guy Richards.

The released political prisoners joined the revolutionary struggle. In the streets, shots were still being exchanged with police and gendarmes posted with machine guns in the attics of houses. But the troops rapidly went over to the side of the workers, and this decided the fate of the tsarist autocracy. When the news of the victory of the revolution in Petrograd spread to other towns and to the front, the workers and soldiers everywhere began to depose the tsarist officials.

"I must free myself from the heavy burden of impressions accumulated by my years of military service. I will call this novel The Duel, because it will be my duel ... with the tsarist army. The army cripples the soul, destroys all a man's finest impulses, and debases human dignity... I have to write about all I have known and seen. And with my novel I shall challenge the tsarist army to a duel," he informed his wife in a letter.

The democratic reforms that Russia promised in the wake of the revolution gradually faded, however, as the tsarist government restored authoritarian rule in the decade that followed 1905. Renewed tsarist repression and the reactionary politics of the rulers of Bukhara and Khiva forced the reformers underground or into exile. Nevertheless, some of the future leaders of Soviet Uzbekistan, including Abdur Rauf Fitrat and others, gained valuable revolutionary experience and were able to expand their ideological influence in this period.Lubin, Nancy.

The hussars of the Tsarist army filled a similar role to their British counterparts, being trained to fight with sword and pistol. Before the standardised Model 1808 horse pistol in 7 Line (.71 inch) caliber was introduced, the Tsarist cavalry were equipped with a mixture of weapons in different calibers, some made before 1700.Russian pistols The Model 1808 pistol was full-stocked, with a brass barrel band, belt hook and the initials of Tsar Alexander I stamped on the buttplate.

Historians of different backgrounds have criticised the concept of tsarist autocracy in its various forms. Their complaints range from the different names of the model being too vague,C.J. Halperin, 'Muscovy as a Hypertrophic State: A Critique', Kritika 3 3 (2002) 501. to its chronological implications (it is impossible to consider Russia in different centuries the same) as well as to its content (the question how Russian or "tsarist" autocracy differs from "regular" autocracy or from European absolutism for that matter).

In 1988. writer Marc Platt discussed with script editor Andrew Cartmel an idea inspired by Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, concerning stone- headed aliens looking for their God-King in Tsarist 19th Century Russia.

John Spargo, "The Jew and American Ideals". New York: Harper, 1921 pp. 20–40. The text was popularized by supporters of the Tsarist regime. It was widely circulated in the West from 1920 onward.

The tsarist government granted the right to rule the city to the irrigated Imamgulubay. After that, the name of the village was called Imamgulubayli. It has population of 1146 and an area of 5.46 km2.

253–254Timo Vihavainen: Nationalism and Internationalism. How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments? in Chulos and Piirainen 2000, p. 85 The Soviet diplomacy turned towards the recovery of the territories of the Tsarist state.

The Life of a Useless Man () is a 1908 Russian-language novel by Maxim Gorky. It concerns the "plague of espionage" under the Empire; the protagonist is Yevsey Klimkov, who spies for the Tsarist regime.

In 1864 he would have witnessed the end of serfdom in Poland, regarded as a swift reprisal by the Tsarist authorities against the insurgent Polish gentry.Davies, Norman. (1981). God's Playground. A History of Poland. Vol.

The Lambsdorff family is of old Westphalian aristocratic descent, but settled for centuries in the Baltic countries and was hence closely connected to Tsarist and Imperial Russia (see Baltic Germans). Lambsdorff's father served as a tsarist cadet in St. Petersburg and the former Russian foreign minister Vladimir Lambsdorff is one of his relatives.Zeit, "Ritter der liberalen Sache" Between 2004 and 2017, his nephew Alexander Graf Lambsdorff represented the FDP in the European Parliament. He has been a member of the Bundestag since September 2017.

Shervashidze turned the town of Sukhumi into his royal residence, which at the time, was guarded by a Turkish military regiment. Aslan-Bey actively fought together with King Solomon II of Imereti against Tsarist Russian forces. In 1810, after several decisive Russian military victories, Shervashidze was driven out of Sukhumi together with the Turkish regiment that was protecting him and fled to Turkey. After Aslan-Bey’s expulsion from Abkhazia, the Tsarist Russian leadership established Aslan- Bey’s brother, Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze, as the new ruler of Abkhazia.

On 12 June 1903, the tsarist authorities passed an edict to bring all Armenian Church property under imperial control. This was faced by strong Armenian opposition because it perceived the Tsarist edict as a threat to the Armenian national existence. As a result, the Armenian leadership decided to actively defend Armenian churches by dispatching militiamen who acted as guards and holding mass demonstrations. This prompted Drastamat to join the ranks of the Dashnaktsutiun in order to defend churches from confiscation through public demonstrations and guard duty.

Some Chechens tried to return, but the Tsarist government refused to let them, even when they promised to convert to the Orthodox faith if they did.Nekrich. Punished Peoples. Page 107. Nonetheless, some managed to return regardless.

The Provisional Government cancelled all restrictions imposed on the Jews by the Tsarist regime, in a move parallel to the Jewish emancipation in Western Europe that had taken place during the 19th century abolishing Jewish disabilities.

The poem, which he dedicated to his friend the Hebraist Miriam Markel-Mosessohn,Balin, Carole B. (2000). To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press. . p. 14-15, 24.

City Trade House was built in 1910–1911. In tsarist times, the building was occupied by various shops and the city government. Since 1985 Novosibirsk State Museum of Local Lore occupies the building.City Trade House. Novosibdom.ru.

The Bashkir wars against the Tsarist autocratic regime and the colonizers took up residence in the Ural. The last major uprising was associated with the name of Don Cossack – Yemelyan Pugachev and his companions – Salavat Yulaev.

Blinov Snr lets him go and tells his son to follow him and protect his homeland. Alone, Blinov Snr must return to his village to try to buy his daughters' freedom with two Tsarist gold coins.

However, from the mid-30s, the Stalinist government returned to the tsarist policy of Russification of the outskirts. In particular, the languages of all the nations of the USSR were translated into the Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillization.

In the military terminology of the Russian Federation, both Tsarist and Soviet terms are used. The modern term георгиевская ленточка (georgiyevskaya lentochka, distinguished from the Tsarist term by the usage of the diminutive) comes from the Russian 2005 program of the same name, and is used to refer to the mass-produced awareness ribbons as opposed to the original military awards. The usage of the epithet Georgian in reference to that ribbon is subject to controversy in Russia, due to its Tsarist connotations, and thus sometimes the term Guards ribbon is used to refer to the modern ribbons as well, as they are meant to commemorate the Soviet period of Russian history. Its resemblance to the black-and-orange-striped invasive, destructive Colorado potato beetle has gained the ribbon the derogatory nickname "Colorado ribbon" (, koloradskaya lenta; , kolorads'ka strichka) in Russia and Ukraine.

Rauf Huseynzadeh. Germans of Azerbaijan. IRS magazine. The Siemens smelteries were officially closed down in 1914 when the Russian Empire entered World War I fighting against Germany and the tsarist government banned all German businesses in Russia.

This period, between 1883 and 1904, when the Lithuanian press ban was enforced by Tsarist authorities, has been referred to as the Aušros gadynė (the Dawn Period). Due to financial difficulties the printing was discontinued in 1886.

The Vilna Gaon died in 1797, aged 77, and was subsequently buried in the Šnipiškės cemetery in Vilnius, now in Žirmūnai elderate. The cemetery was closed by the Tsarist Russian authorities in 1831 and partly built over.

The majority of these were either well-to-do citizens or members of the Tsarist administration. The establishment of concentration camps was entrusted to the Cheka, with Dzerzhinskii orchestrating their construction from the spring of 1919 onward.

The focal point of the lowest order are openwork tsarist gates, which were icons of the Annunciation and the Evangelists. On both sides of the gate were traditionally arranged figures of Christ and the Virgin Mary. On the left side of the tsarist gates are icons of the prophet Elisha, and St. Vladimir, on the right, St. Stephen and Mary Magdalene. The second row forms (left to right) an icon of the Mother of God, the Nativity with the Mother of God, the Last Supper, the Baptism of the Lord and the Birth of Christ.

Samuel D. Kassow, Students, professors, and the state in Tsarist Russia, page 98 February 20: Nicholas II called an investigatory commission on Witte's advice. March 1: The Organization Committee calls a skhodka to decide if the strike should continue. It votes to halt the strike. March 5: Moscow University also votes to end the strike after their rector Tikhomirov promises to petition the police to release arrested students.Samuel D. Kassow, Students, professors, and the state in Tsarist Russia, page 102 March 8: Moscow's rector angers the students by banning student meetings without his permission.

The People's Rights Party (Russian: Партия Народного Права), was a radical constitutionalist political party established in Tsarist Russia in 1893. The group's political leader was the agrarian populist Mark Natanson and its ideological leading light was the literary critic and public affairs commentator N.K. Mikhailovsky. While the People's Rights Party was small and short-lived owing to repression by the Tsarist political police, it has been remembered for its transitional place between the 19th Century Russian populist movement and a key 20th Century political organization, the Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR).

Drawing by Mikhail Artsybashev, a page from the album "Dictatorship of the proletariat" (1918). Anatoli Zhelezniakov is on the bottom-right. During the fall of the tsarist government in the 1917 February Revolution, the deserters of the tsarist era returned to the navy and ended up in Kronstadt, where Anatoli Grigorievich Zhelezniakov served on a minelayer. Being a staunch anarchist by this time, he did not recognize the Russian Provisional Government and often spoke at revolutionary rallies. In May 1917, he was elected a delegate to the 1st Congress of the Baltic Fleet.

He wrote on the colonial nature of Tsarist steppe policies in that same year, which may have been the motive for his arrest. In February 1917, following the initial Russian Revolution, he published his open letter to the Governor-General of Turkestan. The Provision Government, according to Martha Olcott, "chose several Kazakhs who had worked with the Kadet party to be commissars; these included… Mukhammad Tynyshpaev." Tynyshpaev was considerably less radical than the members of the Bolshevik movement, and advocated for working with the Tsarist government in cooperation with local populations.

However, ARF acquired significant support and sympathy in Russian administration. Mainly because of the ARF's attitude to the Ottoman Empire, the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration, as tsarist and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903. The edict on Armenian church property was faced by strong ARF opposition, because it perceived a tsarist threat to Armenian national existence. In 1904, the Dashnak congress specifically extended their programme to support the rights of Armenians in the Russian Empire as well as Ottoman Turkey.

The Russian word suka ("сука", literally "bitch") has a different negative connotation than its English equivalent. In Russian criminal argot, it specifically refers to a person from the criminal world who had "made one's self a bitch" () by cooperating in any way with law enforcement or with the government. Within the Soviet prison-system a historical social structure had existed since the Russian Tsarist era. One of the important tenets of the system decreed that members would not serve or collaborate with the Tsarist (or later with the Soviet) government.

She was also involved in charitable work, including Žiburėlis society which supported gifted students (Bortkevičienė was its chair from 1903 to 1940) and Martyr Fund (Kankinių kasa) which supported activists persecuted by Tsarist authorities (1904–14). For her anti-Tsarist activities, she was imprisoned four times. She was arrested for the first time in 1907 for participating in an illegal teacher gathering. Her husband was imprisoned in Lukiškės Prison in 1906 for three months; the experience weakened his health and after a long treatment he died in January 1909.

The epidemic of cholera brought to Poland and East Prussia by Russian soldiers forced Prussian authorities to close their borders to Russian transports. "Cholera riots" occurred in Russia, caused by the anticholera measures undertaken by the tsarist government.

In 1903, he became a Menshevik. His activities in Petersburg during the 1905 revolution earned him a second term of exile. Along with Alexander Parvus he was active in dispatching revolutionary agents to infiltrate the Tsarist security apparatus.

Due to unfavorable ice conditions, the Herman could not get any further than Herald Island, where the American flag was raised. In 1926, the government of the Soviet Union reaffirmed the Tsarist claim to sovereignty over Wrangel Island.

Roman Gul (Russian: Рома́н Бори́сович Гуль; 13 August 1896 in Kiev - 30 June 1986 in New York City) was a Russian émigré writer, his political position was leftist-liberal, he was critical towards the conservative, tsarist White Movement.

After the war, the father, also a tsarist officer, took his son's body to be buried in his homeland, and in the place of the grave he erected a monument with an inscription crowned with a huge cross.

Kaunas railway tunnel was built from 1859 till 1861. The construction was surveyed by the French engineer G. F. Perrot, as well as Polish-Lithuanian engineer Stanisław Kierbedź. Kaunas: Dates and Facts. Under the Rule of Tsarist Russia.

Ethnic Russians historically migrated throughout the area of former Russian Empire and Soviet Union, sometimes encouraged to re-settle in borderlands by the Tsarist and later Soviet government.Russians left behind in Central Asia. BBC News. 23 November 2005.

Kaunas: Dates and Facts. Under the Rule of Tsarist Russia. Retrieved on 15 December 2010. The present-day Kaunas railway station was built in 1948 on the foundation of the old station and designed by architect Petr Ashastin.

Their flight from the square was checked by loyalist battalions blocking escape routes. Tsarist propaganda reported 80 dead,This was the official body count declared by Nicholas. According to memoirs of baron Kaulbars, reproduced in Vasilich, vol. 2 p.

Carr, Edward Hallett. The Russian Revolution From Lenin to Stalin: 1917-1929. (1979). The counter-action against Stalin aligned with Lenin's advocacy of the right of self-determination for the national and ethnic groups of the deposed Tsarist Empire.

On seeing the Soviet Union's growing coercive power in 1923, a dying Lenin said Russia had reverted to "a bourgeois tsarist machine [...] barely varnished with socialism".Serge, Victor (1937). From Lenin to Stalin. New York: Pioneer Publishers. p. 55.

Noblewomen hunting. Taken in the 1890s. Orthodox martyr Saint Trifon is often depicted with a white merlin on his hand. Particularly the name of Moscow's Sokolniki Park refers to the rapid spread of falconry-related slobodas in Tsarist Russia.

Often encouraged by police officers, they beat up suspected democratic sympathisers, making them kneel before tsarist portraits or making them kiss the Imperial flag.Figes, p. 197 In October 1906, they formed a Black-Hundredist organisation called Russian People United ().

Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, a member of the Polish nobility, was born into a Polish-Russian family of teachers. His father was a Russified Pole and tsarist official. He graduated from the Faculty of Law at Saint Petersburg University in 1898.

After the October Revolution, the Tsarist copyright law from 1911 remained initially in force, although it was partly invalidated by numerous decrees.Levitsky p. 31. The copyright term was reduced from 50 years p.m.a. to the lifetime of an author.

The White Eagle () is a 1928 Soviet silent drama film directed by Yakov Protazanov and starring Vasili Kachalov, Anna Sten and Vsevolod Meyerhold.Christie & Taylor p.434 Set in Tsarist times, it is based on the play The Governor by Leonid Andreyev.

The Jewish community was small. The Qahal had 192 members in 1790 at the time of the dismemberment of Poland. However, the Tsarist anti-Polish policies resulted in the rapid influx of refugees. By 1869 the number of inhabitants reached 2,080.

The Russian Empire controlled and administered this territory from September 1914 until June 1915. Throughout the occupation, the Tsarist officials pursued a policy of integrating Galicia with the Russian Empire, forcibly Russifying local Ukrainians, and persecuting both Jews and Byzantine Catholics.

Ivan (Aleksandr Pal), a soldier lying in a hospital set up in the Konstantinovsky Palace, collects signatures from all over Russia to return the holiday of the tree. Officer of the tsarist army (Konstantin Khabensky) helps him in this matter.

Officer of the tsarist police Pyotr Kuznetsov (Artur Smolyaninov) and his girlfriend Xenia (Katerina Shpitsa) are to perform at the international figure skating championship in Russia, but Pyotr is torn between love for the sport, the girl and his service.

He helped to protect the Warsaw Philharmonic from closure by Tsarist officials.H. Sachs, Artur Rubinstein, translated by D. Chylińska, Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, Wrocław 1999, pass. Władysław and Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski were important in creating the Family Association of the Princes Lubomirski.KRS 0000074334.

Knight Without Armour (published in the USA as Without Armour) is a British thriller novel by James Hilton, first published in 1933. A British secret agent in Russia rescues the daughter of a Tsarist minister from a group of Bolshevik revolutionaries.

Ye.Yu.Podrutsky, Alexander Liverovsky, and V.V.Tregubov were the chief engineers, who oversaw the construction of the Amur Railway by approx. 54,000 workers (as of 1913), brought from Central Russia and Siberia (the Tsarist government specifically forbade the use of foreign workforce).

88 In 1827 and 1828, the hospital had 68 and 56 patients, respectively. Most of them had severe physical and mental disabilities.Jakulis (2010), p. 89 The brotherhood closed in 1842 after the confiscation of its landholdings by the Tsarist authorities.

During Tsarist times, the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire were referred to as the Empire's breadbasket.Ukraine's fraught relationship with Russia: A brief history. The Week. March 8, 2014 During the Soviet era, the mantle passed to the Ukrainian SSR.

Ann Bulak is an early female US labor union organizer. __TOC__ Anne Burlak, born on May 24, 1911 in Slatington, Pennsylvania, was the daughter of Harry and Anastasia Smigel Burlak who came to the United States as immigrants from Tsarist Russia.

While it fiercely attacked the Tsarist regime on religious issues, it did not comment on the social order or Tsar's political power. It published a few poems by Maironis, Antanas Baranauskas, Adomas Jakštas, and works of fiction by Kazimieras Pakalniškis.

The Mensheviks were again at the forefront during a year which saw a series of uprisings and strikes, met by the tsarist authorities with a combination of violent repression (carried out by Cossacks) and concessions. In December, the Mensheviks ordered a general strike and encouraged their supporters to bomb the Cossacks, who responded with more bloodshed. The Mensheviks' resort to violence alienated many people, including their Armenian political allies, and the general strike collapsed. All resistance to the tsarist authorities was finally quelled by force in January 1906 with the arrival of an army led by General Alikhanov.

In 1905, class and ethnic tensions resulted in Muslim-Armenian ethnic rioting during the first Russian Revolution. The Tsarist governments had, in fact, exploited ethnic and religious strife to maintain control in a policy of divide and rule. The situation improved during 1906–1914 when a limited parliamentary system was introduced in Russia and Muslim MPs from Azerbaijan were actively promoting Azeri interests. In 1911, the pan-Turkist and pan-Islamist Musavat Party,Pan- Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation by Jacob M. Landau P.55On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus by Firouzeh Mostashari p.

Hingley, Russian Secret Police, 106-9 Despite the renewed attention, the Russian Revolution took the secret police, and the nation, by surprise. Indeed, the Okhrana’s persistent focus on revolutionary groups may have resulted in the secret police not fully appreciating the deep-seated popular unrest brewing in Russia. The Okhrana was identified by the revolutionaries as one of the main symbols of Tsarist repression, and its headquarters were sacked and burned on 27 February 1917. The newly formed Provisional Government then disbanded the whole organization and released most of the political prisoners who had been held by the Tsarist regime. Revelations of the Okhrana’s earlier abuses heightened public hostility towards the secret police after the February Revolution and made it very dangerous to be a political policeman. That fact, along with the St. Petersburg Soviet’s insistence on the dissolution of the regular Tsarist police force, as well as the political police, meant that the Okhrana quickly and quietly disappeared.

In contrast to the pre-revolutionary position Russian Jews were now handled in the same way as the multiple other nations living on the former tsarist territory. “National in form and socialist in content”,Weinberg 1998 p15 was Stalin's well known formula.

In 1794 he fought in Tadeusz Kościuszko's uprising against Tsarist Russia. He participated in battles of Szczekociny, Warsaw, Maciejowice, and at Praga. In 1799 he was made General of Brigade of the Polish legions. From 1801 he was the leader of Legia Naddunajska.

Princeton: Princeton University Press p. 225 Throughout the Tsarist period Poles wielded considerable influence. Polish landlords owned approximately 46 percent of all private property in Ukraine west of the Dnipro River. Until the mid-18th century Kiev (Polish Kijów) was Polish in culture.

Shtilmark (2003), pp.10-13;Weiner (2000), p.12. The applied-science motivation for setting up zapovedniks was continued in the first state- organized zapovednik. Barguzin Nature Reserve was established by the tsarist government in 1916 on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal.

The Petrograd Soviet pressured the Provisional Government to speak against the aims of the old, tsarist regime in the war. On 14 March, the Provisional Government declared that Russia's goal was not to conquer people or territories, but was to achieve stable peace.

As a journalist, Delvig edited the periodical Northern Flowers (1825-1831), in which Pushkin was a regular contributor. In 1830-1831, he co-edited with Pushkin the Literaturnaya Gazeta, which was banned by the Tsarist government after information laid by Thaddeus Bulgarin.

Miriam Markel-Mosessohn Miriam Markel-Mosessohn (née Wierzbolowska; 1839–1920)Balin, Carole B. (2000). To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press. . Chapter 1, "The Makings of a Maskilah: Miriam Markel-Mosessohn (1839-1920)"; p.

These measures were justified as protection against more radical groups: the Vaps Movement and the Pērkonkrusts (see 1934 Latvian coup d'état).Johan Eellend, Cultivating the Rural Citizen. Modernity, Agrarianism and Citizenship in Late Tsarist Estonia. Studia Baltica Serie II: 1, p. 231.

Robert Bresson used Part I as the basis for his last film, L'Argent (1983), transposing the action from early nineteenth century tsarist Russia to capitalistic, present-day France.Moravia, A. (1998). L'Argent. In J. Quandt (Ed.), Robert Bresson. Toronto: Cinematheque Ontario Monographs, p.

On one side, many recognise that the period enabled the Litvin and Ruthenian identity to transform into a modern Belarusian nationality. On the other, in doing so, many traits, though coming via Poland of the Belarusian culture were lost under Tsarist pressure.

During the Uprising of 1863, priest Justinas Siesickis read an uprising manifesto. After the uprising was suppressed by the Tsarist authorities, four priests from Luokė were exiled to Siberia and the parish school was closed. In 1938, the parish had 5,150 Catholics.

Souvenir style The end result of Andreyev's labours was the establishment of an orchestral folk tradition in Tsarist Russia, which later grew into a movement within the Soviet Union.Smith, Susannah L. "Folk Music." Encyclopedia of Russian History. Ed. James R. Millar. Vol. 2.

A few years later in 1936, Justice Commissar Nikolai Krylenko publicly stated that the anti-gay criminal law was correctly aimed at the decadent and effete old ruling classes, thus further linking homosexuality to a right-wing conspiracy, i.e. Tsarist aristocracy and German fascists.

Tucker's illiterate serf and literate proletarian view the tsarist state as "an abstract entity" and "an alien power".Tucker, "The Image of Dual Russia," pp. 122-125. (italics added). His collective farmer resents enserfment and his factory worker resents exploitation in Stalin's "socialist" revolution.

Tucker, "The Image > of Dual Russia," pg. 141. (italics added). In short, Tucker viewed "dual Russia" as a core element of the tsarist, Soviet, and post-Soviet political systems, and he affirmed that systemic change must be founded on spiritual healing of state-society relations.

Amsterdam 2017. On 14 February O.S. (27 February N.S.) police agents reported that army officers had, for the first time, mingled with the crowds demonstrating against the war and the government on Nevsky Prospekt. Alexander Kerensky took the opportunity to attack the Tsarist regime.

Jakševičius was the youngest among his brothers, born to a peasant family. His father Aleksandras was a carpenter and sculptor. In 1915 he worked for his oldest brother, Vincentas. At the same year he was summoned to the civil service in the Tsarist army.

Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus (July 16, 1776 – April 2, 1827) was a German physician and naturalist who spent most of his active career teaching at Vilnius University in Tsarist Russia.Carus, Victor. "Bojanus, Ludwig Heinrich". In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol.3 (1876), p.84f.

He was arrested for anti-Tsarist activities and involvement with a revolutionary group. Later he studied medicine in Vienna, Berlin, Paris. In 1884, he returned to Vilnius and established his practice as gynecologist and pediatrician. He published medical articles in Russian and German journals.

Prince Esper Esperovich Ukhtomsky, Эспер Эсперович Ухтомский ( – 26 November 1921) was a poet, publisher and Oriental enthusiast in late Tsarist Russia. He was a close confidant of Tsar Nicholas II and accompanied him whilst he was Tsesarevich on his Grand tour to the East.

Abai KunanbaevPresent-day Karkaraly began with the construction of a fortress in 1824, which developed into a Cossack settlement by 1827. In 1868, Karkaraly was incorporated as a town, and became the capital of a Tsarist district, which formed part of the Semipalatinsk Region.

As part of his drive to modernize and Westernize Tsarist Russia, Peter the Great imposed a beard tax in 1698 to encourage Russian men to shave their traditional beards. Men who continued to wear beards but refused to pay the tax were forcibly shaven.

They began to complain about the treatment of POWs. The Tsarist authorities initially refused to acknowledge the German and Habsburg governments. They rejected their claims because Russian POWs were working on railway construction in Serbia. However, they slowly agreed to stop using prison labor.

The Russian Air Force inherited the ranks of the Soviet Union, although the insignia and uniform were slightly altered and the old Tsarist crown and double-headed eagle were re-introduced. The Russian Air Force uses the same rank structure as the Russian Ground Forces.

"Genesis of the Anti-Plague System: The Tsarist Period". Critical Reviews in Microbiology 32, pp. 19–31. ISSN 1040-841X. After defending his 1892 dissertation on the etiology of cholera (published in 1893), Gamaleya served as director of the Odessa Bacteriological Institute in 1896-1908.

With the creation of the city, Verniy Park became a place of rest for the townspeople: here they set up buffet and kitchens, built dance floors, gazebos, installed a yurt for billiards and tables for games. In Tsarist times, the entrance was paid accessed.

In the wake of Soviet repudiation of Tsarist bonds, nationalisation of foreign-owned property and confiscation of foreign assets, the Soviets and Germany signed an additional agreement on 27 August 1918. The Soviets agreed to pay six billion marks in compensation for German losses.

In 1910, Vera graduated from the Princess A. A. Obolenskaia Gymnasium. In 1911, her father died. In 1912, her older brother, who had become involved with revolutionary ideas and menshevism (see: "Mensheviks"), was arrested by the Tsarist government and exiled to an area near Irkutsk.

The event took place during a May Day demonstration in Sormovo in 1902. The shipbuilding town of Sormovo was near Gorky's native town, Nizhny Novgorod, where after the arrest of Piotr Zalomov by tsarist police, his mother, Anna Zalomova followed him into revolutionary activity.

Other elements that were hostile or indifferent to Germany, especially among the far left and the Muslims, could best be reached through their own spokesman. Hence large sums—upwards of nine tons of gold—were given the Bolsheviks to spread their own anti-tsarist propaganda.

Rennenkampf was arrested again after the October Revolution and, like many other tsarist officials, was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. He was released shortly afterwards due to deteriorating health. After that, he, along with several other tsarist generals, went south to Taganrog, his wife's birthplace, and lived under the guise of a merchant named Smokovnikov. After the Red Army took over the city, Rennenkampf disappeared under disguise of a Greek subject named Mandusakis, but was tracked down by the Red Army and identified, after which he was brought to the headquarters of the Bolsheviks under the order of Red Army commander-in-chief Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko.

Charles de Groux, The blessing 1860. Social realism traces back to 19th-century European Realism, including the art of Honoré Daumier, Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet. Britain's Industrial Revolution aroused concern for the urban poor, and in the 1870s the work of artists such as Luke Fildes, Hubert von Herkomer, Frank Holl, and William Small were widely reproduced in The Graphic. In Russia, Peredvizhniki or "Social Realism" was critical of the social environment that caused the conditions pictured, and denounced the "evil" Tsarist period. Ilya Repin said that his art work was aimed “To criticize all the monstrosities of our vile society” of the Tsarist period.

The Old Arbat Street, a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist façades of Tverskaya Street, for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace, Kuskovo, Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents, and monasteries, both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists. For the first time modern methods of skyscraper construction were implemented, resulting in the ambitious MIBC.

Ayuka Khan also waged wars against the Kazakhs, subjugated the Mangyshlak Turkmens, and made multiple expeditions against the highlanders of the North Caucasus. These campaigns highlighted the strategic importance of the Kalmyk Khanate which functioned as a buffer zone, separating Russia and the Muslim world, as Russia fought wars in Europe to establish itself as a European power. To encourage the release of Oirat cavalrymen in support of its military campaigns, the Tsarist government increasingly relied on the provision of monetary payments and dry goods to the Oirat Khan and the Oirat nobility. In that respect, the Tsarist government treated the Oirats as it did the Cossacks.

In the nineteenth century, the areas which today make up the district's territory belonged to the Kryński family and was the location of the villages Bagnówka, Pieczurki and Pietrasze. Its name comes from the forest inn "Wygoda" which was located on the road to Supraśl, around which the settlement developed. After the January Uprising, the tsarist authorities deported the family to Siberia, and their property was confiscated. A Voltaire received them, who later sold the land to two people, Koch and Sosnowski who in turn allocated a plot for the construction of tsarist military barracks, and the 64th Kazan infantry regiment () moved to there.

In foreign policy, Alexander Kolchak steadily adhered to the orientation on Russia's former allies in the First World War. As the Supreme ruler and successor to the pre- October Russian governments (tsarist and interim) in a declaration of November 21, 1918, he recognized their external debts and other contractual obligations (by the end of 1917, Russia's foreign debt exceeded 12 billion rubles). The chief representative of the white governments abroad was the former tsarist foreign minister, an experienced diplomat Sergey Sazonov, who was in Paris. All Russian embassies abroad, remaining from the pre-revolution period, submitted to him, retaining their apparatus, property and functions.

The Latvian Scouting program is based on the principles and methods created by Robert Baden- Powell.John S. Wilson (1959), Scouting Round the World. First edition, Blandford Press. p. 159 The first Scout troop in Latvia was established on April 17, 1917, under Tsarist Russia by Arvīds Bredermanis and other Scouts from Tartu, Estonia, followed by several other Scout troops in the Riga area. The national scouting organization was founded in 1918 upon Latvia's independence from Tsarist Russia and its centennial was officially celebrated in 2018. The Latvian Scout Organization (Latvijas Skautu Organizācija) was established in 1921, and Latvia was a founding member of the World Organization, from 1922 to 1940.

The agreement was needed by the allies to secure the position of Italian forces in the Middle East. The goal was to balance the military power drops at the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I as Russian (Tsarist) forces were pulling out of the Caucasus Campaign, even though they were replaced with what would be named as Democratic Republic of Armenian forces.C.J. Lowe, and M.L. Dockrill, The Mirage of Power: British Foreign Policy 1914-22 (vol 2 1972) pp 223-27 Russia was not represented in this agreement as the Tsarist regime was in a state of collapse (see Russian Revolution of 1917).

The concept of "fraternity of peoples" was opposed to the concept of internationalism. In this context, the notion of internationalism was explained as "bourgeois cosmopolitanism", so the notion of "internationalism" was conceptually replaced by the notion of "international socialism", also known as "proletarian internationalism". The Tsarist Russian Empire was dubbed the "prison of the peoples"The expression "prison of the peoples" was first applied to pre-revolutionary Tsarist Russia in the 1840s by Marquis de Custine's critical book La Russie en 1839. It was later taken up by Alexander Herzen and the goal of demolishing this "prison of the peoples" became one of the ideals of the Russian Revolution.

Lenin urged socialists across the continent to convert the "imperialist war" into a continent-wide "civil war" with the proletariat against the bourgeoisie and aristocracy. To achieve this, he encouraged the fraternisation of troops on opposing sides of the conflict, revolutionary strikes, the development of new revolutionary socialist organisations, and the criticism of nationalism. He also lambasted the Russian army and praised German advances against Russia, believing that it would weaken the Tsarist authorities. He justified this by asserting that Tsarism was "1000 times worse than [German] Kaiserism", and that the Tsarist authority was so reactionary that its removal was necessary for the proletariat revolution to succeed.

The arch-critic of Stalin, Trotsky, used the term caste rather than class, because he saw the Soviet Union as a degenerated workers' state, not as a new-class society. Richard Pipes, an anti-communist Harvard historian, claimed that the nomenklatura system mainly reflected a continuation of the old Tsarist regime, as many former Tsarist officials or "careerists" joined the Bolshevik government during and after the Russian Civil WarPipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p.444. of 1917–1922. The nomenklatura forming a de facto elite of public powers in the former Eastern Bloc; one may compare them to the western establishmentAlan Barcan, Sociological theory and educational reality (1993) p.

Hungarian lawyer George Lichtenstein, who served as Kossuth's private secretary, fled to Königsberg after the revolution and eventually settled in Edinburgh where he became noted as a musician. After the Hungarian Army's surrender at Világos in 1849, their revolutionary banners were taken to Russia by the Tsarist troops, and were kept there both under the Tsarist and Communist systems. In 1940 the Soviet Union offered the banners to the Horthy government in exchange for the release of the imprisoned Hungarian Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi – the Horthy government accepted the offer. According to legend the people of Hungary do not clink glasses with beer after the suppression of the revolution.

Born to a wealthy family in Tsarist Russia, Ivan Sokolnikoff was educated by private tutors and at Anders Classical Gymnasium in Kiev. During the Russian Revolution, as a Tsarist naval officer, he was wounded in combat off the Kuril Islands. With the victory of the Reds, he became a refugee in China. There he worked for a subsidiary of an American electrical firm until 1922 when he became an American immigrant in Seattle. In 1922 he matriculated at the University of Idaho and graduated there with an electrical engineering degree in 1926. In 1930 he received his doctorate in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Adam Zamoyski, The Last King of Poland, London, 1992, p.429. . "According to one Tsarist estimate some 20,000 civilians had been killed in the space of a few hours." "The whole of Praga was strewn with dead bodies, blood was flowing in streams" wrote Suvorov himself.

Gorinov, "Foreword," pg. xxxii. That summer, upon his return to the family home at Bolkhov, Preobrazhensky closely reviewed this and other illegal material and determined to himself become actively involved in the revolutionary movement seeking the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in Russia.Gorinov, "Foreword," pp. xxxii- xxxiii.

The Midnight Sun is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki and starring Laura La Plante, Pat O'Malley and Michael Vavitch.Munden p.511 The film is set in pre-Revolutionary Tsarist Russia. It is based on a novel by the French writer Pierre Benoît.

The unexpected uprising swept up the Volga River valley and even threatened Moscow. Tsarist troops finally defeated the rebels after they had occupied major cities along the Volga in an operation whose panache captured the imaginations of later generations of Russians. Razin was publicly tortured and executed.

The Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow on 12 March 1918. Vladimir Lenin selected the Kremlin Senate as his residence. Joseph Stalin also had his personal rooms in the Kremlin. He was eager to remove all the "relics of the tsarist regime" from his headquarters.

But the tide was turning against the revolutionaries. In 1907, the Tsarist Minister Stolypin set about his new "pacification" program. Police received more arms, orders and reinforcements to raid Anarchist centres. The police would track the Anarchists to their headquarters and then strike swiftly and brutally.

Lithuanian Resistance. Spaudos.lt, reprinted from Encyclopedia Lituanica, Boston, 1970–1978. Retrieved on 2009-03-17 Under the ban, it was illegal to print, import, distribute, or possess any publications in the Latin alphabet.Lithuania 1863–1893: Tsarist Russification And The Beginnings Of The Modern Lithuanian National Movement.

For a long time the town was called Naumiestis (Lithuanian) or Nowe Miasto (Polish). In Yiddish, the town was called Neishtot Sugint (referring to the closely located estate Sugint). Under tsarist rule, the town in 1884 was renamed Aleksandrovsk. This designation was officially valid until 1918.

The Adjutant of the Czar () is a 1929 German drama film directed by Vladimir Strizhevsky and starring Ivan Mozzhukhin, Carmen Boni and Fritz Alberti.BFI Database entry It is set in Tsarist Russia. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle.

According to the subsequent medical report, the peritonitis became general and caused fever on the same day. Six days later, Helfman died. Her child died of an unknown disease shortly thereafter. Tsarist authorities had rejected the request of Kolodkevich's parents for the legal custody of the baby.

The professor's ancestors were sent by the tsarist authorities as empire officials to the Congress Poland. After two generations, the family Polonized and during the wars clearly defined its Polish national identity. He was the father of Andrzej Nils Uggla, a literary studies professor at Uppsala University.

Vorovsky became active in the socialist movement in 1895. He was arrested by the Tsarist secret police shortly thereafter and sentenced to three years' exile in the city of Orlov. Upon his release, Vorovsky adopted a new underground pseudonym, "P. Orlovsky," as a tribute to this experience.

His activities attracted the attention of the Tsarist police. His home was searched and he was briefly arrested in September 1912. The arrest spoiled his plans for running in the elections to the Russian State Duma. During World War I, he organized aid to war refugees.

To this end, he asserted that the Tsar was a successor to both the Roman and Byzantine emperors.Pesenson and Spock, p.294 In Vasiliologion ("Book of Rulers", 1674), he wrote that tsarist rule was derived from God, whose representative on earth was the Tsar.Pesenson and Spock, p.

The index lists in excess of 200 sources for the book. In December 1908, Lenin moved from Geneva to Paris, where he worked until April 1909 on correcting the proofs. Some passages were edited to avoid tsarist censorship. It was published in Imperial Russia with great difficulty.

Jacob Schulman was born and raised in Rochester, New York, to Jewish parents who had fled Tsarist Russia. His father was a housepainter and his mother a washerwoman. Shulman won a scholarship to college but had to leave due to the onset of the Great Depression.

The tsarist government used it as a place of exile. The first political exiles were the people of Uglich implicated in the assassination of Tsarevich Demetrius. Other notable exiles included the paternal uncles of Tsar Michael I, Ernst Johann von Biron, and Burkhard Christoph von Münnich.Evgenii Anisimov.

As a protégé of admiral Alexander Shishkov he followed his mentor from the navy to the ministry of education. Boasting that he was but "a blind tool of his emperor's will",Patrick L. Alston. Education and the State in Tsarist Russia. Stanford University Press, 1969. p. 39.

In pre-Tsarist medieval Russia capital punishment was relatively rare, and was even banned in many, if not most, principalities. The Law of Yaroslavl (c. 1017) put restrictions on what crimes warranted execution. Later, the law was amended in much of the country to completely ban capital punishment.

Kalmyk exodus to China. Engraving by Charles Michel Geoffroy, 1845. After the death of Ayuka Khan in 1724, the political situation among the Kalmyks became unstable as various factions sought to be recognized as Khan. The Tsarist government also gradually chipped away at the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate.

The Bolshevik draft resolutions for the Fifth Congress of the Party were published in Nos. 6 and 7 of Novy Luch on March 7 and March 12, 1907. After the appearance. of No. 7, the newspaper was suppressed by the tsarist government and legal action taken against its publishers.

There, he joined Lithuanian cultural life and became a contributor to Aušra, the first Lithuanian-language newspaper. In total, he published ten articles in Aušra in which he criticized the Lithuanian press ban and other Russification policies implement by the Tsarist regime and provided practical advice to Lithuanian farmers.

In 1752 the Holy Trinity Church was built. In the 19th century the Tyszkiewicz family were the owners of Deltuva. In 1867 Deltuva was renamed to "Konstantinovo" after Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman, tsarist official and Governor of Vilna. The old name "Deltuva" was returned to the city in 1914.

New York: Hanford Press, 1925; pg. 44. with her parents encouraging their daughter to read extensively. Cohn was radicalized during her teenaged years in the Tsarist empire. At the age of 16 she joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), the intellectual successor of the Narodnik movement of the 1870s.

London: Longman. 1994. After the outbreak of hostilities in World War I, Germany occupied Lithuania and Courland in 1915. Vilnius fell to the Germans on 19 September 1915. An alliance with Germany in opposition to both tsarist Russia and Lithuanian nationalism became for the Baltic Germans a real possibility.

The cause of the uprising was also due to the transfer of lands by the Tsarist Government to Russian settlers, Cossack's, and poor settlers. Political and religious extremism played a role too, as well as the fear of being used as human shields during the Russo-German trench warfare.

As was common for the time, Nesterov was not strapped in and he fell from his plane, dying of his injuries the next day.Bonch-Bruyevich, Mikhail, translated by Vladimir Vezey. From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander (Progress Publishers, 1966), p.30. The Austrian pilot and observer also died.

The party argued that Jewish workers would benefit economically from Tsarist rule, as long as they stayed aloof of political protests. Its followers were nicknamed Zubatovchikes.Johnpoll, Bernard K. The Politics of Futility; The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917-1943. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967. p.

They did not have the full privileges of Russians, but nor did they have the same obligations, such as military service. The Tsarist regime left substantial elements of the previous regimes (such as Muslim religious courts) intact, and local self-government at the village level was quite extensive.

His grandmother's name was Ludwika Zofia Potocka. As of 1855, Saint Clair's family had sold their mansion in Vepriai to Podbereski family. Brought up with strong Polish identity of his family, he perceived struggle against tsarist Russia as his patriotic duty and this led him to his Balkan activities.

Lutz, James M. and Brenda J. Lutz Global terrorism, p. 134, Taylor & Francis 2008 Except for a brief period in 1848 and within the Tsarist milieu, Marx did not advocate revolutionary terror,McLellan, David, The thought of Karl Marx: an introduction, p. 229, MacMillan feeling it would be counterproductive.

Thus, for all the subsequent tsarist times, neither a theological academy nor a secular university was opened in Novgorod. In the 19th century, the Novgorod Theological Seminary had few fundamental differences from other theological seminaries in the country. However, even then it possessed unique traditions and a remarkable library.

They vote 2-1 to resume the strike. March 16–17: The St Petersburg skhodka meets twice, voting 825-601 in favour of a new strike.Samuel D. Kassow, Students, professors, and the state in Tsarist Russia, page 108-9 March 18: The university is closed and all students suspended.

Reporting of the lysis of Bacillus anthracis bacteria by a transmissible "ferment" in 1898, Gamaleya was the discoverer of the bacteria-destroying antibodies known as bacteriolysins.Melikishvili, Alexander (2008). "Annex: Biosketches of Scientists and Other Public Figures Who Played Important Roles in the Evolution of Tsarist Russia’s Anti-Plague System".

The tsarist representatives called from reinforcements, which came from Częstochowa, Warsaw, and summer training camps. Several infantry regiments entered the city. Eventually, Russian forces sent to suppress the workers numbered six infantry regiments and several cavalry regiments. Despite that, the situation was spiralling into a full blown uprising.

Perhaps more importantly however, the Swedes could now cross the river Vorskla. The offensive continued for a while and Charles reached Krasnokutsk where he forced another Russian army on the run.Dorrell, Nicholas. The Dawn of the Tsarist Empire: Poltava & the Russian Campaigns of 1708—1709, Partizan Press (2009).

He helped Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, future Soviet revolutionary, hide from the Tsarist police. In Stakiai, which was particularly remote ( to the nearest school and to the nearest town), Tumas mostly took care of the church's farm and organized a purchase of phosphate fertilisers for the entire village to use.

While official figures put the number of believers at 9–10% of the population, authorities were nonetheless baffled at the continued widespread presence of religious belief in society, especially since by the start of the 1980s, the vast majority of Soviet citizens alive had no memory of tsarist times.

As such, Bortkevičienė grew up surrounded by anti-Tsarist attitudes. She spoke little Lithuanian that she learned from her mother. Her father spoke Polish, but considered himself to be Lithuanian (see Polish-Lithuanian identity). By her own admission, she knew nothing of the Lithuanian National Revival before 1889.

Svetlana Alexandrovna Chervonnaya was born in Moscow on October 14, 1948 to ethnic Jewish parents. Chervonnaya's ancestors hailed from the Ukraine, Poland, and Belarus, having been forced to live in such places during Tsarist times due to anti-semitic restrictions upon Jewish residence.Svetlana Chervonnaya, "An Unfinished Story," DocumentsTalk.com, Moscow.

Born on January 8, 1885 in Narym, Tomsk Governorate, in the family of Nikolai Pepelyaev, a general of the tsarist army. Victor graduated from Tomsk men's gymnasium. He entered the law faculty of Tomsk University, which he graduated in 1909. In 1909 he taught history at Biysk Gymnasium.

Prosveshcheniye began publication in St. Petersburg in December 1911. Maxim Gorky was editor of the fiction section. The magazine was banned by the tsarist government on the eve of the First World War in June 1914. One further issue (a double one) appeared in the autumn of 1917.

Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. There, Mensheviks confronted Stalin about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but he took no notice of them. Tsarist secret police.

The war led to the destruction, by the Bolsheviks in 1917, of the Tsarist regime and the aristocratic society which had enriched touring Italian opera stars like Battistini and his tenor compatriots Francesco Tamagno, Francesco Marconi and Angelo Masini. This history-shaping political development, coupled with Battistini's refusal to sing in the Americas, meant that his career after the war's conclusion in 1918 was confined to Western Europe. Incidentally, Battistini's choice of bride had befitted his esteemed social status in Tsarist Russia and the West: he married a Spanish noblewoman, Doña Dolores de Figueroa y Solís, who was the offspring of a marquis and a cousin of Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val.

Nabat Khanum, who financed several charitable projects simultaneously in Baku, could not afford to complete the mosque. In addition, due to breakout of Balkan War in 1911, Tsarist Russia had strictly controlled the activities of banks in Baku, assuming that Muslim millionaires could help the Ottoman Empire so that the Baku millionaires had to get the approval of officials from the Tsarist Department for the amount to be spent on the construction of Taza Pir Mosque. Azerbaijani national industrial magnate and philanthropist Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev also actively attended in the construction process of the mosque. Only 3 years after opening the mosque was closed in connection with the October Revolution in 1917.

They use fake historical documents > such as the memoirs of Prince Dolgorouki, a mid-nineteenth century Russian > minister in Tehran, to substantiate their claims; the memoirs were however > manufactured in Iran in 1937 and have long since been exposed as forgeries. > The articles also state that the Báb, one of the Baháʼí Faith's central > figures, was taught simultaneously by the Jews and the Tsarist government of > Russia, even though the Tsarist government was well-known to have been > unfavourable towards the Jews. The Baháʼí World Centre claims that the > linking of Baháʼís with Zionism serves to provoke suspicion and hatred > towards the Baháʼís. An Israeli mockumentary about the religion called > Baha'is In My Backyard was released in 2006.

In 1686 the settlement was repopulated by servicemen of the Ostrohozk Sloboda Cossack Regiment who originally came from Poltava and Chernihiv regions and named their settlement after a town of Bilsk, Cossack Hetmanate that might have belonged to another Litvin who sided with Muscovites, Theodore Bielsky. Being a runaway serfs, Tsarist government allowed them to settle in military frontier with the Crimean realm to carry out border guard functions. After the place became also populated with serfs from the central regions of the today's Russia, the Tsarist government took measures to find and return those fugitives. In 1701 the Ambassadorial Prikaz decided to conduct a population census in new settlements along Aidar and Siversky Donets.

This pressure has never been geographically equal. For example, Galicia had been under Polish and Austrian rule until the end of Second World War, while Right-bank Ukraine had been under nominal Tsarist rule since the Treaty of Pereyaslav. What can be deduced is that Ukrainian lands had ties to the West for a longer period of time and at crucial moments in the formation of the Ukrainian identity that made it distinct from Russian culture, which did not materialise until the last years of Tsarist rule. As far back as Kyivan Rus, Rurikid dynasty members were married to Western and Central European royalty, such as the ruling houses of England and France.

Toktogul was a well-known poet and composer with the democratic views even during the Tsarist Russia's colonial era in Southern Kyrgyzstan (1876–1917). On the eve of the revolt led by Muhammad Ali Madali, the Sufi ishan, the poet Toktogul was harshly criticizing local Kyrgyz lords in Ketmen-Tobe valley. Madali ishan, seeking to rid the area of the Russians and restore the formerly independent khanate of Khokand, called for "holy war", and led 2,000 men against the Tsarist Russia on 17–18 May 1898 (on 30–31 May 1898 in the Gregorian calendar). However, his force was blocked outside the city on Andijan by the Russian 20th Line Battalion and defeated.

The Milyukov note was an incident on the 20 April 1917, one which resulted in the bolstering of support for the Bolsheviks in Russia, and a widespread mistrust of the Russian Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, who had long thought that the Provisional Government was continuing the war in the same fashion that the Tsarist Government had, had little proof of this and were simply waiting for a time to take action in spreading popular mistrust of the Provisional Government. Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov sent the Allied Powers a telegram, one which would prove to be a turning point of 1917. The telegram contained the statement that the Provisional Government would continue the war with the Tsarist war aims.

In May Guchkov initiated the War Industries Committees in order to unite industrialists who were supplying the army with ammunition and military equipment, to mobilize industry for war needs and prolonged military action, to put political pressure on the tsarist government. On 17 July 1915 the Duma reconvened for six weeks. Its former members became increasingly displeased with Tsarist control of military and governmental affairs and demanded its own reinstatement. When the Tsar refused its call for the replacement of his cabinet on 21 August with a "Ministry of National Confidence", roughly half of the deputies formed a "Progressive Bloc", which in 1917 became a focal point of political resistance. On 3 September 1915 the Duma prorogued.

The tsarist government launched a campaign to populate the newly established Kars Oblast with perceived "reliable" populations, including Germans.Tsutsiev, p. 35. In 1891, a number of German families were resettled in Kars from the colony of Alexandershilf near Tiflis and established the village of Petrovka.American Historical Society of Germans from Russia.

He also read widely on his own, including material by the iconic Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko, the journalist Nikolai Mikhailovsky, and political satirist Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin which led the young Gelfand to begin to question the legitimacy of the Tsarist Empire.Zeman and Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution, pp. 10-11.

It was sung by burlaks, or barge-haulers, on the Volga River. Balakirev published it with only one verse (the first). The other two verses were added at a later date. Ilya Repin's famous painting Barge Haulers on the Volga depicts such burlaks in Tsarist Russia toiling along the Volga.

In the Whirlwind of Revolution () is a 1922 Soviet silent drama film directed by Aleksandr Chargonin.Spring & Taylor p.17 The film is about a miners' strike in Tsarist Russia. Against the background of the events develops a romance between the head of the workers and a girl from a wealthy family.

Stefan Okrzeja was a son of a railway track-walker. He worked as a painter, than as an iron worker in various factories in Warsaw. He joined the illegal Polish Socialist Party (PPS) in 1904, soon becoming a member of its Warsaw Committee. He took part in many anti-tsarist demonstrations.

In the 19th century an ethnographic expedition from Tsarist Russia was conducted in the Kent Mountains. They had heard the legend told by local residents and later confirmed the existence of the palace. At this time, part of the complex was still standing. One two-story building was almost untouched.

What gave the Russian presence added durability was its concentration in the northern and central parts of Tannu Uriankhai, areas sparsely populated by the natives themselves. It was Russian colonization, therefore, rather than purposeful Tsarist aggression, that resulted in Tannu Uriankhai ultimately becoming part of Russia in the following century.

In 1752 the Dominican friars established a monastery. The monks opened a parish school, which had 40 students in 1805. Both the monastery and the school were closed by tsarist authorities after the Uprising of 1831. After the construction of the Panevėžys–Daugavpils railway, the settlement grew into a trading town.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was the daughter of a Tsarist official.François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. "On les disait 'pétroleuses'..." (archive) (PDF version) She was active in her youth in the Socialist circles of Saint Petersburg. In 1868, she travelled to Switzerland, and co-founded the Russian section of the First International.

Tsarist wrappers of 1890 and 1891, the 1 kopek orange and 2 kopek green were used. Four different wrappers can be distinguished although some catalogues subdivide each 2 kopek wrapper into two types with differences in size, making a total of six different wrappers.Michel Ganzsachen-Katalog Europa Ost 2001, p.535.

The letter was not formally replied to. A few years later, 1936, Justice Commissar Nikolai Krylenko publicly stated that the anti-gay criminal law was correctly aimed at the decadent and effete old ruling classes, thus further linking homosexuality to a right-wing conspiracy, i.e. tsarist aristocracy and German fascists.

John W. Long, "Plot and counter‐plot in revolutionary Russia: Chronicling the Bruce Lockhart conspiracy, 1918." Intelligence and National Security 10#1 (1995): 122–143. French and British support for the Whites was also motivated by a desire to protect the assets they had acquired through extensive investment in Tsarist Russia.

In 1836 he returned home anxious to embark on a mission of enlightenment.Hacikyan et al., p. 212. Abovian's efforts were thwarted as he faced a growing and hostile reaction from the Armenian clergy as well as Tsarist officials, largely stemming from his opposition to dogmatism and formalism in the school system.

While the Soviet Union officially claimed religious toleration, in practice the government discouraged organized religion and did everything possible to remove religious influence from Soviet society. The Russian Orthodox Church supported tsarist Russia, therefore creating another reason the Bolsheviks would attempt to diminish their influence on the Russian people and government.

Arkady was a high official in the tsarist Russian government in St. Petersburg. Thomas was a great-nephew of Eduard von Hartmann, the author of Philosophy of the Unconscious (3 vols.), vol. 1 of which was published in Germany in 1869. This work later became well-known in America and England.

Dąbrowska was born Maria Szumska in Russów near Kalisz, Congress Poland, under Tsarist military control. Her parents belonged to the impoverished landed gentry (ziemiaństwo). Maria suffered from esotropia, giving her a "cross-eyed" appearance. She studied sociology, philosophy, and natural sciences in Lausanne and Brussels, and settled in Warsaw in 1917.

His war memoirs were translated into English and published in 1930 as A Soldier's Notebook, 1914–1918. Following the October Revolution, he served the Bolsheviks and joined the Red Army. Many pro-tsarist historians avoided praising or even mentioning his historical role, because of his role in the Red Army.

Tsarist period The building was constructed by Andrey Kryachkov in 1914–1916. Originally it was a two-story building. The house was occupied by a branch of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya Manufactory and belonged to the Moscow textile merchants Morozovs. In 1922, the Post and Telegraph Office was located in the building.

In 1916 in the territory which is currently named Urkun, Kyrgyzstan launched an uprising against Tsarist Russia. A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 in which 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis were killed in a genocide, though Russia rejected this characterization. Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000.

The person of the tsar himself, a sovereign with absolute authority, stood at the center of the tsarist autocracy.Stephen J. Lee Russia and the USSR, 1855–1991: Autocracy and Dictatorship, Routledge, 2006. , Google Print, p.1-3 The rights of state power in their entire extent belonged to the tsar.

Some historians see the traditions of tsarist autocracy as partially responsible for laying groundworks for the totalitarianism in the Soviet Union.David Lloyd Hoffmann, Stalinism: The Essential Readings, Blackwell Publishing, 2003, , .Google Print, p.67-68Dennis J. Dunn, The Catholic Church and Russia: Popes, Patriarchs, Tsars, and Commissars, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

In the history of cryptography, the Nihilist cipher is a manually operated symmetric encryption cipher, originally used by Russian Nihilists in the 1880s to organize terrorism against the tsarist regime. The term is sometimes extended to several improved algorithms used much later for communication by the First Chief Directorate with its spies.

In 1679-88 it was expanded and reconstructed. The walls of the church survived from that period; the interior décor was created in 1749-70, the cupola was reconstructed in 1752-60. In 1844 tsarist authorities closed the monastery down and the church became parochial. Today it serves the Vilnius Polish community.Prof.

Tucker practiced what he preached. Not only did he compare Soviet and tsarist Russian political leaders, but he also compared various types of political leadership in various contexts. In Politics as Leadership (1981), he argued that leadership is "the essence of politics". He analyzed the diagnostic, prescriptive, and mobilizing functions of leadership.

Helfman was arrested and Sablin fired several shots at the police and then shot himself to avoid capture. Mikhailov was captured in the same building the next day after a brief gunfight. The tsarist police apprehended Sophia Perovskaya on March 22, Nikolai Kibalchich on March 29, and Ivan Yemelyanov on April 14.

Ukrainka actively opposed Russian tsarism and was a member of Ukrainian Marxist organizations. In 1902 she translated the Communist Manifesto into Ukrainian. She was briefly arrested in 1907 by tsarist police and remained under surveillance thereafter. In 1907, Ukrainka married Klyment Kvitka, a court official, who was an amateur ethnographer and musicologist.

By 1903, Emanoil Catelli worked as a mechanic for agricultural machinery. In September 1903, he was enrolled in the Tsarist army as a second-class military. In little over one year later he entered the Junkers School, where he was taught until August 1907. He completed his studies as a non- commissioned officer.

In 1834, the Opoczno County was re- created, and until World War I, Opoczno belonged to Radom Governorate. In 1828, the population of the town was app. 3,500, with 342 houses. Both Polish rebellions in Congress Poland (November Uprising and January Uprising) resulted in Tsarist repressions, which were particularly hard in the 1860s.

In Tsarist times officers had considerable freedom in the decoration of their shaskas and some had non-regulation blades.Urazbakhtin, p. 126-135, 144 The 1834 pattern shashka was a popular weapon, when it was replaced by the 1881 pattern, several regiments complained so vociferously that their 1834s were returned to them.Urazbakhtin, p.

After the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Carmelites from Kolainiai administered the school from 1797 to 1817. In 1817, Tsarist authorities secularized the school, changed its name to gymnasium, introduced primary education classes, and transferred its administration to Vilnius University. As such, the number of students grew and exceeded 400.

He also built a monastery and a church for the monks. In 1797, the monks took over the administration of the Kražiai College, a former Jesuit school. After Tsarist authorities secularized the college in 1817, the Carmelites established their own school in Kolainiai. The school was closed in 1835 after the November Uprising.

Louis Elliman (1906 - 1965), was an Irish impresario and theatre manager. Elliman was born in Dublin, a son of Maurice Elliman, who had fled from Tsarist persecution in Russia. He was educated at Synge Street CBS. His father became involved in cinema by establishing the Theatre De Luxe in Camden St. in 1912.

Lenin. The Soviet Government of the Russian Soviet Republic decriminalised homosexuality in December 1917, following the October Revolution and the discarding of the Legal Code of Tzarist Russia.[Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. E.H. Carr. 1994] Through the abolishment of the Tsarist legal code in 1917, the Russian Communist Party effectively legalised homosexuality.

Thus, Letychiv was more easily attacked and harder to defend. Because of this, until Tsarist times Letychiv played a subordinate role to nearby Medzhibozh. Dominican friars brought an icon of Mary, mother of Jesus to Letychiv in the late 15th century. Letychiv suffered attacks by the Tatars in 1453, 1516, 1558, and 1567.

After her husband has been arrested by the Tsarist police, a woman begs the governor for mercy, without success. He is condemned to be deported to Siberia and dies on the way. She decides to join a nihilist group and is ordered to bomb the governor's palace. She dies while completing her mission.

Roman Malinovsky. 1913. Roman Vatslavovich Malinovsky (, 1876–1918) was a prominent Bolshevik politician before the revolution, while at the same time working as the best paid agent for the Okhrana, the Tsarist secret police. They codenamed him 'Portnoi' (the tailor). He was a brilliant orator, tall, red-haired, yellow-eyed and pockmarked.

On 13 June 1796, a Russian flotilla entered Baku Bay, and a garrison of Russian troops was placed inside the city. Later, however, Pavel I ordered the cessation of the campaign and the withdrawal of Russian forces following his predecessor, Catherine the Great, her death. In March 1797, the tsarist troops left Baku.

December 25, 1917, No. 30, p. 1 (announcement of subscription for 1918). Along with the former newspaper headings, a heading "Secret Documents" appeared, where some secret documents of the tsarist government of pre-revolutionary years were printed. From the beginning of January 1918, the newspaper switched to reformed spelling – unlike other Soviet newspapers.

Meanwhile, the Tsarist government stood powerless as only one police sergeant and no land captain was in the volost, and was therefore unable to put down the increasingly famous and large republic. The peasant republic was written of in American newspapers, and this brought a Chicago professor to Markovo to lend it support.

This allowed Agafia Khodataeva to give her son proper education at the Rostov-on-Don realschule. Peter soon married a local midwife Anna. By the time Nikolai was born, he had made a successful career as a tsarist official and could afford to pay for his son's art lessons.The Stars of Russian Animation.

Frozen Hearts is a 1923 American silent comedy film starring Stan Laurel. One of a number of films he made before teaming up with Oliver Hardy, here peasant Stan duels with the ruling elite in Tsarist Russia for the love of his girl. The film also featured Laurel's common law wife Mae Laurel.

The electric power industry first developed in Russia under the Tsarist regime. The industry was highly regulated particularly by the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. This led to considerable delay as electrification was not made a priority in the process of industrialisation.

The Russian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of the Tsarist regime of Nicholas II and the onset of the Russian Civil War. The victorious Bolsheviks then established the Soviet Union, the world's first communist state. Nazi invasion. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people between 1941 and 1945,Mark Harrison (2002).

The tsarist regime cracked down on any attempt by Russian Armenians to engage in action across the border, a leading example being the Gugunian Expedition of 1890.Suny. Looking Toward Ararat, p. 46 The Bashkaleh Resistance was the first recorded bloody encounter between the Armenians and the Ottoman Empire in May 1889.

During the Assembly sessions Bortkevičienė spoke rarely, but she voiced her opinions on two major issues: land reform and the institution of the president. She opposed returning land that was confiscated by the Tsarist regime from churches and monasteries. When discussing the constitution, she also opposed creating the institution of the president.

21Stefan Hedlund, Russian Path Dependence: A People with a Troubled History, Routledge, 2005, , Google Print, p.161 The tsarist autocracy had many supporters within Russia. Major Russian advocates and theorists of the autocracy included writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky,Peter Viereck, Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill, Transaction Publishers, 2005, , Google Print, pp.

Melancon, MS (2006) The Lena Goldfields Massacre and the Crisis of the Late Tsarist State, Texas A&M; University Press P167 The massacre was protested by the leaders of the Social Democratic leaders and the Socialists Revolutionary leaders who were in Paris at the time of the event. Socialist parties, like the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks,used this tragedy and the public outrage it sparked to further promote their political leanings throughout the Empire. The massacre also triggered massive walkouts as a form of generalised opposition to the Tsarist political system through the commemoration of the victims of excess use of force during the Lena massacre, which was held yearly. This commemorative event held deep significance to the public and attracted broad sympathy.

The "Young" sympathized with the Social Democrats of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, and believed priority should be given to co-operation with Russian revolutionaries in toppling the tsarist regime and creating a socialist utopia to facilitate negotiations for independence. Piłsudski and his supporters in the Revolutionary Faction continued to plot a revolution against Tsarist Russia to secure Polish independence. By 1909, his faction was the majority in the PPS, and Piłsudski remained an important PPS leaders until the outbreak of the First World War. Piłsudski anticipated a coming European war with the need to organize the nucleus of a future Polish Army to secure Poland's independence from the three empires partitioning them out of political existence in the late 18th century.

Upon arrival to the lower Volga region in 1630, the Oirats encamped on land that was once part of the Astrakhan Khanate, but was then claimed by the Tsarist government. The region was lightly populated, from south of Saratov to the Russian garrison at Astrakhan, and on both the east and the west banks of the Volga River. The Tsarist government was not ready to colonize the area and was in no position to prevent the Oirats from encamping in the region, but it had a direct political interest in ensuring that the Oirats would not become allied with their Turkic-speaking neighbors. The Oirats quickly consolidated their position by expelling the majority of the native inhabitants, the Nogai Horde.

Basil Erdeli-Ardeleanu as Emanoil Gojdu during revolutions of 1848–1849 in Transylvania and Hungary, the Romanian-Hungarian brotherhood promoted, but soon after the capitulation of Șiria, Arad kossuthişti Hungarian revolutionaries, supported in publicly, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of the Habsburg Empire. In the midst of fighting between troops of the Tsarist intervention Hungarian revolutionaries led by Lajos Kossuth, the host, the warm, the Tsarist General Paskievici Erivan, the Beiuș. In 1849 he was presented the king, who decorated it and made baron, as Andrei Şaguna, in fact, for the same reasons. In January 1850, a petition to the king, asked him to turn the Principality of Transylvania in "Romanian Land" and Emperor to receive the title of "Great in the novel".

When the Ossetians first came into contact with Tsarist Russia, geography and religion have since given the Ossetians a pro-Russian orientation. Ossetians joined both the tsarist and Soviet army massively; they take pride in having produced more heroes of the Soviet Union per head of population than other Soviet peoples. The Soviet Georgian government, established after the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921, created the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast in April 1922 under pressure from Kavburo (the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party). Some historians believe that autonomy was granted to the Ossetians by the Bolsheviks in return for their assistance in fighting against independent Georgia, since this territory had never been a separate entity.

He emphasized the Russian rather than the Marxian roots of Bolshevism. He highlighted the differences between Lenin's one-party dictatorship and Stalin's one-man dictatorship. He illuminated the similarities between tsarist and Stalinist state-building and social engineering. He elucidated the domestic and international politics of de-Stalinization in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia.

The solution was to bring Russia into the British-French alliance. The Anglo-Russian Entente and the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 made both countries part of the Triple Entente.Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974 (1974) pp 249–255. Russia and Japan developed friendly relations after their war ended.

R. Bideleux, I. Jeffries. A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Routledge. 1998. p. 186 Several hundred thousand Polish civilians were moved to labor camps in Germany, and 800,000 were deported by the Tsarist forces to the East. The scorched-earth retreat strategies of both sides left much of the war zone uninhabitable.

The old Tsarist Copyright law of 1911 was not immediately invalidated after the October Revolution. The old law, with its copyright term of 50 years after the author's death and its possibility of transferring copyrights in their entirety from an author to a publisher, continued to be valid initially.Levitsky p. 31.Newcity p. 18.

At Kuldja some Taranchi Turkic Muslims massacred Chinese Muslims, forcing them to flee into Ili. Large Qing (Manchu) Dynasty forces under General Zuo Zongtang attacked Kashgaria in 1876. Fearing Tsarist expansion into East Turkestan, Great Britain supported the Qing invasion forces through loans by British banks (mostly through Boston Bank, located in Hong Kong).

The Academy had 8 faculty members, who included philologist Leon Borowski, philosopher Anioł Dowgird, historian Paweł Kukolnik. The Academy closely cooperated with Vilnius Priest Seminary. Around 1840, the Tsarist authorities suspected that the students were planning another uprising. Therefore, the academy, including its students, professors, and library, was moved to Saint Petersburg in August 1842.

His friends gave him the nickname 'Schurik', a nickname he would be called by his closer friends for the rest of his life. He was an Eastern Orthodox Christian who considered himself both German and Russian. As declared in the Gestapo's interrogations, he was a convinced Tsarist and then an archenemy of the Bolsheviks.

Second Edition. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007; vol. 8. His activity drew the attention of the tsarist secret police and led to three stints in prison for his political activity. After the failure of the 1905 Revolution, Salutsky went into exile; he spent 1908 in Paris and left for America the following year.

Ivan Kaliayev ('Yanek') – The lead character of the play. It is he who throws the bomb that kills the Grand Duke, and goes to prison for it. Kaliayev is also known among the terrorists as 'the poet'. He, like the other 'justes', has sacrificed a good life to fight the tyranny of the Tsarist regime.

The Tsarist government gave him the responsibility of supervising the formation of a well-developed navy. Trachtenberg was a dedicated pacifist. When war broke out in 1914, he was instrumental in organising a society known as the Society of Good Samaritans. The idea was to train Russian students to take care of the wounded.

When the 1905 Revolution spread across the Russian Empire, some Jadids were active in the Fergana Valley. When the Tsarist regime extended the military draft to include Muslims, this led to a revolt which was far more widespread than that of 1898, and which was not entirely suppressed by the time of the Russian Revolution.

The All-Russian Union of Landowners () was a right-wing party in Russia. The party was founded in 1905 and lobbied the Tsarist government to defend landowners' interests. Its founding conference was held in Moscow on November 17, 1905, gathering 203 landowners from 33 provinces. The party held its second congress in Moscow in 1906.

During this time he became involved in revolutionary politics. His involvement was based on his experiences of injustice at work and the terrorism of the Tsarist regime during the 1905 revolution. In 1906, Makhno joined the anarchist organization in Huliaipole. He was arrested in 1906 for robbery (to gather political funds), tried, and acquitted.

Hannah Dalton, Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 (2015) p 132. Active members received privileges and preferences in promotion. For example, Yuri Andropov, CPSU General Secretary (1982–1984), achieved notice through work with the Komsomol organization of Karelia in 1940–1944. At its largest, during the 1970s, the Komsomol had tens of millions of members.

The Catholic association was approved by Kovno Governorate. The Tsarist authorities would not approve another women's organization thus effectively preventing the Lithuanian Women's Union from being organized. However, the union continued to function illegally. In 1908, Gabrielė Petkevičaitė and Julija Žymantienė attended the First All-Russian Women's Congress organized by the League for Women's Equality.

Both of Maksim parents graduated pedagogical schools. Later father of Maksim, Adam, was involved with members of the revolutionary anti- tsarist Narodnaya Volya organization. In 1892 the family moved to Hrodna where Maksim's father received a job at local bank. Soon after the move the future poet's mother, Maria, died of tuberculosis in 1896.

As Lithuania was then part of the Russian Empire, the LSDP was inevitably an illegal organization, meeting in secret and seeking to bring about the revolutionary overthrow of the Tsarist regime. The LSDP was a dual language organization, publishing its illegal newspapers both in Lithuanian and Polish.Sabaliūnas, Lithuanian Social Democracy in Perspective, pg. 29.

In New York Gordon was active in the American section of the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), an organization dedicated to the forcible overthrow of Tsarist autocracy in Russia. She was also involved in the assisting newly-arrived Jewish emigrés from Russia and Eastern Europe, aiding them in finding jobs and housing in America.

This area was incorporated into Poland in 1922. In demographic terms, Vilnius was the least Lithuanian of Lithuanian cities, however Kaunas also had a major Polish population. Inhabitants were divided almost evenly between the Polish-speaking population, Jews and Lithuanian-speaking population (who constituted about 2–3% according to Tsarist and Polish surveys). Demoscope .

In 1901 he was expelled for storing illegal Lithuanian press and belonging to yet another Lithuanian book smuggling society Kūdikis. Secret police search at his home produced a large amount of illegal Lithuanian literature. Mickevičius was indicted in political case for anti-tsarist activities. To avoid arrest, he escaped via East Prussia to Switzerland.

Many of its students were active in Lithuanian book smuggling. In 1884 its students began printing Lietuva, a Lithuanian-language newspaper, edited by Adomas Dambrauskas-Jakštas. Fearing persecution by the Tsarist authorities, seminary leaders closed the newspaper. In 1888 a secret Lithuanian society was established, which was transformed into the St. Casimir Society in 1889.

Venclova, Tomas. VILNIUS; R. Paknys Publishing House, At the church, on Šv. Ignoto St., a Dominican monastery was established in 1501. Like many others, this monastery was converted into a prison by the tsarist authorities in 1807. It was a place for imprisonment for many Lithuanian patriots - the Philarets, participants in the 1831 and 1863 uprisings.

Zeman and Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution, pg. 12. He returned to Russia briefly the following year but he became the subject of official scrutiny by the tsarist secret police and was forced to leave the country again for his safety.Zeman and Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution, pg. 14. He would remain abroad for more than a decade.

Stanisław Tatar was born October 2, 1896 in Biórków Wielki village in Lesser Poland. In 1915, during World War I, he was conscripted to the tsarist Russian Army. In 1917 he was transferred to the 1st Polish Corps formed in Russia. In November 1918, together with the remnants of his unit, he joined the renascent sovereign Polish Army.

In 1810 the Russian Navy landed troops on Akçaabat's shores around Salacik where the defense of the townspeople repulsed the Russian landing after several days. During the First World War, Tsarist Russian armies occupied Akçaabat on 20 April 1916. As the Russian forces withdrew after the Russian Revolution, Ottoman forces recaptured Akçaabat on 17 February 1918.

Father Daniel Afinogenovich Belousov (1897–1956), was an officer in the army of Tsarist Russia (graduated from military school in Tbilisi). He took part in First World War. In Moldova, he worked at the post office in the city of Balti. Mother of Valentin Danilovich, Elena K. Belousov (Garbu) (1897–1982), also worked at the post office.

As winter arrived on the Western Front, the battalion rested behind the lines before occupying trenches along the Messines Ridge, holding a position around Wytschaete, against artillery attacks and occasional raids. In early 1918, the capitulation of Tsarist Russia allowed the Germans to concentrate their strength on the Western Front, and they subsequently launched a major offensive.

It also permitted the Russian Empire to maintain a smaller standing army in peacetime. Ironically, this reform was a disaster for the Tsarist regime. By reducing the length of service, peasant elders and officials could no longer threaten radical youths with conscription. Soldiers now kept their peasant identities and many learned new skills and became literate.

Harry Winitsky was born January 25, 1898, in New York City, the son of a painter who had emigrated to the United States from Tsarist Russia. As a boy, Winitsky attended public schools in New York City.Solon DeLeon with Irma C. Hayssen and Grace Poole (eds.), The American Labor Who's Who. New York: Hanford Press, 1925; pg. 253.

When the Russian revolutionaries assassinated Tsar Alexander II of Russia, Marx expressed the hope that the assassination foreshadowed 'the formation of a Russian commune'.Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to the Chairman of the Slavonic Meeting, 21 March 1881. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975). Marx supported the Polish uprisings against tsarist Russia.

The tsarist authorities implemented a number of Russification policies, including a Lithuanian press ban and the closing of cultural and educational institutions. Those were resisted by Lithuanians, led by Bishop Motiejus Valančius, among others. Lithuanians resisted by arranging printing abroad and smuggling of the books in from neighboring East Prussia. Lithuanian was not considered a prestigious language.

The 1905 revolution ended in Tsarist restoration by 1907 and a period of reaction ensued. Vladeck came to feel that emigration to the United States was his most realistic option. In 1908 he left Europe for North America, landing at Ellis Island, soon after which he began to immerse himself in the study of American history and culture.

Born Joseph Swerling in Berdichev, Ukraine,Bush, Lawrence. "Jo Swerling" Jewish Currents, April 7, 2017 Swerling was one of a number of Jewish refugees from the Tsarist regime. He grew up on New York City's Lower East Side, where he sold newspapers to help support his family. He worked as a newspaper and magazine writer in the early 1920s.

Russia acquired a majority of Belarus, Dnieper Ukraine and Podolia (280,000 km2 and 3 million residents). Some Targowica leaders (Szczęsny Potocki, Rzewuski and Branicki) formally protested and for a while left the country; other (Szymon Kossakowski and Józef Kossakowski) stayed to rule the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the tsarist authority. Danzig and Thorn militarily resisted the Prussian takeover.

He also contributed articles to magazines, such as Century Magazine, Atlantic Monthly, McClure's Magazine (a muckraker magazine), and The Outlook. In May 1885, Kennan began another voyage in Russia, this time across Siberia from Europe. He had been very publicly positive about the Tsarist Russian government and its policies and his journey was approved by the Russian government.

Job () is a 1930 novel by the Austrian writer Joseph Roth. It has the subtitle "The Story of a Simple Man" ("Roman eines einfachen Mannes"). It tells the story of an orthodox Jew whose faith is weakened when he moves from Tsarist Russia to New York City. The story is based on the Book of Job.

Palvadre was born in Korijärve in present-day Valga Parish. In 1906 he graduated from Orthodox Theological Seminary in Riga (). In 1908 he was imprisoned by the tsarist authorities for reasons of revolutionary activity in Tartu and Riga. In 1911 Palvadre graduated from the Law Faculty of the University of Tartu and then worked as a lawyer.

The following year, he was again wandering about southern Russia but this time he was detected and re-arrested by the Cheka. On June 9, 1927, he was executed along with 19 other former officers and members of the Tsarist aristocracy. The Cheka had charged them with the assassination of Ambassador Voikov in Warsaw. They were shot without trial.

Hajj participation sparked a rise in religious observance, and in public displays of piety via the veil. Tsarist control thus primarily served to indirectly increase the veil's use. Russian control shifted Central Asian's attitude toward the veil by encouraging Tatar immigration. Tatars had spent centuries under Russian rule and had adopted many European customs, including forgoing the veil.

The Russian telnyashka () is an undershirt horizontally striped in white and various colors and which may be sleeveless. It is an iconic uniform garment worn by the Russian Navy, the Russian Airborne Troops (VDV) and the Russian marines. Dating back to the 19th century Tsarist Navy, it was subsequently worn by the Soviet successors of these troops.

On June 6, 1907, the 1905 Revolution was finally extinguished with brutal force. Although order was established, the issues that sparked the violence remained and fueled the peasants' desire for revenge. A tense atmosphere gripped the country. There was the constant presence of the strongly emerging left-wing movement which was bent on purging the decadence of Tsarist Russia.

All of Petrograd indulged in wild partying, amusement and merrymaking before the Tsarist government initiated prohibition that November (alcohol was banned for the remainder of the war). One highlight of the year was Countess Shuvalov's black and white ball, with the uniformed Chevalier Gardes in attendance. Everyone spent their evenings out at the opera and attending parties.

After the fall of the January Uprising in 1864, Tsarist occupation authorities liquidated all Camaldoles monasteries with the exception of the Warsaw. In the next years, Russian authorities took over some of the buildings. The Russians introduced a ban on the admission of new members. After that, the church and hermitages were taken over by the Russian Red Cross.

The main occupations of the inhabitants were agriculture, cattle-breeding, hunting, fishing, and trade. By the beginning of the 20th century, the population had grown to 6,000 people. The Tsarist government made the Komi region a place of political exile. In 1921, Ust-Sysolsk was given the status of administrative center of the newly formed Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast.

In 1844, priest began organising a local revolt to liberate Kielce from the Russian yoke, for which he was sent to Siberia. In 1863 Kielce took part in the January Uprising. As a reprisal for insubordination the tsarist authorities closed all Polish schools and turned Kielce into a military garrison city. The Polish language was banned.

She returned to Bulgaria and taught in Edirne and later in Bitolia. Returning to Russia, between 1882 and 1884, she studied in St. Petersburg taking the Bestuzhev Courses to earn a teaching degree. While in Russia, she was influenced by the student protests against the tsarist autocracy and met St. Petersburg University student Dimitar Blagoev, whom she married.

Freeman's family came from Piratin near Lviv, part of the Poltava district in the Ukraine, then in the Russian empire. His parents, Stella and Isaac Freeman, were Jewish and lived in the Pale of Settlement as per anti-semitic laws of the Tsarist regime. His parents worked as shopkeepers.Joseph Freeman, An American Testament: A Narrative of Rebels and Romantics.

The trial was preceded by several purges of the Red Army. In the mid-1920s, Leon Trotsky was removed as Commissar of War, and his known supporters were expunged from the military. Former tsarist officers had been purged in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The latter purge was accompanied by the "exposure" of the "Former Officers Plot".

Slavic Review (2004) 63#2 pp. 247–274.Steven Nafziger, "Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia" (Working paper, Williams College, 2012). online The average allotment in Kherson was only , and for allotments from the peasants paid 5 to 10 rubles of redemption tax. The state peasants were better off, but still, they were emigrating in masses.

The first paragraph declared that the Tsarist government was Lithuania's most dangerous enemy. The second paragraph demanded autonomy; the third outlined the means towards this goal that were deemed acceptable. The resistance was to be peaceful and passive. The fourth and final paragraph demanded that children be taught in their native language by teachers chosen by the people.

They respond to the students' snowballs with whips. February 9: 3,000 students attend a skhodka. They call a student strike and elect an 11 strong Organization Committee.Samuel D. Kassow, Students, professors, and the state in Tsarist Russia, page 93 At this stage, few students wanted a political protest. February 15: The strike spreads to Moscow University and Technological Institute.

"Altjudische Denkmaller aus der Krim mitgetheilt von Abraham Firkowitsch, 1839–1872." In Memoires de l’Academie Imperiale de St.-Peterboug, VIIe Serie, 24, 1877; reprinted Wiesbaden, 1969. Ultimately, the Tsarist government officially recognized the Karaim as being innocent of the death of Jesus. So they were exempt from many of the harsh restrictions placed on other Jews.

The Tsarist state saw the large population of POWs as a workforce that could benefit the war economy in Russia. Many POWs were employed as farm laborers and miners in Donbas and Krivoi Rog. However, the majority of POWs were employed as laborers constructing canals and building railroads. The living and working environments for these POWs was bleak.

The modern Aragatsotn Province, dominated by the mountain, was formed in 1995. The name of the mountain is less often spelled Aragatz or Aragac. A relatively modern name for the mountain is Alagöz (), which literally means "variegated eye" in Turkish. This term was widely used up until the mid-20th century in European, Tsarist Russian, and early Soviet sources.

His younger brother Yuri (1897–1920) was a visual artist and painted the pictured oil portrait of Boris at the piano (1910). Both brothers served in the tsarist army, and then in the White Army in the Civil War. Yuri was killed near Melitopol. Boris, along with army baron Pyotr Wrangel, managed to escape to Germany.

Lithuania was occupied by Germany when Russian Imperial Army abandoned the territory during the Great Retreat in September 1915. As many as 200,000 Lithuanians, including activists and intellectuals, evacuated deeper into Russia. The Tsarist regime limited political activities and Lithuanians did not have a political center in Russia. After the February Revolution, restrictions on political activities were lifted.

Hafeez Malik, Central Asia, p.101. The suppression of the rebellion was a deliberate campaign of annihilation against the Kazakh and Kyrgyz tribes on the part of the Russian soldiers and settlers. Hundreds of thousands of Kazakh and Kyrgyz people were killed or expelled. The ethnic cleansing had its roots in the Tsarist government policy of ethnic homogenization.

Sandro Shanshiashvili () (1888-1979) was a Georgian poet and playwright. Shanshiashvili was born in the small village Jugaani near Sighnaghi (then part of the Russian Empire). In the 1900s, he was noted for his dramas in verse and prose. At the same time, he engaged in revolutionary movement against the Tsarist rule and was put in prison in 1908.

Butyrka prison, 2010 Butyrskiy penitentiary castle (historical model) Butyrka prison, 1890s Butyrka prison (, a colloquial term for the official , Butyrskaya tyurma) is a prison in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow, Russia. It was the central transit prison in Tsarist Imperial Russia. During Soviet times, it held many political prisoners. Currently, Butyrka remains the largest of Moscow remand prisons.

It supplied the tsarist army with belts, bags, footwear, saddles and leather accessories. In the estate, there were also several small factories, for example two limekilns, a brick factory, mills, breweries. In 1852, Viļāni was called a hamlet. There were 12 houses, the two-storied White tavern (once a horses' post station), and several shops and bakeries.

One of the most active, a group known as "International", had its base in Warsaw. This group, composed of Jewish workers, organized strikes throughout the city during the Polish insurrection of 1905. The tsarist régime (which controlled much of Poland before 1914) acted with a high level of despotism. The authorities commonly fired on demonstrating workers.

Foulke was interested in Russia and Russian history since the 1880s. He was scared by the encroachments of Russian Empire in Central Asia and in the Far East. He supposed that Russian ambitious foreign politics would be a great menace to "free Institutions". In 1887 he published a pamphlet "Slav or Saxon", showing aggressive intentions of Tsarist regime.

Born in Tsarist Russia, Factor's family settled in Toronto when he was 10 years old. He attended McCaul Public School and Jarvis Collegiate Institute and then graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School where he earned a silver medal and two scholarships. He enlisted in the Canadian Army during World War I and served as a lieutenant.

Antanas Vileišis Dr. Antanas Vileišis (October 21, 1856 in Mediniai near Biržai – April 9, 1919 in Vilnius) was a Lithuanian public figure. After graduating from Moscow University in 1898, he settled in Vilnius and practiced medicine. He contributed to and distributed illegal Lithuanian press during the press ban imposed by the Tsarist authorities. In 1900, he married Emilija Vileišienė.

Ethnic, or "born" (prirodnye), Cossacks are those who can trace, or claim to trace, their ancestry to people and families identified as Cossack in the Tsarist era. They tend to be Christian, practicing as Orthodox Christians or Old Believers. This group includes the edinovertsy, who identify as Slavic. Others may be initiated as Cossacks, particularly men in military service.

Svetlana Geier was born in Kiev in 1923, the daughter of Russian parents. Her father was a scientist, his specialty was plant breeding. Her mother came from a family of Tsarist officers. Her father was arrested in 1938 during the period of Stalin's Great Purge, and died in 1939 from illnesses stemming from his time in prison.

He began contributing to the Lithuanian press, then banned by the Tsarist authorities, in 1889 or 1890. He was ordained as a priest in 1893 and posted to Mitau (present-day Jelgava, Latvia). In 1895, he was reassigned to Mosėdis in northwestern Lithuania. There he organized the publication of Tėvynės sargas and the book smuggling into Lithuania.

The current village was stripped of its town rights in 1869 by the Tsarist administration of partitioned Poland. Around 1380 a parish was established in Radzanów that erected its first church, mentioned in 1439. The church was destroyed in around 1590, rebuilt in around 1598 and survived until the early 18th century. A second church was built in 1734.

He wanted to send funds to Draugas (established by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas), Social Democratic Party of Lithuania, Lithuanian Democratic Party, and individuals persecuted by the Tsarist regime. Others argued that the funds should sent just to the Social Democratic Party. Šliūpas withdrew from the party and more active socialist work, though he continued to support socialist ideas.

The Fixer provides a fictionalized version of the Beilis case. Menahem Mendel Beilis was a Jew unjustly imprisoned in Tsarist Russia. The "Beilis trial" of 1913 caused an international uproar and Beilis was acquitted by a jury. The book was adapted into a 1968 film of the same name starring Alan Bates (Yakov Bok) who received an Oscar nomination.

An estimated number of 150,000 Abazins live in the provinces of Eskişehir, Samsun, Yozgat, Adana and Kayseri-Uzunyayla (the long plateau). Most of them belong to Ashkharua clan that fought against the Tsarist army and emigrated to Turkey after losing the battle of Kbaada (Krasnaya Polyana in today's Sochi), whereas the Tapanta clan fought with the Russian forces.

In February 1916 the Tsarist government allocated funds for the construction of six automotive plants: AMO in Moscow, Russo-Balt in the village of Fili, the State Plant of Military Self-Propelled Vehicles (KZVS) in Mytishchi, Russian Renault in Rybinsk, Aksai in Nakhichevan-on-Don, and Lebedev in Yaroslavl. None of the plants were completed before the October Revolution.

Russian rubles – banknotes of 1000 and 5000 rubles. Both the spellings ruble and rouble are used in English. The form rouble is preferred by the Oxford English Dictionary, but the earliest use recorded in English is the now completely obsolete robble. The form rouble probably derives from the transliteration into French used among the Tsarist aristocracy.

Stop your cruel oppression of the Jews! (1904) In Russia, under the Tsarist regime, antisemitism intensified in the early years of the 20th century and was given official favour when the secret police forged the notorious Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a document purported to be a transcription of a plan by Jewish elders to achieve global domination.

This task relied on the existing work of tsarist-era ethnographers and statisticians, as well as new research conducted under Soviet auspices. Because most people did not know what is meant by a nation, some of them simply gave names when asked about ethnic group. Many groups were thought to be biologically similar, but culturally distinct.

The Belvedere first underwent major reconstruction in 1819–1822 when Grand Duke Constantine, the tsarist viceroy in Russian-occupied Poland, decided to make it his residence. The baroque structure was remodelled in the classicist style. To the building's main hull two one-floor perpendicular wings were added. The façade and garden wall were enhanced with monumental columned porticoes.

The official organ of the Society of Friends of Russian Freedom was the monthly newsletter Free Russia. The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom was an organization of British and American political activists and reformers who supported the Russian opposition movement against Tsarist autocracy broadly defined, at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.

Britain promised to stay out of the northern half, while Russia recognized southern Persia as part of the British sphere of influence. Russia also promised to stay out of Tibet and Afghanistan. In exchange London extended loans and some political support.Barbara Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist And Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814-1974 (1974), pp 247-49, 254-56.

World War I removed former imperial borders across Europe. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution had renounced tsarist claims to Poland in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the war had ended with Germany's surrender, Poland re-established its independence after a century of being divided by three empires. The Russian Civil War presented an opportunity for Poland under the leadership of Józef Piłsudski to regain parts of the tsarist territories of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire during the Partitions of Poland. Meanwhile, many in the Soviet leadership desired to respond to Piłsudski's moves into the Ukraine by using military force against Poland, which was seen by the Soviets as a land bridge to Western Europe and thus to extend the revolution westwards.

" Overall, the influx of Slavic settlers changed "the demographic structure of the region," resulting in the "emergence of two broad and distinct cultural groups," the Slavic settlers who were "primarily followers of the Orthodox Christian faith" and the Muslim Kazakhs, which included both "pastoral nomads and newly sedentarized farmers" and the related Kyrgyz and Karakalpak ethnic groups, who were speakers of Kazakh dialects and "physically exhibit[ed] Mongoloid features."Ubiria 2015, p. 59. Tsarist colonial policies "privileged the Slavic settlers over the steppe nomads" and segregated the Kazakhs and other steppe peoples as "belonging to the inferior inorodtsy ["allogeneous"] category." This exacerbated sociocultural tensions between the two groups, as the Slav population became viewed as "agents of the Tsarist colonialism, and hence equally responsible for their socio-economic problems.

Cossack patrol preventing peasants from leaving their village, 1892 The Russian famine of 1891–92 began along the Volga River, then spread as far as the Urals and Black Sea. The famine caused 375,000 to 500,000 deaths. The reawakening of Russian Marxism and populism is often traced to the public's anger at the Tsarist government's poor handling of the disaster.

Premier of the Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin The Soviet government of the Russian Soviet Republic (RSFSR) decriminalized homosexuality in December 1917, following the October Revolution and the discarding of the Legal Code of Tzarist Russia.[Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. E.H. Carr. 1994] Through the abolishment of the Tsarist legal code in 1917, the Russian Communist Party effectively legalised homosexuality.

He was an active organizer of anti-Tsarist protests in the Rokiškis District during the Russian Revolution of 1905. In retaliation, Russian soldiers shot four cannonballs into his parents' house in Kamajai. Smolskis escaped to Switzerland, but soon returned to Lithuania and continue working with LSDP in Vilnius. He was searched by the police and decided to escape to Crimea.

In 1905, during the revolution in Russia, locals as the social democratic leader Jurgis Smolskis created Republic of Kamajai and resisted the tsarist authorities. The new Kamajai church, named after Saint Casimir, was built in 1903 in Gothic Revival style. It has two towers. It is said that one of the towers collapsed during World War II, and the other was severely damaged.

In Warsaw, he became acquainted with activists from the Polish Socialist Party and the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia. For anti-Tsarist protests leading to the Revolution of 1905, he was arrested, expelled from the institute, and served a 6.5-month prison sentence in 1904. The experience prompted Angarietis to devote his life for communist causes.

Its subsequent defeat resulted in a new wave of Tsarist mass repressions and punitive actions. In 1863–1864 another insurrection, the January Uprising, broke out. This time, the Carmelite friars who helped the insurgents were sent on death marches to Siberia chained by their necks together. The January Uprising lead to the Kingdom's autonomy being drastically reduced, and its renaming as Vistula Land.

He is an author of textbooks for Armenian schools and works on education. He also collaborated on "Aghbyur", an illustrated monthly for children. In 1895 he was arrested on charges of belonging to the Hnchak Party , exiled to Nakhichevan and then Crimea ( 1898 - 1900 ). He was then under the control of the tsarist gendarmerie until the end of his life.

Hiden & Salmon (1994). p. 63. The Estonians and Latvians concluded a military convention in 1923, which Lithuania joined in 1934. Further, the Estonians and Latvians held a joint military exercise in 1931, but it was not repeated and collaboration remained a dead letter thereafter. However, the Finns and the Estonians had secret military exercises in the early 1930s, reconstructing the tsarist naval batteries.

Bielinis also organized social-democratic groups as well as smuggling and distribution of social-democratic publications. The Tsarist police started as many as 20 cases for his revolutionary activities but he evaded capture. In 1906, he even planned an armed attack on a police station in Ukmergė to free imprisoned . He briefly lived in Vilnius before moving back to Riga.

In 1883, Banaitis was forced to quit school when his brother died and his mother needed help at the farm. Banaitis never finished his education and was the only of the twenty signatories without tertiary education. Despite the circumstances, Banaitis did not limit himself to farming. He began smuggling Lithuanian books that were banned by the Tsarist authorities and successfully evaded the police.

Retrieved April 8, 2010. Vanzler was permitted to attend Russian-language school, institutions which strictly limited Jewish enrollment as part of a policy of official anti- semitism under the Tsarist regime. In school, Vanzler studied a variety of languages, including Russian, Latin, Greek, and French. He developed a proficiency for language study which served him throughout his life as a multi-lingual translator.

Although order was established, the issues that sparked the violence remained and fueled the peasants' desire for revenge. A tense atmosphere gripped the country. There was the constant presence of the strongly emerging left-wing movement which was bent on purging the decadence of Tsarist Russia. This was, of course, the infant Bolshevik movement, but despite this business was booming again.

It was closed by the Tsarist authorities in 1831. It was destroyed by the Soviet authorities in 1949–50 during the construction of Žalgiris Stadium. The Vilnius Palace of Concerts and Sports (Lithuanian: Koncertų ir sporto rūmai) was built in 1971 right in the middle of the former cemetery. In 2005, apartment and office buildings were built at the site.

53 on 5 December of that year. The tsarist regime made a number of concessions as the result of the 1905 uprising. The Baltic states once again were permitted to use their native languages in schooling and public discourse, and Catholic churches were built in Lithuania. Latin characters replaced the Cyrillic alphabet that had been forced upon Lithuanians for four decades.

On August 6, 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on the Russian Empire. At a quarter to three on the morning of that day, the First Cadre set out for the Austro-Hungarian — Russian border. It crossed into Tsarist Poland at the border village of Michałowice. On August 8, commander Kasprzycki was transferred to the General Command and replaced by .

In 1910, a revolutionary underground group spreads leaflets featuring anti- tsarist slogans. Maksim, a young, happy-go-lucky worker and his comrades help the teacher Natasha, who is engaged in illegal activities in the factory, hide from the police. Maksim's friend Andrei and another worker lose their lives. Their funeral turns into a huge demonstration which is suppressed by the police.

During the 1911 revolution in China, tsarist Russia encouraged a separatist movement among the Tuvans. Tsar Nicholas II ordered Russian troops into Tuva in 1912, as Russian settlers were allegedly being attacked. Tuva became nominally independent as the Urjanchai Republic before being brought under Russian protectorate as the Uryankhay Kray on 17 April 1914. It was then part of the Yeniseysk Governorate.

Arkady Gaidar's father, Pyotr Isidorovich Golikov, a teacher (after the 1917 Revolution a Red Army commissar), came from a working-class family. His mother, Natalya Arkadyevna Golikova (née Salkova), also a teacher (after the Revolution a doctor), was a daughter of a Tsarist Army officer. Arkady was the first of the couple's four children. His three sisters were Natalya, Olga and Yekaterina.

The late 1850s saw the end of the Eastern and Central Caucasian resistance to Tsarist rule was defeated; and in 1865, the Caucasian cleansing operations occurred. Although they mainly targeted Circassians for expulsion or murder, the Arshtins also fell victim. In May–July 1865, according to official documents, 1366 Arshtin families disappeared (i.e. either fled or were killed) and only 75 remained.

Due to anti-Jewish policies of the Tsarist government, manifested through pogroms, the party failed to take root. In 1903 the Minister of Interior, Vyacheslav von Plehve, ordered that the party disband itself. On February 5, 1903 the party informed its members in Vilno that party activities would temporarily cease. In June, a party conference decided to liquidate the party.

Chuluunbaatar, p. 57. It was opposed by Mikhail Bogdanov, who advocated rapid assimilation through Russian,Dugarova- Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 88. and it has been suggested that the hybrid language used presented problems for readers, although evidence suggests otherwise. Probably most importantly, the Tsarist government perceived Mongolian unification, and hence the Vagindra script, as a political threat and exiled some of its proponents.

Following his defeat, during the creation of the Russian-controlled Congress Poland (1815), Siedlce became the seat of a province in the Russian Partition (see Podlasie Governorate). During the November Uprising against Russian domination, the Battle of Iganie (April 10, 1831) took place near the town. In the January Uprising of 1863, Siedlce was again an important center of the anti-Tsarist rebellion.

Nabokov attended a CD political conference in Berlin on 28 March 1922. During the proceedings, Pyotr Shabelsky-Bork and Sergey Taboritsky approached the stage singing the Tsarist national anthem and then opened fire on liberal politician and publisher Pavel Milyukov. In response, Nabokov jumped off the stage and wrestled the gunman down to the floor. Taboritsky then shot Nabokov twice, killing him instantly.

Herzen urged the Tsarist regime 'Onward, onward' towards reform in The Polar Star in 1856. Writing in 1857 Herzen became excited by the possibility of social change under Alexander II, "A new life is unmistakably boiling up in Russia, even the government is being carried away by it".A. Herzen., “Another Variation on an Old Theme, A Letter to X (I.S. Turgenev”, 1857).

However his hopes of acting as a uniting force were ended by the January Uprising of 1863/1864, when the liberal support for Tsarist revenge against the Poles ended Herzen's link with them; Herzen had pleaded the insurgents' cause. This breach resulted in a declining readership for The Bell, which ceased publication in 1867. By his death in 1870, Herzen was almost forgotten.

On the archbishop's orders, the Eparchy of Kishinev and Khotin began putting out journals with increasingly Russified content, and also with shows of support for the Tsarist autocracy.Scutaru, pp. 62–63 From 1909, Cecan and his wife Eugenia began putting out Nashe Obyedineniye ("Our Association" or "Our Union"), presumably "the only private-owned church magazine" in early 20th-century Russia.

The Square of Martyrs, also known as Independence Square (Mustakillik Square), is a historical monument located in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The square was built to commemorate victims of Tsarist and Soviet colonialism during the 20th century. This includes those marked as "enemies of the people" who were eliminated from the history and culture of the Uzbek people. The park was announced in July 1999.

Though the Armenian schools were reopened the following year, they were now subject to strict tsarist control and the use of the Armenian language was discouraged in favour of Russian. The Russians also began to persecute the Armenian Church, which had been separate from the Orthodox Church since the year 451.Ternon. Les Arméniens, p. 94Suny. Looking Toward Ararat, p.

182 Tsar Alexander III (1881-1894) was hostile to Jews; his reign witnessed a sharp deterioration in the Jews' economic, social, and political condition. His policy was eagerly implemented by tsarist officials in the "May Laws" of 1882.I. Michael Aronson, "The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration." Slavic Review 34.1 (1975): 1-18.

When the tsarist regime collapsed internally in February 1917, it was succeeded for eight months by the Provisional Government, a liberal regime. Alexander Kerensky played a leading role and eventually became Prime Minister. Pavel Milyukov, leader of the moderate KADET party, became Foreign Minister.Melissa Kirschke Stockdale, Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia, 1880-1918 (1996) pp. 208–50.

The last adult Prince, David Dadiani, died in 1853, leaving his wife Ekaterine as regent for his young son, Niko. However, in 1867, the principality was abolished and absorbed into the Tsarist Russian Empire. Prince Niko Dadiani officially renounced his rights to the throne in 1868. From 1918 to 1921, Mingrelia was part of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG).

In mid-June 1792, after the defeat in the battle of Mir, Polish-Lithuanian troops under the command of Duke Louis of Württemberg retreated through Navahrudak to Grodno. Tatars from the corps of General Józef Bielak were among the last to leave the city. Earlier, they heroically defended the crossing of the Neman river from the tsarist troops in the Battle of Stolbtsy.

Dominican convent in Letychiv Letychiv Castle Letychiv (; ; ) is a town in the eastern part of Khmelnytskyi Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. 51 km from Khmelnytskyi and 33 km from the railway station Derazhnya. Administrative center since Tsarist times, formerly in Podolia Province, although now it is administratively a part of the Letychiv Raion. Population according to the 2001 census was 11,081 inhabitants.

Alexander Kasimovich Kazembek ( or ; Azeri: Aleksandr Kazımbəy or Mirzə Kazım- bəy; Persian: میرزا کاظم بیگ Mirzâ Kâzem Beg) (22 July 1802 – 27 November 1870), born Muhammad Ali Kazim-bey (Azeri: Məhəmməd Əli Kazımbəy), was an orientalist, historian and philologist of Azerbaijani and Iranian origin.Robert P. Geraci. Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia. (Cornell University Press, 2001), 310.

He was charged to search for fugitives and "take them to those landowner from whom they ran away". That action led to the well known Bulavin Rebellion. Struggling with the rebellion, Tsarist troops eventually burnt the settlement to the ground. In 1732 the settlement was repopulated again by peasants from around Ostrogozhsk (Ostrohozk) turning it into a sloboda Stara-Bila.

In the 19th century an ethnographic expedition from Tsarist Russia was conducted in the Kent Mountains. During this time period, part of the complex was still standing. One two-story building was almost untouched and one could see red paint on some of the inner walls. The ceiling was propped up by six wooden columns, carved and covered with gold paint.

Byzantium Endures (1981) is a novel by Michael Moorcock. It is the first in the Pyat Quartet tetralogy. The book is written in the first person from the point of view of unreliable narrator Maxim Arturovitch Pyatnitski, whose posthumous notes Moorcock claims to have transcribed. Pyat, as he is also known, describes in the novel his adventures in Tsarist then Revolutionary Russia.

The early Soviet critic Pavel Kogan argued that Korolenko was in a way contradicting himself by denouncing the revolutionary terror for it was him who had collected "the immense set of documents damning the Tsarist regime" which completely justified the cruelties of the Bolsheviks.Kogan, P. S. In the Memory of V.G. Korolenko. Коган П.С. Памяти В.Г. Короленко. [Статья] // Красная новь. 1922.

The Soviet government had forfeited foreign-owned private companies during the creation of the RSFSR and the USSR. Foreign investors did not receive any monetary or material compensation. The USSR also refused to pay tsarist-era debts to foreign debtors. The young Soviet polity was a pariah because of its openly stated goal of supporting the overthrow of capitalistic governments.

In 1906, Tsarist repression in the form of police raids and organized pogroms forced the Russian socialist movement back underground.Fraser, Labor Will Rule, pg. 20. Hillman joined the exodus of revolutionaries from the country in October 1906, traveling under a false passport through Germany to Manchester, England, where he joined his uncle, a prosperous furniture dealer, and two brothers already living there.

The Jewish Journalist, Lucien Wolf, produced it and sought to inform the public over the extent of the Russian atrocities. It gave first hand accounts of the events in Tsarist Russia. In brief, the objective Darkest Russia was to expose "the authentic facts relating to Russia’s persecution of her Jewish and other Nonconformist subjects".Darkest Russia: A Record of Persecution, 14 August 1891.

However, the ordeal with the bishop negatively affected Jaunius' mental health. He was plagued by homesickness and loneliness and suffered from hallucinations and paranoia. When he could not hold a mournful mass for Tsar Alexander III of Russia due to his poor health, Tsarist authorities suspected political motives and wanted to exile him to Siberia. Instead, they put him in a psychiatric hospital.

Memorial (human-rights group) Ulanovsky survived the Great Purge. In 1948, his wife Nadezhda was arrested. To no avail, he wrote Stalin a letter recalling their days in Tsarist exile, with assurances that his wife was a loyal Soviet citizen. He was arrested in 1949 as a former anarchist and sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Gulag.

The parish of Telšiai was established in 1536 and it is believed that at that time a church was also built. The church was rebuilt in 1602 and 1700. Due to serious decay, the church was closed in 1815 and demolished in 1831. After the Uprising of 1863, Tsarist authorities built Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas in 1867 in the same location.

By 1924, considerable economic progress had been achieved and by 1926 the Bolshevik government had achieved economic production levels equal to Russia's production levels in 1913.Lee, p. 39. Initial Bolshevik economic policies from 1917 to 1918 were cautious, with limited nationalisations of the means of production which had been private property of the Russian aristocracy during the Tsarist monarchy.Lee, p. 38.

During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he organized a makeshift printing press at his home and printed various anti-Tsarist proclamations for the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania. In 1906, the first collection of his poetry was published in a separate 16-page booklet. It was edited by Višinskis and printed by the Zawadzki Press. In 1907–1910, Krikščiūnas was an informal student.

Gerber was born December 24, 1872 in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire. His father was a tradesman. The Gerbers were Jewish, and as members of a persecuted minority, the family fled Tsarist Russia in 1886, landing in New York. Young Julius took a job as a sheet metal worker at the age of 14, a task at which he remained until 1911.

Town status was granted to Obninsk on June 24, 1956. The name of the city is taken from Obninskoye, the train station in Moscow-Bryansk railroad, built in Tsarist times. Obninskoye and Obninsk were the frontline edges of the White/Red Armies in 1917-1924, also the 1812 War with France and the 1941-1942 Battle of Moscow Campaigns in World War II.

The two-stage theory, or stagism, is a Marxist–Leninist political theory which argues that underdeveloped countries such as Tsarist Russia must first pass through a stage of capitalism via a bourgeois revolution before moving to a socialist stage."Stagism". Encyclopedia of Marxism. Marxists Internet Archive. Stagism was applied to countries worldwide which had not passed through the capitalist stage.

With his failed attempt at ensuring Ukrainian autonomy, Mazepa only succeeded in creating lasting mistrust amongst the Cossacks. This led to the absorption of Slobiska Ukraine (1772), Zaporizhian Sich (1775), and the Hetmanate (1785) into Tsarist Russia. In addition, the Partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795) handed Russia central Ukraine and Volhynia, while Galicia and Bukovyna fell to the Habsburg Empire.

He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1906, becoming a member of the Bolshevik faction. With Grigori Sokolnikov, Bukharin convened the 1907 national youth conference in Moscow, which was later considered the founding of Komsomol. By age twenty, he was a member of the Moscow Committee of the party. The committee was widely infiltrated by the Tsarist secret police, the Okhrana.

Lenin as he appeared in 1887. In 1844, Karl Klaus, a professor at the university, discovered, and named in honour of Russia, Ruthenium, the only chemical element discovered in Tsarist Russia. Six years thereafter St. Petersburg University opened the Institute of Oriental Studies and all training materials and collections of Kazan University in this field were transferred to the capital of Imperial Russia.

The concert was extremely successful and changed the status of the kobzars who up till then were persecuted by the Russian tsarist authorities treated as common street beggars. The XIIIth Archeological Congress took place in Katerynoslav in 1905. Interest in the performance of the kobzari was very high. Attempts to repeat the performance of the kobzars at the XIIth Congress were not successful.

He was not convinced it would solve Russia's problems with the Tsarist autocracy. On 20 October 1905 Witte was appointed as the first Chairman of the Russian Council of Ministers (effectively Prime Minister). Assisted by his Council, he designed Russia's first constitution. But within a few months, Witte fell into disgrace as a reformer because of continuing court opposition to these changes.

Prince Stanisław Sebastian Lubomirski (1875 – 1932) founded the Warsaw aviation association Aviata in 1910. His aim was to establish the first civilian pilot school and aircraft factory on Polish soil. The first airport of Aviata was located at Mokotów Field, with the permission of Tsarist officials.H. Mordawski, Siły powietrzne w I wojnie światowej, Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, Wrocław, 2008, p. 45-46.

Zarya (, Dawn) was a monthly literary and political Russian magazine published in Saint Petersburg in 1869-1872. A Slavophile-oriented journal, Zarya supported the liberal reforms in Russia while promoting the idea of strong Tsarist power. Nikolai Danilevsky's Russia and Europe, published there in 1869 (Nos. 1-6, 8-10) would later become the basis for Alexander III's government's official political doctrine.

The Russian Fifth Army opposing Auffenberg was commanded by Pavel von Plehve. Plehve was one of many nobles of German origin living in Tsarist Russia. He proved his loyalty in Galicia with timely reactions and a general offensive attitude. He was later transferred north where he was involved with the not so successful Battle of Łódź and the actions around the Masurian Lakes.

The Soviets inherited their wargaming techniques from tsarist officers, who favored the rigid form of wargaming pioneered by Reisswitz. Interestingly, the Soviets typically played wargames not on flat maps, but on three-dimensional model battlefields. Soviet wargames typically comprised only a single turn. The players would describe their plan to the umpires, who would then adjudicate the battle all the way to conclusion.

A field hospital, built in the second half of the nineteenth century by the tsarist army and located south of the palace, was demolished in 2001. Also preserved is an eighteenth-century statue of St. John of Nepomuk, now in the hospital; it probably originally stood on a circular island in the ornamental pond on the north side of the palace.

Soon afterwards, he joined the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). While in Łódź, he was deeply involved in the activities of the PPS, which targeted the Tsarist authorities and struggled for Polish independence. Upon returning to Warsaw (May 1901), Sławek was named one of leaders of local branch of the PPS. He was frequently sent on missions to other cities of the Russian Empire.

After 1825, Beryozovo became a place of exile for many of the Decembrists. In the 20th century, the Tsarist regime also banished a number of revolutionaries to the area. In 1907, on his way to exile in Obdorsk, Leon Trotsky escaped from Beryozovo on 12/13 February. It had taken him 33 days by train and horse to travel from St Petersburg.

Briefly held in Warsaw's Citadel (a notorious prison for political prisoners of the tsarist regime), in the end he was deported from Congress Poland.Stefan Król, Cytadela Warszawska, Książka i Wiedza, Warsaw 1978, p. 129. Following the outbreak of January Uprising of 1863 Kramsztyk was once again arrested and deported to Siberia. He returned to Warsaw following an amnesty of May 1867.

The town's prosperity brought on the wrath of the Russian Empire and as result, it was gutted twice (1735 and 1764) by the Tsarist army in the 18th century. Vetka, on the left bank of the Sozh River, is located in an area which was highly radioactive due to the nuclear fallout of the Chernobyl disaster that occurred on April 26, 1986.

In 1902, Grigory Gershuni founded and led the group. In July 1904 they murdered the Russian Minister of the Interior, Vyacheslav von Plehve. In 1904, Gershuni was arrested, and Yevno Azef succeeded him, with Boris Savinkov as his deputy. Azef, a double-agent in the employ of the Tsarist secret police Okhrana, changed the Terrorist Brigade's mode of attack from firearms to dynamite.

By the end of the 19th century, the dacha became a favorite summer retreat for the upper and middle classes of Russian society. In the tsarist era, dachas tended to have pleasure gardens, but were not used much for growing food. Anton Chekhov wrote a novelette entitled Dachniki (1885), about newlywed city-dwellers living a 'simple' summer life of walks in the countryside.

Giving up her husband for lost, she married and changed the name of her children immediately to that of her new husband. Thus Natalia dropped Iskander for Androsova. Moscow offered new jobs and also safety in anonymity of big city life. Former tsarist officers, bureaucrats, professors and merchants hoped to find privacy and security in the bustling new capital of the Soviet regime.

The Popular Front wins the French general elections of 1936. In Spain, the Civil War begins. Meanwhile, in a Paris apartment, Fiodor Voronin, a retired general of the tsarist army, lives an apparently quiet life with his Greek wife, Arsinoé. He is a deputy at the White Russian Military Union, and he is slated to replace the aging general Dobrinsky soon.

As the Ukrainian language had been outlawed in the Russian Empire by the Ems Ukaz of 1876, Petliura found more freedom to publish Ukraine oriented articles in Saint Petersburg than in Ukraine. There, he published the magazine Vilna Ukrayina (, "Independent Ukraine") until July 1905. Tsarist censors, however, closed this magazine, and Petliura moved back to Kiev. In Kiev, Petliura first worked for Rada.

Leningradskaya Hotel: the Kazansky rail terminal on the right, the two other rail terminals on the left. Komsomolskaya Square (), known as Kalanchyovskaya before 1932, is a square in Moscow, with a blend of revivalist Tsarist and Stalinist architecture. It is referred to informally as Three Station Square (; lit. "Ploshchad' tryokh vokzalov") after the three rail termini situated there: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, and Kazansky.

His Batumi supporters became known as "Sosoists" while he was criticised by those regarded as "legals". Some of the "legals" suspected that Stalin might be an agent provocateur sent by the Tsarist authorities to infiltrate and discredit the movement. In Batumi, Stalin gained employment at Rothschild refinery storehouse. On 4 January 1902, the warehouse where he worked was set alight.

Austrian and Hungarian rule in western Ukraine in the late 18th and 19th centuries was also linguistically oppressive. For example, in Zakarpattia, Hungarian was the only language permitted by the regime, so Ukrainian was excluded from institutions like schools. Even so, language policies here were not as restrictive as those applied in eastern Ukraine by the Tsarist regime of Russia.

A tense atmosphere gripped the country. There was the constant presence of the strongly emerging left-wing movement which was bent on purging the decadence of Tsarist Russia. A small suffragette movement swelled across Russia. The emancipation of women brought a shift in Russian society, billowing Victorian gowns were thrown aside and replaced by fashionable unimpeding svelte dresses designed by designer Lamanova.

Der arbeyter dealt with questions of everyday working class life, rather than theoretical articles.Zimmerman, Joshua D. Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892-1914. Madison, Wisc: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. p. 139 Horwitz, who had edited the first edition of Der arbeyter, was arrested in Warsaw in 1899.

Daniele's early life was one of extreme hardship. In January 1902, at the age of three months, he was removed to Siberia, where his father was imprisoned for publishing anti-Tsarist articles. In 1904 the authorities returned the family to St. Petersburg, after which time they emigrated to Italy. At the age of six, Daniele commenced private music studies with his mother.

Rosa Chanovsky was born into a Jewish family in tsarist Russia. In 1905, her husband Alfred Dubovsky, became involved in riots which led up to the 1905 Russian Revolution, driven by the Bolsheviks. It was here that she became involved in the anarchist movement. Both escaped from Russia to Turkey, and from there, she to France, and he to Buenos Aires.

The sailors of the Potemkin decide to take the battleship out from the port of Odessa to face the fleet of the Tsar. Just when battle seems inevitable, the sailors of the Tsarist squadron refuse to open fire, cheering and shouting to show solidarity with the mutineers and allowing the Potemkin, flying the red flag, to pass between their ships.

In 1861, he became director-general of engineers at the War Office, assisting Minister of War Count Dmitry Milyutin in the reorganization of the army. Promoted lieutenant general in 1864, he became Governor-General of Vilna, where at that time the Tsarist state had begun a policy of expropriating the Polish aristocracy in an attempt to break its influence in the countryside.

Dalia Leinarte. The Lithuanian Family in its European Context, 1800-1914. Marriage, Divorce and Flexible Communities thumb The book investigates marriage and divorce in Lithuania in the period from 1800 to 1914 focusing on the interaction between authorized marital behaviour and independent individual choices. Lithuania was incorporated into Russia in 1795 and was part of the Tsarist Empire until 1918.

They thus drew attention to how far the Bolsheviks differed from all other European social democratic parties in terms of structure and ideology and to the fact Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik Party (formed from the left-wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party) can be considered the first national communist party. In March 1918, Lenin renamed his party the Russian Communist Party. National communism also refers to non- Russian communist currents that arose in the former tsarist empire after Lenin seized power in October 1917 and to the various communist regimes that emerged after 1945 in other parts of the world. In the wake of their Russian counterparts, left-wing socialists in Ukraine and the Muslim areas of the former tsarist empire also developed distinct variants of communism that continued in the Soviet Union until 1928.

The Code was promulgated in 1640 by them, their brethren in Dzungaria and some of the Eastern Mongols who all gathered near the Tarbagatai Mountains in Dzungaria to resolve their differences and to unite under the banner of the Gelugpa sect. Although the goal of unification was not met, the summit leaders did ratify the Code, which regulated all aspects of nomadic life. In securing their position, the Oirats became a borderland power, often allying themselves with the Tsarist government against the neighboring Muslim population. During the era of Ayuka Khan, the Oirats rose to political and military prominence as the Tsarist government sought the increased use of Oirat cavalry in support of its military campaigns against the Muslim powers in the south, such as Persia, the Ottoman Empire, the Nogays and the Kuban Tatars and Crimean Khanate.

Rayfield 2005, pp. 280–281 but its officers also became the target of purges during the Great terror in 1937–1938.Rayfield 2005, pp. 315–316 In the late 1930s, Stalin's Soviet Union was no longer satisfied with the status quo in its relations with Finland. This came as a result of a change in Soviet foreign policy, which now pursued the aim of recovering the provinces of Tsarist Russia lost during the chaos of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War. The Soviets considered the old Empire to have had an optimal balance of security and territory, and their thoughts were shaped by a historical precedent: as the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 was intended to protect Tsarist Saint Petersburg from the Swedes, the re-acquisition of Finland would protect the now Bolshevik Leningrad from the rising power of Nazi Germany.

Shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, papakhas were removed from the new Red Army uniform because of their association with the old Tsarist regime and the fact that many Cossack regiments of the Tsarist army fought against the Bolsheviks. During the Russian Civil War, many Bolshevik cavalrymen and officers (like Vasily Chapayev) wore papakhas or kubankas because many of them were cossacks and the hat had been part of the cavalryman's uniform. Papakhas became part of the uniform again in 1935, but in 1941, were reserved exclusively for full colonels, generals and marshals, thus becoming a symbol of status and high rank. Much later, during Andrei Grechko's tenure as a Defence Minister, the Navy followed suit, introducing their own distinct version resembling a smallish "kubanka" with a visor, which was nicknamed "шапка с ручкой" ("the hat with a handle") by the troops.

During the Tsarist period, Cossacks and Russians were tried for all crimes in civilian courts, usually being taken into custody by civil authorities. By contrast, Chechens and Ingush (as well as some other ethnic groups in the region) were dealt with exclusively by the military and tried in military courts, where they were typically given drastically harsher sentences, often death for crimes such as stealing food.

In the post-1871 period, pogroms were often perpetrated with tacit approval of the Tsarist authorities.Nicholas II. Life and Death by Edward Radzinsky (Russian ed., 1997) p.89. According to Edward Radzinsky, Sergei Witte, who was appointed Chairman of the Russian Council of Ministers in 1905, remarked in his Memoirs that he found that some proclamations inciting pogroms were printed and distributed by police.

Linde, however, believed in the power of the 'revolutionary word', insisting that the old ally of the Tsarist regime should not be deployed against the 'freest army in the world'. He insisted that he was going to make them listen to sense, emphasising it was 'all a question of psychology'. Unswayed by the others' arguments, he was allowed to attempt to convince the soldiers.Figes, p.

This became the nucleus of the Constitutional-Democratic Party; (Ka-Dets), tsarist Russia's main liberal party. However, Annensky also retained his connections with narodnik socialism and became involved in the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (PSR). He argued strenuously against the PSR's revival of political terrorism as a tactic and deplored the influence of Marxism on its leading theorists, such as V.M. Chernov. On Bloody Sunday 22 January (O.

In June 1890 he escaped from Siberia and travelling west by train got to Hamburg, eventually arriving in London in October 1890. Under the assumed name of Ivan Kel'chevskii at first, he worked with Stepniak, a fellow revolutionary, under the banner of the anti- tsarist Society of Friends of Russian Freedom in London. After Stepniak's death in a railway crossing accident in 1895, Voynich ceased revolutionary activity.

He became a socialist at age fifteen and joined the Bolsheviks when the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party split in 1903. Medvedev was active in the revolutionary underground, organizing illegal party cells. The tsarist government sentenced him numerous times to prison and to terms of exile within Russia. Medvedev was also an organizer in the underground section of the insurance movement in 1912-14.

Zokirjon Xolmuhammad oʻgʻli () (1859-1909), better known by his pen name Furqat, was an Uzbek author, poet, and political activist. He had a major influence on the development of modern Uzbek literature. He wrote one of the earliest pamphlets and satirical articles in Uzbek. Furqat, like may other writers of the tsarist colonial period, was forced to praise the Russian Empire and its culture in his work.

The territories of the Russian Partition saw very moderate economic growth over time. No business activity could take place without bribing the Tsarist officials first. Much of the output of the Polish Partition was exported to Russia proper, especially after the border between Congress Poland and Russia was abolished in 1851.Andrzej Garlicki, Polsko-Gruziński sojusz wojskowy, Polityka: Wydanie Specjalne 2/2008, ISSN 1730-0525, p.

Natalie Moszkowska was born in 1886 in Warsaw, Poland, to Alexander Moszkowski and Eveline Juhwihler. She was a member of the Polish Social Democratic Party. Around 1900, following persecutions on behalf of the tsarist government, she emigrated from the Russian Empire to Switzerland, where she enrolled at the University of Zurich. In July 1914, Moszkowska received a doctorate of economics (), supervised by Heinrich Sieveking.

Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865-1923, by Jeff Sahedeo, Indiana university Press, 2007, p. 190 Only two Central Asians were involved in this committee, the lawyers Fayzulla Khodzhayev and Tashpolad Narbutabekov. Despite this failure to actively involve the majority population, many Central Asians had high hopes for the post-tsarist era. The poet Sirajiddin Makhdum Sidqi published poems of popular verse to popularise the revolution.

Arthur Zimmermann (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1940) was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire from 22 November 1916 until his resignation on 6 August 1917. His name is associated with the Zimmermann Telegram during World War I. However, he was also closely involved in plans to support rebellions in Ireland and in India, and to assist the Bolsheviks to undermine Tsarist Russia.

The garden was removed which Andrey Pavlovich Zenkov participated in role of changing the park. The name of the park changed on a regular basis, in 1899 during the 100th anniversary birth of famous Russian poet, Alexander Pushkin. The park changed its name to Pushkin Garden. Between 1904 and 1907, there was a period of construction on one of Almaty’s few surviving Tsarist-era buildings.

During the war some of the most precious books and manuscripts were taken away to Rostov-on-Don by fleeing tsarist authorities. After the 1921 Treaty of Riga, most of the works were returned to Poland. During World War II part of the collection, 14% or 130 000 volumes, was damaged by fire. In the 1990s a selection procedure for a new building was initiated.

Bielinis was an active participant in the Russian Revolution of 1905. He gave the first public anti-Tsarist speeches in Kupiškis on 10 March, Skapiškis on 18 April, and Kurkliai on 23 April. He was arrested and beaten by the police, but his friends managed to free him and he continued to organize protest rallies and delivering public speeches. In total, he organized about 30 such events.

The preparations went slowly, and he left for Italy, planning to return in February 1794. However, the situation in Poland was changing rapidly. The Russian and Prussian governments forced Poland to again disband most of her army, and the reduced units were to be incorporated into the Russian Army. In March, Tsarist agents discovered the revolutionaries in Warsaw and began arresting notable Polish politicians and military commanders.

The study even earned him accolades from Iorga, who called it "an extraordinarily rich work of pragmatic history". The work mainly documents the emergence of a civic consciousness, called "public spirit" by Filitti, over the years when Regulamentul was in force, and speaks about how the Moldo-Wallachian Russophile class turned Russophobic as it became acquainted with Tsarist autocracy.Mârza, p.83, 85, 86, 87-88.

In an attempt to reduce the reliance on the mistrusted ex-Tsarists they reduced the officer corps and educated new cadets. Leon Trotsky's removal from the Commissariat of Defence was in part driven by his perceived over-reliance on Tsarist officers. His replacement, Mikhail Frunze, further decreased their number in army. By 1930, ex-Tsarists made up only about 10 percent of the officer corps.

The Tsarist government before the Russian Revolution had already tried to foster an interest in Russian decorative arts. After the Revolution, the new government faced a pressing need for hard currency and the sale of objects from the Church and the aristocracy was one way to raise funds quickly."Fabergé and America" by Paul Schaffer in Géza von Habsburg and Marina Lopato. (1993) Fabergé: Imperial Jeweller.

The Communists took their time to get into Church issues, which were not a priority. Lenin "did not want to put the religious question at the forefront, because it does not belong there at all."Clarkson 571 They did not repeal the Tsarist decrees guaranteeing religious freedom. They even permitted the restoration of the Orthodox Patriarchate, which had been dormant for over 150 years.

Fyodor Ivanovich Kozhevnikov (; 15 March 1903 – 22 March 1998) was a Soviet legal expert. He wrote extensively about international law aspects in Russian history, and his writing supported Russian nationalist interpretation rather than Marxist–Leninist ideas. His main argument was that the Russian state, both in Tsarist times as well as under the Soviets, was the most progressive civilization in the field of international law.

The people elevated by them flock to Pugachev's banner. Together with the Russian peasants and workers of the Ural fortified factories, the Bashkir cavalry led by Colonel Salavat is in combat. To fight Pugachev, the tsarist government sends perfectly armed regular troops under the command of Michelson. Betrayal of the Cossack elders helps aggressors to cause serious damage to the people on Pugachev side.

Tomsk Regional Library. Materials on the Black Hundreds. Likhachyov's proximity to the right wing of the tsarist government, as well as his own considerable fortune and unfailing taste, helped him to amass one of the largest collections of antiquities in the Russian Empire. It encompassed 15,000 old coins and 1,500 icons, as wells as some 80,000 books, including a selection of manuscripts and incunabulae.

Kaunas Mosque. Graves of Muslim soldiers of Tsarist army, fallen in 1st World War at Lithuanian soil. Antakalnis Cemetery Islam in Lithuania, unlike many other northern and western European countries, has a long history starting from 14th century. The medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching from Baltic to Black seas, included several Muslim lands in the south inhabited by Crimean Tatars.

Using contacts acquired there, he promoted the idea of creating a separate Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. However, when the school was finally opened in 1903, Niewiadomski was not invited to teach there. Politically, Niewiadomski was a strong supporter of nationalism, particularly the National League. In 1901 he was arrested by the Tsarist police for smuggling nationalist propaganda booklets from Galicia into Vistula Land.

The legal situation concerning copyright in the Soviet Union in the early 1920s was confused. The Tsarist copyright law was still partially in effect, but its status was unclear. There were a number of decrees affecting copyright, but there was no unified legal treatment. The new Civil Law of the Russian SFSR, which became effective on January 1, 1923, did not contain any provisions on copyright either.

Thanks to the fact that the tsarist troops accepted these warriors for their own, they entered the fortress with a large train. The fighting lasted a few more weeks before the ceasefire. In the huge camp of Mstislavsky began an epidemic of dysentery. Godunov's order not to leave the army caused indignation among the nobles, and many in spite of the ban went home.

Aušra was critical regarding the forceful Polonisation executed by the Polish clergy and Tsarist Russification. One of the main aims of Aušra editors were to gain the usage rights to Lithuanian language and to revive it's prestige. The newspaper was directed at the intelligentsia and therefore limited its readership. The peasants did not appreciate that Aušra was secular and did not embrace Catholic traditions.

He was the son of Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov, a prominent Russian General. His brother Abram Dragomirov, was also a general in the Imperial Russian Army. Vladimir joined the Imperial Army, and in 1909 was District Quartermaster for the Kiev Military District, with the rank of major general.Rzhishchev, Ukraine accessed 6 January 2009 He served as a Tsarist general for most of the First World War.

After the Uprising of 1863, Tsarist authorities implemented various Russification policies in an attempt to reduce the influence of Polish language and culture. One of such policies allowed Basanavičius to attend Marijampolė Gymnasium. Before the uprising, a son of a Lithuanian could hardly expect to be admitted to a school catering to Polish nobility. Basanavičius failed his first entrance examinations in 1865, but succeeded a year later.

Burba invited Antanas Milukas to become the new editor. Milukas, a former student at the Sejny Priest Seminary, fled to United States to avoid the Tsarist police for violating the Lithuanian press ban. He was more steady and consistent editor, supporting both Catholic ideas and Lithuanian nationalism. He wanted to pay the newspaper contributors for their submissions to improve the quality and to attract more talent.

In 1790 Żychlin had 350 inhabitants and 68 houses. In the nineteenth century, era of the partitions, with the town finding itself in the Russian one, the population of the city increased significantly. Just as in nearby Kutno, the majority of residents were Jews. In 1870, due to the Tsarist decree, Żychlin lost its city rights due to the towns support for the January Uprising.

Konstantin Khabensky did scuba diving for many years, but during one scene his gas cylinder was not filled with air by crew members which caused the actor to almost drown. Also in 2014, Khabensky appeared as officer of the Tsarist army in Yolki 1914. The picture was part of the comedy anthology film series Yolki, where he has served as narrator in all installments.

In time, the brothers became interested in medicine for mercy. The former provincial of Poland, Paschal Stirzelheimer received his doctorate in medicine in Zamość. At the time of the annexation, the Brothers Hospitallers were victimized by the tsarist authorities for helping the insurgents of 1831 and 1863. During the Warsaw Uprising, the church, hospital and monastic buildings were essential points in the insurgent resistance.

The revised and expanded edition, The February Revolution, Petrograd, 1917: The End of the Tsarist Regime and the Birth of Dual Power, was published in 2017. He has embarked on new research on a social history of the Russian Revolution, focusing on crime, police, and mob justice. He published, Crime and Punishment in the Russian Revolution: Mob Justice and Police in Petrograd, in 2017.

Migration from Russia to Belgium grew in line with increasing commercial relations between the two countries in the late 19th century. By 1910, there were already roughly 7,500 Russians in the country, including many students in universities at Brussels, Ghent, and Liège. The post-Russian Revolution community of Russians in Belgium comprised mostly Russian military personnel. Former Tsarist officers maintained numerous relations with Belgian anti-communist organisations.

He was the son of Dmitry Shuvayev, Minister of War of the Russian Empire in 1916. Aleksandr became an officer in the Tsarist Russian Army. He served in several staff functions during World War I, which he ended as a Lieutenant Colonel. After the October Revolution, on 5 December 1918, he was drafted into the Red Army and was appointed Chief of Staff of the Petrograd division.

The Galakend copper plant was built by Siemens in 1883 and 1879. The Trans- Caucasus gas pipeline of 28 km was constructed between Gedebey -Galakend. There were 4 locomotives and 33 wagons on this railroad. In 1883, the first hydroelectric power plant was built in the village of Galakend in the territory of Tsarist Russia and copper was melted by electrolysis in Galakend copper plant.

The tsarist government once again offered the Bashkirs to negotiate. Rebels Nogai resumed talks with the commander of Ufa in autumn 1663. Their ambassadors Dinmukhamet Yulaev and Aktai Dosmuhametov in early 1664 went to Moscow and in February returned to grant charters, in which the king has granted the Nogai Bashkirs. The Bashkir Kazan Darugha began negotiations with the commander of Ufa in the summer of 1664.

According to Richard Pipes, Protopopov received carte blanche to run the country. Although earlier considered fairly liberal, Protopopov saw his new role as that of preserving Tsarist autocracy. With the Tsar absent at the Stavka headquarters, the government of Russia appeared managed as a kind of personal concern between the Empress, Grigori Rasputin and Protopopov, with the auxiliary assistance of Anna Vyrubova.B. Pares (1939), p. 416.

Prince Pavel Dolgorukov was born in 1866. He was a member of the Dolgorukov family, one of the oldest branches of the Russian aristocracy during the Tsarist era. He inherited great wealth and was involved in the work of the zemstvo (regional councils), particularly in the Moscow region, where he owned an estate. Prior to the 1905 revolution, he identified himself primarily with the liberals.

Tsarist generals entered into negotiations with him and repeatedly offered him to join the service of Russia. Kyzbech not only organized military campaigns, but showed courage and heroism. On January 30, 1830, Kyzbech with 4 thousand Highlanders attacked Elizabethan village, but was defeated by a squad chieftain. In October 1838, he received seven serious wounds, and his sons were injured and eventfully died from the injuries.

Uglanov was arrested for the first time by the Okhrana early in the summer of 1914 but he was subsequently released from captivity and inducted into the Army and sent to the front lines to fight for the Tsarist regime in World War I. In November 1914 Uglanov was severely wounded and was returned to Petrograd (St. Petersburg), where he recovered and resumed his secret revolutionary activity.

The daughter of a Saint Petersburg labourer and a laundress, Nikolayeva worked as a nanny from an early age. After finishing elementary education she worked in a printing press, where her activism began. She wrote for the journal Rabotnitsa (Working Woman). She was arrested for the first time in 1908, at the age of 15, being arrested three more times by tsarist authorities and exiled twice.

In 1866 Tsarist authorities established teachers' courses (in 1872 reorganized into the Veiveriai Teachers' Seminary) in the old post office building. The seminary trained teachers for elementary schools in the Suwałki Governorate and became and important center of the Lithuanian National Revival. During World War I, the seminary was evacuated into Russia, but never returned. Its former building was used to establish a secondary school in 1919.

He thought he had an understanding with the leading Legal Marxists, but at the last moment they founded their own magazine, Nachalo (The Beginning). Nachalo, however, was shut down by the government in June 1899, and the Legal Marxists moved to Zhizn, since Posse was willing to forgive and forget. Posse continued to edit the magazine until it was suppressed by the Tsarist government in April 1901.

Among the first of its new residents were again servicemen of the Ostrohozk Regiment led by sotnik I.Senelnykov. In 1782 Staro-Bila was assigned to the Derkul Horse Factory of Bilovodsk district (Voronezh Governorate). On Tsarist edict (ukase) from 1 May 1797 sloboda Staro-Bila was renamed into Starobelsk and became the administrative centre of Starobelsk uyezd in Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire.

Victor Alter Alter studied in Belgium, at the University of Ghent where he received a degree in mechanical engineering in 1912. Afterward he returned to Warsaw. In April 1913 he was arrested by Tsarist authorities for his activism for the Bund and was exiled to Siberia. He managed to escape and soon made his way to Great Britain where he joined the Labour Party.

The gymnastyorka was also adopted by several Soviet satellite states such as Bulgaria, Mongolia, Albania, and North Korea. Enlisted soldiers in the North Korean Army continue to wear the gymnastyorka as part of their field uniform. The Tsarist police also wore the white gymnastyorka as a summer garment until 1917. Their successors, the Soviet Militsiya, continued to wear this traditional garment until the 1950s.

Andrzej Strug Museum in Warsaw Strug was active in several Polish organizations under military Partitions, and was a member of the Polish Socialist Party. In 1895 he was imprisoned by Tsarist authorities in the Warsaw Citadel, and in 1897 forcibly deported to Arkhangelsk Governorate. After another arrest in 1907, he was forced to leave the Russian Empire, exiled from the occupied Polish lands. He settled in Paris.

From the Tsarist era, it was preserved by the Soviets as an outlet for difficult-to-obtain Russian delicacies. Delicatessens may also provide foods from other countries and cultures that are not readily available in local food stores. In Italy, the deli can be called gastronomia, negozio di specialità gastronomiche, bottega alimentare and more recently salumeria. In France it is known as a traiteur or épicerie fine.

Sergei Chavain, also spelled Čavajn (Mari: Сергей Чавайн, pronounced ; 6 October 1888, Maly Karamas – 11 November 1937) was a Mari poet and playwright, born Sergei Grigorievich Grigoriev (). In 1905 he wrote the first literary poem in the Mari language, Oto (Ото – The Grove). In 1908 he graduated from Kazan Teachers' Seminary. His first play was The Wild Duck in 1912, a satire of Tsarist bureaucrats.

The Tsarist authorities were not pleased with the school and sought to make it more secular, eventually closing it in 1879. The authorities re- opened it in 1881, but required all teachers to have diplomas from Russian institutions and to teach Russian language and culture. This requirement was not only untenable to the Jews, but essentially impossible, and the school closed for the last time in 1892.

Life in the camps was extremely rough for the men who resided in them. The Tsarist government could not provide adequate supplies for the men living in their POW camps. The Russian government's inability to supply the POWs in their camps with supplies was due to inadequate resources and bureaucratic rivalries. However, the conditions in the POW camps varied; some were more bearable than others.

Lithuania stepping westwards. Routledge, 2001. p. 24. Politically, Russia has dominated the region beginning with the fall of the Polish Kingdom in 1795. The Russian Empire continued to rule almost all of Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe for the entirety of the 19th century up until the outbreak of World War I, which resulted in the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy during the October Revolution.

Duma Building on Manege square. The history of the Duma dates back to the Boyar dumas of Kievan Rus' and Muscovite Russia as well to Tsarist Russia. The State Duma was founded in 1905 after the violence and upheaval in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and was Russia's first elected parliament. The first two attempts by Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918) to make it active were ineffective.

Russian philosopher Konstantin Leontiev. Konstantin Nikolayevich Leontiev (; January 25, 1831 in Kudinovo, Kaluga Governorate – November 24, 1891 in Sergiyev Posad) was a conservative tsarist and imperial monarchist Russian philosopher who advocated closer cultural ties between Russia and the East against what he believed to be the West's catastrophic egalitarian, utilitarian and revolutionary influences. He also advocated Russia's cultural and territorial expansion eastward to India, Tibet and China.

The Namikawa Yasuyuki Cloisonné Museum is specifically dedicated to it. In Japan cloisonné enamels are known as shippō- yaki (七宝焼). Japanese enamels were regarded as unequalled thanks to the new achievements in design and colouring. Russian cloisonné from the Tsarist era is also highly prized by collectors, especially from the House of Fabergé or Khlebnikov, and the French and other nations have produced small quantities.

His parents were Jewish refugees from the Tsarist Empire. His mother, Bluma 'Bloomah' (died 1961 in Hampshire) came from a town called Yampil, Khmelnytskyi Oblast in the Volyn region, of the Western Ukraine. His father, Moshe 'Morris' (died 1940 in Hampshire) came from Kutno, a textile- manufacturing town west of Warsaw. They came to East End of London separately around 1900, and married some years later.

The town is also known for the first cannons made of Russian steel. In 1903, the Tsarist authorities brutally suppressed a strike, organized by the workers of Zlatoust. In 1815, an arms factory was built here, which began to produce sabres and swords. To establish production, more than a hundred experts were invited from renowned arms centers in Europe, including Solingen and Klingenthal (Germany).

Outside mainstream Christianity, there have also been numerous new religious movements led by people either claiming to be directly inspired by Jesus, or indeed to be Jesus returned. Other examples of notable neo-revelationist movements are the Unification Church, Universal Life, Church of the Last Testament and Fiat Lux. A number of movements of Spiritual Christianity in tsarist Russia also fall under this category.

From the intervention of Count Nikolay Zubov in 1795, Molokans (бесшапочники) were tolerated under Catherine the Great but constrained by strict rules imposed upon them intended to curb community growth. Those who ignored the restrictions were punished in Tsarist Russia as heretics. Molokan evangelists and missionaries suffered imprisonment, banishment and other forms of punishment. Prohibited from winning converts, the Molokans were forced into endogamy.

On International Women's Day, , at the call of the Petrograd Bolshevik Committee, working women came out in the streets to demonstrate against starvation, war and tsardom. The Petrograd workers supported the demonstration of the working women by a citywide strike movement. The political strike began to grow into a general political demonstration against the tsarist system. On the demonstration was resumed with even greater vigour.

The First World War was interpreted by Lensch as a world socialist revolution. It is the continuation of the theory of war socialism. While most in the SPD saw the war as a defensive war against Tsarist Russia, Lensch saw the liberal England as the cause of the war. This because England was the earliest industrialized country in Europe, and that gained England its supremacy.

McReynolds, Louise (2003), Russia at Play: Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era, p. 173. Cornell University Press, , Following the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921, the Soviet regime confiscated all aristocratic mansions and turned them into sanatoria, frequented by the Communist party elite. Despite significant damage caused by a flood on April 18, 1968, Borjomi continued to grow throughout the Soviet era.

After the failed Uprising of 1863, the Tsarist authorities instituted a number of strict Russification policies and nationalized the museum. Many valuable items, particularly those related to the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, were removed to the Rumyantsev Museum in Moscow. Tyszkiewicz formally oversaw the transformation of the museum into a department of the Vilnius Public Library and officially resigned from the museum in September 1867.

He began his career in the factories of St Petersburg, before working in Kharkiv. He took part in the labour movement and became a member of the RSDLP in 1909, repeatedly being arrested and tried by the Tsarist authorities. After the February Revolution of 1917 he worked for the party in the provinces of Bryansk and Kharkiv. In Ukraine he appeared during the Ukrainian–Soviet War.

After the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, they functioned as intermediaries between the Russians, Manchu and Japanese, also with the Ainu who were vassals of the Japanese. Early contact with the southern Sakhalin Ainu was generally hostile, although trade between the two was apparent.Chaussonnet, p. 35 The Nivkh suffered severely from the Cossack conquest and imposition of the Tsarist Russians; they called the latter kinrsh (devils).

Following his orders, locals killed all predators: wolves, bears and lynx. Between 1888 and 1917, the Russian tsars owned all of primaeval forest, which became the royal hunting reserve. The tsars sent bison as gifts to various European capitals, while at the same time populating the forest with deer, elk and other animals imported from around the empire. The last major tsarist hunt took place in 1912.

Penguin Classics. The novel chronicles the French invasion of Russia and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society through the stories of five Russian aristocratic families. Portions of an earlier version, titled The Year 1805, were serialized in The Russian Messenger from 1865 to 1867, then the novel was published in its entirety in 1869.Knowles, A. V. Leo Tolstoy, Routledge 1997.

The first issue of Vilniaus žinios was published on 10 December 1904. Višinskis used his literary contacts to obtain submissions to Vilniaus žinios, but Vileišis – more conservative and loyal to the Tsarist government – blocked the publication of more liberal pieces. In protest, Višinskis resigned on 2 January 1905. Writers were particularly dismayed by Vileišis' position that since he paid for the works he now owned the copyright.

Istoriyi Kozatskoyi kultury Kiev, 1993. p.`130-140 however, Holovaty was able to obtain an audience before the Empress. He stunned the court by speaking to the Empress in French and immediately gained her sympathies. The concerns of the Cossacks were stated and the terms and conditions for the famous tsarist edict granting the Zaporozhians the lands on the Taman Peninsula in perpetuity were negotiated.

Mościcki was born on 1 December 1867 in Mierzanowo, a small village near Ciechanów, Congress Poland. After completing school in Warsaw, he studied chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum. There he joined the Polish underground leftist organization, Proletariat. Upon graduating, he returned to Warsaw, but was threatened by the Tsarist secret police with life imprisonment in Siberia and was forced to emigrate in 1892 to London.

Mikołaj Bołtuć was enlisted in the Russian Kadet officers school in Omsk at age seven. During World War I Bołtuć served in the Tsarist Army. He fought with distinction in the Finnish Civil War in 1918. After the Bolshevik Revolution He served as captain in the White Russian army during the Russian Civil War until the evacuation of Odessa, where he commanded the last leaving vessel.

As a young woman, she did clerical work in various towns including Tczew, where she met and married in 1929 a Tsarist Russian refugee named Nikolai Łajming. They were the parents of a daughter, Wera, and a son, Włodzimierz. Piotr Paluchowski, Anna Łajming, Tczew.pl In 1953 she and her family moved to Słupsk, where her husband's White Russian background would attract less unfavorable notice.

In the 18th century Turkoman tribes came into contact with Tsarist Empire. The Russian Empire began to move into the area in 1869 with the establishment of the Caspian Sea port of Krasnovodsk, current-day Turkmenbashy. After the suppression of Khanates of Bukhara (1868) and Khiva (1873) the Turkmen area remained independent. Russians decided to move into Transcaspian region, allegedly to subdue Turkmen slave trade and banditry.

When the Tsarist regime fell in 1917-18 it was briefly part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic before being part of the Kazakh ASSR within Soviet Russia in 1924. On 19 June 2018 Shymkent was taken out of South Kazakhstan Region and subordinated directly to the government of Kazakhstan. The administrative centre of the region moved to Turkistan and the region was renamed Turkistan Region.

Arrested by Tsarist authorities, he was sent to the infamous Pawiak Prison. After one month, Składkowski was sent back to Kielce and placed under police surveillance. To continue the studies, he left for Austrian Galicia, and in March 1906 joined the Medical Department of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Before that, however, in 1905, he became a member of the Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction.

Oskar Kallas was politically active as a student at the University of Tartu. Together with his friend Jaan Tõnisson, who later became a politician and Estonian head of state, he was involved in the nationalist student association (Eesti Üliõpilaste Selts). He became an important figure in Estonian independence aspirations within Tsarist Russia. After graduation Oskar Kallas taught at various schools in Narva and St. Petersburg.

Lechitsky was noticed and appointed first as regiment commander, then division commander. If there was no war, he, having commanded a battalion, should have, like most army infantrymen, resigned. Regiments in the tsarist army were given to the guardsmen and officers of the General Staff, and only as an exception to ordinary army officers. But the war helped to reveal his non-shouting, but genuine military talent.

Aharon Cohen (; 1980–1910) was a senior member of Mapam, a pro-USSR Israeli political party which existed during the first two decades of statehood. Born in Britchany, Bessarabia in what was the Tsarist empire, now Romania. He came to Palestine in 1929 where he joined kibbutz Sha'ar Ha'amakin, near Haifa. Four years later he was sent back to Romania as a Zionist youth movement organiser.

Marxism provided him with a new way of interpreting the world. The ideology was on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism then developing in opposition to the governing Tsarist authorities. At night, he attended secret meetings of local workers, most of whom were Russian. He was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ('Third Group'), a Georgian socialist group.

Begg, pp. 269–273 In London, Kosminski embarked on a career as a barber in Whitechapel, an impoverished slum in London's East End that had become home to many Jewish refugees who were fleeing economic hardship in Eastern Europe and pogroms in Tsarist Russia. However, he may have worked only sporadically: it was reported that he had "not attempted any kind of work for years" by 1891.

Persian carpets cover the floors in the hall and other first-floor rooms. Much of the furniture is antiques brought over from Europe by the Osgoods. The wooden paneling on the walls, made of English oak and Honduran mahogany, was designed by Gustav Stickley. The dining room reflects Russian tsarist tastes, with its hand-rubbed mahogany stained cherry red and covered with ruby velvet.

Mickevičius was born in 1880 in the village of Wyłkowyszki, Wyłkowyszki district, to a Lithuanian family of wealthy farmers. Suvalkija was then part of Congress Poland, a client state of the Russian Empire. Following the January Uprising of 1863, the tsarist government imposed Lithuanian press ban which outlawed materials printed in the Lithuanian language. Vincas's father Simonas and elder brother Juozas were Lithuanian patriots.

Masanchi was born in Alma-Ata and his father was a farmworker. During the Russian Civil War the Communists were interested in seeking the support of the non Russian Central Asian peoples. Dungans were invited to join the Red Army. Dungans residing in town joined the Red Army after serving in the Tsarist forces when going back to Pishpek, fighting for the Soviets in Semirech'ye.

In 1907 she started her mathematical studies on the parisian Sorbonne which she finished in 1911. After that, she came back to Zakopane and started a coeducational high school. She got arrested for the first time in 1905 for the distribution of appeals against the conscription to the tsarist army. For this act she was sent to Russia however, she quickly escaped from there.

Khundadze, Simon (1927). For the history of socialism in Georgia. Sakhelgami. [] Among actively supporters of the league were well-known public figures of the Sixtiers generation – writers Cyril Lordkipanidze, David Mikeladze (one of the sessions of the league's founding was held in his apartment), educator Silovan Khundadze and others. Most of the league's members were arrested by Tsarist gendarmes in the spring of 1893.

In 1860, the fort was conquered and razed by the military forces of Colonel Zimmermann when Tsarist Russia annexed the area. Colonel Zimmermann rebuilt the town over the destroyed fort and put field Poruchik Titov as head of a new Russian garrison. The site was redeveloped from 1877 onward by the Russian government, which encouraged the settlement of Russian peasants by giving them fertile land to develop.

Dzerzhinsky spent the next four-and-a-half years in tsarist prisons, first at the notorious Tenth Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel. When World War I began in 1914, all political prisoners were relocated from Warsaw into Russia itself. Dzerzhinsky was taken to Oryol Prison. He was very concerned about the fate of his wife and son, with whom he did not have any communication.

Daina Society (daina means song in Lithuanian; ) was a Lithuanian cultural organization promoting Lithuanian folk traditions and songs. It was established as an illegal cultural society by the composer Juozas Naujalis and officially registered with the Tsarist authorities in 1905. Active from 1899 to 1944 in Kaunas, the society organized various events, concerts, amateur theater performances. In 1924, it initiated the first Lithuanian Song Festival.

Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio- political theory, Marxism, which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. At night, he attended secret workers' meetings and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned.

Former Russian President Boris Yeltsin's 1994 made a statement acknowledging “resistance to the tsarist forces [in the 19th century] was legitimate,” but he stopped short of recognizing “the guilt of the tsarist government for the genocide.” A few years later, the leaders of Kabardino-Balkaria and Adygea sent appeals to the Duma, asking it “to reconsider the situation and to issue the needed apology.” In the later years of the 2000-2010 decade, the movement to secure recognition for the Circassian genocide, largely taking a leaf out of the book of the Armenians has gained in momentum and popularity. Reasons for this include the location of the Sochi Olympics, US recognition of the Armenian genocide (prompting a bill on the Circassian genocide in New Jersey, where most Circassians in the US live) and the repeated insistence by Russians that the Georgians committed "genocide" against the Abkhaz and Ossetes.

Bill Cary is a bush pilot living in Lapland in northern Finland, making a precarious living flying aerial survey flights looking for nickel deposits, and occasional charter cargo flights of dubious legitimacy in his beat-up old de Havilland Beaver. Towards the end of the flying season, a wealthy American hunter hires him to fly into a prohibited part of Finland near the Soviet border in order to hunt bear. Subsequently, he is assaulted by thugs when he refuses a charter contract to search for a lost Tsarist treasure, comes under suspicion from the Finnish police for smuggling when Tsarist-era gold sovereigns start turning up, and from the Finnish secret police for espionage. However, things get more serious when the wealthy American hunter's beautiful sister turns up to search for her brother, and his fellow bush pilots start getting killed off in a series of suspicious accidents.

Russian class O 0-8-0 Ov 7024, Moskva-Ryazanskaya, Sortirovochnaya depot, Moscow In Russia, the 0-8-0 type locomotives were represented by the various O-class (Osnovnoj-mainline) freight locomotives. They were built from the end of the 19th century until the 1920s. They were commonly called the Ovechka (Sheep) and were the most common freight locomotives in Tsarist Russia. Some are still preserved in working order.

This revolutionary career in imperial Russia was quickly short-circuited by the Tsarist secret police, however, with study circle leader Kundelevich arrested for his political offenses in 1879.Karlowich, We Fall and Rise, pp. 102–103. To avoid a similar fate, the Bandes brothers were forced to flee the country, briefly living in a series of European metropolises that included Zurich, Berlin, and Paris.Karlowich, We Fall and Rise, pg. 103.

Taken as a prisoner-of-war by the Japanese, while in prison camp he began gathering stories from fellow survivors. After the war, he returned to his hometown and began writing, and his first works describing the war in highly critical terms were published in 1906. He soon fell foul of the tsarist authorities however, who banned his works, and Novikov-Priboi was forced to go into hiding.

In 1899, she was imprisoned because of her contacts with Bund revolutionaries. There, she was indoctrinated by Sergey Zubatov, the head of the Tsarist Secret Police in Moscow. Zubatov conceived a plan that fit with Shochat's ideological notions, through which workers would form "tame" organizations that would work for reform rather than for overthrow of the government. She was persuaded that this would also help achieve rights for Jews.

In the 17th century, the city's population even included Albanians and Persians. At the end of the Ottoman occupation, the city had a population of 20,501, of whom 56% were Bulgarian, 30% Jewish, 7% Turkish and 6% Roma. In 1610 the Vatican established the Bishopric of Sofia for Ottoman subjects belonging to the Catholic millet in Rumelia, which existed until 1715 when most Catholics had emigrated to Habsburg or Tsarist territories.

Until 1905, the Tsars and Emperors of Russia governed as absolute monarchs. Ivan the Terrible was known for his reign of terror through oprichnina. Peter I the Great reduced the power of the Russian nobility and strengthened the central power of the monarch, establishing a bureaucracy and a police state. This tradition of absolutism, known as Tsarist autocracy, was expanded by Catherine II the Great and her descendants.

The Tsardom of Russia gradually chipped away at the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate. These policies, for instance, encouraged the establishment of Russian and German settlements on pastures the Kalmyks used to roam and feed their livestock. In addition, the Tsarist government imposed a council on the Kalmyk Khan, thereby diluting his authority, while continuing to expect the Kalmyk Khan to provide cavalry units to fight on behalf of Russia.

The group was inspired by the philosophy of Jan Wacław Machajski, an anti-intelligentsia advocate refusing political activity and parties, and focusing on economic struggle, as well as anarchocommunism and anarchosyndicalism. The group saw violence and "liberating" theft (expropriative anarchism) as justified tactics. Their plan was to avenge the mistreated workers, take the goods of bourgeoisie and fight with the tsarist government. The organization had little formal structure, and no leader.

Valentin Tomberg was born on March 11, 1900 (February 27 in the Old Russian Julian calendar) in St. Petersburg, Russia. His parents were Lutheran, the mother was a Russian and the father an Estonian of German origin, he was an official in the Tsarist government. As an adolescent, Tomberg was drawn to Theosophy and the mystical practices of Eastern Orthodoxy. In 1917 he was initiated into Hermetic Martinism by Prof.

As in the tsarist times, Russians still remained one of the "youngest" ethnic groups of Latvia. The Russian children aged under fourteen made up 14% of the total number of children of Latvia of the same age. Russian families during the period of independence were characterised by very high stability. The average number of divorces of Russian families was half that of Latvian families and one fifth that of German families.

Big changes took place in the structure of the territorial settlement of Russians in Latvia. Three-quarters of the Russian population lived in Latgale, 14% in Riga. In comparison with the tsarist period of the history of Latvia, Russians acquired more "country and agricultural" features and lost those of "town and industry". The overwhelming majority of Russians were engaged in agriculture (80%). 7% were engaged in industry, 4.9% – in trade.

After failing to stop the flight, Catherine the Great abolished the Kalmyk Khanate, transferring all governmental powers to the Governor of Astrakhan. The title of Khan was abolished. The highest native governing office remaining was the Vice-Khan, also recognized by the government as the highest ranking Kalmyk prince. By appointing the Vice-Khan, the Tsarist government was now permanently the decisive force in Kalmyk government and affairs.

Following this, the 9th Battalion moved to the Ypres sector, in Belgium, before returning to the Somme where they manned the trenches throughout the winter. Throughout 1917, the 9th Battalion was engaged in operations against the Hindenberg Line. In early 1918, the capitulation of Tsarist Russia allowed the Germans to concentrate their strength on the Western Front, and they subsequently launched a major offensive in March.Baldwin 1962, pp. 127 & 141.

Other instruments such as a piano or an accordion are used too. The melody is generally assigned to the lead violin, while the other instrumentalists provide harmony, rhythm, and some counterpoint (the latter usually coming from the second violin or viola). The inclusion of Jews in tsarist army bands during the 19th century led to the introduction of typical military band instruments into klezmer. The clarinet now often played the melody.

Nikolai Fedorovich Drozdov was born in 1862 to a family of Old Believers in Surazh County. In 1881 he graduated high school and entered the Physics department of the University of Kiev. In 1886 he graduated university and joined the 33rd Artillery Brigade of the Tsarist army. After passing an officer exam at Mikhailovsky Artillery School in 1887 Drozdov was commissioned into the 12th Regiment of Artillery as a lieutenant.

Leftist Lithuanians established Šviesa (light), led by future president Kazys Grinius, in December 1905. However, seven of its members left it in protest when the new society voted that the religious class should be taught by a regular teacher and not a priest. (The Tsarist regime closed Šviesa in 1908). Priest Justinas Staugaitis then took on to organize Žiburys and the founding meeting took place on 6 January 1906 in Marijampolė.

After the fall of Communism in 1991, scholars and the general public in Russia and the West gave fresh attention to Peter and his role in Russian history. His reign is now seen as the decisive formative event in the Russian imperial past. Many new ideas have merged, such as whether he strengthened the autocratic state or whether the tsarist regime was not statist enough given its small bureaucracy.Zitser, 2005.

Bishop Motiejus Valančius resisted Russification. He urged protest against the closing of Catholic churches and organised book printing in Lithuanian in Lithuania Minor Eventually, the Commonwealth was partitioned in 1772, 1792, and 1795 by the Russian Empire, Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The largest area of Lithuanian territory became part of the Russian Empire. After the unsuccessful uprisings in 1831 and 1863, the Tsarist authorities implemented a number of Russification policies.

The Russian Tsarist Navy also had a sizable fleet of paddle steam frigates. The first of these were imported from America, but by the time of the Crimean War the Russians were producing their own steamships. The 1841 steam frigate Kamchatka had 16 guns on two decks, and was therefore comparable to the big frigates of the English and American navies. See also List of Russian steam frigates.

Nonetheless, Lillienthal embarked on ambitious plans for the creation of Haskalah-inspired schools in Russia. He invited his peers in Central Europe to come and teach at Russian schools. Lilienthal did not understand the degree to which the Russian Jews resented having a foreign-inspired education imposed upon them. They saw Lilienthal as an agent of the tsarist government, which they believed wanted to convert them to Russian Orthodox Christianity.

Following the Russian Revolution, Maksim is appointed state commissar in charge of the national bank. With great efforts, he learns the complexies of the banking trade and begins to fight off sabotaging underlings. Dymba, now a violent enemy of the Republic, tries to rob a wine store but is arrested with Maksim's help. Maksim also exposes a conspiracy of a group of tsarist officers who prepare an assassination attempt against Lenin.

He asked for protection, and proposed that Russian troops be sent immediately into the country to prevent China from restoring its rule over the region. There was no reply because three months earlier the Tsarist Council of Ministers had already decided on a policy of gradual, cautious absorption of Uriankhai by encouraging Russian colonization. Precipitous action by Russia, the Council feared, might provoke China.N.P. Leonov, Tannu Tuva (Moscow, 1927), p. 42.

Joseph Constant House in Ramat Gan. Constant was born in Jaffa on 14 July 1892 to Russian Jewish parents. He spent his early years in Odessa. When still quite young, he took part alongside his father in the anti-Tsarist revolutionary activities of 1905. In 1914, he entered the Academy of Fine Arts in Odessa, and during the Communist Revolution of 1917 he was named an inspector of fine arts.

During the Tsarist times, the Ainu living in Russia were forbidden from identifying themselves as such, as the Imperial Japanese officials had claimed that all the regions inhabited by the Ainu in the past or present, are a part of Japan. The terms "Kurile", "Kamchatka Kurile" or simply Russian, etc. were used to identify the ethnic group. As a result, large number of Ainu changed their surnames to Slavic ones.

He asked for protection and proposed that Russian troops be sent immediately into the country to prevent China from restoring its rule over the region. There was no reply – three months earlier, the Tsarist Council of Ministers had decided on a policy of cautious gradual absorption of Uriankhai by encouraging Russian colonization. The Council feared that precipitous action by Russia might provoke China.N.P. Leonov, Tannu Tuva (Moscow, 1927), p. 42.

Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish, 1914–1915 Russia entered World War I in July 1914. Germany, France, Great Britain and Tsarist Russia had been preparing for war for a long time. Military spending was enormous and was financially catastrophic for the Russian government. Between the beginning of the war and Bolsheviks’ accession to power, the debt soared to £3,385 million, about 3.5 times what it had been.

The tsarist administration prohibited the Tatars, Chuvash and Mari from settling along rivers and in cities, and also from engaging in blacksmith and jewelry crafts.[1] Settlements in the specified zone were destroyed or relocated.[2] After his conquest of Kazan, Ivan IV is said to have ordered the crescent, a symbol of Islam, to be placed underneath the Christian cross on the domes of Orthodox Christian churches.

From there, the organization attempted to establish contacts with dissidents in Georgia. The leading independent political party, the Social Democrats (Mensheviks), maintained neutrality and did not engage in antiwar activity. Their expressed Russian orientation convinced the Tsarist authorities to allow them to operate freely in the Caucasus. Thus the Mensheviks were reluctant to collaborate with the Committee, which advocated a break with Russia and an independent Georgian state.

However, in the evening, tsarist forces under Johann Michelson reached Kazan and defeated the rebels in two battles which took place on 13 and 15 July, forcing Pugachev to retreat to Tsaryovokokshaysk and then to cross the Volga. Out of 25,000 and 15,000 rebels who participated in the first and last stages of the battle respectively, only 500 escaped. К. Амиров. Казань: где эта улица, где этот дом, Казань, 1995.

Głos (The Voice; ) was a Polish language social, literary and political weekly review published in Warsaw between 1886 and 1905. It was one of the leading journals of the Polish positivist movement. Many of the most renowned Polish writers published their novels in Głos, which also became a tribune of the naturalist literary movement of late 19th century. During the Revolution of 1905 it was closed down by tsarist authorities.

In the 1870s New Zealand was a young self- governing colony of Britain. It had developed no coastal defences of any consequence and was becoming increasingly sensitive to how vulnerable its harbours were to attack by a hostile power or opportunistic raider. In the aftermath of the Crimean war, Tsarist Russia seemed particularly suspicious. > (In 1873 an Auckland editor perpetrated) ...what has been hailed the > greatest spoof in the country's history.

In 1858 he graduated from the Imperial Academy of Art in Petersburg. Andriolli received a scholarship and in 1861 he went to Rome, where he continued his studies at the Accademia di San Luca. He returned to Lithuania and took part in the January Uprising against the Imperialism of the Russian Govermant. Arrested by the tsarist authorities, he managed to escape from Kaunas Prison and reach London and then Paris.

Ilyin contributed to this with several lectures, the first of which was called "The Spiritual Sense of the War". He was an utter opponent of any war in general but believed that since Russia had already been involved in the war, the duty of every Russian was to support his country. Ilyin's position was different from that of many Russian jurists, who disliked Germany and Tsarist Russia equally.

The 1918 code also served to recognize the legal rights of the individual at the expense of the existing tsarist/patriarchal system of family and marriage. This was accomplished by allowing easily obtainable “no-grounds” divorces. It abolished “illegitimacy” of birth as a legal concept and entitled all children to parental support. It abolished the adoption of orphans (orphans would be cared for by the state to avoid exploitation).

One decision the Kavbiuro was involved in concerned Karabagh, a predominantly Armenian area disputed by both Armenia and Azerbaijan. Under Tsarist rule the area had been administered from Baku. However in the context of the ethnic conflicts following the Russian Revolution the Karabagh Armenians wanted to become annexed by Armenia. This was prevented first through the intervention of the Ottoman Empire, and following its collapse, by the British.

The Imperial Bridge across the Volga River in Ulyanovsk The Bolsheviks took power in Simbirsk one and a half month after the October Revolution—December 10, 1917. In 1918, the province was at the heart of the civil war. In July 1918 Simbirsk was captured by troops led by White Russian tsarist General Komuch Kappel. But on September 12 the Bolsheviks recaptured the city, resulting in the restoration of communism.

The Fortress of Sveaborg had been constructed in the 18th century to provide sea defenses for Helsinki. In 1906 it was garrisoned by approximately 1,800 artillerymen, 1,500 infantrymen and 250 pioneers. The combined force of over 3,500 made up over half of the total Tsarist troops based in and around Helsinki. All of these troops were Russian as no Finnish units of the Imperial Army were stationed in the Grand Duchy.

Lituanus, Fall 1996. Retrieved on 2009-03-17 Tsarist authorities hoped that this measure, part of a larger Russification plan, would decrease Polish influence on Lithuanians and would return them to what were considered their ancient historical ties with Russia. However, Lithuanians organized printing outside the Empire, largely in Lithuania Minor (East Prussia), and in the United States. Knygnešiai (Lithuanian book smugglers) smuggled illegal books and periodicals across the border.

In addition, these protests could turn into a desktop real danger of being thrown out of the gate of the plant, where was a crowd of impoverished city dwellers trying to find any work and landless peasants from surrounding villages. Erupted in the years 1900-1903 global economic crisis, seized also the tsarist Russia, an extremely negative impact on an already miserable situation of workers of the plant. Wages sharply reduced.

Mele is the only settlement in the south of Buryatia where hamnigans live compactly. Even in tsarist times, the Zakamensky (Armak) Hamnigans served Cossack service on the southern border with Mongolia. They believe that they came to Zakamna because of Lake Baikal and gave rise to a new small Buryat-Hamnigan group, which currently includes about 400 people, which makes up more than half of the population of Myla.

Peter Polovtsov Peter Alexandrovich Polovtsov, (; , Tsarskoye Selo – 9 April 1964 Monte Carlo) was a Russian Tsarist General. Peter was the son of Alexander Polovtsov. Peter escaped from Russia in February 1918 with the aid of the British agents Ranald MacDonell and Edward Noel. He was provided with the passport of Reverend Jesse Yonan, an American missionary, and travelled in disguise from Tbilisi to Baku on the Transcaucasus Railway.

95 The Russian Pharmacy Society for Mutual Assistance was founded in 1895. The healthcare conditions in Tsarist Russia have been considered "appalling". In 1912, an interdepartmental commission concluded that 'a vast part of Russia has as yet absolutely no provisions for medical aid'. The All Russia League of Struggle Against Venereal Disease estimated that there were 1.5 million sufferers in 1914. 10% of those recruited to the army had tuberculosis.

In 1905 revolution broke out in Russia. Hourwich made his return across the Atlantic in 1906 to attempt to win election to the Russian State Duma. Somewhat surprisingly, Hourwich did not run for Duma as a Social Democrat, but rather sought office as a member of the centrist Constitutional Democratic Party headed by Pavel Miliukov. Hourwich won the election, only to see the results annulled by the Tsarist government.

However, he did set several Lenten texts in a manner which linked Bortniansky's style with an early Romantic sensibility. Alexander Arkhangelsky composed 20 concertos in a similar "emotionally charged style". Pavel Chesnokov, Alexander Kastalsky, Alexander Gretchaninov, Maximilian Steinberg, and Sergei Rachmaninoff were among the many late Tsarist and early Soviet-era composers who continued the tradition of choral concertos. Under their capacity, the form expanded in expressiveness and proportion.

One notable incident occurred in November of 1840, when the villages of Mayrtup and Aki-Yurt were heavily raided. After the war ended, the farms around Mayrtup were liquidated and their populations were resettled to Mayrtup, under Tsarist policies. In 1877, during the "Alibek-Haji Uprising", the first major battle of the uprising occurred near the northern outskirts of Mayrtup. As a result, the village was partially destroyed.

In response, the Bashkirs refused to pay taxes and obey the local authorities. Kazan Railway rebels headed by Dume Ishkeevym attacked the Zakamskaya fortress residents on Nogai road, led by Iman Batyr. Bashkir rebels proposed to appeal to the king directly with a petition, which was taken to Moscow in the summer of 1706 by eight elective Bashkirs, headed by Dume Ishkeevym. But the tsarist government refused to consider the petition.

The abdication of Nicholas II and Michael's deferment of accepting the throne brought three centuries of the Romanov dynasty's rule to an end. The fall of Tsarist autocracy brought joy to liberals and socialists in Britain and France. The United States was the first foreign government to recognize the Provisional government. In Russia, the announcement of the Tsar's abdication was greeted with many emotions, including delight, relief, fear, anger and confusion.

Mykola Stsiborskyi was born in Zhytomyr, Volhynian Governorate, Ukraine (then part of the Russian empire) to the family of a tsarist army officer. He grew up in Kiev. During World War I, Stsyborskyi served in the Russian army as a captain. He was wounded twice and was awarded the Order of Saint Anna 3rd and 4th degrees, St. Stanislav of 3 degrees and Cross of St. George, 4th degree.

Vilnius fell to the Germans on 19 September 1915. An alliance with Germany in opposition to both tsarist Russia and Lithuanian nationalism became for the Baltic Germans a real possibility. Lithuania was incorporated into Ober Ost under a German government of occupation. As open annexation could result in a public- relations backlash, the Germans planned to form a network of formally independent states that would in fact be dependent on Germany.

Born in the Kutais Governorate, Imperial Russia (in present-day Georgia) in the family of a landlord, Orakhelashvili studied medicine at the University of Kharkov and St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy. He joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903 and took an active part in the 1905 uprising in Petersburg. Between 1906 and 1914 he was arrested by the Tsarist police several times.

Ray Ryland (San Diego: Catholic Answers, 2001). but there is not enough evidence, at this time, to support the claim that he ever officially embraced Roman Catholicism. As an active member of Society for the Promotion of Culture Among the Jews of Russia, he spoke Hebrew and struggled to reconcile Judaism and Christianity. Politically, he became renowned as the leading defender of Jewish civil rights in tsarist Russia in the 1880s.

Since his English was poor and his body frail, employment options were limited.Hillquit, Loose Leaves from a Busy Life, pg. 32. He joined other young intellectual émigrés from Tsarist Russia as a shirt-maker, repetitiously stitching cuffs of garments. In his posthumously-published memoirs, Hillquit recalled that cuff-making was "the simplest part and required least skill and training," involving the simple stitching of square pieces of cut cloth.

Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond, pp. 728-729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 After that there is data about quantity and settling of the Tats, collected by tsarist authorities. When the city of Baku was occupied in the beginning of the 19th century during the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813), the whole population of the city (about 8,000 people) were Tats.

Boris Pavlovich Belousov (; 19 February 1893 – 12 June 1970) was a Soviet chemist / biophysicist who discovered the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction (BZ reaction) in the early 1950s. His work initiated the field of modern nonlinear chemical dynamics. The Belousov family had strong anti-Tsarist sympathies and, after the Russian Revolution of 1905, they were arrested and later forced to leave the country. They settled in Switzerland, where Boris studied chemistry in Zürich.

Magocsi, Paul Robert: With Their Backs to the Mountains. A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns. CEU Press, 2015 In 1914 during the First World War the pass saw heavy fighting between Austrian-Hungarian troops and those of Tsarist Russia. During World War II the pass was the scene of further battles; the remains of the defensive fortifications of the Árpád Line can still be seen today.

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (, , 27 July 1853 – 25 December 1921) was a Ukrainian-born Russian writer, journalist, human rights activist and humanitarian of Ukrainian and Polish origin. His best-known work include the short novel The Blind Musician (1886), as well as numerous short stories based upon his experience of exile in Siberia. Korolenko was a strong critic of the Tsarist regime and in his final years of the Bolsheviks.

Upon his death in 1843, a significant estate was left to the benefit of the three Bergh children, including Henry. Bergh attended Columbia College in New York City, but left before completing his degree, deciding instead to tour Europe. He would remain in Europe for a total of five years. In 1862 Bergh entered government service, being appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as secretary of the American legation in Tsarist Russia.

This led to a Tsarist ban on her traveling in Russian territory.Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 518. Modjeska suffered a stroke and was partially paralyzed in 1897, but recovered and soon returned to the stage, continuing to perform for several additional years. During her last stay in Poland, from October 31, 1902 to April 28, 1903, she appeared on the stage in Lwów, Poznań and her native Kraków.

Daniel Bek-Pirumyan was born in 1861 in Nakhichevanik village of the Elisabethpol Governorate of the Russian Empire. He graduated from the public school in Shusha and started his military service in 1881 in Yerevan. In 1890, Pirumyan was promoted to the military rank of captain and in 1913, he became a colonel. During World War I, he fought in the Caucasus Front as a colonel in the Tsarist army.

Eventually on 21 December 1794 he was imprisoned by the Tsarist Russian authorities. He has lost most of his wealth following the Uprising, as most of his estates were confiscated. Near the end of his life he would be troubled by his inability to pay off debts from the 1780s. Released in 1796, following the death of Catherine the Great, Potocki retired to Kurów, Puławy county (central Poland).

Britain and other Western powers—except the United States—did business and sometimes recognized the new Soviet Union. By 1933, old fears of Communist threats had faded, and the American business community, as well as newspaper editors, were calling for diplomatic recognition. President Franklin D. Roosevelt used presidential authority to normalize relations in November 1933. However, there was no progress on the Tsarist debts Washington wanted Moscow to repay.

While the Union's program reflected attempts to include issues relevant to both working class (welfare guarantees) and peasant women (equality in land reform), it had difficulty in attracting their participation and retaining their loyalty. The class solidarity was more important than gender unity. Internal disagreements and introduction of reactionary repressions by the Tsarist authorities led to quick dwindling of the Union. The Union was never officially registered as an organization.

Anna Ivanovna Abrikosova was born into a wealthy family of factory owners and philanthropists, who were the official suppliers of chocolate confections to the Russian Imperial Court. Her grandfather was the industrialist Aleksei Ivanovich Abrikosov. Her father, Ivan Alekseievich Abrikosov, was expected to take over the family firm until his premature death from tuberculosis. Her brothers included Tsarist diplomat Dmitrii Abrikosov and Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov, the doctor who embalmed Vladimir Lenin.

At the end of the 19th century, Russia, Europe and the United States were confronted to a new radical movement which engaged in violent and illegal acts. This movement was first created in Tsarist Russia, where young intellectuals, sometimes staunch positivists, began to engage in a violent struggle against the Czar. Finding their influence in Nikolai Chernyshevsky's What Is to Be Done?, they began to advocate assassinations and bombings.

After the Partitions of Poland, Drzewica was annexed by the Russian Empire (1815), together with Congress Poland. The town was an important center of the January Uprising, and as a revenge, in 1869, Tsarist authorities reduced it to the status of a village. On September 8, 1939, a nearby forest was the place of a bloody skirmish between Polish Army and the Wehrmacht. The German occupation began that month.

Mikhalkov was born in Moscow, Russian Empire, to Vladimir Alexandrovich Mikhalkov and Olga Mikhailovna (née Glebova). Mikhalkov stemmed from the noble family of Mikhalkovs and had tsarist admirals, governors, and princes among his grandparents. Since the 1930s, he has rivaled Korney Chukovsky, Samuil Marshak and Agniya Barto as the most popular poet writing for Russophone children. His poems about enormously tall "Uncle Styopa" ("Дядя Стёпа") enjoyed particular popularity.

The TT-30 is an out-of-production Soviet semi-automatic pistol. It was developed in the early 1930s by Fedor Tokarev as a service pistol for the Soviet military to replace the Nagant M1895 revolver that had been in use since Tsarist times, though it ended up being used in conjunction with rather than replacing the M1895. It served until 1952, when it was replaced by the Makarov pistol.

Even the devastating Famine of 1891-1892 did not stir the peasantry to revolt against the Tsarist regime — although the crisis did play a part in moving urban intellectuals in Russia to resume political activity in an effort to bring about an end to autocratic rule. One of the leading manifestations of this new political offensive was the establishment of the People's Rights Party (Partiya Narodnogo Prava) in 1893.

At the same time as the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the former lands of Royal Prussia were annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, the successor state of the Teutonic Order. In 1793, the new Kingdom of Prussia participated in the Second Partition of Poland by temporarily annexing the neighboring regions, which were almost immediately returned to the Tsarist kingdom of Poland and incorporated into the Russian Empire.

The family moved to London in 1889, as refugees from the Tsarist regime. There, having been heard by Paderewski, Mark made a debut at the old Princes Hall in July 1890. This was a success, and there was another concert there, and a tour of the provinces. The family was too poor to turn down these opportunities, though they would gladly have protected the boy from public life.

Opening of agricultural institutions contributed to the economic development of the Horki. Thus, in 1859 began working iron foundry, opened a post office (1840), pharmacy (1840), the meteorological station (1841). On December 26, 1861 Tsarist government ordered to change status of village to status of town. State peasants, who lived in Horki, had the right to remain in the same class or go to the category of lower middle class.

Nicholas's diary, 3 March 1917, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 314 The hopes of the monarchists that Michael might be able to assume the throne following the election of the Constituent Assembly were overtaken by events. His renunciation of the throne, though conditional, marked the end of the Tsarist regime in Russia. The Provisional Government had little effective power; real power was held by the Petrograd Soviet.

David's half- brother, Emanuel Litvinoff. Litvinoff was born in 1928 at Hare Marsh, Whitechapel, London, into a Jewish family with Russian origins. His mother and her first husband had fled tsarist pogroms in Odessa in 1913. She had four children with her first husband and five including David Litvinoff with her second husband Solomon Levy whom she married after the first was lost after he joined the Russian army in 1917.

The largest production was a five-act historical opera about Pilėnai which included about 50 performers (directed by Landsbergis-Žemkalnis in 1910). The directors competed with each other raising the quality of the productions but also resulting in conflicts. Pleirytė-Puidienė and Misius established their own troupe separate from the Varpas Society though continued to participate in its activities. The plays needed to be approved by the Tsarist censors.

The insurgents were poorly armed, and eventually were overwhelmed by the tsarist regular military. Most of the barricades fell by 24 June; the last of the barricades (in the Źródliska park and Wschodnia street) were captured by Russian troops by the end of 24 June or by midday on 25 June (sources vary), but unrest—including occasional shots at police or military patrols—would continue for days afterwards.

Both belonged to lesser nobility and were in hiding after the failed January Uprising against the Tsarist Russian domination. The boy was raised by his grandmother in Kaunas, then the capital of Kaunas Governorate within the Russian Empire. He attended Gymnasium in Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia). Starewicz had interests in a number of different areas; by 1910 he was named Director of the Museum of Natural History in Kaunas, Lithuania.

Koltsov was born in a well-to do family and graduated from Moscow University in 1894 and was a professor there (1895–1911). He established and directed the Institute of Experimental Biology in the middle of 1917, just before the October revolution. He was a member of the Agricultural Academy (VASKhNIL). He was against the Tsarist regime but after the revolution, he opposed several policies of the new rule.

Among the most notable of his actions was an armed train robbery in Sławków and numerous assaults on tsarist officials in Warsaw. He was arrested in Piotrków in 1906, and again in Warsaw in 1907. Released, he returned to his duties within the PPS in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Radom, Warsaw and Lublin. In 1907 he was yet again arrested and imprisoned in the heavy prison at the Lublin Castle.

Byzantine-rite Catholicism was illegal in the Tsarist Russian empire through the 1800s and until 1905, when Tsar Nicholas II granted religious tolerance. Thereafter, communities of Greek Catholics emerged and became organized. Old Believers were prominent in the early years of the movement. In 1917, Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky appointed the first Apostolic Exarchate for Russian Catholics with Most Reverend Leonid Feodorov, formerly a Russian Orthodox seminarian, as Exarch.

This image taken by the Moscow Canal was taken when Nikolai Yezhov was water commissar. After he fell from power, he was arrested, shot, and his image removed by the censors. Yezhov was born in Saint Petersburg on May 1, 1895, and from 1915 to 1917 Yezhov served in the Tsarist Russian Army. He joined the Bolsheviks on May 5, 1917, in Vitebsk, a few months before the October Revolution.

This smuggling of Lithuanian newspapers had historical antecedents. Following the Polish and Lithuanian Uprising of 1863, the Tsarist regime had banned publication of all newspapers which used the Latin alphabet, a measure which amounted to a de facto ban of the entire Lithuanian press.Alfred Erich Senn and Alfonsas Eidintas, "Lithuanian Immigrants in America and the Lithuanian National Movement before 1914," Journal of American Ethnic History, vol. 6, no.

The interior is opulent, with magnificent rococo main altar, gilding and stucco ceiling decorations. The Carmelite Church was the site of Frédéric Chopin's first employment. He was invited to give a recital on the church's organ. Former Carmelite Church and monument to Adam Mickiewicz In 1864, after the January Uprising was brutally crushed by Russians, the monastery was liquidated by the Tsarist regime as a stronghold of Polish patriotism.

He studied at Saint's Ann gymnasium in Cracow, and then at the Jagiellonian University. He was an active member of a youth organization that wanted to help Poles fighting the tsarist regime in Russian occupied Poland, but he did not fight in the January Uprising. He was sentenced to prison for conspiracy after being arrested at the end of 1863. He debuted in 1861 with poems based on folklore motifs.

Kiprijonas Juozas Nezabitauskis-Zabitis (, 12 September 1779 – 10 July 1837) was a Lithuanian Roman Catholic priest and poet. He was half-brother of Kajetonas Nezabitauskis. After studies at Vilnius University and Vilnius Priest Seminary, Nezabitauskis was ordained as a priest in 1803 and worked as a parish priest in Varniai and Veliuona. After the Uprising of 1831, he fled Tsarist persecutions first to East Prussia and then to France.

Nezabitauskis wrote supporting material to a Polish–Lithuanian grammar for school students written by in 1823. The material took three printing sheets out of 27 total sheets (168 pages in quarto). The grammar received some 700 pre-orders and was read by a number of professors of Vilnius University, however the manuscript was not approved by the Tsarist censors and was lost. Therefore, the content of Nezabitauskis' additions is unknown.

Thousands of settlers were killed, and this was matched by Russian reprisals, particularly against the nomadic population. The competition for land and water which ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of Tsarist Russia, with the most serious uprising, the Central Asian Revolt, occurring in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and Cossack villages, killing indiscriminately. The Russians' revenge was merciless.

Melancon, MS (2006) The Lena Goldfields Massacre and the Crisis of the Late Tsarist State, Texas A&M; University Press P167 The name of the highlands was first proposed by Peter Kropotkin in 1868.Olekminsko-Vitimsky expedition for examining the cattle driving route from the Olekminsky mines in the city of Chita / Brief report of the city of Krapotkin // Izvestia Imp. Russian geographic islands - 1868. - T. 4, No. 1.

Both are connected to a big third crown. Russian culture is connected with European and Asian cultures and was influenced by both. Once Joseph Stalin came to power and put his first five-year plan into motion in 1928, the Soviet government began to criticize and censor folklore studies. Stalin and the Soviet regime repressed folklore, believing that it supported the old tsarist system and a capitalist economy.

The protestors began to express their opposition of the Tsarist regime as well as the war. The majority of the businesses in Petrograd had been closed, ceasing mobilization and daily operations within the city. The strikes, though spontaneous and popular among the citizens, came to a halt on March 4. This series of economic and political strikes lasting from February 22 until March 4, 1917, became known as the February Revolution.

Main settlement areas of the 150 German colonies in Bessarabia Tsarist Russia settled the German migrants in Bessarabia according to plan. They kept land in the southern region, on assigned far, treeless steppe surfaces in the Southern Bessarabia (Budjak; germ. Budschak). In the first settlement phase, up to 1842, twenty-four main German colonies developed. The settlements were put on usually in a valley with gently sloping hills.

Manya Gordon was born in about 1882 in the city of Kiev, Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. A family of ethnic Jews, the Gordons emigrated to the United States from the increasingly anti- semitic Tsarist regime in 1896, settling in New York City.Jerome S. Legge, Jr., "Manya Gordon Strunsky (c. 1882-1945)," in Paula E. Hyman and Deborah Dash Moore, Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia.

All of Petrograd indulged in wild partying, amusement and merrymaking before the Tsarist government initiated prohibition that November; alcohol was banned for the remainder of the war. One highlight of the year was Countess Shuvalov's black and white ball, with the uniformed Chevalier Gardes in attendance. Many people spent their evenings out at the opera and attending parties. Harris entertained at the popular establishments, watching everyone dancing and drinking.

He was publicly executed on Lukiškės Square in Vilnius on 22 March 1864, at age 26. The remains of the executed insurgent, along with others, were clandestinely buried by the Tsarist authorities in the site of a military fortress on top of the Gediminas Hill in Vilnius. The remains were excavated and positively identified in 2019 and were solemnly re-interred in the Rasos Cemetery on 22 November 2019.

He studied at the Theological Faculty of the University of Helsinki between 1913 and 1915, gaining a first degree in 1914. Finland was part of the Russian empire throughout Groundstroem's childhood and early manhood. A degree of civil liberty was obtained in 1907, with a parliament elected under universal suffrage. However, the parliament was often dissolved by tsarist Governors General and many Finns despaired of gaining full political rights.

Natalia Nikolayevna Goncharova, 1849. Portrait by Ivan Makarov After many hesitations, Natalia eventually accepted a proposal of marriage from Pushkin in April 1830, but not until she had received assurances that the tsarist government did not intend to persecute the libertarian poet. They were officially engaged on 6 May 1830, and sent out wedding invitations. Because of the outbreak of cholera and other circumstances, the wedding was delayed for a year.

Of greatest concern to Jewish Americans was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating and inciting pogroms and following anti-Semitic policies. As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war, "The pro-Germanism of America's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia".Joseph Rappaport, Jewish Immigrants and World War I: A Study of Yiddish Attitudes(1951), p.

Accounts differ as to the cause of the violence. Some consider this a political action by Jewish workers. As violent riots escalated during the unrest in the mid-1900s, tensions between the Jewish underworld and workers grew to the point where a violent wide-scale incident was increasingly likely. According to Laura Engelstein, the pimps were perceived by Bundists to be agents of the Okhrana (Russian Tsarist police).

Rozanov frequently referred to himself as Fyodor Dostoyevsky's "Underground Man" and proclaimed his right to espouse contrary opinions at the same time. He first attracted attention in the 1890s when he published political sketches in the conservative newspaper Novoye Vremya ("New Time"), owned and run by Aleksey Suvorin. Rozanov's comments, always paradoxical and sparking controversy, led him into clashes with the Tsarist government and with radicals such as Lenin.

Following the breakdown of the Tsarist regime in Russia, South Ossetians allied with the Russian Bolsheviks, fighting a war against the newly independent Menshevik Georgia. Initially Georgia was successful, but in 1921, the Red Army conquered the country. South Ossetia became an autonomous oblast in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, relations between ethnic Ossetians and Georgians were peaceful, with a high rate of interaction and intermarriages.

Many regarded Britain as hostile to Jewish interests. New York City, with its well-organized element numbering 1.5 million Jews, was the center of antiwar activism.Christopher M. Sterba, Good Americans: Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War (2003), 61-63Mary Ann Irwin, and Ann Marie Wilson; "'The Air is Becoming Full of War': Jewish San Francisco and World War I," Pacific Historical Review 74#3 (2005): 331-66 Of greatest concern to Jews was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and following antisemitic policies. As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war, "The pro-Germanism of America's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia".Joseph Rappaport, Jewish Immigrants and World War I: A Study of Yiddish Attitudes(1951), p. 78 The fall of the tsarist regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism.

Cuttings – the two thirds of the book that depict the activities of the organs of the tsarist secret police – was published in Russia in 1917, Life and Knowledge noting "The court having upheld the censorship, we managed to save only the first six and a half chapters from destruction. And we could only offer a bland note that 'circumstances beyond our control have forced us to offer this book in extremely abbreviated form' – the Tsarist censor did not allow us to print anything else about this... currently we are releasing, as the second book of the tenth volume, the entire ending, beginning with Chapter 7, of this work by Gorky, guided by the fact that many readers have already purchased the first six chapters which we released in the tenth volume, and which we will now consider only the first book of this volume". The Life of a Useless Man was translated into English by Moura Budberg, Gorky's secretary and common law wife.

Sapah-Gulian Tombstone in New Jersey, USAStepan Sapah-Gulian was born in Djahri, a village just north of Nakhichevan on 14 February 1861. He attended the Nersisian School in Tiflis for his primary and secondary education and was later appointed director of schools in Nakhichevan. In 1887 he was arrested by Tsarist authorities and briefly jailed. Sapah-Gulian met with renowned Hunchakian activist Paramaz (Matteos Sarkissian) in Nakhichevan and Meghri, and discussed revolutionary ideas.

After the fall of tsarist Russia, fighting broke out for control over the city and surrounding region. During the Soviet occupation (Polish–Soviet War), the unsuccessful Nieśwież uprising by Polish residents took place during March 14–19, 1919. However, Nieśwież was recaptured by Poles on April 19, 1919 and re-integrated with the reestablished Polish state. It was became a powiat in the Nowogródek Voivodeship until the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939.

Revolutionaries attacking the Tsar's police during the first days of the revolution Protesters on the Nevsky Prospekt Crowd on the Nevski Prospekt Gathering at the Tauride Palace Burning of monarchistic symbols on 27 February (O.S.) Mutinying soldiers in and on a car By 1917, the majority Petersburgers had lost faith in the Tsarist regime.February Revolution Begins in Russia. Government corruption was unrestrained, and Tsar Nicholas II had frequently disregarded the Imperial Duma.

Joseph Freeman was born October 7, 1897, in the village of Piratin, part of the Poltava district in the Ukraine, which was then part of the Russian empire. Freeman's parents, Stella and Isaac Freeman, were of ethnic Jewish extraction, forced to live in the Pale of Settlement by the anti-semitic laws of the Tsarist regime. At the behest of his grandfather, Freeman spoke Yiddish as a small boy. His parents worked as shopkeepers.

This large group also attracted new migrants from Germany drawing some 50,000 of them to the region over subsequent decades. Beginning in 1896, western Canada drew further large numbers of German immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. Once again Mennonites were especially prominent, having been persecuted by the Tsarist regime in Russia. Used to the harsh conditions of farming in Russia, many of these settlers were among the most successful in adapting to the Canadian prairies.

In 1907-1914, Kots did not belong to any political party. In 1907, a publishing house Nash Golos (Наш голос) published a collection of verses by Arkady Kots named Proletarian Songs (Песни пролетариев), which would be immediately confiscated by the tsarist authorities. Kots is known to have translated a play by Octave Mirbeau called Les Mauvais Bergers and published a number of political brochures. In 1914-1920, he sided with the Mensheviks.

During the late Tsarist period Muslim populations made up substantial populations in the territory of present-day Armenia. In the Russian Imperial Census of 1897 Muslim populations made up 362,565 of a total population of 829,556 in Erivansky Uyezd. 41,417 Tatar Turks, 27,075 Armenians and 19,099 Kurds lived in the Surmalinsky Uyezd. In the Sharur-Daralagezsky Uyezd 20,726 Armenians were likewise outnumbered by the Muslim population, consisting of 3,761 Kurds and 51,560 Tatar Turks.

With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Russian social democrats became split over the issue of supporting the Tsarist government, which they were normally irreconcilably opposed to, during a time of war. Plekhanov adopted a position on the extreme patriotic end of the social democratic opinion spectrum, known as "Defensism", supporting the Russian government for the duration of the war. His approach was adopted by the rest of the Yedinstvo leadership.

Kampf un kempfer – a Yiddish pamphlet published by the PSR exile branch in London 1904. Many Jews were prominent in Russian revolutionary parties. The idea of overthrowing the Tsarist regime was attractive to many members of the Jewish intelligentsia because of the oppression of non-Russian nations and non-Orthodox Christians within the Russian Empire. For much the same reason, many non-Russians, notably Latvians or Poles, were disproportionately represented in the party leaderships.

Marxist anti-nationalism and anti-clericalism had a mixed effect on Soviet Jews. Jews were the immediate benefactors, but they were also long-term victims, of the Marxist notion that any manifestation of nationalism is "socially retrogressive". On one hand, Jews were liberated from the religious persecution of the Tsarist years of "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality". On the other, this notion was threatening to Jewish cultural institutions, the Bund, Jewish autonomy, Judaism and Zionism.

The pogroms of 1881-1884 and the May Laws of 1882 gave impetus to political activism among Russian Jews and mass emigration. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1881 and 1920, the vast majority emigrating to the United States. The Tsarist government sporadically encouraged Jewish emigration. In 1882, members of Bilu and Hovevei Zion made what came to be known the First Aliyah to Palestine, then a part of the Ottoman Empire.

During World War I, imports dropped drastically, and Russian filmmakers turned out anti-German, nationalistic films. In 1916, 499 films were made in Russia, more than three times the number of just three years earlier. The Russian Revolution brought more change, with a number of films with anti-Tsarist themes. The last significant film of the era, made in 1917, Father Sergius would become the first new film release of the Soviet era.

The Tsarist authorities also established ten annual scholarships of 360 rubles for children of Lithuanian farmers who graduated from Marijampolė and Suwałki Gymnasiums to study at Moscow and Saint Petersburg Universities. In 1870, a dedicated two-storey brick building was erected. During World War I, the gymnasium was evacuated to Yaroslavl until 1918. The gymnasium was reestablished in independent Lithuania and was known as one of the best schools in the country.

It was also in Sulina that Moruzi contacted illnesses which eventually left him deaf and bedridden. Financially destitute, he tried to earn his living as an opera composer, before becoming a journalist. Moruzi began writing analyses of Tsarist autocracy during the Russian Revolution of 1905, when he asserted that the multinational empire would crumble along ethnic lines. These serialized essays slowly earned the attention and enthusiasm of more prominent nationalists, including historian Nicolae Iorga.

She was the granddaughter of two servicemen of the tsar of Russia. One of her grandfathers resigned being a colonel-lieutenant, another one was a major. Her father Vladimir Karpovich Debogory-Mokriyevich (May 24, 1848 - Nov. 2, 1926) had been imprisoned under the tsarist government for revolutionary activities. He was a well-known Russian Revolutionary-Narodnik (Populist), who escaped from prison in Siberia and later married her mother Julie Gortynsky (1860 -1933?) in Switzerland.

Tsarist Russia, as a major imperial power, had ambitions in the East. By the 1890s it had extended its realm across Central Asia to Afghanistan, absorbing local states in the process. The Russian Empire stretched from Poland in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the east. With its construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway to the port of Vladivostok, Russia hoped to further consolidate its influence and presence in the region.

Minkov was born in Radomir in 1902 in a military family. His older brother Asen died in the Second Balkan War, while his other brother Ivan, a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party, committed suicide in 1925 to evade arrest by the oppressive Tsarist authorities. Minkov received his primary education in Radomir, and graduated from a high school in Sofia. His sister Teodora introduced him to the Bulgarian literary circles of the 1920s.

At school, he met Nikolai Bukharin, who was two grades above him; the two remained friends until Bukharin's death in 1938 during the Great Purge. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1905, both Ehrenburg and Bukharin got involved in illegal activities of the Bolshevik organisation. In 1908, when Ehrenburg was seventeen years old, the tsarist secret police (Okhrana) arrested him for five months. He was beaten up and lost some teeth.

The Left SRs and the Anarchists were among such hard- nosed competitors, who were popular among the lower ranks no less than bolsheviks, contesting them quite frequently. The Bolsheviks saw this as a matter of life and death during the ongoing civil war against the White movement. To gain permanent control over the entire military, they introduced the commissarship. Another reason was the frequent appointment of ex-Tsarist officers to command positions.

Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (; ; 29 November 1856 – 30 May 1918) was a Russian revolutionary, philosopher and a Marxist theoretician. He was a founder of the social-democratic movement in Russia and was one of the first Russians to identify himself as "Marxist". Facing political persecution, Plekhanov emigrated to Switzerland in 1880, where he continued in his political activity attempting to overthrow the Tsarist regime in Russia. Plekhanov is known as the "father of Russia Marxism".

Memorial to the victims of political repression in the USSR, on Lubyanka Square, Moscow, next to FSB headquarters, made of a boulder from the Solovetsky Islands Memorial to the victims of political repression in the USSR, in St. Petersburg, made of a boulder from the Solovetsky Islands Members of the intelligentsia, representing both Tsarist Russia and the post-revolutionary USSR, were prominent among the prisoners on Solovki.Application for UNESCO World Heritage Site , 1991, p. 11.

After the fall of the Soviet regime, the company continued to use the Krasny Oktyabr name for its brand recognition, but it began to decorate the boxes and labels with Tsarist-era motifs. Krasny Oktyabr was privatised in 1993. In the 1990s, it became one of the few large business concerns in Moscow to be privatised successfully. At the same time, it had to compete with foreign companies such as Mars Inc.

Sarah Gorby was born in 1900 in Kishinev (Chisinau), then part of Tsarist Russia, now capital of Moldova. Her parents, Zeylik Khaimovich Gorbach (originally from Stara Ushytsia) and his wife Beyla Kipelman had emigrated to Kishinev from Poland. During her childhood, the Gorby house was largely Russian-speaking. Gorby left Kishinev at age 17 to study music in Iași, Romania, where she married Joseph Goldstein, a publisher who spoke both Romanian and Yiddish.

Amongst these free uses was the "freedom of translation", which had already existed in the old Tsarist copyright law. A translation of any work could be done without the author's consent, and the translator was granted a separate and independent copyright on the translation.Newcity p. 22. This provision was, already before Soviet times, motivated by the desire to ensure an economically viable way to translate works between the many national languages of the country.

The Russian mission was tasked with "gaining the trust of the Negus and, if possible, protecting him from the intrigues of our political rivals, especially the British, who pursue such ambitious, predatory goals in Africa." With the end of the tsarist regime in 1917 the diplomatic relations were interrupted, but were resumed by the Soviet Union on April 21, 1943. The first Soviet ambassador, Victor S. Kozlov, arrived in the country on March 9, 1944.

Lloyd George was unable to negotiate full diplomatic relations, as the Russians rejected all repayment of Tsarist era debts, and conservatives in Britain grew exceedingly wary of the communist threat to European stability. Lloyd George in 1922 set about to make himself master of peace in the world, especially through a world conference in Genoa that he expected would rival Paris of 1919 in visibility, and restore his reputation. Everything went wrong.

Eduard Otto Emil Karl Adam Freiherr von Stackelberg (6 November 1867 in Sillamäe, Estonia – 7 April 1943 in Munich, Germany) was an Estonian chemist, landowner and politician who belonged to the Stackelberg family. As a chemist, he proposed a model for the periodic table in 1911. He was among the Baltic German landowners deported to Siberia, first by the Tsarist authorities and later by the Bolsheviks. Following World War I he lived in Germany.

Plaque commemorating the Battle of Cable Street Kenton was born in Stepney, east London to a Jewish Ukrainian family who had escaped from Tsarist pogroms. – reference to Kenton's place and date of birth His father died from tuberculosis when he was young. Kenton left school aged 14 and started work in a paper factory. There he first encountered anti-semitism, which led him to join the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1929.

On 29 February Austria imposed martial law and on 2 March the tsarist authorities brought in the abolition of serfdom in the Polish Kingdom. These two events neutralised Traugutt's concept of developing the uprising with a general mobilisation of the population in the Russian partition and reliance on assistance from Galicia. In April 1864 Napoleon III abandoned the Polish cause. Władysław Czartoryski wrote to Traugutt: "We are alone, and alone we shall remain".

Degayev published an article praising Jewish pogroms and urging the members to incite more pogroms. At the time Narodnaya Volya had an ambiguous opinion about Antisemitism. Some theoreticians applied Marxist analysis and saw pogroms as a manifestation of the class struggle between oppressed peasants and oppressive Jewish petite bourgeoisie. On the other hand, many Narodnaya Volya members saw Jewish pogroms as incited by tsarist Government and one of the most revolting of their crimes.

Yaroslavsky was Chairman of the Society of Old Bolsheviks in 1931 until Stalin ordered the society's dissolution in 1935. He was also the head of the Society of Former Political Prisoners and Penal Exiles, a fraternal benefit society which aided Old Bolsheviks and other political prisoners of the Tsarist era. He was a member of the Party Control Commission in 1934-39. From 1939, he was a member of the Central Committee.

Descended from Tsarist Russian Empire, the Matriarchy is now under Anastasia Nikolaevna, co-ruled with her new husband Grigori Rasputin. It made a late entry into the war, after new developments within its military infrastructure. Nikola Tesla defected to the Matriarchy from the Union and used his knowledge and resources to develop advanced electrical technology. Through Project Svarog, new forms of electrical weaponry and machinery were developed for use in the war.

He obtained remarkable popularity among Ukrainian population of the Right bank. In July 1766 Melkhisedek was arrested by the Polish administration, but was freed thanks to numerous petitions from relatives, the Bishop of Pereyaslav Hervasiy, and the Tsarist government. His activities made a significant impact on development of Koliivshchyna Haidamaka uprising. The Polish government accused him in preparation of the uprising and relations with Maksym Zalizniak, but has not been able to prove it.

Mission Pelliot route Pelliot's expedition left Paris on 17 June 1906. His three-man team included Dr. Louis Vaillant, an Army medical officer, and Charles Nouette, a photographer. Aboard the train in Samarkand, the Frenchmen met Baron Gustaf Mannerheim, a colonel in the Russian Imperial Army and the last Tsarist agent in the Great Game. Pelliot had agreed to allow the army officer, disguised as an ethnographic collector, to travel with his expedition.

Bashkir uprisings took place especially often in the 18th century, as there were more frequent cases of violation of Bashkir rights, the seizure of their land for the construction of factories and for transfer to the nobles. Several years lasted Yulaya's lawsuit with the breeders Ya.B. Tverdyshev and I.S. Myasnikov, who illegally seized vast lands for the Simsky plant. The tsarist administration favored breeders. Yulai was fined 600 rubles (1 horse cost 10 rubles).

Besides working in Cilicia, Van and other regions of Western Armenia, he was also active in the Caucasus where he worked to promote friendly interethnic relations.Paramaz, Groong Paramaz was one of the organizers of self-defense troops during the Armenian- Tatar massacres of 1905-06. In Tatar settlements, he tried to promote anti- Tsarist sentiment and the vision that Armenian and Tatars should live together peacefully. Paramaz's articles were published in different journals, including Hunchak.

Nikolai Muralov Early in 1902, Muralov traveled to Moscow, where he was arrested by the Tsarist political police for the first time. He was held for three months before being released. Muralov joined another underground Marxist circle at Serpukhov, Moscow Oblast, later that same year and became involved in the zemstvo movement. He took a job as an assistant agronomist in the nearby town of Podolsk in 1903, joining the Bolshevik Party at this time.

The Latvians were assisted by Finnish activists who opposed the Tsarist regime. With Čoke as the leader, the bank was robbed in 26 February. After the robbery, Čoke fled to Tampere where he handed the money over to the Russian Bolshevik Nikolay Burenin. He was soon caught in a local hotel, and taken to the police station, where Čoke managed to kill two police officers and one civil person assisting on his arrest.

On several occasions in the series, one can observe "today's" Russian flag, the white-blue-red Tricolour. This, however, is the director's mistake. Dostoevsky himself died in 1881, and the novel is set earlier. (It was written in 1869.) While this flag was already used in tsarist Russia, it was admitted for use on land only in 1883 (previously used on sea) and became the official flag of the empire in 1896.

Most SR activists and leaders, particularly those remaining in Russia, chose to support the Tsarist government mobilisation against Germany. Together with the like-minded members of the Menshevik Party, they became known as oborontsy ("defensists"). Many younger defensists living in exile joined the French Army as Russia's closest ally in the war. A smaller group, the internationalists, which included Chernov, favoured the pursuit of peace through cooperation with socialist parties in both military blocs.

From 1795 the territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been partitioned between the three neighbouring powers, Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire. Under the Russian Empire, where the Russian Orthodox Church was the established church, Polish Catholic religious organizations became illegal. The situation of the Catholic Church was worst in the Russian Partition. After the 1863 January Uprising, the tsarist authorities forbade the establishment of any new Polish organisations.

Marks, The Illusion of Peace, pp 52–54. In 1921, Lloyd George successfully concluded the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement. Despite much effort he was unable to negotiate full diplomatic relations, as the Russians rejected all repayment of Tsarist era debts, and Conservatives in Britain grew exceedingly wary of the communist threat to European stability. Indeed, Henry Wilson, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, believed Lloyd George had become "a traitor & a Bolshevist".

Ashworth, Lucian M. International Relations and the Labour Party: Intellectuals and Policy Making from 1918-1945. I.B.Tauris, 2007. p. 61. In his articles for the magazine, Morel blamed France and Tsarist Russia, not the Central Powers, for the origins of the war and was scathingly critical of French imperialism. Morel's articles also deplored the fate of the new nation of Hungary, which had been part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary before the war.

After Lenin and his Bolsheviks overthrew the Kerensky regime in the "October Revolution" of 1917 (it was November by the Western calendar) Russia plunged into civil war, pitting the Bolsheviks against a series of "White" opponents led by tsarist generals.Evan Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War (2009)Edward Acton et al. eds. Critical companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914-1921 (1997). Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland successfully broke away and became independent countries.

The German bankers stopped lending to Russia, which increasingly depended on Paris banks.Barbara Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974 (1974) pp 213–220 In 1894 a secret treaty stipulated that Russia would come to the aid of France if France was attacked by Germany. Another stipulation was that in a war against Germany, France would immediately mobilize 1.3 million men, while Russia would mobilize 700,000 to 800,000.

It also had a special recognition from Tsar Nicholas II. He was against violence of any sort despite having a leading position in tsarist arms production. After the Russian Revolutions of 1917, Trachtenberg fled to the Weimar Republic where he became critical of Nazi policies. He was imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. He developed his system of mental arithmetic during his imprisonment. He later fled to Switzerland.

During World War I, Tsarist Russia experienced military humiliation, famine and economic collapse. The demoralized Russian Army suffered severe military setbacks, and many captured soldiers deserted the front lines. Dissatisfaction with the monarchy and its policy of continuing the war grew among the Russian people. Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne following the February Revolution of 1917 (March 1917 N.S. See: Soviet calendar.), causing widespread rioting in Petrograd and other major Russian cities.

Valentin Sventsitsky was a journalist, a religious author and thinker of Christian- socialist leanings before 1917. Some of his writings had brought trouble from the tsarist police and he was forced to live abroad for a number of years. He returned after the revolution in 1917 and sought ordination in the Orthodox Church where he would become its champion apologist against the Renovationists. This caused him to be arrested and exiled in 1922.

In 1860, the Catholic hymn God Save Poland, as arranged by Antoni Gorecki, was sung in public here for the first time. It was written to celebrate Mass for the souls of the late poets Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasiński known as the Three Bards, who were censored under the tsarist regime. In Maria Dąbrowska's novel, Noce i dnie (Nights and Days), characters Bogumil and Barbara were married in the church.

Russian Poland was officially yielded on terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (marked in red). Vistula LandThe name of the kingdom was changed to Vistula Land, which was reduced to a tsarist province; it lost all autonomy and separate administrative institutions. Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. 2005The name of the territory, which had been Congress Poland, was changed to the more innocuous Vistula Land.

The 1946 resolution of the Central Committee was directed against two literary magazines, Zvezda and ', which had published supposedly apolitical, "bourgeois", individualistic works of the satirist Mikhail Zoshchenko and the poet Anna Akhmatova. Parallel to Zhdanovism, "courts of honor" were introduced in the party apparatus. Taken from the Tsarist era, these courts were aimed at intensifying Russian patriotism through staged mock trials. The people indicted were not executed, but they paid with their careers.

Tourists invariably pause at The Samogitian statue in the central town square. The sculpture serves as a symbol of the Samogitia ethnographical zone – a strong man resolutely stepping forward after having tamed a bear (an allusion to the 1831 Rebellion). On the sides of the base there are three bas-reliefs depicting the struggle against Tsarist oppression. The sculpture, which is the work of Vincas Grybas (1890–1941), was erected in Raseiniai in 1933–1934.

His farm welcomed various Lithuanian activists who were persecuted by the Tsarist authorities for violations of the ban or other political activities. Linguist Georg Sauerwein lived on the farm for a year and composed the poem Lietuvininkai we are born. Between 1887 and 1903, Zaunius was elected as chairman of the Birutė Society several times. However, his tenure marked periods of low activity and the society came close to being liquidated in 1903.

In Vilnius, about 200 women attended a protest organized by the Union of Railroad Workers. The home of protest's secretary, Felicija Bortkevičienė, was searched by the Tsarist police. This and other repressions dampened revolutionary moods and activities of various organizations, but Lithuanian women continued to join the Russian Union for Women's Equality in its petitions for women's suffrage. On 23–24 September 1907, Lithuanian Catholic priests organized the First Congress of Lithuanian Women in Kaunas.

Estonians in Abkhazia are a minority residing in Abkhazia, recognized worldwide as an autonomous region of Georgia but de facto an independent country. Estonians began to emigrate to Abkhazia when the region became part of the Russian Empire and many Abkhazians left or were expelled. The tsarist regime began to repopulate the area with its Christian subjects, including Estonians. There were numerous waves of migration from Estonia to Abkhazia, where the peasants were promised land.

On January 18, 1905, amid a quarrel in a Warsaw restaurant, he shot and killed Wacław Pawliszczak, a fellow artist and popular Warsaw society figure. As a result, he was arrested and then released on a 2,000 rubles bail, while being charged with manslaughter (crime of passion). However, he was never really tried by the Tsarist justice apparatus, which at that time was busy with the Revolution of 1905, as well as other problems.

On account of his services to the Tsarist Russian Army and to the city of St. Petersburg during the Napoleonic Wars , Carl Gustav was given title into the Russian nobility in 1816. All estates were expropriated in 1919 as part of the Estonian land reform. All branches of the von Wahl family left Estonia and Latvia during the Second World War and emigrated to Germany, Spain, Canada, United States, Chile, and Australia.

Hillquit used his original surname through 1897. On his 18th birthday in August 1887, the future Hillquit joined the Socialist Labor Party of America, brought into the ranks by a fellow garment worker and Russian language socialist newspaper editor, Louis Miller. Moishe became a member of Section New York's Branch 17, a Russian-speaking unit established by Jewish émigrés from tsarist Russia not long before his joining.Pratt, Morris Hillquit, pp. 8–9.

Confluence of Naryn and Kara Darya seen from space (false color). Many irrigated agricultural fields can be seen. In Tsarist times, out of some of cultivated land, about two thirds were under constant irrigation and the remaining third under partial irrigation. The soil was considered by the author of the 1911 Britannica article to be admirably cultivated, the principal crops having been cotton, wheat, rice, barley, maize, millet, lucerne, tobacco, vegetables and fruit.

Tikhvin was approached by a detachment of tsarist troops, headed by Prince Semyon Prozorovsky. Meanwhile, the Swedes assembled a 5,000-strong army, which included German infantry, Finnish Reiters, 2,000 Lithuanian riders, as well as artillery and engineers. However, counterattacks by the defenders of the monastery obstructed the siege works, and on September 17 the defenders repulsed the first general assault. In the Swedish camp riots began, connected with late payment of salaries.

He was convicted and sentenced to death by hanging. At his trial, Lekert, despite the advice of a local rabbi, refused to ask for forgiveness and gave an eloquent speech on the dignity of the Jewish worker. The sentence was carried out on June 10, 1902. Subsequently, Hirsh Lekert became a folk heroEzra Mendelsohn, "Class struggle in the pale: the formative years of the Jewish workers' movement in Tsarist Russia", CUP Archive, 1970, pg.

His brother, Aslan-Beg Abashidze, was a commander of one of the revolutionary detachments. From 1904 to 1908, he was a member of the Socialist Federalist Party of Georgia and advocated pro-Georgian orientation among the Adjarian Muslims. In 1908, the Russian persecutions forced him to flee to the Ottoman Empire where he was arrested. Back in Adjara in 1913, he was imprisoned by the Tsarist police and eventually exiled to Siberia.

They adopted a new schedule that was more political and highlighted two main goals: holding hearings on the current situation in Lithuania, and deciding which political demands should be submitted to the Tsarist authorities. A major portion of the first day's proceedings was devoted to reports presented by delegates from rural areas. The content of these reports was repetitious and did not carry much weight. The most important question was that of Lithuanian autonomy.

It was a direct response to the failed revolution of 1905 and was published with the assistance of Aleksandr Myasnikyan. Kurghinian's second volume was heavily criticized and rejected by tsarist censorship. From the late 1910s to the October Revolution, she continued to write and participate in social projects, but her activities were curtailed by fragile health. In 1921, the year after the sovietization of Armenia, she moved back to Alexandropol, her native city.

Grinius was born in Selema, near Marijampolė, in the Augustów Governorate of Congress Poland, which was part of the Russian Empire. He studied medicine at the University of Moscow and became a physician. As a young man, he became involved in Lithuanian political activities, and was persecuted by the Tsarist authorities. In 1896, he was one of the founders of the Lithuanian Democratic Party (LDP) and Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union (LVLS) party.

After the Russian Empire lost the Crimean War, the importance of use of tactical use of modern inventions, as well as railways. In February 1851 the Tsarist Government of Russia made a decision to build the Saint Petersburg – Warsaw railway line with a length of approximately 1,250 kilometres. It was built to Russian gauge. Starting from 1858 the Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railway line connecting Saint Petersburg and Warsaw was being built quite intensively.

The German bankers stopped lending to Russia, which increasingly depended on Paris banks.Barbara Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974 (1974) pp 213-220 In 1894 a secret treaty stipulated that Russia would come to the aid of France if France was attacked by Germany. Another stipulation was that in a possible war against Germany, France would immediately mobilize 1.3 million men, while Russia would mobilize 700,000 to 800,000.

Early in 1903, Hillman passed from the training grounds of the Marxist study circle to fully fledged membership in the Bund, a revolutionary socialist union of Jewish workers within the Pale in conflict with the Tsarist authorities.Fraser, Labor Will Rule, pg. 13. Hillman became a leading activist in the Bund, leading the first May Day march ever conducted by the organization through the streets of Kovno in 1904.Fraser, Labor Will Rule, pg. 14.

This was seen as a direct response to the anti-Jewish pogroms in Tsarist Russia. The Conservative politician, Major Evans-Gordon believed that 'immigration had a deteriorating effect upon moral, financial, and social conditions of the [British] people, which resulted in lowering the general standard of life.'(HC) debate, 29 January 1902, vol 101 cc1269-911269, 'Immigration of Destitute Aliens'. It was not until the 1900s, however, that anti-alien legislation was brought before parliament.

On December 28, 1912, he attended a Central Committee meeting in Vienna. He persuaded Lenin to appoint an Okhrana agent, Miron Chernomazov, as editor of Pravda as opposed to Stalin's candidate Stepan Shahumyan, who was too soft on the Mensheviks. The tsarist regime was determined to keep the RSDLP split so conciliators were targeted. Malinovsky's efforts helped the Okhrana arrest Sergo Ordzhonikidze (April 14, 1912), Yakov Sverdlov (February 10, 1913) and Stalin (February 23, 1913).

Tsarist Russia was being torn apart in 1914 and was not prepared to fight a modern war.Hans Rogger, "Russia in 1914," Journal of Contemporary History (1966) 1#4 pp. 95–119 in JSTOR The industrial sector was small, finances were poor, the rural areas could barely feed themselves.Peter Gatrell, "Poor Russia, poor show: mobilising a backward economy for war, 1914–1917," in Broadberry and Harrison, eds. The Economics of World War I (2005) ch.

The story held that NKVD agents had discovered papers in the tsarist Okhrana archives proving Stalin had once been an informer. From this knowledge, the NKVD agents had planned a coup d'état with Tukhachevsky and other senior officers in the Red Army.Roman Brackman The secret file of Joseph Stalin: a hidden life 466 pp. Published by Routledge, 2001 According to Orlov, Stalin uncovered the conspiracy and used Yezhov to execute those responsible.

According to the records Jews arrived in Akmenė "Akmian" – Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Lithuania in the eighteenth century. By the mid-nineteenth century the majority of the population in the town was Jewish. The first mass migration of Jews followed the notorious May Laws of 1881. Many of the Jews who left in the face of increasing Tsarist persecution settled in Cork, Ireland, where Jews today still refer to themselves as Akmianers.

He actively advocated the compliance of the tsarist reforms with the interests of the Caucasian peoples and tried to influence the reforms of the Russian state. Because of his civic position, like another Ingush educator A-G. Dolgiev, he was “voluntarily expelled” and sent to the Transcaucasus for a long time. Long service activities and moving from city to city did not leave him the opportunity to devote himself to scientific and literary work.

Tick now.com Oddly, they never appeared in works written by Rimsky-Korsakov, who was the most prolific operatic composer in Tsarist Russia. It has been suggested that the reason for this gap in their repertoire was personal: they had asked Rimsky-Korsakov to write an opera for them, or to make some changes to his existing work May Night, but the composer apparently refused to oblige and this may have offended the Figners.

" Another relative, James Whishaw, was a British businessman in St Petersburg, who published his memoirs, A history of the Whishaw family, in London in 1935. Thomas C. Owen. The Corporation under Russian Law, 1800–1917: A Study in Tsarist ..., pg. 121 (2002); "A vivid example of his use of intimidation appears in the memoirs of a prominent British merchant in Petersburg, James Whishaw, who managed the Russian affairs of numerous London businessmen.

Pobedonostsev was not always a reactionary. He had originally welcomed the Great Reforms that Tsar Alexander II undertook in the 1860s-1870s.W. Bruce Lincoln, The great reforms: Autocracy, bureaucracy, and the politics of change in imperial Russia (1990)> However, he soon became alarmed by the weakening of the rural estates and the tsarist bureaucracy. He decided that a deeper spiritual unity of the tsar and his people was needed to restore stability to Russia.

The people rebelled and insisted that at least one Catholic church to be built in Pruzhany. Permission was granted, but the tsarist authorities was delivered condition of the church would not rise above the other buildings of the city. Construction of the church ended in 1883, on September 29, it was handed over to religious authorities. On September 8, 1884, the church was consecrated under the title of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Historians such as Edward Radzinsky suggest that many pogroms were incited by authorities and supported by the Tsarist Russian secret police (the Okhrana), even if some happened spontaneously.Nicholas II. Life and Death by Edward Radzinsky (Russian ed., 1997) p. 89. According to Radzinsky, Sergei Witte (appointed Chairman of the Russian Council of Ministers in 1905) remarked in his Memoirs that he found that some proclamations inciting pogroms were printed and distributed by Police.

Tsarist administration tried to justify its actions arguing that Kumyk rulers ask Russian merchants to pay fees when they pass through their lands. Moreover, this money was used to pay taxes. For example, in the 60s of the 18th century a Kizlyar merchant Melkum Davydov was a tax-farmer in Kostek and paid 70 rubles. However, not eager to exasperate Kumyk rulers the Kizlyar customs often did not force local residents to pay customs.

During 1905 Repin participated in many protests against bloodshed and Tsarist repressions, and tried to convey his impressions of these emotionally and politically charged events in his paintings. He also did sketches for portraits of Maxim Gorky and Vladimir Stasov and two portraits of Natalia Nordman. In 1907 he resigned from the Academy of Arts, visited Chuguyev and the Crimea, and wrote reminiscences of Vladimir Stasov. In 1908 he publicly denounced capital punishment in Russia.

In 1889 the workshop of Guzun had expanded and employed 20–30 people from Gazi-Kumukh and Kubachi. Guzunov produced sabers, swords, daggers or kinjals (after the end of the Caucasian War the tsarist administration banned residents of the Caucasus and master gunsmiths to produce modern firearm). The Lak scholar and madrassa teacher Ali Kayaev was born in Gazi- Kumukh. The city's historic craftsmen, including Munchaev, Abdurahman Shakhshaev, Haji-Muhammed, are well known.

Between 1922 and 1928, the Soviets embarked on a plan of moving Ukrainian Jews to agricultural communes, mainly in Crimea. The plan was encouraged by donations from US Jewish charities trying to protect and help Jews. A number of Zionist agricultural collectives were established in Crimea in preparation for Kibbutz life. Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin considered creating a Jewish state in Crimea which had a large Karaite population who had been exempt from Tsarist persecution.

He defended in court some of the people arrested for anti- Tsarist activities. Together with others, in 1907, he co-founded the Žvaigždė Society (star) which organized Lithuanian schools and libraries (it was chaired by writer Pranas Mašiotas and it maintained five schools near Riga with about 500 students in 1914). In 1908, he moved to Šiauliai where he established his law practice and lived until his death. He practiced civil law.

Bust of Venclauskis in Šiauliai In addition to raising his two daughters, Venclauskis and his wife sheltered and raised a number of orphans and foundlings. The exact number is not known, but is rumored to be around two hundred. The Šiauliai Gymnasium was built on land of his father-in-law Jonas Jakševičius. As a compensation, the Tsarist government granted a privilege that three future generations of Jakševičius could attend the school for free.

Sergei Tolstoy, the eldest son of author Leo Tolstoy, arrived in Halifax on the SS Lake Superior from Russia with 2000 others in 1899. They called themselves Doukhobors, spirit wrestlers, a pacifist community that had been exiled by Tsarist autocracy. They complied with instructions to hoist a yellow quarantine flag after being granted pratique. The vessel was then directed to the deep water wharf at the north west end of the island.

The removal of the bell from St Volodymyr's Cathedral Central Kiev USSR 1930 Collectivization did not just entail the acquisition of land from farmers but also the closing of churches, burning of icons, and the arrests of priests. Associating the church with the tsarist regime, the Soviet state continued to undermine the church through expropriations and repression.Viola, Peasant Rebels Under Stalin, 49. They cut off state financial support to the church and secularized church schools.

Due to his situation, he was unable to receive a proper education and was illiterate and did not speak Russian very well. In 1914, Akhunbabaev returned to Margilan and joined anti-Russian and anti-monarchist movements in the area. He later took part in the Central Asian revolt of 1916. As a result, he was arrested by the Okhrana, which was the Tsarist secret police force, and was imprisoned for two months.

Tubabao was used by the International Refugee Organization (IRO) in 1949 and 1950 to provide a temporary refuge for 5,000 Russian refugees escaping from China. The Russians were survivors of the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and Russian Civil War of 1919–1920, when the Tsarist autocracy was overthrown by the socialists. Some Russians managed to escape and took refuge in foreign lands. Many of them moved to China, especially Harbin and Shanghai.

While anti-Russian sentiment is not common in Belarus, there have been sporadic tensions between the two nations. The tensions date back to historical oppression during the times of the Soviet Union; there was little to none anti-Russian sentiment from the Tsarist rule. In 2014, during UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying, Belarusian and Ukrainian fans were seen chanting anti- Russian rhetorics. Meanwhile, there has been concerns over anti-Belarusian disinformation in Russian media.

He was born in St. Petersburg as the son of a Russian Orthodox professor of law. During his legal studies at the University of St. Petersburg, Dmitriy discovered the writings of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party. After serving a prison term, he openly ceased all anti-Tsarist activity and received a position with the Department of State Properties at the Ministry of Agriculture.

In 1863, the government monopoly on vodka production was repealed, causing prices to plummet and making vodka available even to low-income citizens. The taxes on vodka became a key element of government finances in Tsarist Russia, providing at times up to 40% of state revenue. By 1911, vodka comprised 89% of all alcohol consumed in Russia. This level has fluctuated somewhat during the 20th century but remained quite high at all times.

In 1841, Tsarist authorities, looking to weaken the Polish culture, allowed Samogitian Diocese to establish parish schools that could teach Lithuanian language. In 1842, Daukantas published 1,500 copies of Abėcėlė lietuvių, kalnėnų ir žemaičių kalbos (Alphabet of Lithuanian, Highlander, and Samogitian Language). The primer included 18 pages dedicated to Russian language and sample reading material that was not religious. While the book included the traditional prayers and catechism, it also added short moral teachings (e.g.

He fought in Artúr Görgei's camp in the Battle of Buda. In the Battle of Ószőny he participated in the rearguard actions. On 2 August 1849, after the crossing of Tokaj he clashed with the Russian Tsarist army – outnumbering the Hungarians nearly six to one – near Debrecen and sustained a defeat. He joined Görgei in Nagyvárad, he was preparing to clash with the army of general Schlik but the order of Görgei prevented this action.

The university was named after Sun out of respect for his contribution to the Chinese Revolution. Located at No. 16 Volkhonka Street, in an old and beautiful part of Moscow, about a thirty-minute walk from the Kremlin. In Tsarist Russia the main university building, built in the early 19th century, had been Moscow’s First Provincial High School.Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow: 1925-1930 Min-ling L. Yu. Department of History, New York University.

Because of support from Russian tsarist widow Maria Feodorovna and other donations, his financial situation improved remarkably. In 1897, Rudolf Müller, who was now working as a teacher in Stuttgart, wrote a book about the origins of the Red Cross, altering the official history to stress Dunant's role. The book also contained the text of A Memory of Solferino. Dunant began an exchange of correspondence with Bertha von Suttner and wrote numerous articles and writings.

The Bolsheviks under Lenin set up the daily newspaper Pravda in January 1912. Before it was suppressed by the government in 1914. It was a "singularly effective propaganda and educational instrument which enabled the Bolsheviks to gain control of the Petersburg labor movement and to build up a mass base for their organization."Whitman Bassow, "The Pre-Revolutionary Pravda and Tsarist Censorship," American Slavic and East European Review (1954) 13#1 pp.

In consequence, the Russians occupied Beirut for a second time, for four months, to force Yusuf to pay a ransom.For general accounts of the Russian occupations of Beirut, see William Persen, "The Russian occupations of Beirut, 1772–74", Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, 42, 3–4 (1955): 275–86, and Paul du Quenoy, "Arabs under Tsarist Rule: The Russian Occupation of Beirut, 1773–1774", Russian History, 41, 2 (2014): 128–41.

The next opportunity for the Jadidists presented itself in 1917 with the outbreak of the February and October revolutions in Russia. In February the revolutionary events in Russia's capital, Petrograd (St. Petersburg), were quickly repeated in Tashkent, where the tsarist administration of the governor general was overthrown. In its place, a dual system was established, combining a provisional government with direct Soviet power and completely excluding the native Muslim population from power.

Following the January Uprising in Congress Poland, a number of punitive actions were taken by the tsarist government as a measure to quell potential dissent . This included abolishing its autonomy, as well as the liquidation of Bank of Poland. The period was marked by vehement russification to which Apukthin considerably contributed by his alterations to the Polish educational system. His goal was to eradicate the Polish culture by substituting the Polish language with Russian.

He called on Jewish leaders to convene and address the problem. In the pamphlet, he describes anti-Jewish attacks as a psychosis, a pathological disorder and an irrational phobia.Biography of Leon Pinsker Pinsker had originally been an assimilationist, calling for greater respect of human rights for Jews in Russia. However, following massive anti-Jewish riots in Tsarist Russia in 1881, and a visit to Western Europe in the first half of 1882, his views changed.

But the lack of secure borders meant repeated interruptions in economic development. Steppe nomads and other conquerors - Cumans, Mongols, Tatars for example, sometimes saw plundering as more important than fostering economic development. In the 16th to 18th centuries, the wastelands of the Wild Fields left much of Ukraine as an area of tentatively militarised outposts prior to tsarist Russia's extension of its power into the region in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Rulers after Ivan IV, specifically during the Time of Troubles (1598–1613), increased the fear of witchcraft among themselves and entire royal families, which then led to further preoccupation with the fear of prominent Muscovite witchcraft circles.Zguta, 1193–94. After the Time of Troubles, seventeenth-century Muscovite rulers held frequent investigations of witchcraft within their households, laying the groundwork, along with previous tsarist reforms, for widespread witchcraft trials throughout the Muscovite state.Zguta, 1195.

Zec was born in George Street (subsequently North Gower Street), central London, one of eleven children of Simon Zecanovskya,Michael Freedland, "Donald Zec: He scooped them all…", The Jewish Chronicle, 26 March 2009. Accessed 26 February 2012. a Russian Jewish tailor from Odessa who, together with his family, had fled oppression in Tsarist Russia.Mark Bryant, Simon Heneage (eds), Dictionary of British Cartoonists and Caricaturists, 1730-1980: 1730-1980, Scolar Press, 1994, p. 247.

By this point, the Tsarist secret police—the Okhrana—were aware of Stalin's activities within Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. On the night of 21–22 March 1901, the Okhrana arrested a number of Marxist leaders in the city. Stalin himself escaped arrest; he was traveling toward the observatory aboard a tram when he recognised plain-clothes police around the building. He decided to remain on the tram and get off at a later stop.

Hryniewiecki and his accomplices believed that the assassination of Alexander II could provoke a political or social revolution to overthrow the tsarist autocracy. Many historians consider the assassination a Pyrrhic victory, since instead of ushering in a revolution, it strengthened the resolve of the state to crush the revolutionary movement, leading to the movement's decline in the 1880s. Hryniewiecki's role in the assassination has sometimes been cited as the earliest occurrence of suicide terrorism.

There was a feverish desire to have a good time to combat the undercurrent of nervousness. All of Petrograd indulged in wild partying, amusement and merrymaking before the Tsarist government initiated prohibition that November (alcohol was to banned for the remainder of the war). One highlight of the year was Countess Shuvalov's black and white ball, with the uniformed Chevalier Gardes in attendance. Everyone spent their evenings out at the opera and attending parties.

After the partitions, the town and the monastery were annexed by Russia in 1795. After the November Uprising of 1831 the town was captured by the Russian armies and then looted. The monastery was closed by tsarist authorities and in 1866, after the January Uprising, the whole complex was partially demolished, and the bricks were used for construction of a Russian prison and barracks nearby. The baroque church was destroyed in 1868.

In 1921 the Soviet Union began supporting the Kuomintang (KMT), and in 1923 the Comintern instructed the Chinese Communist Party (commonly abbreviated as CCP) to sign a military treaty with the KMT. On May 31, 1924, the two governments signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations, while the Soviet government renounced in that agreement all privileges granted to the Tsarist government in China.Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 37, pp. 176-191.

As a result, the ARF leadership decided to actively defend Armenian churches. The ARF formed a Central Committee for Self-Defence in the Caucasus and organised a series of protests. At Gandzak the Russian army responded by firing into the crowd, killing ten, and further demonstrations were met with more bloodshed. The Dashnaks and Hunchaks began a campaign of assassination against tsarist officials in Transcaucasia and they succeeded in wounding Prince Golitsin.

The statue shows Mickiewicz standing tall, with his head slightly raised and his right hand laid upon his heart. The monument was ceremonially unveiled on 24 December 1898 on the 100th anniversary of poet's birth. The ceremony was planned to be much larger, however the Tsarist authorities feared it could turn into a patriotic manifestation and banned all marches and speeches. The monument was thus unveiled in silence, in front of 12,000 people.

Overall, the tone of Apžvalga was rough and combative. Apžvalga considered the Catholic faith to be the cornerstone of the Lithuanian national identity and spent its energy on defending the faith against the various Russification policies. It frequently attacked the Tsarist government – not only the local administration (as other Lithuanian newspapers), but also the central government in Saint Petersburg. Its complaints centered around the anti-Catholic campaigns and promotion of Eastern Orthodoxy.

Tsarist autocracy (, transcr. tsarskoye samoderzhaviye) is a form of autocracy (later absolute monarchy) specific to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which later became Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire. In it, all power and wealth is controlled (and distributed) by the Tsar. They had more power than constitutional monarchs, who are usually vested by law and counterbalanced by a legislative authority; and more authority on religious issues compared to Western monarchs.

However, due to tsarist regulations relating to religious orders, it proved impossible. At the age of nineteen she entered the recently formed "Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Afflicted", founded by Honorat Koźmiński - (a serial founder of religious communities), and whose purpose was to care for the sick."The first revelation of Feliksa Kozłowska", Polish History Museum Three years later, she evinced the need for more contemplation and a less busy setting. With permission from fr.

Briefly stated, Tucker stressed the importance of political leadership. He contended that the psychological characteristics of autocrats varied greatly, as did their personal and policy priorities and their policymaking and administrative capabilities. He affirmed that oligarchs perceived opportunities and liabilities in diverse ways and often struggled over power and policy, especially at historical turning points with viable options. An avid scholar of Russian history, Tucker scrutinized the interaction between the tsarist autocracy and the revolutionary movement.

During the years of World War I, Miller took what was for his Jewish readership the controversial position of support of the Entente allies against Germany — the Allies including among them the hated Tsarist Russian regime."Louis Miller, Pioneer of Jewish Press in America, Dies at Age of Sixty-one," Jewish Telegraph Agency, May 24, 1927. This position dramatically impacted the circulation of Di Warheit as his anti-Russian readers defected from the ranks of subscribers.

After that date, the autonomy of Poland was liquidated, but both parts of the town remained governed separately. In the late 19th century the town was incorporated into a chain of Russian fortified garrisons along the border with East Prussia. It was tied with the rest of the world by a railway and a new road. In addition, the tsarist authorities constructed several barracks and an Orthodox church (in modern times converted to a Catholic church).

In 1858, Appleton was charged with corruption from his involvement in the "public printing plunder", in which he used his influence and his position as editor to make around $10,000 ($ in ). Appleton did not deny the charges. While in office he was involved in preliminary discussions with Tsarist Russia over the prospective Alaska Purchase. Talks were held in Washington between Appleton, Russian representative Eduard de Stoeckl and chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Naval Affairs William M. Gwin.

Ilanskaya station in 2006 The Ilanskaya railway station is an important station on the Trans Siberian Railway that serves the town Ilansky, Ilansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. The station was opened in 1894 about 5 kilometres from Ilansky, but a separate settlement developed around the station. During the 1905 Revolution, railway workers based at Ilanskaya railway station played a major role in challenging the tsarist regime. General Alexander Meller-Zakomelsky described it as a "nest of revolutionaries".

In order to gain demographic information on the newly-acquired Armenian territory, the Tsarist authorities dispatched Ivan Chopin to the oblast in 1829 to conduct a census of the population.Bournoutian, p. 48. Muslims, including Tatars (today Azerbaijanis), Kurds, and Persians, formed the majority of the population, while Christian Armenians formed a very significant minority. The number of Armenians increased significantly after the Russian government allowed and encouraged Armenians living in Persian and Turkish territory to migrate into Russian Transcaucasia.

His father was an editor of a German language newspaper. He moved back to Germany in 1909 to study Berlin Royal Institute of Technology but was drafted into the Army when World War I started, eventually joining the Tenth Army, serving as an intelligence officer. After the war, Fenner met Professor Peter Novopaschenny, a former Tsarist cryptanalyst who taught Fenner the Black Arts of Cryptography, and who went on to become Chief of the Russian subsection of OKW/Chi.

Her own first published poetry appeared in the journal The North in 1901 under her full name. In 1905 her first story, The Day Has Passed, was published in the journal The Fields, also under her full name. It had been written in 1904 and first submitted to the journal God's World, which had turned it down. In the years surrounding the Russian Revolution of 1905 she published stories with political overtones against the Tsarist government.

At the same time labor was organizing itself, the farmers began a cooperative movement; in 1907 they formed the Agrarian Party (Maalaisliitto). The Swedish People's Party (Svenska Folkpartiet or SFP), also dating from this period, was formed to serve the entire Swedish-speaking population. The Grand Duchy's relationship with St. Petersburg began to deteriorate in the 1890s. The nervousness of tsarist officials about Finnish loyalty in wartime prompted measures to bind Finland more closely to the empire.

Lenartowicz was associated with Oskar Kolberg and Roman Zmorski in the anti-Tsarist independence movement, and participated in the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848 during his stay in Kraków. While in exile he taught Slavic literature at the University of Bologna, composed patriotic and religious poems, as well as lyrical and historical epics based on the folklore of his beloved region of Mazowsze. He did portrait-sculptures, and designed tombstones.Dr Marek Adamiec, Virtual Library of Polish Literature: Teofil Lenartowicz .

Prior to the German attack on the Soviet Union, the USSR was treated with hostility, such as when a paper explained that Tchaikovsky was a product of Tsarist, not Bolshevist, Russia. This treatment became more favourable after Germany's attack. The Battle of Stalingrad received particular attention as a great victory. The British Ministry of Information put out a booklet on countering ideological fears of Bolshevism, including claims that the Red Terror was a figment of Nazi imagination.

Meanwhile, Russia's sponsorship of Bulgarian independence brought negative results as the Bulgarians, angry at Russia's continuing interference in domestic affairs, sought the support of Austria-Hungary. In the dispute that arose between Austria-Hungary and Russia, Germany took a firm position toward Russia while mollifying the tsar with a bilateral defensive alliance, the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 between Germany and Russia.Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974 (1974) pp 201–212.

During the Russian Empire's encroachment into Central Asia, the Kyrgyz were subjugated to a series of atrocities that caused them to cross the border into Qing territory. Historically, the Kyrgyz had moved freely between the then contemporary borders of Russia and China; however, after the Qing push westward under the Qianlong Emperor and the Tsarist push South-Eastward the traditional nomadic lands that the Kyrgyz had inhabited were constricted and eventually swallowed up by the land-hungry dynasties.

The Tsarist authorities noticed Lithuanian activities and one by one Lithuanian personnel were forced out of the gymnasium. Kriaučiūnas' workload was reduced to 10 lessons and his salary was cut to 250 rubles a year. He resigned on 1 September 1887. He found employment as a secretary of the Marijampolė Court with a monthly salary of 25 rubles which he shared with Jonas Jablonskis who briefly worked at the court before his appointment to the Mitau Gymnasium.

However, the post-revolutionary situation required a conceptual shift. At the end of the 19th century 74%Kuchenbecker 2000 p59 of the Jewish population, due to restrictions in the tsarist times, “made livings from petty commerce, retail sales, small-scale handicraft production, and unskilled labor”,Kuchenbecker 2000 p59 while only 3.5% worked in agriculture.Kuchenbecker p.59 The social structure of the Jewish population basically reversed the overall proportions of the agricultural society they were living in.

After the Bolshevik Revolution, Dimitri became a lieutenant colonel in the army of the Democratic Republic of Georgia. When the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Georgia in 1921, Dimitri was on diplomatic service in Turkey. Dimitri then joined other Georgian exiles in Poland, where he met and married John's mother, Maria; she was Polish and of part German ancestry, and the daughter of Count Rudiger- Bielajew, a former Tsarist general. They had three children: Othar, John and Gale.

AB Lietuvos Energija. Development of Lithuanian Energy Sector. After the unsuccessful January Uprising against the Russian Empire, tsarist authority moved the Catholic Seminary of Varniai, prominent bishop Motiejus Valančius and Samogitian diocese institutions to Kaunas, where they were given the former Bernardine Monastery Palace and St. George the Martyr Church. Only selected noblemen were permitted to study in the Seminary, with the only exception being peasant son Antanas Baranauskas, who illegally received the nobleman documents from Karolina Praniauskaitė.

The family's suffering under Stalin are recorded in a film shown on Russian television in 2008, История семьи как эпоха (The history of a family which was a witness to its epoch). She studied medicine in Paris before 1914. At this time she was married to her first husband, Leon Berenson, a lawyer. Berenson was the defender in the Tsarist courts of Felix Dzerzhinsky, who was to be the founder of the Cheka, the first Soviet secret police agency.

For both Russia and Japan, the war required extensive economic support in the form of production of equipment, armaments, and supplies at such a scale that both domestic support and foreign aid were required. The conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War also demonstrated the need for world leaders to regard domestic response to foreign policy, which is argued by some scholars as setting in motion the dissolution of the Romanov dynasty by demonstrating the inefficiencies of tsarist Russia's government.

These Greek and Russian mercenaries fought for some 200 German marks monthly. Primary Russian forces consisted of two organized units known as "РДО-1" and "РДО-2" (РДО stands for "Русский Добровольческий Отряд", which means "Russian Volunteer Unit"), commanded by Yuriy Belyayev and Alexander Zagrebov, respectively. РДО-2 was also known as "Tsarist Wolves", because of the monarchist views of its fighters. Another unit of Russian volunteers was composed of hundreds of cossacks, known as the "First Cossack Sotnia".

His parents, Ludwika and Seweryn Malewicz, were Roman Catholic like most ethnic Poles, though his father attended Orthodox services as well. They both had fled from the former eastern territories of the Commonwealth (present-day Kopyl Region of Belarus) to Kyiv in the aftermath of the failed Polish January Uprising of 1863 against the tsarist army. His native language was Polish, but he also spoke Russian,Shatskikh, Aleksandra Semenovna. 2013. Black Square: Malevich and the Origin of Suprematism.

The first eight volunteers were accepted into the Cadre's ranks on the same day. On August 12, the First Cadre participated in the capture of Kielce in full battalion strength alongside the Second Company, led by , and the Third Company, led by Wacław Scaevola-Wieczorkiewicz. The First Cadre then attempted to break through the Russian lines and continue north. The objective was to capture Warsaw in hope of setting off an uprising in Tsarist Poland against the Russian authorities.

The boom had attracted a large Jewish immigrant population of about 100 families, most of them Lithuanians from the towns of Kelme and Shavel, who were fleeing from the Tsarist pogroms. As a result, Oudtshoorn came to be known as "the Jerusalem of Africa". Two synagogues were built, the first in 1888 and the second in 1896, and the first South African Hebrew school was established in Oudtshoorn in 1904. In 1891, Oudtshoorn's population had grown to 4,386 persons.

Like many Polish cities, Uniejów declined after Swedish invasion of Poland. The castle was ransacked, and the town itself was burned. There also were two dangerous fires, in 1736 and 1790, and after the Congress of Vienna (1815), the town became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland, where it remained until World War One. In 1836, Uniejów was granted to a Tsarist General Aleksander Toll, and in 1870, it lost its town charter, becoming a village.

Ivan Turgenev, who first popularized the term nihilism in his 1862 novel Fathers and Sons (portrait by Ilya Repin) Nihilism came into conflict with Orthodox religious authorities, as well as with the Tsarist autocracy. Young radicals began calling themselves nihilists in university protests, innocuous youthful rebellions, and ever-escalating revolutionary activities, which included widespread arson. The theoretic side of nihilism was somewhat distinct from this violent expression however. Nevertheless, nihilism was widely castigated by conservative publicists and government authorities.

In the early 1920s he taught topography at the Odessa Artillery School. G. D. Plaskov , then a cadet, recalled in 1969 in Under the Roar of the Cannonade: > A 72-year-old Radkevich, a former tsarist general, left a fond memories. A > cheerful, humorous old man, he often often came [to class] by bicycle with a > bag full of groceries. He was well provided for financially; on the orders > of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic [i.e.

Frankenheimer's next film, 1967's all-star anti-war comedy The Extraordinary Seaman, starred David Niven, Faye Dunaway, Alan Alda and Mickey Rooney. The film was a failure at the box office and critically. Frankenheimer calls it in the Champlin book "the only movie I've made which I would say was a total disaster." Following this the next year was The Fixer, about a Jew in Tsarist Russia and based on the novel by Bernard Malamud.

Nour furthered his studies in other regions of the Russian Empire, where he became a familiar figure to those who opposed Tsarist autocracy, and exchanged ideas with radical young men of various ethnic backgrounds. He is known to have studied Philology at Kiev University, where he affiliated with the underground Socialist-Revolutionary (Eser) Party, probably infiltrated in its ranks by the Okhrana. From 1903, Nour was editor of Besarabskaya Zhizn, Bessarabia's "first democratic paper".Boldur, p.

He was a delegate to the 1912 Bolshevik Party Conference held in Prague, where he was elected an alternate member of the governing Central Committee and sent to work inside Russia. He did not become a full member because he was suspected of being an Okhrana agent (the real agent was Roman Malinovsky, a full member). Kalinin was arrested for his political activities in 1916 and freed during the February Revolution of 1917, which overthrew the tsarist state.

The pass was surveyed in 1881 by both Chinese and Russian counterparts as part of Protocol of Chuguchak of 1864 demarcating the border in the region between the Russian Empire and the Qing Dynasty. During the Urkun incident of 1916, over 100,000 Kyrgyz reportedly died fleeing from Tsarist forces they attempted to reach China through the Bedel Pass. The pass is currently closed to traffic. Kumtor Gold Mine is located down the road on the Kyrgyz side.

The society was not welcomed by Tsarist authorities, that monitored and restricted its activities. Basanavičius campaigned for the National House, an official headquarters for the society. The society raised enough funds to buy a plot of land, but not enough to construct the house. The society and Basanavičius were criticized by younger scholars as too old-fashioned while Christian clergy attacked it for being too secular, but established new standards and levels of quality of Lithuanian scholarship.

Returning to academia after the war, he was attached to the Naval Academy once more, until 1948, when he and several fellow officers were convicted of passing secrets to Britain and the US during the war years. Stepanov was imprisoned for a time, but was fully rehabilitated after the death of Stalin. He returned to academic life, and died in 1957. He had received a number of awards from both the Tsarist and Soviet governments over his long career.

Shortly after the battle, in December 1831, the tsarist authorities issued a "For the Taking of Warsaw by Assault in 1831" Medal awarded to Russian veterans. A monument "To the Captors of Warsaw" was constructed near the former Redoubt 54. Demolished after Poland regained independence in 1918, the spot is now occupied by a post-war monument to Juliusz Konstanty Ordon and his soldiers. There are plans to move the monument closer to the site of the redoubt.

Printed in three languages: English, Russian and Hungarian. Vladimir's wife Iya Yaroslavskaya Guterman was born in the Buryat-Mongolia region in Ulan-Ude on Lake Baykal. The book explores the family history in this distant region, the trials and tribulations of Siberian Jews, and the unfortunate life of Iya's distant cousin in a psychiatric institution in the Siberian town of Babushkin, once known as Mysovaya Station, which was a bustling stop along Tsarist Russia’s Great Tea Road.

Kyrgyzstan is a country in Central Asia, with strong nomadic traditions. Most of Kyrgyzstan was annexed to Russia in 1876, but the Kyrgyz staged a major Marxism influenced violent conflict with the Tsarist Empire in 1916. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1936, and became an independent state in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed. The current population of the country consists of a Kyrgyz majority (70.9%), followed by Uzbeks at 14.3%, and Russians at 7.7%.

106 In 1836 a regulation, the Polozhenie (charter) was enacted by the Russian government that greatly reduced the political powers of the Armenian religious leadership, including that of the Catholicos, while preserving the autonomy of the Armenian Church.Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Eastern Armenians under Tsarist Rule" in Armenian People, p. 115 After 1836, in accordance with the new regulation, the Catholicos of Echmiadzin was to be elected in congresses in Echmiadzin, in which religious and non-religious dignitaries would participate.

The ringleaders of the rising were three junior Russian officers in the garrison: Captain Sergei Tsion and Lieutenants Emelyanv and Kokhanskiy. Tsion, who was a secret Bolshevik sympathizer, had made contact with a Finnish Labour Corps leader Johan Kock. The Labour Corps were an anti-Tsarist political movement that favored social revolution in Finland. They were believed to number over 6,000 members and had, since the major disturbances of 1905 within Russia itself, been preparing for a Finnish uprising.

The Narutowicz family, which had its roots in Lithuanian nobility, received a coat of arms in 1413, changing its name from Noručiai (singular Norutis) to Narutowicz in the process. He was a self- declared Samogitian, Lithuanian and a Pole. His parents, Jan Narutowicz and Wiktoria née Szczepkowska were landowners and ran a manor. His father took part in the January Uprising of 1863, which was a revolt that took place in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Tsarist oppression.

Hertha Ayrton was born Phoebe Sarah Marks in Portsea, Hampshire, England, on 28 April 1854. She was the third child of a Polish Jewish watchmaker named Levi Marks, an immigrant from Tsarist Poland; and Alice Theresa Moss, a seamstress, the daughter of Joseph Moss, a glass merchant of Portsea. Her father died in 1861, leaving Sarah's mother with seven children and an eighth expected. Sarah then took up some of the responsibility for caring for the younger children.

Few West Europeans had visited this area, let alone West European women, in part because of unrest amongst the local population against the Tsarist regime. At times they needed a military escort. The two women were a source of great curiosity to the people they visited. As Anne noted in her diary, "The people coming in to look at us as if we were some strange animals such as they had not seen the like before".

Adelina Veniaminovna Abramson was born in Buenos Aires in 1917, the daughter of Benjamin Abramson. Her family had gone into exile there in 1910, fleeing the Russian Tsarist regime, and her father worked there as a commercial delegate. After General José Félix Uriburu's coup in September 1932, Abramson was "arrested, tortured, and expelled." Adelina, along with her father, mother, and older sister Paulina, moved to Montevideo, and from there they managed to return to the Soviet Union.

Transferred to Kiev, he served as an officer in the local infantry regiment. With his unit he took part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774\. For his service in the Crimean campaign, in 1777 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. Quickly rising through the ranks of the tsarist army, in 1783 Apraksin was promoted to the rank of Brigadier and attached to the 20th Astrakhan Regiment, with which he fought with distinction in the Caucasus.

She became governess to four children of Stanisław Kisielecki at an estate near Łomża. She travelled to Warsaw frequently, where she met with other intellectuals. She debuted in the literary magazine Pierwiosnek (Primrose), and wrote regularly for other Polish magazines under the Russian censorship including Pielgrzym (edited by Eleonora Ziemięcka) and Przegląd Naukowy, where other women published as well. Żmichowska founded a group of Suffragettes in Warsaw active in 1842–1849, who also took part in anti-Tsarist activities.

During both the January and November Uprising against Russia, the area was witness to battles against Russian forces. As a result of persecutions by the Tsarist regime, the city was deprived of its city rights in 1870, and two Russian regiments of infantry were stationed in the town. Throughout World War I the area again faced much destruction. The Polish 1st Legion's Infantry Regiment under the command of Edward Rydz-Śmigły was stationed in the town during 1917.

After the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway the Russian colonization of the area strongly increased. During both the Tsarist and the Bolsheviks' times the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai was used as a place of exile of political enemies. The first leaders of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin were exiled to what is now the krai in 1897–1900 and 1903, respectively. In Stalin's era numerous Gulag camps were located in the region.

Eugene Dietzgen, the eldest son of Joseph Ditzgen, was born in Germany. At age two he was taken by his father to Tsarist Russia, where he was educated in the Russian language and in his father's trade, tannery. They both returned in 1868. In 1881, Eugene's father sent him to America to escape the Kaiser's military draft and to hide some of his father's socialist literature; the literature had already landed Joseph in jail a few years before.

By the time when most German Jews arrived, two other Jewish communities had already settled in the city: the wealthy Baghdadi Jews, including the Kadoorie and Sassoon families, and the Russian Jews. The last ones fled the Russian Empire because of anti-Semitic pogroms pushed by the tsarist regime and counter-revolutionary armies as well as the class struggle manifested by the Bolsheviks. They had formed the Russian community in Harbin, then the Russian community in Shanghai.

Two squadrons of the 28th Cavalry Regiment and the locally raised South Persia Rifles patrolled the border of Baluchistan and the Persian Empire. The Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the collapse of the convention; the dissolution of the Tsarist armies from March 1917 left open the Caspian Sea and the route from Baku to Krasnovodsk and Central Asia to the Central Powers. In the spring of 1918, German and Ottoman forces advanced into Transcaucasia and Central Asia.

World War I brought the end of the alliance of the Baltic Germans and the Russian Tsarist government. German heritage made them to be seen as the enemy by Russians. They were seen also as traitors by the German Empire if they remained loyal to Russia. Their loyalty to the state was questioned and rumors of a German fifth column increased together with the defeats of the Imperial army led by Baltic German general Paul von Rennenkampf.

In June 1831, there was a riot on the Sennaya Square in St.Petersburg, but the agitated workers, artisans and house-serfs were dispersed by the army, reinforced with artillery. The riots went especially out of control in Sevastopol and in military settlements of the Novgorod guberniya. The rebels established their own court, electoral committees out of soldiers and non-commissioned officers and conducted propaganda among the serfs. Further cholera riots in 1892 were aggressively suppressed by the tsarist government.

In this novel, a Russian businessman with Tsarist ambitions masterminds a plot against America, which involves triggering a set of earthquakes on the ocean floor, creating a number of tsunami to hit the USA coastline. It is up to Kurt and his team, and some new allies, to stop his plans. The businessman's first move is to hijack a US Navy research submarine, the NR-1. The crew are captured and beaten up by neo-Cossacks.

The massacre, which came to be known as Bloody Sunday, was a serious blunder on the part of the Okhrana and was to have grave consequences for the Tsarist regime. It was also to be the catalyst for the 1905 Revolution.Kurth, p. 81. St George's Hall (13), 1906: The throne draped and flanked by the Imperial Romanov regalia, the Imperial family (to the left of the throne) and the 1st State Duma witness the Tsar opening the first Duma.

In early September 1918, General Ruzsky was arrested in Essentuki by the Reds, and then the Reds offered the general a commander in the army, he rejected it. He referred to the fact that he rejected the war of “Russians against Russians”. As a result of Ivan Sorokin’s death on November 1, he was taken by the Reds to the Pyatigorsk Cemetery as a hostage group composed of about 100 tsarist officers, he was then murdered by Georgi Atarbekov.

Coal, iron, sulfur, gypsum, rock-salt, and naphtha are all known to exist, but only the last two have ever been extracted in significant quantities. In the late 19th century there were a few small oil-wells in Fergana, but these no longer function. In the Tsarist period the only industrial enterprises were some seventy or eighty factories engaged in cotton cleaning. Leather, saddlery, paper and cutlery were the principal products of the domestic or cottage industries.

Serge Andolenko (June 26, 1907 - August 27, 1973) was a French military officer of Ukrainian origin who became brigade général of the French Army. Born in Volochysk in 1907 in the Ukraine, then in the Russian Empire, he was the only son, of an aristocratic family of military traditions (Cossacks). His father, Paul, a tsarist officer, was a magistrate and dragoon captain in the Russian Imperial Army who died in 1931 in one of Stalin's first purges.

These communities elected their own representatives, organized their own schools where classes were taught in the Lithuanian language, and stopped paying taxes. While the first Russian responses were disorganized and confused, the authorities soon marshaled their armed forces and returned the situation back to normal. The process was relatively peaceful; there were only a few clashes between armed groups of peasants and Tsarist military forces. Unlike in neighboring Latvia or Estonia, peasants did not rise against their landlords.

In 1678 during the reign of King John III Sobieski he received a request Tsar Fedor Romanov for the issuance of two paintings by Tommaso Dolabella from the Royal Palace depicting a tribute to Tsar Vassily Shuysky with his brothers Dmitri and Ivan called Russian. Pugowka (pol. Button) before King Sigismund III Vasa, as abusive tsarist majesty. Requests it has and these images that are believed to still be missing, handed Tsar Peter I King August II the Strong.

The top row is an icon of the Holy Trinity, the Resurrection and the Ascension of the Lord. In 1892, an icon of Saint Job of Pochayiv was added beside the altar. It is double-sided and contains images of Christ, the Virgin, the Archangel Gabriel and Saint Job in the bottom row, and the icon of the Last Supper in the upper row. The tsarist gates contain the same icons as the main gates of the iconostasis.

The War with Japan and the Russian Revolution of 1905 saw the party playing a leading role in the struggle. Strongly defeatist towards the Tsarist state the SDKPiL opposed the PPS which adopted a pro-Japanese stance. However, as the tide of struggle rose the party worked ever more closely with the Bund and the left wing of the PPS. Luxemburg returned from exile and the Mass Strike was placed at the centre of the organisation's revolutionary theory.

Livestock productivity was notoriously backwards and the lack of grazing land such as meadows forced livestock to graze in fallow uncultivated land. Both the crop and livestock system failed to be adequate to withstand the Russian winters. During the Tsarist rule, the agricultural economy diverged from subsistence production to production directly for the market. Along with the agricultural failures, Russia had a rapid population growth, railroads expanded across farmland, and inflation attacked the price of commodities.

As Kings of Poland, the Russian Tsars Alexander I and Nicholas I also resided in the castle when they stayed in Warsaw. During the November Uprising, on 25 January 1831, the Sejm debating in the castle dethroned Tsar of Russia, Nicholas I as Polish king. Conference Room at the Castle without paintings that were stolen by the Tsarist army. In 1836, after abolishing the division into voivodeships in the Congress Poland, they were replaced by the guberniyas.

Ukrainian literature had a difficult development because, due to constant foreign domination over Ukrainian territories, there was often a significant difference between the spoken and written language. At times the use of the Ukrainian language was even partly prohibited to be printed. However, foreign rule by Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Turkey, left behind new words thereby enriching Ukrainian. Despite tsarist and Soviet repression, Ukrainian authors were able to produce a rich literary heritage.

Russlandschweizer-Archiv The archive collects records of some 5,600 individuals who had come to Switzerland following the collapse of the tsarist state claiming Swiss citizenship, estimated to correspond to about two thirds of the total number. Since the 2000s, there is a renewed limited trend of Swiss farmers emigrating to Russia.Schweizer Bauer, 11 June 2004 In 2006, there was a number of 676 Swiss citizens registered to permanently reside in Russia, or 100 more than in the preceding year.

They were demolished in mid-19th century. In 1783, Józef Kossakowski, Bishop of Livonia, received a papal bull from Pope Pius VI and seized the monastery and its land. Bishop of Vilnius Ignacy Jakub Massalski and the Canons Regular of Penance sued and recovered the monastery and received cash compensation, but lost the land. After the Uprising of 1831, Tsarist authorities closed all monasteries (except one in Vilnius) of the Canons Regular of Penance in 1832.

Losev was born into a noble family in Tver, Russia. His father was a retired captain in the Tsarist Imperial Army, who worked in the office of Tverskoy Vagonostroitelniy Zavod (Tversky Wagon Works), a local rolling stock factory. Losev graduated from secondary school in 1920. At this time in Russian history, three years after the Bolshevik Revolution, during the upheaval of the Russian Civil War, an upper-class family background was a bar to higher education and career advancement.

By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day Bashkortostan. In the following centuries under tsarist Russia, the Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their traditional pre-Christian religion.

When Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August 1914 and the First World War began, the icebreaker was armed and 96 soldiers were stationed on her. During the war, the icebreaker operated in the Gulf of Finland, where she carried troops and material, and escorted transportation vessels between Tallinn and Helsinki. In 1916, she was drydocked in Kronstadt. On 12 March 1917, the Volhynian Guard Regiment from Petrograd mutinied against their Tsarist officers and joined the revolutionary Bolsheviks.

Varvara Aslanian, mother of Arpiar Aslanian Arpiar Levonovich Aslanian was born on the 16th of December, 1895 in Etchmiadzin, (Russian Armenia) in the family of Levon and Varvara Aslanians. He had an older brother, Derenik, and a sister — Arpik. His father, Levon, was a principal in a school and also worked in the Etchmiadzin monastery, where he was in charge of the library collections. Aslanian gets a juridical education in Tsarist Russia and becomes a lawyer.

In St. Petersburg, he read widely on his own account and gave special attention to the works of the French encyclopædists and French history. The years 1857–1861 witnessed a growth in the intellectual forces of Russia, and Kropotkin came under the influence of the new liberal-revolutionary literature, which largely expressed his own aspirations. In 1862, Kropotkin graduated first in his class from the Corps of Pages and entered the Tsarist army.Miller, "Introduction," pg. 8.

The traditional education system was not the only option for Central Asian students, but it was far more popular than the alternative. Beginning in 1884, the tsarist government in Turkestan established "Russo-native" schools. They combined Russian language and history lessons with maktab-like instruction by native teachers. Many of the native teachers were Jadids, but the Russian schools did not reach a wide enough segment of the population to create the cultural reinvigoration the Jadids desired.

The tsarist government charged them with high treason. At this point Lev Kamenev deviated from the party line. He declared in the court that he did not agree with the party on the question of the war, and to prove this he requested that the Menshevik Jordansky be summoned as witness. The Bolsheviks campaigned against the War Industry Committees set up to serve the needs of war, and advocated boycott of the elections of 'Workers Groups' of the Committee.

Most popular in the Kingdom of Poland (a total of five locations in the Diocese of Kraków with the main monastery in Kraków) and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (a total of 18 locations in the Diocese of Vilnius with the main monastery in Videniškiai), the order was suppressed by the Tsarist authorities after the Uprising of 1831. The last monastery in Užupis closed in 1845. Blessed Michał Giedroyć (officially beatified in 2018) was a member of the order.

N.S. Tyutchev (1856-1924) as he appeared in 1910. Tyutchev was among those arrested by the Okhrana's coordinated raids of April 24, 1894. The Okhrana, the Tsarist secret police, had been aware of the activities of the ostensibly underground People's Rights Party very nearly from its beginning but had allowed the party to continue its activities until it could extract all the information possible about its participants and sympathizers.Galai, The Liberation Movement in Russia, pg. 65.

During the First World War, sixteen American Peerless trucks were modified by the British to serve as armoured cars. These were relatively primitive designs with open backs, armed with a Pom-pom gun and a machine gun, and were delivered to the British army in 1915. They were used also by the Tsarist Russian Army as self-propelled anti-aircraft guns. After the war, a new design was needed to replace armoured cars that had been worn out.

Olga Khodataeva was born in the Konstantinovskaya stanitsa (modern-day Konstantinovsk, Rostov Oblast of Russia), one of the three children of a tsarist official Peter Petrovich Khodataev. Her father was an illegitimate son of Agafia Kondratievna Khodataeva and a merchant from the Vladimir Governorate who seduced and left Agafia shortly after. Peter studied in the Rostov-on-Don realschule and married a local midwife Anna. He made a successful career and in 1898 moved his family to Moscow.

Russian icon of Saint Joseph Volotsky Joseph Volotsky — also known as Joseph of Volotsk or Joseph of Volokolamsk (); secular name Ivan Sanin () (1439 or 1440 - September 9, 1515) — was a prominent Russian theologian and early proponent of tsarist autocracy, who led the party defending monastic landownership. The Russian Orthodox Church considers him a saint (along with his most notable opponent, Nilus of Sora); his memory is celebrated on 9 September and 18 October (dates in the Julian Calendar).

Pacifics were not common in Russia. The only known examples were the four-cylinder L class express passenger locomotives, built by the Putilov Works at Saint Petersburg for the Vladikavkaz Railway in 1914. The chief designer was Vazlav Lopushinskii, who later emigrated from Soviet Russia. These locomotives were the most powerful passenger locomotives in Tsarist Russia. Eighteen locomotives were built between 1914 and 1919, allocated to the Rostov-on-Don, Tihoretskaya, Kavkazkaya, Armavir and Mineralnye Vody depots.

Alexei Abrikosov was born into a wealthy family of factory owners, who were the official suppliers of chocolate confections to the Russian Imperial Court. His grandfather was the industrialist Aleksei Ivanovich Abrikosov, who was the founder of the company now known as Babayevsky. His father, Ivan Alekseievich Abrikosov, was expected to take over the family firm until his premature death from tuberculosis. His siblings included future Tsarist diplomat Dmitrii Abrikosov and future Catholic Sainthood Candidate Anna Abrikosova.

Most moved into rural occupations, and those who remained in Brisbane gained employment principally in the railways, meatworks and factories. By 1911, Russians comprised the fourth largest ethnic group in Brisbane, congregating in South Brisbane- Woolloongabba. Queensland's largest intake of Russian immigrants took place in the years 1911-1914. Many were radicals and revolutionaries seeking asylum from tsarist political repression in the final chaotic years of the Russian Empire; considerable numbers were Jews escaping state-inspired pogroms.

On 7 July, the government ordered the arrest and trial of Vladimir Lenin, who was forced to go underground, as he had done under the Tsarist regime. Bolsheviks were arrested, workers were disarmed, and revolutionary military units in Petrograd were disbanded or sent to the war front. On 12 July, the Provisional Government published a law introducing the death penalty at the front. The second coalition government was formed on 24 July, chaired by Alexander Kerensky.

Epic film set during the First World War brightly illustrates the struggles of Russian Empire in the years 1915–1917. The hardships of war cause major social and political unrest in the Tsarist Russia. Communist propaganda provokes conflicts between classes causing clashes and un-subordination aboard battleships of Russian Imperial Navy and on locations in Tallinn, Kronstadt and Saint Petersburg. Torn by internal class struggle, Russian Navy is weakened and loses major battles in the Baltic theater of war.

Mark Rafailovich Rein was born in 1909 in Vilnius, Lithuania (then Vilna in the Russian empire). His father was a prominent leader of the Menshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (RSDRP). In 1911, as a small child, Mark Rein left Russia with his parents, who were escaping from the tsarist police. In 1917 he returned to Russia with his parents; his father played a role in the events of the Revolution of 1917.

After the Russian Revolution of 1905, Kotsiubynsky could be more openly critical of the Russian tsarist regime, which can be seen in Vin ide (Ukrainian: Він іде) and Smikh (Ukrainian: Сміх), both from 1906, and Persona grata from 1907. The house in Vinnytsia where Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky was born. Fata Morgana, in two parts from 1904 and 1910, is probably his best-known work. Here he describes the typical social conflicts in the life of the Ukrainian village.

He was the long-standing president of the Ophthalmology Institute in Warsaw, which conducted ophthalmology research according to European standards. On his initiative, special teams were set up which helped poor people to get free eye care. During the January Uprising the prince was a member of the National Government of Romuald Traugutt, where he served as a head of the Department of Internal Affairs. For anti-Tsarist activities, he was exiled deep into Russia, to Nizhny Novgorod.

The Battle of Batorz of September 6, 1863, also known as the Battle of Sowia Góra hill near the village of Batorz, was one of many battles of the January Uprising against the tsarist oppression. It took place in the Russian- controlled Congress Poland. During the battle, a party of 700 Polish insurgents, together with Hungarian volunteers, and commanded by Marcin Borelowski, clashed with soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army. The battle resulted in Russian victory.

In the 17th century, the Russian empire made contact with the Evenks. Cossacks, who served as a kind of “border-guard” for the tsarist government, imposed a fur tax on the Siberian tribes. The Cossacks exploited the Evenk clan hierarchy and took hostages from the highest members in order to ensure payment of the tax. Although there was some rebellion against local officials, the Evenks generally recognized the need for peaceful cultural relations with the Russians (Vasilevich, 624).

The traditional Evenk economy was a mix of pastoralism (of horses or reindeer), fishing, and hunting. The Evenk who lived near the Okhotsk Sea hunted seal, but for most of the taiga-dwellers, elk, wild reindeer, and fowl were the most important game animals. Other animals included “roe deer, bear, wolverine, lynx, wolf, Siberian marmot, fox, and sable” (Vasilevich, 626). Trapping did not become important until the imposition of the fur tax by the tsarist government.

Aronson was a talented engineer, although he had had no formal education in this field. He first became a clockmaker and, later, an inventor. His early successes were such that he soon moved his business to the Russian capital, St. Petersburg, where factory owners and investors might be interested in his inventions. However, despite several revolutionary inventions, he never achieved commercial success, due to an unfriendly business climate and the anti-semitic practices of the Tsarist government.

Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Lenin, and Mikhail Kalinin (right) in 1919. In 1914 in Russia, there were 55,173 Russian Orthodox churches and 29,593 chapels, 112,629 priests and deacons, 550 monasteries and 475 convents with a total of 95,259 monks and nuns. The year 1917 was a major turning point for the history of Russia, and also the Russian Orthodox Church. The Russian empire was dissolved and the Tsarist government – which had granted the Church numerous privileges – was overthrown.

The formation of Oyan, Qazaqstan was announced 5 June 2019, triggered by the arrest of activists Beybarys Tolymbekov and Asya Tulesova. The group's name is based on a poetry book written by Mirjaqip Dulatuli (Mir Yakub Dulatov) in 1909 that was immediately confiscated by the Tsarist authorities, "a celebrated verse of defiance". The hashtag "#IWokeUp" video () meme campaign involving actor and activist Anuar Nurpeisov, released the previous week, was a factor in the creation of OQ.

In reality, the policy was anti-Bolshevik as well, and its economic warfare took a major toll on all of Russia. By 1919, the intervention was entirely anti-communist, although the unpopularity of the assault led it to be gradually withdrawn. The US simultaneously engaged in covert action against the new Soviet government. While the campaigns were officially pro-democracy, they often supported the White Terror of former Tsarist generals like GM Semenov and Alexander Kolchak.

On March 6, 1903, he was for the first time arrested by Russian police, at a rail station in Będzin. Sent first to a prison in Piotrków Trybunalski, Sławek escaped on December 18, 1903, while being transferred to a prison in Sieradz. Soon afterwards, by the order of Piłsudski, he began working on the creation of a secret, paramilitary organization within the socialist party. On November 13, 1904, he organized a mass anti-Tsarist rally at Warsaw's Grzybowski Square.

During the January Uprising against the Tsarist domination on March 24, 1863, the Battle of Krasnobród took place here. Soon afterwards, Krasnobród lost its town charter again, this time as a punishment for the support of the rebellion. In late 19th century, thanks to the efforts of Dr. Alfred Rose, Krasnobród became one of the first European spas for the tuberculosis patients. The idea however, was not successful due to poor communication links with European capitals.

The minister was a member of the Council of Ministers. During the Russian Civil War, and immediately afterwards, the Commissariat usually confiscated property to support government operations. Following a short period of stability after the civil war the Commissariat introduced several governmental taxes on the population. The commissariat's structure differed little from its Tsarist predecessor, the only notable difference was that the Soviet ministry was very centralised while the Tsarist's finance ministry was a very decentralised one.

Slavens attended from 1893 a Junker- school and entered in the Tsarist Army. In 1917, he retired as a regimental commander for health reasons and was in various hospitals for treatment. After the October Revolution, he was forcibly re-activated by the Red Army in the summer of 1918, despite his poor health. He commanded first a division, then from August the 5th Army in the East, and until January 1919 the Southern Front in the Russian Civil War.

The 152 mm howitzer Model 1910 Schneider or, more properly, ' as it was designated in Tsarist times, was a French howitzer designed by Schneider et Cie. It was used by the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union during World War I, the Russo-Polish War and the Russian Civil War. Finland captured nine during the Finnish Civil War, but did not use them during that conflict. They did see combat during the Winter War and the Continuation War.

A mysterious man under the name Mister Iks performs in the circle, playing violin, on a chair suspended in the air by ropes. His breathtakingly sad melodies reflect his internal turmoil – his love with a noble woman and the fact his relationship is frowned upon by society. A beautiful story of friendship, love, and circus are accompanied by the voices of the actors. Although the music is from Kálmán's operetta, the setting was changed from Tsarist Russia to France.

The party regards itself to be one of the heirs to Russia's tradition of statehood, both tsarist and communist. United Russia's long-time moniker is "the party of real deeds". United Russia has always characterised itself as wholly supportive of the agenda of the popular current President Vladimir Putin and this has proved key to its success. Since 2006, when Vladislav Surkov introduced the term sovereign democracy, many figureheads of the party have taken usage of the term.

During the Russo-Swedish War of 1590–1595, the Swedes failed to capture the fort. In the 17th century, it prospered as a starting point for naval expeditions of the Pomors to Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya. The brethren of the Pechenga Monastery moved there as well. Although it was incorporated as a town in 1784, Kola declined after Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea, and was used by the Tsarist government as a place of exile.

Stalin's apparent ease in escaping from Tsarist persecution and very light sentences led to rumours that he was an Okhranka agent. His efforts in 1909 to root out traitors caused much strife within the party; some accused him of doing this deliberately on the orders of the Okhranka. The Menshevik Razhden Arsenidze accused Stalin of betraying comrades he did not like to the Okhranka. The prominent Bolshevik Stepan Shaumyan directly accused Stalin of being an Okhrana agent in 1916.

Michael Hamm, Kiev: A Portrait, 1800-1917, Princeton University Press, 1995, pg. 73 The Tsarist police found the print shop and closed it down in 1862, while Bobrowski avoided capture because the police mistakenly arrested another student with the same surname "Bobrowski" (who was shortly released). Stefan Bobrowski escaped to Romania. The authorities kept the case open until 1871, eight years after his death, when they finally closed it due to the "continued absence of the accused".

In 1879 Tsarist police found him in Warsaw and forced him to leave Russia. He moved to Lvov, and, one year later, to Kraków, where he continued his socialist work. He was arrested by Austro-Hungarian police in February 1879 and jailed until his trial in February 1880, at which he was acquitted (after making a long speech defending the socialist ideas). Nevertheless, he was forced to leave for Switzerland, where his socialist ideas and international contacts developed further.

In 1913, the monastery was the site of a raging theological argument (Imiaslavie) among Russian monks, which led to tsarist Russian intervention and the deportation of approximately 800 of the monks on the losing side of the debate. The Monastery of St Panteleimon was repeatedly gutted by fires, most famously in 1307 (when Catalan mercenaries set it aflame) and in 1968. The first Russian leader to visit the monastery was President Vladimir Putin on September 9, 2005.

The Bell Company introduced the telephone to Russia in 1883 in St. Petersburg (or Petrograd) and Moscow. By the end of 1886, IBTC's Russian division had a total of 3,440 subscribers in six cities, with 9,550 kilometers of telephone lines. Its largest exchanges were in St. Petersburg (1,080 subscribers), followed by Moscow (690) and Warsaw (533). Significant trade developed between Belgium and Russia during the Tsarist era, with up to 20,000 Belgians from hundreds of companies working there.

Since 1721 the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) had been the established church of the Russian Empire. The church reforms introduced by Peter I introduced a period of Caesaropapism to the ROC. This meant that while the ROC enjoyed substantial privileges, it was nevertheless subordinated to the state. As the intelligentsia became more critical of the Tsarist regime, this was often accompanied by a rejection of the ROC, and sometimes by a rejection of religion in general.

He emphasized the importance of the Mongol period (1238–1471), as the horde united the vast Eurasian plain under a single ruler. This gave tsarist Russia a strong centralized government as well as the deep distrust of Europe. Vernadsky was annoyed that Peter the Great tried to Westernize Russia, thereby distorting its natural character. He said Peter only succeeded in polarizing Russia into a Western oriented elite that stood in profound conflict with the Eurasian peasants.

The Romanov flag is used by some Russian nationalists and monarchists. A march of about 7,000 people waving Czarist flags, chanting anti-immigrant slogans and carrying a big banner that reads "Let's give back Russia to Russians" (Вернём Россию русским) in Moscow, November 4, 2011. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Orthodox Church restored much of its Tsarist-Russian influence on the society. The church became a common source of Russian pride and nationalism.

The official ideology did not completely turn to Imperial monarchist sentiment but tried to maintain a balance between Tsarist and Soviet ideals. The ruling United Russia party said its view of Russia is that of a multi-national republic and calls for national tolerance one of its key platforms. Vladimir Putin's government is also using natalist policies by giving rewards and promoting more children in families. Many nationalist movements, both radical and moderate, have arisen in modern Russia.

Linda Jaivin was born in New London, Connecticut to a Jewish family of Russian heritage.Bio, author's web site Her grandfathers were Jewish refugees from Tsarist Russia, who emigrated to Argentina and the United States.Linda Jaivin, "Inspiration from behind the wire", The Age, 6 May 2006, p. 14 Her interest in China led her to undertake Chinese studies at Brown University in Rhode Island. She moved to Taiwan in 1977 to deepen her knowledge of Chinese culture and language.

A primary reason for this immigration spike was the Russian Conscription Law of 1901, which provided for the drafting of Finns into the Tsarist army, to which there was massive popular resistance.Paul George Hummasti, Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon, 1904-1940: A Study in Immigrant Socialism. New York: Arno Press, 1979; pg. 8. In the 1890s, Finnish immigrants in Boston and New York formed the first workingmen's benevolent associations, the Saima Aid Society and the Imatra Society, dedicated to educational and fraternal needs.

Chechnya was first incorporated as a whole into the Russian Empire in 1859, after decades-long Caucasian War. Tsarist rule was marked by a transition into modern times including the formation (or re-formation) of a Chechen bourgeoisie, the emergence of social movements, reorientation of the Chechen economy towards oil, heavy ethnic discrimination at the expense of Chechens and others in favor of Russians and Kuban Cossacks, and a religious transition among the Chechens towards the Qadiri sect of Sufism.

The tsarist government sent troops from Kirensk to Bodaybo, and on the night of April 17, all members of the strike committee were arrested. The next morning, the workers demanded their immediate release. That afternoon, some 2,500 people marched towards the Nadezhdinsky goldfield to deliver a complaint about the arbitrariness of the authorities to the prosecutor's office. The workers were met by soldiers, who began shooting at the crowd by the order of Captain Treshchenkov, resulting in hundreds of dead and wounded.

During the seventies his paintings dealt primarily with small-town folk. His pictures, "The Grape-juice Seller" (1879), "Fruit-Preserving" (1876) and "The Congratulator" (1878) depict various scenes where the mood is finely conceived and almost laughter- inducing. Other works of his, such as "The Benefactor" (1874) and "The Convict" (1878) are profoundly socially conscious. In them, Makovsky either criticizes the false sympathy of the aristocracy towards the poor, or draws attention to the oppression and persecution by the tsarist gendarmerie.

It included the territory of the former Nakhchivan khanate, which became the province's Nakhchivan uyezd. After the dissolution, the khans of Nakhchivan took the Russified surname Khan Nakhchivanski, and the men of its family traditionally entered the Russian public services, chiefly the army. The family remained very wealthy, were the biggest landowners in the district, and continued to exercise enormous influence over the rest of the Muslim community. Six Khans Nakhchivanski became generals in the Russian tsarist, Soviet and Iranian armies.

Numerous side plots involving other characters, both on the battlefield and elsewhere, fill out the novel. The unprepared army's failures mirror those of the Tsarist regime. A famous episode in the earlier version of the novel narrates the state of mind of General Samsonov, the Russian commander, after his disastrous defeat in what came to be known as the Battle of Tannenberg. Samsonov, tormented by the scale of the defeat and his fear of reporting this failure to the Tsar, eventually commits suicide.

Tsar Ivan the Terrible was accused of having homosexual relations by his political opponents Prior to Tsarist policy, homosexuality and cross- dressing were punished by religious authorities or militias. Ivan the Terrible was accused of being gay in an attempt to discredit him. When Tsar False Dmitry I was overthrown, his broken body was dragged through the streets by his genitals alongside his reputed male lover. In 1716, Tsar Peter the Great enacted a ban on male homosexuality in the armed forces.

During a protest on in Kamajai, Smolskis detained a pristav (police officer), confiscated his weapons, and forced him to walk around with a black flag which had an anti-Tsarist slogan. Smolskis also agitated Kamajai resisdents against anti-Jewish pogroms. Smoskis participated in the Great Seimas of Vilnius which adopted a resolution demanding a wide political autonomy within the Russian Empire and urged people to engage in nonviolent resistance to achieve this goal. However, Russian authorities started to crack down on the revolutionaries.

It was from Petipa himself that Pavlova learned the title role in Paquita, Princess Aspicia in The Pharaoh's Daughter, Queen Nisia in Le Roi Candaule, and Giselle. She was named danseuse in 1902, première danseuse in 1905, and, finally, prima ballerina in 1906 after a resounding performance in Giselle. Petipa revised many grand pas for her, as well as many supplemental variations. She was much celebrated by the fanatical balletomanes of Tsarist Saint Petersburg, her legions of fans calling themselves the Pavlovatzi.

In 1886, he was suspended for participating in student demonstrations. He was rejected by the University of Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia), whose authorities had been informed of his political affiliation. On 22 March 1887, he was arrested by Tsarist authorities on a charge of plotting with Vilnius socialists to assassinate Tsar Alexander III. In fact, Piłsudski's main connection to the plot was the involvement of his elder brother Bronisław, who was sentenced to fifteen years of hard labor (katorga) in eastern Siberia.

"Cossack with a head of a Tatar." Over the years the friction between the Cossacks and the Russian tsarist government lessened, and privileges were traded for a reduction in Cossack autonomy. The Ukrainian Cossacks who did not side with Mazepa elected as Hetman Ivan Skoropadsky, one of the "anti-Mazepist" polkovniks. While advocating for the preservation for the Hetmanate autonomy and privileges of the starshina, Skoropadsky was careful to avoid open confrontation and remained loyal to the union with Russia.

Athanasios Papadopoulos-Kerameus (; 1856–1912) an Ottoman and subsequently Tsarist subject, Greek Orthodox in religious affiliation, was an Ottoman Greek scholar. Appointed secretary of the Greek Literary Club of Constantinople (1881) he was made responsible (1883) for creating an inventory of Greek manuscripts belonging to schools, churches and monasteries. In 1887 he was summoned to Jerusalem to collect and catalogue all manuscripts in Palestine. The Russian Imperial Orthodox Society for Palestine charged him with the task of editing unpublished texts.

After his return back to Poland, he settled with his wife Kazimiera and daughter Elżbieta in Grodzisk Mazowiecki. In June 1910 Hulka- Laskowski and his wife were arrested by Tsarist Russian authorities, being accused on complicity in the assassination attempt of a local Russian gendarmerie commander. After their release from prison they moved to Żyrardów. In the interwar period, Hulka-Laskowski contributed to many newspapers and magazines, such as Bluszcz, Echo Literacko-Artystyczne, Sfinks, Myśl Niepodległa, Wiadomości Literackie and Jednota.

Catholicos-Patriarch has been the title of the heads of the Georgian Orthodox Church since 1010. The first Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia was Melkisedek I (1010–1033). In the 15th century the Georgian Orthodox Church was divided into the East and the West parts and accordingly they were ruled by the Catholicos-Patriarch of East Georgia and the Catholicos-Patriarch of West Georgia. In 1801 the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia) was occupied and annexed by the Tsarist Russian Empire.

Marly (born Anna Yurievna Betulinskaya) was born into a Russian noble family living in Saint Petersburg during the October Revolution. Her father belonged to an aristocratic family connected by family ties to tsarist prime minister Pyotr Stolypin, poet Mikhail Lermontov and philosopher Nicholas Berdyaev. Her mother (Maria Mikhailovna Alferaki) was a descendant of the Greek-Russian noble family of Alferaki who lived in Taganrog in the Alferaki Palace before moving to Saint Petersburg. Yuriy Betulinski was arrested and executed before Marly's first birthday.

That presented a challenge as Catholicism was long associated with the Polish identity; the clergy needed to become less Polish without becoming less Catholic. The magazine thus criticized Catholic hierarchy, particularly in the Diocese of Vilnius, for supporting various Russification or Polonization policies. The magazine did not encourage political resistance against the Tsarist regime and in general accepted the existing social and political order. It also published more practical advice for farming and financial planning, encouraged commerce and learning a trade.

Due to socialist and communist activities Hammer's father Julius had been put under federal surveillance. On July 5, 1919, federal agents witnessed Marie Oganesoff (the 33-year-old Russian wife of a former tsarist diplomat) enter Julius' medical office located in a wing of his Bronx home. Oganesoff "who had accumulated a life-threatening history of miscarriages, abortions, and poor health, was pregnant and wanted to terminate her pregnancy." The surgical procedure took place in the midst of a great flu epidemic.

He was born in Tallinn or Saint Petersburg. He grew up in the German community of Tallinn ("Reval", in German),RusArtNet: Wilhelm Golicke and studied in Saint Petersburg at the studios of the English painter George Dawe. Between 1822 and 1828 Dawe, together with Golicke and another of his students, Alexander Polyakov (1801–1835), a serf, painted 332 portraits of Tsarist Generals who had distinguished themselves in the war against Napoleon. The paintings were placed in the Military Gallery of the Winter Palace.

The Tokhtamysh–Timur war saw a marked decline in its fortunes. It was sacked by Bulaq-Temir in 1361, endangered by Timur, looted by Russian pirates (ushkuiniki), and destroyed in 1431 by Vasily the Blind of Muscovy. As a Muslim religious center Bolgar persevered until the mid-16th century when the Khanate of Kazan was conquered by the Russian Czar Ivan IV and incorporated into the Russian state. During the Tsarist rule the site of the ancient town was settled by Russian commoners.

The agreement was drafted and negotiated by the countries' diplomats over the coming months, and signed by the allies between August 18 and September 26, 1917. Russia was not represented in this agreement as the Tsarist regime was in the midst of a revolution. The lack of Russian consent to the Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne agreement was subsequently used by the British at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference to invalidate it, a position that greatly incensed the Italian government.Helmreich, p.

Men's freestyle wrestling competition began in the Olympics in 1904. FILA began holding World Championships in men's freestyle in 1951. During Olympic years, FILA suspends the World Championships. Tsarist Russia did not send freestyle wrestlers to the Olympics for the country authorities didn't recognize the sport back then (only Greco-Roman or French wrestling as it was known then was widely practised and contested in the Russian Empire.) The Soviet Union began competing in freestyle wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

January 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2017. Other notable museums include the Central Museum of Textiles with its open-air display of wooden architecture, the Cinematography Museum, located in Scheibler Palace, and the Museum of Independence Traditions, occupying the building of a historical Tsarist prison from the late 19th century. A more unusual establishment, the Dętka museum offers tourists a chance to visit the municipal sewer designed in the early years of the 20th century by the British engineer William Heerlein Lindley.

The practice of FGM is said to predate Christianity and Islam. In ancient Rome, metal rings were passed through the labia minora of slaves to prevent them from having children and in medieval England, metal chastity belts were worn by women to mitigate promiscuity during their husbands' absence. Examination of mummified bodies have shown that in ancient Egypt, both excision and infibulation were carried out. In addition to nineteenth century England, tsarist Russia, France and America have experienced the widespread practice of clitoridectomy.

He gained recognition in literary circles in 1820, for penning a satirical ode To the Favorite, addressing an unpopular Tsarist official, Alexey Andreyevich Arakcheyev. That same year he joined a Masonic lodge in Saint Petersburg, where he became acquainted with several future members of the Decembrist uprising. In need of a regular income, from 1821 to 1824, Ryleyev worked as an assessor of the Saint Petersburg criminal court. He frequently used his position to aid common men and women in distress.

The film is set in the year 1912. Michurin declines the American's offer to work abroad and continues his studies in the Russian Empire, in spite of the fact that his ideas are not acknowledged by the tsarist government, the church and the idealistic science. Michurin receives support from outstanding scientists of the country, and continues to work untiringly. After the October Revolution, Michurin's small garden in the town of Kozlov (birthplace of the biologist) is transformed into a large state nursery.

Nicholas II had decided to return Russia to the absolute Tsarist autocracy of his father, Alexander III. The elected Zemstvos, which formed a local government in the European sectors of the Russian Empire, had been initiated by Nicholas' grandfather, Tsar Alexander II in 1864.See note 504 in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 50 (New York: International Publishers, 2004) p. 601. Under Nicholas II's re-initiation of absolute autocracy, the Zemstvos would become superfluous and basically be abolished.

He was born on 2 October 1772 in Cassina (Agno), near Lugano in Switzerland’s Italian-speaking Ticino canton. He worked on numerous palaces and private residences in Saint Petersburg, alongside his countrymen Giovanni Battista Belli-Bernasconi and Giovanni Battista Lucchini of Montagnola, and Gerolamo Rusca of Agno. He lived in Gatchina, where he was also responsible for many buildings. Father of a son Viktor, born in Russia, who became a major in the Tsarist army and married Antonina Alexeyvna Bibikova.

In 1917, the Soviet authorities formally repealed all Tsarist legislation and established a socialist legal system. According to a critic, Richard Pipes, this system abolished Western legal concepts including the rule of law, the civil liberties, the protection of law and guarantees of property.For Pipes, the Soviet legal system regarded law as an arm of politics and courts as agencies of the government. Crime was determined not as the infraction of law, but as any action which could threaten the Soviet state.

On 25 November 1896 he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He eventually became the chief cryptologist for the Tsar of Russia,Stephen Budiansky, Battle of Wits, 2000, , p. 56 holding the rank of "General-Admiral," an honorary title in Tsarist Russia.Michael Smith, "GC&CS; and the First Cold War", pp. 1-40 in Action This Day, 2001, During World War I, he was known for a time as Ernst Popov as his German-derived name could have drawn unwanted attention.

Those captured in arms against the Tsar's forces were tried by military tribunals before being hanged or shot. According to Simon Sebag Montefiore, being caught wearing similar clothing to Anti-Tsarist militias was often enough for court martial followed by execution. These tactics were continued by the anti-communist White Movement during the Russian Civil War (1917-1920). Opponents of the House of Romanov also carried out targeted killings of those deemed as enemies of Socialism, which was referred to as individual terror.

This chart shows the annual yasak collections during the seventeenth century, divided by the native peoples of Siberia. Yasak, otherwise known as Iasak, refers to the fur tax that the natives of Siberia were forced to pay to the tsarist government of Russia. Russians would set up winter camps known as zimovya while they waited for the Siberians to hunt and pay their taxes in fur. In return, the Siberians were promised to be able to look to the Russian government for protection.

By 1891 Głos had created an outline of the anti-Jewish programme, which was soon was adopted by National Democracy. Głos practically ceased to exist in 1894, after most of its staff (including the acting editor in chief Jan Ludwik Popławski) had been arrested by tsarist authorities for taking part in an illegal commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Kościuszko Uprising. Although most were set free the following year, they were not allowed to publish the newspaper any more.

This order required him to move 1500 km to the east to the city of Saratov. Here he stayed with other pastors, mostly Baltic pastors. In 1917 he was allowed to move to Kharkov where his oldest son, Bernhard, was born. The February 1917 Revolution, with the overthrow of the Tsarist government and resulting March 1917 proclamation of civil rights for all inhabitants of the Russian Empire, raised the hopes of the German population for an improvement in their situation.

For reasons that are currently disputed, the 1842 edition was expanded by three chapters and included Russian nationalist themes. Potential reasons include a necessity to stay in line with the official tsarist ideology, as well as the author's changing political and aesthetic views (later manifested in Dead Souls and Selected Passages from Correspondence with his Friends). The changes included three new chapters and a new ending (in the 1835 edition, the protagonist is not burned at the stake by the Poles).

Russian gendarmes taking Red rebels as prisoners A few hundred members of the Finnish Labour Corps had joined with the Russian mutineers and Johan Kock had called for a general strike in support of them. However, fighting broke out in Hakaniemi, between Russian sailors from the naval barracks and Finnish "Whites", acting in opposition to Kock's "Reds". There were several dozen casualties before Tsarist forces were able to restore order. Johan Kock was able to escape to Sweden and ultimately to England.

The Lithuanian press ban was enacted in 1864 to facilitate the Russification after the failed Uprising of 1863. Lithuanian texts in the traditional Latin alphabet were strictly forbidden, while Lithuanian texts in the Cyrillic alphabet were encouraged and sponsored by the Tsarist government. Lithuanians starter publishing Lithuanian texts in East Prussia and smuggling the publications into Lithuania. The villagers of Garšviai learned about the illegal press around 1882 when they received some Lithuanian books through Jonas Venckavičius who then worked in Saint Petersburg.

The tsarist government, unable to defeat the rebels, was forced to meet their basic requirements. Ufa governor's Stolnik Andrei Volkonsky was prematurely removed from office, and replaced, at the request of the Bashkirs, by F.I. Somov. More significant was a concession to the government on the land issue: the patrimonial right to land of the Bashkirs was officially confirmed. The new governor was ordered to consider petitions by Bashkirs against land grab by Russian migrants and to meet their demands.

Shaumian was arrested by the Tsarist government for taking part in student political activities on campus, and exiled back to Transcaucasia. Shaumian made his way to German soil, where he met with such exiles from the Russian Empire as Lenin, Julius Martov and Georgi Plekhanov. Upon returning to Transcaucasia, he became a teacher, and the leader of local Social Democrats in Tiflis, as well as a prolific writer of Marxist literature. At the 1903 Congress, he sided with the Bolsheviks.