But Israeli road signs transliterate Jerusalem directly from Hebrew as "Yerushalayim".
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But it's a tall ask for a game controller to transliterate Rez's frenetic lights and music into physical movement.
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"It's so great – it says so much about what it means to be Jewish today, and not knowing how to transliterate Hebrew words," Grant notes.
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Once on the plane, I review the booklet illustrating the safety procedures for relevant information, or, if I'm with my husband, who is hearing, I ask him to transliterate using Cued Speech, a visual communication mode.
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And while governments are claiming worrying new powers to stop terrorism, they haven't agreed on how to share intelligence, they aren't sure how members of Franco-Belgian terrorist cells communicate with one another, and they don't even agree on how to transliterate foreign names, to track people across borders.
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In Inner Mongolia the Mongolian alphabet is used to transliterate Chinese.
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A with nukta (अ़) is a Devanagari letter. It is used to transliterate the Arabic ayin (ع).
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That spelling matches Polish, which uses to represent a very similar sound. Russian is used to transliterate Polish into Cyrillic: ().
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There are letters to transliterate the rest of the basic Latin script, as well as additional vowels for other languages of Vanuatu.
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In English runology, œ is used to transliterate the Runic letter odal 20x16px (Old English ' "estate, ancestral home"). The word onomatopoeia with the œ ligature.
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See romanization of Ukrainian. The Mozilla Add-ons website published the Ukrajinsjka Latynka extension to transliterate Ukrainian texts from Cyrillic to Latin script on web pages.
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Different publishers have different transliteration policies. For example ArtScroll publications generally transliterate more words relative to sources such as the Jewish Encyclopedia 1911, or Jewish Publication Society texts.
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In addition the editors chose to transliterate rather than translate a number of technical Greek or Hebrew terms, such as "azymes" for unleavened bread, and "pasch" for Passover.
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The modifier letter left half ring ( ʿ ) is a character of the Unicode Spacing Modifier Letters range, used to transliterate the letter ayin, representing the sound . It is encoded at .
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Han Gwang-hyeong (한 광형; also transliterate Han Kwang-hyung; born 18 May 1966) is a South Korean boxer. He competed in the men's flyweight event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
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Cahiers du septentrion, vol. 17. Sillery, Québec: Septentrion. 2000; 1895. Early explorers called the Milwaukee River and surrounding lands various names: Melleorki, Milwacky, Mahn-a-waukie, Milwarck, and Milwaucki, in efforts to transliterate the native terms.
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Room, 2005, p. 185Morris, 2004, p. 17 Its name as recorded by the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1888 is Kefr Misr, whereas Edward Robinson and Eli Smith transliterate it as Kefr Musr in 1841.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol.
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Ramesses' two main names transliterate as wsr-mꜢʿt-rʿ–mry-ỉmn rʿ- ms-s–ḥḳꜢ-ỉwnw. They are normally realised as Usermaatre-Meryamun Rameses- Heqaiunu, meaning "The Ma'at of Ra is strong, Beloved of Amun, Born of Ra, Ruler of Heliopolis".
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A transliteration website also exists on the internet that can transliterate between different scripts of Sindhi language (including the newly proposed Latin Script) and the website's source code is openly available on GitHub for anyone to view and use anywhere.
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The project was successfully completed. Fonts for Baduga, Tulu, Brahmi, Kharoshti, Kadamba etc. were also created. Apara, a new font with standard English characters and a few modified English characters, was created to help transliterate Indian language words in English like script.
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The seven-letter German sequence , used to transliterate the Russian letter , as in for Russian "borscht", is a sequence of a trigraph and a tetragraph . Likewise, the Juu languages have been claimed to have a heptagraph , but this is also a sequence, of and .
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It is apparent that the ancient versions have been prone to mis-interpretation. In one instance they even went so far as to simply transliterate the Hebrew word. In Ezech., xxvii, 16, coral is mentioned as one of the articles brought by the Syrians to Tyre.
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Th is a digraph in the Latin script. It was originally introduced into Latin to transliterate Greek loan words. In modern languages that use the Latin alphabet, it represents a number of different sounds. It is the most common digraph in order of frequency in the English language.
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Gar Tsenyen Gungton (, ? - 695) was a general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the fifth son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yulsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Bólùn Zànrèn () or Lùn Zànrèn (), both attempted to transliterate the short form of his title and name, Lön Tsenyen ().
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Gar Tongtsen Yulsung (, 590-667) was a general of the Tibetan Empire who served as Lönchen during the reign of Songtsen Gampo. In many Chinese records, his name was given as Lù Dōngzàn () or Lùn Dōngzàn (); both are attempts to transliterate the short form of his title and name, Lön Tongtsen.
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Ranbir Singh followed the footsteps of Zain-ul-Abidin and Avantivarman, who were former rulers of Kashmir. He employed pandits and maulvis to translate and transliterate religious texts. Sir Aurel Stein catalogued 5,000 such works. Besides religious books, books on medical sciences were also translated into Urdu, Dogri and Hindi.
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With romaji input methods, the number of keystrokes increases compared to kana input methods, as most kana require at least two keystrokes to input with romaji, compared to a single keystroke for direct kana input. On average, the number of characters required to transliterate Japanese sentences using romaji is roughly 1.7 times that of kana.
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As an example, the letter "ч" is usually transcribed as "ch" in Russian travel documents, however, Russian visas and internal passports use "3" in the machine-readable zone instead. Another example is "Alexei" (travel passport) => "Алексей" (Cyrillic version) => "ALEKSEQ" (machine readable version in an internal document). This makes it easier to transliterate the name back to Cyrillic.
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Public and private enterprises are not bound to any set of standards in their English names. The variations in this areas are therefore even greater and unpredictable. Some chose to transliterate their names, but others opted to translate the meaning. The first word of Chunghwa Telecom, Chinese Television and China Airlines are actually identical in Mandarin, i.e.
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Whilst all the pupils are not Friends, they receive education about Quakerism including about Inner light. The School states that the characters used to transliterate 'Friend' in Japanese mean "universal connection with all global places". This is derived from an idea of Tsuda Sen, who was the father of Tsuda Umeko, the founder of Tsuda College.
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After Béla's son, Stephen ascended the Hungarian throne, Lampert requested the monarch to transliterate and confirm his father's aforementioned privilege letter in 1271. Lampert kept himself relatively away from national political affairs. His position during the feud between Béla IV and his eldest son, Duke Stephen is unknown. He attended the national synods at Esztergom (1256) and Buda (1263).
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Many historic names have been recorded under a wide variety of spellings, especially as various peoples tried to transliterate them from one language to another. This attraction is also known as "Montour Falls". The Brick Tavern Stand, Montour Falls Historic District, and Montour Falls Union Grammar School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
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If the relations between letters and sounds are similar in both languages, a transliteration may be very close to a transcription. In practice, there are some mixed transliteration/transcription systems that transliterate a part of the original script and transcribe the rest. For many script pairs, there is one or more standard transliteration systems. However, unsystematic transliteration is common.
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The 1939 issue allowed short vowels to be marked with a breve (˘) where expedient. By contrast, the ALA-LC transliteration uses the 1939 version with the addition of a macron (¯) for long vowels and a spiritus asper (ʽ) to transliterate อ as a consonant. The changes in vowel notation copied existing usage (æ, œ) and IPA notation (æ, ǫ).
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Whether Georgius Tzul was himself a Christian, a Jew or Shamanist with an unusual Greek name, or whether the name is merely a Byzantine attempt to transliterate a Turkic or Hebrew name, is unknown. Byzantine campaigns occurred roughly during this period against the Georgians and the Bulgarian Empire, suggesting a concerted effort to re-establish Byzantine dominance in the Black Sea region.
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The organization's name in Ukrainian is Правий сектор (transliterated Pravyy sektor), translated as Right Sector. (General- audience publications often transliterate it as Pravy Sektor or Pravyi Sektor.) The name is derived from the group's effort to protect the right side of the Euromaidan protestors at one point during the protests. Dmytro Yarosh is the owner of the trademark "Right Sector".
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Séraphin Couvreur (; 14 January 1835 – 19 November 1919) was a French Jesuit missionary to China, sinologist, and creator of the EFEO Chinese transcription. The system devised by Couvreur of the École française d'Extrême-Orient was used in most of the French-speaking world to transliterate Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, after what it was gradually replaced by pinyin.
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The Manchu alphabet was also used to write Chinese. A modern example is in Manchu: a Textbook for Reading Documents, which has a comparative table of romanizations of Chinese syllables written in Manchu letters, Hànyǔ Pīnyīn and Wade–Giles. Using the Manchu script to transliterate Chinese words is a source of loanwords for the Xibe language. Several Chinese-Manchu dictionaries contain Chinese characters transliterated with Manchu script.
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Title of the romanized Hebrew newspaper ha Savuja ha Palestini, shows part of the romanization method of Itamar Ben-Avi. 1929. Hebrew uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel diacritics. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate Hebrew words. For example, the Hebrew name spelled ("Israel") in the Hebrew alphabet can be romanized as ' or ' in the Latin alphabet.
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During Taiwan's Japanese colonial period (1895-1945) the island's Japanese governors opted not to transliterate the name "Kiray" because the Japanese pronunciation of the word resembled the Japanese word for . The official name became . Karenkō Prefecture consisted of modern-day Hualien County. Toward the end of World War II the Governor-General of Taiwan moved many Japanese residents of Taiwan to the area to develop agriculture.
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The Kanji applied to transliterate Hime are 比売 or 毘売 rather than 姫. The masculine counterpart of Hime is Hiko (彦, 比古 or 毘古,) which is seen as part of Japanese male gods' names, such as Saruta-hiko. Unlike Hime, Hiko is neutral, non-archaic and still commonly used as a modern Japanese male given name, for example Nobuhiko Takada.
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Egyptologists conventionally transliterate the name in hieroglyphs as ššnq. In ancient Egyptian texts, writings without the [n] and/or (less commonly) the [q] are not uncommon. For example, the name is recorded in the Neo-Assyrian dialect of Akkadian as šusanqu and susinqu, indicating an initial rounded vowel. It is generally considered that the evidence suggests rendering it as "Sheshonq" should be avoided, in favour of "Shoshenq".
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For a description of the manuscript, see Zotenberg 1874, 32. Leroy and Dib 1910-11 first transliterate the Arabic text into Arabic characters (from the Syriac characters of Garshuni) and then offer a French translation. The title, as discerned from the first sentence, would be, "History of the Captivity of the Israelites in Babylon." Finally, in 1927, Alphonse Mingana produced an English translation of the aforementioned Paris BN Syr.
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The prime can be used in the transliteration of some languages, such as Slavic languages, to denote palatalization. Prime and double prime are used to transliterate Cyrillic yeri (the soft sign, ь) and yer (the hard sign, ъ). However, in ISO 9, the corresponding modifier letters are used instead. Originally, X-bar theory used a bar over syntactic units to indicate bar-levels in syntactic structure, generally rendered as an overbar.
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Romanization includes any use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate Hebrew words. Usually it is to identify a Hebrew word in a non- Hebrew language that uses the Latin alphabet, such as German, Spanish, Turkish, and so on. Transliteration uses an alphabet to represent the letters and sounds of a word spelled in another alphabet, whereas transcription uses an alphabet to represent the sounds only. Romanization can do both.
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Volume 1 begins from the earliest times, listing gods and demigods as kings of Egypt. Stories of Isis, Osiris, Set, or Horus might have been found here. Manetho does not transliterate either, but gives the Greek equivalents by a convention that predates him: (Egyptian) Ptah = (Greek) Hephaistos; Isis = Demeter; Thoth = Hermes; Horus = Apollo; Seth = Typhon; etc. This is one of the clues as to how syncretism developed between seemingly disparate religions.
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The digraph was first introduced in Latin to transliterate the letter theta in loans from Greek. Theta was pronounced as an aspirated stop in Classical and early Koine Greek. is used in academic transcription systems to represent letters in south and east Asian alphabets that have the value . According to the Royal Thai General System of Transcription, for example, represents a series of Thai letters with the value .
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In Devanagari script for Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and other languages, the word is combination of three sounds: (), () and (, long i). There are two conventions in India to transliterate the syllable (ISO: ) (i.e., () with the inherent vowel (); () + ()) to English. Some use the convention of sa, although incorrect, for transcribing as in Sri Lanka and Srinagar, while others use the convention of sha for transcribing as in Shimla and Shimoga.
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Tools used by Promaucaes, found in Pichilemu in 1908. The Inca referred to all the peoples who were not under their empire as puruma auca. Because these Picunche tribes were successful in defending their territory against the Inca Empire in the Battle of the Maule, they were given this distinctive name. In an effort to transliterate the word into Spanish phonetics, the Spanish referred to them as the Purumaucas or Promaucaes.
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Sai Kung Town or just Sai Kung, was established as a market town for the surrounding villages as , around 100 years ago. Nowadays, in the legal documents, the town is more often referred as . Despite in modern transliteration, usually means city, but in Classical Chinese, and both means market. The word was also used by the colonial British government to transliterate the word Town, such as Tai Po Town.
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If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation.
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Rapa Nui incorporates a number of loanwords in which constructions such as consonant clusters or word- final consonants occur, though they do not occur naturally in the language. Historically, the practice was to transliterate unfamiliar consonants, insert vowels between clustered consonants and append word-final vowels where necessary. :e.g.: Britain (English loanword) → Peretane (Rapa Nui rendering) More recently, loanwords – which come primarily from Spanish – retain their consonant clusters. For example, "litro" (litre).
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The Inuit languages Greenlandic and Inuktitut either orthographize or transliterate their voiced uvular obstruent as . In Greenlandic, this phoneme is , while in Inuktitut it is . This spelling was convenient because these languages do not have non-lateral liquid consonants, and guttural realizations of are common in various languages, particularly the colonial languages Danish and French. But the Alaskan Inupiat language writes its phoneme instead as , reserving for its retroflex phoneme, which Greenlandic and Inuktitut do not have.
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Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," p. 129. Bilingual examples are found with either Punic or Latin, and indicate that some people who could write these languages could also at least transliterate their names into the Libyan script. Although Libyan inscriptions are concentrated southeast of Hippo, near the present-day Algerian-Tunisia border, their distribution overall suggests that knowledge of the language was not confined to isolated communities.Millar, "Local Cultures in the Roman Empire," pp. 128–130.
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On 18 September 1944, a decree established a specialized task force within the 9th Chief Directorate (Главное Управление, Glavnoe Upravlenie) of the NKVD to support the work of German scientists "invited" to the Soviet Union. The head of the Directorate was Colonel General Avram Pavlovich Zavenyagin.Some sources transliterate Zavenyagin's name as "Zaveniagin", which is not according to the scheme which has a one-to-one transformation of the Russian alphabet into English. The name in Cyrillic is: Завенягин.
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" Tomlinson named the park "Fields of the Wood" after an obscure reference in the King James Version of Psalms 132: 6: "We found it in the fields of the wood."Most modern and non-English versions of the Bible transliterate the word "wood" as "Jaar," a probable reference to Kiriath-Jearim. See Bible Hub commentaries. In 1941, Tomlinson dedicated the site with a sermon while church-leased airplanes dropped gospel tracts to fulfill Deuteronomy 32: 2: "May my teaching drop as the rain.
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It is thought that the name Leleges is an exonym, in a long-extinct language, rather than an endonym (or autonym). That is, during the Bronze Age the word lulahi apparently meaning "strangers" was used in the Luwian language and in other Anatolian languages. For example, in a Hittite cuneiform inscription, priests and temple servants are directed to avoid conversing with lulahi and foreign merchants. According to the suggestion of Vitaly Shevoroshkin, an attempt to transliterate lulahi into Greek might result in leleges.
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The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ, while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in the table below.
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The digraph was first used in Latin since the 2nd century B.C. to transliterate the sound of the Greek letter chi in words borrowed from that language. In classical times, Greeks pronounced this as an aspirated voiceless velar plosive . In post- classical Greek (Koine and Modern) this sound developed into a fricative . Since neither sound was found in native Latin words (with some exceptions like pulcher 'beautiful', where the original sound was influenced by or ), in Late Latin the pronunciation occurred.
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With respect to the transliteration of the Tetragrammaton, Green opined that the worst approach was to transliterate the name as LORD, writing that "Every nation had their lords, but only Israel had Jehovah as their God. All other countries were the nations." Regarding his translation philosophy and the New Testament, the author stated: > As for the Greek, it is noted as a language that has a word for every > occasion. This vivid variety of expression is evident in the Holy > Scriptures.
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The same text may also not be classified as English. Regardless of the physical keyboard's layout, it is possible to install Unicode-based Hindi keyboard layouts on most modern operating systems. There are many online services available that transliterate text written in Roman to Devanagari accurately, using Hindi dictionaries for reference, such as Google transliteration. This solution is similar to Input method Editors, which are traditionally used to input text in languages that use complex characters such as Chinese, Japanese or Korean.
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Due to its informal character, there was neither a well-established standard nor a common name. In the early days of e-mail, the humorous term "Volapuk encoding" (Russian: кодировка "воляпюк" or "волапюк", kodirovka volapyuk) was sometimes used. More recently the term "translit" emerged to indiscriminately refer to both programs that transliterate Cyrillic (and other non-Latin alphabets) into Latin, as well as the result of such transliteration. The word is an abbreviation of the term transliteration, and most probably its usage originated in several places.
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Many alphabets of African languages use the caron to mark the rising tone, as in the African reference alphabet. The caron is also used for Cypriot Greek letters that have a different sound from Standard Modern Greek: σ̌ κ̌ π̌ τ̌ ζ̌ in words like τζ̌αι (and), κάτ̌τ̌ος (cat). A-caron (ǎ) is also used to transliterate the Cyrillic letter Ъ (er golyam) in Bulgarian-it represents the mid back unrounded vowel. Paiboon romanizations of Thai uses the caron to indicate the fifth tone of Thai.
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Most English-language versions of the Bible transliterate the term as Akeldama (e.g. American Standard Version (ASV), English Standard Version (ESV), Good News Translation (GNT), Modern English Version (MEV), and New International Version (NIV)) or as Akel Dama (New King James Version (NKJV) and 1599 Geneva Bible). Aceldama is used by the King James Version (KJV), Darby Bible and Wycliffe Bible. Hakeldama is used by the Common English Bible (CEB), New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) and Orthodox Jewish Bible (OJB), whilst the Complete Jewish Bible (CJB) uses Hakel-D'ma.
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Members of a Nlaka’pamux community, circa 1914 Frontier-era histories and maps transliterate the name Nlaka'pamux as Hakamaugh or Klackarpun; they were also known as the Kootomin, or Couteau (Knife).Kootomin is a nativized variant of the French couteau or Knife Indians. In the dialect of the Thompson language used by the Ashcroft Indian Band, the variant Nl'akapxm is used. The Nlaka'pamux of the Nicola Valley, who are all in the Nicola Tribal Association reserves refer to themselves as Scw'exmx and speak a different dialect of the Thompson language.
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Taylor photographed her in 1907 wearing a large korowai, probably a family heirloom, along with a feather in a headscarf as a symbol of high status, and referred to her himself as a "rangatira wahine" or female chief. She was known as a "shrewd businesswoman" who sold poultry. It was either this or an attempt to transliterate her name into English that led to her nickname of "Mrs Chicken". She was particularly known for keeping back the wings when she sold whole dressed chickens, which she kept as a "delicious" perk of the job.
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Next, Malik Kafur marched to Vira Pandya's headquarters, called "Birdhul" by Amir Khusrau. This is same as "Birdaval", which is named as the capital of the Ma'bar country (the Pandya territory) in Taqwīm al-buldān (1321), a book by the Kurdish writer Abu'l-Fida. British scholar A. Burnell identified Birdhul as Virudhachalam. According to Mohammad Habib and Banarsi Prasad Saksena, who transliterate the name as "Bir-Dhol" (or "Vira-Chola"), the term may be a figure of speech invented by Khusrau to refer to the capital of Vira Pandya.
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When he toured the countryside as an education inspector, he came across various inscriptions. He was interested in epigraphy and he took the help of his assistants to edit, translate and transliterate about 9000 inscriptions. When in 1886, the British made him the head of the Department of Archaeology, he started work towards publishing his epigraphical study and brought out a series of twelve volumes entitled Epigraphia Carnatica. Rice also wrote a book called The History of Mysore and Coorg from Inscriptions which is based on Epigraphia Carnatica.
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The origin of the name Wappinger is unknown. While the present-day spelling was used as early as 1643, countless alternate phonetic spellings were also used by early European settlers well into the late 19th century. Each linguistic group tended to transliterate Native American names according to their own languages. Among these spellings and terms are: :Wappink, Wappings, Wappingers, Wappingoes, Wawpings, Pomptons, Wapings, Opings, Opines, Massaco, Menunkatuck, Naugatuck, Nochpeem, Wangunk Wappans, Wappings, Wappinghs, Wapanoos, Wappanoos, Wappinoo, Wappenos, Wappinoes, Wappinex, Wappinx, Wapingeis, Wabinga, Wabingies, Wapingoes, Wapings, Wappinges, Wapinger and Wappenger.
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III, CUP 2000, p. 39. (For example, spellings such as wijf and paradijs for wife and paradise can be found in Middle English.) The consonantal / was sometimes used to transliterate the Hebrew letter yodh, representing the palatal approximant sound /j/ (and transliterated in Greek by iota and in Latin by ); words like Jerusalem, Joseph, etc. would have originally followed the Latin pronunciation beginning with /j/, that is, the sound of in yes. In some words, however, notably from Old French, / was used for the affricate consonant , as in joie (modern "joy"), used in Wycliffe's Bible.
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The equivalent character to Tshe in Gaj's Latin alphabet is Ć.Duško Vitas et al., The Serbian Language in the Digital Age, Springer, 2012, , p. 53.. Being part of the most common Serbian last names, the transliteration of Tshe to the Latin alphabet is very important; however, there are many ways to transliterate it. It is typically transliterated as , as per the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet or, without the diacritic, as ; less frequent transliterations are , , , , (also used for Che), and , (the last one in Hungarian only, but and are more common).
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The Lehran was initially published in Shahmukhi, the Perso-Arabic script used for writing Punjabi in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Shortly before 2005, Monthly Lehran started to transliterate its articles to Gurmukhi—the Punjabi script used in Indian Punjab. It was a pioneer in this field, which was appropriated by many other Pakistani writers. The Lehran was praised for bridging a socio-cultural and religious divide between Pakistani and Indian Punjab by publishing content in both scripts used for the Punjabi language and for promoting a composite Punjabi culture.
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Chinese characters do not reliably indicate their pronunciation, even for one dialect. It is therefore useful to be able to transliterate a dialect of Chinese into the Latin alphabet or the Perso-Arabic script Xiao'erjing for those who cannot read Chinese characters. However, transliteration was not always considered merely a way to record the sounds of any particular dialect of Chinese; it was once also considered a potential replacement for the Chinese characters. This was first prominently proposed during the May Fourth Movement, and it gained further support with the victory of the Communists in 1949.
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The woodlark is commemorated in the works of two major poets. "The Woodlark", written by Gerard Manley Hopkins, departs from the standard tradition of British nature poetry by trying to transliterate the bird's song into made-up words. The Scottish poet Robert Burns wrote of the bird's "melting art" in his poem "To the Woodlark". As there are currently no woodlarks in Scotland, and Burns never travelled south of Carlisle, many have speculated that Burns never came in contact with the bird and was in fact writing about the tree pipit, which was commonly referred to as the woodlark in Scotland.
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A scarab statue at the Karnak temple complex Several species of the dung beetle, most notably the species Scarabaeus sacer (often referred to as the sacred scarab), enjoyed a sacred status among the ancient Egyptians. Egyptian hieroglyphic script uses the image of the beetle to represent a triliteral phonetic that Egyptologists transliterate as xpr or ḫpr and translate as "to come into being", "to become" or "to transform". The derivative term xprw or ḫpr(w) is variously translated as "form", "transformation", "happening", "mode of being" or "what has come into being", depending on the context. It may have existential, fictional, or ontologic significance.
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During the last decades of the 20th century, Western text-based communication technologies, such as mobile phone text messaging, the World Wide Web, email, bulletin board systems, IRC, and instant messaging became increasingly prevalent in the Arab world. Most of these technologies originally permitted the use of the Latin script only, and some still lack support for displaying Arabic script. As a result, Arabic-speaking users frequently transliterate Arabic text into Latin script when using these technologies to communicate. To handle those Arabic letters that do not have an approximate phonetic equivalent in the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated.
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The Chinese exonyms of various ethnic groups encountered in Chinese history can be rendered into English either by transliteration or translation; for instance, Dí 狄 is transliterated as Di (or Ti) or translated as "Northern Barbarians". In some cases authors prefer to transliterate specific exonyms as proper nouns,For instance, see Wu (1982), passim. and in other cases to translate generic ones as English "barbarian" (for instance, "Four Barbarians"). The American sinologist Marc S. Abramson explains why "barbarian" is the appropriate translation for general terms like fan 番 and hu 胡, but not specific ones like fancai 番菜 "foreign-style food".
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All games follow the story of a hero or heroine fighting an evil empire in a post-apocalyptic world while riding a dragon. The series' name originates from its original concept designers referring to it as "armoured dragon", then feeling that this was too bland and deciding to transliterate it to German. The cutscenes feature its own language, Panzerese, which is a mixed language based on a combination of Ancient Greek, English, German, Japanese, Latin, and Russian. The words in these languages were a hobby of Yukio Futatsugi, one of the core designers of the first game.
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Many features of Andalusian Arabic have been reconstructed by Arabists using Hispano-Arabic texts (such as the azjāl of ibn Quzman, al- Shushtari and others) composed in Arabic with varying degrees of deviation from classical norms, augmented by further information from the manner in which the Arabic script was used to transliterate Romance words. The first complete linguistic description of Andalusi Arabic was given by the Spanish Arabist Federico Corriente, who drew on the Appendix Probi, zajal poetry, proverbs and aphorisms, the work of the 16th century lexicographer , and Andalusi letters found in the Cairo Geniza.
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The Italian name, Lucia, follows Italian spelling rules, which say that "c" is pronounced as a post-alveolar affricate (the same sound that is written as "ch" in English) when it appears before a front vowel (in this case, "i"). That pronunciation is correctly represented in Japanese kana as るちあ. When attempting to transliterate the kana back into Latin characters, some people, unaware of the Italian spelling of the name, tried using the English "ch" to represent that consonant, resulting in the incorrect spelling "Luchia". ; : :Hanon is the Mermaid Princess of the South Atlantic Ocean and keeper of the aquamarine (水色 mizu-iro "water-color") pearl.
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Between 1953 and 1956, Nappaaluk completed episodes 1-24 before leaving Nunavik and going to southern Canada to receive hospital treatment; upon her return, she wrote an additional 13 episodes until the missionary supervising her work was transferred to another community. In 1961, anthropologist Bernard Saladin D'Anglure first met Nappaaluk, and encouraged her to resume work on the novel and finish the final episodes. D'Anglure, a graduate student working under Claude Lévi-Strauss at the time, later made Sannaq the focus of his PhD in ethnology; in addition to interviewing Nappaaluk about the work and recording her commentary about it, he worked with the author to transliterate and translate the novel.
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Variants of the Hepburn system are the most widely used. Japanese is normally written in a combination of logographic characters borrowed from Chinese (kanji) and syllabic scripts (kana) that also ultimately derive from Chinese characters. Rōmaji may be used in any context where Japanese text is targeted at non-Japanese speakers who cannot read kanji or kana, such as for names on street signs and passports, and in dictionaries and textbooks for foreign learners of the language. It is also used to transliterate Japanese terms in text written in English (or other languages that use the Latin script) on topics related to Japan, such as linguistics, literature, history, and culture.
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Each colonial group tried to transliterate the names of tribes and spelling varied greatly. Waccamaw, for example, appeared in the historical record at about the same time that "Woccon" disappeared. The Waccamaw continued to inhabit the region along the Waccamaw and Pee Dee rivers until 1718, when they relocated to the Weenee, or Black River area. In 1720, they joined with fleeing families of Tuscarora, Cheraw, Keyauwee, and Hatteras Indians along Drowning Creek, now known as the Lumbee, or Lumber River. Families of Waccamaw Indians continued to live along Drowning Creek until 1733, when some families sought refuge along Lake Waccamaw and Green Swamp.
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According to Palaima, "it occurs on ten tablets that relate to: bronze working, six standard items of regional taxation, bronze recycling for weaponry production, coastal defensive arrangements, gold, landholdings, livestock, male personnel, and rather intensive levels of flax production";Palaima (2000), p. 10. and "during the late Bronze Age as much as 10% of the total surface land might have been devoted to olive growth". Controversy remains over how to transliterate "TI-MI-TO A-KO" into Greek. "TI-MI-TO" has been interpreted as themittos, for "border", comparing Knossos's term "O-U-TE-MI" as a religious ou themis ("not allowed," literally "not set down, in this case 'by law'").
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Chinese characters can also be used to transliterate Manchu. All the Manchu vowels and the syllables commencing with a consonant are represented by single Chinese characters as are also the syllables terminating in i, n, ng and o; but those ending in r, k, s, t, p, I, m are expressed by the union of the sounds of two characters, there being no Mandarin syllables terminating with these consonants. Thus the Manchu syllable am is expressed by the Chinese characters a-muh (8084, 7800) (, a mù) and the word Manchu is, in the Kangxi Dictionary, spelled in the following manner: Ma (7467) -a (8084) gan (2834) (, mǎ ā ān) —Man; —choo (1303) a (11767) (, zhū wū) chu; —Manchu.
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When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים as Παλαιστίνοι, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as φυλιστιιμ, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as ἀλλόφυλοι. Jerome followed the LXX's lead in eradicating the names, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians', from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible.
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Although the democratic restoration ended this policy, allowing surnames to be officially changed into their Basque phonology, there still are many people who hold Spanish-written Basque surnames, even in the same family: a father born before 1978 would be surnamed "Echepare" and his children, "Etxepare". This policy even changed the usual pronunciation of some Basque surnames. For instance, in Basque, the letter "z" maintained a sibilant "s"-like sound, while Spanish changed it; thus, a surname such as "Zabala" should be properly read similar to "sabala" (), although in Spanish, because the "z" denotes a "th" sound (), it would be read as "Tha-bala" (). However, since the letter "z" exists in Spanish, the registries did not force the Zabalas to transliterate their surname.
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The World English Bible claims to be one of the few English-language Bibles custom translated to be understood by most English-speakers worldwide, eliminating the need for data-processing based or computer operating system- specific internationalizations. Work on the World English Bible began in 1997 and it was first known as the American Standard Version 1997. The World English Bible project was started in order to produce a modern English Bible version that is not copyrighted, does not use archaic English (such as the KJV), and is not translated into Basic English (such as the Bible In Basic English). The World English Bible follows the American Standard Version's decision to transliterate the Tetragrammaton, but uses "Yahweh" instead of "Jehovah" throughout the Old Testament.
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Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempts to translate or transliterate endonyms from the native languages. Other terms arose during periods of conflict between the colonizers and indigenous peoples. Since the late 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about how they want to be addressed, pushing to suppress use of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation.
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The story begins in May 1863, at the Lidenbrock house in Hamburg, Germany. Professor Otto Lidenbrock dashes home to peruse his latest antiquarian purchase, an original runic manuscript of an Icelandic saga written by Snorre Sturluson,"Heimskringla", a chronicle of the Norwegian kings who ruled over Iceland. While leafing through the book, Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel find a coded note written in runic script along with the name of a 16th century Icelandic alchemist, Arne Saknussemm. (This novel was Verne's first to showcase his love of cryptography; coded, cryptic, or incomplete messages would appear as plot devices in many of his works, and Verne would take pains to explain not only the code itself but also the mechanisms for retrieving the original text.) Lidenbrock and Axel transliterate the runic characters into Latin letters, revealing a message written in a seemingly bizarre code.
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The use of Chinese characters to transliterate the Vietnamese language can be traced to an inscription with the two characters "", as part of the posthumous title of Phùng Hưng, a national hero who succeeded in expelling the Chinese, albeit briefly in the late 8th century. These two characters literally mean "cloth" + "cover" in Chinese but when pronounced by the Vietnamese, the phonetic value is employed to represent vua cái ("great king"), or Sino-Vietnamese bố cái ("father and mother", i.e. as respectable as one's parents).Keith Weller Taylor The Birth of Vietnam 1976 – Page 220 "The earliest example of Vietnamese character writing, as we have noted earlier, is for the words bo and cai in the posthumous title given to Phung Hung." A Chinese inscription dated on a bronze bell cast in Annam in 798 includes a character representing the Vietnamese female middle name Thị.
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In recent decades, the government has allowed individuals to simply adopt katakana versions of their native names when applying for citizenship, as is already done when referring to non-East Asian foreigners: National Diet member Tsurunen Marutei (), originally Martti Turunen, who is Finnish, is a famous example. Others transliterate their names into phonetically similar kanji compounds, such as activist Arudou Debito (), an American previously known as David Aldwinckle (Tsurunen has similarly adopted 弦念 丸呈), although these renderings are artificial and would not exist in Japan otherwise. Still others have abandoned their native names entirely in favor of traditional Japanese names, such as Lafcadio Hearn (who was half Anglo-Irish and half Greek), who used the name "Koizumi Yakumo" (). At the time, to gain Japanese citizenship, it was necessary to be adopted by a Japanese family (in Hearn's case, it was his wife's family) and take their name.
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Since the belligerent government of Alura Zor-El and Zod had tarnished all Kryptonians' reputations on Earth, Chris and Thara decided to act as a new Nightwing and Flamebird duo (since Dick Grayson, the previous Nightwing, became the new Batman), at first with simple cloth masks, then with fake power suits, to obscure the origins of their powers. However Chris, due to his birth in the Phantom Zone, exhibits strange and uncontrollable growth spurts: when Thara saved him he was still the young boy raised by Lois and Clark, as Nightwing he is shown as roughly 15 or 16, and after another growth spurt of about seven years, he ages to 23 years old.Greg Rucka: Man of "Action" His mother, Ursa, begins stalking him to exact revenge. Chris had been shown denying his heritage and insisting Thara address him with his "human" name, despising her attempts to transliterate it as a Kryptonian name, and never going by his true Kryptonian name of Lor-Zod.
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Ye Mibaya (; , Transliteration based on the approximate modern Burmese pronunciation of the Mon name ရာယ်, whose Mon pronunciation most likely retains the "r" sound, and may be closer to Re (or Raw). (Pan Hla 2005: 368, footnote 1) does not provide a Burmese phonetic spelling of ရာယ် that can be used to transliterate the name into a foreign language by Burmese speakers.) was a principal queen of King Binnya Waru of Hanthawaddy.Pan Hla 2005: 368, footnote 1 She was most likely the king's chief queen consort since the 1485/86 Shwedagon Pagada inscriptions by King Dhammazedi list King Binnya Waru and Queen Ye as the royal donors at the pagoda.(Pan Hla 2005: 368, footnote 1): The reverse side of the Mon-language inscription lists the prior kings and queens who donated at the pagoda including King Binnya Waru and his queen Ye. The name ရာယ် "Ye/Re" is not a familiar Burmese name or title.
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Because of the polysemous and sacred character of such Buddhist doctrinal concepts as bodhi and prajñā, many Chinese translators preferred to transliterate rather than translate such crucial terms, so as not to limit their semantic range to a single Chinese meaning. Furthermore, the spiritual efficacy thought to be inherent in the pronunciations of Buddhist mantra spells and dhāraṇī codes compelled translators to preserve as closely as possible the original foreign- language pronunciation (Buswell and Lopez 2013: 1030). The wide variety of methods, source texts, and exegetical strategies used by different Chinese translators of Buddhist texts in the Southern and Northern dynasties period (420-589) gave rise to a large number of neologisms and repurposed Chinese terms (Clart and Scott 2015: 125). For instance, the Standard Chinese translation of nirvana is nièpán < Middle Chinese (Baxter and Sagart 2014) ngetban 涅槃, but earlier transcriptions include nièpánnà < ngetbannop 涅槃那, and níwán < nejhwan 泥丸 ("muddy pellet", a term from Daoist internal alchemy).
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Xuanzang’s theory is the Five Untranslatables (五種不翻), or five instances where one should transliterate: # Secrets: Dhāraṇī 陀羅尼, Sanskrit ritual speech or incantations, which includes mantras. # Polysemy: Bhagavant 薄伽梵, which means sovereignty, ablaze, solemnity, fame, auspicious, esteemed.《佛地經論》卷1：「如是一切如來具有於一切種皆不相離，是故如來名薄伽梵。其義云何？謂諸如來永不繫屬諸煩惱故，具自在義。焰猛智火所燒煉故，具熾盛義。妙三十二大士相等所莊飾故，具端嚴義。一切殊勝功德圓滿無不知故，具名稱義。一切世間親近供養咸稱讚故，具吉祥義。具一切德常起方便利益，安樂一切有情無懈廢故，具尊貴義。」(T26, no. 1530, 292a29-b7) # None in China: jambu tree 閻浮樹, which does not grow in China.
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