651 Sentences With "synonymy" | Random Sentence Generator

In one instance, he noted that the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) adopted its iconic symbol in 1863 as a homage to the Swiss flag and its synonymy with neutrality.

Moreover, given the British monarchy's synonymy with white imperialism and (false) notions of bloodline purity, Meghan's induction into the antiquated institution was seen as a sign of progress — and it was one, though superficially so.

Mai also considered S. harrisii a synonymy of S. tubulifera.

Johnson gave evidence of the synonymy of the two species.

"Descriptions of new species of Australian Lepidoptera, with notes on synonymy".

The genus Espostoopsis has been brought into synonymy with Gerocephalus F.Ritter.

P.H. Arnaud, 1967) and online See note on synonymy under Seitz (above).

The genus Buiningia Buxb. has been brought into synonymy with this genus.

The genus Floribunda F.Ritter has been brought into synonymy with this genus.

But for salva veritate to hold as a definition of something more than extensional agreement, i.e., cognitive synonymy, we need a notion of necessity and thus of analyticity. So, from the above example, it can be seen that in order for us to distinguish between analytic and synthetic we must appeal to synonymy; at the same time, we should also understand synonymy with interchangeability salva veritate. However, such a condition to understand synonymy is not enough so we not only argue that the terms should be interchangeable, but necessarily so.

Some relations between lexical items include hyponymy, hypernymy, synonymy, and antonymy, as well as homonymy.

Cognitive synonymy is a type of synonymy in which synonyms are so similar in meaning that they cannot be differentiated either denotatively or connotatively, that is, not even by mental associations, connotations, emotive responses, and poetic value. It is a stricter (more precise) technical definition of synonymy, specifically for theoretical (e.g., linguistic and philosophical) purposes. In usage employing this definition, synonyms with greater differences are often called near-synonyms rather than synonyms.

The synonymy of Helicina goldfussi and Helicina rhodostoma inermis is confirmed by morphometrics and anatomical studies.

Morgan Kaufmann. , .Murphy, M. Lynne (2003). Semantic Relations and the Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy, and Other Paradigms.

It is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of Hydrangea anomala, under synonymy with Hydrangea petiolaris.

The genera Pseudomitrocereus Bravo & Buxb. and Rooksbya Backeb. have been brought into synonymy with this genus.

In: Roger F. Gibson, Jr (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Quine. pp. 151-180. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 162. However, it is exactly this point of collateral information that poses problems for equating the intuitive notion of synonymy with the notion of stimulus synonymy.

However, this synonymy was rejected in the 2004 edition of the Dinosauria, with Stephanosaurus being tabulated as dubious.

Gumprecht (2001, 2002) relegates T. f. halieus to synonymy and elevates T. f. mcgregori to a full species.

Pilocopiapoa F.Ritter has been brought into synonymy with this genus. Some authorities also include here the genus Blossfeldia.

Additional studies have rejected the proposed synonymy with P. tasmaniana based on differences in habitat and microscopic characters.

We have relations of meaning such as synonymy and antonymy, polysemy and homonymy, ways of organizing the vocabulary.

Thorsten Lumbsch and colleagues indicated that this species is the same as Caloplaca cateileoides, and proposed placing the two in synonymy. However, Clifford Wetmore questioned the synonymy of these species, noting that their lichen spot tests and hymenium colour were different, and suggested that "further collections and study are necessary".

Physopella is a genus of fungal plant pathogen in the family Phakopsoraceae. Edwin Mains described the genus Angiopsora in 1934, but it was reduced to synonymy in 1958, as Joseph Charles Arthur had already described the genus as Physopella in 1906. In 1992, Angiopsora was moved to synonymy with Phakopsora.

It was synonymized with Hemidactylus depressus by Smith in 1935 but removed from the synonymy by Batuwita & Pethiyagoda in 2012.

N.Z. Znst. 25, 201-52. is in synonymy with C. casuarinae, and C. gracilisFuller, C. (1897). Some Coccidae of Western Australia.

Bonn Zoological Bulletin 60(1): 95-101. the IUCN moved the giant peccary into synonymy of the collared peccary (P. tajacu).

Many members of this genus were formerly classified in the genus Hygrotrama, but the two genera were subsequently put in synonymy.

Paleontol Res. 6:363–384. However, this synonymy was rejected by Lihoreau and Ducrocq (2007).Lihoreau F, Ducrocq S. 2007. Family Anthracotheriidae.

Synonymy: Nageia aristulata, Podocarpus angustifolius var. aristulatus, Podocarpus angustifolius var. wrightii, Podocarpus buchii, Podocarpus angustifolius subsp. buchii, Podocarpus leonii, Podocarpus angustifolius var.

The weakness of this diagnostic feature could lead to the synonymy of Sturisomatichthys with Sturisoma. Sturisomatichthys species grow to about in length.

It has been suggested that it may be a synonym of Graecopithecus freybergi, although there is not enough data to support the synonymy.

Two new species and a reassessment of synonymy in the Navarretia pubescens complex (Polemoniaceae) of western North America. Novon. 17:4 454-61.

The genus Eomatucana F.Ritter has been brought into synonymy with this genus. Some species are endangered due to collection for the specialist market.

Pseudopeponidium was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It was sunk into synonymy with Pyrostria.

Described as Hyla serrata by Andersson in 1916, this species was subsequently brought into synonymy with Litoria genimaculata. In 2010, it was removed from synonymy and is regarded as a separate species from its New Guinea congener. The specific epithet, serrata, refers to the serrated skin flaps that are located along its legs. Green-eyed tree frog resting on a leaf.

Xymmer was resurrected to its current placement as an independent genus from synonymy with Amblyopone based on a morphological examination by Yoshimura & Fisher (2012).

Allenanthus was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Machaonia.

For much of the 20th century the species was referred to the related and approximately contemporary genus Dryosaurus, but newer studies reject this synonymy.

Arbulocarpus was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Spermacoce.

The binomial Panaeolus antillarum that previously referred to a closely related species, is now reduced to synonymy with Panaeolus semiovatus var. phalaenarum by most authorities.

In an evaluation of the Mastacembelidae in 2005, the genera Caecomastacembelus and Aethiomastacembelus (formerly used for the African species) were placed in synonymy with Mastacembelus.

Simplicia caeneusalis was placed in synonymy with Simplicia cornicalis by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 2008 after examination of the genitalia of the type in Copenhagen.

Other island populations may or may not belong to Callulops robustus. Callulops microtis from the mainland has already been removed from synonymy with Callulops robustus.

Posiedzeń Wydz. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Umiejetn. 12: 78 (1884) is a name brought to synonymy to Collaria elegans (Racib.) Dhillon & Nann.-Bremek. ex Ing, 1982.

Appunettia was a monospecific genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Morinda.

Its features and measurements were however determined to fall within the known variation of E. suffruticosa, and it was placed in synonymy with the latter.

NB. Nigricans: Bailey & Bailey, Hortus 625, 1930, as U. (americana) nigricans, name in synonymy for U. americana f. nigrescens, not U. campestris betulifoliae nigrescens Pynaert.

Through careful distinctions among various occurrence contexts, it may also be possible to factor similarity into more specific relations such as synonymy, entailment, and antonymy.

Most of Quine's following arguments are focused on showing how explanations of synonymy end up being dependent on the notions of analyticity, necessity, or even synonymy itself. How do we reduce sentences from the second class to a sentence of the first class? Some might propose definitions. "No bachelor is married" can be turned into "No unmarried man is married" because "bachelor" is defined as "unmarried man".

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.3.9. PDFGeorges, A. & Thomson, S. (2010). Diversity of Australasian freshwater turtles, with an annotated synonymy and keys to species. Zootaxa 2496: 1–37.

Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. The authors retained this synonymy in their 2001 monograph, "Nepenthaceae".

Anthocephalus was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Neolamarckia or Breonia.

Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008).

This species is similar to the cottonmouths and copperheads (Agkistrodon sp.) of the Americas, and it was long considered part of the same group (see synonymy).

The type species, W. calyptrocalyx is now regarded as a synonym of Wilkiea huegeliana, and the latter is placed by some authors in synonymy with Wilkiea macrophylla.

The Chinese Elm cultivar Ulmus parvifolia 'Sempervirens' is an American introduction, commonly known by the synonym 'Evergreen', and may also be in synonymy for U. parvifolia 'Pendens'.

This separation was followed by Pimenta et al. (2009) for Brazilian species. The synonymy with Besla Dall & Bartsch, 1904 proposed by Micali et al. (2012) is debatable.

World Grass Species – Synonymy database. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2006). Poaceae. Flora of China 22: 1–733.

LSI helps overcome synonymy by increasing recall, one of the most problematic constraints of Boolean keyword queries and vector space models. Synonymy is often the cause of mismatches in the vocabulary used by the authors of documents and the users of information retrieval systems. As a result, Boolean or keyword queries often return irrelevant results and miss information that is relevant. LSI is also used to perform automated document categorization.

However, Golay et al. (1993) include it in the synonymy of M. l. lebetina. Obst (1983) suggested inclusion of the species in the genus Daboia instead of Macrovipera.

Linnaeus places both Agaricus Dill. and Amanita Dill. in synonymy, but truly a replacement for Amanita Dill., which would require A. quercinus, not A. campestris be the type.

Andersonia (R.Br. ex G.Don) Mildbr. (Stylidiaceae). Austrobaileya 5(4): 589-649. The synonym S. irriguum was described in 1918 and reduced to synonymy by A.R. Bean in 2000.

Gumprecht (2001, 2002) relegated this subspecies to the synonymy of Trimeresurus flavomaculatus.Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S. 2004. Asian Pitvipers. GeitjeBooks. Berlin. 1st Edition.

Paleontol Res. 6:363–384. However, other authors have rejected the synonymy and recognized Anthracokeryx as a distinct form in the subfamily Microbunodontinae.Lihoreau F, Ducrocq S. 2007. Family Anthracotheriidae.

Berger) F.M.Knuth has been brought into synonymy with this genus, as well as different orthographic variants: Peirescia Zucc. (orth. var.), Peireskia Steud. (orth. var.) and Perescia Lem. (orth. var.).

Acrochaetium is a genus of marine red alga. ; Names brought to synonymy Acrochaetium elegans (K.M.Drew) Papenfuss 1945Papenfuss, G.F. (1945). Review of the Acrochaetium-Rhodochorton complex of the red algae.

Micranthocereus is genus of cactus. It originates from Brazil and includes 10 species. The two genera Austrocephalocereus Backeb. and Siccobaccatus P.J.Braun & have been brought into synonymy with this genus.

As of 2017, Ctenophryne includes two other genera, Nelsonophryne and Melanophryne, in synonymy. The latter might represent valid genera, but molecular analyses could not resolve their relationships in a robust way. Placing Nelsonophryne and Melanophryne in the synonymy of Ctenophryne is an interim measure that avoids paraphyly, until new data might resolve the relationships. When Ctenophryne is defined this way, it is a monophyletic group that is the sister group to all other gastrophrynines.

Conus tabidus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. Unilke other Conus species in the waters off the continent which its synonymy is Africonus, the synonymy for this one is Monteiroconus.

5, 1–345. London: British Museum (Natural History). To avoid nomenclatorial complications, Plesiocetus hupschii was designated the type species of Plesiocetopsis, removing any synonymy between Plesiocetus and Plesiocetopsis.Kellogg, R. 1931.

It was first formally described by August Friedrich Schlotthauber in 1856. In 1982 N. G. Marchant described a subspecies of D. stolonifera that was later reduced to synonymy with D. purpurascens.

In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.ORSTOM. 1988. List of Vascular Plants of Gabon with Synonymy, Herbier National du Gabon, YaoundeNanwal, H, M Hameed, T Nawaz, MSA Ahmad, A Younis. 2012.

Pogonopoma is one of three genera currently valid in the tribe Rhinelepini. Pogonopomoides, previously a valid genus, was placed in synonymy with Pogonopoma. This genus and Rhinelepis have a sister group relationship.

Following extensive analysis of molecular evidence (nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL-F) DNA sequence data), Heliophileae was found to be monophyletic and the five small genera were reduced to synonymy with Heliophila.

Glyphoglossus, as currently delimited, includes species formerly included in a separate genus, Calluella. Molecular genetic data strongly suggest that Glyphoglossus is nested within Calluella. Consequently, Calluella was brought into synonymy of Glyphoglossus.

A revision of the Scaphiophryne marmorata complex was undertaken in 2003 and as a result, Scaphiophryne spinosa was removed from synonymy with Scaphiophryne marmorata and a new species, Scaphiophryne boribory, was described.

In 1947 the name Taphrognathus was also used to describe a prehistoric amphibian from the Middle Triassic of Arizona, but the amphibian was renamed Hadrokkosaurus in 1957 after the synonymy was realized.

Lagynias was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. In 2005, it was sunk into synonymy with Vangueria, based on a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences.

In 1995, botanists revised the taxonomy of genus Calyptronoma, placing Calyptronoma quisqueyana in synonymy with the rare palm.USFWS. Palma de Manaca: Five-year Review. 2007.Zona, S. (1995). A Revision of Calyptronoma (Arecaceae).

Pachystigma was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. In 2005, it was sunk into synonymy with Vangueria, based on a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences.

Collyris elegans is a species of beetles in the family Carabidae. It is found in Java. Note that, in synonymy, the name Colliuris elegans (Guerin-Meneville, 1855) described a species found in Brazil.

See N. petiolata. Danser's interpretation was followed by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)". The authors retained this synonymy in their 2001 work, "Nepenthaceae".

In 1919, American botanist Elmer Drew Merrill identified Burman's Polypodium spinulosum with S. polymorpha. Claiming priority for Burman's name, he transferred P. spinulosum into Synaphea as S. spinulosa, relegating S. polymorpha to synonymy. This synonymy was accepted for many years, though the more established name S. polymorpha was preferred. The species was finally recognised as distinct in 1995 when Alex George divided S. polymorpha into several species in his treatment of the genus for the Flora of Australia series of monographs.

Since stimulus meaning cannot really account for the intuitive concept of meaning for standing sentences, the question remain whether it can account for the intuitive concept of meaning for observation sentences. Quine approaches this question by investigating whether, for occasion sentences, the intuitive notion of synonymy (sameness of meaning) is equivalent to the notion of stimulus synonymy (sameness of stimulus meaning). For this question, he uses the notion of observationality. A special subclass of occasion sentences are the observations sentences.

But, Quine asks: how do we find out that "bachelor" is defined as "unmarried man"? Clearly, a dictionary would not solve the problem, as a dictionary is a report of already known synonyms, and thus is dependent on the notion of synonymy, which Quine holds as unexplained. A second suggestion Quine considers is an explanation of synonymy in terms of interchangeability. Two linguistic forms are (according to this view) synonymous if they are interchangeable in all contexts without changing the truth-value.

Sinobambusa is a genus of East Asian bamboo in the grass family.Makino, Tomitarô ex Nakai, Takenoshin. 1925. 6(3): 152 description in LatinClayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species – Synonymy database.

Diversity of Australasian freshwater turtles, with an annotated synonymy and keys to species. Zootaxa 2496: 1–37.Fritz, U. & Havaš, P. (2007) Checklist of Chelonians of the World. Vertebrate Zoology (Dresden), 57, 149–368.

In the same paper, the type specimens for Sphaeroma octonctum Richardson, 1899 were examined. They were found to be indistinguishable from female E. amplicauda and were subsequently placed into junior synonymy with that species.

This species was first described from Devon, United Kingdom. It was re-described and separated from synonymy with Doto coronata by Lemche in 1976.Lemche H. (1976). New British species of Doto Oken, 1815.

Calymmanthium is a genus of primitive tree-like cacti from northern Peru. It is the only genus belonging to the tribe Calymmantheae. Diploperianthium F.Ritter (nom. inval.) has been brought into synonymy with this genus.

Therefore, that species was recently removed from synonymy,further revision of the New Guinea Elseya the species has been made type species for a new subgenus (Hanwarachelys) which also contains Elseya schultzei and Elseya rhodini.

Chirixalus is a genus of frogs in the moss frog family (Rhacophoridae). Formerly used to classify Asian species of Chiromantis and later synonymized with that genus, it was removed from synonymy and resurrected in 2020.

Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2016-10-24.Bertsch H. & Gosliner T.M. (1986) Anatomy, distribution, synonymy, and systematic relationships of Atagema alba (O'Donoghue, 1927) (Nudibranchia: Doridacea). The Veliger 29(1): 123-128.

There is a significant amount of synonymy established for this species, in part because of its large distribution and variable morphology.Taylor, Peter. (1989). The genus Utricularia - a taxonomic monograph. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XIV: London.

Dondisia was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Canthium. It was originally described by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1830.

Coralliophila aedonia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) states that the subgenus Murex (Pseudomurex) has been brought into synonymy with Pseudomurex Monterosato, 1872, leaving the status of Murex (Pseudomurex) aedonius unchanged. The genus Pseudomurex in turn has been brought into synonymy with Coralliophila H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 by M. Oliverio in 2008.Oliverio M. (2008) Coralliophilinae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) from the southwest Pacific.

George also refined the synonymy of D. favosa to this subspecies. In 2007, all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele and the change is accepted by the Australian Plant Census.

List of Vascular Plants of Gabon with Synonymy, Herbier National du Gabon, Yaounde. The species was originally described from Vietnam in 1790. In Florida, it grows in hummocks and in disturbed wooded areas.Wunderlin, R. P. 1998.

The Tylosaurinae are a subfamily of mosasaurs,Williston, S. W. 1897. Range and distribution of the mosasaurs with remarks on synonymy. Kansas University Quarterly 4(4):177-185. a diverse group of Late Cretaceous marine squamates.

If supported by future studies, this would imply Spinosaurus aegyptiacus had a wider distribution and supports the faunal exchange between South America and Africa during this time. Additionally, the study further indicates synonymy between Spinosaurus and Sigilmassasaurus.

Of the species described since the preparation of their skeletal revision, Cheek and Jebb accepted N. benstonei, N. lavicola, N. mira, and N. sibuyanensis. However, the authors rejected N. angasanensis, sinking it in synonymy with N. mikei.

Synonymy, subgenera, and subspecies vary considerably depending on the author. Their range extends throughout the western US and Canada from southern Saskatchewan to British Columbia. Larvae feed on species of lupines (Lupinus). Wingspan: 21 to 32 mm.

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 100: 263-326-page(s): 287Rolán E., 2005. Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda. Current synonymy follows a revision of Chromodorididae which used molecular phylogeny.

This species was formerly known as Teratolepis fasciata, but after Teratolepis was brought to synonymy with Hemidactylus, this species would have become a junior secondary homonym of Hemidactylus fasciatus Gray 1842. Thus a nomen novum was needed.

However, the most recent synthesis of morphological and molecular data presents a phylogenetic classification that recognizes the genus Ischaemum within subfamily Panicoideae, supertribe Andropogonodae, tribe Andropogoneae, subtribe Ischaeminae. Several previously recognized varieties have been reduced to synonymy.

This definition of Scaphyglottis was unclear for a long time.Bryan Roger Adams (1993) _A taxonomic revision of the genus Scaphyglottis (Orchidaceae - Epidendroideae)_. Ph.D. dissertation, Southern University at Carbondale, IL. There is a large group of species clearly belonging to the genus, such as the now defunct three small genera Tetragamestus, Leaoa, and Hexadesmia, which were brought into synonymy decades ago. In 1993, a review of Scaphpyglottis was published which did not include a complete synonymy, but which was nevertheless useful in clarifying many of the species in the genus.

The Uintascorpio halandrasorum was redescribed in 2004 by Jorge Santiago-Blay, Michael Soleglad, and Victor Fet. In the redescription the placement of Uintascorpio into Buthidae was confirmed, but the synonymy with Rhopalurus as suggested by Kovařík was not.

In Weishampel & als: The Dinosauria (1st ed.), pp. 306–317. or nondinosaur. M. huenei is a combination derived by Cooper for Lufengosaurus huenei, as he considered Lufengosaurus and Massospondylus to be synonyms. This synonymy is no longer accepted.

Some authors treat N. fallax in synonymy with N. stenophylla, while others consider them to be two distinct species, with plants commonly referred to as N. stenophylla actually representing N. fallax.Schlauer, J. 2006. Nepenthes fallax. Carnivorous Plant Database.

Corallus batesii, the Amazon Basin emerald tree boa, is a species of boa found in the tropical rainforests of South America. This species has been revalidated from the synonymy of Corallus caninus by Henderson and colleagues in 2009.

It has a large, variable range, which has led to considerable synonymy. Several subspecies have been published, but most have been moved to or lumped in with the taxon D. stricticaulis.Rice, Barry. 2009. The tuberous erect & scrambling Drosera.

S. leptorrhizum is most closely related to S. multiscapum. When reviewing section Debilia, Anthony Bean reduced the recently described S. barrettorum to synonymy with S. leptorrhizum after examining the type specimen.Bean, A.R. (1999). A revision of Stylidium sect.

Neoleroya was a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. The genus contained only one species, i.e. Neoleroya verdcourtii, which is endemic to Madagascar. It was sunk into synonymy with Pyrostria.

The mushroom is commonly known as the "slippery Jill".Bessette et al. (2000), pp. 250–1. In a 1986 publication on Suillus taxonomy and nomenclature, and further discussed the synonymy of S. salmonicolor, S. subluteus, and S. pinorigidus.

The provisional synonymy of Promyopias with Centromyrmex proposed by Brown (1973) and accepted by Bolton (1994, 2003) was based on the presence and distribution of spiniform setae on the legs. Bolton & Fisher (2008) formally reinstated Promyopias at genus-rank.

The circumscription of several genera has changed since 2004. Tsoongia, Paravitex, and Viticipremna have been sunk into synonymy with Vitex. Huxleya has been sunk into Volkameria. Kalaharia, Volkameria, Ovieda, and Tetraclea have been segregated from a formerly polyphyletic Clerodendrum.

Some authors treat N. fallax in synonymy with N. stenophylla, while others consider them to be two distinct species, with plants commonly referred to as N. stenophylla actually representing N. fallax.Schlauer, J. Nepenthes fallax. Carnivorous Plant Database.Schlauer, J. 1996.

184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. . Previously, several other common names were used to describe a subspecies that is now part of the synonymy of this form, the Monte Cristo viper or Monte Cristo asp viper for Vipera aspis montecristi.

Enumeration of all the plants known from China proper, Formosa, Hainan, the Corea, the Luchu Archipelago, and the Island of Hongkong, together with their distribution and synonymy, continued from volume XXIII. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany vol XXVI.

The epithet is thus correctly spelt "tominagae". The species has been transferred to several genera: to Amitostigma (now included in Ponerorchis), to Orchis, and in 2000, to Ponerorchis. Several other species have been brought into synonymy with Ponerorchis tominagae.

Though the monophyly of Henonemus has previously been in doubt, leading to this genus being placed in synonymy with Stegophilus. However, monophyly has been argued for in 2006 and the genus was also recognized in a 2007 checklist of catfishes.

Cirrhophanus pretiosa is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America, including Texas, Oklahoma and Florida. It was considered a synonym of Cirrhophanus triangulifer for some time, but was elevated from synonymy by Poole in 1995.

Typhlodromips swirskii, the Swirski mite (synonymy: Amblyseius swirskii, Amblyseius rykei, Neoseiulus swirskii), is a species of predatory mite in the family Phytoseiidae. It is used in biological pest control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)in greenhouse or indoor grown crops.

The genus synonymy was rejected by later authors, though similarities between the genera and the discovery of distinctly halisaurine vertebrae in Niger allowed the genus to be firmly placed within the Halisaurinae. Thus, Pluridens is today considered a highly derived halisaurine.

Adenomera diptyx is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is native to northern Argentina, Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, and southern Brazil. It was resurrected from the synonymy of Adenomera hylaedactyla in 1996. Adenomera diptyx is a common species.

The generic placement of what was originally described as Centrolenella audax in 1973 has long been uncertain, but in 2014 it was placed in the genus Espadarana. At the same time, Centrolene fernandoi was brought into synonymy with Espadarana audax.

The genus was removed from the synonymy of Sphenophryne by Richard Zweifel in 2000. However, as currently defined, it might not be monophyletic, with two monophyletic units of Austrochaperina more closely related to parts of Copiula than with each other.

The fungus was first described as new to science in 1815 by Elias Magnus Fries as Polyporus amorphus. It has since acquired an extensive synonymy. Czech mycologists František Kotlába and Zdeněk Pouzar transferred it to the genus Skeletocutis in 1958.

Asemnantha was a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. The genus contained only one species, i.e. Asemnantha pubescens, which is found from Mexico to Central America. It was sunk into synonymy with Chiococca.

In 1931, French mycologist Jean-Edouard Gilbert transferred the species to his newly created genus Porphyrellus, but this name has since been subsumed into Tylopilus. In 1875, Charles Horton Peck described Boletus nigrellus from specimens he collected in Sand Lake, New York. Murrill reduced this name to synonymy with T. alboater in 1916, and noted that Peck's description was made from young material obtained "before the white tubes had been colored by mature spores". Several later authorities have treated Peck's species as a synonym of Tylopilus alboater; this synonymy, however, is not indicated by either of the taxonomic authorities Index Fungorum or MycoBank.

David M. Dilkes (1998) suggested that Noteosuchus colletti may be a junior synonym of Mesosuchus browni, and thus this species has been widely ignored since. However, Ezcurra, Scheyer and Butler (2014) noted that this synonymy was based only on generalized rhynchosaur plesiomorphic similarities rather than autapomorphies. They found this to be unlikely because the temporal gap between the two species spans most of the Early Triassic, as Mesosuchus is otherwise known only from the Middle Triassic. Additionally, their phylogenetic analysis recovered Noteosuchus and Mesosuchus in a polytomy with Howesia browni, a result which is inconsistent with such synonymy.

Concept search techniques were developed because of limitations imposed by classical Boolean keyword search technologies when dealing with large, unstructured digital collections of text. Keyword searches often return results that include many non-relevant items (false positives) or that exclude too many relevant items (false negatives) because of the effects of synonymy and polysemy. Synonymy means that one of two or more words in the same language have the same meaning, and polysemy means that many individual words have more than one meaning. Polysemy is a major obstacle for all computer systems that attempt to deal with human language.

Dendrobias is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae.Bezark, Larry G. A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World. Retrieved on 16 April 2020. Members of this genus were, for several years, included within Trachyderes, but removed from synonymy in 2018.

Gow, C.E. 1999. The Triassic reptile Palacrodon browni Broom, synonymy and a new specimen. Palaeontologia Africana 35: 21–23. Material described from the Adamanian-age Blue Mesa Member of the Chinle Formation extends the stratigraphic range of the form into the Norian.

In a landmark definitive work on poeciliid fishes, Donn Rosen and Reeve Bailey (1959) noted the priority of Poecilia by Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Schneider (1801) with regards to Mollienesia by Lesueur (1821), thereby relegating Mollienesia to the synonymy of Poecilia.

As of 1997, Harttia was considered a monophyletic taxon. However, Harttia is in need of revision. For example, the synonymy of Cteniloricaria with Harttia was questionable because it rested solely on the characteristics of Harttia fowleri without considering the type species of Cteniloricaria.

Rhinogobius aporus is a species in the goby subfamily Gobionellinae endemic to China.Tornabene, L. & Van Tassel, J. (2015): Rhinogobius aporus GOBY NET Research - Education - Conservation. It was first described as Pseudorhinogobius aporus, but that genus has been brought into synonymy with Rhinogobius.

Subsequent molecular analysis has found little to no genetic variation.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (van Dijk PP, Iverson JB, Rhodin AGJ, Shaffer HB, Bour R). 2014. Turtles of the world, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status.

The Gulf snapping turtle or Lavaracks' turtle (Elseya lavarackorum) is a large species of freshwater turtle in the sidenecked family Chelidae.Georges A, Thomson S (2010). "Diversity of Australasian freshwater turtles, with an annotated synonymy and keys to species". Zootaxa 2496: 1–37.

In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91. B. H. Danser did not support this interpretation and instead treated N. eustachya in synonymy with N. alata in his seminal monograph, "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", published in 1928.

15 Goniaeolis is also the only genus within the family Goniaeolididae. Gonieolis is the original spelling, but incorrect subsequent spelling Goniaeolis is conserved under Art. 33.3.1 of the Code. The synonymy with Goniaeolis lobata was discussed in detail by Odhner in 1922.

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 513: 187–210. Taonius borealis is found in the North Pacific Ocean and Taonius pavo is found in the Atlantic and possibly SW Indian Ocean. Some teuthologists dispute Voss's synonymy of Belonella with Taonius. The genus contains bioluminescent species.

T. whitei was first described as Zygonopus whitei by Ryder in 1881. It became Trichopetalum whitei with the synonymy of Zygonopus with Trichopetalum by Shear in 1972. Causey has suggested that Trichopetalum weyeriensis may be a subspecies of Trichopetalum whitei rather than a distinct species.

As the IUCN considers the living northern Namibian black rhino populations (D. bicornis occidentalis) to belong to D. bicornis bicornis, the latter is listed as "vulnerable" instead of "extinct". This synonymy, based upon du Toit (1987) was, however, considered erroneous by Groves and Grubb (2011).

To solve this issue, the linguist will determine intrasubjective stimulus synonymy, enabling him to pair non- observational occasion sentences such as 'Bachelor' and 'Unmarried man'. While they may differ in stimulus meaning between various speakers, they are stimulus synonymous for the entire language community.

Promyopias is an Afrotropical genus of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae containing the single species Promyopias silvestrii. The rare genus has previously been regarded as a separate genus, as a subgenus and as a provisional synonymy, but was reinstated at genus-rank in 2008.

The palms native to Raoul Island in the Kermadecs, formerly described either as Rhopalostylis cheesemanii or R. baueri var. cheesemanii, were relegated to synonymy with the Norfolk Island R. baueri in 2005 after comparison showed no significant distinguishing characteristics (de Lange et al., 2005).

Loxoptygus is a genus of African tarantulas that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1903. it contains two species, found in Ethiopia: L. coturnatus and L. ectypus. It was removed from the synonymy of Phoneyusa, and is considered a senior synonym of Loxoptygella.

The synonymy of Eubrachiosaurus and Placerias was questioned by Long and Murry (1995) who noted that the ectepicondyle of Eubrachiosaurus was enlarged as in Ischigualastia. All of Williston's dicynodont material from Popo Agie has been lost, apart from the partial left scapula of Eubrachiosaurus.

Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepts only one genus in the family, Davallia, sinking the other genera into synonymy. The study on which the PPG I circumscription is based divides the genus into seven sections.

It is distinguished from R. coulteri by its hairy sepals and smaller flowers and fruits. In the past the two species were placed in synonymy, but they are currently regarded as distinct by California botanists. It is named after Irish astronomer John Thomas Romney Robinson.

This species occurs in forest-savanna mosaic and along forested streams through savanna. Leptopelis broadleyi was assessed in 2004 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as being of "Least Concern"; in the 2016 assessment, it was brought into synonymy with Leptopelis argenteus.

Hamptophryne (common name: bleating frogs) is a small genus of microhylid frogs from South America. The genus was previously monotypic, but because of the close phylogenetic relationship between Hamptophryne and Altigius, another monotypic genus, the latter was placed in synonymy with Hamptophryne in 2012.

Flat-nosed pitviper, flat-nosed pit viper, ashy pit viper. Two more common names, Wirot's pit viper and Siamese palm viper, which were applied to T. wiroti, are now part of the synonymy of T. puniceus.Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color.

Near-Synonymy and Lexical Choice. Computational Linguistics 28:105-144. However such algorithms and models have not been widely used in applied NLG systems; such systems have instead often used quite simple computational models, and invested development effort in linguistic analysis instead of algorithm development.

Here the units are sorted by the number of genera that have been reported as being represented in their respective fossil yields. Since the creation or synonymy of genera can be subjective, the sorting of the units can only roughly approximate their known paleobiodiversities.

Before the remains were prepared and described, the expedition crew believed both finds to belong to the same species of sauropod. In 1977, Borsuk-Białynicka deemed Opisthocoelicaudia and Nemegtosaurus to represent separate genera because Nemegtosaurus was at this time considered to be a member of the Dicraeosauridae, while Opisthocoelicaudia seemed to be a representative of a different group, the Camarasauridae. Currently, both Opisthocoelicaudia and Nemegtosaurus are classified within the Titanosauria, and Jeffrey Wilson stated in 2005 that synonymy cannot be ruled out. Currie and colleagues, in 2003 and 2017, argued that a synonymy is very probable in the light of new fossil discoveries in the Nemegt Formation.

When multiple words refer to the same (fixed) concept in language this is called synonymy; when one word is used to refer to more than one concept, that is called ambiguity. Ambiguity and synonymy are among the factors that make computer understanding of language very difficult. The use of words to refer to concepts (the meanings of the words used) is very sensitive to the context and the purpose of any use for many human-readable terms. The use of ontologies in supporting semantic interoperability is to provide a fixed set of concepts whose meanings and relations are stable and can be agreed to by users.

Keeton brought nine previously-named species under synonymy with Narceus americanus Prior to his work on animal navigation, Keeton studied the systematics and taxonomy of millipedes. His Master's thesis at Virginia Tech was a revision of the genus Brachoria, a Xystodesmid of the order Polydesmida. His doctoral research at Cornell resulted in a monograph of the family Spirobolidae (order Spirobolida) published in 1960, that garnered praise as bringing order and clarity to "a chaos of unrelated genera replete with poorly-known species". He split the family into two subfamilies and reduced the number of species through synonymy - determining that various named species actually belonged to previously described species.

Callistosporium luteo-olivaceum is a species of agaric fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. It was originally described in 1859 as Agaricus luteo- olivaceus by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1859. Rolf Singer transferred it to Callistosporium in 1946. The fungus has an extensive synonymy.

21: 258. 1967. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, synonymy for Camaridium vestitum The genus was long included as part of Maxillaria but recent molecular studies have indicated that Maxillaria should be split into several genera.Blanco, M.A. et al. 2007. Generic realignments in Maxillarinae (Orchidaceae).

The fungus was originally described in 1794 by German botanist Heinrich Adolf Schrader, who called it Merulius tremellosus. Nakasone and Burdsall transferred the taxon to the genus Phlebia in 1984, when they placed Merulius in synonymy. It is commonly known as the "trembling Merulius", or "jelly rot".

Vitor Osmar Becker included Compsa saturata and Mimallo trilunula as synonyms of Prothysana terminalis in 2001, but excluded Prothysana felderi from this synonymy, retaining it as a separate species.Becker, V.O. (2001). "The identity of some unrecognized Neotropical Bombycoidea (Lepidoptera) described by Francis Walker". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia.

David Meyer and William Ausich studied the genus Agaricocrinus in 1997 and proposed that A. arcula, A. dissimilis, A. elegans, A. podagricus, A. ponderosus, A. profundus and A. tugurium should be brought into synonymy with Agaricocrinus americanus. A closely related but less common species is Agaricocrinus crassus.

Liebmann, Frederik Michael. 1851. Kongelige Danske videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabeli Mathematisk Afdeling 2: 308 Thus he created an illegitimate homonym, so his usage of the name had to be abandoned. Species names created in Urticaceae:The Plant List, synonymy for Discocnide mexicana (Liebm.) Chew # Discocarpus mexicanus Liebm.

In 1923, however, Karel Domin published a new species under Stirlingia as Stirlingia seselifolia. In 1995, Alex George published a thorough treatment of the Stirlingia for the Flora of Australia series of monographs. He reduced numerous names to synonymy, and published a further new species, Stirlingia divaricatissima.

Ficus variegata has been described by Carl Ludwig Blume in 1825. In 1965, E. J. H. Corner updated the species by putting some other Ficus in synonymy with F. variegata varieties. Five were listed: F. variegata var. variegata distributed on all the species range, F. variegata var.

The genus Geckolepis has difficult taxonomy due to variable pholidosis. Recent taxonomic and genetic investigation have shown that several cryptic species are present in this genus. Recently, Hawlitschek et al. (2016) resurrected Geckolepis humbloti from synonymy with Geckolepis maculata, as a species endemic to the Comoro Islands.

Accessed online: 30 August 2009. D. microphylla was first described and named by Stephan Endlicher in 1837. In 1848, Jules Émile Planchon described the new species D. calycina, which was later reduced to synonymy with D. microphylla. George Bentham described the new variety D. calycina var.

Călinescu, p. 973 His comments also challenged the grounding of Gândirist theory: Romanian Orthodoxy, he noted, was part of an international Orthodox phenomenon that mainly included Slavs, whereas many Romanians were Greek-Catholic. He concluded, therefore, that Orthodoxy could never claim synonymy with the Romanian ethos.Crohmălniceanu, pp.

Isthomosacanthidae is a family of parasitic spiny-headed (or thorny-headed) worms.Huston, D. C., Cribb, T. H., & Smales, L. R. (2020). Molecular characterisation of acanthocephalans from Australian marine teleosts: proposal of a new family, synonymy of another and transfer of taxa between orders. Systematic Parasitology, 1-23.

Schinia obliqua is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America including California and Colorado. 100px Schinia unimacula was synonymized with Schinia obliqua in 1996 by Hardwick, but resurrected from synonymy in 2003 by Pogue and Harp. The wingspan is about 23 mm.

Vitor Osmar Becker included Compsa saturata and Mimallo trilunula as synonyms of Prothysana terminalis in 2001, but excluded Prothysana felderi from this synonymy, retaining it as a separate species.Becker, V.O. (2001). "The identity of some unrecognized Neotropical Bombycoidea (Lepidoptera) described by Francis Walker". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia.

It was moved to the genus Campsicnemus by Hardy & Kohn in 1964. However, in 1997, Neal Evenhuis reinstated it to the genus Emperoptera. In 2010, Evenhuis moved the species back to the genus Campsicnemus, after having shown evidence to support the synonymy of Emperoptera with Campsicnemus.

68 (2013) 251–258. found that one species, purvisi, was still paraphyletic and proposed a new monophyletic genus to handle this; purvisi was therefore moved to the genus Flaviemys. In 2017, the IUCN TTWG following the recommendation of Spinks et al. (2015) placed Flaviemys as a synonymy of Myuchelys.

This species was first described by George Bentham in 1837 as Stylidium stipitatum and was later reclassified into the genus Coleostylis, which was placed into synonymy with the genus Levenhookia.Paczkowska, Grazyna. (1996). Levenhookia stipitata (Sond.) F.Muell. FloraBase, Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia.

Both this genus and its type species have had a very complicated synonymy. The status of the generic name Spiralinella in contrast to the names Partulida and Spiralina was clarified by Corgan (1973), and the nomenclatorical problems around the type species were discussed by van Aartsen & Gianuzzi-Savelli (1991).

Both available names have been wrongly synonymised under Atteva pustulella (Walsingham, 1897) and reinstated as a valid species (Meyrick, 1914; Walsingham, 1914). However, it seems that both works were overlooked by John B. Heppner and W. Donald Duckworth (1983) and by Heppner (1984) who continued to follow Walsingham's synonymy.

However, Suzhousaurus can not be compared to this species due to non-overlapping material and the loss of the same. Moreover, this synonymy will result in Suzhousaurus bohlini with "N". bohlini having priority. Suzhousaurus was an unusually large Early Cretaceous therizinosauroid reaching lengths of and nearly in weight.

Bryophryne was erected in 2008 to accommodate two species that were in Phrynopus at that time; subfamily Holoadeninae was erected at the same time and placed in Strabomantidae. However, Strabomantidae has been put in synonymy of Craugastoridae. Nevertheless, the AmphibiaWeb keeps Holoadeninae (and by implication, Bryophryne) in Strabomantidae.

Gerhardtia is a genus of fungi in the family Lyophyllaceae. It was circumscribed in 1994 by French mycologist Marcel Bon, with Gerhardtia incarnatobrunnea as the type species. It is distinguished from similar genera by having spores with an irregular outline. Some authorities place Gerhardtia in synonymy with Lyophyllum.

The scientific name of Philippine forest turtles is Siebenrockiella leytensis. It is classified under the genus Siebenrockiella in the subgenus Panyaenemys (frequently misspelled as "Panayanemys" and "Panyanemys"). It belongs to the subfamily Geoemydinae of the family Geoemydidae.Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy and Synonymy, December 2010.

When the Coprosma pumila complex was revised by Orchard in 1986, he resurrected C. perpusilla Colenso from synonymy with C. pumila, recognising two subspecies – the nominate for the plants of New Zealand and Australia, with C. perpusilla ssp. subantarctica erected for the plants on the subantarctic islands.Orchard (1986).

Phallaria was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Psydrax. It was originally described by Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher and Peter Thonning in 1827 to accommodate two West African species, P. horizontalis and P. spinosa.

They proposed the synonymy of Stumpffia with Rhombophryne because these genera were found to be paraphyletic. However, in 2016 Scherz et al. re-analysed their data with new data—including osteology and external morphology. They found strong support for these groups being ecologically distinct, non-synonymous sister taxa.

Sphenophryne is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae from New Guinea. It reached its current composition in 2017 when Rivera and colleagues brought the genera Genyophryne, Liophryne, and Oxydactyla into synonymy of the then- monotypic Sphenophryne. However, the AmphibiaWeb continues to recognize these genera as valid.

Molecular analysis showed that Cavernularia needed to be subsumed into Hypogymnia in order for the latter genus to be monophyletic. This suggested synonymy had already been proposed several decades earlier by Veli Räsänen in 1943 and Hildur Krog in 1952, but not adopted by later authors, including Krog herself.

In Quine's view, the indeterminacy of translation leads to the inability to separate analytic statements whose validity lies in the usage of language from synthetic statements, those that assert facts about the world. The argument hinges on the role of synonymy in analytic statements, "A natural suggestion, deserving close examination, is that the synonymy of two linguistic forms consists simply in their interchangeability in all contexts without change of truth value". However, Quine argues, because of the indeterminacy of translation, any attempt to define 'analyticity' on a substitutional basis invariably introduces assumptions of the synthetic variety, resulting in a circular argument. Thus, this kind of substitutability does not provide an adequate explanation of synonyms.

Conus magus (syn.:Conus fulvobullatus) shows the variability in pattern and color of this species The size of an adult shell varies between 16 mm and 94 mm. This common species is very variable in pattern and shade of coloring and embraces a large synonymy. The moderate spire is striate.

B. cunninghamii was reduced to synonymy with B. collina, which was placed next to B. spinulosa in section Oncostylis. This arrangement would stand for over a century. Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his landmark 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subg.

In 1915 Meyrick synonymised this name with I. attactella. This synonymy was upheld by Robert J. B. Hoare in 2010. Hudson discussed and illustrated the species in his book The butterflies and moths of New Zealand. Alfred Philpott studied and published on the male genitalia of this species in 1927.

Neotropical and Old World Vaccinioideae are particularly poorly known. Within the Epacrideae preliminary evidence supports the lumping of Budawangia and Rupicola with Epacris, but these genera still stand for the time being. Relevant recent synonymy include Bruckenthalia with Erica, Leiophyllum and Loiseleuria with Kalmia, and Diplarche and Menziesia with Rhododendron.

Noblella was originally erected to accommodate Sminthillus peruvianus, but subsequently synonymized, first with Eleutherodactylus (1971) and then with Phrynopus (1975). Noblella was resurrected by De la Riva and colleagues in 2008. At the same time, they put Phyllonastes into synonymy of Noblella. However, Noblella, as currently defined, might still be polyphyletic.

Woldmaria is a fungal genus in the family Niaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Woldmaria filicina, found in Europe and North America. Woldmaria was described by William Bridge Cooke in 1961, with Woldmaria crocea as the type species; it was subsequently moved into synonymy with W. filicina.

He included Malesian species that had been in Tetraplasandra, thus restricting that genus to the Hawaiian Islands. He also reduced the monotypic genera Indokingia (Polyscias crassa) and Peekeliopanax (Polyscias spectabilis) into synonymy under Gastonia. William Botting Hemsley had named Indokingia in 1906 in Hooker's Icones Plantarum.Indokingia in International Plant Names Index.

The bleeding flower moth (Schinia sanguinea) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, north to Montana. There is also a disjunct population in Ontario. Schinia carmosina was elevated from synonymy of Schinia sanguinea and is now a separate species.

The Assam leaf turtle (Cyclemys gemeli) is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae. The species is endemic to India and Bangladesh.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (Rhodin AGJ, van Dijk PP, Iverson JB, Shaffer HB) (2010). "Turtles of the world, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status".

Vavanga was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It was originally described by Julius von Röhr in 1792 to accommodate the species V. chinensis. A second species, V. edulis, was added by Martin Vahl. The species have been sunk into synonymy with Vangueria.

Leptobrachella baluensis (Kamborangah Borneo frog or Kinabalu dwarf litter frog) is a species of amphibian in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to montane northern Borneo in Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) and northern Kalimantan (Indonesia). It has been in synonymy with Leptobrachella mjobergi, but is now treated as a valid species.

The latter family was proposed to contain species with statismosporic (non- forcibly discharged) and symmetric spores, including the gasteroid genera Elasmomyces, Gymnomyces, Martellia, and Zelleromyces. Calonge and Martín reduced the Elasmomycetaceae to synonymy with the Russulaceae when molecular analysis confirmed the close genetic relationship between the gasteroid and agaricoid genera.

These were T. gymnocarpa, T. hawaiensis, T. kavaiensis, T. oahuensis, T. waialealae, and T. waimeae. A detailed description and full synonymy were given for each species. In 2000, a new species from the island of Kauai, Tetraplasandra flynnii, was described in Novon.Porter P. Lowry II and Kenneth R. Wood. 2000.

Most recently, Getty and Bush (2016) synonymized Haplotichnus with Treptichnus due to the presence of bifurcating projections at the bends. Other features, such as the looping course of the trace, thought to distinguish Haplotichnus from Treptichnus, are actually seen in one of the syntypes of Treptichnus, further supporting Getty and Bush's (2016) synonymy.

However, Lihoreau et al. (2004) and Scherler et al. (2018) rejected the synonymy, with the latter recovering it as sister to Myaingtherium and Siamotherium.Lihoreau, F., Blondel, C., Barry, J. and Brunet, M., 2004: A new species of the genus Microbunodon (Anthracotheriidae, Artiodactyla) from the Miocene of Pakistan: genus revision, phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiogeography.

Tomis is a genus of South American jumping spiders that was first described by F.O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1901. The genus Pseudattulus, erected by Lodovico di Caporiacco in 1947, was formerly considered distinct with two species, but was placed in synonymy in 2020 when Tomis was re-separated from Sitticus (now Attulus).

In: L.H. Bailey. The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, Volume 4. pp. 2122–2130. B. H. Danser treated N. edwardsiana in synonymy with N. villosa in his seminal monograph, "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", published in 1928. The work included a revised Latin diagnosis and botanical description of N. villosa.Danser, B.H. 1928.

Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra . Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114. Nepenthes sumatrana was formally restored in Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek's 1997 revision, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", although the authors sunk N. longifolia in synonymy with N. sumatrana.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997.

Boletus brevitubus, described from Cephalocitrus grandis and Delonix regia forests of Yunnan, China in 1991, was placed into synonymy with Phlebopus marginatus in 2009. A common name in Western Australia is salmon gum mushroom. Common names in Asia include hed har and hed tub tao dum in Thailand, or tropical black bolete.

There is a dimitic hyphal system, where the skeletal hyphae are found only in the tissue of the "teeth", and a lack of cystidia. The spores are smooth, hyaline (translucent), and inamyloid. Walter Jülich created the family Mycorrhaphiaceae to contain the type genus Mycorrhaphium. This family is now placed in synonymy with Steccherinaceae.

However, Storrs et al. 2000 rejected this synonymy based on the tooth morphology of the specimen. Chris McGowan and Ryosuke Motani (2003) pointed out two noteworthy differences to Ophthalmosaurus, an incompletely fused ischiopubis and a remarkably strong dentition, and considered Undorosaurus to be a valid genus of ophthalmosaurid.McGowan C, Motani R. 2003. Ichthyopterygia.

In 1864, George Bentham reduced the species to a variety of D. neesii. It was then further reduced to synonymy with D. neesii by N. G. Marchant in 1982. Then in 1999 Allen Lowrie, noticing that it was distantly related to D. subhirtella and its allied species, reinstated the species.Schlauer, J. 2009.

Neolentinus is phylogenetically allied to other brown rot genera such as Gloeophyllum, Heliocybe, and Veluticeps. A new order, the Gloeophyllales, has been described for these fungi. Heliocybe had been placed in synonymy but it differs phylogenetically and anatomically by the lack of clamp connections that all Neolentinus produce on their generative hyphae.

Pyriproboscis is a genus of small parasitic spiny-headed (or thorny-headed) worms. It is the only genus in the family Pyriprobosicidae.Huston, D. C., Cribb, T. H., & Smales, L. R. (2020). Molecular characterisation of acanthocephalans from Australian marine teleosts: proposal of a new family, synonymy of another and transfer of taxa between orders.

Ancylanthos was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It was originally described by René Louiche Desfontaines in 1818. In 2005, it was sunk into synonymy with Vangueria, based on a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences. Desfontaines established the genus for the single species rubiginosa.

Rhopalobrachium was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Cyclophyllum. It was originally described by Rudolf Schlechter and Kurt Krause in 1908 to accommodate two New Caledonian species, R. congestum and R. fragrans. No type species was selected.

Pyrostria revoluta was originally described by Isaac Bayley Balfour in 1877 in the new monotypic genus Scyphochlamys, which was later sunk into synonymy with Pyrostria. It followed a scientific expedition to Rodrigues to observe the 1874 transit of Venus, on which Balfour, along with George Gulliver and Henry Horrocks Slater, served as naturalist.

Avicularia juruensis is a species of spider in the family Theraphosidae, found in South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil). Avicularia urticans was brought into synonymy in 2017. It has been given the English name Amazonian pink toe spider. Under the synonym Avicularia urticans, it is also known as the Peruvian pinktoe tarantula.

This species was recently moved from Elseya to Myuchelys by Georges and Thomson (2010);Georges, A. & Thomson, S. 2010. Diversity of Australasian freshwater turtles, with an annotated synonymy and keys to species. Zootaxa 2496: 1–37. however, this was later deemed in error by the authors and was argued against by Rhodin et al.

"Zeuglodon brachyspondylus" () was erected for several vertebrae collected in either Choctaw or Washington counties in southern Alabama. Basilosaurid remains from Egypt were tentatively assigned to Zeuglodon brachyspondylus based on superficial similarities to the syntype series (under the old hypothesis of synonymy of Pontogeneus and Zeuglodon brachyspondylus).Stromer, Ernst, 1908. Die Archaeoceti des ägyptischen Eozäns.

Open nomenclature is a vocabulary of partly informal terms and signs in which a taxonomist may express remarks about their own material. This is in contrast to synonymy lists, in which a taxonomist may express remarks on the work of others. Commonly such remarks take the form of abbreviated taxonomic expressions in biological classification.

The taxonomy of Aphonopelma is complex and has been revised many times. The formerly recognized A. melanium, A. angusi, and A. nevadanum were found to be in synonymy with, and were folded into, A. iodius. In the same study two new species, A. joshua and A. mojave, were also recognized as geographically and phenotypically distinct.

Department of Agriculture Science Bulletin 1: 1-328 recognized two species of red palm weevil, ferrugineus and vulneratus, and for decades these were interpreted as separate taxa. A genetic study in 2004Hallett, R.H., Crespi, B.J., Borden, J.H. 2004. Synonymy of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), 1790 and R. vulneratus (Panzer), 1798 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae). J. Nat. Hist.

Department of Agriculture Science Bulletin 1: 1-328 recognized two species of red palm weevils, ferrugineus and vulneratus, and for decades these were interpreted as separate taxa. A genetic study in 2004Hallett, R.H., Crespi, B.J., Borden, J.H. 2004. Synonymy of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), 1790 and R. vulneratus (Panzer), 1798 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae). J. Nat. Hist.

Rolfe, Robert Allen & Hurst, Charles Chamberlain (1909). The Orchid Stud-Book: An Enumeration of Hybrid Orchids of Artificial Origin, with their parents, raisers, date of first flowering, references to descriptions and figures, and synonymy. With an historical introduction and 120 figures and a chapter on hybridising and raising orchids from seed. Frank Leslie & Co.

Aromobates alboguttatus (common name: whitebelly rocket frog) is a species of frog in the family Aromobatidae. It is endemic to the Andes in the Táchira and Mérida states, western Venezuela.The synonymy of Colostethus inflexus is still not fully resolved. The natural habitat of Aromobates alboguttatus is clear, fast-flowing streams in Andean cloud forest.

Cora was originally circumscribed by the Swedish "Father of Mycology", Elias Magnus Fries, in 1825. He included a single species, until then known as Thelephora pavonia . Until relatively recently, Cora was thought to contain one species, or was placed into synonymy with Dictyonema. Cora was recognized as an independent genus separate from Dictyonema in 2013.

The New Guinea giant softshell turtle (Pelochelys bibroni) is a species of softshell turtle in the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to New Guinea.Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy and Synonymy, December 2010. P. bibroni is referred to by the Suki people as kiya eise, a reference to its flexible shell.

Holarctic distribution of Choristoneura albaniana (Walker), with new synonymy (Tortricidae) The habitat consists of forests in boreal and mountainous regions. The forewings are beige to brownish yellow with darker, reddish-brown to dark brick-brown markings. The hindwings are usually white with faint strigulations at the apex. Adults are on wing from March to August.

Lukhtanov [2008] A fully comprehensive taxonomic checklist (i.e., without discussing synonymy and relationships) was published in 2008.Tennent (2008) Only three years after the genus' inception, the known species were reviewed by Jacob Hübner.Hübner [1819] He established no less than five new genera for a fraction of what would eventually be named as "species" of Erebia.

The Okinawa flying fox (Pteropus loochoensis) is a species of megabat in the genus Pteropus. It is endemic to possibly Japan. It was previously listed as extinct by the IUCN, but because the two known specimens are taxonomically uncertain and of unknown provenance, it was changed to 'Data Deficient'. Some place this animal into synonymy under Pteropus mariannus.

The genus was placed in synonymy with Bufo by George Albert Boulenger in 1894, but it was resurrected in 2006 by Frost when splitting the then very large Bufo into smaller, monophyletic genera. This change was controversial but has now largely been accepted. The alternative, treating Nannophryne as a subgenus of Bufo, still has some following.

In the part of their family that is still in the Monimiaceae, 20 genera were recognized, including Anthobembix. They placed Conuleum in synonymy under Siparuna and added four genera to those listed by Perkins in 1898. The new genera were Xymalos, Wilkiea, Lauterbachia, and Chloropatane. The genus Chloropatane had been described by H.G. Adolf Engler in 1899.

Unwin, D. M., (2003): On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs. pp. 139-190. -- in Buffetaut, E. & Mazin, J.-M., (eds.): Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 217, London, 1-347 Brian Andres (2008, 2010, 2014) in his analyses, converts Ornithocheiroidea using the definition of Kellner (2003) to avoid this synonymy.

Dendrelaphis effrenis is a species of arboreal snake endemic to Sri Lanka. It was considered synonym of D. caudolineolatus until revalidation in 2020. At the same time, D. sinharajensis was brought into synonymy of D. effrenis. Proposed vernacular names for D. sinharajensis include Sinharaja tree snake, Sinharaja haldanda (Sinhala; සිංහරාජ හාල්දණ්ඩා), and Sinharaja komberi muken (Tamil).

Trichius gallicus is a beetle species belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. It frequently appears in the literature under the name "Trichius rosaceus", but this name is permanently unavailable under ICZN Article 11.4, as are all of Voet's names.Krell, F-T. (2012) On nomenclature and synonymy of Trichius rosaceus, T. gallicus, and T. zonatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini).

Bergh suggests a possible synonymy with Chromodoris bullocki and quotes Moebius' description as follows (translated from German) "bright rose-red on the back, the mantle with snow- white margin; the rhinophores saffron yellow with scarlet margins of the leaves; the (9) gill leaves on the ground saffron yellow, otherwise scarlet red; the back of the tail bluish red ".

Rieppel (1998) found the two species to form a clade with Lariosaurus valceresii, while the other species of Lariosaurus (incl. the type L. balsami) formed a second clade, a sister taxon to the first. In 2004, however, this synonymy was objected by Hänni who described and named a second species for Ceresiosaurus, and by several other authors since.

Snelling continued to recognise the P. exclamans varieties bilineolatus and picturatus as Bahamanian endemics. Bequaert and Salt's three or four varieties were then treated as subspecies of P. exclamans by Owain Richards in 1978. Karl Vorse Krombein was apparently the first to associate the variety louisianus with P. exclamans var. bahamensis in 1979, attributing the synonymy to Snelling.

For: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. It is the only species of Mertensia that is native to both Asia and North America. It resembles M. rivularis and might be closer to that species than to the other species of North America. It also resembles M. platyphylla and some authors have placed it in synonymy under Mertensia platyphylla variety platyphylla.

La familia Apocynaceae (Apocynoideae, Rauvolfioideae) en Guatemala. Darwiniana 47(1): 140–184.Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Echites umbellatus ;Species Over 500 names have been published for species, subspecies, and varieties within Echites, but most have been relegated to synonymy or moved to other genera. The following are currently accepted # Echites agglutinatus Jacq.

Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5: 78 pp.; doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v4.2011TTWG; Dijk, Peter Paul van; John B. Iverson, H. Bradley Shaffer; Roger Bour & Anders G.J. Rhodin [turtle taxonomy working group] 2012 Turtles of the World, 2012 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.

Subsequent researchers described taxa that have since been reduced to synonymy with S. candida, including: S. alboflavescens in 1934, S. brevicaulis var. glabra in 1949, Chrysosporium keratinophilum var. denticola in 1969 and Basipetospora denticola in 1971. The teleomorph was discovered by Auguste Loubière in 1923 and named Nephrospora manginii in honour of his mentor, Professor Louis Mangin.

No subfamilies in this family are recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). The contents and synonymy of Ampullinidae have been treated by the World Register of Marine Species after Lozouet et al. (2001), Kase & Ishikawa (2003) and Bandel (2006). The position in Campaniloidea is based on anatomical data on Globularia fluctuata (Kase, 1990; Healy, pers. comm.

Thus Brown unwittingly violated a virtual botanical taboo, by naming a genus after himself. B. sericea was reduced to a variety of B. australis in 1907, and given synonymy with B. australis in 1992. A number of other species and variety have been published, but to date none have survived as current taxa except B. australis.

Allen received the rare accolade of having two British beetle species named by colleagues in his honour, the ground-living weevil Trachyphloeus alleni Donisthorpe, 1948 and the latridiid plaster beetle Corticaria alleni Johnson, 1974. However, the former, named by the myrmecologist and coleopterist Horace Donisthorpe, was later placed in synonymy with the widespread Trachyphloeus asperatus Boheman, 1843.

A possible second species, A. talainti is known from the Triassic of Morocco. In 1995, Long and Murry created the new combination, Angistorhinus megalodon by synonymy for Brachysuchus. Hungerbühler and Sues (2001) hypothesised that Angistorhinus is a junior synonym of Rutiodon. However, in 2010 Michelle R. Stocker retained the validity of Brachysuchus and of A. grandis.

A variety, U. delphinioides var. minor, was also described in 1920, but Peter Taylor reduced the variety to synonymy under U. delphinioides because he discovered a continuous range of sizes between the larger and smaller forms, size being the only distinctive characteristic in the 1920 description of the variety.Taylor, Peter. (1989). The genus Utricularia - a taxonomic monograph.

Pterodontia misella is a species of small-headed flies (insects in the family Acroceridae). It is very close in appearance to Pterodontia flavipes, and was considered a synonym of it by Curtis Williams Sabrosky in 1948. However, this synonymy has not been adopted by later authors, and P. misella is still recognised as a distinct species.

The final act of this history has been the realisation that Brunella (Forel, 1917) is the junior homonym of a crustacean genus Brunella (G.W. Smith, 1909), from Tasmania. No replacement name was essential for Brunella (Forel, 1917) while it was a junior synonym, but after it was revived from synonymy a replacement name was necessary: Malagidris.

C. insculpta is the only living member of the genus Carettochelys, the subfamily Carettochelyinae, and the family Carettochelyidae, though several extinct carettochelyid species have been described from around the world. Some literature claims two subspecies, but a recent paper rejects this.Georges, A.; Thomson, S. (2010). "Diversity of Australasian freshwater turtles, with an annotated synonymy and keys to species".

A new family, genus and species of myopsid squid from the Florida Keys. Bulletin of Marine Science 2(4): 602–609. Voss placed the sole species known at the time, P. pulchella, in its own family, Pickfordiateuthidae, but this was sunk in synonymy with Loliginidae by Thomas Brakoniecki in his 1996 revision of Pickfordiateuthis.Brakoniecki, T.F. 1996.

The available generic names in this group are Signiphora Ashmead, Thysanus Walker, Chartocerus Motschulsky, Clytina Erdös, Neosigniphora Rust, Kerrichiella Rozanov, Rozanoviella Subba Rao, Xana Kurdjumov, Matritia Mercet, Signiphorina Nikol'skaya and Neocales Risbec. The four last names are under synonymy or considered as subgenera in Chartocerus. Rozanoviella and Kerrichiella are synonymized under Signiphora. Neosigniphora is synonymized under Thysanus.

Orthaltica is a genus of flea beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are at least 20 described species in Orthaltica. They are found in the Palearctic, North America, Indomalaya, and Australasia. In 2017, the name Orthalica was found to be a junior synonym of Aulacothorax, which has been available since 1858, and was formally placed in synonymy with it.

In 2009, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that three small genera, Paravitex, Viticipremna, and Tsoongia are embedded in Vitex. These three genera were duly sunk into synonymy with Vitex. It is possible that Pseudocarpidium, Petitia, and Teijsmanniodendron are nested within Vitex. Sampling in the 2009 study was not sufficient to determine the phylogenetic position of these genera.

It can be seen in journalism if word variation, such as the replacement of the word "fire" with "blaze" or "conflagration", draws attention to itself. It is considered particularly problematic in legal writing, scientific writing, and other technical writing, where the avoidance of ambiguity is essential. Alternatives to synonymy include repetition and the use of pro-forms.

Stachybotrys () is a genus of molds, hyphomycetes or asexually reproducing, filamentous fungi, now placed in the family Stachybotryaceae. Historically, it was considered closely related to the genus Memnoniella, because the spores are produced in slimy heads rather than in dry chains. Recently, the synonymy of the two genera is generally accepted. Most Stachybotrys species inhabit materials rich in cellulose.

If the synonymy is correct, then Phaceloolithus would be a sister taxon to Dendroolithus and Paradendroolithus. If not, then Phaceloolithus would be the sole oogenus of Phaceloolithus.Fang Xiao-si, Yue Zhao, Ling Hong. (2009). "近十五年来蛋化石研究概况 [Review of the Past 15 years’ Research on Fossil Eggs in China]".

In other words, Quine accepted that analytic statements are those that are true by definition, then argued that the notion of truth by definition was unsatisfactory. Quine's chief objection to analyticity is with the notion of synonymy (sameness of meaning), a sentence being analytic, just in case it substitutes a synonym for one "black" in a proposition like "All black things are black" (or any other logical truth). The objection to synonymy hinges upon the problem of collateral information. We intuitively feel that there is a distinction between "All unmarried men are bachelors" and "There have been black dogs", but a competent English speaker will assent to both sentences under all conditions since such speakers also have access to collateral information bearing on the historical existence of black dogs.

112 A general and intuitive description is that words in a semantic field are not necessarily synonymous, but are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon.Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, Robert M. Harnish, Linguistics, MIT Press, 2001, p239. Synonymy requires the sharing of a sememe or seme, but the semantic field is a larger area surrounding those.

Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. considering the former a variety or form of the latter. This synonymy stood until John Muirhead Macfarlane's 1908 monograph, "Nepenthaceae", and the species are considered distinct today. Beck thought that N. burkei likely represented a form of N. boschiana ("Hierzu gehört offenbar auch als Form: Nepenthes Burkeii").

The time of midday was synonymous with the direction of south because in France, as in all of the Northern Hemisphere north of the Tropic of Cancer, the sun is in the south at noon. The synonymy existed in Middle French as well, where can refer to both midday and south. The Midi is considered to start at Valence, hence the saying .

Ross, Stephanie (1971), 'Caricature', The Monist 58: pp 285-93. So competence cannot rely on a simple index or synonymy for objects and styles. Schier's conclusion that lack of syntax and semantics in reference then qualifies as depiction, leaves dance, architecture, animation, sculpture and music all sharing the same mode of reference. This perhaps points as much to limitations in a linguistic model.

The species was described from a specimen of dubious provenance ["Amer. ?"]. Walsingham concluded it is closely related to Snellenia sesioides (now considered a synonym of Snellenia lineata) from Australia.Family reassignments and synonymy of some taxa of Neotropical Microlepidoptera Hence Becker (1984) considered that the original specimen, which is presumably lost, may have come from Australia. Previously, it was thought to be Neotropical.

Shungtangendoceras comes from the Wanwankou Member of the Fengshan Formation which is now recognized as late Upper Cambrian in age (Chen and Teichert, 1983; Teichert, 1988; Landing and Kroger, 2009) rather than Lower Ordovician as thought by Flower (1954) and Teichert (1964). Chen and Techert (1983) do not list Shungtangendoceras among the Cambrian cephalopods, which brings up the question of its possible synonymy.

Drosera ramellosa, sometimes referred to as the branched sundew, is a tuberous perennial species in the genus Drosera that is endemic to Western Australia. It was first formally described by Johann Georg Christian Lehmann in 1844. It was again described by Jules Émile Planchon as Drosera penduliflora in 1848, which was reduced to synonymy under D. ramellosa in 1864 by George Bentham.

The taxonomy presented in Nepenthes of Borneo almost wholly agrees with that of Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek's 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)". Clarke makes only two major revisions: restoring N. faizaliana as a distinct species and sinking N. borneensis in synonymy with N. boschiana.Kurata, S. 2002. Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference: 111–116.

Lee, W. L. 1987. Guitarra abbotti and G. isabella, New Sponges from the Eastern Pacific. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 100(3) :465–479.Lee, W. L. 2001. Four new species of Forcepia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Coelosphaeridae) from California, and synonymy of Wilsa de Laubenfels, 1930, with Forcepia, Carter, 1874, Scientific Publications of the California Academy of Sciences 52:18.McLean, J. H. 1985.

The taxonomic status of this genus is contested. The genus Sarcostemma has been shown to be nested within the genus Cynanchum, and in 2012 Sarcostemma was put into synonymy with Cynanchum.Goyder, D.J 2008 Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) Kew Bulletin 63:3Ulrich Meve, Sigrid Liede-Schumann 2012. Taxonomic dissolution of Sarcostemma (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae).

A taxonomic revision of the genus was published in 2010, providing clarification to the names of several species and investigating the identity of the specimen examined for the author's earlier description of Neobatrachus albipes. A genus name, Neoruinosus Wells and Wellington, 1985, erected to separate Neobatrachus sudelli as a monophyletic species or species group was placed in synonymy in the 2010 revision.

Thysbina is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is known from Africa. It was first established by the German entomologist Julius Weise in 1902, for several species from Colasposoma as well as three new species. According to in 1941, Thysbina is actually a synonym of Colasposoma, though this proposed synonymy has been ignored in later works.

Phoenicoprocta rubiventer is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Panama. The LepIndex catalogue lists this as a synonym for Phoenicoprocta insperata Walker, 1856, along with P. astrifera Butler, 1877, P. rubriventris amazonica Zerny, 1931, and P. intermedia Forster, 1949, though there is no indication as to who published this synonymy.

Phlebiella was circumscribed by mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1890. It was pointed out later by Marinus Anton Donk that Karsten did not publish the genus validly, as he did not include a give a generic description. Some authorities have placed Phlebiella in synonymy with Xenasmatella, and the type species, Phlebiella vaga, is placed in this latter genus as Xenasmatella vaga.

The related fossil genus Volborthella was formerly placed in synonymy with Salterella by Ellis L. Yochelson in 1983, due to the similarities between the two genera (though Volborthella notably lacks an outer calcareous shell). However, Volborthella was later accepted as a separate genus again by Yochelson & Kisselev in 2003. Both genera are currently placed in the Salterellidae family in the phylum Agmata.

Carnivorous Plant Database. although he introduced it under the entry for N. maxima with the words "Hierzu gehört als Varietät: N. sumatrana" (this includes a variety: N. sumatrana). In his monograph of 1908, "Nepenthaceae", John Muirhead Macfarlane placed N. sumatrana in synonymy with N. treubiana,Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36, 1–91.

Giachini and colleagues proposed that Ramaria myceliosa is the same species as the European Phaeoclavulina curta, but did not provide molecular evidence to support their suggested synonymy. In a recent (2014) publication on California fungi, the authors propose the transfer of Ramaria myceliosa to the genus Phaeoclavulina, but , this transfer has not been accepted by either MycoBank or Index Fungorum.

Agonops is a monotypic genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, with Agonops humerosus as its sole species. The name Agonops is a replacement name for Agonopsis , 1889, being a junior homonym of Agonopsis , 1861, a genus of fishes. Agonops humerosus is now often placed in the genus Agonum as Agonum humerosum, with Agonops placed in the synonymy of Agonum.

However, they did not include the type species of Ornithomimus, O. velox, in this analysis. The same team further supported the synonymy between Dromiceiomimus and O. edmontonicus in a 2006 lecture at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology annual meeting,Kobayashi, Makovicky and Currie (2006). "Ornithomimids (Theropoda: Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(3): 86A.

The subspecies was short-lived, and was synonymised with I. itoi in 1910, and in the 1950s I. itoi was first noted to be similar to O. glaber. Despite the similarities, I. itoi remained a valid species until a 1995 publication confirmed its synonymy with O. glaber. It is commonly known as the black house ant or the tramp ant.

The fungus was originally described by French botanist Jean Bulliard in 1785 as Boletus unicolor, when all pored fungi were typically assigned to genus Boletus. William Alphonso Murrill transferred it to Cerrena in 1903. The fungus has acquired a long and extensive synonymy as it has been re-described under many different names, and been transferred to many polypore genera.

Fries's concept of the genus was later accepted as it was published in one of the sanctioning works of mycology. Favolus hirtus is now called Trametes hirta, and Beauvois' concept of Favolus is placed in synonymy with Trametes. The generic name Favolus is derived from the Latin favus meaning honeycomb. Until relatively recently, many works have considered Favolus to be synonymous with Polyporus.

However, N. ensifer does not have this glandular system. English myrmecologist Barry Bolton argues that basing the genus on such feature cannot justify the separation of Novomessor and Aphaenogaster. In 2015, a phylogenetic study concluded that Novomessor was genetically distinct from Aphaenogaster, and the genus was revived from synonymy to include N. ensifer, N. albisetosus and N. cockerelli as members of it.

Mertensophryne mocquardi (common names: Mocquards toad, Mocquard's toad) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Kenya and known from Mount Kenya, the Kinangop Plateau, and the highlands surrounding Nairobi. The specific name mocquardi refers to François Mocquard, a French herpetologist. It was put in synonymy of Mertensophryne lonnbergi in 1972, but re-validated in 1997.

Hyperolius concolor was described in 1884 by Edward Hallowell based on material collected from Liberia. A large number of species described in later years have been brought into synonymy with it. One subspecies, Hyperolius concolor ibadanensis Schiøtz, 1967 from Nigeria and Cameroon, is recognized, in addition to the nominotypical subspecies and one unnamed subspecies, the latter also from Nigeria and Cameroon.

He gave his name to the jellyfish genus Kishinouyea Mayer, 1910, with a preoccupied name. Kishinouyea has been also used by Yoshio Ôuchi to describe a praying mantis genus that he quickly renamed Kishinouyeum in 1938, and that could be a junior synonym for Phyllothelys.Taxonomy and synonymy of Phyllothelys Wood-Mason (Dictyoptera: Mantodea). Reinhard Ehrmann and Roger Roy, Ann. soc. entomol.

The APG IV system (2016) places the genus in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae. In the past it has also been assigned to the families Liliaceae and Aloeaceae, as well as the family Asphodelaceae sensu stricto, before this was merged into the Asphodelaceae sensu lato. The circumscription of the genus has varied widely. Many genera, such as Lomatophyllum, have been brought into synonymy.

But it can be differentiated by the absence of the usual constriction of segment three which is very prominent in G. bayadera. G. millardi was considered as a synonym of G. bayadera earlier. But Priyadarshana et al. (2015) pointed out that it is a valid species and that its synonymy was based on an incorrect interpretation of a remark by Lieftinck (1930).

The family Cadlinidae Bergh, 1891 was considered a synonym of the Chromodorididae. Research by R.F. Johnson in 2011Johnson R.F. (2011) Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Zoologica Scripta 40(2): 137-157 has shown that Cadlina does not belong to the family Chromodorididae. She has therefore brought back the name Cadlinidae from synonymy with Chromodorididae.

Dynoides elegans is a species of isopod crustacean in the genus Dynoides. It was originally described in 1923 by Pearl Lee Boone as "Cianella elegans" based on specimens from La Jolla (home of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography) and San Pedro, California. It was transferred to the genus Dynoides in 2000, when Boone's genus was sunk into synonymy with Dynoides.

The C. asianensis tooth crown is long. Both species were reviewed in 2002, by Barrett et al. They regarded the type tooth of C. lacustris as nearly identical to teeth of Euhelopus, but were unable to conclusively establish synonymy, finding it to be an indeterminate eusauropod. They found that C. lacustris and C. asianensis shared no special features, and instead differed.

In 1912 in the Flora Capensis Otto Stapf and Edwin Percy Phillips confused matters further. They maintain the synonymy of Meissner, but strangely classify all of Drège's specimens as P. tenax var. tenax, and oddly enough classify specimens from other collectors who went to the exact same locations as var. latifolia. They changed the spelling of P. magnoliifolia to magnoliaefolia.

Drosera peltata was first described by Carl Peter Thunberg in 1797. Due to its large range and varied habit, D. peltata has accumulated a number of synonyms and infraspecific taxa, including varieties and subspecies. Most subspecies have been reduced to synonymy, but the two taxa that are still considered valid are D. peltata subsp. peltata, which is an autonym, and D. peltata subsp.

The New Caledonia wattled bat was first described by Swiss naturalist Pierre Revilliod in 1914. It is commonly considered a subspecies of Chalinolobus gouldii, but evidence for synonymy is weak. Its species name "neocaledonicus" comes from Ancient Greek néos meaning "new" and the New Latin rendering of "Caledonia," caledonicus; the species name refers to New Caledonia where this species is found.

Christopher Brochu reviewed the genus in 2004, and in light of the fragmentary remains of several of the species involved, recommended conservative use of the genus. He excluded Albertochampsa langstoni, Arambourgia gaudryi, and Wannaganosuchus brachymanus from Allognathosuchus, and resurrected Hassiacosuchus and Navajosuchus from synonymy with Allognathosuchus after finding them not to group with A. polyodon to the exclusion of other alligatorines.

The species are listed alphabetically along with common names, identifying adult characteristics, and known geographical distribution.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (Rhodin, A.G.J., van Dijk, P.P, Iverson, J.B., and Shaffer, H.B.).2010. Turtles of the World, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.).

Ph.D. dissertation, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.. pp. 1–272. It is probable that the type material of Pteropelyx, a skeleton lacking a skull, is from Corythosaurus (making Pteropelyx its senior synonym) (Brett-Surman, 1989), but the lack of a skull makes such a synonymy impossible to determine with sure certainty as no certain evidence pertain to prove the organ to be present.

"Paraphyly and polyphyly in Polyscias sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the "pinnate genera" of Araliaceae". Plant Diversity and Evolution (formerly Botanische Jahrbucher) 128(1-2):23-54. . In a companion paper, three of the species were "sunk" into synonymy with others, reducing the number of species to five.Porter P. Lowry II and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010.

P. chilensis skeleton seen from below A humerus from the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Bordeaux was labelled "Pelagornis Delfortrii 1869". Though the name from the label had been listed in the synonymy of P. miocaenus, neither does it seem to be a validly established taxon nor was the specimen compared with P. miocaenus remains. It seems to refer to one of the syntypes of the procellariiform Plotornis delfortrii – found at Léognan (France) and also of Aquitanian age – from which that species was described in the 1870s by Alphonse Milne-Edwards: when the nomen nudum "Pelagornis delfortrii" is listed in the synonymy of P. miocaenus, the pseudotooth bird is claimed to be known from the Léognan deposits also, whereas it has not actually been found there. Pseudodontornis, meanwhile, is a generally Paleogene genus of huge pseudotooth birds.

In a language with the modal adverb "necessarily" the problem is solved, as salva veritate holds in the following case: :(4) Necessarily all and only bachelors are unmarried men while it does not hold for :(5) Necessarily all and only creatures with a heart are creatures with kidneys. Presuming that 'creature with a heart' and 'creature with kidneys' have the same extension, they will be interchangeable salva veritate. But this interchangeability rests upon both empirical features of the language itself and the degree to which extension is empirically found to be identical for the two concepts, and not upon the sought for principle of cognitive synonymy. It seems that the only way to assert the synonymy is by supposing that the terms 'bachelor' and 'unmarried man' are synonymous and that the sentence "All and only all bachelors are unmarried men" is analytic.

The authors noted the possibility future discoveries could lead to synonymization of their taxon with P. isonensis Diagram of the holotype skull of Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus; the taxon was compared to Koutalisaurus and Pararhabdodon and used to justify their synonymy in 2009 Evidence for this synonymy would later come in a 2009 study, from Prieto-Márquez alongside Jonathan R. Wagner. Material from Pararhabdodon, the holotype of Koutalisaurus, and material of the Chinese species Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus were examined and compared, and the edentulous slope previously thought unique to Koutalisaurus was found to be nearly identical in T. spinorhinus. It was noted various approaches could be taken to this matter. As the species K. koelerororum shared a unique trait with Tsintaosaurus and could not be distinguished from it, the former could be considered a junior synonym of the latter.

Pritchard's snake-necked turtle (Chelodina pritchardi) is a species of turtles in the family Chelidae. The species is endemic to a restricted area of Central Province, Papua New Guinea.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R. Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P.]. 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.).

The New Guinea snake-necked turtle (Chelodina novaeguineae) is a species of turtle in the family Chelidae. The species is found almost exclusively within Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R. Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P.]. 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.).

Lophocampa albiguttata was treated as a synonym of Lophocampa alternata by Allan Watson and David T. Goodger in 1986. A comparison of the type material has revealed a clear difference in these two taxa, in particular the forewing pattern. Lophocampa albiguttata was therefore raised from synonymy in 2011. In the original description, Boisduval does not indicate the number of syntypes, based on specimens from Honduras.

The round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene cyclotis) is a species of bat in the family Pteropodidae. It is possibly conspecific with Nyctimene certans, although the taxonomy remains unresolved. The possible synonymy of the species was investigated by Randolph L. Peterson in 1991, finding the species split into two distinct groups based on morphology. It is found in West Papua and Mansuar Island in Indonesia.

The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. The next major taxonomic treatment of N. spathulata came only in 1986, when Rusjdi Tamin and Mitsuru Hotta treated the species in synonymy with N. singalana. The authors also lumped four other species under N. singalana: N. carunculata, N. gymnamphora, N. pectinata, and, by implication, N. densiflora.

The type specimens of I. emarginuloides (Philippi, 1868) and I. coppingeri (E.A. Smith, 1881) are very similar in morphology, and were collected only apart; as long ago as 1908 this led to the recognition that they were probably the same species. Despite this, they continued to be treated as two separate species until 2011, when Nakano et al. researched the genus and brought them into synonymy.

Heliscomyidae is a family of extinct rodents from the mid-Tertiary of North America related to pocket gophers (family Geomyidae) and kangaroo rats and their relatives (family Heteromyidae). The family contains four genera, Apletotomeus, Heliscomys, Passaliscomys, and Tylionomys (Korth et al., 1991; Korth and Eaton, 2004; Korth and Branciforte, 2007). McKenna and Bell (1997) placed the first two genera in synonymy, with Heliscomys the senior synonym.

In 1879, Petter Karsten described a collection made in Scandinavia as Mycena atromarginata var. fuscopurpurea, but Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus later placed this in synonymy with M. purpureofusca. Another synonym, according to Maas Geesteranus, is Mycena sulcata, described by Josef Velenovský in 1920 from Czechoslovakia. Alexander H. Smith classified the species in section Calodontes, subsection Ciliatae of Mycena in his 1947 monograph on North American Mycena.

Unlike other species in the genus, two of the species of the subgenus Bryscha, Brachymyrmex pilipes and Brachymyrmex micromegas, have dimorphic workers. Ambiguity remains regarding the status of Bryscha. Brown (1973) provisionally synonymized it under Brachymyrmex and Bolton (1995, 2014) accepted this synonymy in his catalogues without substantiating the decision. A study towards a revision of the genus was published in 2019 by Ortiz- Sepuvelda et al.

However, the rostrum wasn't preserved in the holotype of Peirosaurus. The removal of MOZ 1750 PV (which preserved the rostrum) from the genus Peirosaurus suggests a possible synonymy between Peirosaurus and Uberabasuchus. Though many of the features of the premaxilla and dentition of Peirosaurus are widespread among peirosaurids and many mesoeucrocodylians, several are shared exclusively with Uberabasuchus. Among these features some are not observed in other peirosaurids.

SING) and the mountains of the Tjampo region near Payakumbuh (Meijer 6949 L). The latter specimen is the holotype of N. tenuis, which Jebb and Cheek treated in synonymy with N. dubia. However, subsequent authors have rejected this interpretation. Charles Clarke restored N. tenuis to species rank in Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia (2001), citing differences in pitcher morphology. Clarke also identified Kurata s.n.

Irpex lacteus is a common crust fungus distributed throughout temperate areas of the world. It is the type of the genus Irpex. Irpex lacteus is considered a polypore, but depending on growth conditions it can also produce a hydnoid hymenophore. Due to this variability and abundance of the species it has been described as a new species to science numerous times and subsequently has an extensive synonymy.

Turtles of the World, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. In: Rhodin AGJ, Pritchard PCH, van Dijk PP, Saumure RA, Buhlmann KA, Iverson JB, Mittermeier RA (Editors). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5 (7): 000.329–479 , doi:10.3854/ crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014.

The type species of Neohygrophorus was Neohygrophorus angelesianus, now Pseudoomphalina angelesiana. In earlier classifications based on anatomy prior to DNA sequence-based classifications, its unusual combination of features led taxonomists to independently create two subgenera in two genera: Hygrophorus subg. Pseudohygrophorus and Clitocybe subg. Mutabiles; the latter based on Neohygrophorus angelesianus but described under a new species name which is now placed in synonymy, Clitocybe mutabilis.

A widely distributed species, it has been recorded from Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The species was originally described as Boletus resinosus in 1794 by German botanist Heinrich Schrader. It has acquired an extensive synonymy in its taxonomic history, having been juggled between several genera. Petter Karsten transferred it to Ischnoderma in 1879 to give it the name by which it is currently known.

This genus was first described in 1863 by Edward Drinker Cope who designated the type species as Incilius coniferus. This proved unpopular and these toads were known under the genus Bufo until the early 2000s. The current delineation of the genus follows Mendelson et al. (2011) who brought Cranopsis/Cranophryne/Ollotis and Crepidius/Crepidophryne into synonymy with Incilius, while providing evidence for removing Rhinella from Incilius.

The Mastacembelidae are a family of fishes, known as the spiny eels. The Mastacembelids are part of the Order Synbranchiformes, the swamp eels, which are part of the Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes). In an evaluation of the family in 2004, the subfamilies of Mastacembelidae were found to not be well supported and were rejected. Also, the genera Caecomastacembelus and Aethiomastacembelus were placed in synonymy with Mastacembelus.

Uperodon is a genus of microhylid frogs. They occur in South Asia (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh) and Myanmar. Uperodon reached its current composition in 2016 when the genus Ramanella was brought into its synonymy. The common names of these frogs are globular frogs and balloon frogs in reference to their stout appearance, or dot frogs, the last specifically referring to the former Ramanella.

The taxonomic status of this species is controversial. The genus Sarcostemma has been shown to be nested within the genus Cynanchum, and Sarcostemma was put into synonymy with Cynanchum in 2002. Thus, Sarcostemma viminale is correctly known as Cynanchum viminale. However this change has not been accepted by all taxonomists and the name Sarcostemma remains in use by a minority, despite later genetic evidence.

The name is derived from the Greek megas, meaning "great", and the Greek lekis, meaning "plate". No uniquely derived features are known for Megalechis. A change in the synonymy of the species of Megalechis occurred in 2005. It is especially confusing because the name M. thoracata remains valid, but applies to the species formerly known as M. personata, which becomes a new junior synonym of M. thoracata.

Marasmius tageticolor was first described scientifically by English mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1856, from collections made in Brazil. He noted "Nothing can be conceived more exquisite than the colouring of this species, which is pretty common. It has the rich tints of the African Marigold." In 1898, Otto Kuntze proposed transferring the fungus to Chamaeceras, a genus that has since been folded into synonymy with Marasmius.

Listed as valid family in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) but this classification revised following the molecular phylogeny of Nakano & Ozawa (2007). Acmaeinae, including Erginus, was found to be paraphyletic. However, this synonymy was subsequently found incorrect, having been the result of contaminated samples, and Acmaea mitra and a related species, Niveotectura pallida form a well-supported clade outside of the Lottiidae, and Acmaeidae was re-established.

Podospora setosa was first described in Germany in the year 1873 under its basionym Sordaria setosa by G. Winter. In 1883, the fungus was given the name Posospora setosa by mycologist Niessl. Since 1883, P. setosa has had synonymy within multiple genera including Pleurage (1898), Philocopra (1907), and Cladocheate (1912). These genera can share similar morphology of ascus and spores, as well as habitat.

The western black-bridged leaf turtle (Cyclemys atripons) is a species of Asian leaf turtle found in southern Indochina.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (Rhodin, A.G.J., van Dijk, P.P, Iverson, J.B., and Shaffer, H.B.).2010. Turtles of the World, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.).

The eastern black-bridged leaf turtle (Cyclemys pulchristiata) is a species of Asian leaf turtles found in southern Indochina.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (Rhodin, A.G.J., van Dijk, P.P, Iverson, J.B., and Shaffer, H.B.).2010. Turtles of the world, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.).

The Myanmar brown leaf turtle (Cyclemys fusca) is a species of Asian leaf turtle found in Myanmar.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (Rhodin, A.G.J., van Dijk, P.P, Iverson, J.B., and Shaffer, H.B.).2010. Turtles of the world, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.).

Novomessor is a genus of ants that was described by Italian entomologist Carlo Emery in 1915. Until recently, the genus was thought to be a synonym of Aphaenogaster, but a 2015 phylogenetic study concluded that the two genera were distinct, reviving Novomessor from synonymy. Three species are currently described. This genus is known to inhabit the deserts of southwestern United States and Northern Mexico.

Paramesotriton labiatus is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to Guangxi, China. In literature prior to 2011, this species may have been confused with Paramesotriton chinensis, Pachytriton granulosus, or Paramesotriton ermizhaoi (the last now in synonymy). This species has several vernacular names, including Unterstein's newt, spotless stout newt, spotless smooth warty newt, Zhao Ermi's smooth warty newt, and paddletail newt.

1855 field notes with synonymy of Hypophyllum (quoted literature) with Omphalia and Agaricus (added handwritten notes). For many years, members of the genus Agaricus were given the generic name Psalliota, and this can still be seen in older books on mushrooms. All proposals to conserve Agaricus against Psalliota or vice versa have so far been considered superfluous. Several origins of Agaricus have been proposed.

Chelodina parkeri is endemic to the Fly River area of Western Province, Papua New Guinea.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin AGJ, Iverson JB, Bour R, Fritz U, Georges A, Shaffer HB, van Dijk PP]. (2017). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status" (8th Edition). In: Rhodin AGJ, Iverson JB, van Dijk PP, Saumure RA, Buhlmann KA, Pritchard PCH, Mittermeier RA (Editors) (2017).

Russian ichthyologist Georgii Ustinovich Lindberg published the description of the giant stumptail stingray in his and Soldatov's 1930 A Review of the Fishes of the Far-Eastern Seas. Lindberg created the new genus Urolophoides for this species, in reference to its short tail which resembles that of stingrays in the genus Urolophus. In 1990, Nishida and Nakaya placed Urolophoides in synonymy with Dasyatis.Nishida, K. and K. Nakaya (1990).

The genus was erected by Leopold Fitzinger in 1843, but placed in synonymy with Bufo by Albert Günther in 1859. Subsequent work has considered Peltophryne either as a valid genus, a subgenus, or a synonym of Bufo. At present, treating Peltophryne as a valid genus has largely been accepted based on both morphological characters and genetic evidence, but treating it as a subgenus of Bufo still has a small following.

This situation was remedied in 1998 with the revival of Rotheca. This taxonomic change was based on previous work and on a molecular phylogenetic study that was not published until the following year. In 2004, a study of DNA sequences showed that the monospecific Australian genus Huxleya was embedded in a clade of Clerodendrum species that had formerly been placed in Volkameria. Huxleya was then sunk into synonymy with Clerodendrum.

This species was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1879 using a female specimen obtained in Otago by Frederick Hutton and named Oecophora huttonii. In 1888 I. huttonii was synonymised by Edward Meyrick with Izatha peroneanella. However 2014 Robert J. B. Hoare removed I. huttonii from synonymy with I. peroneanella and reinstated it as a species. The holotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London.

The monophyly of the Hedycaryeae is not supported or rejected by either of the recent molecular phylogenetic studies. One study resolved Xymalos as sister to the rest of the Mollinedioideae, but this result had only weak maximum likelihood bootstrap support. In the next revision of the Monimiaceae, several genera will need to be recircumscribed or placed in synonymy with others. Tetrasynandra and Grazielanthus are embedded within Steganthera and Mollinedia, respectively.

Pyrostria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Most of the species are endemic to Madagascar, others occur on islands in the western Indian Ocean (Mauritius, Comoros, Réunion, Rodrigues, Socotra), a few are found in continental Africa, and only six species occur in tropical Southeast Asia. The formerly recognized genus Leroya, containing two species endemic to Madagascar, L. madagascariensis and L. richardiae, was sunk into synonymy with Pyrostria.

Tapiphyllum was a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae but is no longer recognized. In 2005, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that the type species, Tapiphyllum cinerascens, is more closely related to Vangueria than to Tapiphyllum obtusifolium and Tapiphyllum velutinum. It is not clear whether the latter two species are really separate from Vangueria. All the species of Tapiphyllum have been sunk into synonymy with Vangueria.

Other taxa have been reduced to synonymy with S. coronaria, or transferred to other genera. Sarcosphaera eximia (originally Peziza eximia Durieu & Lév. 1848, and later transferred to Sarcosphaera by René Maire), Sarcosphaera crassa (considered by Zdeněk Pouzar in a 1972 publication to be the correct name for S. coronaria) and Sarcosphaera dargelasii (originally Peziza dargelasii Gachet 1829, transferred to Sarcosphaera by Nannfeldt) are now considered synonyms of S. coronaria.

Vitor Osmar Becker included Compsa Walker, 1862, Mesotages Felder, 1874, Tarchon Druce, 1887 and Zolessia Biezanko & Monné, 1968 as new synonyms of Prothysana in 2001, and placed Compsa saturata and Mimallo trilunula as synonyms of Prothysana terminalis in 2001, but excluded Prothysana felderi from this synonymy, retaining it as a separate species.Becker, V.O. (2001). "The identity of some unrecognized Neotropical Bombycoidea (Lepidoptera) described by Francis Walker". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia.

"Actor of Creation") and as the Bathalang Maycapal (Bathala the Almighty; lit. "Actor of Power"). It was after the arrival of the Spanish missionaries on the Philippines in the 16th century that Bathala came to be identified as the Christian God, thus its synonymy with Diyos (God) or Dibino (Divine, e.g. Mabathalang Awa), according to J.V. Panganiban (Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino- Ingles); in some Visayan languages, Bathala also means God.

Palombi, A. (1949). I. Trematodi d'Italia: parte I. Trematodi Monogenetici. Rosenberg. This arrangement was refuted, and The Gastrocotylidae was brought back from the synonymy of Sproston in order to accommodate the subfamilies Gastrocotylinae Sproston, 1946 and Vallisiinae Price, 1943 and others which may later be adjudged similar. Price's name was employed for the family as the latest was recognizable, and Gastrocotyle Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 was designated the type genus.

As a result, subdivisions within the species has been rather inconsistent over time. Initially, some investigators were more inclined to consider each variation as a unique species, although as time went on, creating confusion and long synonymy-lists for some of the species. Over time, new investigators began grouping closely related forms under the same name to attempt to more accurately define the species. Several systems for classification began to emerged.

Edward Drinker Cope described the species in 1861. The specific epithet trivirgata refers to the distinct three stripes characteristic of the species. The rosy boa is considered to be the only species within the genus Lichanura, but some researchers have placed it in the genus Charina with the rubber boa (see synonymy). Newer phylogenetic research supports the original arrangement, but herpetologists are still not unified on rosy boa taxonomy.

Its similarities with the fossils described by Owen were formally pointed out in a 1932 paper by Sir Clive Forster Cooper. The only species, E. angustidens, was moved to the genus Hyracotherium, which had priority as the name for the genus, with Eohippus becoming a junior synonym of that genus. Many other North American equids were subsequently classified as species of Hyracotherium as well, but this synonymy has recently been questioned.

In 1995, Alex George published a thorough treatment of the Stirlingia for the Flora of Australia series of monographs. He reduced numerous names to synonymy, including declaring both S. paniculata and variety gracilis to be taxonomically indistinguishable from S. latifolia itself, and therefore synonymous. No infrageneric arrangement has been proffered for the genus, but George placed the species close to S. anethifolia. It has no recognised subspecies or varieties.

This name has been ignored by later researchers and is considered an objective synonym of A. mckennai. A second species, A. sepulvedai, was named by Bonaparte in 1992. However, a 2013 reinterpretation placed this taxon within Mesungulatidae, separate from A. mckennai, and considered the name "Austrotriconodon" sepulvadai an invalid combination. The authors suggested possible synonymy with Mesungulatum houssayi but neither synonymised the two nor named a new genus.

Sotoa confusa is very rare in Texas. It was collected in 1931 in the Chisos Mountains inside Big Bend National Park, the specimens at the time misidentified as Spiranthes durangensis (now a synonym of Schiedeella saltensis).Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, synonymy for Schiedeella saltensis The material was not recognized as a distinct taxon until years later. It was not until 2008 that a live population was discovered.

Even today the taxonomic classification of the Serrasalmidae is not an easy task. Many names are placed in synonymy due to a lack of information and insufficient data bases. It was not long ago when it was discovered that Tometes and Myleus are two different genera but that Tometes, Myleus, Mylesinus and Ossubtus share a common ancestor. Typical characters of Tometes coincide with Mylesinus and Ossubtus specimen more than Myleus.

This designation is currently recognized in the most up-to-date taxonomic checklist.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R. Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P.]. 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.).

The IUCN considers the living northern Namibian black rhino populations to belong to the subspecies D. bicornis bicornis, and does not recognize a separate D. b. occidentalis. This synonymy, based upon du Toit (1987) was, however, considered erroneous by Groves and Grubb (2011), and D. b. occidentalis was re-established as a valid subspecies. As all southernmost populations of black rhinoceros were exterminated by the mid-19th century, D. b.

New chromosome numbers for Drosera L. (Droseraceae). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter, 34(3):85-91. Drosera sessilifolia was first described by Augustin Saint-Hilaire in 1824 after it was discovered in the western end of the Brazilian state Minas Gerais near the São Francisco River. George Bentham then described D. dentata from Guyana, which Ludwig Diels reduced to synonymy with D. sessilifolia in his 1906 monograph on the Droseraceae.

BLEU and NIST.Lavie (2004) METEOR also includes some other features not found in other metrics, such as synonymy matching, where instead of matching only on the exact word form, the metric also matches on synonyms. For example, the word "good" in the reference rendering as "well" in the translation counts as a match. The metric is also includes a stemmer, which lemmatises words and matches on the lemmatised forms.

It is not considered threatened by the IUCN. It was recently determined that H. kivuensis and H. multifasciatus are only subspecifically distinct from each other, and the latter was synonymized with the former. Both were described in the same work by Ernst Ahl in 1931, H. multifasciatus on page 278 and H. kivuensis on page 280. Thus, it was argued that the synonymy should be the other way around.

Sutera cordata was named Manulea cordata in 1800 by Thunberg. Bentham renamed it Chaenostoma in 1836, Kuntze changed it to Sutera in 1891 on the grounds of synonymy. In 1994 Hilliard considered the two names subgenera of Sutera, but in 2005 Kornhall and Bremer separated the two again, placing S. cordata in Chaenostoma.Kornhall and Bremer: New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae.

Otto Kuntze reduced the genus to its current status as a section in the genus Utricularia in 1903. Peter Taylor later refined the section, placing it in subgenus Utricularia in his 1986 monograph of the genus, also bringing one of Rafinesque's other genera, Personula, into synonymy with the new section. Later molecular data resulted in the revision of Taylor's treatment, reinstating subgenus Bivalvaria and placing this section within it.Taylor, Peter. (1989).

The type species, Protorqualus cuvierii, was originally described in 1829 as a species of Balaena, but later transferred to the Belgian genus Plesiocetus.; Following synonymy of Plesiocetus with Balaenoptera, B. cuvieri was considered a species of Balaenoptera,; ; ; although some authors treated it as a species of Cetotherium. Later work, however, showed that the Mount Pulgnasco skeleton was generically distinct from other fossil and extant rorquals to warrant its own genus.

The notion of subtyping in programming languages dates back to the 1960s; it was introduced in Simula derivatives. The first formal treatments of subtyping were given by John C. Reynolds in 1980 who used category theory to formalize implicit conversions, and Luca Cardelli (1985).Pierce, ch. 15 notes The concept of subtyping has gained visibility (and synonymy with polymorphism in some circles) with the mainstream adoption of object-oriented programming.

The taxonomy of the genus is generally considered to be unresolved, as it is ambiguous how many species the genus contains. Fifteen species were described from New Zealand by Fabricius (1781), White (1846) and Broun (1880, 1893, 1909). In 1957, Shaw revised the genus, reducing the number of species in New Zealand to five (including two newly described species of his own). However, later entomologists ignored Shaw's synonymy.

Cyclemys enigmatica, tentatively dubbed as the enigmatic leaf turtle, is a species of Asian leaf turtle found in the Greater Sunda Islands.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (Rhodin, A.G.J., van Dijk, P.P, Iverson, J.B., and Shaffer, H.B.).2010. Turtles of the world, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.).

The specific name was amended to fossorium by Günter Schmidt in 1992, as Brachypelma is neuter in gender. In 2019, Stuart Longhorn and Ray Gabriel synonymized Brachypelma fossoria with Aphonopelma lanceolatum, and transferred the species to the new genus Sandinista. In 2020, Jorge Mendoza and Oscar Francke transferred Brachypelma fossoria to the genus Stichoplastoris, without recognizing the synonymy with Sandinista lanceolatum. , the World Spider Catalog uses the name Sandinista lanceolatum.

Chelodina gunaleni or Gunalen's snake-necked turtle is a turtle species in the family Chelidae. The species is endemic to the lowlands of west-central West Papua, Indonesia, south of the central ranges.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R. Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P.]. 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.).

Penicillium verrucosum was initially incorrectly placed in synonymy with the species Penicillium viridicatum by Raper and Thom. Later, after disagreements arose upon the identification and naming of these fungi, their growth rates, mycotoxin productions and sources were observed. Careful observation concluded that P. verrucosum and P. viridicatum were indeed separate species. Experimental results showed that the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and citrinin are produced by P. verrucosum but not by P. viridicatum.

Formerly, the Chesapeake logperch was included in Percina caprodes, however, based on morphological and molecular data, Near (2008)Near, T. J. 2008. Rescued from synonymy: a redescription of Percina bimaculata Haldeman and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of logperch darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae). Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 49:1–18. determined that it warrants recognition as a distinct species with limited global distribution restricted to the Chesapeake Bay watershed.

135 The Scampston Elm, Ulmus × hollandica 'Scampstoniensis', in cultivation on both sides of the Atlantic in the 19th and 20th centuries, was occasionally referred to as 'American Weeping Elm' or Ulmus americana pendula. This cultivar, however, was distinguished by Späth from his Ulmus americana pendula. 'Pendula' was considered probably just a forma by Green, who stated that it was later confused with a pendulous variant of an Ulmus glabra (see 'Synonymy').

This is why five of the previously referenced dictionaries do not enter cross-references indicating synonymy between their entries for the two words (as they do elsewhere whenever synonymy is meant), and it is why one of them explicitly specifies that the two words not be confused. But the prescription will probably never be successfully imposed on general usage, not only because much of the existing medical literature ignores it even when the words stand alone but also because the terms for specific types of arrhythmia (standard collocations of adjectives and noun) are deeply established idiomatically with the tachycardia version as the more commonly used version. Thus SVT is called supraventricular tachycardia more than twice as often as it is called supraventricular tachyarrhythmia; moreover, those two terms are always completely synonymous—in natural language there is no such term as "healthy/physiologic supraventricular tachycardia". The same themes are also true of AVRT and AVNRT.

The genus Weingartia was designated in 1937 by Werdermann to replace invalid genus Spegazzinia Backeberg 1933. All species of the genus Weingartia were transferred to synonymy status under the genus Rebutia (Hunt & Taylor, 1990; Hunt, 1999, Anderson 2001). More recent research has indicated that the genus Rebutia as currently defined is polyphyletic. Sulcorebutia and Weingartia were kept as separate genera in the study; a summary cladogram for those species studied is shown below.

Lexical semantics also explores whether the meaning of a lexical unit is established by looking at its neighbourhood in the semantic net, (words it occurs with in natural sentences), or whether the meaning is already locally contained in the lexical unit. In English, WordNet is an example of a semantic network. It contains English words that are grouped into synsets. Some semantic relations between these synsets are meronymy, hyponymy, synonymy, and antonymy.

W. V. O. Quine attacked both verificationism and the very notion of meaning in his famous essay, "Two Dogmas of Empiricism". In it, he suggested that meaning was nothing more than a vague and dispensable notion. Instead, he asserted, what was more interesting to study was the synonymy between signs. He also pointed out that verificationism was tied to the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements, and asserted that such a divide was defended ambiguously.

The specific epithet spathacea is derived from the spathe-shape leaf. Gagea spathacea has two homotypic synonyms: Ornithoxanthum spathaceum and Stellaster spathaceus. Heinrich Friedrich Link proposed in 1829 to establish a genus Ornithoxanthum, but it is illegitimate because he gives in synonymy some basionyms of species belonging to the genus Ornithogalum formerly defined. The name Stellaster spathaceus proposed by Otto Kuntze in 1891 is also illegitimate meanwhile he quotes Gagea spathacea Salisbury.

Elseya schultzei, commonly known as Schultze's snapping turtle, is a species of chelid turtle endemic to northern New Guinea.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R. Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P.]. 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.).

The American gray flycatcher is very similar morphologically to the American dusky flycatcher (Empidonax oberholseri), which has been problematic in taxonomy. When described as a species in 1889, the American gray flycatcher was named Empidonax griseus. This name was reduced to synonymy when it was discovered that the type specimen designated for the dusky flycatcher was in fact an American gray flycatcher. The name then in use for dusky flycatcher was Wright's flycatcher (E.

Nativism in Hong Kong, which is often used as a synonymy with localism, strives for the autonomy of Hong Kong and resists the influence in the city of Chinese authorities. In addition to their strong anti-communist and pro-democracy tendency, nativists often hold strong anti- mainland and anti-Mandarin sentiments, especially opposing the influx of the mainland tourists and Mandarin-speaking immigrants, seeing them as a threat to Hong Kong's Cantonese culture and identity.

As such this name is not considered valid.Anders G.J. Rhodin, Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, and H. Bradley Shaffer. 2010. Turtles of the World, 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status The genus encompassing these species was named Myuchelys by Thomson and Georges, 2009. Currently, this arrangement is considered the accepted name for the latisternum group by the IUCN, multiple taxonomic checklists and by numerous workers in diverse disciplines.

The authors also lectotypified a number of names. Nepenthes of Borneo by Charles Clarke was published in the same year as Jebb and Cheek's revision. Unlike the latter work, however, it was primarily an ecological monograph and did not attempt to provide an alternative taxonomic interpretation of the Bornean taxa (with the exception of treating N. borneensis in synonymy with N. boschiana and retaining N. faizaliana as a distinct species).Clarke, C.M. 1997.

A number of names given to plants thought to be different species have fallen into synonymy with the Asiatic dayflower. Albrecht Wilhelm Roth created the first such synonym, Commelina polygama, in 1790. Wenceslas Bojer described what he believed were two new species, Commelina barabata and Commelina salicifolia, in his work Hortus Mauritianus, both of which were quickly found to be identical to C. communis. Karl Sigismund Kunth created the synonym Commelina willdenowii in 1841.

The European water vole or northern water vole (Arvicola amphibius, included in synonymy: A. terrestris), is a semi-aquatic rodent. It is often informally called the water rat, though it only superficially resembles a true rat. Water voles have rounder noses than rats, deep brown fur, chubby faces and short fuzzy ears; unlike rats their tails, paws and ears are covered with hair. In the wild, on average, water voles only live about five months.

Retrieved on 8 September 2014. While originally named by Voet in 1778, the name was not validly published until 1844List of synonyms of Sternotomis chrysopras; Voet's 1778 work fails to fulfill the requirement in ICZN Article 11.4 that a work must be consistently binominal; none of Voet's 1778 names, including S. chrysopras, are available.Krell, F-T. (2012) On nomenclature and synonymy of Trichius rosaceus, T. gallicus, and T. zonatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini).

Based on its taenioglossate radula, and despite its columellar folds, Espinosa & Ortea (1998) originally allocated Caribeginella to the family Triviidae. Fehse(2012) transferred Caribeginella to the Marginellidae in the synonymy of Hyalina, and suggested that the original authors had, during radula preparation, mixed its radula with that of a species of Triviidae. This view was rejected by Caballer et al. (2013), who treated Caribeginella as a valid marginelliform genus of uncertain suprageneric classification.

He was joint editor of The Australian Encyclopaedia which was published in 1925-6. He was able to obtain the help of the leading scientists of Australia and their articles formed a large and valuable part of this publication. In his own work Carter gave much attention to matters of synonymy, and published a number of check-lists of the families. He died suddenly at his home at Wahroonga, Sydney on 16 April 1940.

Incilius nebulifer, also known as the coastal plains toad or Gulf coast toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found on the coast of Gulf of Mexico from Veracruz in Mexico to Mississippi in the United States. It was removed from the synonymy of Incilius valliceps in 2000. It occurs in a wide range of habitats, both natural and human-altered: coastal prairies, barrier beaches, towns, etc.

In 1892, Pohlig used the new ichnogenus Protritonichnites for the ichnospecies Saurichnites lacertoides, before Marsh had named Dromopus. By the principles of synonymy, Protritonichnites should have priority over Dromopus. However, in 1970, Haubold argued that this name was largely unused by this point, and it was also based on a less taxonomically sound definition. Although some European researchers during the 1980s persisted in using the name Protritonichnites, Dromopus has generally found more widespread adoption.

The family name is a tribute to Japanese cnidariologist Kamakichi Kishinouye. Mayer used the synonym Kishinouyea as a replacement name of Schizodiscus, for homonymy, as the name was already used to describe a lichen genus. Kishinouyea was also used by Yoshio Ôuchi to describe a praying mantis genus that he quickly renamed Kishinouyeum in 1938, and that could be a junior synonym for Phyllothelys.Taxonomy and synonymy of Phyllothelys Wood- Mason (Dictyoptera: Mantodea).

Cetopsidium contains six species, Cetopsis contains 21 species, Denticetopsis contains seven species, and Paracetopsis contains three species; this makes a total of 37 cetopsines. The genera have been changed as recently as 2005 with the genera Bathycetopsis, Hemicetopsis, and Pseudocetopsis set in synonymy with Cetopsis and the description of the new genus Cetopsidium. Cetopsidium is the sister group to the rest of Cetopsinae. Denticetopsis forms the next sister group to the remaining cetopsine genera.

When George Bentham published his 1870 arrangement in Flora Australiensis, he discarded Meissner's series, placing all the species with hooked styles together in a section that he named Oncostylis. B. cunninghamii was reduced to synonymy with B. collina, as was the western species B. littoralis (western swamp banksia). This arrangement would stand for over a century. Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his landmark 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae).

This placement was retained in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Hymenoptera section written by Frank Carpenter. This placement, however did not reflect the changes made by German paleoentomologist Herbert Lutz who synonymized Eoponera into Formicium in 1986 while describing the subfamily Formiciinae and the two German species. His 1990 synonymy of Megapterites into Formicium was also not reflected in the Treatise. Currently both genus names, Megapterites and Eoponera are accepted as junior synonyms of Formicium.

The name Rubiaceae (nomen conservandum) was published in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, but the name was already mentioned in 1782. Several historically accepted families are since long included in Rubiaceae: Aparinaceae, Asperulaceae, Catesbaeaceae, Cephalanthaceae, Cinchonaceae, Coffeaceae, Coutariaceae, Galiaceae, Gardeniaceae, Guettardaceae, Hameliaceae, Hedyotidaceae, Houstoniaceae, Hydrophylacaceae, Lippayaceae, Lygodisodeaceae, Naucleaceae, Nonateliaceae, Operculariaceae, Pagamaeaceae, Psychotriaceae, Randiaceae, Sabiceaceae, Spermacoceaceae. More recently, the morphologically quite different families Dialypetalanthaceae, Henriqueziaceae, and Theligonaceae were reduced to synonymy of Rubiaceae.

Utricularia meyeri is a medium-sized, probably perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is endemic to western Goias and eastern Mato Grosso in central Brazil. U. meyeri grows as a terrestrial plant in bogs and seasonally flooded swamps and grasslands at altitudes from to around . It was originally described by Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger in 1901 and later reduced to synonymy under U. erectiflora by Peter Taylor in 1967.

A full synonymy of C. polymerus as at 1976 is provided by Newman & Ross, 197640 Unlike all other known Balanomorpha, Catomerus has both ovigerous frenae and ovigerous branchiae. This is a plesiomorphic condition, as ovigerous frenae are a characteristic of pedunculate barnacles. This structure is not reported in the structurally less derived Chionelasmatidae or Pachylasmatidae. The ovigerous structures, as folds (branchiae) or finger-like projections (frenae) are tissues to which fertilized eggs adhere to incubate.

Proposals have been made to create a set framework for wordnets. Research has shown that every known human language has some sort of concept resembling synonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, and antonymy. However, every idea so far proposed has been met with criticism for using a pattern that works best for English and less for other languages. Another obstacle in the field is that no solid guidelines exist for semantic lexicon framework and contents.

In a 2003 analysis, German paleontologist Oliver Rauhut concurred with this. When describing the taxon, Taquet and Russel based Cristatusauruss separation from Baryonyx on the former's "brevirostrine condition of premaxilla" (having a short snout). The meaning of this diagnosis has been considered obscure by various subsequent authors, who describe the specimens as almost identical to those of Baryonyx and Suchomimus. In 2002, Eric Buffetaut and Mohamed Ouaja supported Cristatusauruss junior synonymy with Baryonyx.

Torrendia is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Amanitaceae in part defined by being sequestrate. By molecular analyses the genus was shown to be part of Amanita and has now been placed in synonymy with Amanita. The type species, Torrendia pulchella, was first described by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola in 1902, based on material collected in Portugal and sent to him by Camille Torrend. It has been renamed in Amanita as Amanita torrendii.

Asplenium chihuahuense is a rare fern endemic to the states of Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico. Formally described in 1891, it is very similar to Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, which is occasionally found in the adjacent portions of the United States, and has sometimes been placed in synonymy with that species. However, experiments published in 1994 showed that A. chihuahuense is a fertile allohexaploid hybrid between A. adiantum-nigrum and an unknown diploid species.

Kannemeyeria skull Kannemeyeria is known from the Subzone B of Burgersdorp Formation of South Africa, the Ntawere Formation of Zambia, the Omingonde Formation of Namibia, the Lifua member of Manda Formation of Tanzania. If the synonymy of the genus Shaanbeikannemeyeria from Hessahngou Formation and Lower Ermaying Formation of China and Uralokannemeyeria from Donguz Formation of Russia is correct then Kannemeyeria had a wider distribution. The presence of Kannemeyeria in South America have been refuted.

C. reimanni is found primarily in Merauke Regency and Yos Sudarso Island of Indonesia, and possibly also in adjacent areas of Papua New Guinea.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin AGJ, Iverson JB, Bour R, Fritz U, Georges A, Shaffer HB, van Dijk PP]. (2017). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Edition)". In: Rhodin AGJ, Iverson JB, van Dijk PP, Saumure RA, Buhlmann KA, Pritchard PCH, Mittermeier RA (editors) (2017).

Black marsh turtles can be found in southern Vietnam, Cambodia, southern Myanmar (Tenasserim), central and peninsular Thailand, eastern and western Malaysia, Singapore, and the Indonesian islands of Java, Kalimantan, and Sumatra.Rhodin, A.G.J., van Dijk, P.P, Iverson, J.B., and Shaffer, H.B. (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group).2010. "Turtles of the world, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status". In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.).

It is claimed that the synonymy of "blarney" with "empty flattery" or "beguiling talk" derives from one of two sources. One story involves the goddess Clíodhna and Cormac Laidir MacCarthy (see "Origins" above). Another legend suggests that Queen Elizabeth I requested Cormac Teige MacCarthy, the Lord of Blarney, be deprived of his traditional land rights. Cormac travelled to see the queen, but was certain he would not persuade her to change her mind as he wasn't an effective speaker.

Semantic relations can refer to any relationship in meaning between lexemes, including synonymy (big and large), antonymy (big and small), hypernymy and hyponymy (rose and flower), converseness (buy and sell), and incompatibility. Semantic field theory does not have concrete guidelines that determine the extent of semantic relations between lexemes. The abstract validity of the theory is a subject of debate. Knowing the meaning of a lexical item therefore means knowing the semantic entailments the word brings with it.

If this is demonstrated to be the case, the name Lewisuchus would have priority over Pseudolagosuchus due to having been named earlier. Arcucci argued towards synonymizing the two as early as 1997. A 2010 study in the Journal Nature by Nesbitt et al. also made a case for their synonymy, as they were approximately the same size, came from the same locality and strata, and both were found to be basal members of the recently named family Silesauridae.

Thus, Bennett stated that until a large specimen with an associated skull and skeleton is discovered, which would make it possible to establish or reject the synonymy of Gnathosaurus and Aurorazhdarcho, the genus Aurorazhdarcho should be used to contain the species A. micronyx. Additional likely synonyms of P. micronyx are Pterodactylus nettecephaloides and P. redenbacheri. While both of these names are older than A. micronyx, Olshevsky in 1991 considered them nomina oblita ("forgotten names"), and therefore not senior synonyms.

Simon argued that Messua desidiosa was a transitional species which differed "much less from typical Zygoballus than would seem to be indicated by [the Peckham's] description." This synonymy was reversed by Wayne Maddison in 1996, and Messua restored as a valid genus. The genus Amerotritte, based on the type species Amerotritte lineata, was synonymized with Zygoballus in 1980 by María Elena Galiano. Galiano stated that the holotype of Amerotritte lineata was actually a very young Zygoballus specimen.

However, because of synonymy, the actual number is probably closer to 18,000; only about 500 are in commercial production (470 in 2009–2010). Registered daffodils are given a division number and colour code such as 5W-W ('Thalia'). In horticultural usage it is not uncommon to also find another unofficial division of 'Miniatures', which, although drawn from the other 13 divisions, have their miniature size in common. These are sometimes referred to by nurseries as 'Division 14'.

This species is easily recognized by the entirely glabrous stems and leaves and yellow-green twigs, differs from Litsea guatemalensis in the latter is branches and leaves pubescent in youth. Litsea glaucescens is quite common in temperate forests of Mexico, coming to meet in the areas of contact with other vegetation types of affinity rather warm. It is very variable in size and shape of the leaves and as a result, it has an extensive synonymy.

Also, the presumed similarity between DasornisAs Argillornis; see Mayr (2008) and the smaller Odontopteryx seems to be a symplesiomorphy that is not informative regarding their relationships to each other and with Pelagornis. Rather, it is likely that the huge pseudotooth birds form a clade, and in this case, Pseudodontornithidae like Cyphornithidae and Dasornithidae is correctly placed in the synonymy of Pelagornithidae even if several families were accepted in the Odontopterygiformes.Olson (1985: p. 195), Mlíkovský (2002: p.

They proposed the new combination of Micracanthorhynchina segmentata which implies membership of the Rhadinorhynchidae. As a result they synonymised Allorhadinorhynchus with Micracanthorhynchina. This action also had significance for the subfamily Allorhadinorhynchinae which should have fallen into synonymy, however this has not been commented on by any authors. Despite this well argued action, Amin and Sey in 1996 did not recognise the new combination proposed by Araki and Machida in 1987, stating without argumentation that it was “invalid”.

T. ramosissima may be treated in synonymy or as a separate species. It has become an aggressive invader of wildlands in the southwestern United States, where it was once planted as an ornamental plant. It reproduces vegetatively from its roots and also from its foliage if it happens to be covered by soil, as in sediment-rich flooding. It also reproduces by its seed, which are tiny and tufted with hairs, easily dispersing on the wind.

The species was first described by American mycologists Lexemuel Ray Hesler and Alexander H. Smith in 1960, based on specimens collected in Muskegon, Michigan in 1936. In the same publication, they also named the variety Lactarius vinaceorufescens var. fallax to account for individuals with prominently projecting pleurocystidia measuring 9–12 µm broad, but they reduced this to synonymy with the main species in their 1979 monograph of North American Lactarius species.Hesler and Smith (1979), pp. 317–19.

They differ from those of West Sumatra in a number of morphological features and may represent the poorly known N. beccariana. This taxon is sympatric with N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. rafflesiana, N. reinwardtiana, and N. tobaica. Nepenthes longifolia is not listed on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as the list follows Jebb and Cheek in treating N. longifolia in synonymy with N. sumatrana. The combined conservation status for both taxa is listed as Least Concern.

It was first described by Cecil Rollo Payton Andrews in 1903 and placed in section Stelogyne as the only species by Ludwig Diels in 1906. In 1994, Rüdiger Seine and Wilhelm Barthlott suggested D. hamiltonii belonged in their section Drosera, reducing section Stelogyne to synonymy with section Drosera. In 1996, Jan Schlauer revised the genus classification and elevated section Stelogyne to a subgenus, arguing that the unique fused styles requires segregation at more than a sectional rank.Schlauer, Jan. 1996.

If the type species proves, upon closer examination, to belong to a pre-existing genus (a common occurrence), then all of the constituent species must be either moved into the pre-existing genus, or disassociated from the original type species and given a new generic name; the old generic name passes into synonymy and is abandoned unless there is a pressing need to make an exception (decided case-by-case, via petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature).

A type genus is that genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed. As with type species, the type genus is not necessarily the most representative, but is usually the earliest described, largest or best known genus. It is not uncommon for the name of a family to be based upon the name of a type genus that has passed into synonymy; the family name does not need to be changed in such a situation.

On Norfolk Island, C. obtecta grows in forest on Mt Bates, Mt Pitt, and elsewhere in the National Park. In New Zealand it was first described as C. kaspar and was thought to be restricted to the Three Kings Islands, 55 km north of the North Island. Later it was found on the North Island at North Cape, and on Murimotu Island and the Poor Knights Islands. In 2005, C. kaspar was relegated to synonymy with C. obtecta.

This name was sunk into C. heberi by William Smith-Vaniz in a major review, indicating C. sansun also should be sunk. Despite this, the name remains valid amongst some authorities. A second, later independent description of the fish by Georges Cuvier produced the name Caranx sem, which became common throughout the literature. Probable synonymy with C. heberi was recognized by Henry Fowler in 1905 and is currently recognized as such due to formal synonymisation by John Randall.

Astatotilapia stappersii is a ray-finned fish species in the family Cichlidae. Adults measure about 15 cm (6 inches) in total length. It is erroneously listed twice in the IUCN Red List, once with a proper entry under its original name Haplochromis stappersii, and once having become mixed up with the synonymy of the Striped Nothobranch (Nothobranchius taeniopygus). It is neither similar nor closely related to that toothcarp, however, apart from both being East African Acanthopterygii.

Three types of relationship between vantages have been identified: near synonymy, coextension, and inclusion, plus the relationship of complementation obtaining between the dominant vantages of distinct categories. The relationships are found synchronically in the world's languages but also follow a diachronic sequence in that order. The process has to do with progressively greater differentiation of categories along with greater emphasis placed on difference at the expense of similarity. The relationships are idealized segments of a continuum.

This is a correct and valid emendation under I.C.Z.N. Article 32.5.1.1. The name with its original incorrect spelling is in current usage, the errata sheet evidently having been overlooked by Cypraea specialists. Iredale & McMichael (1962: 61) list “humphreyii (humphreysii errore)” but do not mention the errata page. Schilder & Schilder (1971: 122) attributed that usage to Iredale & McMichael and listed it as “published in a not valid way” in the synonymy of Palmadusta lutea humphreysii on page 52.

This species was first described as a subspecies of Hyla misera (now a synonym with Hyla microcephala, current name Dendropsophus microcephalus), Hyla misera meridiana, by the Brazilian herpetologist Bertha Lutz in 1954. It was recognized as full species in 1966 by , before again being relegated into synonymy with Hyla microcephala by in 1974. The species status was restored in 2005 by Faivovich and colleagues, who placed Dendropsophus meridianus in their "Dendropsophus microcephalus group", along with 32 other species.

These are small snails, with a nearly cylindrical shell measuring just over 2 mm in length. There is little morphological and almost no genetic variation between the supposed "species". Thus, even though the proposed synonymy resulted from mtDNA COI and nDNA ITS1 sequence data analyses applied to the phylogenetic species concept (which does not recognize subspecies), as opposed to the morphologically diverse Bythinella bicarinata it might not even be warranted to accept the formerly distinct taxa as subspecies.

This led to a number of synonyms created and a confusing taxonomy. It did not help that the type material of several species, located in the Berlin herbarium, was destroyed during the Second World War. Marinus Anton Donk proposed to conserve the more popular name Cladoderris against the earlier Cymatoderma, but this was rejected by the authorities on Fungus nomenclature. Today, the name Cladoderris is placed in synonymy with Cymatoderma, as well as the names Actinostroma, Beccariella, and Beccaria.

Since the first name applied to any of these remains was Chirostenotes, this was the only name recognized as valid for many years. However, Senter and Parrish (2005) doubted the synonymy of Caenagnathus with Chirostenotes, noting that the maxillary remains included in the Epichirostenotes holotype didn't overlap with CMN 8776. A cladistic analysis of Coelurosauria by Senter (2007) found Caenagnathus to fall basally within Caenagnathoidea, while Chirostenotes fell as a derived taxon related to Elmisaurus.Senter, P (2007).

This was followed in the literature for decades. The two genera were not formally compared, however, nor was there a full accounting of what actually belonged to Coelurus, until John Ostrom's study in 1980. Gilmore had suspected that C. fragilis and C. agilis were the same, but Ostrom was able to demonstrate this synonymy. This greatly expanded the known material pertaining to C. fragilis, and Ostrom was able to demonstrate that Ornitholestes was quite different from Coelurus.

The statements in the second class have the form: :(2) No bachelor is married. A statement with this form can be turned into a statement with form (1) by exchanging synonyms with synonyms, in this case "bachelor" with "unmarried man". It is the second class of statements that lack characterization according to Quine. The notion of the second form of analyticity leans on the notion of synonymy, which Quine believes is in as much need of clarification as analyticity.

He also placed the form Otus choliba pintoi (Kelso, 1936) as a synonym of it. This treatment was referenced in Claus Koenig and Roberto Juan Straneck's description of Otus hoyi and in Howard and Moore, where both names were validly used. Holt et al., Dickinson and Weick placed argentinus in the synonymy of atricapilla (variably spelled), the latter author further invoking "Lichtenstein, 1854" as the authority, and also providing wing chord measurements of the type, from Hekstra's description.

The Chignahuapan splayfoot salamander (Chiropterotriton orculus), also known as Cope's flat-footed salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and known from the southern and eastern margins of the Mexican Plateau between northern Morelos and northern Puebla. It was removed from the synonymy of Chiropterotriton chiropterus in 1994; unnamed species may also exist in this species complex. Its natural habitats are pine-oak and fir forests; it tolerates some habitat modification.

It flowers in the southern hemisphere from April to August. S. tenerrimum is most closely related to S. alsinoides, though it differs by its asymmetrical petals. In his revision of the subgenus Andersonia in 2000, A.R. Bean placed S. evolutum into synonymy and noted that the type specimen of S. mitrasacmoides was not located and thus the application of this synonym is not certain. Tony Bean assessed this species' conservation status as data deficient in 2000.

Thomas, 1902, p. 129 In 1944, Philip Hershkovitz relegated both O. levipes and O. keaysi to the synonymy of O. albigularis,Hershkovitz, 1944, p. 72, footnote 16 where it remained until it was reinstated a species in the early 1990s on the basis of genetic and other differences. When O. albigularis and related species were reclassified into a new genus, Nephelomys, in 2006, it was retained as a separate species, but under the name of Nephelomys levipes.

There are many synonyms in Japanese because the Japanese language draws from several different languages for loanwords, notably Chinese and English, as well as its own native words. In Japanese, synonyms are called dōgigo (kanji: 同義語) or ruigigo (kanji: 類義語). Full synonymy, however, is rare. In general, native Japanese words may have broader meanings than those that are borrowed, Sino-Japanese words tend to suggest a more formal tone, while Western borrowed words more modern.

The species was first described in 1849 by Elias Magnus Fries. The holotype was found in a collection from Södermanland, Sweden, from 1845 by Matts Adolf Lindblad (1821−1899), who is honoured with the genus name. The specific epithet tubulina refers to the tubular sporangia, of which the pseudoaethalium is composed. Occasionally, further species in Lindbladia have been characterized, but they have mostly been reduced to synonymy with this species, so the genus is considered monotypic.

These later became accepted as distinct genera (the former only temporarily; see synonymy below), the latter under the name Pseudevernia. In 1974, Krog published an account of three Northern Hemisphere Hypogymnia species that grow on acid rock in arctic and alpine habitats. These species, namely H. atrofusca, H. intestiniformis, and H. oroarctica, make up the H. intestiniformis group. This biologically discontinuous assemblage of species was segregated from Hypogymnia by Trevor Goward under the genus name Brodoa in 1986.

It was found that the six smaller genera are all embedded in the large genus Polyscias. In a companion paper, published simultaneously, the six smaller genera (Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Gastonia, Reynoldsia, Munroidendron, and Tetraplasandra) were placed in synonymy under Polyscias, thereby raising the number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159. About 80 species from Madagascar and ten from New Caledonia are known from recently collected specimens. They will be named and described in forthcoming papers.

Restoration of A. scagliai Aetosauroides was proposed to be synonymous with the genus Stagonolepis in 1996 and 2002. Smaller specimens of both species were placed with Stagonolepis robertsoni, and larger specimens were considered to be S. wellesi. This synonymy is not accepted, with several studies identifying unique features that distinguish Aetosauroides from Stagonolepis. Among these are maxillae that do not touch the nostrils, oval- shaped holes on the centra of the vertebrae, and a convex margin of the lower jaw.

IUCN's Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group,Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R. Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P.]. 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group.

Profile view of a velvet belly lanternshark, from Les Poissons (1877). The velvet belly was originally described as Squalus spinax by Swedish natural historian Carl Linnaeus, known as the "father of taxonomy", in the 1758 tenth edition of Systema Naturae. He did not designate a type specimen; the specific epithet spinax is in reference to the spiny dorsal fins. This species was later moved to the genus Etmopterus via the synonymy of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque's Etmopterus aculeatus with Squalus spinax.

Planchon also added the species D. humilis and D. penduliflora (later reduced to synonymy under D. ramellosa) to the new subseries. D. platypoda was added in 1854 by Nicolai Stepanovitch Turczaninow and D. purpurascens, described by August Friedrich Schlotthauber followed in 1856. In 1864, George Bentham reorganized the species under section Ergaleium, recognized fewer taxa, and suggested the reclassification of D. humilis as a variety of D. stolonifera. In 1906, Ludwig Diels took Bentham's suggestion and reduced D. humilis to the variety rank.

Subsequent authors described another 150 or so species in Typhula. The genus was revised in 1950 by E. J. H. Corner, who characterized Typhula species as having fruit bodies arising from sclerotia, the genera Pistillaria and Pistillina accommodating similar species lacking sclerotia. A later and more specialist revision by Jacques Berthier (1976) placed both these latter genera in synonymy. No later taxonomic studies have been published, though DNA sequences of the type species have indicated the placement of Typhula within the Agaricales.

The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a scientific name (under the currently used system of scientific nomenclature) to the Norway spruce, which he called Pinus abies. This name is no longer in use: it is now a synonym of the current scientific name, Picea abies.

English naturalist John Gould described the same species as Elanus notatus in 1838 from a specimen from New South Wales, apparently unaware of Latham's description. English zoologist George Robert Gray followed Latham using the binomial Elanus axillaris in 1849. Gould conceded Latham's name was valid and hence had precedence, and E. notatus was reduced to synonymy. Australian ornithologist Gregory Mathews argued that Latham's description mentioned black axillaries and hence must have referred to the letter-winged kite, and that Watling's drawings were inconclusive.

Macrorhynchus is a junior synonym of Pholidosaurus. It was named in 1843 from the same stratigraphic unit and region as P. schaumbergensis, with the type species being M. meyeri. Because M. meyeri bears a strong resemblance to Pholidosaurus schaumburgensis, it is now regarded as a species of Pholidosaurus. It was reassigned to the genus Pholidosaurus in 1887 by Richard Lydekker because of this synonymy, and also because the name Macrorhynchus was preoccupied by a genus of fish named in 1880.

Xu, Pittman et al. (2015) reject this synonymy by responding to the counterarguments proposed using new and existing details of Linheraptor's anatomy. Tsaagan represents the only dromaeosaurid remains (other than isolated teeth) known from the Ukhaa Tolgod region, though another dromaeosaurid, Velociraptor, is known from the same formation. Animals that may have shared the same habitat with Tsaagan include Protoceratops, Shuvuuia, the small mammal Zalambdalestes, the multituberculate mammal Kryptobaatar, as well as several lizards and two yet-undescribed species of troodontid and dromaeosaurid.

Black pomegranate P. granatum has more than 500 named cultivars, but evidently has considerable synonymy in which the same genotype is named differently across regions of the world. Several characteristics between pomegranate genotypes vary for identification, consumer preference, preferred use, and marketing, the most important of which are fruit size, exocarp color (ranging from yellow to purple, with pink and red most common), seed-coat color (ranging from white to red), hardness of seed, maturity, juice content and its acidity, sweetness, and astringency.

The synonymy of Parthenina (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dolfus, 1883) with Besla (Doll & Bartsch, 1904) proposed by Micali et al., (2012) is debatable. The type species of Besla has a protoconch axis at 90° with that of teleoconch (Type A protoconch), whereas that of Parthenina is tilted at nearly 180° (Type C); therefore, these divergent characteristics suggest that Besla and Parthenina are unrelated and that their teleoconch sculpture may be convergent .Micali P., Nofroni I. & Perna E. (2012) Parthenina alesii n. sp.

The conservation status of N. sumatrana is listed as Critically Endangered on the 2014 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, prior to the 2013 re-evaluation, N. sumatrana had not been re-evaluated since 2000 and treated N. longifolia in synonymy with N. sumatrana. Recent studies have shown that these two taxa are distinct species. In 2001, based on first hand observations of wild populations, Charles Clarke informally reclassified N. sumatrana as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN criteria.

The authors tentatively upheld this synonymy in their 2001 revision, "Nepenthaceae", writing: > Although we treat N. longifolia as a synonym [of N. sumatrana], it is > representative of other specimens from inland Sumatra, at higher altitudes > (c. 1000 m) that show differences from the plants at sea level on the coast. > The inland plants have more slender pitchers which are ellipsoid in the > lower half and cylindrical in the upper (not infundibuliform), with an > elliptic (not a suborbicular) lid. However, intermediates are reported.

In 1971 Robert Chinnock published a new species name, D. blackii, for some New Zealand material, and five years later he transferred M. clavellatum to Disphyma. In the early 1980s, Hugh Francis Glen determined, on the basic of a multivariate analysis, that Disphyma was monotypic. All other names were therefore given synonymy with D. crassifolium. This situation remained until 1986, when it was decided that the South African populations differed sufficiently from the Australian and New Zealand populations to merit distinct subspecies.

Ryvarden and Dhandha had previously (1975) used this combination of characters to erect Cystostiptoporus, a genus that had Cystostiptoporus indicus as the type species. Due to the Principle of Priority, the earlier-published name is preferred, and Cystostiptoporus was therefore sunk into synonymy with Microporellus. In 1987, E. J. H. Corner further emended Microporellus by including species without cystidia, and also some trimitic species. Decock broadened the genus in 2001 by including two species with stipes: Microporellus celtis, and M. peninsularis.

This confusion culminated in Yojiro Wakiya concluding in 1924 they should be treated as separate species. The taxonomy of the species was finally revised by Frederick Berry in 1965, who resolved these two names as being synonymous with C. melampygus, and placed several other names in synonymy with C. melampygus. Under ICZN nomenclature rules, these later names are deemed junior synonyms of C. melampygus and rendered invalid. The species has not been included in any detailed phylogenetic studies of the Carangidae.

Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 83:61-98. This species was recently reassigned to Paleorhinus, because it shares unique synapomorphies with P. bransoni (the type species of Paleorhinus), and a species-level phylogenetic analysis of phytosaurs found the species to be sister taxa. Friedrich von Huene (1939) described and named a fourth species, Francosuchus trauthi. It was synonymized with Paleorhinus, but a re-description of the species by Butler (2013) found no evidence to support the synonymy, or even a phytosaurian identification.

This species was initially placed in the genus Leptomantis, as L. bimaculata. It was erroneously described a second time in 1922, under the junior synonym Philautus zamboangensis. Leptomantis was later merged into Rhacophorus, and its name became the senior homonym of the R. bimaculatus named so by G. A. Boulenger in 1882; that species was subsequently renamed to R. bipunctatus.Ahl (1927) Now, the genus Leptomantis has been removed from synonymy with Rhacophorus and is recognised as a separate genus again.

English botanist E. J. H. Corner reduced this to synonymy with F. macrophylla in 1965, before P. S. Green noted it was distinct enough for subspecies status in 1986. Australian botanist Dale J. Dixon reviewed material and felt the differences too minor to warrant subspecific status, and recognised two forms: Ficus macrophylla f. macrophylla, a free-standing tree endemic to mainland Australia; and Ficus macrophylla f. columnaris, a hemiepiphyte lacking a distinct main trunk and endemic to Lord Howe Island.

The species was first described as Trichomanes minutum by Carl Ludwig Blume in 1828 but has since been moved to Crepidomanes minutum based on genetic evidence. C. minutum has great variation in morphology between different populations, thus has extensive synonymy as many of these populations were described as separate species. Further research, however, has revealed that the variation within the species is continuous and all variation is best regarded as intraspecific rather than interspecific variation. Crepidomanes minutum may be diploid, triploid, or tetrapoid.

Laeliocattleya is a nothogenus of intergeneric orchid hybrids descended from the parental genera Laelia and Cattleya. It is abbreviated Lc. in the horticultural trade. Due to the recent decision by the Royal Horticultural Society (the international orchid registration authority) to recognize the reduction of the Brazilian Laelia species and the entire genus Sophronitis to synonymy under Cattleya, many hybrids which had previously been described as Laeliocattleya hybrids are now classified as Cattleya hybrids. (e.g. C. George Cutler) Flowers of the Laeliocattleya (syn.

Carangoides ciliarius is a dubious species of marine fish in the jack and horse mackerel family, Carangidae. The validity of the species has been questioned by a number of authors, with many concluding it is a synonym of the similar Carangoides armatus, commonly known as the longfin trevally. However, this synonymy has not been accepted by all authorities, with Fishbase and ITIS both recognising it as a valid species. Like Carangoides armatus, the species is occasionally referred to as the 'longfin kingfish'.

The Hawaiian clade consists of the sister species Polyscias sandwicensis (formerly Reynoldsia sandwicensis) and Polyscias racemosa (formerly Munroidendron racemosum), as well as a monophyletic group of nine species that had been in Tetraplasandra as defined by Philipson in 1970. When Polyscias was recircumscribed in 2010, the authors did not recognize all of the eight species that had been recognized in 2003. They placed R. grayana and R. tauensis into synonymy under R. lanutoensis. They likewise subsumed R. tahitiensis into R. verrucosa.

In form aerugineum, described by Josef Šutara in 2009, the flesh discolors green after injury. The variety americanum, described by Alexander H. Smith and Harry Delbert Thiers in 1971 from collections made in Michigan, injured flesh stains reddish. Lannoy & Estadès described Leccinum nucatum in 1993, a taxon that was later (2007) published as variety nucatum of L. holopus; no molecular evidence was found supporting the existence of this as a distinct taxon, and it is therefore placed into synonymy with L. holopus. Leccinum holopus var.

The Western New Guinea stream turtle or New Guinea snapping turtle (Elseya novaeguineae) is a species of freshwater turtle in the Chelidae family. It is found in the Bird's Head Peninsula and the Bomberai Peninsula west of Cenderawasih Bay, and on the island of Waigeo of West Papua, Indonesia.Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R. Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P.]. 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.).

In 1928 Oldfield Thomas reduced subgenus Urosciurus into synonymy with subgenus Hadrosciurus, and moved Urosciurus pyrrhinus and U. igniventris to Hadrosciurus. In 1940 Ellerman moved the new additions to subgenus Hadrosciurus to subgenus Guerlinguetus, returning it to monotypy. In 1959 Moore raised subgenus Guerlinguetus to the rank of genus in which he included all larger South American squirrels, and moved the monotypic subgenus Hadrosciurus from genus Sciurus to Guerlinguetus, including the Urosciurus species in subgenus Hadrosciurus. Cabrera (posthumously) in 1961 used Oldfield Thomas's taxonomic interpretation.

Schirn completed his doctoral degree at the University of Freiburg in 1974 with a thesis on identity and synonymy in logic and semantics and subsequently taught at University of Oxford, University of Cambridge and Michigan State University. Schirn’s research during this time focused on theories of meaning and intensional semantics. He continued working in this area at the University of California at Berkeley, St. John’s College (Oxford), Harvard University and at Wolfson College (Oxford). In 1985, Schirn was awarded his habilitation at the University of Regensburg.

Synonyms with exactly the same meaning share a seme or denotational sememe, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and thus overlap within a semantic field. The former are sometimes called cognitive synonyms and the latter, near-synonyms, plesionymsDiMarco, Chrysanne, and Graeme Hirst. "Usage notes as the basis for a representation of near-synonymy for lexical choice." Proceedings of 9th annual conference of the University of Waterloo Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary and Text Research. 1993.

No unambiguous characteristics were shared between these scraps, and one tibia referred to Pseudolagosuchus (Novas's 'UPLR 53') seemed to have a curvature different from that of Lewisuchus's holotype. A new specimen of Lewisuchus discovered in 2013 was described by Martin Ezcurra et al. in 2019, helping to settle the synonymy debate. This new specimen, CRILAR-Pv 552, was a partial skeleton incorporating parts of the skeleton previously only known in either Lewisuchus (such as the skull) or in Pseudolagosuchus (such as the hip and hindlimbs).

This description removed the name from a synonymy of M. planiceps, publishing a subgeneric arrangement Mormopterus (Ozimops) petersi before that was elevated to genus Ozimops. Leche initially placed it in the now defunct genus Nyctinomus with the species name petersi. While Leche did not state the eponym for the species name "petersi", it is possible that it was named in honor of Wilhelm Peters, a German naturalist who described several species and genera of bats and had died a year prior to Leche's publication in 1884.

As construction grammar is based on schemas and taxonomies, it does not operate with dynamic rules of derivation. Rather, it is monotonic. Because construction grammar does not operate with surface derivations from underlying structures, it adheres to functionalist linguist Dwight Bolinger's principle of no synonymy, on which Adele Goldberg elaborates in her book. This means that construction grammarians argue, for instance, that active and passive versions of the same proposition are not derived from an underlying structure, but are instances of two different constructions.

Behemotops emlongi, also described in 1986, was placed in the synonymy of B. proteus in 1994, but was later placed in its own genus, Seuku, in 2014. The first specimen, USNM 186889, a massive tusk in fragments of a mandible — was found in Lincoln County, Oregon () in 1969. In 1977, at the same location, fossil collector Douglas Emlong discovered a poorly preserved half right mandible — USNM 244033 — matching the first specimen. This mandible became the holotype of Seuku emlongi (then described as B. emlongi) when described by .

Jebb and Cheek also reduced Danser's N. carunculata to N. bongso and N. leptochila to N. hirsuta. A number of more recently described species were also sunk in synonymy, including N. faizaliana and N. sandakanensis to synonyms of N. stenophylla, N. longifolia to a synonym of N. sumatrana, N. talangensis to a synonym of N. bongso, N. tenuis to a synonym of N. dubia, and N. xiphioides to a synonym of N. pectinata.Kurata, S. 2002. Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference: 111–116.

Clanculus rarus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The description by Dufo was miserable and doesn't allow an undisputed definition. Paul Fischer (1835-1893) suggested that it should be relegated to the synonymy of Clanculus pharaonius.L.C. Kiener & Paul Fischer, Spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes comprenant la collection du Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Paris : la collection Lamarck, celle du prince Masséna (appartenant maintenant a M.B. Delessert) et les découvertes récentes des voyageurs; Paris :J.

Ramsay, G.W. 1961: The synonymy and systematics of a genus and two species of New Zealand weta (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Henicinae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 30: 85–89. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1961.tb00169.x In the same paper, Ramsay also recognized Deinacrida sonitospina as a synonym of D. connectens, which was previously described by New Zealand entomologist John Tenison Salmon in 1950 from specimens found at Mount Peel and Mount Arthur.Salmon, J.T. 1950: Revision of the New Zealand wetas - Anostostominae (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae).

The publications of De Candolle, Pfeiffer, and Bentham provided models for the acceptance of names. However, the editor admitted that not all earlier sources were included; this sometimes led to subsequent errors in botanical nomenclature. The scope of the project was also changed in early editions, the editor noting that to include a full synonymy was too ambitious. The work originally indicated acceptance of a name, acting as a nomenclator rather than an index, but by 1913 it avoided making taxonomic judgement in its citations.

Dr. Cockerell placed Dinopanorpa in the modern family Panorpidae when describing the genus in 1924. This placement was changed by Dr Robert Tillyard who reexamined the genus in 1933 and moved Dinoanorpa to the extinct family Orthophlebiidae. The move to Orthophlebiidae was not only maintained by Dr O. Martynova but strengthened when she synonymized Dinopanorpa with the genus Orthophlebia in 1962. This synonymy and familial placement was rejected in 1972 when Dr Frank Carpenter resurrected the genus Dinoanorpa and moved it to the new family Dinopanorpidae.

Hyperolius bolifambae (also known as Bolifamba reed frog or Medje reed frog) is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is known from southeastern Nigeria, southern Cameroon, and southwestern Central African Republic, with an isolated record in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (type locality of Hyperolius erythropus, now in synonymy); the latter record may be considered doubtful. It likely has a broader range towards south and east than currently documented, and the AmphibiaWeb includes Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in the distribution.

The genus was first described by Barbara Parris in 2007 to receive some of the species of the polyphyletic genus Ctenopteris; Ctenopterella is a diminutive form of that name. She initially placed twelve species in the genus. In 2013, she described a new species, Ctenopterella gabonensis, from the Monts Doudou in Gabon, and transferred a Vietnamese species, Ctenopterella nhatrangensis, into the genus. In 2015, she transferred three more species from Ctenopteris, including one she had formerly placed in synonymy, in preparation for a monograph on the genus.

He was a member of the Royal Irish Academy, the Belfast Natural History Society, the Microscopical Society of London, and the Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science, as well as a fellow of the (now Royal) Entomological Society of London. Alexander Haliday was among the greatest dipterists of the 19th century and one of the most renowned British entomologists. His achievements were in four main fields: description, higher taxonomy, synonymy, and biology. He erected many major taxa including the order Thysanoptera and the families Mymaridae and Ichneumonidae.

The first complete edition of the Heliand was published by J. A. Schmeller in 1830; the second volume, containing the glossary and grammar, appeared in 1840. The standard edition is that of Eduard Sievers (1877), in which the texts of the Cotton and Munich manuscripts are printed side by side. It is not provided with a glossary, but contains an elaborate and most valuable analysis of the diction, synonymy and syntactical features of the poem. Other useful editions are those of Moritz Heyne (3rd ed.

1919 reconstruction of L. giganteus by von Arthaber Also in 1869, Seeley informally named "Ptenodactylus microdon". In 1870, he formally named it Ornithocheirus microdon, "small tooth", Hooley (1914) transferred this species to Lonchodectes to form the new combination Lonchodectes microdon. Its holotype, CAMSM B54486, has its provenance in the Cambridge Greensand and consists of the front of a snout. The type specimen of Ornithocheirus oweni Seeley 1870, CAMSM B 54439, was synonymized with microdon by Unwin (2001), and Rodrigues & Kellner (2013) agreed with this synonymy.

The authors concluded that Triceratops individuals too old to be considered immature forms are represented in the fossil record, as are Torosaurus individuals too young to be considered fully mature adults. The synonymy of Triceratops and Torosaurus cannot be supported, they said, without more convincing intermediate forms than Scannella and Horner initially produced. Scannella's Triceratops specimen with a hole on its frill, they argued, could represent a diseased or malformed individual rather than a transitional stage between an immature Triceratops and mature Torosaurus form.

Among other things, they argue that Quine's skepticism about synonyms leads to a skepticism about meaning. If statements can have meanings, then it would make sense to ask "What does it mean?". If it makes sense to ask "What does it mean?", then synonymy can be defined as follows: Two sentences are synonymous if and only if the true answer of the question "What does it mean?" asked of one of them is the true answer to the same question asked of the other.

More recently, molecular phylogenetics has been utilized to determine genetic and evolutionary relationships between groups within the genus, delineating discrete clades. Pleurotus, along with the closely related genus Hohenbuehelia, has been shown to be monophyletic. Tests of cross-breeding viability between groups have been used to further define which groups are deserving of species rank, as opposed to subspecies, variety, or synonymy. If two groups of morphologically distinct Pleurotus fungi are able to cross-breed and produce fertile offspring, they meet one definition of species.

Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Alec M. Pridgeon, Paul Kores, H. P. Linder, Hubert Kurzweil, and Mark W. Chase. 1999. "Molecular phylogenetics of Diseae (Orchidaceae): a contribution from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences". American Journal of Botany 86(6):887-899. PDF In a classification of orchids that was published in 2015, Diseae was not recognized, but was instead placed in synonymy under Orchideae.Mark W. Chase, Kenneth M. Cameron, John V. Freudenstein, Alec M. Pridgeon, Gerardo A. Salazar, Cássio van den Berg, and André Schuiteman. 2015.

This species was first described by Robert Brown in his 1810 Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. The same species was described as Stylidium androsaceum in John Lindley's 1839 A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony and again as Stylidium lindleyanum in 1845 by Otto Wilhelm Sonder, both of which were later reduced to synonymy with this current and older name. One variety of this species was described by Rica Erickson and Jim Willis in 1956. Stylidium calcaratum var.

However, when proposing this synonymy in 1999,Inger et al. (1999) neither the holotypes nor verified specimen from the type locality were examined. In fact, the alleged specimens of R. bipunctatus were from localities where that species is not known to occur. When the approproate comparisons were finally done almost 10 years later, it turned out the R. rhodopus actually refers to the frogs described as R. namdaphaensis in 1985,Sarkar & Sanyal (1985) which therefore is properly known by the older name R. rhodopus.

Bean noted that the description of S. irriguum matched that of S. rotundifolium except for the flower color (pink with red highlights for S. rotundifolium and pale yellow to white for S. irriguum) and capsule size, which both fall within the natural variation for this species. S. reductum was also reduced to synonymy by Bean because the taxon described as S. reductum was just a juvenile form of S. rotundifolium that only had a single flower. Its conservation status has been assessed as secure.

In 1753, he took up Plumier's Magnolia in the first edition of Species Plantarum. There he described a monotypic genus, with the sole species being Magnolia virginiana. Since Linnaeus never saw a herbarium specimen (if there ever was one) of Plumier's Magnolia and had only his description and a rather poor picture at hand, he must have taken it for the same plant which was described by Catesby in his 1730 Natural History of Carolina. He placed it in the synonymy of Magnolia virginiana var.

This possibly led Francis Day to synonymise C. diplogramma with C. micropeltes in 1878.Day F (1878) Fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and freshwaters of India, Burma and Ceylon. The close similarity, rarity of adult specimens in museum collections, and because no taxonomist had studied this snakehead since its description, resulted in the acceptance of the synonymy by subsequent ichthyologists. In 2011, C. diplogramma was shown to be a valid species 134 years after it was synonymised, making it an endemic species of Peninsular India.

In older classifications, H. sulcata was known as Lentinus sulcatus or Panus fulvidus. However, there is strong phylogenetic evidence for the segregation of a group of brown rot causing fungi at the level of order, including Neolentinus and Heliocybe and Gloeophyllum, from the Polyporales where Lentinus and Panus are classified. Heliocybe has also been placed into synonymy with Neolentinus, but anatomically they differ by the absence versus the presence of clamp connections and phylogenetically Heliocybe is distinct, being either a sister group to Neolentinus or to a Neolentinus-Gloeophyllum-clade, or allied to Gloeophyllum odoratum.

In 1859, N. villosa was again described and illustrated in J. D. Hooker's treatment of the genus published in The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. The illustration and description were reproduced in Spenser St. John's Life in the Forests of the Far East, published in 1862.St. John, S. 1862. Life in the Forests of the Far East; or, Travels in northern Borneo. 2 volumes. London: Smith, Elder & Co.. B. H. Danser treated N. edwardsiana in synonymy with N. villosa in his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", published in 1928.

During the meeting, he also published a description of the species in the ' on Sunday September 22, 1844, placing the species in the genus Polyphemus. However, this description was ignored by the scientific community, and Wilhelm Lilljeborg described the species in 1861 with the name Leptodora hyalina. The synonymy was not noticed until Simon Albrecht Poppe informed Lilljeborg of it in 1889, and Lilljeborg corrected the error in his 1900 monograph. In 2009, a second species, Leptodora richardii, was described from individuals collected from lakes in the Amur River basin, including Lake Bolon.

Amanita australis is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It is found only in New Zealand, where it occurs in Leptospermum and Nothofagus forest. The species was first described by New Zealand mycologist Greta Stevenson in 1962; in the same publication Stevenson also described what she thought was a unique species, Limacella macrospora, but over 30 years later this was reduced to synonymy with A. australis. Amanita australis produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies, with brown caps up to in diameter covered with pyramidal warts.

Unlike contrast, N3C does not require children to understand synonymy, and unlike mutual exclusivity it does not hold that objects have only one name. Furthermore, this principle is not one of the first assumptions child learn mainly because, at this point, children are not dependent on an explicit link between the new word and the object (i.e. by pointing). By acquiring this principle the indirect link of seeing an unnamed object while hearing a new word is enough for the child to map the new label to the unnamed object.

Chelodina kuchlingi had been considered the same species as Chelodina rugosa for the last decade, however, the species has been resurrectedTurtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., Shaffer, H.B., and Bour, R.]. (2014). Turtles of the world, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group.

Three forms are from the Pacific Northwest region of North America: form dilatoria has fruit bodies that darken to lavender gray to brownish gray; form fragrans has a fragrant odor and widely spaced gills; form cremeispora produces a light yellow spore print and has an obscurely two-layered cap cuticle. Form gregata, found in the eastern United States, grows gregariously in jack pine and Scotch pine forests. The nomenclatural database Index Fungorum lumps these forms, as well as f. subrubescen, published by Patrick Reumaux in 1996, together into synonymy.

In addition to the very large and exceptionally rare Yangtze giant softshell turtle, several smaller turtle species are found in the Yangtze basin, its delta and valleys. These include the Chinese box turtle, yellow-headed box turtle, Pan's box turtle, Yunnan box turtle, yellow pond turtle, Chinese pond turtle, Chinese stripe-necked turtle and Chinese softshell turtle, which all are considered threatened.van Dijk, P.P.; Iverson, J.B.; Rhodin, A.G.J.; Shaffer, H.B.; and Bour, R. (2014). Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status.

Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the same type and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription may vary, even widely). This may be species-group taxa of the same rank with the same type specimen, genus-group taxa of the same rank with the same type species or if their type species are themselves objective synonyms, of family-group taxa with the same type genus, etc.ICZN, Art. 61.3 In the case of subjective synonyms, there is no such shared type, so the synonymy is open to taxonomic judgement,ICZN, Art. 61.3.

Dendropsophinae is a subfamily of small neotropical tree frogs in the family Hylidae. They are distributed from southern Mexico, throughout Central America, and down South America (including Trinidad) to northern Argentina and Uruguay. Removed from the synonymy of Hylinae in 2016, this taxon is not recognized in all recent reference works. The family name comes from the Greek word dendron which means "tree" and psophos which means "sound" or "noise," referring to how you are more likely to hear the frogs singing up in the trees rather than actually seeing them.

Batocera maculata is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the subfamily Lamiinae of the family Cerambycidae.Titanbase: Batocera maculataWorld Cerambycidae Catalog: Batocera maculata While originally named as "Lamia tigris" by Voet in 1778, no name was validly published for this species until 1817; Voet's 1778 work fails to fulfill the requirement in ICZN Article 11.4 that a work must be consistently binominal, and all names within that work are unavailable.Krell, F-T. (2012) On nomenclature and synonymy of Trichius rosaceus, T. gallicus, and T. zonatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini).

Even though Cocude-Michel was aware of Hoffstetter's paper, in 1965 she reiterated her argument and made no attempt to address Hoffstetter. Hoffstetter responded in 1966, calling Cocude-Michel's synonymy "unbearable". He noted that it would entail the revision of the diagnostic characteristics of Eichstatettisaurus to a point where it would be practically indistinguishable from Ardeosaurus, which would contradict her family-level separation of the two. Subsequent literature has retained Eichstaettisaurus schroederi and Ardeosaurus digitatellus as separate, although they received little attention until Tiago Simões and colleagues published a redescription of both in 2017.

The specific epithet latus is Latin for 'broad', and may also refer to the flank of an animal. The new species was placed in the genus Caranx, with one subsequent revision reassigning the species to Xurel, now considered to be a junior synonym of Carangoides. In the same volume that C. latus was described, Agassiz also described Caranx lepturus, which later examination revealed to be synonymous with C. latus. Due to C. latus being described first in the publication, this name takes priority and relegates C. lepturus to junior synonymy.

It is deposited at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden. Seven other specimens of N. longifolia were collected on the same day and at the same location; Nerz 2802, 2803, 2804, and 2805 are deposited at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands (L) together with the holotype, while Nerz 2806, 2807, and 2808 are held at the Institut für Biologie I at the University of Tübingen (TUB) in Germany. Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek treated N. longifolia in synonymy with N. sumatrana in their 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)".

Boletus rubellus was one of the pored basidiomycetes to be placed in the genus Xerocomus in the past, and is still regarded as such in some texts. The previously commonly used binomial name Boletus versicolor (Rostk.), published in 1844, is now reduced to synonymy as it postdates the current name by German mycologist Julius Vincenz von Krombholz which dates from 1836. Its present specific epithet ' is Latin for "somewhat red". The fungus was transferred to the new genus Hortiboletus in 2015, following molecular evidence indicating its genetic dissimilarity to Boletus.

His contributions to entomology include descriptions of species with many new names proposed by him that are now mostly relegated to synonymy. Gistel's father Franz Xaver Gistl (1783–1815) worked at the a royal riding school, and died in 1813 and was raised only by his mother Maria Anna Gistl (née Hahn) (born 1772) and his older sister Katharina Leonora (born 1808). Based on school records, it is believed that his original name was Lorenz Gistl. He was educated in schools in Rempart and Schönfeld before joining the royal gymnasium in Munich in 1822.

The genus was removed from the synonymy of Bufo in 2006; an alternative view has been to treat it as a subgenus of Bufo. At present, it is widely recognized as a genus. Andinophryne, consisting of three species, was recognized as a separate genus until 2015 when it was found out that its recognition rendered Rhaebo paraphyletic. An alternative to synonymizing it with Rhaebo would have been to erect a new genus for Rhaebo nasicus, but this would have caused difficulty in assigning species without molecular data to correct genus.

Temiar language on the other hand is relatively homogeneous with its local variations are mutually intelligible and are perceived only as accents. There is a standardisation and territorial expansion of this language. The peculiarity of the Temiar language is also that it acts as a kind of buffer between other Aslian languages and Malay language. On one hand, this has greatly increased the Temiar vocabulary, creating a high level of synonymy, and on the other hand, it has contributed to the spread of the Temiar language among the neighbouring Orang Asli tribes.

G. monumentensis is known from a skull and partial skeleton from Utah. G. monumentensis was listed second on the top 10 list of new species in 2008 by the International Institute for Species Exploration. Recently, a possible fourth species of Gryposaurus, Gryposaurus alsatei, was unearthed in the Javelina Formation, which dates to the late Maastrichtian, along with an unnamed species of Kritosaurus and an undescribed saurolophine which closely resembles Saurolophus, but with a more solid crest. The dubious hadrosaurid Stephanosaurus marginatus was considered a possible species of Kritosaurus, following the synonymy of Gryposaurus with Kritosaurus.

Conium ( or ) is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot family Apiaceae which consists of four species accepted by The Plant List.The Plant List, search for Conium"No good reasons appear to have been advanced for maintaining the southern African representatives of this genus as a separate species (C. chaerophylloides), and accordingly it is here reduced to synonymy." One species, C. maculatum, also called hemlock, which is highly poisonous, is native to temperate regions of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, while the other three are from southern Africa.

The component species of Atopula were later dispersed to other genera by Bolton (1976), who retained genus Brunella as its "affinities are unclear." Later however, Bolton (1982) synonymised Brunella under Aphaenogaster, thus returning M. belti to its original generic combination. More extensive recent sampling of the Madagascan ant fauna has made it clear that this synonymy was incorrect. The discovery of several species referable to Forel's Brunella has allowed the diagnosis of a distinct group of Madagascan endemics, which are convergent in some characters with Aphaenogaster but certainly not congeneric with it.

Flower of Drosera spatulata Drosera Spatulata in white sand from Fraser Island Australia Drosera spatulata was first described by Jacques Labillardière in his 1804 publication Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen. In 1824, D. spatulata was included in a publication by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, but misprinted as Drosera spathulata, an incorrect spelling that is still common today. Since its original description, this species has been described under several other names, which have now been reduced to synonymy. Two varieties have been described and are currently recognized, the first of which was described in 2005.

The type species is T. berryi, named in 1895 on the basis of a single cranial skeleton. Three other specimens were later referred to T. kannemeyeri, which was distinguished from the type on the basis of snout length and number of postcanine teeth. These differences have since been considered to small to assign them to two different species, and thus the T. kannemeyeri has fallen out of use due to this possible synonymy. A new species, T. minor, was named by Robert Broom in 1905 to describe a poorly preserved snout.

Six genera (Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Gastonia, Reynoldsia, Munroidendron, and Tetraplasandra) were placed in synonymy under Polyscias. In accordance with the phylogenetic studies of DNA, Polyscias was divided into 11 subgenera (Polyscias, Grotefendia, Maralia, Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Tetraplasandra, Eupteron, Sciadopanax, Tieghemopanax, Indokingia, and Palmervandenbroekia) and seven species were left incertae sedis. The nine species that had been in Gastonia went to four different subgenera of Polyscias; three species went to Grotefendia, three more to Indokingia, two to Tetraplasandra, and one to Maralia. Polyscias cutispongia, Polyscias maraisiana, and Polyscias rodriguesiana are endemic to Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues, respectively.

METEOR (Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering) is a metric for the evaluation of machine translation output. The metric is based on the harmonic mean of unigram precision and recall, with recall weighted higher than precision. It also has several features that are not found in other metrics, such as stemming and synonymy matching, along with the standard exact word matching. The metric was designed to fix some of the problems found in the more popular BLEU metric, and also produce good correlation with human judgement at the sentence or segment level.

Reconstructed tail and pelvis In 1971, Walter Coombs proposed that Dyoplosaurus was a junior synonym of Euoplocephalus. The two were since generally assumed to be the same species and thus, former Dyoplosaurus specimens have been identified as Euoplocephalus tutus. However, a redescription of the genus published in 2009 in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology claims that the genus is a valid taxon, suggesting that the proposed synonymy was due to the fragmentary nature of the holotype and other specimens of E. tutus. The cladistic analysis performed by Thompson et al.

Analyticity would be acceptable if we allowed for the verification theory of meaning: an analytic statement would be one synonymous with a logical truth, which would be an extreme case of meaning where empirical verification is not needed, because it is "confirmed no matter what". "So, if the verification theory can be accepted as an adequate account of statement synonymy, the notion of analyticity is saved after all." The problem that naturally follows is how statements are to be verified. An empiricist would say that it can only be done using empirical evidence.

Ramsay suspected that discussion of his description prompted McCoy to publish his own description, however McCoy countered that they had been aware it was a separate species for some time. In any case, McCoy's description stood and Ramsay's was consigned to synonymy. In a 1983 paper, Lester Short and colleagues noted the similarity or plumage and calls between the two taxa and occurrence of hybrid specimens from Victoria where the two forms overlapped. John Woinarski found that around Bendigo (where both taxa occur), more pairs appeared to contain members of both forms than not.

Monocercomonoides is a genus of flagellate Excavata belonging to the order Oxymonadida. It was established by Bernard V. Travis and was first described as those with "polymastiginid flagellates having three anterior flagella and a trailing one originating at a single basal granule located in front of the anteriorly positioned nucleus, and a more or less well-defined axostyle".Travis, B. V. 1932. A Discussion of Synonymy in the Nomenclature of Certain Insect Flagellates, with the Description of a New Flagellate from the Larvae of Ligyrodes relictus Say (Coleoptera-Scarabaeidae).

Raorchestes tinniens, also known as the spotted bush frog, black bush frog, and Rao's bubble-nest frog (the latter two referring to species now considered junior synonyms of R. tinniens), is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills, a part of the Western Ghats, in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, southern India. It has a rather complicated taxonomic history, and there is still an open issue whether Ixalus montanus Günther, 1876 from Kudremukh (Karnataka), now in synonymy with Raorchestes tinniens, is indeed a valid species.

After Swainson's initial description, Pieter Bleeker unknowingly redescribed the species as Selar malam, a name which was revised three times before it too was assigned to Alepes. The species was redescribed twice more by Day in 1876 and Chu and Chen in 1958. Being Swainson is the first author to correctly describe the fish, even though he initially ascribed it to the wrong genus, the ICZN recognises Alepes melanoptera as the correct name, and the rest as invalid junior synonyms. Such synonymy is common in the genus Alepes due to the abundance of similar genera.

Batocera armata is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the subfamily Lamiinae of the family Cerambycidae.Titanbase: Batocera armataWorld Cerambycidae Catalog: Batocera armata While originally named as "Cerambyx thomae" by Voet in 1778, no name was validly published for this species until 1800; Voet's 1778 work fails to fulfill the requirement in ICZN Article 11.4 that a work must be consistently binominal, and all names within that work are unavailable.Krell, F-T. (2012) On nomenclature and synonymy of Trichius rosaceus, T. gallicus, and T. zonatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini).

Quine maintains that there is no distinction between universally known collateral information and conceptual or analytic truths. Another approach to Quine's objection to analyticity and synonymy emerges from the modal notion of logical possibility. A traditional Wittgensteinian view of meaning held that each meaningful sentence was associated with a region in the "logical space" Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 1.13. Quine finds the notion of such a space problematic, arguing that there is no distinction between those truths which are universally and confidently believed and those which are necessarily true.

Until the 1980s, the genus Euthamia was largely considered to be a part of the Solidago due to morphological similarities between species in both genera, and a history of synonymy of Solidago lanceolata and Euthamia graminifolia. As mentioned, the lack of bundle sheath extensions in Euthamia compared to Solidago, and deviations in floral morphology present evidence for separation of these taxa. A taxonomy of Euthamia as a genus was presented, providing a detailed description of distinguishing external morphological characters, such as fibrous-roots, sessile leaves, and mostly corymbiform inflorescences.

Brazilian ichthyologist Mauro Luís Triques described T. marauna in a 1998 volume of the scientific journal Revue française d'Aquariologie. In 2001, James S. Albert referred this species to a monophyletic group he termed "Apteronotus sensu stricto", which placed Tembeassu in synonymy with Apteronotus. However, a subsequent re-examination of the original specimens by Ricardo Campos-da-Paz in 2005 found that this species does not share the derived characters of Apteronotus; Campos-da-Paz thus returned T. marauna to its own genus until its phylogenetic relationships can be better investigated.

The genus Haworthia was long considered problematic, and suspected of being polyphyletic. It was accordingly divided into three different subgenera: Haworthia (the soft, green, leafy, and often retuse species); Hexangulares (the harder, often tubercled species); Robustipedunculares (the four largest, most robust species). Several phylogenetic studies have confirmed this division, and shown that Haworthia actually comprises three clades that are only distantly related. Based on phylogenetic evidence, in 2013, Gordon Rowley revived the genus Tulista, first erected by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1840, but long consigned to synonymy with Haworthia.

He named a species Sciaena armata, but the description has been too vague to make any certain conclusions, and this name is considered a nomen dubium that cannot hold priority, and placed in synonymy with C. ciliarius. Georges Cuvier independently renamed the species as Caranx citula in 1833, also making reference to the name Caranx cirrhosus as a synonym of his new name. This name was apparently coined by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, although never properly published. These two names are considered to be junior synonyms under ICZN naming rules and are no longer valid.

The first description of the species was published by Oldfield Thomas in 1904, distinguishing the new taxon by comparison to the species Nyctimene major described by George Edward Dobson in 1877. Thomas examined two specimens, nominating a male as the type, these were obtained by Herbert C. Robinson in Cooktown. The synonymy of N. robinsoni includes Nyctimene tryoni and the separation of the Australian population recognised as Nyctimene albiventer, the common tube-nosed fruit-bat which occurs at the island states north of Australia. Nyctimene robinsoni is allied to the cephalotes-group of the genus.

Sherff recognized the uniqueness of T. hawaiensis, a judgement that was corroborated by subsequent evidence. He understood that T. waimeae and T. waialealae are closely related and that these two belong in a group with T. oahuensis, T. lydgatei, and T. bisattenuata. He placed Pterotropia in synonymy under Tetraplasandra, writing that "a monographic study of Tetraplasandra reveals so much interlocking and overlapping of characters between Tetraplasandra and the species assigned to Pterotropia as to remove all warrant for their segregation". In 1990, Tetraplasandra was covered in a flora of Hawaii.

Nipponosaurus (meaning "Japanese lizard") is a lambeosaurine hadrosaur from sediments of the Yezo Group, Sinegorsk, Sakhalin Island in Russia, part of Japan at the time of naming. The type and only species is N. sachalinensis, known only from a single juvenile specimen discovered in 1934 and named in 1936, by Takumi Nagao, with further material of the same individual found in 1937. Since then, the taxon has been largely ignored, and its validity has been doubted, with synonymy with other Asian hadrosaurs or status as a nomen dubium being suggested. Redescriptions from 2004 and 2017, however, have supported recognition as a distinct species.

The puzzle was finally resolved by Alström et al. (2006), who studied mtDNA cytochrome b and nDNA myoglobin intron 2 sequences of a wider range of Sylvioidea: The bearded reedling was not a parrotbill at all, but forms a distinct lineage on its own, the relationships of which are not entirely resolved at present. The parrotbills' presence in the clade containing Sylvia, on the other hand, necessitates that the Paradoxornithidae are placed in synonymy of the Sylviidae. Cibois (2003b) even suggested that these themselves were to be merged with the remaining Timaliidae and the latter name to be adopted.

Raising it to species level was mainly on the basis of significant (3.5%) differences in the barcodes (COI mitochondrial DNA sequences) of deserticola as compared with other taxa in the riparia group. This conclusion, however, was based on a population in the Owens Valley. Populations in southwestern California near the type locality of deserticola have the same barcodes as those of Sympistis major from Mono Lake, California and elsewhere in the Great Basin, so deserticola is relegated to the synonymy of S. major. The Owens Valley population may yet prove to be a separate species or a genetically divergent population of S. major.

In 1936, based on cranial remains he had discovered, Lamberton named and described a species of sloth lemur, Mesopropithecus globiceps, which he initially placed under another genus. During the early 1900s, reconstructions of subfossil lemurs were poor interpretation due to misattributions of postcranial bones. Although other paleontologists had begun correcting misattributed bones and issues of synonymy, Lamberton fixed more misattributions and poor interpretations of subfossil lemur remains than any other paleontologist. In 1947, he correctly identified the postcranial remains of the sloth lemur, Palaeopropithecus, which Guillaume Grandidier had mistakenly attributed to a giant tree sloth he called Bradytherium.

In 1909, Ludwig Keilhack used the correct name "Triops cancriformis (Bosc)" in a field identification key of the freshwater fauna of Germany. He took up the genus name proposed by Schrank and suggested that the genus name Apus be replaced with Triops Schrank since Apus had been used since 1777 as the genus name of some birds (commonly known as swifts). However, other authors disagreed with him and the controversy continued until the 1950s. In 1955, Alan Longhurst provided the original author of T. cancriformis as "Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801)" with a full history of synonymy to support it.

In 1810, Robert Brown relegated the name to synonymy with B. integrifolia, and it remained so until 1981 when Alex George refined it to a synonym of the autonym B. i. var. integrifolia. In 1800, Antonio José Cavanilles published a number of new Banksia species based on specimens collected at Port Jackson, New South Wales in 1797 by Luis Née, botanist to the Alejandro Malaspina expedition. These included B. oblongifolia, B. oleifolia and B. glauca. The last two of these were declared synonyms of B. integrifolia by Robert Brown in 1810, and refined to synonyms of B. i. subsp.

The name "Bromiini" is conserved over the older name "Adoxini" because of Article 40(2) of the ICZN, which states: "If ... a family-group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus, the substitute name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing usage. A name maintained by virtue of this Article retains its own author but takes the priority of the replaced name, of which it is deemed to be the senior synonym." Bromiini is cited with its own author and date, followed by the date of the replaced name in parentheses: Bromiini Baly, 1865 (1863).

In 2017, Divakar and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks in the family Parmeliaceae, suggesting that groups of species that diverged within the time window of 29.45–32.55 million years ago represent genera. They proposed to synonymize the lichenicolous genus Nesolechia with Punctelia (its lichen forming sister group), because the former group of species originated relatively recently and fell under the timeframe threshold for genus level. This synonymy was not accepted in a later analysis. In North American, member of the genus are commonly known as "speckled shield lichens" or "speckleback lichens".

In his 1810 treatise On the Proteaceae of Jussieu, Robert Brown classified this species as Protea turbiniflora, thereby renaming the Erodendrum turbiniflorum first described by Richard Anthony Salisbury in the The Paradisus Londinensis, and incorrectly sinking into synonymy the previously named Protea caespitosa, which had been described by Henry Cranke Andrews a few years before. The South African botanist Louise Guthrie described P. oleracea in 1925 during her work at the Bolus Herbarium. The International Plant Names Index incorrectly attributes all of her species descriptions to her father, Francis Guthrie, who died 26 years before the publication of this name.

This was later transferred to the jack genus Caranx and finally to the genus Alepes, which Swainson had created in 1839. This is the currently accepted name, as Bloch was the first to describe the fish, even though he put it in the wrong genus. In a marathon effort of synonymy, Georges Cuvier described the species under three separate names in 1833, of which two were reclassified into Alepes, forming the commonly used junior synonyms of Alepes para and Alepes kalla. The razorbelly scad was described and named three times after Cuvier's efforts by Bleeker, De Vis and Wakiya.

The unique characteristics of R. palmatus have made it difficult for taxonomists to agree on how it should be classified, resulting in an elaborate taxonomical history and an extensive synonymy. First named Agaricus palmatus by Bulliard in 1785, it was reclassified into several different genera before becoming Rhodotus in 1926. The familial placement of the genus Rhodotus within the order Agaricales has also been subject to dispute, and the taxon has been transferred variously to the families Amanitaceae, Entolomataceae, and Tricholomataceae. More recently, molecular phylogenetics analysis has helped determine that Rhodotus is most closely related to genera in the Physalacriaceae.

Coker and Beer's suggested synonymy, however, is not recognized by the taxonomical authorities MycoBank or Index Fungorum. Wally Snell once considered Boletus carolinensis to be the sames species as B. curtisii. He claimed that the former species was then considered distinct from the latter by virtue of an even, instead of reticulate (netlike) stem, although they were otherwise quite similar in appearance and spore size and shape. Snell explained that although neither the English nor the Latin text of Berkeley's original description mentioned a reticulated stem, a later (1872) description by Berkeley characterized the stem as reticulato.

What was originally thought to be a prominent head crest proved to be an unattached, indeterminate bone fragment. As in the previous study, Sues and colleagues regarded the African genus Spinosaurus as the most similar taxon to Irritator, because they shared many dental features, including mostly straight conical tooth crowns, thin enamel, well-defined edges with no , and lengthwise fluting. Since little was known of Spinosauruss skull at the time, these similarities were enough for the authors to suggest a possible junior synonymy of Irritator with Spinosaurus. Sues and colleagues noted that more overlapping skull material was needed for further diagnosis.

Skull The genus Cormohipparion was coined for the extinct hipparionin horse "Equus" occidentale, described by Joseph Leidy in 1856. However it was soon argued that the partial material fell within the range of morphological variation seen in Hipparion, and that the members of Cormohipparion belonged instead within Hipparion. This rested on claims that pre-orbital morphology did not have any taxonomic significance, a claim that detailed study of quarry sections later showed to be false. A reappraisal of many horse genera was thus conducted in 1984, and the proposed synonymy was not acknowledged by later literature.

In 1991, Guého and De Hoog re-examined a set of cultures of Scedosporium-like fungi from clinical cases by careful morphological examination and the evaluation of DNA-DNA reassociation complementarity. Along with two strains from their own work, they found the cultures of Hennebert & Desai and Malloch & Salkin to constitute a single species which they confirmed to belong in the genus Scedosporium. Lomentospora prolificans was then transferred to Scedosporium as S. prolificans, and Scedosporium inflatum became a synonym. This synonymy has since been confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions.

He described Banksia australis R.Br., giving the location of the collection as Port Phillip Bay in Victoria in 1802 (having crossed out Van Diemen's Land 1804). Brown's other collections which were reduced to synonymy with B. marginata were Banksia depressa R.Br., a prostrate shrub from Margate Rivulet in southeastern Tasmania, Banksia insularis R.Br., from Flinders and King Island, and Banksia patula R.Br., a shrub from the vicinity of Port Lincoln, South Australia. The French naturalist Aimé Bonpland in 1816 called it Banksia marcescens Bonpl., deemed an illegitimate name, as by that time the name Banksia marginata already had been published.

Calamagrostis purpurascens is native from arctic Greenland, to much of Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon Territory) and the western and northern U.S. (Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming). It is rare and scattered in the southern U.S. states, such as Louisiana, where it is a post-glacial relict. Further south, C. purpurascens is also known in Chile, where it was recorded by Rodolfo Amando Philippi in 1860. Philippi gave it the name Deyeuxia robusta, now relegated to synonymy.

In the decade following the United States Exploring Expedition, Titian Ramsay Peale (1848) wrote an account of the bird and mammal specimens collected, including the description of an atypical snow petrel that was completely white—even the loral area behind the eye. The name Procellaria candida was published as an alternative synonym for the entry of Procellaria nivea. Mathews (1912) recognized Pagodroma nivea candida as a subspecies, taken from Peale's name. However, with the prevailing attitude at the time that names used in synonymy could not be used to identify forms, he later felt that P. n.

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, synonymy for Heterotaxis sessilis in Flora of North America). #Heterotaxis brasiliensis (Brieger & Illg) F.Barros \- Brazil #Heterotaxis discolor (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Ojeda & Carnevali \- Belize, Nicaragua, Venezuela, the Guianas, Bolivia, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador #Heterotaxis equitans (Schltr.) Ojeda & Carnevali \- Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, Bolivia, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador #Heterotaxis fritzii Ojeda & Carnevali \- Ecuador #Heterotaxis maleolens (Schltr.) Ojeda & Carnevali \- Chiapas, Central America #Heterotaxis microiridifolia (D.E.Benn. & Christenson) Ojeda & Carnevali \- Peru #Heterotaxis santanae (Carnevali & I.Ramírez) Ojeda & Carnevali \- Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela #Heterotaxis schultesii Ojeda & G.A.Romero \- Brazil, Colombia #Heterotaxis sessilis (Sw.) F.Barros \- widespread from Veracruz and Florida south to Brazil #Heterotaxis superflua (Rchb.

The genus Ensete was first described by Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow (1796-1865) in his Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminarum of 1862 in which he created a single species, Ensete edule. However, the genus did not receive general recognition until 1947 when it was revived by E. E. Cheesman in the first of a series of papers in the Kew Bulletin on the classification of the bananas, with a total of 25 species. Taxonomically, the genus Ensete has shrunk since Cheesman revived the taxon. Cheesman acknowledged that field study might reveal synonymy and the most recent review of the genus by Simmonds (1960) listed just six.

The second, a partial lower jaw bone, was described by Gilmore (1932) as a new species of lizard which he named Polyodontosaurus grandis. Later, in 1951, Sternberg recognized P. grandis as a possible synonym of Troodon, and speculated that since Stenonychosaurus had a "very peculiar pes" and Troodon "equally unusual teeth", they may be closely related. Unfortunately, no comparable specimens were available at that time to test the idea. In a recent revision of the material by van der Reest & Currie, Polyodontosaurus was determined to be a nomen dubium, not fit for synonymy with other taxa.

Flora of China is an English-language revision of Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS), with taxonomy reflecting the current understanding of each group. The sequence of families is a modified Englerian system, similar to that used in FRPS; however, the circumscription of some families reflects the present understanding of the groups. It is intended that all the vascular plants of China will be covered, including descriptions, identification keys, essential synonymy, phenology, provincial distribution in China, brief statements on extra-Chinese distribution, and remarks regarding the circumscription of problematic taxa. Flora of China Illustrations series, a companion set of volumes, illustrated ca.

However, the genus Lagosuchus is regarded by some to be dubious. Paul Sereno and Andrea Arcucci considered L. talampayensis to be undiagnosable in a 1994 study, and reclassified L. lilloensis as a new genus, Marasuchus. In 2019, the holotype skeleton of L. talampayensis was redescribed by Federico Agnolin and Martin Ezcurra who determined it to not only be diagnostic, but indistinguishable from specimens of Marasuchus lilloensis, and so supported the synonymy proposed by Bonaparte. Additionally, the dating of its formation is unclear; recent research has dated the Chañares to the early Carnian stage of the Late Triassic.

The genus Wynnea was circumscribed by English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1867 to accommodate the species Wynnea gigantea and Peziza macrotis. The former specimen was collected by Botteri near Orizaba, Mexico, and the latter had been described by Berkeley in his Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany (1851) Both species were subsequently illustrated in Cooke's Micrographia. No other collections of Wynnea were reported for several decades, and in Pier Andrea Saccardo's Sylloge, the genus was reduced to synonymy with the genus Midotis. American mycologist Roland Thaxter described a new species in 1905, W. americana, which was collected in Tennessee.

On the other hand, it has been stated that the spelling "is generally treated as correctable to 'hypopitys'", as followed by other authorities. The variability of the species in colour, hairiness, and in the number of flowers, has led to an extensive synonymy for the species. The entire list is over 80 synonyms; some of which include Hypopitys americana, H. fimbriata, H. insignata, H. lanuginosa, H. latisquama, H. monotropa, Monotropa chinensis, M. hypophegea, M. lanuginosa, M. latisquama, M. multiflora and M. taiwaniana. In California, Monotropa hypopitys may be confused for the much less common Pityopus or Hemitomes which are superficially similar.

Walker is notable in the present time for the large number of synonymous taxa he described. A careless taxonomist by today's standards, he often gave more than one name to the same species. In this respect, however, he was no worse than many entomologists of his time; what makes for the more common occurrence of Walker's taxa in synonymy is the sheer volume of his work. An unsigned obituary began "More than twenty years too late for his scientific reputation, and after having done an amount of injury almost inconceivable in its immensity, Francis Walker has passed from among us".

The kitefin shark was originally described as Squalus licha by French naturalist Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre, in his 1788 Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature; the type specimen from "Le cap Breton" has since been lost. This species was later placed in its own genus, Dalatias, which came from the synonymy of Constantine Rafinesque's 1810 Dalatias sparophagus with S. licha. However, some authorities dispute this on the grounds that D. sparophagus is a nomen dubium, and prefer to use the next available genus name Scymnorhinus. The genus name Dalatias is derived from the Greek dalos or dalou, meaning "torch".

The Yunnan bush rat (Hadromys yunnanensis) is a species of rodent from the family Muridae. It has just recently been released from synonymy with the Manipur bush rat, and so there is very little information about it. It was recognized as a separate species due to its much larger body size in comparison to the Manipur bush rat, relatively shorter tail, pure white underparts as opposed to gray, significantly shorter diastema, and shorter palate in relation to its skull. It is located only in Yunnan province of the People's Republic of China, where it known only from Tongbiguan Nature Reserve in Ruili City.

In a 2015 revision of the subfamily Myrmicinae, Philip S. Ward, Seán G. Brady, Brian L. Fisher, and Ted R. Schultz classified the genus Teleutomyrmex as a junior synonym of Tetramorium. They created a nomen novum for this species, T. inquilinum, due to the presence of a senior homonym: Tetramorium schneideri ; Carlo Emery had named this species after a different individual, Oskar Schneider, who had collected the holotype. Ward and colleagues' replacement specific epithet refers to the species's inquiline behavior (). This synonymy is contested by some myrmecologists, on the basis of the monophyly of the Teleutomyrmex complex and its very specific biology.

In mid-1989, Rhodes returned to the WWF as the yellow polka-dotted "Common Man" Dusty Rhodes, a gimmick some felt was intended to humiliate him due to his synonymy with the rival JCP/WCW. Rhodes was introduced to WWF audiences through a series of vignettes in which he would gregariously and enthusiastically perform working class roles (including that of a plumber, butcher's apprentice, gas station attendant, and pizza delivery man), eventually being recognized by others at the end of the skit ("Hey! Aren't you...?"). He was managed by Sapphire, who was intended to represent the "common woman".

Perhaps not surprisingly, W. Botting Hemsley, a botanist who was employed by Kew, was critical of the quality of Andrews' 664 coloured plates in the Botanist's Repository: > "The drawing is usually fairly good, though not equal to some of this > artist's later work... There is no pretense of giving any analysis of the > flowers, but they themselves are often inexact and generally inadequate to > be of any use botantically. The descriptive part is also unequal, and > synonymy altogether excluded. Nevertheless, the Repository was in one sense > superior to the Botanical Magazine of that date, because the majority of the > plants figured were of recent introduction."Hemsley, 1906.

The specific epithet ecaudatus refers to the absence of a tail, which the single specimen happened to be missing, leading to the unfortunate suggestion by the name that the marsupial did not possess them. The recognised synonymy of the genus was published by Theodore S. Palmer in 1904. A nomenclatural synonym, Chœropus [Choeropus] Waterhouse, G.R. 1841, was published several years after Ogilby as an unjustified emendation; Waterhouse gives the spelling proposed by Ogilby in the same work. Oldfield Thomas noted the inappropriate epithet ecaudatus in 1888, substituting the name Chœropus castanotis proposed by John Edward Gray as the type of the genus, but this was suppressed as a synonym by Palmer.

Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau was the first to treat N. edwardsiana in synonymy with N. villosa when he published his monograph on the genus in 1895. Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229. In his 1908 monograph, John Muirhead Macfarlane wrote the following with regards to the two species: "Examinatione microscopica probatur, illas species distinctas esse".Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91. This is probably "based on the old belief that plants, which differ anatomically, can not be forms of the same species".

The species, originally named Agaricus adscendens by Wilhelm Gottfried Lasch in 1829, was first collected in the Province of Brandenburg, in what was then the Kingdom of Prussia (now Germany). It was Dutch mycologist Maas Geesteranus who assigned the species its current name in a 1981 publication. According to Maas Geesteranus, Miles Berkeley's 1836 Agaricus tenerrimus is the same species as Mycena adscendens, as well as all later synonyms based on this basionym: Mycena tenerrima, published by Lucien Quélet in 1872; Prunulus tenerrimus by William Alphonso Murrill in 1916; and Karel Cejp's 1930 Pseudomycena tenerrima. Although Index Fungorum agrees with Maas Geesteranus's synonymy, other authorities treat the species as independent.

Synonym list in cuneiform on a clay tablet, Neo-Assyrian period A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in the same language. For example, the words begin, start, commence, and initiate are all synonyms of one another; they are synonymous. The standard test for synonymy is substitution: one form can be replaced by another in a sentence without changing its meaning. Words are considered synonymous in one particular sense: for example, long and extended in the context long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family.

Despite the resemblance to Eudimorphodon the authors classified Caviramus as Pterosauria incertae sedis. A 2009 study by Fabio Dalla Vecchia concluded that Raeticodactylus, which is known from a more complete skeleton including lower jaw, probably belong to the same genus, and possibly the same species, if the differences (such as size and the presence of a crest in the Raeticodactylus specimen) are not due to sex or age. Subsequent studies have supported their synonymy. Dalla Vecchia found the two forms in a sister clade of Carniadactylus, implying that Caviramus was a member of the Campylognathoididae The following phylogenetic analysis follows the topology of Upchurch et al. (2015).

Both Kauffman (1918) and Graham (1944) described C. ebulbosus and C. quadrifidus; Graham, however, only included C. quadrifidus in his key to his descriptions of Coprinus species. In 1979, W. Patrick published a comparative analysis of the three taxa from material collected by Peck, and, after concluding that the three were not sufficiently distinct to be considered separate species, reduced them to synonymy with Coprinopsis variegata, the earliest name. The specific epithet variegata derives from the Latin passive verb participle variegatus meaning "to have different colors, to variegate". The synonym name quadrifidus refers to the four segments into which the cap frequently split when mature, while ebulbosus means "not being bulbous".

The genus was first described as a subgenus of Prenolepis by Emery (1906), a status he revised a couple of years later when he placed it as subgenus of Paratrechina (Emery, 1925). Wheeler (1936) raised Nylanderia to genus, where it remained until Brown (1973) provisionally placed it as a junior synonym of Paratrechina, a status which was later confirmed by Trager (1984). Nylanderia was finally revived from synonymy and restored at the rank of genus by LaPolla, Brady & Shattuck (2010). Until 2010, most Nylanderia species were placed in the genus Paratrechina, but molecular phylogenic studies and reassessment of morphological characters prompted resurrection of Nylanderia as a valid genus.

The species was first described by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in 1877, based on material from South Carolina sent to him by American botanist Henry William Ravenel. In a 1987 publication, Donald Pfister placed Peziza badioconfusa in synonymy with P. phyllogena. The former species had been described by Richard Korf in 1954; in that publication, Korf noted "It is perhaps our commonest large cup-fungus, and it seems to me that it must have been described before 1897 by some European or American author, but I have seen no types which match it." It is commonly known as the common brown cup, or the pig-ear cup.

In zoology, an available name is a scientific name for a taxon of animals that has been published conforming to all the mandatory provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for the establishment of a zoological name. For a name to be available, there are a number of general requirements it must fulfill: it must use only the Latin alphabet, be published in a timely fashion by a reputable source, etc. In some rare cases, a name which does not meet these requirements may nevertheless be available, for historical reasons. An available name is not necessarily a valid name, because an available name may be in synonymy.

Symplocos octopetala was first described in 1788 by Swedish botanist Olof Swartz based on specimens he had collected in Jamaica. In 1893 German botanists Karl Wilhelm Leopold Krug and Ignatz Urban described S. tubulifera based on collections made by R. C. Alexander Prior and S. jamaicensis based on collections by W. Purdie. In 1912 August Brand described a fourth Jamaican species, S. harrisii based on a 1909 collection by W. Harris. In his 1972 Flowering Plants of Jamaica C. Dennis Adams placed S. jamaicensis in synonymy with the more widespread species, S. martinicensis, while Dieter Hans Mai considered it a subspecies, S. martinicensis subsp. jamaicensis.

Divergence of Oedura cincta from other species occurred in the plio- pleistocene for isolated populations, and early pliocene for central populations. The species was recently brought out of synonymy by Oliver and Doughty (2016) from Oedura marmorata, a close relative, from which four distinct species have now been detailed; O. cincta, O. fimbria, O. bella and the originally described O. marmorata. As saxicoline (rock-dwelling) lizards, singular species such as O. cinta can encompass multiple distinct lineages as their habitats differ and can be considered two evolutionary significant units (ESUs). In the case of O. cincta, this species encompasses both the eastern and central lineages.

Platnick 2009 Epeira cylindrica O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 was at a time placed in Linyphiidae and is considered incertae sedis, as is "Araneus" cylindriformis (Roewer, 1942). Epeira was synonymized with the genus Aranea by William Elford Leach in 1815, and with Araneus by Eugène Simon in 1904, though this synonymy was not universally recognized.Bonnet 1955 Throughout the 19th century, Epeira was used as a catch-all genus, similar to the once ubiquitous salticid genus Attus. However, from 1911, to its last mention in 1957, only very few authors continued to use the genus in their publications, notably Franganillo (1913, 1918), Hingston (1932), Kaston (1948) and Marples (1957).

They include a series of ten papers in Memorie entitled "Contributo alla conoscenza della Microfauna terziaria Italiana" ('Contribution to the Knowledge of Italian Microfauna of the Tertiary') (1889-1899), in which he attempted a critical analysis of all available information on the subject. That included identifying synonymy, where two or more scientists had unknowingly described the same species as new to science; an area of study as important in the advancement of taxonomy as the description of new species. The WoRMS database lists 78 species of Foraminifera described by him, all between 1883 and 1902. Some of those species have been reclassified into other genera.

Carpenter had originally concluded that Hesperosaurus was a rather basal stegosaur. However, Susannah Maidment and colleagues in 2008 published a more extensive phylogenetic study in which it was recovered as a derived form, closely related to Stegosaurus and Wuerhosaurus. They proposed that Hesperosaurus should be considered a species of Stegosaurus, with Hesperosaurus mjosi becoming Stegosaurus mjosi; at the same time Wuerhosaurus was renamed into a Stegosaurus homheni. Carpenter, considering the problem more of a philosophical than a scientific nature, in 2010 rejected the synonymy of Hesperosaurus with Stegosaurus stating that in his opinion Hesperosaurus was sufficiently different from Stegosaurus to be named a separate genus.

Many of the species recognized by Macbride and Rydberg were later placed in synonymy by Louis O. Williams in his treatment of North American Mertensia in which he accepted only 24 species, far fewer than Macbride and Rydberg. M. pilosa was not mentioned anywhere in the monograph by Williams, not even as a synonym. Popov (1953) recognized the same 24 North American species as Williams as well as 14 species from Asia, including M. pilosa. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA data has shown that many of the species are polyphyletic, but no comprehensive revision of the Asian or of the North American species has been attempted since 1953.

In his essay Two Dogmas of Empiricism, the philosopher W. V. O. Quine called into question the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements. It was this second class of analytic statements that caused him to note that the concept of analyticity itself stands in need of clarification, because it seems to depend on the concept of synonymy, which stands in need of clarification. In his conclusion, Quine rejects that logical truths are necessary truths. Instead he posits that the truth-value of any statement can be changed, including logical truths, given a re-evaluation of the truth-values of every other statement in one's complete theory.

Skull of M. stowi in the Field Museum of Natural History. Micropholis was one of the first dissorophoids to be named by English paleontologist Thomas Huxley in 1859 based on a partial skull. Micropholis stowii (properly Micropholis stowi), the type species, is named for George William Stow, the South African geologist and ethnologist who discovered the specimen and who proposed that it represented some extinct amphibian. English paleontologist Richard Owen later named a new genus and species, Petrophryne granulata, for a better-known skull, also from the Karoo Basin, that he suggested might be the same animal as M. stowi; this synonymy was eventually accepted by other workers.

However, it is uncertain whether they intended to resurrect Figaro or were simply unaware of its synonymy with Galeus, and their use of the ventral denticle crest to define the genus posed taxonomic problems. In 2008, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) researchers Daniel Gledhill, Peter Last, and William White resurrected Figaro with additional defining characters, to contain F. boardmani and the new species F. striatus. The genus has since been generally accepted as distinct. One of the key characteristics of Figaro, the ventral crest of denticles on the caudal fin, is also present in several species of the genus Parmaturus, as well as the Springer's sawtail catshark (G.

Histoplasmosis was first reported from the African continent in 1942. These early reports implicated strains that produced larger yeast cell forms than H. capsulatum, and the Irish mycologist James Thompson Duncan suggested they might represent a distinct taxon. The fungus was described as a new species by Raymond Vanbreuseghem in 1952 based on isolates provided to him by Professor Albert Dubois, director of the Prince Léopold Institute for Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium, and the species was named in honour of Dubois. Five years after its description, Professor Edouard Drouhet of the Pasteur Institute in Paris reduced the taxon to synonymy with H. capsulatum, designating it as a variant.

Harri Harmaja disagreed, later placing Fastigiella in synonymy with Gyromitra. In a 2009 review of the genus Gyromitra, authors van Vooren and Moreau say that Bosc's original species description is ambiguous, leaving much room for interpretation, and they suggest that several reports of the species occurring in Europe should be referred to Gyromitra fastigiata. They point out that in 1970, Estonian mycologist Ain Raitviir considered Bosc's Morchella caroliniana a nomen dubium, and Fries's description as nomen confusum, and advocated the abandonment of the specific epithet caroliniana. In the early 1970s, Kent McKnight redefined the taxon and selected a neotype, based on five specimens collected from Lorton, Virginia in 1942.

The type of Leptopelis barbouri Ahl, 1929 (common name: Barbour's forest treefrog) was in 2014 shown to be conspecific with Leptopelis flavomaculatus, bringing the former into synonymy with the latter. Arthur Loveridge had considered Leptopelis barbouri to be synonym of Leptopelis aubreyi, but in 1975 resurrected it as a valid species. However, in literature between 1975 and 2014, name Leptopelis barbouri has been used for altogether different species that is now known as Leptopelis grandiceps, and which until 2014 was considered a synonym of Leptopelis uluguruensis. In other words, even though Leptopelis barbouri is synonym of Leptopelis flavomaculatus, pre-2014 literature on Leptopelis barbouri actually refers to Leptopelis grandiceps.

The Pteromalidae are a very large family of mostly parasitoid wasps, with some 3,450 described species in about 640 genera (the number was greater, but many species and genera have been reduced to synonymy in recent years). The subfamily-level divisions of the family are highly contentious and unstable, and the family unquestionably is completely artificial, composed of numerous, distantly related groups (polyphyletic). Accordingly, details of their life histories range over nearly the entire range possible within the Chalcidoidea, though the majority are (as with most chalcidoids) parasitoids of other insects. They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and many are important as biological control agents.

The former being the paralarval stage of the latter. He synonymized the two under the name Desmoteuthis megalops, unfortunately retaining Verrill's genus despite it being in synonymy with Taonius. Like Chun, he also made the mistake of including several other unrelated specimens in the species, including Anne L. Massy's Helicocranchia pfefferi, and Chun's Desmoteuthis pellucida and Teuthowenia antarctica (now known to be Galiteuthis glacialis); thus coming to the mistaken conclusion that Teuthowenia megalops inhabits both the northern and southern hemispheres. In 1960, the American teuthologist Gilbert L. Voss disagreed with Muus' choice of Desmoteuthis, but also mistakenly followed Berry and thus used the genus Megalocranchia instead.

Later it was transferred to Pholiota in 1874 by French mycologist Claude Casimir Gillet, a placement followed by Italian naturalist Pier Andrea Saccardo. Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten established the genus Rozites in 1879 to accommodate the species—as Rozites caperatus—on the basis of the mushroom having a double veil; that is, a partial veil—the remnants of which become a ring on the stipe—as well as a universal veil. It was known as a Rozites species for many years. Meanwhile, French mycologist Lucien Quélet classified Pholiota as a subgenus of Dryophila in 1886, resulting in Dryophila caperata being added to the species' synonymy.

Poey initially described his species as different from Cuvier's C. ascensionis, however he later placed both C. lugubris and another species he had named, C. frontalis, in synonymy with C. ascensionis. In later work, Poey again listed these three names as synonyms, but treated C. lugubris as valid, noting that Cuvier's name had also been used for Pseudocaranx dentex. Most later taxonomic revisions supported Poey's judgement, with the name C. ascensionis often considered a junior secondary homonym. William Smith-Vaniz and John Randall put forth a proposal to the ICZN in 1994 to formally instate C. lugubris as the species name, which was accepted in 1996.

In a review by Phil Senter and colleagues in 2004, the scientists suggested that all these features represented individual variation across various age groups of a single Microraptor species, making the name Cryptovolans pauli and Microraptor gui junior synonyms of Microraptor zhaoianus. Many other researchers, including Alan Feduccia and Tom Holtz, have since supported its synonymy. A new specimen of Microraptor, BMNHC PH881, showed several features previously unknown in the animal, including the probably glossy-black iridescent plumage coloration. The new specimen also featured a bifurcated tailfan, similar in shape to previously known Microraptor tailfans except sporting a pair of long, narrow feathers at the center of the fan.

Subsequently P. lysiopetalinus was recognized as a taxonomic synonym of P. angusticeps- a different name applied to what turned out to be the same species. Paeromopus is now recognized as a member of the family Paeromopodidae in the order Julida, while Spirobolus proper belongs to the family Spirobolidae of the order Spirobolida. Additional species of paeromopodids were described throughout the 20th century. In 1938, German entomologist Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff described the species Paeromopellus sphinx, and at least eight species of Paeromopus have been proposed, but subsequently several named species and Paeromopellus were brought into synonymy with previously-named species, or assigned to the closely related genus Californiulus.

The genus was originally proposed by Czech mycologist Albert Pilát in 1941, but this publication is invalid because a type species was not designated, contrary to the rules of botanical nomenclature. He published the genus validly in 1953 with two species: Truncospora oboensis, and the type, T. ochroleuca. Leif Ryvarden placed the genus in synonymy with Perenniporia in 1972, but molecular studies have shown that Truncospora is distinct genetically, and comprises part of the "core polyporoid clade", a grouping of fungi roughly equivalent to the family Polyporaceae. The generic name Truncospora is derived from the Latin trunco ("I cut off") and the Ancient Greek ("spore").

The use of binomial names had originally been developed as a kind of shorthand in a student project about the plants eaten by cattle. After the specific epithet, Linnaeus gave a short description of each species, and a synonymy. The descriptions were careful and terse, consisting of few words in small genera; in Glycyrrhiza, for instance, the three species (Glycyrrhiza echinata, Glycyrrhiza glabra and "Glycyrrhiza hirsuta", respectively) were described as "'", "'" and "'". Because it is the first work in which binomial nomenclature was consistently applied, ' was chosen as the "starting point" for the nomenclature of most plants (the nomenclature of some non-vascular plants and all fungi uses later starting points).

Its placement at the rank of species was controversial and several authors, including Raymond Hamet in 1907, John McConnell Black in 1924, and Allen Lowrie in 1989, have reorganized it below the species rank. Others have reduced it to synonymy with Drosera whittakeri. In 1991, Robert J. Bates made the case for recognition at the species rank, authoring the illegitimate name D. aphylla in the process, a name not based on the first validly published description. Recently, several authors have recognized the taxon at the subspecies or species rank, but others have still only recognized it as a part of the very variable single species D. whittakeri sensu lato.

In fact, this similarity was recognized as early as 1884 by Elliott Coues, but this was debated by researchers throughout the 20th century. Meaningful comparisons between Gastornis and Diatryma were made more difficult by Lemoine's incorrect skeletal illustration, the composite nature of which was not discovered until the early 1980s. Following this, several authors began to recognize a greater degree of similarity between the European and North American birds, often placing both in the same order (Gastornithiformes) or even family (Gastornithidae). This newly recognized degree of similarity caused many scientists to tentatively accept their synonymy, pending a comprehensive review of the anatomy of these birds.

Although this synonymy is accepted by several authorities, P.D. Orton and Roy Watling disagree, suggesting that C. hansenii is a forgotten species that requires reanalysis. In a 2010 study of the type material of several coprinoid taxa, Laszlo Nagy and colleagues assigned Patouillard's plate 453 (containing the original description) as the lectotype for P. auricoma, as they believed it to be "sufficiently diagnostic for a clear-cut definition of this taxon." They also determined that Pseudocoprinus besseyi and Coprinus elongatipes (both species were described in a 1946 publication by Alexander H. Smith and Lexemuel Ray Hesler) were conspecific with P. auricoma. The placement of P. auricoma within Parasola is somewhat controversial.

For the 2000 most-polysemous terms in English, the typical verb has more than eight common senses and the typical noun has more than five.Bradford, R. B., Word Sense Disambiguation, Content Analyst Company, LLC, U.S. Patent 7415462, 2008. In addition to the problems of polysemous and synonymy, keyword searches can exclude inadvertently misspelled words as well as the variations on the stems (or roots) of words (for example, strike vs. striking). Keyword searches are also susceptible to errors introduced by optical character recognition (OCR) scanning processes, which can introduce random errors into the text of documents (often referred to as noisy text) during the scanning process.

Fileless malware is sometimes considered synonymous with in-memory malware as both perform their core functionalities without writing data to disk during the lifetime of their operation. This has led some commentators to claim that this variant strain is nothing new and simply a “redefinition of the well-known term, memory resident virus”, whose pedigree can be traced back to the 1980s with the birth of the Lehigh Virus that was developed by the originator of the term, Fred Cohen, and became influential with his paper on the topic. This synonymy is however incorrect. Although the aforementioned behavioral execution environment is the same, in both cases i.e.

Persoon also described the species Geoglossum viscosum (1801) and the variety Geoglossum glutinosum var. lubricum (1822), but both of these taxa were placed into synonymy with G. glutinosum by Elias Judah Durand in 1908. The species was transferred by Vincent Hustad and colleagues to the newly created genus Glutinoglossum in 2013 when molecular analysis revealed that it and the species G. heptaseptatum formed a well-defined clade in the Geoglossaceae. In 2015, Hustad and Andrew Miller published an emended description of G. glutinosum with a narrower range of spore dimensions, suggesting that material collected in Australia and New Zealand represent unique species, which they referred to G. australasicum and G. exiguum.

Semantic properties or meaning properties are those aspects of a linguistic unit, such as a morpheme, word, or sentence, that contribute to the meaning of that unit. Basic semantic properties include being meaningful or meaningless – for example, whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood meaning; polysemy, having multiple, typically related, meanings; ambiguity, having meanings which aren't necessarily related; and anomaly, where the elements of a unit are semantically incompatible with each other, although possibly grammatically sound. Beyond the expression itself, there are higher-level semantic relations that describe the relationship between units: these include synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy.Akmajian, Adrian; Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, Robert M. Harnish (2001).

Some lexicographers claim that no synonyms have exactly the same meaning (in all contexts or social levels of language) because etymology, orthography, phonic qualities, connotations, ambiguous meanings, usage, and so on make them unique. Different words that are similar in meaning usually differ for a reason: feline is more formal than cat; long and extended are only synonyms in one usage and not in others (for example, a long arm is not the same as an extended arm). Synonyms are also a source of euphemisms. Metonymy can sometimes be a form of synonymy: the White House is used as a synonym of the administration in referring to the U.S. executive branch under a specific president.

The Plymouth red-bellied turtle (Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi), sometimes called the Plymouth red-bellied cooter, was the first freshwater turtle in the US to be listed as endangered by the United States Fish and Wildlife ServiceEndangered and Threatened Wildllfe and Plants; Listing as Endangered With Critical Habitat for the Plymouth Red-Bellied Turtle In Massachusetts Federal Register Vol. 45, No. 65 Wednesday, April 2, 1980. Current thinking is that they are not a full subspecies and that they belong in synonymy under Pseudemys rubriventris or northern red-bellied cooter. Nevertheless, it is well recognized that the Plymouth red-bellied turtle extends the range of the northern red-bellied cooter by 30–40 percent.

The species was first described scientifically in 1874 by Charles Horton Peck, although Peck attributed authorship to George William Clinton, mayor of Buffalo, New York in 1842–43; the first specimens were collected in Buffalo. The specific epithet was originally published as mariae-wilsoni, but this is an orthographic error that was later corrected to mariae-wilsoniae. Early 20th-century rust authority Joseph Charles Arthur considered Uromyces claytoniae to be synonymous with P. mariae-wilsoniae, but this conclusion was rejected in a later publication, and the putative synonymy is recognized by neither of the taxonomic databases Index Fungorum nor MycoBank. The epithet honors Mary L. Wilson, a Buffalo-area botanist who frequently collected specimens for Peck.

The head shape and size is speculative, based in seriemas and phorhusrhacids In 1935, Lambrecht described a new New World vulture, Eocathartes robustus, and a hornbill, Geiseloceros robustus, from the Middle Eocene (Lutetian) of the Geisel Valley of Germany. Each was based on a single specimen, and they were found very close together.Lambrecht, K . (1935). Drei neue Vogelformen aus dem Lutétian des Geiseltales. - Nova Acta Leopoldina, Neue Folge 3: 361 - 367. Mayr (2007) found them to be synonymous and a species of Strigogyps, S. robustus.Mayr, Gerald (2007). Synonymy and actual affinities of the putative Middle Eocene "New World vulture" Eocathartes Lambrecht, 1935 and "hornbill" Geiseloceros Lambrecht, 1935 (Aves, Ameghinornithidae). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 81, 457-462.

Skeleton from below Like those of its relatives, the thin- walled bones of Dasornis broke easily and thus very few fossils - though still far more than of the average pseudotooth bird genus - are in decent condition. Among these is a superbly preserved partial skull that has been of crucial importance in sorting out the convoluted synonymy of this genus. Apart from that and another not quite as well-preserved partial skull, however, a number of beak and cranium pieces as well as a few broken remains of wing and tarsometatarsus bones make up the known remains of Dasornis. The most tell- tale characteristic of the present genus are the combination of Paleogene age and huge size.

Rieppel (1998) suggested that the back then monospecific genus Ceresiosaurus, is a junior synonym of the better known Lariosaurus, yet he kept it type species as a separate species under the new combination L. calcagnii. In 2004, however, this synonymy was objected by Hänni who described and name a second species of Ceresiosaurus, C. lanzi - a separation supported by several other authors since. This species is known only from the stratigraphically younger Cassima beds of Monte San Giorgio, although also from the Lower Meride Limestone, dating to possibly the lowest Ladinian age. The species in a subtropical lagoonal environment with varying open marine influences, and alongside many related but smaller species of nothosaurids and pachypleurosaurids.

He also synonymized Gryposaurus with Kritosaurus, a move supported by Charles Gilmore. This synonymy was used through the 1920s (William Parks's designation of a Canadian species as Kritosaurus incurvimanus, now considered a synonym of Gryposaurus notabilis) and became standard after the publication of Richard Swann Lull and Nelda Wright's 1942 monograph on North American hadrosaurids. From this time until 1990, Kritosaurus would be composed of at least the type species K. navajovius, K. incurvimanus, and K. notabilis, the former type species of Gryposaurus. The poorly known species Hadrosaurus breviceps (Marsh, 1889), known from a dentary from the Campanian-age Judith River Formation of Montana, was also assigned to Kritosaurus by Lull and Wright, but this is no longer accepted.

Sanseido specifically created Daijirin to compete with Iwanami's profitable Kōjien dictionary, which was a longtime bestseller through three editions (1955, 1969, and 1983). Two other contemporary dictionaries directed at the Kōjien market share were Kōdansha's color-illustrated Nihongo Daijiten (日本語大辞典 "Great dictionary of Japanese", 1989) and Shōgakukan's Daijisen (大辞泉 "Great fountainhead of words", 1995, also edited by Akira Matsumura). The first edition of Daijirin (1988) had 220,000 headword entries and included encyclopedic content in numerous charts, tables, and illustrations. While Kōjien was printed in black and white, Sanseido included 19 two-color illustrations for topics like the seasons (with kigo), linguistics (synonymy), and Japanese language (Man'yōgana).

Verticordia fastigiata was first formally described in 1852 by Russian botanist Nikolai Turczaninow based on plant material collected by James Drummond and the description was published in Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. The specific epithet (fastigiata) is derived from a Latin word meaning "having parallel, upright branches", referring to the habit of this species. Verticordia conferta, a species described by botanist George Bentham in 1871 from specimens collected from poorly drained areas near East Mount Barren, has been placed in synonymy with this species. When Alex George reviewed the genus Verticordia in 1991, he placed this species in subgenus Verticordia, section Micrantha along with V. minutiflora and V. vicinella.

This was an extensive work, totalling 1277 pages, on all aspects of this group of taxa. It included descriptions of species old and new, analysis of species synonymy, distribution records, and detailed analysis of the structure and development of the Cladoniae. The publication of just the first volume had already secured Vainio's reputation as a prominent lichenologist. This major work was later judged to be the best work during this era in the field of lichen research. As an indication of the accuracy and reliability of Vainio's work, modern-day examination showed that of the 18 new Cladonia species he described from Brazil a century before, 16 are still considered valid species.

Mesozoic Meanderings. 1, 1-50. However, a recent overview of Ceratosaurus included it in Ceratosaurus sp. Apatodon mirus, based on a scrap of vertebra Marsh first thought to be a mammalian jaw, has been listed as a synonym of Allosaurus fragilis.Olshevsky, G., 1991, A revision of the parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings 2, 196 pp However, it was considered indeterminate beyond Dinosauria by Chure, and Mickey Mortimer believes that the synonymy of Apatodon with Allosaurus was due to correspondence to Ralph Molnar by John McIntosh, whereby the latter reportedly found a paper saying that Othniel Charles Marsh admitted that the Apatodon holotype was actually an allosaurid dorsal vertebra.

The result of this study revealed that all major cladistic trees generated from the data suggested that the genus Oreostylidium is nested within the genus Stylidium. Based on that data, the authors of that study proposed that O. subulatum be known once again under its very first name, Stylidium subulatum and Oreostylidium should be reduced to synonymy of Stylidium. In 2002, another study based on molecular evidence determined that in the most parsimonious cladistic tree, Stylidium graminifolium and O. subulatum were closely related, with O. subulatum again nested within Stylidium. Based on molecular clock calculations and their data, the researchers concluded that S. graminifolium and O. subulatum shared a common ancestor about 3 million years ago.

In a 2004 paper, Jouve used a different method of analysis and recovered the same result, showing that the "distinctive" features of P. kochi were age-related, and using mathematical comparison to show that the two forms are different growth stages of the same species. An additional review of the specimens published in 2013 demonstrated that some of the supposed differences between P. kochi and P. antiquus were due to measurement errors, further supporting their synonymy. By the 2010s, a large body of research had been developed based on the idea that P. kochi and P. scolopaciceps were early growth stages of P. antiquus. However, in 2014, two scientists began publishing research that challenged this paradigm.

According to the revised theory, T. robusta had entirely evolved into T. gigantea eventually, and the prey preferences of these were so that the plentiful smaller mammals were again less intensely preyed upon, permitting a resident population of the now well-distinct T. balearica to recolonize Gargano Island. The remains initially presumed to be "late" T. robusta would actually be large T. balearica. Jirí Mlíkovský who proposed this solution does not use paleosubspecies in his taxonomic treatments and synonymized T. robusta with T. gigantea.Mlíkovský (2002) But the former was actually described a few pages before the latter in the same work,Ballmann (1973a,b) and thus the synonymy would be the other way around.

Jones 1923, described two species of mulgara Dasycercus cristicauda and D. hillieri. but decades on, William Ride’s 'A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia' published in 1970 referred only to a single species, Dasycercus cristicauda, and in 1988 Mahoney and Ride placed all three species in the synonymy of D. cristicauda. A fourth species, Dasyuroides byrnei, described by Spencer, 1896, was included by Mahoney and Ride however a lack of consensus resulted in its exclusion to the genus Dasycercus. In 1995 Woolley described two sub-species, D. cristicauda cristicauda and D. cristicauda hillieri, which were later confirmed to be two species using mitochondrial gene sequencing by Adams, Cooper and Armstrong in 2000.

The American palaeontologist Paul Sereno and colleagues named the new genus and species Suchomimus tenerensis later in 1998, based on more complete fossils from the Elrhaz Formation. In 2002, the German palaeontologist Hans-Dieter Sues and colleagues proposed that Suchomimus tenerensis was similar enough to Baryonyx walkeri to be considered a species within the same genus (as B. tenerensis), and that Suchomimus was identical to Cristatusaurus. Milner concurred that the material from Niger was indistinguishable from Baryonyx in 2003. In a 2004 conference abstract, Hutt and Newberry supported the synonymy based on a large theropod vertebra from the Isle of Wight which they attributed to an animal closely related to Baryonyx and Suchomimus.

In 1868, British zoologist Albert Günther unaware of the prior naming independently renamed the species Caranx caballus based on specimens collected from Panama, one of which was designated to be the holotype. The species was further renamed in 1870 by Franz Steindachner, who attempted to remove the Caranx boops homonym by simply renaming the species Caranx girardi. Later reviews of the Carangidae revealed this synonymy, and due to Gunther's' earlier naming, his species name was kept and attributed to him, while Cuvier's' Caranx boops was later moved to Selar boops. The specific name caballus is Latin for 'horse', reflecting the common name of horse mackerel given to this and many similar species at the time.

Holophrastic indeterminacy, or indeterminacy of sentence translation, is one of two kinds of indeterminacy of translation to appear in the writings of philosopher W. V. O. Quine. According to Quine, "there is more than one correct method of translating sentences where the two translations differ not merely in the meanings attributed to the sub-sentential parts of speech but also in the net import of the whole sentence". It is holophrastic indeterminacy that underlies Quine's argument against synonymy, the basis of his objections to Rudolf Carnap's analytic/synthetic distinction. The other kind of indeterminacy introduced by Quine is the "inscrutability of reference", which refers to parts of a sentence or individual words.

The populations of Smerinthus cerisyi were divided into two species by Pohl, Anweiler, Schmidt and Kondla in 2010. The southern prairie-mountain (Crowsnest Pass southward) populations are now known as S. ophthalmica (type locality: San Francisco, California) and the boreal- mountain populations as S. cerisyi (type locality: North America, limited to New York State). Rothschild and Jordan revised ophthalmica to a subspecies of S. cerisyi in 1903, and Hodges treated it as a synonym of S. cerisyi in 1971, which has been generally followed since, with the exception of Eitschberger, who raised three taxa (astarte, vancouverensis and ophthalmica) from synonymy under S. cerisyi in 2002. These taxonomic changes pertaining to North American taxa were countered by Tuttle in 2007.

A swelling on the nasal bone is present behind the posterior borders of the nares. Finally, the "septomaxillae", probably not homologous to the septomaxillae of squamates and synapsids, do not contact one another and do not form part of the internarial septum. Eight characters are shared by Wannia and all other phytosaurs (synapomorphies), including nares that are directed dorsally and the presence of separate ossification, the septomaxilla, anterior to the nasals and surrounded by the premaxilla. Although a synonymy between Wannia scurriensis and Paleorhinus bransoni was previously suggested, Wannia scurriensis differs from Paleorhinus bransoni in lacking a contact between the premaxilla and palatine bone, as seen in Paleorhinus angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami.

The first page of Centuria Insectorum, as included in Amoenitates Academicæ ''''' (Latin, "one hundred insects") is a 1763 taxonomic work by Carl Linnaeus, and defended as a thesis by Boas Johansson; which of the two men should be credited with its authorship has been the subject of some controversy. It includes descriptions of 102 new insect and crustacean species that had been sent to Linnaeus from British America, Suriname, Java and other locations. Most of the new names included in Centuria Insectorum are still in use, although a few have been sunk into synonymy, and one was the result of a hoax: a common brimstone butterfly with spots painted on was described as the new "species" Papilio ecclipsis.

In 2010, Gregory S. Paul challenged the validity of this taxon, arguing that Erlikosaurus may be synonymous with Enigmosaurus (named in 1983 Translated paper), since the remains of the latter were found in the same geologic formation, and only known from pelvic remains, whereas the pelvis in Erlikosaurus is unknown; this would make Enigmosaurus a junior synonym of Erlikosaurus. However, since the holotype hip of Enigmosaurus did not closely resemble that of the specimen in Segnosaurus as would be expected for the Segnosaurus-like remains of Erlikosaurus, and there is a considerable size difference, paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold disputed the alleged synonymy. Additional to this, the remains of Erlikosaurus and Enigmosaurus are known from upper and lower boundary, respectively. Consequently, Enigmosaurus and Erlikosaurus are generally considered separated genera.

V. harmandiana was thought to occur in Thailand, Cambodia, lower Laos and southern Vietnam. In 1990 the edition on Dipterocarpaceae in the Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam V. cinerea was recognised to be a synonym of V. harmandiana. The Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) project followed this synonymy when summarising the state of research in this species in their 1993 work on the timber resources of Southeast Asia, however, writing the species assessment for the IUCN in 1998, Ashton appears to have added the distribution of V. harmandiana to V. cinerea and omitted all mention of V. harmandiana as a synonym, independent species or otherwise. He repeated this mistake in 2004 in the revised edition of Symington's manual of peninsular Malaysian dipterocarps.

'Pinnato-ramosa' is one of a number of elms that have at various times been called 'Turkestan Elm'.Trinajstić, I. (2001). Turkestan elm - Ulmus pinnato-ramosa in 'The Dendroflora of Croatia', Šumarski list (:Journal of Forestry) 9-10, CXXV, 2001; 533-537. That name has also been applied to dense-branched Central Asian elms like U. densa and 'Androssowii',Rickmers, W. Rickmer, The Duab of Turkestan, a physiographic sketch and account of some travels (Cambridge, 1913) to U. turkestanica Regel (which Elwes and Henry confused with 'Pinnato-ramosa' in their Synonymy list but which Regel himself had regarded as a form of field elm), and to U. minor 'Umbraculifera' (which Green considered synonymous with Ulmus turkestanica Regel, naming it U. 'Turkestanica').

Macfarlane noted its similarity to N. rafflesiana but distinguished it on the basis of "the nerves of the leaves, the long and slender tendril, the slim and elongated pitchers, the heart-shaped lid with diffused glands, the deep off-leading surface" (translated from the original Latin). Twenty years later, B. H. Danser sunk N. hemsleyana in synonymy with N. rafflesiana in his "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", having apparently not examined the type material of the former. Subsequent monographs on the genus followed Danser's interpretation. Differences between this taxon and the typical form of N. rafflesiana were long recognised in the horticultural and botanical communities, and it was variously and informally known as the 'elongate form' of N. rafflesiana, N. rafflesiana var.

The truth was that Johnson wrote for the Universal Visiter as an "act of charity" to the ailing Smart. Hester Thrale Piozzi, in her British Synonymy Book 2, did not joke about Johnson's possible madness, and claimed, in a discussion on Smart's mental state, that Johnson was her "friend who feared an apple should intoxicate him". She made it clear who she was referring to when she wrote in Thraliana that "I don't believe the King has ever been much worse than poor Dr Johnson was, when he fancied that eating an Apple would make him drunk." To Hester Thrale, what separated Johnson from others who were placed in asylums for madness—like Christopher Smart—was his ability to keep his concerns and emotions to himself.

From the 1930s, the guajira was refined and popularized by the singer and guitarist Guillermo Portabales, whose elegant style was known as guajira de salón or guajira-son. This is nothing but another case of synonymy within the Cuban popular music, because in spite of being named as guajira, the style of his songs was nothing else but the one of the Cuban Son and Bolero-Son; although their lyrics were always related to rural themes.Linares, María Teresa y Núñez, Faustino: La música entre Cuba y España, Fundación Autor 1998, p. 75. Since the thirties until his death in a traffic accident, in 1970, Guillermo Portabales sung and recorded numerous guajiras de Salón through North and South America with great popular acclaim.

In Mednick’s two college-level versions of the test, each consisting of 30 items, each item can be associated with the solution word in a number of ways. For example, the three words same/tennis/head are associated with the solution match by means of synonymy (same = match), formation of a compound (matchhead), and semantics association (tennis match). In 2003, Edward M. Bowden and Mark Jung-Beeman developed 144 compound remote associate problems, a subset of RAT problems, for their studies of insight problem solving. They wanted a greater number of problems than were available in the original RAT, and to present participants with a more consistent task – that the solution word would always be related to the stimulus words in the same way.

In 1936, Wally Snell reported finding a specimen of Boletus crassipes, another species described by Peck from Mount Gretna, Pennsylvania. Snell suggested that although B. crassipes might be a valid species distinguished from B. auripes by a deeper brown cap color, yellow flesh that does not fade to white, and a stem with a more orange-yellow color and more extensive reticulation, he conceded that it was not clear that the morphological characteristics between the two did not overlap, and that further collections would be needed to clarify any differences between them. A couple of years later, he was more convinced of his stance and considered the two conspecific. The taxonomic authorities Index Fungorum and MycoBank, however, do not recognize this putative synonymy.

Indeterminacy of translation also applies to the interpretation of speakers of one's own language, and even to one's past utterances. This does not lead to skepticism about meaning - either that meaning is hidden and unknowable, or that words are meaningless. However, when combined with a (more or less behavioristic) premise that everything that can be learned about the meaning of a speaker's utterances can be learned from his behavior, the indeterminacy of translation may be felt to suggest that there are no such entities as "meanings"; in this connection, it is highlighted (or claimed) that the notion of synonymy has no operational definition. But saying that there are no "meanings" is not to say that words are not meaningful or significant.

The synonymy includes earlier combinations that elevated the rank through subtribe, tribe then subfamily. The taxon Triaenopini Benda & Vallo, 2009 was also reduced to a synonym for this family by the authors of the 2014 revision that elevated this taxon. The hipposiderid and rhinolophid bats are of especial interest to research into potential public health concerns, and the opportunity for a SARS-like outbreak from species that act as reservoirs for the coronaviruses implicated in conditions like the Chinese epidemic and Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak. The reviewing authors also emphasise the strong support for elevation to family rank of Rhinonycteridae and reconsideration as a taxonomic equivalent to family Hipposideridae, based on the time of divergence and phylogenies that indicated paraphyly in earlier morphological classifications.

As part of his wide-ranging program of taxonomic revision, Otto Kuntze argued that the principle of priority precluded the use of the generic name Pellaea, and transferred the species to the older genus Allosorus as Allosorus pallidus in 1891. This combination was rendered unnecessary when Pellaea and Cheilanthes were conserved over Allosorus in the Paris Code published in 1956. After examination of the type material at Kew, John T. Mickel and Alan R. Smith placed this species in synonymy with C. allosuroides in 2004, although Christenhusz recognized it as distinct and transferred it separately to Hemionitis as H. pallida in 2018. Konrad H. Christ, in 1910, described Pellaea arsenei (as "arsenii") from material collected by G. Arsène in Michoacán in 1909, naming it for the collector.

The junior synonym A. sirindhorn was named by Phaibul Naiyanetr in 1995 based on specimens from southern Thailand; its specific epithet honors Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand due to her interest in the natural history of Thailand and because she wrote a children's book where a mantis shrimp similar to the described species plays an important role. The type specimen was deposited in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in Leiden. The Australian carcinologist Shane T. Ahyong synonymized A. sirindhorn with A. derijardi in 2001. In 1995, Manning suggested A. multispinosa and A. manningi could be junior synonyms of A. derijardi writing he could "find no characters to separate" them; he included them in his synonymy list prefixed with a question mark.

The species placement in Caranx was later revised to Decapterus, although the revision was not accepted by all authors with the generic status of the species undetermined for many years. It has now been accepted by most taxonomic authorities, that despite the species appearance, the false scad shares more anatomical features with Caranx than Decapterus. The species was independently renamed once by Henry Weed Fowler in 1919 under the name of Caranx angolensis, which was similarly shifted to Decapterus before synonymy was recognized and the name sunk into C. rhonchus. The common name of 'false scad' refers to the scad like appearance of the fish, despite it not being a member of Decapterus or Trachurus, the two genera most commonly referred to as 'scads'.

As the study proposing the synonymy applied the phylogenetic species concept which does not recognize subspecies, the question whether the other taxa are valid subspecies or simply local morphs remains unresolved. Considering the lack of the two-keeled phenotype outside the extreme southeastern end of the range of Bythinella bicarinata and the fact that the region where it occurs is at the very limits of the range, it is probably advisable to recognize several subspecies. In any case, Bythinella bicarinata in the loose sense is not globally threatened. The populations from Belgium and western Germany described as Bythinella dunkeri were in 1996 classified as Vulnerable (B1+2c), as they were known from less than ten freshwater springs which are affected by pollution.

Partial forelimb of the basal therizinosaur Beipiaosaurus with impressions of feather-like structures, Paleozoological Museum of China Perle and his co-authors of a 1994 redescription of Erlikosauruss skull accepted the synonymy of Segnosauridae with Therizinosauridae and they considered therizinosaurs to have been maniraptoran theropods, the group that also includes modern birds (because they did find Maniraptora to be valid through their analysis). They also discussed the alternative previous hypotheses for therizinosaur affinities and demonstrated faults with them. In 1995, Lev A. Nessov rejected the idea therizinosaurs were theropods; he considered them a distinct group within Saurischia. In 1996, Thomas R. Holtz Jr. found therizinosaurs to group with oviraptorosaurs in a phylogenetic analysis of coelurosaurian theropods. Russell coined the name Therizinosauria for the wider group in 1997.

The specimen was therefore scanned at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in 2016, to help reveal the skeleton, and aid in future research of its anatomy and lifestyle. In 1970, palaeontologist Richard A. Thulborn suggested that Heterodontosaurus was a junior synonym of the genus Lycorhinus, which was named in 1924 with the species L. angustidens, also from a specimen discovered in South Africa. He reclassified the type species as a member of the older genus, as the new combination Lycorhinus tucki, which he considered distinct due to slight differences in its teeth and its stratigraphy. He reiterated this claim in 1974, in the description of a third Lycorhinus species, Lycorhinus consors, after criticism of the synonymy by Galton in 1973.

P. transouralicum from the late Oligocene of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and northern China includes B. grangeri and I. minus. In 2013, the American palaeontologist Donald Prothero suggested that P. orgosensis may be distinct enough to warrant its original genus name Dzungariotherium, though its exact position requires evaluation. P. prohorovi from the late Oligocene of Kazakhstan may be too incomplete for its position to be resolved in relation to the other species; the same applies to proposed species such as I. intermedium and P. tienshanensis, as well as the genus Benaratherium. Though the genus name Indricotherium is now a junior synonym of Paraceratherium, the subfamily name Indricotheriinae is still in use because genus name synonymy does not affect the names of higher level taxa that are derived from these.

The fungus was first officially described in 1796 as Geoglossum glutinosum by Dutch mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, who proposed several defining characteristics, including the black color; the smooth, compressed, club-shaped head (clavula) with grooves; and the somewhat curved and glutinous stipe. In 1908, Elias Judah Durand transferred it to Gloeoglossum, a genus he circumscribed to contain species with paraphyses (filamentous, sterile cells interspersed between the asci) present as a continuous gelatinous layer on the stipe; Gloeoglossum has since been reduced to synonymy with Geoglossum. In 1942 Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai thought the species should be in Cibalocoryne, a genus name used earlier by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky, and so published Cibalocoryne glutinosa. Later authors thought Cibalocoryne to be ambiguous, and the name was synonymized with Geoglossum.

The most recent investigation into this taxonomic problem occurred in 1980, when Williams and Venkataramani confirmed synonymy between C. armatus and C. ciliarius, but recommended the name Carangoides armatus be kept. Most modern publications now list C. ciliarius as a synonym of C. armatus, with the last major revision of Indo-Pacific carangids also reaffirming this. Nevertheless, two major taxonomic authorities, Fishbase and ITIS, list the species as valid based on an older version of California Academy of Sciences Catalog of Fishes, which now treats C. ciliarus as synonymous with Carangoides armatus. This name is occasionally used in non- scientific literature such as fishing publications, although the common name given to the fish, 'longfin kingfish', is also applied to Carangoides armatus.

English naturalist James Francis Stephens called it Meliphaga sanguinea in 1826 as a replacement name for Latham's Certhia sanguinolenta. John Gould determined Latham's three names to be the one species in 1843, adopting the first-written binomial name as the valid one and relegating the others to synonymy, though the name Myzomela dibapha was occasionally used, particularly in New Caledonia. In 1990, Ian McAllan proposed that the first drawing did not confirm the species identity and proposed the name Myzomela dibapha to hence be the oldest validly published name; however, Richard Schodde countered in 1992 that the drawing of an immature male could not be of any other species, meaning that M. sanguinolenta should stand. He added that the alternative proposed name had not been in use since the 1850s.

In 2019, Alexander O. Averianov and Alexey V. Lopatin reported Nemegt sauropod vertebrae discovered in 1949 and some femora that differed from the same bones of Opisthocoelicaudia, and stated they probably belonged to Nemegtosaurus, thereby supporting that the two genera were distinct. In her 1977 description, Borsuk-Białynicka argued that different sauropod genera sharing the same habitat is nothing unusual, as is evident in the North American Morrison Formation. Currie and colleagues, however, stressed in 2018 that the dinosaur fauna of the Nemegt Formation was fundamentally different, as larger dinosaurs were present with only few species per clade, indicating a harsh and geographically restricted habitat. Definitive proof for the suggested synonymy is, however, still missing, and additional overlapping elements would be required before Opisthocoelicaudia and Nemegtosaurus can be formally declared synonyms.

Wiehler was on the staff of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens from 1973 until 1982, when he left Selby to found the Gesneriad Research Foundation in Sarasota, Florida. Wiehler tended to be a taxonomic "splitter" but many of his generic rearrangements have found acceptance: the segregation of Gasteranthus from Besleria, of Alsobia, Chrysothemis, Nautilocalyx, and Paradrymonia from Episcia, and of Moussonia from Kohleria, have all withstood the tests of recent molecular phylogenies. However, most gesneriad specialists have not accepted his segregation of Bucinellina, Dalbergaria, Pentadenia, and Trichantha from Columnea, and his new genus Parakohleria has been synonymized under Pearcea. His rare instances of taxonomic "lumping" have not been as widely accepted; Gloxinia sensu Wiehler is a polyphyletic assemblage, recently dismembered, and no other botanists have accepted his synonymy of Rhytidophyllum and Pheidonocarpa under Gesneria.

In zoology, moving a species from one genus to another results in a different binomen, but the name is considered an alternative combination, rather than a synonym. The concept of synonymy in zoology is reserved for two names at the same rank that refer to a taxon at that rank - for example, the name Papilio prorsa Linnaeus, 1758 is a junior synonym of Papilio levana Linnaeus, 1758, being names for different seasonal forms of the species now referred to as Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758), the map butterfly. However, Araschnia levana is not a synonym of Papilio levana in the taxonomic sense employed by the Zoological code.ICZN COde Unlike synonyms in other contexts, in taxonomy a synonym is not interchangeable with the name of which it is a synonym.

Semantic representations (SemR) in meaning–text theory consist primarily of a web-like semantic structure (SemS) which combines with other semantic-level structures (most notably the semantic-communicative structure [SemCommS], which represents what is commonly referred to as "information structure" in other frameworks). The SemS itself consists of a network of predications, represented as nodes with arrows running from predicate nodes to argument node(s). Arguments can be shared by multiple predicates, and predicates can themselves be arguments of other predicates. Nodes generally correspond to lexical and grammatical meanings as these are directly expressed by items in the lexicon or by inflectional means, but the theory allows the option of decomposing meanings into more fine-grained representation via processes of semantic paraphrasing, which are also key to dealing with synonymy and translation-equivalencies between languages.

In 2003, the species was transferred to the newly segregated genus Leccinellum by mycologists Andreas Bresinsky and Manfred Binder, together with other yellow-pored taxa formerly placed in Leccinum. Subsequent phylogenetic and chemotaxonomical analyses by Binder & Besl and Den Bakker & Noordeloos, questioned the segregation of Leccinellum, but suggested that L. lepidum, L. corsicum and L. crocipodium are probably distinct species. However, the three taxa were initially represented by very few sequences and the inclusive "corsicum/lepidum" clade received high support in preliminary phylogenetic analyses. In a 2014 paper, Bertolini controversially abandoned Leccinellum and placed L. lepidum in synonymy with L. corsicum once again, only for the genus to be reinstated in the same year by Wu and colleagues, in a major contribution delineating 22 generic clades in the family Boletaceae.

The specific epithet platyneuros ("flat nerves") was drawn from a description by the botanist Leonard Plukenet in his Almagestum of 1696. Unfortunately, only Clayton's specimen, now the lectotype for the species, represents the species now known as Asplenium platyneuron; the specimens upon which the other descriptions are based, including that of Plukenet which yielded the specific epithet, are a mixture of Pleopeltis polypodioides and Polypodium virginianum sensu lato. In 1789, the species was independently described by William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis, and given the name Asplenium ebeneum, referring to the ebony color of its stalk. The species was also independently described by Olof Swartz in 1801, as Asplenium polypodioides, and by André Michaux in 1803 as Asplenium trichomanoides; both these names were reduced to synonymy with Asplenium ebeneum by Carl Ludwig Willdenow.

In 1870, he formally named it Ornithocheirus microdon, "small tooth", Hooley (1914) transferred this species to Lonchodectes to form the new combination Lonchodectes microdon. Its holotype, CAMSM B54486, has its provenance in the Cambridge Greensand and consists of the front of a snout. The type specimen of the species Ornithocheirus oweni, CAMSM B 54439, initially described by Seeley in 1864 as Pterodactylus oweni, was synonymized with microdon by Unwin in 2001, and later in 2013, Rodrigues & Kellner agreed with this synonymy. In 2013, paleontologists Taissa Rodrigues and Alexander Kellner made an extensive review of the species of Ornithocheirus, and stated that the generic name Lonchodectes would have been a nomen dubium, and therefore reassigned both Lonchodectes machaerorhynchus and L. microdon into the genus Lonchodraco, creating Lonchodraco machaerorhynchus and L. microdon.

Christofferson, Michael Scott French Intellectuals Against the Left: The Antitotalitarian Moment of the 1970s, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2004 page 268. In its founding manifesto, the Comité des intellectuals pour l'Europe des libertés declared its intention "to defend the synonymy of these three words: Europe, culture, freedom".Marx-Scouras, Danielle The Cultural Politics of Tel Quel: Literature and the Left in the Wake of Engagement University Park: Penn State Press, 2010 page 213. Significantly, the committee did not limit its remit to France or even Western Europe, instead proclaiming its intention to defend liberty in all of Europe, Western and Eastern. He analysed his political engagement and Communism in Ouverture, société, pouvoir: de l’Édit de Nantes à la chute du communisme (2004) and Les grands procès politiques, ou la pédagogie infernale (2002).

In any case, the same moth had been first described as Phalaena (Tinea) roborella by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775, and thus their species name has priority over that of Fabricius. Replacement names for Fabricius' Phycis were proposed at almost the same time in 1828 by John Curtis and Ludwig Thienemann, but the latter's proposal Ceratium was also unavailable, having been established for a dinoflagellate genus by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1793. To add further confusion, some authors have claimed that Ceratium was again established for the present genus in 1848 by Johannes von Nepomuk Franz Xaver Gistel, but this is not correct - Gistel merely discussed Thienemann's and v. Schrank's names and (unnecessarily) proposed Gyra to replace the latter, adding yet another invalid name to the synonymy of Phycita.

Only a single species, Dasornis emuinus, is accepted today. However, it has a very convoluted synonymy, with its fossil remains assigned to no less than six genera (of which two were invalid junior homonyms) and divided between at least four species - excluding spelling errors and invalid "corrections" - that were variously moved between these genera for almost 150 years:Mayr (2008) 1854-1890: "Lithornis" emuinus, "Megalornis" of Seeley, Dasornis and Argillornis The first fossil of D. emuinus, a piece of right humerus shaft, was found in the Ypresian (Early Eocene) London Clay of the Isle of Sheppey (England). It was misidentified as a tibiotarsus of the paleognath Lithornis and described as L. emuinus by James Scott Bowerbank in 1854. Harry Govier Seeley recognized this error in 1866 and established the genus Megalornis, though he misspelled the specific name as emuianus.

The Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG) is an informal working group of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG).IUCN/SSCTortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group It is composed of a number of leading turtle taxonomists, with varying participation by individual participants over the years, some dropping out and others joining. The TTWG has produced an annual checklist of living and recently extinct turtles since 2007, deliberates on proposed changes to turtle taxonomy, and describes its consideration whether to accept, reject, or suspend adoption of proposed changes in a series of annotations to the checklist. Recent versions of the checklist TTWG; Dijk, Peter Paul van; John B. Iverson, H. Bradley Shaffer; Roger Bour & Anders G.J. Rhodin [turtle taxonomy working group] 2011 Turtles of the World, 2011 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status.

Femur and tibia holotype of Teyuwasu barberenai (BSPG AS XXV 53). The controversial dinosauriform Teyuwasu barberenai was recently considered a synonym of Staurikosaurus pricei. Both taxa are known from single incomplete and somewhat poorly preserved specimens, therefore the former holotype specimen of Teyuwasu would be the second specimen ascribed to Staurikosaurus within almost 50 years of its naming. The synonymy was based on a combination of five osteological features that are only present in both specimens among Triassic early dinosauriforms: (i) femur without a trochanteric shelf; (ii) symmetric fourth trochanter of the femur; (iii) crista tibiofibularis poorly separated from the lateral condyle at the distal end of the femur; (iv) posterolateral flange of the distal end of the tibia of does not exceeds the lateral margin of the bone; (v) and rounded distal end of the tibia.

Pulle attended high school in Arnhem and studied pharmacy at the Utrecht University, in 1899 he took his bachelor's degree. He attended lectures of the plant physiologist F. A. F. C. Went and decided to continue his studies in zoology and botany. In 1900, Pulle was appointed as assistant at the botanical laboratory and herbarium, in 1904 he was appointed teacher of natural history at the Higher secondary school in Utrecht. In 1906 Pulle made lectures in botany and plant systematics and since 1908 also in plant geography, he took part (in 1902 and 1903) of the Saramacca expedition to Suriname and this study also determined the content of his thesis: "An enumeration of the vascular plants known from Surinam, together with their distribution and synonymy", which he got in 1906 a PhD doctorate in zoology and botany.

In 1900, L.G. Andersson claimed that Gray's name punctata was preoccupied by Lacerta punctata Linnaeus, 1758, which he identified as Mabuya homalocephala. He therefore replaced the name punctata with its junior synonym maculata, using the name Mabuya maculata for the skink of Fernando de Noronha.Mausfeld and Vrcibradic, 2002, p. 292 Linnaeus's Lacerta punctata in fact refers to the Asian species Lygosoma punctatum, not to Mabuya homalocephala, but Gray's name punctata remains invalid regardless.Bauer, 2003, p. 4 In 1931, C.E. and M.D. Burt resurrected the name Mabuya punctata (now spelled correctly) for the Noronha skink, noting that it was "apparently a very distinct species", but did not mention maculata, and in 1935, E.R. Dunn disputed Boulenger's conclusion as to the synonymy of punctata and maculata and, in apparent ignorance of Andersson's work, restored the name Mabuya punctata for the Noronha skink.

In 1986, Pegler and Young proposed a classification for Oudemansiella based largely on spore structure, but they excluded O. macrospora, considering it a species of Amanita. Geoff Ridley examined Stevenson's holotype material and reduced L. macrosporus to synonymy with A. australis in 1993, explaining: > The size, shape and amyloid reaction of the spores, the dimensions of the > basidia, the presence of clamp connections and lamella margin cells indicate > that this is Amanita australis Stevenson and easily fits into the concept of > this taxon. ... Macroscopically the specimen lacks the typical pronounced > basal bulb to the stipe and volva remnants on the pileus; however, it is not > an unknown condition in this taxon. Although Stevenson originally placed the species in Amanita section Phalloideae because of a perceived similarity to A. citrina, it is now classified in section Validae; many species in this section have bulbous stem bases.

B. H. Danser treated N. edwardsiana as a lower altitude form of N. villosa with more elongated pitchers Joseph Dalton Hooker, who described both N. edwardsiana and N. villosa, noted the similarity between the two species as follows: > This most remarkable plant [N. villosa] resembles that of edwardsiana in so > many respects, especially in the size, form and disposition of the distant > lamellae of the mouth, that I am inclined to suspect that it may be produced > by young plants of that species, before it arrives at a stage when the > pitchers have elongated necks. Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau was the first to treat N. edwardsiana in synonymy with N. villosa when he published his monograph on the genus in 1895. In his 1908 monograph, John Muirhead Macfarlane treated the two taxa as distinct species, writing: "Examinatione microscopica probatur, illas species distinctas esse".

Fish Pathology, 14, 145-146 and later formally described by Egusa & Nakajima.Egusa S, Nakajima K (1981) A new Myxozoa Thelohanellus kitauei, the cause of intestinal giant cystic disease of carp. Fish Pathology 15, 213-218 FanFan ZG (1985) Study of thelohanellosis from common carp. Freshwater Fish 5, 16-18 subsequently reported the parasite in China, and several other reports from carp and Koi carp in China and Korea followed.Liu Y, Whipps CM, Liu WS, Zeng LB, Gu ZM (2011) Supplemental diagnosis of a myxozoan parasite from common carp Cyprinus carpio: synonymy of Thelohanellus xinyangensis with Thelohanellus kitauei. Veterinary Parasitology 178, 355-359Shin SP, Jee H, Han JE, Kim JH, Choresca CH, Jun JW, Kim DY, Park SC (2011) Surgical removal of an anal cyst caused by a protozoan parasite (Thelohanellus kitauei) from a koi (Cyprinus carpio) Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 238, 784-786.

National Museum of Natural History, Paris Based on studies of morphology, the bluebuck has historically been classified as either a distinct species or as a subspecies of the roan antelope. After its extinction, some 19th-century naturalists began to doubt its validity as a species, with some believing the museum specimens to be small or immature roan antelopes, and both species were lumped together under the name A.leucophaeus by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1821. The Austrian zoologist Franz Friedrich Kohl pointed out the distinct features of the bluebuck in 1866, followed by Sclater and Thomas, who rejected the synonymy in 1899. In 1974, the American biologist Richard G. Klein showed (based on fossils) that the bluebuck and roan antelope occurred sympatrically on the coastal plain of the southwestern Cape from Oakhurst to Uniondale during the early Holocene, supporting their status as separate species.

They also named the new higher taxonomic rank Therizinosauroidea to contain Alxasaurus and Therizinosauridae (since the new genus was somewhat different from its relatives), which they placed in the group Tetanurae within Theropoda. They considered therizinosaurs most closely related to ornithomimids, troodontids, and oviraptorids, which they placed together in the group Oviraptorosauria (since they found Maniraptora, the conventional grouping of these, invalid, and the higher level taxonomy of theropods was in flux at the time). basal therizinosaur Beipiaosaurus with impressions of feather structures, Paleozoological Museum of China The synonymy of Segnosauridae with Therizinosauridae was accepted by Perle himself and co-authors of a redescription of the holotype skull of Erlikosaurus in 1994, and they considered therizinosaurs maniraptoran theropods, the group that also includes modern birds (since they did find Maniraptora to be valid through their analysis). They also discussed the previous ornithischian and sauropod hypotheses for therizinosaur affinities in detail and demonstrated various faults with them.

Dedication page from the Birds of India > The want of brief, but comprehensive Manual of the Natural History of India > has been long felt by all interested in such inquiries. At the present, it > is necessary to search through voluminous transactions of learned Societies, > and scientific Journals, to obtain any general acquaintance with what has > been already ascertained regarding the Fauna of India, and, excepting to a > few more favorably placed, even these are inaccessible. The issue of a > Manual, which should comprise all available information in sufficient detail > for the discrimination and identification of such objects of Natural History > as might be met with, without being rendered cumbrous by minutiae of > synonymy or of history, has therefore long been considered a desideratum. > To meet this want it is proposed to publish a series of such Manuals for > all the Vertebrated Animals of India, containing characters of all the > classes, orders, families, and genera, and descriptions of all the species > of all Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes, found in India.

Her Retrospection... Hester Thrale Piozzi, Retrospection, or a review of the most striking and important events, characters, situations, and their consequences which the last eighteen hundred years have presented to the view of mankind, 2 vols, London: John Stockdale, 1801 was an attempt at a popular history of that period, but was not received well by critics, some of whom patently resented female intrusion into what was then the male preserve of history. Posterity has been kinder. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "it has since been seen as a feminist history, concerned to show changes in manners and mores in so far as they affected women; it has also been judged to anticipate Marxian history in its keen apprehension of reification: 'machines imitated mortals to unhoped perfection, and men found out they were themselves machines.'" A lexicographer in her own right, Mrs Piozzi's British synonymy, or, An attempt at regulating the choice of words in familiar conversation was published in 1794 by G. G. & J. Robinson of London, ten years after Dr Johnson's death..

Williston also stated that a skeletal reconstruction of the related Polacanthus by Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa was a better example of how ankylosaurs would have appeared in life. The claim of synonymy was not accepted by other researchers, and the two genera are now considered distinct. Brown had collected 77 osteoderms while excavating a Tyrannosaurus specimen in the Lance Formation of Wyoming in 1900. He mentioned these osteoderms (specimen AMNH 5866) in his description of Ankylosaurus but thought they belonged to the Tyrannosaurus instead. Paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn also expressed this view when he described the Tyrannosaurus specimen as the now synonymous genus Dynamosaurus in 1905. More recent examination has shown them to be similar to those of Ankylosaurus; it seems that Brown had compared them with some Euoplocephalus osteoderms, which had been erroneously cataloged as belonging to Ankylosaurus at the AMNH. Excavation of AMNH 5214 (center, above the pick), 1910 In 1910 another AMNH expedition led by Brown discovered an Ankylosaurus specimen (AMNH 5214) in the Scollard Formation by the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada.

Kellner and Campos in 2000 and Brazilian paleontologist Elaine B. Machado and Kellner in 2005 expressed the opinion that the fossils come from two different genera, and that the holotype of Angaturama limai was clearly more laterally flattened than that of Irritator challengeri. A review of both fossils by the Brazilian paleontologists Marcos A. F. Sales and Cesar L. Schultz in 2017 noted that the specimens also differ in other aspects of their preservation: the Irritator specimen is brighter in color and is affected by a vertical crack, while the Angaturama specimen bears many cavities; the damage to the teeth of the Irritator challengeri holotype is also much less severe. Sales and Schultz also identified a possible point of overlap, the third left maxillary tooth, and observed that the skull of Angaturama could have been larger than that of Irritator based on the proportions of the closely related genus Baryonyx. They therefore concluded that the two specimens do not belong to the same individual, Sales and Schultz noted that synonymy at the genus level would need to be verified by more extensively overlapping remains.

Triceratops differs from other chasmosaurines in the retention as an adult of a juvenile trait: the short squamosals, a case of paedomorphosis. In 2009 John Scannella, investigating dinosaur ontogeny in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, concluded that this situation could be best explained by the hypothesis that Triceratops and Torosaurus were growth stages of a single genus. The Torosaurus specimens would be fully mature individuals of Triceratops. Torosaurus would be a junior synonym of Triceratops, the latter name having priority.Scannella J., 2009, "And then there was one: synonymy consequences of Triceratops cranial ontogeny", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 177A According to the "toromorph" hypothesis, Triceratops subadults (A, Triceratops prorsus holotype YPM 1822) would have gotten longer frills with holes as shown by B, Torosaurus latus specimen ANSP 15192 The end phase would have consisted of an enormously large and flat frill as exemplified by specimen YPM 1831 (A), its size shown by comparison to ANSP 15192 (B), an early adult In 2010 Scanella and Jack Horner, Scannella's mentor at Montana State University, published research on the growth patterns in thirty-eight skull specimens (twenty-nine of Triceratops, nine of Torosaurus) from the Hell Creek formation.