Adding cross-channel comparability: Cross-channel comparability allows ad buyers to measure ad engagement and reach across different platforms.
|
|
The pay-out ratio, excluding items affecting comparability, was 75 percent.
|
|
But we would use that to establish comparability across investment alternatives.
|
|
Excluding items affecting comparability, the pay-out ratio was 70 per cent.
|
|
Adjusted for items affecting comparability, Atlas said operating profit was 5.62 billion crowns.
|
|
According to HHS, those former directors received a "physician comparability allowance," or PCA.
|
|
Lately, the company is conducting research to find out how that plays into comparability.
|
|
Operating profit before amortisation and items affecting comparability was 6.92 billion crowns ($739.6 million).
|
|
Excluding items affecting comparability, per-share profit for the most recent quarter was $2278.
|
|
In 2018, the operating margin excluding items affecting comparability shrank to 7.9% from 9.6%.
|
|
This results in a loss of clarity, comprehension, and — most importantly — comparability across different companies.
|
|
BMW will support Android Auto over a wireless connection, though, which somewhat limits its comparability.
|
|
Neither do they disclose how adjustments to loan quality were reached, which limits comparability between banks.
|
|
In addition to the product launch dynamics discussed above, overall product mix also impacted quarterly comparability.
|
|
It posted a dive in first-quarter operating profit before depreciation, amortisation and items affecting comparability.
|
|
"Looking at the gender issue is complicated because of the comparability or non-comparability of jobs that have more women or men in them," said Demetra Smith Nightingale, the former chief evaluation officer at the Department of Labor and now a scholar at the Urban Institute.
|
|
It modestly suggested a comparability between Keynes and Albert Einstein, a genius whose work revolutionised his field.
|
|
Operating profit before items affecting comparability was 4.05 billion Swedish crowns ($422.6 million) against a year-earlier 3.75 billion.
|
|
The new disclosures will quantify the impacts of transitional allowances, helping to improve S2 comparability between insurers across Europe.
|
|
Importantly, these investors are generally unsatisfied with the comparability and quality of the sustainability information being provided to them.
|
|
Operating profit before amortisation and items affecting comparability was 4.18 billion crowns ($432.5 million) against a year-ago 3.02 billion.
|
|
Operating profit before amortisation and items affecting comparability grew 37% from a year earlier to 4.74 billion crowns ($498.2 million).
|
|
"Standards are key, so there is integrity to the reports and there is some degree of comparability," Ms. Korngold said.
|
|
Even in those cases where metrics are being used, they are non-standardized, and therefore lack comparability across industry peers.
|
|
Comparability of leverage against prior periods is limited given the timing effects of the acquisitions which both closed later in the year.
|
|
But if comparability across time were required, the sport could pick a specific set of past performances to serve as the benchmark.
|
|
But, yes, there was also the most destructive global war to date raging at that time, so comparability to today is questionable.
|
|
This will offer a new level of transparency, comparability and convenience which will directly impact the four main sectors of financial services.
|
|
The lack of consistency and comparability is a big practical problem for politically influenced statistics, especially when official numbers cover up disagreeable trends.
|
|
The company reported a 260% decrease in EPS, ex-items affecting comparability, reporting $20193 per share this quarter compared to $22019 last year.
|
|
The change implements tighter leverage metric thresholds that aim to maintain comparability of the company's rating with other diversified western European telecoms operators.
|
|
The company's results were affected by the application of hyperinflationary accounting by PPC Zimbabwe, which it said complicated comparability at a group level.
|
|
For example, the actuarial value of insurance products was set out in tiers, ensuring an underlying level of quality and comparability across carriers.
|
|
With our industry at an inflection point, increasing the transparency and comparability of non-GAAP reporting for investors has never been more important.
|
|
It says: "As such, while comparability from previous years is lost, the changes are justified by the need to continually improve our knowledge base."
|
|
"Timely implementation of IFRS 17 is vital to improve the quality and comparability of accounting for insurance contracts," the IASB said in a statement.
|
|
The manipulated data was used to illustrate comparability between an early version of Zolgensma and the current version, which is manufactured using a different process.
|
|
It also reflects Fitch's opinion that there is limited adherence to international best accounting practices that lead to transparency and comparability of its financial reports.
|
|
In the fourth quarter, Vattenfall reported an operating profit before items affecting comparability of 7.3 billion crowns ($920 million), up from a year-ago 7.1 billion.
|
|
There are also questions about the comparability of the disasters at the Samarco mine and in the Gulf, and of the legal systems dealing with them.
|
|
Christine M. McCarthy, Disney's chief financial officer, told analysts that the division experienced a 14 percent year-on-year increase in ad sales, after adjusting for comparability.
|
|
The data was used to illustrate comparability between an early version of Zolgensma and the later version of the treatment, which was manufactured using a different process.
|
|
This model differentiates between insurers based on their exposure to long-term low interest rates, and we believe it offers better comparability between firms than S2 metrics.
|
|
The manipulated data was used to illustrate comparability between an early version of Zolgensma and the later version of the treatment, which was manufactured using a different process.
|
|
The manipulated data was used to illustrate comparability between an early version of Zolgensma and the current version of the treatment, which is manufactured using a different process.
|
|
The amount was reported as an item affecting comparability in the first quarter of 2016 * Will make an additional provision of approximately SEK 70m related to the tissue category.
|
|
CHINA VIRUS CONTINGENCY Operating profit before items affecting comparability grew roughly line with expectations in the fourth quarter, to 4.1 billion crowns ($423 million) from 3.8 billion a year earlier.
|
|
You'll also be able to listen via a number of third-party speakers, including Bose, Sonos, and Bang & Olufsen, although that comparability will roll out over time and vary by brand.
|
|
"Emergent is pleased to have reached this critical milestone in our BioThrax comparability program," Adam Havey, executive vice president and president of biodefense division at Emergent, said in the press release.
|
|
What he perhaps does not emphasize sufficiently is that the comparability of different art practices — which is precisely what makes history useful to the artist — presumes a certain kind of formalism.
|
|
App comparability for the new Oculus Go includes everything available in the Samsung Gear VR library, but critically, there was no mention if the Go will be able to play full Oculus Rift apps.
|
|
Bypassing MongoDB's licensing by going for API comparability, given that AWS knows exactly why MongoDB did that, was always going to be a controversial move and won't endear the company to the open-source community.
|
|
Quarterly group operating profit before larger items affecting comparability and share of profit in Scandinavian Tobacco Group, which was listed in the quarter, grew to 939 million crowns ($117 million) from a year-earlier 866 million.
|
|
STOCKHOLM, Feb 6 (Reuters) - Assa Abloy, the world's biggest lock maker, reported on Thursday a rise in fourth-quarter operating earnings before items affecting comparability that roughly matched expectations while sales growth before acquisitions slowed to 1%.
|
|
Operating profit before amortisation and items affecting comparability at the Swedish group was 3.19 billion crowns ($338 million) compared with 3.12 billion a year earlier and a 3.15 billion mean forecast in a Reuters poll of analysts.
|
|
Operating profit before items affecting comparability for the hygiene products business grew to 2.90 billion crowns ($331 million) from a year-ago 2.71 billion, against a mean forecast in a Reuters poll of analysts of 2.85 billion.
|
|
"If you leave it to every country to define its own administrative boundary of what is urban and what is rural, then you have no benchmark for comparability," said Sameh Wahba, head of the World Bank's urban program.
|
|
Operating profit before items affecting comparability at the electricity and heat producer and distributor rose to 3.6 billion crowns ($369 mln), from 2.1 billion crowns a year earlier, on a 12% increase in sales to 36 billion crowns.
|
|
For example, Refinitiv will not treat operating leases as debt for U.S. companies, only as non-debt liabilities on the balance sheet, to "allow clear comparability of reports across companies, markets and accounting standards," a spokesperson told CNBC.
|
|
"The evidence is overwhelming that WTO members have not surrendered their longstanding rights ... to reject prices or costs that are not determined under market economy conditions in determining price comparability for purposes of anti-dumping comparisons," the brief concludes.
|
|
"The measures announced today largely retain the use of internal models for the determination of credit risk weighted assets, but with important safeguards that will promote sound levels of capital and comparability across banks," the committee's chairman Stefan Ingves said.
|
|
More research is needed to directly compare regions or states -- since in the new report, comparability is limited due to variation in states' requirements, data collection methods and definitions of grace periods or provisional enrollment when it comes to vaccine requirements.
|
|
But Giancarlo said a 2016 deal recognizing the comparability of U.S. and EU regulation should stand, and he indicated the U.S. would not agree to increased scrutiny of its clearing houses by the EU as a potential result of its review.
|
|
Operating profit including items affecting comparability - in the third quarter of 2019 mainly gains from the sale of a district heating operation in Germany and of production rights for German nuclear power - rose to 8.7 billion crowns from 3.7 billion.
|
|
The new standard is due to take effect from the start of 5003, although some insurers have called for a delay due to the cost and complexity of implementation, and is intended to improve consistency and comparability among insurers reporting in different jurisdictions.
|
|
Sam Woods, Britain's top banking regulator, told UK lawmakers on Wednesday that he had written to big banks to express "some concern about the degree of heterogeneity with which they are approaching IFRS9 implementation, which I worry could create comparability issues for us and for investors".
|
|
In an April analysis reported on by The Times ("Insurers Stem Losses, and May Soon Profit, From Health Law Plans"), Standard & Poor's showed that Obamacare enrollee medical costs — which shot up rapidly during 2014 and 2015 — have since fallen back to comparability with group-policy enrollee costs.
|
|
Check out which companies are making headlines after the bell: Shares of AveXis climbed more than 9 percent in extended trade after the gene therapy company announced alignment with the FDA on the company's manufacturing process, analytical methods and comparability protocol for its gene therapy candidate AVXS-101.
|
|
Just to go online has required exhaustive studies and statistical analysis to ensure comparability of a paper exam score with one from a computer, time the test loading and scrolling speeds of various laptops, and assure that computerized testing doesn't work to the advantage of some groups of students over others.
|
|
It cited "the possible effect on the comparability of corresponding and current year figures for the consolidated and separate financial performance and cash flows" as a result of "loss of control of business" in the supermarket's subsidiaries in Uganda and Tanzania in the previous financial year, as well as assets write off in that year.
|
|
The amount will be reported as an item affecting comparability in the second quarter of 2016 * Says the inquiry, which targeted Familia and four other companies in the market, pertains to activities that took place up until 2013 * Says investigation in Colombia regarding the baby diapers category is still ongoing and no provision has been made for this.
|
|
Summary of Financial Statement Adjustments Fitch has made the following adjustments to Telenet's reported financial statements which result in different net debt- to-EBITDA leverage metrics compared with the company reported metrics: -- In line with Fitch's approach to include content costs as part of FFO, EUR60 million of content amortisation costs have been included in adjusted EBITDA as proxy to improve the comparability of credit metrics with other rated TMT peers.
|
|
As observes, every comparability graph that is neither complete nor bipartite has a skew partition. The complement of any interval graph is a comparability graph. The comparability relation is called an interval order. Interval graphs are exactly the graphs that are chordal and that have comparability graph complements.
|
|
1, p. 95. Therefore, permutation graphs are another subclass of comparability graphs. The trivially perfect graphs are the comparability graphs of rooted trees., theorem 6.6.
|
|
1, p. 99. Cographs can be characterized as the comparability graphs of series-parallel partial orders; thus, cographs are also comparability graphs., corollary 6.4.1, p.
|
|
In the comparability graph of a partially ordered set, a clique represents a chain and a coloring represents a partition into antichains, and induced subgraphs of comparability graphs are themselves comparability graphs, so Mirsky's theorem states that comparability graphs are perfect. Analogously, Dilworth's theorem states that every complement graph of a comparability graph is perfect. The perfect graph theorem of states that the complements of perfect graphs are always perfect, and can be used to deduce Dilworth's theorem from Mirsky's theorem and vice versa .
|
|
96; . Threshold graphs are another special kind of comparability graph. Every comparability graph is perfect. The perfection of comparability graphs is Mirsky's theorem, and the perfection of their complements is Dilworth's theorem; these facts, together with the perfect graph theorem can be used to prove Dilworth's theorem from Mirsky's theorem or vice versa.
|
|
A comparability graph is an undirected graph formed from a partial order by creating a vertex per element of the order, and an edge connecting any two comparable elements. Thus, a clique in a comparability graph corresponds to a chain, and an independent set in a comparability graph corresponds to an antichain. Any induced subgraph of a comparability graph is itself a comparability graph, formed from the restriction of the partial order to a subset of its elements. An undirected graph is perfect if, in every induced subgraph, the chromatic number equals the size of the largest clique.
|
|
Permutation graphs are a special case of circle graphs, comparability graphs, the complements of comparability graphs, and trapezoid graphs. The subclasses of the permutation graphs include the bipartite permutation graphs (characterized by ) and the cographs.
|
|
Every complete graph is a comparability graph, the comparability graph of a total order. All acyclic orientations of a complete graph are transitive. Every bipartite graph is also a comparability graph. Orienting the edges of a bipartite graph from one side of the bipartition to the other results in a transitive orientation, corresponding to a partial order of height two.
|
|
On can also say that G is permutationally k-representable. A graph is permutationally representable iff it is a comparability graph . A graph is word-representable implies that the neighbourhood of each vertex is permutationally representable (i.e. is a comparability graph) .
|
|
The complement graph of every comparability graph is also a string graph. and . See also .
|
|
The partial orders with order dimension two may be characterized as the partial orders whose comparability graph is the complement of the comparability graph of a different partial order . That is, P is a partial order with order dimension two if and only if there exists a partial order Q on the same set of elements, such that every pair x, y of distinct elements is comparable in exactly one of these two partial orders. If P is realized by two linear extensions, then partial order Q complementary to P may be realized by reversing one of the two linear extensions. Therefore, the comparability graphs of the partial orders of dimension two are exactly the permutation graphs, graphs that are both themselves comparability graphs and complementary to comparability graphs.
|
|
In graph theory, a comparability graph is an undirected graph that connects pairs of elements that are comparable to each other in a partial order. Comparability graphs have also been called transitively orientable graphs, partially orderable graphs, containment graphs,, p. 105; , p. 94. and divisor graphs.
|
|
That is, it is formed from a minimal vertex series parallel graph by forgetting the orientation of each edge. The comparability graph of a series-parallel partial order is a cograph: the series and parallel composition operations of the partial order give rise to operations on the comparability graph that form the disjoint union of two subgraphs or that connect two subgraphs by all possible edges; these two operations are the basic operations from which cographs are defined. Conversely, every cograph is the comparability graph of a series-parallel partial order. If a partial order has a cograph as its comparability graph, then it must be a series-parallel partial order, because every other kind of partial order has an N suborder that would correspond to an induced four- vertex path in its comparability graph, and such paths are forbidden in cographs.
|
|
Trivially perfect graphs were first studied by but were named by ; Golumbic writes that "the name was chosen since it is trivial to show that such a graph is perfect." Trivially perfect graphs are also known as comparability graphs of trees,; . arborescent comparability graphs,. and quasi-threshold graphs..
|
|
The 3.1 guideline was updated by the materiality-based 4.0 guideline in 2014, resulting in some commentary regarding comparability.
|
|
1\. Validity 2\. Reliability and Errors of Measurement 3\. Test Development and Revision 4\. Scales, Norms, and Score Comparability 5\.
|
|
On April 27, 2016, the Xbox 360 version of Galaga Legions DX was re-released through Xbox One's backwards comparability lineup.
|
|
Because strongly perfect graphs, perfectly orderable graphs, distance-hereditary graphs, and comparability graphs are all perfect graphs, cographs are also perfect.
|
|
A transitive orientation of a graph, if it exists, can be found in linear time.; see , p. 91. However, the algorithm for doing so will assign orientations to the edges of any graph, so to complete the task of testing whether a graph is a comparability graph, one must test whether the resulting orientation is transitive, a problem provably equivalent in complexity to matrix multiplication. Because comparability graphs are perfect, many problems that are hard on more general classes of graphs, including graph coloring and the independent set problem, can be computed in polynomial time for comparability graphs.
|
|
Hendrik (Henk) van der Flier (born 1945) is a Dutch psychologist, and Professor of Work and Organizational Psychology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and at its Kurt Lewin Institute (KLI), known for his work on comparability of psychological test performances.Van Der Flier, Henk. "Deviant response patterns and comparability of test scores." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 13.3 (1982): 267-298.
|
|
CDMT validates offers graded, vocational and diploma examinations in the performing arts, carrying out quality assurance inspections and annual comparability studies of assessment standards.
|
|
Every comparability graph is perfect: this is essentially just Mirsky's theorem, restated in graph-theoretic terms . By the perfect graph theorem of , the complement of any perfect graph is also perfect. Therefore, the complement of any comparability graph is perfect; this is essentially just Dilworth's theorem itself, restated in graph-theoretic terms . Thus, the complementation property of perfect graphs can provide an alternative proof of Dilworth's theorem.
|
|
By the characterization of interval graphs as AT-free chordal graphs, interval graphs are strongly chordal graphs and hence perfect graphs. Their complements belong to the class of comparability graphs, and the comparability relations are precisely the interval orders. Based on the fact that a graph is an interval graph if and only if it is chordal and its complement is a comparability graph, we have: A graph and its complement are interval graphs if and only if it is both a split graph and a permutation graph. The interval graphs that have an interval representation in which every two intervals are either disjoint or nested are the trivially perfect graphs.
|
|
For instance, representing a graph as a unit disk graph may require exponentially many bits for the coordinates of the disk centers.. ;Low-dimensional comparability graphs: The comparability graph for a partially ordered set has a vertex for each set element and an edge between two set elements that are related by the partial order. The order dimension of a partial order is the minimum number of linear orders whose intersection is the given partial order. If a partial order has bounded order dimension, then an adjacency labeling scheme for the vertices in its comparability graph may be defined by labeling each vertex with its position in each of the defining linear orders, and determining that two vertices are adjacent if each corresponding pair of numbers in their labels has the same order relation as each other pair. In particular, this allows for an adjacency labeling scheme for the chordal comparability graphs, which come from partial orders of dimension at most four...
|
|
It may also be computed in polynomial time for graphs of bounded treewidth including series-parallel graphs, outerplanar graphs, and Halin graphs,; as well as for split graphs,; . for the complements of chordal graphs, credits this result to the 1993 Ph.D. thesis of Ton Kloks; Garbe's polynomial time algorithm for comparability graphs of interval orders generalizes this result, since any chordal graph must be a comparability graph of this type. for permutation graphs, for cographs, for circular-arc graphs,. for the comparability graphs of interval orders, and of course for interval graphs themselves, since in that case the pathwidth is just one less than the maximum number of intervals covering any point in an interval representation of the graph.
|
|
The comparability scores are the mechanism by which it picks and > chooses from among those career paths.Rich Lederer, "An Unfiltered Interview > with Nate Silver," Baseball Analysts, February 12, 2007.
|
|
For example, a sales company's profitability may be most reliably measured as a return on sales (pre-tax profit as a percent of sales). CPM inherently requires lower levels of comparability in the nature of the goods or services. Further, data used for CPM generally can be readily obtained in the U.S. and many countries through public filings of comparable enterprises. Results of the tested party or comparable enterprises may require adjustment to achieve comparability.
|
|
The Circular instructs field examiners to review taxpayer's comparability and method analyses. The method of analyzing comparability and what factors are to be considered varies slightly by type of transfer pricing analysis method. The guidelines for CUP include specific functions and risks to be analyzed for each type of transaction (goods, rentals, licensing, financing, and services). The guidelines for resale price, cost-plus, transactional net margin method, and profit split are short and very general.
|
|
Harsanyi and Sen thus argue that at least partial comparability of utility is possible, and social choice theory proceeds under that assumption. Sen proposes, however, that comparability of interpersonal utility need not be partial. Under Sen's theory of informational broadening, even complete interpersonal comparison of utility would lead to socially suboptimal choices because mental states are malleable. A starving peasant may have a particularly sunny disposition and thereby derive high utility from a small income.
|
|
Factors to be considered include comparability of tested and independent items, reliability of available data and assumptions under the method, and validation of the results of the method by other methods.
|
|
Alone, separate militias would have been vastly insufficient in terms of comparability to fighting an army such as the British. However, these battalions do reserve a role in the independence of the colonies.
|
|
In addition, anchoring vignettes is another method that can be implemented to lessen biases and increase data quality as well as improve cross-cultural comparability of soft skill assessments (Kyllonen and Bertling, 2014).
|
|
The perfectly orderable graphs (which include chordal graphs, comparability graphs, and distance-hereditary graphs) are defined as the graphs that have a hereditarily optimal ordering.; . Recognizing perfectly orderable graphs is also NP- complete.
|
|
To determine if a graph {G} is a trapezoid graph, search for a transitive orientation {F} on the complement of {G}. Since trapezoid graphs are a subset of co-comparability graphs, if {G} is a trapezoid graph, its complement {G'} must be a comparability graph. If a transitive orientation {F} of the complement {G'} does not exist, {G} is not a trapezoid graph. If {F} does exist, test to see if the order given by {F} is a trapezoid order.
|
|
Converse to the last statement is not true . However, the fact that the neighbourhood of each vertex is a comparability graph implies that the Maximum Clique problem is polynomially solvable on word- representable graphs .
|
|
Jourdan et al. describe an algorithm for finding maximal antichains that, when applied to the problem of listing all cuts in , takes time , an improvement on the algorithm of when the width is small. Alternatively, a maximal antichain in is the same as a maximal independent set in the comparability graph of , or a maximal clique in the complement of the comparability graph, so algorithms for the clique problem or the independent set problem can also be applied to this version of the Dedekind–MacNeille completion problem.
|
|
The Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 or FEPCA was an attempt to address the need for pay reform in the executive branch of the United States Government that became apparent in the 1980s as Federal civil service salaries fell behind those in the private sector. FEPCA provided guidelines to achieve pay comparability between Federal and non-Federal jobs. FEPCA was enacted as Section 529 of the Treasury, Postal Service and General Government Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101-509, signed into law on 5 November 1990).
|
|
Convergence in some form has been taking place for several decades, and efforts today include projects that aim to reduce the differences between accounting standards. Convergence is driven by several factors, including the belief that having a single set of accounting requirements would increase the comparability of different entities' accounting numbers, which will contribute to the flow of international investment and benefit a variety of stakeholders. Criticisms of convergence include its cost and pace, and the idea that the link between convergence and comparability may not be strong.
|
|
CDMT validates the world's leading awarding organisations offering graded, vocational and diploma examinations in dance, musical theatre and the performing arts, ensuring excellence in examination provision by carrying out quality assurance inspections and annual comparability studies of assessment standards.
|
|
Retrieved on April 30, 2012. In particular, Shyam Sunder of the Yale School of Management has called the link between convergence and comparability "overblown",Sunder S, 2011. IFRS Monopoly: The Pied Piper of Financial Reporting. Retrieved on April 30, 2012.
|
|
For co-comparability graphs also an alternative polynomial-time algorithm with higher running time O(n^7) is known, which is based on the Hasse diagram of the partially ordered set defined by the complement of the input co-comparability graph.. Furthermore, the longest path problem is solvable in polynomial time on any class of graphs with bounded treewidth or bounded clique-width, such as the distance-hereditary graphs. Finally, it is clearly NP-hard on all graph classes on which the Hamiltonian path problem is NP-hard, such as on split graphs, circle graphs, and planar graphs.
|
|
Before considering the factors that motivate the performance paradox, it is important to point out that characteristics known as comparability and variability differentiate good performance measures from bad ones. Comparability is defined as the potential to utilize a performance measure across different settings to horizontally compare performance. Variability is essential because it ensures that evaluations can be recorded on an outcome scale that is extended enough to vertically compare different levels of performance. Within organizations, these two properties are impacted by the use of several weakly correlated performance measures through a mechanism termed the running down process.
|
|
Examples of generic preference-based PROs are the Health Utilities Index and the EQ-5D. Condition-targeted preference-based PROs also exist, but there are some questions regarding their comparability to generic PROs when used for the computation of Quality Adjusted Life Years.
|
|
More data on its safety and effectiveness are still required. Long-term results on disease recurrence, the requirement for stenting and long-term survival also need to be evaluated. In addition, studies to clarify BPA's comparability with the drug riociguat are needed.
|
|
The "Hellenic National Academic Recognition and Information Center (Hellenic NARIC)" is the official international name of DOATAP. In most cases, it can obtain a "statement of comparability" of a qualification (certificate of qualification equivalency information), stating how it compares to the qualifications delivered in Greece.
|
|
Foundation courses or university preparatory courses such as the Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia (STPM), Matriculation and Foundation Certificates are not in the MQF as they are entry qualifications to universities. Nonetheless, MQF determines standards for these certificates to ensure comparability and standardisation of student abilities.
|
|
Baran and Davis identify four primary criticisms of dependency theory: #Variability in microlevel and macrolevel measurement makes between-study comparability problematic. #The theory is often difficult to empirically verify. #The meaning and power of dependency is sometimes unclear. #Dependency theory lacks power in explaining long-term effects.
|
|
Starting from known PSFs of different tomographic systems, the transconvolution method allows an image recorded on a particular tomograph to be converted as if it had been acquired by another tomograph. The method can thus ensure the comparability of images that were originally recorded on different systems.
|
|
Another Finnish architect, , criticised the romantic elements as embodying "primitive, partially crude and untamed force".Roger Connah, Finland: Modern Architectures in History, London: Reaktion, 2005, , n.p.. Other reviewers praised it for its comparability to buildings in other countries and to their use of ornament.Ashby, p. 142.
|
|
"Reflections on working memory: Are the two models complementary?" Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 138-154.de Ribaupierre, A., & Bailleux, C. (2000). "The development of working memory: Further note on the comparability of two models of working memory". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 110-127.
|
|
For telecommunication needs, such methods have been required in order to ensure comparability of measurements and allow some freedom for vendors to do different implementations. The ITU-T Rec. G.813ITU-T Rec. G.813: Timing characteristics of SDH equipment slave clock (SEC), ITU-T Rec.
|
|
The U.S. rules give no priority to any particular method of testing prices, requiring instead explicit analysis to determine the best method. U.S. comparability standards limit use of adjustments for business strategies in testing prices to clearly defined market share strategies, but permit limited consideration of location savings.
|
|
Those with transactions exceeding RMB 200 million generally were required to complete transfer pricing studies in advance of filing tax returns.China Circular 2 Art. 13-20. For taxpayers in the top tier, documentation must include a comparability analysis and justification for the transfer pricing method chosen.China Circular 2 Art.
|
|
To ensure comparability between the results reported by different firms, the tables and charts below report only two-party-preferred vote estimates calculated according to the first method. The polls reported here typically have sample sizes in excess of 1,000, with margins of error of approximately three per cent.
|
|
The methodology of using existing evidence involves the comparison of a new study to a previous one or to some other form of evidence. While this approach to real-time sociolinguistics is more efficient and cost-effective than resurveys, it does have weaknesses which mostly consist of issues with comparability.
|
|
Sampson, p.174-5 In late 1981 the Prime Minister announced the abolition of the Civil Service Department, transferring power over the Civil Service to the Prime Minister's Office and Cabinet Office.Sampson, p.171 The Priestley Commission principle of pay comparability with the private sector was abandoned in February 1982.
|
|
A totally ordered set is exactly a partially ordered set in which every pair of elements is comparable. It follows immediately from the definitions of comparability and incomparability that both relations are symmetric, that is x is comparable to y if and only if y is comparable to x, and likewise for incomparability.
|
|
European embedded value (EEV) is a variation of EV which was set up by the CFO Forum which allows for a more formalised method of choosing the parameters and doing the calculations, to enable greater transparency and comparability. Market Consistent Embedded Value is a more generalised methodology, of which EEV is one example.
|
|
The split comparability graphs, and therefore also the split interval graphs, can be characterized in terms of a set of three forbidden induced subgraphs.; , Theorem 9.7, page 212. The split cographs are exactly the threshold graphs. The split permutation graphs are exactly the interval graphs that have interval graph complements;, Corollary 7.1.
|
|
AIG is also expected to produce items with a wide range of difficulty, fewer errors in construction, and is expected to permit higher comparability of items due to a more systematic definition of the prototypical item model.Irvine, S. (2002). The foundations of item generation for mass testing. In S.H. Irvine, & P.C. Kyllonen (Eds.).
|
|
The Federal Salary Council (FSC) is an advisory body of the executive branch of the United States Government. The FSC was established under the provisions of the Section 5304(e)(1) of Title 5 of the United States Code, to provide recommendations on the locality pay program created by the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (FEPCA). The locality pay program provides for localized pay differentials (also known as comparability payments) for Federal employees paid under the General Schedule (GS) who work in the United States and its territories and possessions. (Section 1911 of P.L. 111-84, the Non- Foreign Area Retirement Equity Assurance Act of 2009, phased in locality pay for employees in the non-foreign areas as identified in 5 C.F.R. 591.205.
|
|
Many important min-max theorems in combinatorics can be expressed in these terms. For instance, Dilworth's theorem states that the minimum number of chains in a partition of a partially ordered set into chains equals the maximum size of an antichain, and can be rephrased as stating that the complements of comparability graphs are perfect. Mirsky's theorem states that the minimum number of antichains into a partition into antichains equals the maximum size of a chain, and corresponds in the same way to the perfection of comparability graphs. The perfection of permutation graphs is equivalent to the statement that, in every sequence of ordered elements, the length of the longest decreasing subsequence equals the minimum number of sequences in a partition into increasing subsequences.
|
|
These results offers insight to the SEC, IASB and FASB in weighing the arguments in the debate of principles- vs. rules based- accounting. IFRS is based on "understandability, relevance, materiality, reliability, and comparability". Since IFRS has not been adopted by all countries, these practices do not make the international standards viable in the world domain.
|
|
A good paintball mask is one which has an anti-fog, dual- pane, scratch less, and UV coated lens. Before making a buying decision, the mask must be checked for its glasses comparability, internal space, and ventilation. Most paintball markers can be disassembled into four main components: the body, loader, barrel, and air tank.
|
|
Huntington's disease (HD) is a polyglutamine disorder based on an expanded CAG triplet repeat leading to cerebral and striatal neurodegeneration. Potential sex differences concerning the age of onset and the course of the disease are poorly defined, as the difficulties of matching female and male HD patients regarding their CAG repeat lengths limit comparability.
|
|
The same year Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia doubted the comparability to E. ranzii and suggested that it represent a separate Eudimorphodon species. In 2009, Dalla Vecchia concluded that the specimen was neither a juvenile nor closely related to Eudimorphodon. In 2015, Alexander Kellner named the separate genus Austriadraco, with the type species Austriadraco dallavecchiai.
|
|
Trans-species psychology; theory and praxis. Spring. V. 75, p. 69-94. The affix trans on psychology embeds the human species, without privilege, in the matrix of the animal kingdom. By recognizing human-animal comparability, trans-species psychology situates all species under a single conceptual umbrella - a unitary model of brain, mind, behavior and consciousness.
|
|
Common with other defined-contribution system with individual accounts, administrative fees may be high. MPF trustees are free to set their fees provided that fees and structures are transparent. As there is no uniform method of charging fees, fund holders attempting to choose may be confused by the lack of comparability between different funds.
|
|
In spatial comparative election campaign communication research, "comparability and the maintenance of equivalence can be seen as the major problems".Wirth & Kolb (2004), p. 88. Research objects are not always equivalent, since they are integrated into different culture-specific contexts (e.g. in "social, political, economic, legal, and media contexts"Wirth & Kolb (2004), p. 107.).
|
|
Harris County along with other Texas counties has one of the nation's highest property tax rates. In 2007, the county was ranked in the top 25 at 22nd in the nation for property taxes as percentage of the homes value on owner-occupied housing. The list only includes counties with a population over 65,000 for comparability.
|
|
It is possible to determine in polynomial time whether a given finite partially ordered set has order dimension at most two, for instance, by testing whether the comparability graph of the partial order is a permutation graph. However, for any k ≥ 3, it is NP-complete to test whether the order dimension is at most k .
|
|
In Newton, P, Baird, J, Patrick, H, Goldstein, H, Timms, P and Wood, A (Eds). Techniques for monitoring the comparability of examination standards. London, QCA. In 2004, Pollitt presented a paper at the conference of the International Association for Educational Assessment titled Let's Stop Marking Exams, and another at the same conference in 2009 titled Abolishing Marksism.
|
|
An alternative quality framework is the Guidelines of Modeling (GoM) based on general accounting principles. The framework "include the six principles of correctness, clarity, relevance, comparability, economic efficiency, and systematic design". It was operationalized for Event-driven Process Chains and also tested in experiments J. Becker, M. Rosemann, and C. von Uthmann. (2000). "Guidelines of Business Process Modeling".
|
|
According to , word-representable graphs are relevant to various fields, thus providing a motivation to study the graphs. These fields are algebra, graph theory, computer science, combinatorics on words, and scheduling. Word-representable graphs are especially important in graph theory, since they generalise several important classes of graphs, e.g. circle graphs, 3-colorable graphs and comparability graphs.
|
|
Motivations for convergence include the belief that it will result in increased comparability between financial statements, which will benefit a variety of stakeholders. For example, the FASB believes that "investors, companies, auditors, and other participants in the U.S. financial reporting system" will benefit from converged standards because it will result in increased comparability between the financial statements of different firms. A 2008 report by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) stated that convergence of accounting standards would contribute to the flow of international investment and benefit "all capital markets stakeholders" because it: #renders international investments more comparable to investors; #reduces the cost of complying with accounting requirements for global businesses; #potentially establishes a more transparent accounting system with greater accountability; #reduces "operational challenges" for accounting firms; and #gives standard- setters the opportunity to "improve the reporting model".PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2007.
|
|
A study published by Martina et al. stated that rapid maxillary expansion is not more effective than slow maxillary expansion in expanding the maxilla in patients with posterior crossbite. It is important to keep in mind that different studies use different rapid and slow expansion devices and thus comparability between studies is difficult. A systematic review done by Zhou et al.
|
|
Under the same act, the 17 departments of the two institutions were merged and restructured into six faculties. The implementation of the Bologna process, an effort to ensure comparability of standards across European institutions, was another major point of contention during that decade. Tuition fees were introduced at 500 euros in 2006, but later reduced to 375 euros and fully abolished in 2012.
|
|
However, scientific theory does not explicitly acknowledge this understanding, nor does scientific practice implicitly reflect it. By ignoring human and other animal psychological comparability, the science community encourages cultural and legal subjugation of animals. Trans-species psychology rectifies this inconsistency by eliminating the artificial separation between species and openly bringing knowledge of human psychology to bear on other species.Bradshaw, G.A. & M. Watkins. (2006).
|
|
83 Having been promoted to Marshal of the Royal Air Force on 31 July 1977, Cameron became Chief of the Defence Staff on 31 August 1977. In that role he secured pay comparability for services personnel involved in civil support during the firemen's strike, visited the People's Republic of China and lectured extensively on the Soviet air threat. He retired in August 1979.
|
|
There are variants of modular decomposition for undirected graphs and directed graphs. For each undirected graph, this decomposition is unique. This notion can be generalized to other structures (for example directed graphs) and is useful to design efficient algorithms for the recognition of some graph classes, for finding transitive orientations of comparability graphs, for optimization problems on graphs, and for graph drawing.
|
|
The following year, Eurostat published a new ESSPROS. As far as the comparability of the Swiss Total Social Security Accounts with the total social security accounts of EU countries is concerned, the FSO adopted the methodological guidelines of this new manual without making any changes. Benefits that are not taken account of in the ESSPROS concept are calculated and reported separately.
|
|
Construction of the Grorud Line started in February 1956. Landwork and electrical equipment was contracted to developers, while the trackage was done by the Planning Office. The original plans called for the use of 600 to 650 volt (V) direct current (DC) fed via a pantograph, to allow comparability with the western light rail. This was later changed to 750 V DC via a third rail.
|
|
In the U.S., a different set of price testing methods is provided for services. In both cases, standards of comparability and other matters apply to both goods and services. It is common for enterprises to perform services for themselves (or for their components) that support their primary business. Examples include accounting, legal, and computer services for those enterprises not engaged in the business of providing such services.
|
|
Often referred to as a "science of sentience in service", trans-species psychology expands the understanding of the "human- animal bond" by replacing the difference-based hierarchy between species with one of parity and mutual respect. Interspecies differences are not denied, but they are viewed through a lens of comparability with an appreciation for diversity.Bradshaw, G.A. (2006). No longer a mind of our own. Seed. June/July.
|
|
No quantification of the amount of protein producing the current was presented, so the results lack comparability with the bacterial Mg2+ transport proteins. The alternative techniques of 28Mg2+ radiotracer analysis and mag-fura 2 to measure Mg2+ uptake have not yet been used with Alr1p. 28Mg2+ is currently not available and the mag-fura 2 system is unlikely to provide simple uptake data in yeast.
|
|
Bohning, N., Schultheiss, B., Eilers, S., Penzel, T., Bohning, W., et al. (2010). Comparability of Pulse Oximeters Used in Sleep Medicine for the Screening of OSA. Physiological Measurement, 31(7), 875-888. Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide tension on the skin surface respectively, and the pulse transit time measures the transmission time of an arterial pulse transit wave.
|
|
See Statements on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions (Senate - March 01, 1989), 135 Cong. Rec., S1927. Therefore, the military previously referenced VA determinations of POW status for veterans affairs purposes- including VA comparability criteria- in order to establish eligibility for the POW Medal.For one example, see letter from Director of Veterans Affairs to Congressman Gerald D. Kleczka, ser 330/2111, dated July 10, 1991.
|
|
Finally, the potential of GMOs is limited by regulatory agencies in terms of responsibility and bioethical issues. Their release require support on the action zone and comparability with indigenous species. Multidisciplinary research is focused on defining more precisely necessary genes and proteins to establish new free-cell systems, which may avoid possible side effects on the environment by the intrusion of transgenic or invasive species.
|
|
A&A; ROSCs help countries to plan, implement and monitor progress in strengthening the country’s corporate financial reporting regime. Reports analyze the use of national accounting and auditing standards and comparability with international standards; assess strengths and weaknesses of the institutional framework in supporting high- quality financial reporting; and make recommendations and suggestions for improvements. The CFRR have undertaken A&A; ROSC reviews in 30 countries at the invitation of governments.
|
|
At present, qualifying law studies do not carry a Bachelor or Master award but are instead concluded by state examinations (in contrast to university examinations). The rationale lies in the national interest of upholding the quality and comparability of legal training. The First State Exam (Erstes Staatsexamen or Erste juristische Prüfung) is usually taken after four-and-a-half years of undergraduate law study. A university degree (Dipl.-jur.
|
|
In graph theory, a perfectly orderable graph is a graph whose vertices can be ordered in such a way that a greedy coloring algorithm with that ordering optimally colors every induced subgraph of the given graph. Perfectly orderable graphs form a special case of the perfect graphs, and they include the chordal graphs, comparability graphs, and distance-hereditary graphs. However, testing whether a graph is perfectly orderable is NP-complete.
|
|
The carriages feature fifteen compartments and a corridor on the one side. There are regular doors at the one end of the carriage, where there is a vestibule, while smaller doors on the other end act as emergency exits. To provide comparability with older WLAB and B5 carriages, WLAB2s were initially installed without a closed gangway connection. On the compartment side there is one window for each compartment.
|
|
Different countries have developed their own accounting principles over time, making international comparisons of companies difficult. To ensure uniformity and comparability between financial statements prepared by different companies, a set of guidelines and rules are used. Commonly referred to as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), these set of guidelines provide the basis in the preparation of financial statements, although many companies voluntarily disclose information beyond the scope of such requirements.FASB, 2001.
|
|
The BCRS was designed to support the extremely-high-precision measurements of position and motion required in astrometry. One critical factor in achieving that precision lies in how general relativistic effects are determined and measured. Both systems incorporate standards that enable the consistency and ready comparability of the resulting spacetime coordinates among astrometric measurements taken worldwide. They provide a metric tensor to establish a consistent frame of reference for observations.
|
|
75, Feb 2000, p. 22–23. Mathcore's main defining quality is the use of odd time signatures, and has been described to possess rhythmic comparability to free jazz."Contemporary grindcore bands such as The Dillinger Escape Plan ... have developed avant- garde versions of the genre incorporating frequent time signature changes and complex sounds that at times recall free jazz." Keith Kahn-Harris (2007) Extreme Metal, Berg Publishers, , p. 4.
|
|
The definition of a word-representable graph works both in labelled and unlabelled cases since any labelling of a graph is equivalent to any other labelling. Also, the class of word-representable graphs is hereditary. Word-representable graphs generalise several important classes of graphs such as circle graphs, 3-colorable graphs and comparability graphs. Various generalisations of the theory of word- representable graphs accommodate representation of any graph.
|
|
Each potential receiving institution must wait until they receive the academic transcripts, assemble them by student and match them to the application. The transcript and course evaluation process can be divided into three distinct stages which result in judgments independent of the student. First, an assessment of the quality of the course must be made. Second, the course must be evaluated on the basis of its comparability to courses at the receiving institution.
|
|
The > Government have a responsibility both to be fair to public service employees > and to avoid arrangements which could in themselves prove inflationary. > Comparability studies must therefore be made in a systematic and thorough > manner, taking all relevant factors into account. The Chairman of the Commission was Professor Hugh Clegg, and it was therefore often referred to as the "Clegg Commission". The Commission was disbanded by the incoming government of Margaret Thatcher.
|
|
1999 saw the beginning of the Bologna Process, which aimed to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher education qualifications. The Münster School of Business Administration and Economics was the first one to establish bachelor's and master's degrees. In the winter semester 2006/2007 nearly all studies have been changed according to Bachelor/Master system. Exceptions are made in studies leading to the Staatsexamen in medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and law.
|
|
The olive orchards of Roman Africa attracted major investment and were highly productive, with trees larger than those of Mediterranean Europe; massive lever presses were developed for efficient extraction.David J. Mattingly, "Regional Variation in Roman Oleoculture: Some Problems of Comparability," in Landuse in the Roman Empire («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 1994), pp. 91–93, 104. Spain was also a major exporter of olive oil, but the Romans regarded oil from central Italy as the finest.
|
|
Every perfectly orderable graph is a perfect graph. Chordal graphs are perfectly orderable; a perfect ordering of a chordal graph may be found by reversing a perfect elimination ordering for the graph. Thus, applying greedy coloring to a perfect ordering provides an efficient algorithm for optimally coloring chordal graphs. Comparability graphs are also perfectly orderable, with a perfect ordering being given by a topological ordering of a transitive orientation of the graph.
|
|
One of the key arguments he presented in an early article he co-authored with Richard Price 'Dangerous liaisons? Critical international theory and constructivism', is that constructivism, in spite of its engagement with the mainstream 'on issues of interpretation and evidence, generalisations, alternative explanations and variation and comparability', remains compatible with critical international theory.Richard Price and Christian Reus-Smit, 'Dangerous liaisons? Critical international theory and constructivism', European Journal of International Relations 4 (1998), p. 260.
|
|
Its location in West Berlin was a clear signal that the western sector of the then divided city was a part of the EEC. In October 1993 the Council of Ministers decided to relocate Cedefop to Greece. On 1 September 1995 Cedefop moved to provisional premises in Thessaloniki, and to its own building in August 1999. Much of Cedefop’s early work involved studying the comparability of vocational training qualifications in Member States.
|
|
A chordal domino is a chordal graph in which every vertex belongs to at most two maximal cliques. the complements of comparability graphs, and bipartite distance-hereditary graphs.. It follows immediately that it is also NP- complete for the graph families that contain the bipartite distance-hereditary graphs, including the bipartite graphs, chordal bipartite graphs, distance- hereditary graphs, and circle graphs. However, the pathwidth may be computed in linear time for trees and forests,.; ; ; ; ; ; .
|
|
Bracher accused both Jürgen Habermas and Ernst Nolte of both "...tabooing the concept of totalitarianism and inflating the formula of fascism". Bracher complained about the "politically polarized" dispute that was blinding historians to the "comparability" of Communism and National Socialism Bracher ended his letter by writing that neither National Socialism nor Communism lost none of "...their respective "singular" inhumanity by comparisons. Neither a national nor a socialist apologetic can be supported on that basis".
|
|
However, it was quickly decided that the terminus would be Jernbanetorget, which served the Oslo East Station. Construction of the Furuset Line, from Hellerud to Tveita, started in the mid-1950s. Landwork and electrical equipment was contracted to developers, while the trackage was done by the Planning Office. The original plans called for the use of 600 to 650 volt (V) direct current (DC) fed via a pantograph, to allow comparability with the western light rail.
|
|
A process that is stable but operating outside desired (specification) limits (e.g., scrap rates may be in statistical control but above desired limits) needs to be improved through a deliberate effort to understand the causes of current performance and fundamentally improve the process. The control chart is one of the seven basic tools of quality control. Typically control charts are used for time-series data, though they can be used for data that have logical comparability (i.e.
|
|
The graph sandwich problem is NP-complete when Π is the property of being a chordal graph, comparability graph, permutation graph, chordal bipartite graph, or chain graph.. It can be solved in polynomial time for split graphs,. threshold graphs, and graphs in which every five vertices contain at most one four- vertex induced path.. The complexity status has also been settled for the H-free graph sandwich problems for each of the four-vertex graphs H..
|
|
AAPS J. 16, 11–14 (2014). Hence and due to their complexity and specific composition mix, such colloidal iron carbohydrate drugs cannot be fully identified, characterized, quantitated and/or described by physiochemical means to define their pharmaceutical properties. Therefore, contradictory to the generic paradigm pathway, relying on a full pharmaceutical identity and sameness in vitro evaluation exercise, they need additional (biological, in vivo) evaluation with a reference product to assess comparability e.g. in tissue targeting in the body.
|
|
WACOM also supported the European comparability and recognition of vocational training through the combination with credit points (ECVET) and thus mobility. Next to numerous dissemination activities, WACOM looked in particular for input into the national VET systems and for launching a European Norm initiative as contribution to the European standardisation (CEN). Furthermore, the transfer into other sectors and all European countries was carried out through a focus on pilot‐testing, optimization, dissemination, exploitation and sustainable strategies.
|
|
The experiences gained through the testing of this model aid the plans of other European research projects which also use competence models, such as the Agricom Project or the Compat.egov Project. 2\. "WACOM instrument" Optimization and adaptation of WACOM (the WAter COmpetences Model) to the vocational education and training systems and cultures in Europe. Finally the WACOM instrument was used for the description of the competences and qualifications and for the improvement of their transparency and comparability.
|
|
Official statistics are collected and produced by national statistical organisations (NSOs), or other organisations (e.g. central banks) that form part of the national statistical system in countries where statistical production is de-centralized. These organisations are responsible for producing and disseminating official statistical information, providing the highest quality data. Quality in the context of official statistics is a multi-faceted concept, consisting of components such as relevance, completeness, timeliness, accuracy, accessibility, clarity, cost- efficiency, transparency, comparability and coherence.
|
|
Still, it remained difficult for manufacturers to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products, so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability. Scheiner's system was eventually abandoned in Germany, when the standardized DIN system was introduced in 1934. In various forms, it continued to be in widespread use in other countries for some time.
|
|
In graph theory, trapezoid graphs are intersection graphs of trapezoids between two horizontal lines. They are a class of co-comparability graphs that contain interval graphs and permutation graphs as subclasses. A graph is a trapezoid graph if there exists a set of trapezoids corresponding to the vertices of the graph such that two vertices are joined by an edge if and only if the corresponding trapezoids intersect. Trapezoid graphs were introduced by Dagan, Golumbic, and Pinter in 1988.
|
|
Molecular Partners anticipates clinical read-outs from these studies in the summer of 2018. The third clinical trial is a Phase 2 safety and efficacy study in patients with wet AMD, designed to establish comparability between Japanese and non-Japanese patients.Clinical trial number NCT02181504 for "A Study of Abicipar Pegol in Japanese Patients With Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration" at ClinicalTrials.gov. The fourth study is a Phase 2 safety and efficacy of abicipar in patients with diabetic macular edema.
|
|
The pipeline approach (stepped-wedge design) uses beneficiaries already chosen to participate in a project at a later stage as the comparison group. The assumption is that as they have been selected to receive the intervention in the future they are similar to the treatment group, and therefore comparable in terms of outcome variables of interest. However, in practice, it cannot be guaranteed that treatment and comparison groups are comparable and some method of matching will need to be applied to verify comparability.
|
|
Each Greenbook is made available to the public five years after the end of the year of the Greenbook. For instance, as of April 2014, Greenbooks from 1966 to 2008 are available on the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. A Greenbook data set in Microsoft Excel format is also available on the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia website. This includes only four quarterly Greenbook projections in order to maximize the correspondence and comparability with the Survey of Professional Forecasters.
|
|
Other civilizations produced generally accepted measurement standards, with Roman and Greek architecture based on distinct systems of measurement. The collapse of the empires and the Dark Ages which followed them lost much measurement knowledge and standardisation. Although local systems of measurement were common, comparability was difficult since many local systems were incompatible. England established the Assize of Measures to create standards for length measurements in 1196, and the 1215 Magna Carta included a section for the measurement of wine and beer.
|
|
One of the unresolved challenges of electromigration are self-amplification effects of electromigration through self-heating at defects in interconnect leads. The local temperature rise due to current crowding across such defects is typically unknown. Since the underlying processes are typically thermally activated, the lack of precise knowledge of the local temperature makes the field of electromigration studies challenging, resulting in a lack of reproducibility and inter-comparability of different experimental approaches. A combination with in-situ temperature measurement is therefore desirable.
|
|
The GEPT Intermediate level is seen as suitable for high school graduates or university freshmen. The GEPT High-intermediate level is thought to be suitable for university graduates majoring in English. The GEPT Advanced level test is considered adequately difficult that only someone with a graduate degree from a university in an English-speaking country would be able to pass it. Reportedly, comparability studies that will relate the GEPT to the Common European Framework standards of language proficiency are underway.
|
|
Edward Francis Leopold Brech, Productivity in Perspective, 1914-1974 (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 2002).Michael R. Weatherburn, Scientific Management at Work: the Bedaux System, Management Consulting, and Worker Efficiency in British Industry, 1914–48 (Imperial College PhD thesis, 2014). The Bedaux company logo, featuring its distinctive "B" unit Building on these authors, Bedaux introduced the concept of rating assessment, which led to improvements in the comparability of employee and departmental efficiency. He named this the "Bedaux System of Human Power Measurement".
|
|
The Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) is a data collection program on organized violence, based at Uppsala University in Sweden. The UCDP is a leading provider of data on organized violence and armed conflict, and it is the oldest ongoing data collection project for civil war, with a history of almost 40 years. UCDP data are systematically collected and have global coverage, comparability across cases and countries, and long time series. Data are updated annually and are publicly available, free of charge.
|
|
Schafer helped to select three songs—"We Are The Road Crew" by Motörhead, "The Metal" by Tenacious D, and "More Than Meets The Eye" by Testament—to appear in a pack of Rock Band downloadable songs that was made available the same day as Brütal Legend's release. The full soundtrack remained intact for Brütal Legends addition to the Xbox One backwards comparability catalog in September 2018; Double Fine had assured all music licensing rights had remains in place for this release.
|
|
In mathematics, in the areas of order theory and combinatorics, Mirsky's theorem characterizes the height of any finite partially ordered set in terms of a partition of the order into a minimum number of antichains. It is named for and is closely related to Dilworth's theorem on the widths of partial orders, to the perfection of comparability graphs, to the Gallai–Hasse–Roy–Vitaver theorem relating longest paths and colorings in graphs, and to the Erdős–Szekeres theorem on monotonic subsequences.
|
|
The House of Lords held by a majority that the two requirements for comparability are that there is the same type of contract being used (not the same terms) or a broadly similar kind of work being done. The Directive clause 3(2) indicated the broad nature of the inquiry. Four held there was the same contract type, and three held there was the same kind of work. The majority held the firefighters were all in category of regulation 2(3)(a).
|
|
The suggestion is that individual countries use SNA as a guide in constructing their own national accounting systems, to promote international comparability. However, adherence to an international standard is entirely voluntary, and cannot be rigidly enforced. The systems used by some countries (for example, France, United States and China) differ significantly from the SNA. In itself this is not a major problem, provided that each system provides sufficient data which can be reworked to compile national accounts according to the SNA standard.
|
|
Conversely, every instance of the longest decreasing subsequence problem can be described equivalently as a problem of finding a maximum clique in a permutation graph., p. 159. provide an alternative quadratic-time algorithm for maximum cliques in comparability graphs, a broader class of perfect graphs that includes the permutation graphs as a special case. In chordal graphs, the maximal cliques can be found by listing the vertices in an elimination ordering, and checking the clique neighborhoods of each vertex in this ordering.
|
|
Data on social security finances for the whole of Switzerland, broken down by institutions (old-age, disability insurance, etc.) are treated and expressed in CHF millions. For the time being, Total Social Security Account values can only be shown at national level. But available data also make it possible to show a large proportion of social benefits at the cantonal level. Most of the indicators developed on the basis of the Total Social Security Accounts also meet the criterion of international comparability.
|
|
Comparability is best achieved where identical items are compared. However, in some cases it is possible to make reliable adjustments for differences in the particular items, such as differences in features or quality.OECD Guidelines 1.19, 2.7, 26 CFR 1.482-3(b)(2)(ii)(A), 26 CFR 1.482-9(c)(2)(ii)(A). For example, gold prices might be adjusted based on the weight of the actual gold (one ounce of 10 carat gold would be half the price of one ounce of 20 carat gold).
|
|
Fixed telephone lines per hundred inhabitants is calculated by dividing the number of fixed telephone lines by the total population and then multiplying by 100. Fixed telephone lines include PSTN, WLL, ISDN and DSL. A single ISDN or DSL subscriber connection may cater to multiple voice channels. This leads to a lack of global standard in the computation of fixed line density and hence ITU has recommended that all the countries shall provide the methodology of calculation of this figure in order to enhance comparability.
|
|
The VQTS project was closely aligned with the aims of the Copenhagen Process wherein the EU countries declared their willingness to foster employability and lifelong learning in Europe by strengthening cooperation and increasing mobility in vocational education and training (VET). According to the ‘Copenhagen Process’, it should be possible to utilise competences acquired through formal, non-formal and informal learning throughout Europe. The VQTS model is one of the best instruments to implement ECVET and increase the (international) transparency and comparability of qualifications and training offers.
|
|
As it is the cheapest and fastest method, visual inspection is always first choice. It can be done during every inspection of the PV plant, but also more detailed, following a certain procedure. As visual inspection is subjective, evaluation forms are developed to ensure comparability. Possible defects, which can be identified by visual inspection, are glass breakage, electro- chemical corrosion, burn marks (in front or back sheet), delamination of front glass or back sheet, browning (evoked by atmospheric oxygen or heating), snail tracks, soiling and others.
|
|
Schools may not be able to obtain new students' prior scores from the students' former schools, or the scores may not be useful because of the non-comparability of some tests. A school with high levels of student turnover may have difficulty in collecting sufficient data to apply this model. When students change schools in the middle of the year, their progress during the year is not solely attributable to their final teachers. Value-added scores are more sensitive to teacher effects for mathematics than for language.
|
|
The presentation of information about attributes can also reduce the cognitive effort associated with processing and reduce errors. This can generally be accomplished by increasing evaluability and comparability of attributes. One example is to convert commonly used metrics into those that consumers can be assumed to care about. For example, choice architects might translate non-linear metrics (including monthly credit payments or miles per gallon) into relevant linear metrics (in this case the payback period associated with a credit payment or the gallons per 100 miles).
|
|
Fattah has introduced a few bills targeting the equity of resource allocation within and between school districts. In 2002, he introduced the "Student Bill of Rights", H.R. 2451. The measure calls for States to provide highly effective teachers, early childhood education, college prep curricula and equitable instructional resources to all students who attend public schools. Current law requires that schools within the same district provide comparable educational services; this bill would extend that basic protection to the State level by requiring comparability across school districts.
|
|
As part of the attempts to advance methodological approaches that facilitated new revelations, an intricate consideration in Shmotkin's studies on Holocaust survivors was the choice of focal and comparison groups. The question “Who is a survivor?” proved uneasy, and was approached by combining both subjective and factual criteria. It was also expounded that the habitual use of merely one comparison group in past studies on survivors was not methodologically suitable, and several different groups were actually required for allowing instructive comparability with the survivors’ grouping.
|
|
Apologists of the interpersonal comparison of utility have argued that Robbins claimed too much. John Harsanyi agrees that full comparability of mental states such as utility is never possible but believes, however, that human beings are able to make some interpersonal comparisons of utility because they share some common backgrounds, cultural experiences, etc. In the example from Amartya Sen (1970, p. 99), it should be possible to say that Emperor Nero's gain from burning Rome was outweighed by the loss incurred by the rest of the Romans.
|
|
Although it is difficult to measure how many people reside in the UK without authorisation, a Home Office study based on Census 2001 data released in March 2005 estimated a population of between 310,000 and 570,000. The methods used are also much debated. Problems arise in particular from the very nature of the target population that is hidden and mostly wants to remain as such. The different definitions of ‘illegality’ adopted in the studies also pose a significant challenge to the comparability of the data.
|
|
Sixteen surveys were conducted during the study period between July and October 2002. The final population estimate using the Schumacher-Eschmeyer method was 183 individuals (95 percent C.I.: 145–222 individuals). Population size was also estimated on the basis of capture frequencies, with a final estimate of 206 individuals. Due to differences in survey intensity and questionable species identifications in years past, the validity and comparability of survey data over the 20-year period do not provide a sound basis for any accurate status statement.
|
|
Comparative judgement replaced their existing method which required direct judgement of a script against the official standard of a different board. For the first two or three years of this Pollitt carried out all of the analyses for all the boards, using a program he had written for the purpose. It immediately became the only experimental method used to investigate exam comparability in the UK; the applications for this purpose from 1996 to 2006 are fully described in Bramley (2007).Bramley, T (2007) Paired comparison methods.
|
|
MMF also acts towards the harmonisation of national and international standards of safety in microwave electromagnetic radiation used in mobile communications. In the regulatory policy field, MMF represents the mobiles industry at an international level and helps with local issues and demands. MMF's site has a plethora of publicly available documents, white papers, articles, and newsletters regarding the issue of EMF and health. The MMF also operates the Global Accessibility Reporting Initiative (GARI) to aid consumers in identifying devices with accessibility features such as hearing aid comparability.
|
|
Van der Flier studied Psychology at the Vrije Universiteit, where he received his BA and his MA in the 1960s. Later in 1980 he there also received his PhD in Psychology with the thesis entitled "Vergelijkbaarheid van individuele testprestaties" (Comparability of individual test performance). After his graduation late 1960s he started working in industry at the Dutch Railways, where he eventually became head of the department of Industrial Psychology. From 1990 he left for the Arbo Management Group, where he was Product Development and Quality manager.
|
|
It may be interpreted as the clique complex of the comparability graph of the partial order. The matching complex of a graph consists of the sets of edges no two of which share an endpoint; again, this family of sets satisfies the no-Δ condition. It may be viewed as the clique complex of the complement graph of the line graph of the given graph. When the matching complex is referred to without any particular graph as context, it means the matching complex of a complete graph.
|
|
The filing pathway requires more testing than for small-molecule generics, but less testing than for registering completely new therapeutics. In 2003, the European Medicines Agency introduced an adapted pathway for biosimilars, termed similar biological medicinal products. This pathway is based on a thorough demonstration of "comparability" of the "similar" product to an existing approved product. Within the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be biosimilar to, or interchangeable with, an FDA-licensed reference biological product.
|
|
The Wonderlic test, as a vocational and intelligence test, falls under the field of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. As a personnel test the Wonderlic is used to gauge an applicant's job potential, educational potential, and training potential. Six forms of this test are made available (A, B, C, D, E, and F) in which Wonderlic suggests that when two of these versions are to be used, the best combinations are A and B or D and F.Kazmier, L.J. & Browne C.G.(1959). Comparability of Wonderlic test forms in industrial testing.
|
|
In the early stages of discussions, the Secretariat analyses the debtor country's payment capacity and provides creditors with a first proposal for a treatment. This proposal is discussed by the creditors (whose positions during the negotiation are transcribed in the so-called "magic table"). The Secretariat is also responsible for drafting the minutes of negotiation. The Secretariat also helps to ensure compliance with the various covenants contained in the minutes and maintains external relations with third States creditors and commercial banks, in particular to ensure the greatest possible respect of comparability clause treatment.
|
|
Field experiments are experiments carried out outside of laboratory settings. They randomly assign subjects (or other sampling units) to either treatment or control groups in order to test claims of causal relationships. Random assignment helps establish the comparability of the treatment and control group, so that any differences between them that emerge after the treatment has been administered plausibly reflect the influence of the treatment rather than pre-existing differences between the groups. The distinguishing characteristics of field experiments are that they are conducted real-world settings and often unobtrusively.
|
|
During the last few decades, a number of organizations and governments have developed methodologies and frameworks for corporations to disclose their greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are no internationally agreed standards for reporting corporate climate change-related information. This leads to variations in methodologies, scope and boundaries of reported information, which in turn limits comparability and usefulness, leading to doubts about its quality and reliability. It also increases the cost of climate change reporting for enterprises, especially for those operating in multiple jurisdictions, and may deter smaller, resource-constrained companies from preparing emission inventories.
|
|
The first two trials are safety and efficacy studies of abicipar in patients with wet AMD to establish comparability between Japanese and non-Japanese patients. The third study is to test the safety and efficacy of abicipar in patients with DME. In July 2014, Molecular Partners initiated a first-in-human study to investigate the safety, tolerability and blood levels of MP0250, a second DARPin candidate, in patients with cancer. Molecular Partners AG has several additional DARPins in preclinical development with potential indications in various disease areas, including ophthalmology, oncology, immuno-oncology and immunology.
|
|
A national measurement system (NMS) is a network of laboratories, calibration facilities and accreditation bodies which implement and maintain a country's measurement infrastructure. The NMS sets measurement standards, ensuring the accuracy, consistency, comparability, and reliability of measurements made in the country. The measurements of member countries of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA), an agreement of national metrology institutes, are recognized by other member countries. As of March 2018, there are 102 signatories of the CIPM MRA, consisting of 58 member states, 40 associate states, and 4 international organizations.
|
|
The FDA has previously approved biologic products using comparability, for example, Omnitrope in May 2006, but this like Enoxaparin was also to a reference product, Genotropin, originally approved as a biologic drug under the FD&C; Act. On March 6, 2015, Zarxio obtained the first approval of FDA. Sandoz's Zarxio is biosimilar to Amgen's Neupogen (filgrastim), which was originally licensed in 1991. This is the first product to be passed under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCI Act), which was passed as part of the Affordable Healthcare Act.
|
|
As it is the case for most analytical instruments, also in PTR-MS there has always been a quest for sensitivity improvement and for lowering the detection limit. However, until 2012 these improvements were limited to optimizations of the conventional setup, i.e. ion source, DC drift tube, transfer lens system, mass spectrometer (compare above). The reason for this conservative approach was that the addition of any RF ion focusing device negatively affects the well-defined PTR-MS ion chemistry, which makes quantification complicated and considerably limits comparability of measurement results obtained with different instruments.
|
|
This is a list of countries by employment rate, this being the proportion of employed adults in the working age. The definition of "working age" varies: Many sources, including the OECD, use 15–64 years old, but EUROSTAT uses 20–64 years old, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics uses 16 years old and older (no cut-off at 65 and up), and the Office for National Statistics of the United Kingdom uses 16–64 years old. For comparability purposes, this article uses OECD statistics (where available).
|
|
The choice of indicators is of vital consequence for the OMC and critics have argued that, for instance in the Social Protection OMC, the quality of the indicators is not high enough or oriented too much on economic criteria and not social ones. Also, for health the comparability of national data has been doubted. In the social protection field the Commission is preparing to streamline the methods used in the different OMCs (social inclusion, pensions etc.). In this context, critics fear that the number of indicators will be too much reduced.
|
|
In 2007 the Dutch social fund for the academic sector SoFoKleS commissioned a comparative study of the wage structure of academic professions in the Netherlands in relation to that of other countries. Among the countries reviewed are the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden and the Netherlands. To improve comparability, adjustments have been made to correct for purchasing power and taxes. Because of differences between institutions in the US and UK these countries have two listings of which one denotes the salary in top-tier institutions (based on the Shanghai-ranking).
|
|
Many researchers have studied the effects of IFRS adoption, and there are debates on whether the effects can be attributed solely to IFRS mandate adoption. For example, one study uses data from 26 countries to study the economic consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption. It shows that, on average, even though market liquidity increases around the time of the introduction of IFRS, it is unclear whether IFRS mandate adoption is the sole reason of observed market effects. Firms’ reporting incentives, law enforcement, and increased comparability of financial reports can also explain the effects.
|
|
Health care efficiency is a comparison of delivery system outputs, such as physician visits, relative value units, or health outcomes, with inputs like cost, time, or material. Efficiency can be reported then as a ratio of outputs to inputs or a comparison to optimal productivity using stochastic frontier analysis or data envelopment analysis. An alternative approach is to look at latency times and delay times between a care order and completion of work, and stated accomplishment in relation to estimated effort. One difficulty in creating a generalized efficiency measure is comparability of outputs.
|
|
The comparability of test cases and thus the overview is improved in this approach and the attention of the tester is focused on the essential – the differentiating features of the test cases. The hierarchical structure of the test cases makes it possible to break complex test problems down into sub- problems thus also improving the clarity and – as a result – the quality of the test. These modelling techniques support the tester in finding the actually relevant cases, avoiding redundancies and keeping track of even large numbers of test cases.
|
|
Konrad H. Jarausch, Michael Geyer Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories Princeton University Press, 24 March 2009 p.210 Historians Dan Diner and Joel Golb write that the tendency of "allow[ing] the Germans to perceive themselves also as victims" is "manifest in the work of the best-selling author Alfred- Maurice de Zayas". Nottingham Trent University Bill Niven writes that de Zayas is "often cited in support of the comparability thesis", i.e. the argument that crimes committed by Germany during the war were equivalent to crimes committed against it.
|
|
When the former Barley & Malt Committee was dissolved in 2009, the search was on for a system that offered better cross-comparability of data in the interests of better supply chain management. The network was founded, together with EBC's sister association Euromalt, to develop a comparative platform for malting barley variety data across Europe. This involves creating an electronic platform of data comparison as well as organising trials for up to 20 promising barley varieties. The time-plan foresees the first year of trialling to be at the end of 2013.
|
|
These agencies must balance between setting weights which may be used over a long period of time, which maximizes comparability of published statistics, and revising weights to be close to the current age distribution. When comparing data from a specific country or region, using a standard population from that country or region means that the age-adjusted rates are similar to the true population rates. On the other hand, standardizing data using a widely used standard such as the WHO standard population allows for easier comparison with published statistics.
|
|
On 29 January 1962 John Hare, Minister of Labour, confirmed that the Pay Pause would end on 31 March. Lloyd presented a White Paper on Incomes Policies, urging an official "Guiding Light" of 2.5%, a rate which the government expected pay to be increased by companies and tribunals. The White Paper also condemned automatic wage increases because of cost of living increases and comparability between different types of work. In presenting his White Paper on Incomes Policy Lloyd was seen as "stubborn" "wooden" "inarticulate" and "unimaginative" (Harold Evans Downing Street Diary).
|
|
A Kent Ambulance Service vehicle pictured in 1987 Ambulance provision in the United Kingdom was organised on a local basis by separate ambulance services. The pay and conditions of employees in these services had last been agreed by the Standing Commission on Pay Comparability in 1979. The commission recognised that morale was low and recommended a pay increase of 25.8% (at a time when annual inflation was around 16%). Despite this the ambulance workers had gone on strike in 1981–2 over pay, with emergency cover being provided by the police.
|
|
Thus, major categories are designed to include a set of similar diseases. The ICD is published by the WHO and used worldwide for morbidity and mortality statistics, reimbursement systems, and automated decision support in health care. This system is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of these statistics. Like the analogous Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (which is limited to psychiatric disorders and almost exclusive to the United States), the ICD is a major project to statistically classify all health disorders, and provide diagnostic assistance.
|
|
A direct sequel to the game, Galaga Legions DX, was released in 2011 for both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, and later for Windows Phone in 2012. It was released as part of the Namco Generations label, which was used for remakes of older Namco video games. The sequel adds several new features to the original game, such as a slowdown effect when near enemies, boss enemies that wipe out entire enemy formations, and score attack competitions held periodically by Bandai Namco for a short time. It was added to the Xbox One's backwards comparability lineup in 2016.
|
|
It takes generally 3 years to qualify as a CA during which students will combine structured work experience with classroom-based study of relevant education syllabus. The training programme enables students to develop the professional knowledge, skills and attributes essential to qualify as a CA. In order to be eligible to enter training to become a chartered accountant, prospective CA students must hold a UK degree (or overseas equivalent). The UK NARIC provides a service to individuals seeking confirmation on comparability between international qualifications and UK qualifications. In addition prospective CA students must obtain a training contract with an authorised employer.
|
|
In statistics, the Newcastle–Ottawa scale is a tool used for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies included in a systematic review and/or meta- analyses. Using the tool, each study is judged on eight items, categorized into three groups: the selection of the study groups; the comparability of the groups; and the ascertainment of either the exposure or outcome of interest for case-control or cohort studies respectively. Stars awarded for each quality item serve as a quick visual assessment. Stars are awarded such that the highest quality studies are awarded up to nine stars.
|
|
" In reference to the alternative database discussed by the Annapolis Group, Morse also argued, "it's important to point out that the Annapolis Group's stated goal of presenting college data in a common format has been tried before [...] U.S. News has been supplying this exact college information for many years already. And it appears that NAICU will be doing it with significantly less comparability and functionality. U.S. News first collects all these data (using an agreed-upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set). Then we post the data on our website in easily accessible, comparable tables.
|
|
However, it was quickly decided that the terminus instead should be at Jernbanetorget, next to Oslo East Station (today Oslo S). The Lambertseter Line and the Østensjø Line existed as light rail lines, and were upgraded to metro standard. The Grorud Line and the Furuset Line were new and ran through previously undeveloped neighborhoods in Groruddalen. During construction, groundwork and electrical equipment was contracted to developers, while the trackage was done by the planning office. The original plans called for the use of 600 to 650 volt (V) direct current (DC) fed via a pantograph, to allow comparability with the light rail.
|
|
Urban areas have many more census tracts due to higher populations. The inset map shows a zoomed-in version of Ventura, Los Angeles, and Orange counties. After 1930, the Census Bureau saw the need to standardize the delineation, review, and updating of census tracts and published the first set of census tract criteria in 1934. The goal of the criteria has remained unchanged; that is, to assure comparability and data reliability through the standardization of the population thresholds for census tracts, as well as requiring that their boundaries follow specific types of geographic features that do not change frequently.
|
|
Such posets may be equivalently characterized as those with no induced subposet isomorphic to the pair of two-element chains, in other words as the (2+2)-free posets . The subclass of interval orders obtained by restricting the intervals to those of unit length, so they all have the form (\ell_i, \ell_i + 1), is precisely the semiorders. The complement of the comparability graph of an interval order (X, ≤) is the interval graph (X, \cap). Interval orders should not be confused with the interval-containment orders, which are the inclusion orders on intervals on the real line (equivalently, the orders of dimension ≤ 2).
|
|
A linear-time algorithm for finding a longest path in a tree was proposed by Dijkstra in 1960's, while a formal proof of this algorithm was published in 2002.. Furthermore, a longest path can be computed in polynomial time on weighted trees, on block graphs, on cacti,. on bipartite permutation graphs,. and on Ptolemaic graphs.. For the class of interval graphs, an O(n^4)-time algorithm is known, which uses a dynamic programming approach.. This dynamic programming approach has been exploited to obtain polynomial-time algorithms on the greater classes of circular-arc graphs. and of co-comparability graphs (i.e.
|
|
According to IASB chairman Hans Hoogervorst, “These new accounting requirements bring lease accounting into the 21st century, ending the guesswork involved when calculating a company’s often-substantial lease obligation. The new standard will provide much-needed transparency on companies’ lease assets and liabilities, meaning that off balance sheet lease financing is no longer lurking in the shadows. It will also improve comparability between companies that lease and those that borrow to buy.” Disclosures made by public companies about the impact of IFRS 16 on their financial statements are a point of focus of European financial regulatory authorities.
|
|
MUA is approved by the New York State Education Department for clinical training, residency, and licensure in New York. MUA is accredited by the Accreditation Commission of Colleges of Medicine. MUA has received a comparability determination from the National Committee on Foreign Medical Education and Accreditation (NCFMEA) MUA has received approval by The Commission for Independent Education, and Florida Department of Education for licensure. Medical University of the Americas has been approved to participate in the William D. Ford Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford and Grad PLUS Loan programs, which are both administered by the U.S. Department of Education.
|
|
The final major expansion of the Economic Census took place in 1992, adding more transportation industries, plus finance, insurance, real estate, communications, and utilities, a group accounting for more than 20 percent of U.S. gross domestic product. The 1997 Economic Census was the first major statistical report based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Developed cooperatively by the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, NAICS replaced the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to provide greater comparability with international statistics. The first survey of minority-owned businesses covered 1969, and a parallel program began for women-owned businesses for 1977.
|
|
Comparability is a very important element in addressing potential investors and also relevant for other stakeholders. Complex norms for sustainability reporting standards such as that of the Global Reporting Initiative are not, within reasonable effort, realizable for social organisations to complete. For these reasons, many organisations therefore have to create separate reports in accordance with each individual investor's guidelines, which can lead to wasting valuable resources. Hence in contrast to for-profit investors, the donors, investors, and financiers in the non-profit sector lack standardized basis for information that they can use for the selection, assessment, and comparison of different projects.
|
|
In 1968, 31 clinicians and laboratory scientists representing 15 organizations met to develop a formal consensus process for standardization. In 1977, CLSI was accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a voluntary consensus standards organization. At about the same time, CLSI became the home of the National Reference System for the Clinical Laboratory (NRSCL), a collection of broadly understood reference systems intended to improve the comparability of test results, consistent with the needs of medical practice. CLSI is a global association of 1,500+ member organizations and individual members, as well as more than 2,000 volunteers.
|
|
BLS formed the current international comparisons program in the 1960s as the importance of foreign trade and interest in international competition grew. The first study published by the program was an evaluation of the comparability of unemployment rates undertaken in response to a 1961 request by the Committee to Appraise Employment and Unemployment Statistics. In 1963, the program began to publish trends of labor productivity and unit labor costs for the manufacturing sector. In the mid-1970s, the program published level comparisons of Gross Domestic Product per Capita and by 1980 levels of hourly compensation (wages and benefits) in the manufacturing sector.
|
|
First, problems of definition can make comparability difficult. Second (and partly as a consequence of this), the way in which information is gathered (and what is gathered) may differ from programme to programme, which makes it yet more difficult to come up with robust and comparable information. It is not possible to see from the statistical material available whether some activities were undertaken as placements or as another form of mobility. Moreover, mobility programmes (or programmes incorporating mobility activities) are undertaken in many different contexts, and there is virtually no national level overview of all mobility activities.
|
|
Based on the methodological perspectives that Holenstein had gained in the years of his linguistic scholarly endeavors, he undertook the comparative investigation of cultural phenomena. Given the fluidity of research, he developed his philosophy of culture not in a systematic treatise, but in modular fashion. Central to his inquiry are cultural universals, the comparability of intra- and intercultural variations, and the indefensible view of the Romantics who regarded cultures as closed structural units. He strove to explain intra- and intercultural as well as intrapersonal conflicts and the impossibility of a simultaneous optimal realization of all value assumptions.
|
|
The results from the peer survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges." In reference to the alternative database discussed by the Annapolis Group, Morse also argued, "It's important to point out that the Annapolis Group's stated goal of presenting college data in a common format has been tried before [...] U.S. News has been supplying this exact college information for many years already. And it appears that NAICU will be doing it with significantly less comparability and functionality. U.S. News first collects all these data (using an agreed-upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set).
|
|
" In reference to the alternative database discussed by the Annapolis Group, Morse also argued, "It's important to point out that the Annapolis Group's stated goal of presenting college data in a common format has been tried before [...] U.S. News has been supplying this exact college information for many years already. And it appears that NAICU will be doing it with significantly less comparability and functionality. U.S. News first collects all these data (using an agreed-upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set). Then we post the data on our website in easily accessible, comparable tables.
|
|
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) published by the Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) is an equipment calibration standard for making measurements on the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales. ITS-90 is an approximation of the thermodynamic temperature scale that facilitates the comparability and compatibility of temperature measurements internationally. It specifies fourteen calibration points ranging from to ( to ) and is subdivided into multiple temperature ranges which overlap in some instances. ITS-90 is the latest (as of 2014) of a series of International Temperature Scales adopted by CIPM since 1927.
|
|
Comparability, simplicity and economy were the main considerations in designing GLORIA's standard recording design and method (Multi-Summit Approach), in order to build a world-wide network of operable sites. In each study region (target region) a suite of four monitoring locations in summit areas at different altitudes represents an elevation gradient from the treeline ecotone to the upper limits of plant life. At each location, vascular plant species and abundances are to be recorded in standardized permanent plots of different size at intervals of 5 to 10 years, along with continuous measurements of soil temperature. Several supplementary approaches, e.g.
|
|
To achieve comparability of VOC measurements, reference standards traceable to SI-units are required. For a number of VOCs gaseous reference standards are available from specialty gas suppliers or national metrology institutes, either in the form of cylinders or dynamic generation methods. However, for many VOCs, such as oxygenated VOCs, monoterpenes, or formaldehyde, no standards are available at the appropriate amount of fraction due to the chemical reactivity or adsorption of these molecules. Currently, several national metrology institutes are working on the lacking standard gas mixtures at trace level concentration, minimising adsorption processes, and improving the zero gas.
|
|
A series-parallel partial order, shown as a Hasse diagram. In order-theoretic mathematics, a series-parallel partial order is a partially ordered set built up from smaller series-parallel partial orders by two simple composition operations... The series-parallel partial orders may be characterized as the N-free finite partial orders; they have order dimension at most two.. They include weak orders and the reachability relationship in directed trees and directed series-parallel graphs. The comparability graphs of series-parallel partial orders are cographs. Series-parallel partial orders have been applied in job shop scheduling,.
|
|
The results from the peer survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges." In reference to the alternative database discussed by the Annapolis Group, Morse also argued, "It's important to point out that the Annapolis Group's stated goal of presenting college data in a common format has been tried before [...] U.S. News has been supplying this exact college information for many years already. And it appears that NAICU will be doing it with significantly less comparability and functionality. U.S. News first collects all these data (using an agreed-upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set).
|
|
The need for Member States to exchange information on all aspects of migration, and to contribute to a common asylum and immigration policy was initially proposed by the Laeken European Council in 2001 and reinforced through the Thessaloniki European Council in 2003, the year the EMN was launched as a pilot project. The Hague Programme reinforced the need for common analysis of migratory phenomena, and the successor Stockholm Programme contains many elements for the better comparability and exchange of information between Member States across the wide range of asylum and migration policy developments. Within this context, the EMN was established in 2008.
|
|
With many collectors having been on strike since 22 January, local authorities began to run out of space for storing waste and used local parks under their control. The Conservative controlled Westminster City Council used Leicester Square in the heart of London's West End for piles of rubbish and, as the Evening Standard reported, this attracted rats. The media nicknamed the area Fester Square. On 21 February, a settlement of the local authority workers' dispute was agreed, whereby workers got an 11 per cent rise, plus £1 per week, with the possibility of extra rises, should a pay comparability study recommend them.
|
|
The use of international standards at the national level aims to improve international comparability for national users and facilitate decision-making, especially when controversial. Moreover, the overall structure, including concepts and definitions, should follow internationally accepted standards, guidelines or good practices. International recommendations and standards for statistical methods approved by many countries provide them with a common basis like the two standards of the International Monetary Fund, SDDS for Special Data Dissemination Standards and GDDS for General Data Dissemination System. Their aim is to guide countries in the dissemination of their economic and financial data to the public.
|
|
HannaH demonstrated comparability between trastuzumab/hyaluronidase and intravenous trastuzumab based on co- primary endpoints of pathologic complete response and pharmacokinetics. Pathological complete response (pCR) was observed in 118 participants (45.4%) on the trastuzumab/hyaluronidase arm and in 107 participants (40.7%) receiving intravenous trastuzumab (95% CI for difference in pCR: -4.0; 13.4). SafeHER was a prospective, two-cohort, non-randomized, multinational, open-label trial assessing the overall safety and tolerability of trastuzumab/hyaluronidase with chemotherapy in 1,864 participants with HER2-positive breast cancer. Participants received a fixed dose of 600 mg trastuzumab/hyaluronidase every 3 weeks for 18 cycles.
|
|
The results from the peer survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges." In reference to the alternative database discussed by the Annapolis Group, Morse also argued, "It's important to point out that the Annapolis Group's stated goal of presenting college data in a common format has been tried before ... U.S. News has been supplying this exact college information for many years already. And it appears that NAICU will be doing it with significantly less comparability and functionality. U.S. News first collects all these data (using an agreed-upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set).
|
|
According to Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (2010), moderation guarantees the comparability of assessment standards and scores across schools and from year to year. It determinates the performance levels of individual students and also schools compared to the other students in the same school and other schools by statistical moderation and expert judgement moderation. Statistical moderation uses students’ scores in the public examination as reference and analyses the samples sent by the schools. Expert judgement moderation adjusts group performance level with reference to review of samples of students’ work, assisted with statistical techniques(P.10).
|
|
First, enzymes may have different amino acid sequences without having sufficiently different EM to give distinct bands. Second, "silent mutations" may alter the DNA sequence of a gene without altering the encoded amino acids. Thirdly, the phenotype of the enzyme can easily be altered in response to environmental conditions and badly affect the reproducibility of MLEE results - common modifications of enzymes are phosphorylation, cofactor binding and cleavage of transport sequences. This also limits comparability of MLEE data obtained by different laboratories, whereas MLST provides portable and comparable DNA sequence data and has great potential for automation and standardization.
|
|
Wheel graphs W2n+1, for n ≥ 2, are not word- representable and W5 is the minimum (by the number of vertices) non-word- representable graph. Taking any non-comparability graph and adding an apex (a vertex connected to any other vertex), we obtain a non-word-representable graph, which then can produce infinitely many non-word-representable graphs . Any graph produced in this way will necessarily have a triangle (a cycle of length 3), and a vertex of degree at least 5. Non-word-representable graphs of maximum degree 4 exist A. Collins, S. Kitaev, and V. Lozin.
|
|
Third, modernize sustainability policy itself by using digital solutions. Digitally enhanced governance can help improve the transparency of political actions, as well as the participation and worldwide networking of political actors. Coordination within the UN system should be intensified by establishing a 'UN Digitalization Initiative'; a 'UN Framework Convention on Digital Sustainability and Sustainable Digitalization' should be negotiated; and a globally uniform set of indicators for the SDGs should be developed to facilitate the comparability and verifiability of national reports. Fourth, further develop the global sustainability agenda beyond 2030 against the background of the opportunities and risks of the Digital Age.
|
|
The concept of the Fair Value Hierarchy there for is introduced in paragraphs 22 through 31 in SFAS No. 157. To provide the financial statement user with more insight into the valuation techniques and to create comparability among financial statements, SFAS No. 157 requires the fair value assets and liabilities to be allocated to different levels or hierarchies based on the transparencies of the inputs to valuing the assets/liabilities. Level 1, the highest on the hierarchy, indicates assets/liabilities with the most transparent and tangible valuation techniques. A Level 1 financial instrument typically has quoted prices and active markets – for example, an equity stock.
|
|
Hugh Armstrong Clegg (22 May 1920 – 9 December 1995) was a British academic who was a founder of the "National Board for Prices and Incomes" (1965–71) and later presided over the "Standing Commission on Pay Comparability" set up by James Callaghan in 1979. Clegg was born in Truro. Educated at the Methodist Kingswood School, he rebelled by becoming a Communist for a period in his youth, but gained a scholarship to study Classics at Magdalen College, Oxford University; he then served for five years in the army during the Second World War. After returning to Oxford, where he gained a first class degree in PPE in 1947,Thompson (n.
|
|
Clearly, managers who are required to perform a cost analysis would have no idea under the matching principle what costs would be included/excluded or be currently impacting his department. The two financial accounting principles noted above briefly describes the chasm that exists between financial accounting and managerial accounting objectives. Financial accounting's objective is to produce a coherent set of standards for consistency and comparability purposes; therefore, providing external parties in the capital markets, a level playing field for evaluating a company's individual performance as well as across other competing businesses. Where Management accounting's objectives exist is to inform internal managers of the correct choices for long term economic success.
|
|
Reference plaques of the ASUDAS illustrating human tooth crown and root shape variants The ASUDAS (Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System) is a reference system for collecting data on human tooth morphology and variation created by Christy G. Turner II, Christian R. Nichol, and G. Richard Scott. The ASUDAS gives detailed descriptions for common crown and root shape variants and their different degrees of expression. It also comprises a set of reference plaques illustrating dental variants as well as showing their expression levels in 3D. The ASUDAS was designed to ensure a standardized scoring procedure with minimum error in order to warrant comparability between data collected by different observers.
|
|
An act that reduces one person's utility by 75 utils while increasing two others' by 50 utils each has increased overall utility by 25 utils and is thus a positive contribution; one that costs the first person 125 utils while giving the same 50 each to two other people has resulted in a net loss of 25 utils. If a class of utility functions is cardinal, intrapersonal comparisons of utility differences are allowed. If, in addition, some comparisons of utility are meaningful interpersonally, the linear transformations used to produce the class of utility functions must be restricted across people. An example is cardinal unit comparability.
|
|
By converting the course offer into internationally recognized Bachelor's degree programs and introducing Master's degree programs, the Bologna Process is taken into account by Hochschule Harz. Due to the comparability of final examinations, the creation of a European education system enables increased individual mobility within the course of studies and an international career after completing university. The international profile of Hochschule Harz is reflected by intense language courses in all degree programs, international course offers, and the application of the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) in all Departments. Currently, the International Office is responsible for 71 cooperations with foreign partner universities in 28 countries worldwide.
|
|
Health care efficiency measures compare delivery system outputs, such as physician visits, RVU's, or health outcomes, with inputs like cost, time, or material. Efficiency can be reported then as a ratio of outputs to inputs or a comparison to optimal productivity using stochastic frontier analysis or data envelopment analysis. One difficulty in creating a generalized efficiency measure is comparability of outputs. For example, if hospital A discharges 100 people at an average cost of $8000, while hospital B discharges 100 at $7000, the presumption may be that B is more efficient, but hospital B may be discharging patients with poorer health that will require readmission and net higher costs to treat.
|
|
It ain't like I do that type of stuff. Drop songs every month to let you know I'm really in the studio perfecting things." In addition to losing the need to compromise, Schoolboy Q hinted Oxymoron may boast a "more comfortable Q." While speaking exclusively with HipHopDX earlier in the year, the rapper shared a few words of advice for his fellow emcees as he touched on his increased comparability with music: "I feel like all rappers, the more comfortable you are, the better your raps are gon' be. When I was in the studios [before], I wrote the verse, and I wasn't comfortable, but I just did it anyway.
|
|
Berry served in management for the Montgomery County government from 1982 to 1984 and as staff director of the Maryland Senate Finance Committee from 1984 to 1985. From 1985 to 1994, he was legislative director for U.S. Representative Steny Hoyer, and associate staffer on the House Appropriations Committee. Berry assisted Hoyer on employment issues of the federal government, and played a leading role in negotiations that led to the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990, which established the locality pay system. From 1994 to 1995, Berry served as Deputy Assistant Secretary and acting Assistant Secretary for Law Enforcement in the U.S. Treasury Department.
|
|
Several diagnosis classification systems have been implemented to various degrees of success across the world. The various classifications have a focus towards a particular patient encounter type such as emergency, inpatient, outpatient, mental health as well as surgical care. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is one of the most widely used classification systems for diagnosis coding as it allows comparability and use of mortality and morbidity data. As the knowledge of health and medical advances arise, the diagnostic codes are generally revised and updated to match the most up to date current body of knowledge in the field of health.
|
|
A perfect graph is an undirected graph with the property that, in every one of its induced subgraphs, the size of the largest clique equals the minimum number of colors in a coloring of the subgraph. Perfect graphs include many important graphs classes including bipartite graphs, chordal graphs, and comparability graphs. The complement of a graph has an edge between two vertices if and only if the original graph does not have an edge between the same two vertices. Thus, a clique in the original graph becomes an independent set in the complement and a coloring of the original graph becomes a clique cover of the complement.
|
|
Logo Bologna zone The Bologna Process is a series of ministerial meetings and agreements between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications. The process has created the European Higher Education Area under the Lisbon Recognition Convention. It is named after the University of Bologna, where the Bologna declaration was signed by education ministers from 29 European countries in 1999. The process was opened to other countries in the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, and governmental meetings have been held in Prague (2001), Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005), London (2007), Leuven (2009), Budapest-Vienna (2010), Bucharest (2012), Yerevan (2015) and Paris (2018).
|
|
In a book review for the Journal of Economic Literature, Thomas Nechyba wrote that "such sweeping conclusions based on relatively weak statistical evidence and dubious presumptions seem misguided at best and quite dangerous if taken seriously. It is therefore difficult to find much to recommend in this book." Writing in the Economic Journal, Astrid Oline Ervik said that the book may be "thought provoking", but there is nothing that economists can learn from it. She criticized the book's authors for not establishing cross country comparability and reliability of IQ scores, for relying on simple bivariate correlations, for not considering or controlling for other hypotheses, and for confusing correlation with causation.
|
|
In the United States, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) maintains standard definitions of labor market areas for the purpose of standardization and to promote comparability of the labor force information used by various government programs. Definitions are updated annually, and the entire system of definitions is reevaluated once each decade based on decennial census data. BLS uses metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, including metropolitan divisions, as its principal basis for defining labor market areas. In New England, labor market area definitions are based on New England city and town areas rather than the county-based statistical areas used in other parts of the country.
|
|
Since its beginnings in the 1920s, empirical research on the distribution of factor shares has been intimately tied to the development of national accounting. Due to the necessity of aggregating wage data from different sources, many early studies on the growth or decline of the wage share, including Bowley's and Kalecki's research in the 1930s, were fraught with measurement and comparability issues. As national accounting in Great Britain and the United States improved, studies such as Phelps-Brown and Weber (1953) or Johnson (1954) found wage shares to be constant. As a consequence, the constancy of the wage share was widely accepted as stylized fact among economists, e.g.
|
|
A 2019 review found that a vegetarian diet may be associated with greater risk of dental erosion because vegetarians "tend to eat more fruits and vegetables than people following a nonvegetarian diet" and therefore "consumption of these acidic foods may lower the pH level in the oral cavity, which in turn may be related to the development of caries." The review, however, stated that its findings "should be interpreted with caution" because of the "limited comparability of the studies as well as limited (to no) correction for confounding in the studies." It characterized this as "a major flaw" of the research.Kirsten P. J. Smits et al. (2019).
|
|
Officers are instructed to "record the response that has been given" even if the person gives an answer which may be incorrect; their own perception of the person's ethnic background is recorded separately."Suffolk Constabulary Policies & Procedures: Encounter and Stop and Search" Retrieved 24 September 2014. Comparability of the information being recorded by officers was brought into question by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in September 2007, as part of its Equality Data Review; one problem cited was the number of reports that contained an ethnicity of "Not Stated.""Office of National Statistics: Review of equality data: audit report" Retrieved 24 September 2014.
|
|
Again, the statute and the policy do not define what constitutes comparable treatment. Ostensibly, the base of comparison are the general historical conditions of captivity for American prisoners who qualify automatically for the POW Medal through captivity by enemy or opposing armed forces. The origin of the "comparability clause" is the language dictating Veterans Affairs POW determinations in 38 USC § 101(32), which was created by Public Law 97-37 and later expanded in Public Law 100-322. Senator Alan Cranston, then chairman of the Veterans Affairs Committee, both expanded the VA eligibility law in 1988 and authored a companion bill to expand the POW Medal statute.
|
|
University of Prizren is inherited from the High Pedagogical Institute which was established in 1962. The present form of the University started in 2010 with the decision number 01/87 of the government of the Republic of Kosovo. University of Prizren serves the region of Prizren and the Republic of Kosovo by recruiting, developing and educating students to be successful graduates in the labor market of Kosovo, the region and Europe. University of Prizren and its Management is committed to quality enhancement of its learning and teaching and associated activities of the University, in order to strengthen its comparability and standing with other institutions in the region and Europe.
|
|
The IMPRINT tool grew out of common U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Army manpower, personnel, and training (MPT) concerns identified in the mid-1970s: How to estimate MPT constraints and requirements early in system acquisition and how to enter those considerations into the design and decision-making process. The U.S. Navy first developed the HARDMAN (HARDware vs. MANpower) Comparability Methodology (HCM). The Army then tailored the manual HCM, which became known as HARDMAN I, for application to a broad range of weapon systems and later developed an automated version, HARDMAN II. In HARDMAN I and II, however, there was no direct link between MPT and performance.
|
|
In order to calculate the ATAR for HSC students, UAC adjusts students' HSC marks in a process known as scaling. Given the lack of comparability between subjects of different difficulties, the spread of students' marks in each individual subject is adjusted so the mean, the standard deviation and the maximum mark in each course are equivalent. UAC then shifts the mean mark and spread of marks in each subject to equal the mean mark and spread of marks that the students of that one subject attained in all other subjects. Finally, UAC aggregates scores into a single mark out of 500 for each student, and then gives students a percentile ranking in increments of 0.05 based on this aggregate.
|
|
In the interests of all parents and students, we want a > reliable and fair framework from the North Sea to the Bavarian Alps and from > the Saar to Frankfurt / Oder. Different standards and ratings are highly > unfair for the children and parents. The Education Ministers of the federal > states have failed in the past decades to make joint agreements that ensure > sufficient comparability”. The Free Voters advocated for a return to a version of the traditional G9 system for Gymnasium (a type of German secondary school). Prior to the early 2000s this form of Gymnasium was predominant and stipulated that a pupil should attend secondary education for 9 years (13 years of education total).
|
|
For each harvester, these gearboxes were installed as follows: on the one hand, a gearbox with a cast iron gears, and on the other hand, a gearbox with a steel gears. This ensured comparability of the results of field tests under the same conditions. The results of field (full-scale) tests are shown in Figure 21. It can be seen: the operability of cast iron large-sized gears is higher than that of steel gears. alt= JSC “MAZ”, OIM NASB and S&P; Group TRIBOFATIGUE Ltd have also devel-oped an integrated approach to assessing the reliability of the drive axle of a MAZ-5440 truck tractor produced by the Minsk Automobile Plant.
|
|
When the flow treatment extends over a long period of time (generally more than one year), the Paris Club agreement is divided into phases. The amounts falling due during the first phase are treated as soon as the agreement enters into force. Subsequent phases are implemented following completion of conditions mentioned in the Agreed Minutes, including non- accumulation of arrears and approval of the reviews of the IMF program. • Comparability of treatment: A debtor country that signs an agreement with its Paris Club creditors should not accept from its non-Paris Club commercial and bilateral creditors terms of treatment of its debt less favorable to the debtor than those agreed with the Paris Club.
|
|
While there was initial concern about the book becoming the subject of overinterpretation, the document itself was not much noticed until after the stock market crash of 1987, where it would become more frequently mentioned within financial and news publications like the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, and Washington Post. Consistent mention of the Beige Book has been made in public financial publications in years since, identifying it as both predictive and market influencing in nature - something which has since been followed up with scholarly consideration of these issues. Beginning in 2017 the form and structure of the Beige Book has been changed to encourage more uniformity and comparability between individual districts reports.
|
|
The first Convocation was held on 4 March 1836 to approve the regulations for the university, a second meeting the following week approved the appointment of examiners. The 1836 Convocation consisted of 84 graduates (doctors or MAs) of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin who had become members of the University of Durham, including John Keble and John Henry Newman. The first final degree examinations were held in Easter term, 1836, although following the practice of Oxford at the time the students would not receive their degrees for another year. The examinations in 1836 saw Durham introduce the use of external examiners to ensure comparability of its degrees with those of Oxford and Cambridge.
|
|
The Historikerstreit ("historians' quarrel") was an intellectual and political controversy in the late 1980s in West Germany about the crimes of Nazi Germany, including their comparability with the crimes of the Soviet Union. The Historikerstreit pitted right-wing against left-wing intellectuals. The positions taken by the right-wing intellectuals were largely based on the totalitarianism approach which takes a comparative approach to totalitarian states, while left-wing intellectuals argued that fascism was uniquely evil, referred to as the Sonderweg approach, and could not be equated with the crimes of Soviet communism. The former were accused by their critics of downplaying Nazi crimes, while the latter were accused by their critics of downplaying Soviet crimes.
|
|
In fact, every vertex order of a cograph is a perfect order which further implies that max clique finding and min colouring can be found in linear time with any greedy colouring and without the need for a cotree decomposition. Every cograph is a distance-hereditary graph, meaning that every induced path in a cograph is a shortest path. The cographs may be characterized among the distance-hereditary graphs as having diameter two in each connected component. Every cograph is also a comparability graph of a series-parallel partial order, obtained by replacing the disjoint union and join operations by which the cograph was constructed by disjoint union and ordinal sum operations on partial orders.
|
|
Survey data are widely used, predominantly in multi-country analyses, but also often for simple trend analyses in single countries. An example of use of MICS data is provided by Monasch et al. (2004).Roeland Monasch, Annette Reinisch, Richard W. Steketee, Eline L. Korenromp, David Alnwick, and Yves Bergevin (2004) "Child Coverage with Mosquito Nets and Malaria Treatment from Population-based Surveys in African Countries: A Baseline for Monitoring Progress in Roll Back Malaria" in: The Intolerable Burden of Malaria II: What’s New, What’s Needed online book, The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Due to the near perfect comparability between MICS and DHS, much analysis draws on multiple data sets of both programmes.
|
|
For the 2011 census, in England and Wales, the British self-classification option included the subcategories of English, Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish.2011-2001 Census questionnaire comparability, Office for National Statistics, Accessed 28 December 2012Census 2011 Wales Household Questionnaire 2011, Accessed 28 December 2012 In Scotland, the White British category was broken down into two different categories: White Scottish and Other White British.Scotland's Census 2011 Household Questionnaire 2011 , Accessed 28 December 2012 In Northern Ireland, the White British classification did not appear, the only choice being 'White'.NISRA 2011 census Questionnaire, Accessed 28 December 2012 The 2011 census for England, Wales and Scotland also included additional White ethnic classifications of White Irish, Irish Traveller and White Other.
|
|
In the absence of sufficient data for nearly all economies until well into the 19th century, past GDP per capita cannot be calculated, but only roughly estimated. A key notion in the whole process is that of subsistence, the income level which is necessary for sustaining one's life. Since pre-modern societies, by modern standards, were characterized by a very low degree of urbanization and a large majority of people working in the agricultural sector, economic historians prefer to express income in cereal units. To achieve comparability over space and time, these numbers are then converted into monetary units such as International Dollars, a step which leaves a relatively wide margin of interpretation.
|
|
The most far reaching provisions of the Act were to change the way pay is set for the General Schedule and to maintain comparability by locality. It also called for establishment of the following special pay plans: Senior Level (SL) employees (non-supervisory and non- managerial employees classified above grade 15 of the General Schedule), administrative law judges (AL), members of the Boards of Contract Appeals (CA), certain law enforcement officers, employees in the Senior Biomedical Service, and police of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the United States Mint. FEPCA also authorized recruitment and relocation bonuses and retention allowances in special situations as well. A major feature of the Act, locality pay, is discussed below.
|
|
The Historikerstreit ("historians' quarrel") was an intellectual and political controversy in the late 1980s in West Germany about the crimes of Nazi Germany, including their comparability with the crimes of the Soviet Union. The Historikerstreit pitted right-wing against left-wing intellectuals. The positions taken by the right- wing intellectuals were largely based on the totalitarianism approach which takes a comparative approach to totalitarian states, while left-wing intellectuals argued that fascism was uniquely evil, referred to as the Sonderweg approach, and could not be equated with the crimes of Soviet communism. The former were accused by their critics of downplaying Nazi crimes, while the latter were accused by their critics of downplaying Soviet crimes.
|
|
Lastly, he believes Title I funding "comparability" requirements should be changed to make sure that all Title I schools receive an accurate amount of state and local funding. On the state level, Manwaring believes that states are reluctant to intervene in low- performing schools, and that many state departments lack the experience or capacity to facilitate school turnaround anyway. He suggests that states should identify schools in need of improvement, and require districts to implement an intervention model, during which the state will provide support and monitor progress. He believes they should take control of charter schools by ensuring effective charter oversight, closing low-performing charter schools and providing a fair amount of funding and facilities to successful charters.
|
|
The country and territory ratings were proposed by the analyst responsible for each related report. The ratings were reviewed individually and on a comparative basis in a series of six regional meetings—Asia-Pacific, Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Western Europe—involving the analysts, academic advisors with expertise in each region, and Freedom House staff. The ratings were compared to the previous year's findings, and any major proposed numerical shifts or category changes were subjected to more intensive scrutiny. These reviews were followed by cross-regional assessments in which efforts were made to ensure comparability and consistency in the findings.
|
|
It is generally accepted that the total number of hours worked is the most appropriate measure of labour input because a simple headcount of employed persons can hide changes in average hours worked and has difficulties accounting for variations in work such as a part-time contract, leave of absence, overtime, or shifts in normal hours. However, the quality of hours- worked estimates is not always clear. In particular, statistical establishment and household surveys are difficult to use because of their varying quality of hours-worked estimates and their varying degree of international comparability. GDP per capita is a rough measure of average living standards or economic well-being and is one of the core indicators of economic performance.
|
|
The International Labor Organization (ILO), an agency of the United Nations, issued a letter affirming that U.S.-trained osteopathic physicians are fully licensed physicians who prescribe medication and perform surgery. The acknowledgment draws a clear separation between American DOs, who are medical doctors, and non-physician osteopaths trained outside of the United States. Within the international standards that classify jobs to promote international comparability across occupations, U.S.-trained DOs are now categorized with all other physicians as medical doctors. This event took place in June 2018 and started a relay of events and opened doors for DO's as more countries started to understand and give full recognition to US trained medical doctors with the D.O. degree, e.g.
|
|
The transactional net margin method (TNMM) in transfer pricing compares the net profit margin of a taxpayer arising from a non-arm's length transaction with the net profit margins realized by arm's length parties from similar transactions; and examines the net profit margin relative to an appropriate base such as costs, sales or assets. This differs from the cost-plus and resale price methods that compare gross profit margins. However, the TNMM requires a level of comparability similar to that required for the application of the cost plus and resale price methods. Where the relevant information exists at the gross margin level, taxpayers should apply the cost plus or resale price method.
|
|
Although the comparability of these terms and many others have been a topic of debate, the differences of these fields can be seen in the applications of the respective fields. Engineering psychology is concerned with the adaptation of the equipment and environment to people, based upon their psychological capacities and limitations with the objective of improving overall system performance, involving human and machine elements Engineering psychologists strive to match equipment requirements with the capabilities of human operators by changing the design of the equipment. An example of this matching was the redesign of the mailbags used by letter carriers. Engineering psychologists discovered that mailbag with a waist-support strap, and a double bag that requires the use of both shoulders, reduces muscle fatigue.
|
|
Since pre- modern societies, by modern standards, were characterized by a very low degree of urbanization and a large majority of people working in the agricultural sector, economic historians prefer to express income in cereal units. To achieve comparability over space and time, these numbers are then converted into monetary units such as International Dollars, a third step which leaves a relatively wide margin of interpretation. The formula thus is: GDP (PPP) = GDP per capita (PPP) x population size It should be stressed that, historically speaking, population size is the far more important multiplier in the equation. This is because, in contrast to industrial economies, the average income ceiling of premodern agrarian societies was quite low everywhere, possibly not higher than twice the subsistence level.
|
|
By addressing definitional issues as a first step, the Board will facilitate continued cooperation. Two areas in need of improvement relate to (1) the lack of comparability when assessing asset condition both within and among agencies and (2) measurement and reporting practices that vary greatly among agencies. These issues arise—in part—due to agencies having differing interpretations regarding the definition of “deferred maintenance” in SFFAS 6. “Redefining the term ’maintenance’ to include repair activities and better reflect asset management practices is an initial step in resolving the problems noted,” according to Chairman Allen. “However, the Board also plans to address measurement and reporting issues through continued consultation with stakeholders which could lead to the issuance of additional guidance and/or standards.
|
|
"The ACL offers several advantages. It is self-administering, may be completed in 10 to 15 minutes, arouses little resistance or anxiety, and has proved useful in studies of highly effective persons in occupations other than politics such as architecture, mathematics, law, medicine, and management. "Further, as a multidimensional instrument, which taps several domains of personality, the ACL affords an appraisal of positive as well as negative factors in human behavior, thus avoiding the frequently found preoccupation with psychopathological bases of political activity. Additionally, as an established standardized, and quantitative assessment procedure, the ACL reduces the problems of reliability and comparability entailed in studies relying on interviews or on ad hoc, limited use or abbreviated personality measures” (Constantini & Craik, 1980, p. 645).
|
|
This device was designed to improve the reliability of the measurements and it has since become part of the international standard methodology for fibre measurement. A programme ensued on the measurement of fibrous aerosols such as asbestos, raising important issues in comparability of counts by different laboratories, and leading to the establishment of quality control schemes for asbestos. In 1979 the IOM was appointed by the Health and Safety Executive as the British Central Reference Laboratory for asbestos fibre counting, and the following year the World Health Organization similarly appointed IOM as its central reference laboratory for man-made mineral fibre counting. From 1985 IOM collaborated with the International Agency for Research on Cancer in a major European epidemiological study of the carcinogenicity of mineral wool fibres.
|
|
Golumbic's work in graph theory lead to the study of new perfect graph families such as tolerance graphs, which generalize the classical graph notions of interval graph and comparability graph. He is credited with introducing the systematic study of algorithmic aspects in intersection graph theory, and initiated research on new structured families of graphs including the edge intersection graphs of paths in trees, tolerance graphs, chordal probe graphs and trivially perfect graphs. Golumbic, Kaplan and Shamir introduced the study of graph sandwich problems. In the area of compiler optimization, Golumbic holds a joint patent with Vladimir Rainish, Instruction Scheduler for a Computer, (UK9-90-035/IS), an invention based on their technique called SHACOOF (ScHeduling Across COntrOl Flow), which in Hebrew means "transparent".
|
|
According to this previous position, since hostages of insurgents or terrorists in Iraq and Afghanistan were not captives of enemy states, they could only be considered for the POW Medal under the comparability clause of the amended version of the statute at 10 USC 1128 (a)(4). Several of these U.S. Army hostages of terrorists who received the POW Medal include Private First Class Kristian Menchaca and Private First Class Thomas Lowell Tucker, who were abducted from a roadside checkpoint on June 16, 2006, and later executed by Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Several other U.S. Army soldiers received the POW Medal after the 20 January 2007 Karbala provincial headquarters raid including 1st Lt. Jacob Fritz, Spc. John Chism, and Pvt.
|
|
Example IDR schema Achilles tool for data characterization of a health care dataset One of the fundamental elements of biomedical and translation research is the use of integrated data repositories. A survey conducted in 2010 defined "integrated data repository" (IDR) as a data warehouse incorporating various sources of clinical data to support queries for a range of research-like functions. Integrated data repositories are complex systems developed to solve a variety of problems ranging from identity management, protection of confidentiality, semantic and syntactic comparability of data from different sources, and most importantly convenient and flexible query. Development of the field of clinical informatics led to the creation of large data sets with electronic health record data integrated with other data (such as genomic data).
|
|
Most critics rely predominantly on Dutch evidence of cases of "termination of life without an explicit request" as evidence for the slide from voluntary euthanasia to non-voluntary euthanasia. One commenter wrote that critics who rely on this slippery slope argument often omit two important elements, thereby using flawed logic. First, the argument is only effective against legalization if it is legalization which causes the slippery slope; and secondly, it is only effective if it is used comparatively, to show that the slope is more slippery in the Netherlands than it is in jurisdictions which have not legalized assisted suicide or euthanasia. Since these questions have not been addressed by critics, little attention has been paid to available evidence on causation and comparability.
|
|
Next, any factors which increase the importance of some particular group as a comparison group from some particular opinion or ability will increase the pressure toward uniformity concerning that ability or opinion within that group. If discrepancies arise between the evaluator and comparison group there is a tendency to reduce the divergence by either attempting to persuade others, or changing their personal views to attain uniformity. However, the importance, relevance and attraction to a comparison group that affects the original motivation for comparison, mediates the pressures towards uniformity (Hypothesis VII). His next hypothesis states that if persons who are very divergent from one's own opinion or ability are perceived as different from oneself on attributes consistent with the divergence, the tendency to narrow the range of comparability becomes stronger (Hypothesis VIII).
|
|
The partial order formed by three elements a, b, and c with a single comparability relationship, has three linear extensions, and In all three of these extensions, a is earlier than b. However, a is earlier than c in only two of them, and later than c in the third. Therefore, the pair of a and c have the desired property, showing that this partial order obeys the 1/3–2/3 conjecture. This example shows that the constants 1/3 and 2/3 in the conjecture are tight; if q is any fraction strictly between 1/3 and 2/3, then there would not exist a pair x, y in which x is earlier than y in a number of partial orderings that is between q and times the total number of partial orderings.
|
|
Along with Robert Krughoff and George Loewenstein, she co-authored a minority opinion entitled "Model for broader disclosure" (Appendix F) arguing that given the "serious limitations in the accuracy, completeness, comparability, and timeliness of conflict of interest information reported to institutions and to the public," the IOM recommendations did not go far enough. Their proposed model was based on the development of a database centralizing data on academics' potential conflicts of interest. She was a senior editor of the journal Tobacco Control, and an editor for the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. In 2014 Lisa was appointed the inaugural Chair of Medicines Use and Health Outcomes in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Charles Perkins Centre at the University of Sydney.
|
|
2, p. 52. Almost all chordal graphs are split graphs; that is, in the limit as n goes to infinity, the fraction of n-vertex chordal graphs that are split approaches one.. Because chordal graphs are perfect, so are the split graphs. The double split graphs, a family of graphs derived from split graphs by doubling every vertex (so the clique comes to induce an antimatching and the independent set comes to induce a matching), figure prominently as one of five basic classes of perfect graphs from which all others can be formed in the proof by of the Strong Perfect Graph Theorem. If a graph is both a split graph and an interval graph, then its complement is both a split graph and a comparability graph, and vice versa.
|
|
Surveys are used to determine the disparity, if any, between federal and non-federal pay in a given locality pay area. The Federal Salary Council (created by FEPCA) prepares recommendations concerning the composition of the designated locality pay areas and the annual comparability adjustment for each area, as well as an adjustment for all other workers outside these areas, referred to as "Rest of U.S.". The council's recommendations are transmitted to the President's Pay Agent (also created by FEPCA), which then establishes, modifies, or disestablishes individual locality pay areas and makes the final recommendation on pay adjustments to the president, who may either accept the agent's recommendations or (in effect) reject them through the submission of an alternative pay plan. FEPCA also provides for an automatic annual across- the-board adjustment of GS pay rates.
|
|
Prior to January 1994, GS personnel were generally paid the same amount (for a given grade and step) regardless of where they worked. This system ignored the growing reality of regional differences in salaries and wages across the United States, and this led to a perception that in many locations federal civil service salaries were increasingly uncompetitive with those in the private sector, thus affecting recruiting and retention efforts by federal agencies. In January 1994, the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (FEPCA) introduced a "locality pay adjustment" component to the GS salary structure. Both Republican and Democratic administrations have complained about the methodology used to compute locality adjustments and the projected cost of closing the pay gap (as determined by FEPCA) between federal salaries and those in the private sector.
|
|
A Macroscopic traffic flow model is a mathematical traffic model that formulates the relationships among traffic flow characteristics like density, flow, mean speed of a traffic stream, etc.. Such models are conventionally arrived at by integrating microscopic traffic flow models and converting the single-entity level characteristics to comparable system level characteristics. The method of modeling traffic flow at macroscopic level originated under an assumption that traffic streams as a whole are comparable to fluid streams. The first major step in macroscopic modeling of traffic was taken by Lighthill and Whitham in 1955, when they indexed the comparability of ‘traffic flow on long crowded roads’ with ‘flood movements in long rivers’. A year later, Richards (1956) complemented the idea with the introduction of ‘shock-waves on the highway’, completing the so-called LWR model.
|
|
In addition, the legislation itself did not create a mechanism to regularly monitor or evaluate the enforcement or implementation of the act. The Federal Parity Law and the follow-up regulatory/sub-regulatory guidance is complex and sometimes ambiguous. Solutions are needed to help implement and enforce the Federal Parity Law and applicable state laws. This includes opportunities to help automate and document NQTL comparability analyses in writing and in operation to further validate that the plan is treating MH/SUD coverage requirements/payments in the same manner as medical/surgical care. Several tools exist that can help promote parity compliance including the U.S. DOL Self-Compliance Tool, the CMS Parity Compliance Toolkit for Medicaid/CHIP, the Six Step Parity Compliance Guide, and ClearHealth Quality Institute’s Online Parity Tool.
|
|
Armenia has signed the Lisbon Recognition Convention in 1997 and the Bologna Process, an agreement between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications in 2005 and subsequently became a full member of the European Higher Education Area. Since 2004, Armenian higher educational institutions and individual students have been involved in the European Union's Erasmus Mundus mobility programmes, the Jean Monnet Programme, and from 2015 in various Erasmus Programme projects. Armenia is also a TEMPUS (Trans-European Mobility Programme for University Studies) partner country, which allows structured cooperation between higher education institutions in EU member states and partner countries. In addition, thanks to the Erasmus+ capacity building projects, Armenian universities have been able to upgrade their administrative and organizational structures and modernize study courses.
|
|
Alaska and Hawaii are separate locality pay areas with separate pay tables. Other non-foreign areas are included as part of the Rest of U.S. locality pay area.) By law, the President of the United States appoints the members of the FSC, which is established to include three experts in labor relations and pay policy and six representatives of Federal labor unions and other employee organizations representing large numbers of GS employees. The FSC submits recommendations on the locality pay program to the President's Pay Agent. The FSC's recommendations cover the establishment or modification of pay localities, the coverage of salary surveys (conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics) used to set locality pay, the process for making pay comparisons, and the level of comparability payments that should be made.
|
|
Thus, in this case, the perfect graph theorem implies Kőnig's theorem that the size of a maximum independent set in a bipartite graph is also n − M,, later rediscovered by . a result that was a major inspiration for Berge's formulation of the theory of perfect graphs. Mirsky's theorem characterizing the height of a partially ordered set in terms of partitions into antichains can be formulated as the perfection of the comparability graph of the partially ordered set, and Dilworth's theorem characterizing the width of a partially ordered set in terms of partitions into chains can be formulated as the perfection of the complements of these graphs. Thus, the perfect graph theorem can be used to prove Dilworth's theorem from the (much easier) proof of Mirsky's theorem, or vice versa.
|
|
In long-established democracies which experienced minor fratricidal violence, by no means comparable to a civil war, the number of politically-motivated death penalties administered by the judicial system was not negligible. In case of post-1944 Belgium there were 2,940 Nazi collaborators (some 0,4‰ of the population) sentenced to death, though the number of those actually executed was 242, Payne 2011, p. 204 In terms of number of judicial executions, early Francoist Spain exceeded Nazi Germany and was second only to the Soviet regime.official number of judicial executions during Stalinism only was 0.8m, see Stephen G. Wheatcroft, Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word, [in:] Europe-Asia Studies 51/2 (1999), pp. 315–345.
|
|
The outcome of unstructured interviews results in diverse types of information collected from interviewees who are asking different questions. While the data from an unstructured interview has more quality than that obtained from a structured interview, in the sense that the participant has more of an opportunity to say what they like freely, the data collected in unstructured interviews is also prone to digression and much of the data collected could be worthless. Some suggest that this limits the comparability of responses and the outcome is thereby a less systematic and comprehensive set of data which may make organization and analysis of the data difficult. The data gathered though unstructured interviews are difficulty to analyze because the kind of data obtained during the interview are unpredictable and open in nature, thereby making it hard to make comparisons across data.
|
|
Traditional bioassessment methods are well established internationally, and serve biomonitoring well, as for example for aquatic bioassessment within the EU Directives WFD and MSFD. However, DNA barcoding could improve traditional methods for the following reasons; DNA barcoding (i) can increase taxonomic resolution and harmonize the identification of taxa which are difficult to identify or lack experts, (ii) can more accurately/precisely relate environmental factors to specific taxa (iii) can increase comparability among regions, (iv) allows for the inclusion of early life stages and fragmented specimens, (v) allows delimitation of cryptic/rare species (vi) allows for development of new indices e.g. rare/cryptic species which may be sensitive/tolerant to stressors, (vii) increases the number of samples which can be processed and reduces processing time resulting in increased knowledge of species ecology, (viii) is a non- invasive way of monitoring when using eDNA methods.
|
|
The approach here does not traditionally exhibit political realism, for that term is generally understood to imply an approach that starts with what is politically realistic today. The GDRs approach, in contrast, seeks to outline an approach that is consistent with the requirements of the climate science. In the GDRs framework, a country's obligation to act is based upon its climate debt – its responsibility for contributing to climate change – and equally upon its capacity to act. Responsibility and capacity are both defined with respect to a “development threshold” that exempts the responsibilities and resources of the poor – survival resources and survival income – from being considered when calculating national obligation. Thus, GDRs can be seen as a reference framework intended to support clear, useful thinking about “comparability of effort,” even between widely disparate developed and developing nations.
|
|
This was the first presidential runoff in the history of Iran. Before the run-off took place, it was compared to the 2002 French presidential election, where the splintering of the left-wing vote similarly led to a run-off between the moderate Jacques Chirac and the far-right Jean-Marie Le Pen. The comparison was made because of the unexpected votes in favor of Ahmadinejad, the very close race, and the comparability of the political standings of Rafsanjani and Ahmadinejad to those of Chirac and Le Pen. But after the results for the run- off were made public, the comparison was considered void due to the loss of the moderate candidate Rafsanjani, although Ahmadinejad's opponents formed an alliance against him. There was a total of 27,959,253 votes in the second round, slightly lower than the first round.
|
|
There are designated assessing authorities for specific professions, such as the Australian Institute For Teaching and School Leadership which assesses credentials for school teacher occupations. For most other credential assessments, Overseas Qualifications Units were established in most Australian states and territories to evaluate foreign credentials. The Department of Education and Training can also assess credentials for foreign- born residents of New South Wales and credentials for occupations that do not require registration, licensing, or professional membership. Credential Evaluation in the Middle East The Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in the Arab States was held in 1978 to “adopt terminology and evaluation criteria as similar as possible… in order to simplify the application of a system which will ensure the comparability of credits, subjects of study and diplomas” and to encourage student mobility across borders.
|
|
DISCO – European Dictionary of Skills and Competences is a structured vocabulary for the description of skills and competences in different contexts such as labour market, education, and training, and the recognition of qualifications. DISCO provides a skills and competences classification that is neither linked to occupations nor to qualifications. Instead it functions as a thesaurus of skills and competences which is based on existing international standards and classifications and thus represents a terminological basis for the description of skills and competences, occupations as well as personal skill profiles and CVs, job vacancies, and job requirements or for describing curricula, courses, Diploma and Certificate Supplements or learning outcomes in general. Available in ten language versions (CZ, DE, EN, ES, FR, HU, IT, LT, SE, SK), DISCO is meant to support transnational comparability of competences acquired in an educational or work context throughout Europe.
|
|
The ISCED was designed in the early 1970s to serve ‘as an instrument suitable for assembling, compiling and presenting statistics of education both within individual countries and internationally. The first version, known as ISCED 1976, was approved by the International Conference on Education (Geneva, 1975), and was subsequently endorsed by UNESCO’s 19th General Conference in 1976. The second version, known as ISCED 1997, was approved by the UNESCO General Conference at its 29th session in November 1997 as part of efforts to increase the international comparability of education statistics. It covered primarily two cross- classification variables: levels (7) and fields of education (25). The UNESCO Institute for Statistics led the development of a third version, which was adopted by UNESCO’s 36th General Conference in November 2011 and which will replace ISCED 1997 in international data collections in the coming years.
|
|
J. Arch Getty, Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence, (with Gabor T. Rittersporn, and V. N. Zemskov), American Historical Review, 98:4, Oct. 1993Stephen G. Wheatcroft, Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data-Not the Last Word Europe-Asia Studies Volume 51, Issue 2, 1999 Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll.Robert Conquest, "Excess deaths and camp numbers: Some comments", Soviet Studies Volume 43, Issue 5, 1991Steven Rosefielde, Red Holocaust, Routledge, 2009; Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB.Steven Rosefielde.
|
|
The running down process refers to the fact that the comparability and variability of performance measures "erode over time", prompting the perpetual need for new performance measures in the same setting. Meyer and Gupta connect five key factors to the running down process, including positive learning, perverse learning, selection, suppression, and external conditions. The phenomenon of positive learning accounts for the fact that over time, the existence of specific performance measures can contribute to the improved performance of individuals, leading to a general decrease in the variability of results and thus less effective performance measures. For example, in baseball, the diminished variability in batting averages in the 20th century is attributed to the improvement of players over time, but it has had the effect of devaluing batting averages as an effective performance measure in the industry.
|
|
" He added that "the distinction between the merely geographical and the metageographical is not always clear-cut.Leonhardt van Efferink Martin Lewis: Metageographies, postmodernism and fallacy of unit comparability Exploring Geopolitics August 2010 (Accessed 05/01/2015) The term was criticized by James M. Blaut: "the word metageography seems to have been coined by the authors as an impressive-sounding synonym for 'world cultural geography.'" Lewis and Wigen, however, disagreed, arguing that every consideration of human affairs employs a metageography as a structuring force on one's conception of the world In 1969, Soviet geographers Gokhman, Gurevich and Saushkin wrote that "[m]etageography is concerned with study of the common basis of geographical regularities and the potentialities of geography as a science" and argued that many factors must be taken into account in order to define geographical entities, not simply spatial ones.
|
|
The bill would require each nonprofit organization awarded a grant that uses prescribed procedures to create a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness for the compensation of its officers, directors, trustees and key employees to disclose to the Administrator in the grant application the process for determining such compensation, the comparability data used, and contemporaneous substantiation of the deliberation and decision. The bill would prohibit amounts authorized to be appropriated to DOJ from being used by the Administrator, or by any individual or organization awarded discretionary funds through a cooperative agreement, to host or support any expenditure for conferences that uses more than $20,000 in DOJ funds, without prior written authorization by the Deputy Attorney General or other specified officials. The bill would direct the Deputy Attorney General to submit an annual report to the Senate and House Judiciary Committees on all approved conference expenditures.
|
|
It provides examples of efforts to measure happiness and well-being from Bhutan, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and cities and communities in the US, Canada, Australia and Tasmania. It identifies the key policy areas of health, transport and education for policy makers to focus on and includes discussions about interpersonal comparability (concentrating on "getting people out of misery" instead of making happy people happier), discount rate (do we invest more in happiness for people today or in the future?) and putting a monetary value on happiness for policy trade off decisions (e.g. If "a 10% reduction in noise increase SWB by one unit, then we can infer that a 10% reduction is "worth" $1,000" when $1,000 would increase a person's SWB by one unit). Chapter 7, The OECD Approach to Measuring Subjective Well-being is written by Martine Durand and Conal Smith.
|
|
Intellectual debates spiral into wars of ideas when academic concepts of neutrality and objectivity are abandoned and issues devolve into embittered and divisive disputes. Echevarria argued (2008) that in the United States topics such as abortion, "intelligent design" and evolution are wars of ideas. When an intellectual debate devolves into a war of ideas Echevarria uses Kuhn's controversial incommensurability thesis as a claim to relativism and therefore a defense of engagement in the war of ideas. Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996) who is one of the most influential twentieth century philosophers of science published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) one of the most cited publications, in which he developed the thesis of incommensurability thesis, where he argued that "theories from differing periods suffer from certain deep kinds of failure of comparability" In The central idea is that the development of science is driven by adherence to paradigms.
|
|
Any partial order may be represented (usually in more than one way) by a directed acyclic graph in which there is a path from x to y whenever x and y are elements of the partial order with . The graphs that represent series-parallel partial orders in this way have been called vertex series parallel graphs, and their transitive reductions (the graphs of the covering relations of the partial order) are called minimal vertex series parallel graphs. Directed trees and (two- terminal) series parallel graphs are examples of minimal vertex series parallel graphs; therefore, series parallel partial orders may be used to represent reachability relations in directed trees and series parallel graphs. The comparability graph of a partial order is the undirected graph with a vertex for each element and an undirected edge for each pair of distinct elements x, y with either or .
|
|
Researcher Andrei A. Znamenski (see article below) compares the Burkanist movement to other indigenous revitalizing movements around the world, such as the Native American Ghost Dance or the Melanesian Cargo Cult. An excruciatingly detailed treatment of the comparisons and comparability of Burkhanism with the Melanesian Cargo Cult, the Mennonites, the Dukhobors of Georgia, the Mariitsy of Nizhnii Novgorod, and many other movements, is provided in Sherstova's dissertation from the 1980s.Sherstova, Burhanism, Tomsk State University Press (2010), Chapter 4 Znamenski says, the prime motivating factor was Altaians' fear of displacement by Russian colonists, Russification, and subjection to taxation and conscription on the same basis as Russian peasants.See Chapter 2 of Sherstova, Burhanism, Tomsk (1986, 2010) Andrei Vinogradov (thesis linked below) sees Burkhanism as a typical nomadic Turko-Mongolian mobilization pattern—aiming to link families and clans (seok) into a steppe empire (which in this case never materialized).
|
|
The Black Book of Communism has been especially influential in Eastern Europe, where it was uncritically embraced by prominent politicians and intellectuals—many of these intellectuals popularized it using terminology and concepts popular with the radical right. According to political scientist Stanley Hoffmann, "[t]his gigantic volume, the sum of works of 11 historians, social scientists, and journalists, is less important for the content, but for the social storm it has provoked in France. [...] What Werth and some of his colleagues object to is 'the manipulation of the figures of the numbers of people killed' (Courtois talks of almost 100 million, including 65 million in China); 'the use of shock formulas, the juxtaposition of histories aimed at asserting the comparability and, next, the identities of fascism, and Nazism, and communism.' Indeed, Courtois would have been far more effective if he had shown more restraint".
|
|
A perfect graph is a graph in which, for every induced subgraph, the size of the maximum clique equals the minimum number of colors in a coloring of the graph; perfect graphs include many well-known graph classes including the bipartite graphs, chordal graphs, and comparability graphs. In his 1961 and 1963 works defining for the first time this class of graphs, Claude Berge observed that it is impossible for a perfect graph to contain an odd hole, an induced subgraph in the form of an odd-length cycle graph of length five or more, because odd holes have clique number two and chromatic number three. Similarly, he observed that perfect graphs cannot contain odd antiholes, induced subgraphs complementary to odd holes: an odd antihole with 2k + 1 vertices has clique number k and chromatic number k + 1, which is again impossible for perfect graphs. The graphs having neither odd holes nor odd antiholes became known as the Berge graphs.
|
|
To ensure stability and security, apps run within a sandboxed environment, and require permissions to access certain functionality, such as accessing the Internet or a camera. Retail variants of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through Windows Store — a namesake distribution platform that offers both apps, and listings for desktop programs certified for comparability with Windows 8. A method to sideload apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a domain; Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps, but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing. The term "Immersive app" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as "Metro-style apps" in reference to the Metro design language.
|
|
In some markets, however, the definition of a claim for many of the diseases and conditions have become standardised, thus all insurers would use the same claims definition. The standardisation of the claims definitions may serve many purposes including increased clarity of cover for policyholders and greater comparability of policies from different life offices. For example, in the UK the Association of British Insurers (ABI) has issued a Statement of Best Practise which includes a number of standard definitions for common critical illnesses. There are alternative forms of critical illness insurance to the lump sum cash payment model. These critical illness insurance policies directly pay health providers for the treatment costs of critical and life-threatening illnesses covered by the policyholder’s insurance policy, including the fee of specialists and procedures at a select group of high-ranking hospitals up to a certain amount per episode of treatment as set out in the policy.
|
|
Popular death reporters have first-hand information, and provided this information can be collected and collated, can provide reliable data which provide a nation with accurate death counts and meaningful causes of deaths that can be measured/studied. UNICEF uses a statistical methodology to account for reporting differences among countries: Another challenge to comparability is the practice of counting frail or premature infants who die before the normal due date as miscarriages (spontaneous abortions) or those who die during or immediately after childbirth as stillborn. Therefore, the quality of a country's documentation of perinatal mortality can matter greatly to the accuracy of its infant mortality statistics. This point is reinforced by the demographer Ansley Coale, who finds dubiously high ratios of reported stillbirths to infant deaths in Hong Kong and Japan in the first 24 hours after birth, a pattern that is consistent with the high recorded sex ratios at birth in those countries.
|
|
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Neil Cameron, Baron Cameron of Balhousie, (8 July 1920 – 29 January 1985) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He fought in the Second World War as a fighter pilot taking part in the Battle of Britain, the Battle of Alam el Halfa, the First Battle of El Alamein and the Second Battle of El Alamein and then in operations in Burma. He served as Chief of the Air Staff in the late 1970s advising the British Government on the reinforcement of the British garrison in Belize which was under threat from Guatemala at the time. He also served as the Chief of the Defence Staff at the end of the 1970s in which role he secured pay comparability for services personnel involved in civil support during the firemen's strike, visited the People's Republic of China and lectured extensively on the Soviet air threat.
|
|
For the 2011 census, in England and Wales the ethnicity self-classification section included the category of White Irish as the second option, after White British.2011-2001 Census questionnaire comparability, Office for National Statistics, Accessed 28 December 2012Census 2011 Wales Household Questionnaire 2011, Accessed 28 December 2012 Where Scotland differs in the White British category, by breaking down the option into two different categories (White Scottish and Other White British); the Scottish census maintains the same naming convention, listing White Irish as the third option in the ethnic group section.Scotland's Census 2011 Household Questionnaire 2011 , Accessed 28 December 2012 In Northern Ireland, the White Irish classification did not appear, the only choice being 'White'.NISRA 2011 census Questionnaire, Accessed 28 December 2012 National Identity is listed separately in Northern Ireland, with those who identified themselves as White in the 2011 census choosing one or more options. 'White' and 'Irish' made up 455,161 (25.1 percent) out of a total population of 1,810,863 (of all ethnic backgrounds).
|
|
The Standing Commission on Pay Comparability was set up by the government of Prime Minister James Callaghan in the United Kingdom to provide recommendations on fixing pay and conditions in the public sector, so as to reduce the possibilities of strike actions and in pursuit of the government's incomes policy, following the 'Winter of discontent' industrial actions of 1978/9. Callaghan announced the Commission in a statement to the House of Commons on 7 March 1979. > In my speech to the House on 16 January I commented on the present method of > fixing pay and conditions in some areas of the public services and expressed > the Government's readiness to see a greater role for measuring their pay and > conditions by making comparisons with pay for comparable work and effort in > other occupations where both sides so requested. This suggestion was carried > further in the recent joint Government-TUC statement as a means of averting > strike action in areas which affect public health and safety, and we > undertook to identify groups which might be covered by such agreements.
|
|
The stars are exactly the trees that have a universal vertex, and may be constructed by adding a universal vertex to an independent set. The wheel graphs, similarly, may be formed by adding a universal vertex to a cycle graph.. In geometry, the three-dimensional pyramids have wheel graphs as their skeletons, and more generally the graph of any higher- dimensional pyramid has a universal vertex as the apex of the pyramid. The trivially perfect graphs (the comparability graphs of order-theoretic trees) always contain a universal vertex, the root of the tree, and more strongly they may be characterized as the graphs in which every connected induced subgraph contains a universal vertex.. The connected threshold graphs form a subclass of the trivially perfect graphs, so they also contain a universal vertex; they may be defined as the graphs that can be formed by repeated addition of either a universal vertex or an isolated vertex (one with no incident edges).. Every graph with a universal vertex is a dismantlable graph, and almost all dismantlable graphs have a universal vertex..
|
|
On 25 January 1968, Law 17622 established the creation of the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC, for its Spanish acronym), under the National Presidency's National Development Council (CONADE, for its Spanish acronym). Two major innovations can be identified in the Law: The creation of an Institute in charge of setting the national rules in statistical matters and of managing and coordinating the National Statistical System (NSS), as well as the traditional collecting and producing series, surveys and censuses. The inclusion of the principle to produce and centralise the necessary regulatory bases to ensure comparability and quality of the information developed by the NSS and decentralising the executive stages. The first offices were in the 8th, 9th and 12th floors of the Secretariat of State for Treasury, at 250 Hipólito Yrigoyen, Buenos Aires City. The National Director of Statistics and Censuses at that time, Enrique Compiano, relinquished his post on 2 January, but remained the Institute's ad honorem director until the new head was appointed (CONADE Resolution 2/69).
|
|
These designated agencies are members of the Alliance of Credential Evaluation Services of Canada. Most Canadian licensing boards or professional licensing bodies require academic credential evaluations from internationally educated professionals. The evaluations are assessed in-house or by Alliance members. Credential Evaluation in Europe The Convention on the Recognition of the Qualifications Concerning Higher Education in the European Region, commonly called the Lisbon Recognition Convention, is the main legal agreement which governs the recognition of qualifications between the member states of the Council of Europe, excluding Greece and Monaco. The European Network of Information Centres and the National Academic Recognition Information Centres (known as ENIC-NARIC) can evaluate credentials and issue a “statement of comparability” for a university degree earned in one member country for use in another. The convention states that degree holders must have access to “adequate assessments” of their credentials and degrees must be recognized among member countries unless there are proven “substantial differences” between the degrees awarded in that country and the degree being assessed.
|
|
The (ECOFIN) Council of the European Union, in its 2015 conclusions on EU statistics, recalled that the Macroeconomic Imbalances Procedure must rely upon sound and harmonised official statistics. The Council welcomed the close cooperation of the ESS and the ESCB, using existing fora, in ensuring the reliability of the statistics underlying the Macroeconomic Imbalances Procedure (MIP) and their comparability, welcomed the production of the first ESS-ESCB quality report on MIP statistics and encouraged the two statistical systems to give high priority to taking forward this programme. As the statistics underlying MIP indicators are compiled, depending on domain, either or both by both the European Statistical System (ESS) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) within their respective spheres of competence, the two systems continuously cooperate statistical quality assurance mechanisms to ensure that these statistics are reliable and comparable across Member States. According to the Memorandum of Understanding between the ESS and the ESCB, the Committee on monetary, financial and balance of payments statistics (CMFB) is the operational platform for such cooperation.
|
|
The nature of the leave allowed public servants, after 10 years' service, to sail "home" to England or elsewhere, safe in the knowledge that they would be able to resume their positions upon their return to Australia. Section 37 of the Victorian Public Service Act of 1862 reads: "Where any officer desires to visit Europe or some other distant country if he have continued in the civil service of the colony at least ten years and have not been reduced for misconduct or deprived of leave of absence under this Act the Governor in council may grant to him leave of absence upon half-salary for a period not exceeding twelve months but for such period of absence such officer shall not be entitled to receive any annual increment." Over the period from 1950 to 1975, the benefit spread beyond the public service, mainly as a result of pressure from non-government employees seeking comparability with public servants. In the 19th century, furlough as a benefit as it is now known, was a privilege granted by legislation to the Colonial and Indian Services.
|
|
In the mathematical theory of infinite graphs, the Erdős–Dushnik–Miller theorem is a form of Ramsey's theorem stating that every infinite graph contains either a countably infinite independent set, or a clique with the same cardinality as the whole graph. The theorem was first published by , in both the form stated above and an equivalent complementary form: every infinite graph contains either a countably infinite clique or an independent set with equal cardinality to the whole graph. In their paper, they credited Paul Erdős with assistance in its proof. They applied these results to the comparability graphs of partially ordered sets to show that each partial order contains either a countably infinite antichain or a chain of cardinality equal to the whole order, and that each partial order contains either a countably infinite chain or an antichain of cardinality equal to the whole order. The same theorem can also be stated as a result in set theory, using the arrow notation of , as \kappa\rightarrow(\kappa,\alef_0)^2.
|
|
More than three quarters of the revenue of the budget of the European Union is based on the member states' contributions calculated as a uniform percentage rate applied to the sum of all the member states' GNIs.Council Decision (EC,Euratom) 2007/436 of 7 June 2007 on the system of the European Communities’ own resources, Article 2(1c)European Commission: EU budget 2010 – Paving the way for economic recovery, Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union, 2009 The GNI-based own resource is governed by Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) 1287/2003 of 15 July 2003 on the harmonisation of gross national income at market prices (the GNI regulation), which lays downs the definition and calculation of GNI. The GNI regulation also specifies the provisions for the notification of the data and related methodological information by the member states to the European Commission (Eurostat). Furthermore, the GNI regulation establishes the procedures to facilitate the verification of the GNI base for own resources, and, where necessary, the improvement of the comparability, reliability and exhaustiveness of the member states' GNI estimates.
|
|
In October, the 2001 National Census of Population, Households and Dwellings took place. To identify and characterise the indigenous population in the national territory, the form included a question to detect households in which at least one person identified as descending from or belonging to indigenous peoples. This was the first stage of an integral methodological proposal, the second stage being the 2004/2005 Supplementary Survey of Indigenous Peoples (ECPI, for its Spanish acronym). The Census detected a total population of 36,260,130. In 2002, Juan Carlos Del Bello became INDEC's new Director-General by Decree 254 of 6 February. He replaced Héctor Montero, who had resigned on 1 January. The 2002 National Agricultural Census included the recommendations of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on inter-census and international comparability. The operation was once again based on printed forms applied to different regions, but included the existence of and access to technological conditions. This allowed —even with budget restrictions— entering questionnaires with optic reading, with an inconsistency resolution process that enabled final results in a shorter time period than the 1988 National Agricultural Census.
|
|
Additionally, the university has responsibility for CNAA records. The CNAA, through its many subject panels, oversaw the degree-awarding powers of polytechnics. Above all, the CNAA saw itself as preserving a comparability at the national level with degree level awards in universities, a feature which can be seen as having both positive and negative aspects: positive in that it preserved a formal "parity of esteem" between the awards of the two parts of the binary system (such as retaining the common currency of the undergraduate degree for entry to postgraduate study), but other scholarsPratt, 1997. viewed it as negative because it encouraged an "academicism" in the new sector and slowed an acceptance of the transformations required finally to break the boundaries of the old, "elite" system. In the event, the polytechnics were associated with many innovations, including women’s studies, the academic study of communications and media, sandwich degrees, advanced engineering degrees in all functional specialities, and the rise of management and business studies; not least, they were much more responsive than older institutions in providing for the admission of non-standard students from technical colleges, advanced apprenticeships and other sources.
|
|
The ratings process involves several dozen analysts (Freedom House staff and consultants) who develop draft ratings using information gathered from professional contacts in a variety of countries, staff and consultant travel, international visitors, the findings of human rights and press freedom organizations, specialists in geographic and geopolitical areas, the reports of governments and multilateral bodies, members of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) network, and a variety of domestic and international news media. Countries are given a total score from 0 (most free) to 100 (least free) on the basis of a set of 23 methodology questions and 109 indicators divided into three broad categories covering the legal, political, and economic environment. Based on the scores, the countries are then classified as "Free" (0 to 30), "Partly Free" (31 to 60), or "Not Free" (61 to 100). The draft ratings are reviewed on an individual and a comparative basis, compared with the previous year's findings, any major proposed numerical shifts or category changes are subject to more intense scrutiny, and assessments are made to ensure comparability and consistency in the findings from country to country, region to region, and year to year.
|
|
In its Ninth Five-Year Plan (1995–2002), BPL for rural areas was set at annual family income less than Rs. 20,000, less than two hectares land, and no television or refrigerator. The number of rural BPL families was 650,000 during the 9th Plan. The survey based on this criterion was again carried out in 2002 and the total number of 387,000 families were identified. This figure was in force until September 2006. There were debates around the comparability of the 1999-2000 NSS data with the 2004-05 data, especially for the rural areas. Data showed a decline in poverty from 36% to 28%, but higher poverty rates in certain areas. Different groups proposed different methods of measuring poverty, but the Planning Commission chose the Tendulkar Committee’s method that “updated the expenditure basket and revised the poverty line and consequently estimated the percentage of poor people in India at 37% or 435 million in 2004-05. In its Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002–2007) survey, BPL for rural areas was based on the degree of deprivation in respect of 13 parameters, with scores from 0–4: landholding, type of house, clothing, food security, sanitation, consumer durables, literacy status, labour force, means of livelihood, status of children, type of indebtedness, reasons for migrations, etc.
|
|