121 Sentences With "reverse discrimination"

" — Jack Lumanog Personally I hate the words "reverse discrimination.

" Another workshop is the "Advancing Civil Rights or Reverse Discrimination?

The PRRI survey used "reverse racism" and "reverse discrimination" interchangeably.

The idea that white men were the victims of reverse discrimination.

This notion of "reverse discrimination" is one that has plagued racial progress.

We should not tolerate reverse discrimination anymore than we should tolerate racism.

Crying "reverse discrimination," he claimed he was the real victim in the situation.

And now, it's almost... I don't want to say reverse discrimination, because it's not.

Affirmative Action increases racial tension, perpetuates social division and it leads to reverse discrimination.

Trump responded with pugnacious aggression, claiming "reverse discrimination" in a lawsuit that was soon dismissed.

Today the Justice Department would have us believe that whites face reverse discrimination in college admissions.

India's caste system: Outlawed but omnipresent The demonstrators are angry at what they see as reverse discrimination.

Bakke, a case prompted by a white law student who said he was a victim of reverse discrimination.

But in Harayana state, the relatively prosperous Jat group is crying 'Reverse discrimination,' Members blocked roads and attacked railways.

If, to achieve this result, a company diversifies on its own, it is open to lawsuits claiming reverse discrimination.

The main beneficiaries in recent decades, though, have been not racial minorities but "white plaintiffs complaining of reverse discrimination".

Many readers have focused on the argument that feminism presents "a kind of reverse discrimination", as one person described it.

This is a man who cried "reverse discrimination" when he was asked to obey fair housing laws in the 1970s.

But there were also seeds of backlash, which drew on the accusations of reverse discrimination that had animated Bakke's grievance.

As a young man, Trump raised the card of "reverse discrimination" when the Trump Organization was forced to follow fair housing practices.

Bakke's claim of "reverse discrimination" galvanized the long-simmering resentment that some whites felt in the wake of the civil-rights era.

The company is also facing a lawsuit from former engineer James Damore, based on allegations of "reverse discrimination," against conservative white men.

Detractors argue it's a form of reverse discrimination that favors one group over another based on racial or gender preferences instead of academic achievement.

Jats constitute at least a quarter of Haryana's population and see the quotas as reverse discrimination, denying them access to a large number of jobs.

The legal challenge is the latest "reverse discrimination" claim related to policies and legislation that aim to level the playing field for historically underrepresented groups.

Attorney General Edwin Meese dropped the pursuit of voting rights violations and instead sought to undo what conservatives saw as the "reverse discrimination" of affirmative action laws.

South Korea granted women menstrual leave in 2001, though the policy has since come under fire from men who see it as a form of reverse discrimination.

"For some strange reason, I would say that shareholders have the belief that by accepting this proposal, the company would be forced to establish reverse discrimination policies," he says.

In a manic gesture that attempts to reverse discrimination through inversion, the film attempts to compensate for the racialization of Asians like Eleanor Young through the performance of overabundance.

There is a case at Harvard right now pending in the courts where Asian-American students are claiming reverse discrimination, that their numbers are being reduced because they are overqualified.

However, the case turns an old argument that affirmative action results in reverse discrimination against whites, to a question of whether a pursuit of a diverse student body using these policies pushes out Asian Americans.

The massive gap in how people of color and white people view the seriousness of "reverse discrimination" further illustrates the massive gap between how white people and people of color view life in America today.

As the court has grown more conservative in recent years, it has become more sympathetic to white plaintiffs complaining of reverse discrimination than to blacks seeking assistance in overcoming the legacies of slavery and Jim Crow.

When this is measured—by asking questions about reverse discrimination and how important being white is to one's identity—white consciousness is in some cases an even better predictor of support for Mr Trump than lukewarm feelings about blacks or Hispanics (see chart).

By excluding certain services from data caps, open internet advocates say these companies are engaging in a kind of reverse discrimination by favoring some services over others, thereby creating an economic incentive for customers to avoid services that remain subject to the caps.

At the same time, it brought fewer cases alleging systematic discrimination against minorities and more alleging reverse discrimination against whites, like a 2006 lawsuit forcing Southern Illinois University to stop reserving certain fellowship programs for women or members of underrepresented racial groups.

"The division is bringing fewer voting rights and employment cases involving systematic discrimination against African-Americans and more alleging reverse discrimination against whites and religious discrimination against Christians," reported Charlie Savage, then with The Boston Globe (now at The Times), in 2006.

Beecroft's cringeworthy views of people from Africa and Jamaica as essentially interchangeable, her uncritical celebration of the role of black people in her life as doing menial labor, and the lazy false equivalence behind her allegation of reverse discrimination against white musicians are beyond the scope of this piece.

Last week, Mr. Trump and Attorney General Jeff Sessions put the latest package under the tree: a staffing call for a case on reverse discrimination in college admissions, likely the first step in a federal assault on affirmative action and a determination to hunt for colleges and universities that discriminate against white applicants.

And for either one of those to be effective, there has to be an enlightened senior management team that understands the nuance and can push back when the CTO or a VP of engineering or anyone else says, 'Wait a second, that's quote, unquote, reverse discrimination or that's unfair,' or however they push that.

Ninety percent of Democrats agree that "government should make sure that everyone has access to good health care," and 80 percent agree that "government should reduce differences in income between rich and poor people," but questions about respect for the flag, the role of the English language, reverse discrimination against whites, and even abortion generate considerably less consensus.

Opponents of Affirmative action in the United States use the term reverse discrimination to say that such programs discriminate against White Americans in favor of African Americans. The number of reverse discrimination cases filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission doubled in the 1990s and continue to reflect a growing percentage of all discrimination cases . A study by S. K. Camara & M. P. Orbe collected narratives of individuals describing situations where they were discriminated against based on their majority-group status (cases of reverse discrimination). Many White respondents described discrimination based on their race, a smaller portion reported gender discrimination.

The concept of "reverse discrimination", in the group's context, means their right to discriminate against minority groups are being eroded (and hence "being discriminated").

Discrimination and Reverse Discrimination. 1983. Knopf. . In later years a "creamy layer" exception forbad reserved status to those whose parents held relatively high governmental posts.

According to a draft report prepared in 1995 for the Labor Department of the United States by Alfred W. Blumrosen, affirmative-action policies had caused few claims of reverse discrimination by whites. The report stated there were "at most" 100 reverse-discrimination cases among "at least" 3,000 discrimination opinions by Federal district and appeals courts from 1990 to 1994. The report indicated that a high proportion of the claims lacked merit. In Blumrosen's report, national surveys showed only a few whites had experienced reverse discrimination, and 5 to 12 percent of whites believed that they had been denied a job or promotion because of it.

Reverse discrimination is a term for allegations that the member of a dominant or majority group has suffered discrimination for the benefit of a minority or historically disadvantaged group.

Reverse discrimination can be defined as the unequal treatment of members of the majority groups resulting from preferential policies, as in college admissions or employment, intended to remedy earlier discrimination against minorities. Conceptualizing affirmative action as reverse discrimination became popular in the early- to mid-1970s, a time period that focused on under-representation and action policies intended to remedy the effects of past discrimination in both government and the business world.

In early July 2013, Sung's wife briefly left him.'한강 투신 예고' 성재기가 대표인 '남성연대'는 어떤 단체? 한국경제 2013.07.25 On July 25, he declared himself a victim of reverse discrimination and announced his intention to commit suicide.

Van Graafeiland was among the first federal judges to challenge the constitutionality of affirmative action regulations that involved quotas. In 1975, he wrote the opinion in a decision that rejected a racial quota that a lower court had imposed on promotions in the Correctional Services Department of New York State, opining that racial quotas were "reverse discrimination" and "repugnant to the basic concepts of a democratic society". One of his judgments in 1976 reversed a court-ordered racial quota for school principals in New York City, opining that it was "constitutionally forbidden reverse discrimination." In a 1978 case, Van Graafeiland endorsed stringent narcotics laws adopted under Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller.

Fred L. Pincus (born September 6, 1942 in New York City, New York) is an American sociologist and emeritus professor of sociology at the University of Maryland—Baltimore County, where he taught for 44 years. He is known for researching claims of reverse discrimination by whites and males.

During the 1990s, the administration of Dr. Sylvan Lashley was accused of infractions from racial discrimination to mishandling of student aid funds, which resulted in a federal investigation. Lashley contends that the employees who filed accused the administration of reverse discrimination when it brought its own internal investigation to bear on certain practices by some local employees who had a long history with the college. In January 2003 a former employee filed a complaint with the Massachusetts Commission on Discrimination charging President Sylvan Lashley and assistant Dwight Carnegie with reverse discrimination. In the spring of 2015, the AUC Board of Trustees created a "Reconciliation and Unity" committee to address the lingering effects of past tensions, both social and personal.

However in thus doing, the organization may deny opportunities of equal measures to men. If the point of reverse discrimination is to compensate a wronged group, it will hardly matter if those who are preferentially hired were not among the original victims of discrimination. Philosopher James Rachels posited that reverse discrimination as a factor in affirmative action in the United States may disadvantage some Whites, but without it, African Americans would likewise be disadvantaged by pervasive racial discrimination in society. Critics of racial preferences in affirmative action such as William Bennett and Carl Cohen have argued that explicitly using race for the purpose of ending racial discrimination is illogical and contrary to the principle of non-discrimination.

White college applicants who have felt passed over in favor of less-qualified Black students as a result of affirmative action in college admissions have described such programs as "reverse discrimination". Elizabeth Purdy argues that this conception of reverse discrimination came close to overturning affirmative action during the conservative resurgence of the 1980s and '90s after being granted legitimacy by the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which ruled that Alan Bakke had been discriminated against by the school's admissions program. In 1996, the University of Texas had to defer the use of racial preferences in their college admissions after the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit barred the school from considering race in admitting students.

The nonminorities, however, brought suit, alleging that the state's adjustment of minority candidates' raw test scores involved "reverse discrimination" against non-minority candidates in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Fourteenth Amendment. They claimed they were "bumped" down the ranking list by minority candidates whose scores were increased.

Wells was hired as head football coach on . In his first season as head coach, the team saw as many victories as the previous four seasons combined. Wells resigned his position on January 28, 2010 citing personal reasons. He subsequently filed a lawsuit against SSU for reverse discrimination, alleging that his resignation as head coach was forced.

They argue that using quotas displaces individuals that would normally be favored based on their individual achievements. Opponents of racial quotas believe that qualifications should be the only determining factor when competing for a job or admission to a school. It is argued this causes "reverse discrimination" where individuals in the majority to lose out to a minority.

In European Union law, reverse discrimination occurs where a Member State's national law provides for worse treatment of its own citizens or domestic products than other EU citizens/goods under EU law. This can happen because of the legal principle of subsidiarity that EU law is not applicable in situations purely internal to one Member State.

However, the system is often criticised about its effectiveness as so called creamy layer (rich among the lower caste) get non- needed advantage & leave other lower caste groups poor.Furore reflects India's caste complexities BBC NewsWorld Bank warning India India Daily There also have been cases of reverse-discrimination and persecution of upper castes by lower castes.

The scandal helped lead to a sharp dip in Ford's 2001 quarterly share prices. By late 2001, Nasser's efforts to diversify Ford's core business had met with mixed reactions in the press, with analysts at The Economist and CNN arguing that diversification and recent recalls had hampered productivity. Nasser's manager evaluation system had also proved controversial at Ford, with allegations of reverse discrimination.

The merits of poverty-targeting continue to stimulate debate in microfinance. While many microcredit institutions have adopted poverty-targeting, most cooperatives reject it. The 1st principle in the Statement on the Co-operative Identity affirms that cooperatives are open to all persons in a community. Poverty-targeting is seen as 'reverse discrimination' on the basis of social or economic status.

Starrett City Associates is a group of investors, led by Disque Deane, that owned the Starrett City housing complex in Brooklyn, New York City until 2008. The firm is best known for unsuccessfully defending a landmark civil rights lawsuit that concerned "reverse discrimination" and racial quotas in the housing complex, and for controversy during the sale of the development in the mid-2000s.

Some institutions and laws use affirmative action to attempt to overcome or compensate for the effects of racial discrimination. In some cases, this is simply enhanced recruitment of members of underrepresented groups; in other cases, there are firm racial quotas. Opponents of strong remedies like quotas characterize them as reverse discrimination, where members of a dominant or majority group are discriminated against.

The group spread by word of mouth, growing to around 2,000 members in the mid 1990s. The group was accused of practicing "reverse discrimination" by others in 1993. Borg defended the group as a way for women who were often cut off from one another in the field to connect with one another. Many women didn't even have other women in their own workplaces.

In the United States, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits all racial discrimination based on race. Although some courts have taken the position that a white person must meet a heightened standard of proof to prove a reverse-discrimination claim, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) applies the same standard to all claims of racial discrimination without regard to the victim's race.

In the book, Savage, calls affirmative action "reverse discrimination", and demonstrates his emerging philosophy. This eventually led to his starting the Paul Revere Society and he continues to sell the book to raise money for this group. In January 2003, Savage published The Savage Nation: Saving America from the Liberal Assault on Our Borders, Language and Culture, his first major book under the pseudonym Michael Savage.

In May 2007, a federal jury rejected a claim of reverse discrimination brought by 23 white officers. The officers claimed they were denied promotion in favor of African American officers who were less qualified or had less experience. It also claimed that then-Chief Ronnie Few disproportionately chose to interview black officers for promotion. While the lawsuit was pending, all promotions in DCFEMS were placed on hold.

As a law student, he supported laws and legal rulings that knocked down racial discrimination (calling Brown v. Board of Education a "triumph of the principle of equality"), and was a vocal opponent of race-based preferences and reverse discrimination. In 1980, he ran as a Libertarian for a seat in the California State Assembly. He lost to an incumbent Democrat but garnered 7.1 percent of the vote.

In 1978, the Supreme Court upheld Allan Bakke's claim that he had not been admitted to UC Davis medical school due to "reverse discrimination." To many people, this decision represented an attack on the civil right gains made in the 1960s. It also sparked a huge struggle led by Third World students against this decision. The decision was a statewide challenge that required a new level of organization.

Schnurr has argued against affirmative action policies for universities, describing such policies as reverse discrimination (Star, 7 April 2003). He was an opponent of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq (Star, 13 December 2002). He was a candidate for city council for the City of Windsor municipal election in November 2006 . He received 614 votes (1.29%), finished fifth out of seven against New Democratic Party incumbent Brian Masse during the 2006 federal election.

Testing for gifted and talented status took place at Kindergarten. McAdams wrote that many children identified as gifted under this formula were simply well-educated by their parents and that this became apparent in the third grade. However a school would not dismiss a child already identified as gifted at that point. In 1997 HISD removed the ethnic guidelines to Vanguard enrollment after a reverse discrimination lawsuit was filed in a federal court.

The number of minority officers, however, has remained small. A cadet program aimed at smoothing the way onto the force for black and Hispanic young people was struck down in 1997 as unconstitutional reverse discrimination. On top of that, a well-publicized cheating scandal on the 1996 police exam further undermined confidence in the fairness of the hiring process. Controversy surrounding these issues has abated somewhat, but has not gone away entirely.

Reverse discrimination now takes place in terms of employment quotas which are now applied). In places where more "moderate" forms of Protestantism (such as Anglicanism or Episcopalianism) prevail, the two traditions do not become polarized against each other, and usually co- exist peacefully. Especially in England, sectarianism is nowadays almost unheard of. However, in Western Scotland (where Calvinism and Presbyterianism are the norm) sectarian divisions can still sometimes arise between Catholics and Protestants.

Bilingual Today, French Tomorrow: Trudeau's Master Plan and How it Can be Stopped was a controversial 1977 book by Jock V. Andrew, a retired naval officer. It alleged that Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's policy of official bilingualism was a plot to make Canada a unilingually francophone country, by instituting reverse discrimination against anglophone Canadians. The book inspired the formation of the lobby group Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada.

In December 2015, a reverse discrimination lawsuit was filed against the FAA seeking class-action status for the thousands of men and women who spent up to $40,000 getting trained under FAA rules before they were abruptly changed. The prospects of the lawsuit are unknown, as the FAA is a self-governing entity and therefore can alter and experiment with its hiring practices, and there was never any guarantee of a job in the CTI program.

Academic job market refers to the pool of vacant teaching and administrative positions in Academia, i.e. in institutions of Higher Education such as universities and colleges, and also to the competition for these positions, and the mechanisms for advertising and filling them. This job market differs somewhat from other job markets because of such institutions as tenure. It is frequently a subject of debate relating to questions of openness, discrimination and reverse discrimination, and political interference.

James Damore was spurred to write the memo when a Google diversity program he attended solicited feedback. The memo was written on a flight to China. Calling the culture at Google an "ideological echo chamber", the memo states that while discrimination exists, it is extreme to ascribe all disparities to oppression, and it is authoritarian to try to correct disparities through reverse discrimination. Instead, the memo argues that male to female disparities can be partly explained by biological differences.

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was established, sometimes reviewing charges of discrimination cases which numbered in the tens of thousands annually during the 1990s. Some law practices specialized in employment law. Conflict between formal and substantive approaches manifested itself in backlashes, sometimes described as reverse discrimination, such as the Bakke case when a white male applicant to medical school sued on the basis of being denied admission because of a quota system preferring minority applicants.Dreyfuss, Joel (1979).

Even those school districts that voluntarily created race-conscious programs are under pressure to abandon these efforts as the white parents are refusing to participate in any pupil assignment programs. In some cases, white parents filed reverse discrimination lawsuits in court. Wherever the courts have backed away from mandating school districts to implement desegregation plans, resegregation of Blacks and Latinos has increased dramatically. In 1988, 44 percent of southern black students were attending majority-white schools.

The Society For Truth And Light has paid for advertisement space in the front and second pages of various newspaper for 23 consecutive days, amounting to an estimated cost of about $1 million Hong Kong dollars(approximately US$128,000). The proposed bill is then frozen by the government in response to "public sentiment". The group oppose anti-discrimination law of sexual orientation. The group constantly maintains itself as a victim of so-called "reverse discrimination" in the gay rights issue.

Bolick joined the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1985. While he only stayed at the EEOC for a year, he became friends with its chairman, future Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. (Thomas is the godfather to Bolick's second son.) Thomas helped convince him that removing economic barriers for the poor was more important than fighting race-based "reverse discrimination." His conversations with Thomas bolstered Bolick's belief that racism was a formidable barrier to blacks and other people of color.

Chua (2003), pp. 37-47. Many of their indigenous Southeast Asian majority counterparts have dealt with this wealth disparity by establishing socialist and communist dictatorships or authoritarian regimes to redistribute economic power more equitably at the expense of the more economically powerful and prosperous Chinese as well as giving affirmative action privileges to the indigenous Southeast Asian aborigine majorities first while imposing reverse discrimination against the Chinese minority to gain a more equitable balance of economic power.Chua (2003), pp. 179-183.

In some countries that have laws on racial equality, affirmative action is rendered illegal because it does not treat all races equally. This approach of equal treatment is sometimes described as being "color blind", in hopes that it is effective against discrimination without engaging in reverse discrimination. In such countries, the focus tends to be on ensuring equal opportunity and, for example, targeted advertising campaigns to encourage ethnic minority candidates to join the police force. This is sometimes called positive action.

At such areas of the spectrum, it becomes ever harder to justify efforts that use de jure methods to fight de facto imbalances (such as affirmative action), because valid instances can be highlighted by all sides. On one side, the cry is ongoing oppression (ignored or denied) from above; on the other side, the cry is reverse discrimination; ample valid evidence exists for both cases, and the problem of its anecdotal nature leaves no clear policy advantage to either side.

A 2016 poll found that 38% of US citizens thought that Whites faced a lot of discrimination. Among Democrats, 29% thought there was some discrimination against Whites in the United States, while 49% of Republicans thought the same. Similarly, another poll conducted earlier in the year found that 41% of US citizens believed there was "widespread" discrimination against whites. There is evidence that some people are motivated to believe they are the victims of reverse discrimination because the belief bolsters their self-esteem.

Tribe, p. 864. Robert M. O'Neil wrote in the California Law Review the same year that only rigid quotas were foreclosed to admissions officers and even "relatively subtle changes in the process by which applications were reviewed, or in the resulting minority representation, could well produce a different alignment [of justices]".O'Neil, p. 144. Law professor and future judge Robert Bork wrote in the pages of The Wall Street Journal that the justices who had voted to uphold affirmative action were "hard-core racists of reverse discrimination".

Reverse discrimination is discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Groups may be defined in terms of disability, ethnicity, family status, gender identity, nationality, race, religion, sex, and sexual orientation, or other factors. This discrimination may seek to redress social inequalities under which minority groups have had less access to privileges enjoyed by the majority group. In such cases it is intended to remove discrimination that minority groups may already face.

In India, among the limited positions for higher education in Government institutions, 50 percent seats are reserved for members of economically disadvantaged castes and classes. Reserved category candidates can select a position from the Open 50 percent if he or she has good merit. This results in further reverse discrimination of Open/General/Non Reserved candidates. Further, since there was economic criteria in classifying Reservation, poorer sections of reserved class often remain poor whereas the affluent section (the "creamy layer") reap benefits for successive generations.

Half of the South Africans in the UAE hold higher educational qualifications, and only 15% work in entry-level positions. They are motivated to emigrate from South Africa to escape the country's high crime levels and gain international experience. Additional attractions include the high quality of health care, low cost of cars compared to South Africa, and attractive salaries; conversely, South African employees are attractive to UAE firms because they are accustomed to lower salaries than their European peers. Some also describe "reverse discrimination" as a motivation for their departure from South Africa.

The federal Government only occasionally intervened to prevent or reverse discrimination at the local level. In July 2006, the country hosted the World Summit of Religious Leaders, where President Putin spoke to the participants about increasing religious tolerance. Officials met regularly during the reporting period with leaders of several faiths, including Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities. The federal Government does not require religious instruction in schools, but it continues to allow public use of school buildings after hours for the ROC to provide religious instruction on a voluntary basis.

She was confirmed by the New York State Senate in June 2011. State control over projects in New York City has often involved turf conflicts between the New York City mayor and the governor (including the fact that the state authority is exempted from city zoning rules). Many of the projects have had devastating impacts on neighborhoods and resulted in white flight and charges of reverse discrimination. As an example, the UDC's construction of the Harlem State Office Building in 1969 aroused intense opposition from the neighborhood which wanted the resources applied in other ways.

In 1978, the reauthorization of CETA targeted women directly by bringing up the issue of reverse discrimination. WOW's up-and-coming program the Women's Work Force Network, a network established in 1977 composed of women's employment programs nationwide, was a key player in the effort made to include sex-equity language in public employment and training legislation of CETA. This provision is now referred to as the "WOW paragraph". In the 1980s WOW focused even more on equal access for women to the nation's employment and training systems to desegregate the job market.

Recent decades have brought increased commercial activity to much of New Haven, including this stretch of upper State Street In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. In the subsequent Ricci v.

The national Confederation of Regions party was formed to promote western autonomy within Canada, and to oppose official bilingualism. The Ontario Party appeared shortly before the 1990 election, after a number of municipalities in the province declared themselves unilingually English, and the governing Ontario Liberal Party indicated that it was considering adopting official bilingualism as a policy for Ontario. The CoR was formed to address the perceived reverse discrimination inherent in government services through bilingualism. The party's leadership and executive developed policy and promoted riding association development prior to the election.

A continually poor economy bred frustration over taxes, and voters became increasingly receptive to those advocating for a smaller government. A backlash also developed against affirmative action programs, as some whites claimed that the programs constituted reverse discrimination. The president had won a majority of evangelical Protestant voters in 1976, but the increasingly-politicized Christian right came to strongly oppose his presidency. Many of these religious voters were swayed by the public campaigns of leaders such as Jerry Falwell of the Moral Majority and Phyllis Schlafly, who opposed ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.

This latter term is surprising since Boorstin often railed against many postmodern impulses - multiculturalism, political correctness, reverse discrimination and ideological politics. As a postmodern writer, he grasped the new reality created by media, what he called "image reality" in which the vehicle (newspaper, book, movie, television show, billboard) assumes more importance than the reality it portrays or describes. This new reality can be described as a type of deconstructionism, a movement Boorstin opposed for that very reason. He continually praises "true" heroes like Christopher Columbus, Isaac Newton and Madame Curie while questioning image-crafted politicians, entertainers, academics and sports "heroes".

The term heterophobia is sometimes used to describe reverse discrimination or negative attitudes towards heterosexual people and opposite-sex relationships. The scientific use of heterophobia in sexology is restricted to few researchers, notably those who question Alfred Kinsey's sex research.The Complete Dictionary of Sexuality by Robert T. Francoeur To date, the existence or extent of heterophobia is mostly unrecognized by sexologists. Beyond sexology there is no consensus as to the meaning of the term because it is also used to mean "fear of the opposite" such as in Pierre-André Taguieff's The Force of Prejudice: On Racism and Its Doubles (2001).

Conservative discourse generally promotes the view that government action is not the solution to problems such as poverty and inequality. In this view, government programs that seek to provide services and opportunities for the poor actually encourage dependence and reduce self-reliance. Most conservatives oppose affirmative action policies, that is, policies in employment, education, and other areas that give special advantages to people who belong to groups that have been historically discriminated against. Conservatives believe that the government should not give special benefits to people on the basis of group identity and oppose it as "reverse discrimination".

He stated that the tax would be "a small gesture towards reconciliation and redress". He criticised the FW de Klerk Foundation for rejecting the idea of a reparations tax, and for saying in a media statement that it would be unconstitutional to do so, writing on his blog: "Such measures are not 'reverse discrimination' or 'positive discrimination' but are rather 'integral to the reach of our equality protection'". In November 2015, De Vos wrote several articles arguing in favour of a change to the language policy at the University of Stellenbosch to eradicate the indirect racial discrimination imposed by the use of Afrikaans at the University.

During the summer of 2007, New Haven was the center of protests by anti-immigration groups who opposed the city's program of offering municipal ID cards, known as the Elm City Resident Card, to illegal immigrants. In 2008, the country of Ecuador opened a consulate in New Haven to serve the large Ecuadorean immigrant population in the area. It is the first foreign mission to open in New Haven since Italy opened a consulate (now closed) in the city in 1910. In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city.

Blumrosen also said that the reports filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission offer additional evidence that reverse discrimination was rare: 2% of cases were of white men charging, sexual, racial or national origin discrimination and 1.8% were of white women charging racial discrimination. Newer reports by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission have found that less than 10% of race- related complaints were filed by whites, 18% of gender-related complaints and 4% of the court cases were filed by men. When national samples of whites were asked if they personally have experienced the loss of job, promotion, or college admission because of their race, 2%-13% say yes.

As part of a proposed Equality Bill, Harman announced a consultation on changing the existing discrimination laws, including options for reverse discrimination in employment. Under the proposals, employers would be legally allowed to discriminate in favour of a job candidate on the basis of their race or gender where the candidates were otherwise equally qualified. Employers would not be required to use these powers, but would be able to do so without the threat of legal action for discriminatory practices. The white paper also proposed measures to end age discrimination, promote transparency in organisations and introduce a new equality duty on the public sector.

Leticia Lee See-yin (, born 17 August 1964) is an outspoken pro-establishment figure in Hong Kong. She holds several positions, including the chairperson of the Federation of Parent-Teacher Associations of Yau Tsim Mong District, the spokeswoman of the anti-gay organisation Anti-reverse discrimination Major League, as well as the vice chairperson of Hong Kong Education Dynamic, director of Hong Kong New Power Media Limited, the chief editor of the Christian publication Love Family Weekly (distributed free of charge in all Sun Hung Kai Properties shopping malls), and a member of the pro-Beijing Kowloon Federation of Associations and Women's Commission. She comments openly on Hong Kong's education and moral issues often arousing controversy.

For example, before Catholic Emancipation in 1829, Catholics were forbidden from voting, standing for election and buying land in Ireland. Today, bigotry and discrimination in employment are usually relegated a few places where extreme forms of religion are the norm, or in areas with a long history of sectarian violence and tension, such as Northern Ireland (especially in terms of employment; however, this is dying out in this jurisdiction, thanks to strictly-enforced legislation. Reverse discrimination now takes place in terms of employment quotas which are now applied). In places where more 'moderate' forms of Protestantism (such as Anglicanism / Episcopalianism) prevail, the two traditions do not become polarised against each other, and usually co-exist peacefully.

On January 17, 2014, a group called the Philadelphia Metro Task Force, opposed to same-sex marriage recognition in Pennsylvania, sought to intervene in the lawsuit. This group alleged that, in allowing same-sex marriage, "reverse discrimination is threatened amidst a continual omission of religious and moral freedom." Judge McLaughlin denied the group's motion to intervene on March 4, 2014, because they "do not identify a sufficient interest they might have at stake in this litigation, nor do they demonstrate why their interests are not adequately represented by an existing party." She also denied the group amicus curiae status, meaning they could not file a brief as a non-party to the case.

Taking Rights Seriously is a 1977 book about the philosophy of law by the philosopher Ronald Dworkin. In the book, Dworkin argues against the dominant philosophy of Anglo-American legal positivism as presented by H. L. A. Hart in The Concept of Law (1961) and utilitarianism by proposing that rights of the individual against the state exist outside of the written law and function as "trumps" against the interests or wishes of the majority. Most of the book's chapters are revised versions of previously published papers. In addition to his critique of legal positivism and utilitarian ethics, Dworkin includes important discussions of constitutional interpretation, judicial discretion, civil disobedience, reverse discrimination, John Rawls' theory of justice, and the Hart–Devlin debate on legislating morality.

Critics of affirmative action offer a variety of arguments as to why it is counterproductive or should be discontinued. For example, critics may argue that affirmative action hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages individuals to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the least fortunate within majority groups.Cultural Whiplash: Unforeseen Consequences of America's Crusade Against Racial Discrimination / Patrick Garry (2006) Some opponents of affirmative action argue that it is a form of reverse discrimination, that any effort to cure discrimination through affirmative action is wrong because it, in turn, is another form of discrimination.

After much pressure from the musicians, the board of the orchestra changed the organization's charter so that orchestra personnel did not necessarily have to be gay, but rather must be merely "supportive of the mission of the gay community". (This change also helped the organization answer some charges of reverse discrimination that were being leveled at it by outsiders.) Under these new rules, Touchi-Peters was invited to apply for the permanent position of Principal Conductor and was hired. His appointment was not without controversy. Three musicians quit the orchestra in protest; and there was an uproar in the local Twin Cities gay community press concerning why "America's only gay orchestra" could not find a gay conductor suitably qualified to lead it.

The affirmative action of the Chinese government has been called into question of late, especially from the ethnic group of Han Chinese. Unfair policies on Chinese College entrance exams as well as human rights considered to be favoring the national minority have both been believed to be causing reverse discrimination in the mainland. Han chauvinism has been becoming more popular in mainland China since the 2000s, the cause of which has been attributed to the discontent towards Chinese affirmative action.《凭栏观史》第34期：中国到底有没有大汉族主义 Since Xi Jinping has assumed power as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in 2012, he has increased efforts to assimilate the people with mainland China.

Reverse racism or reverse discrimination is the concept that affirmative action and similar color-conscious programs for redressing racial inequality are a form of anti-white racism. The concept is often associated with conservative social movements and the belief that social and economic gains by black people in the United States and elsewhere cause disadvantages for white people. Belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States; however, there is little to no empirical evidence that white Americans suffer systemic discrimination. Racial and ethnic minorities generally lack the power to damage the interests of whites, who remain the dominant group in the U.S. Claims of reverse racism tend to ignore such disparities in the exercise of power and authority, which scholars argue constitute an essential component of racism.

In June 2018, arguing that her rights to privacy and equality had been violated, amounting to a breach of the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, a lesbian, known as "MK", filed a lawsuit against the Hong Kong Government for denying her the right to enter into a civil partnership (, pinyin: ) with her female partner. The High Court heard the case in a preliminary brief 30-minute hearing in August 2018. In April 2019, a judge rejected a bid by a Hong Kong Catholic diocese and other conservative groups to join the litigation. The diocese had argued that the outcome of the court case could lead to "reverse discrimination", though the court rejected this argument on the basis that it was founded on social views and not law.

Conversely, Alan H. Goldman argued that short-term violations of such a principle could be justified for the sake of equalizing social opportunities in the longer term. Philosopher Richard Arneson argues that while a program of reverse discrimination favoring non-White candidates over White ones may violate equality of opportunity in a formal sense, it may more effectively promote equality of opportunity, meaning that those with equal talent and ambition will have the same chances of success regardless of their previous (unequal) opportunities to achieve the relevant qualifications. It is often argued by majority groups that they are being discriminated against for hiring and advancement because of affirmative- action policies. However, critics of this argument often cite the "symbolic" significance of a job has to be taken into consideration as well as qualifications.

In 1999 Sung opposed abolishing the South Korean military's bonus-points system (군 가산점;軍加算點)성재기, 강용석 NLL 발언에 "욕 좀 하겠다" Newsone, July 5, 2013 and military veterans' compensation, and supported the abolition of the South Korean female quota (여성 할당제;女性割當制) and female employment quota systems (여성고용할당제;女性雇傭割當制). From 2004 to January 2005, he unsuccessfully opposed the abolition of the Hoju system (호주제 戶主制). Sung advocated the resurrection of the South Korean military bonus-points system and the abolition of female quotas until his death. Railing against what he saw as female chauvinism and Korean totalitarianism, he argued against reverse discrimination, said "Men are humans", objected to unilateral obligations and responsibilities imposed on Korean men and advocated men's liberation.

A staunch opponent of Nehruvian ideologies, he has critiqued Gandhi's policy towards Muslim separatists during the partition of India as Muslim-appeasement. Gautier have also attacked the existence and manifestation of caste privilege in the Indian society and derivatives thereof, instead arguing for a hypothesis wherein the socially and economically privileged and dis-privileged populaces are in a constant flux and which primarily manifests in reverse discrimination in the long run. He has criticized the United Progressive Alliance government (2009-2014) and claimed that terrorism continued unabated whilst Muslim mullahs were allowed to preach freely and Hindu gurus were being targeted by the media and police. He has earlier criticized the usage of the term "Godman" by Indian media to describe self-proclaimed Hindu gurus proposing that Indian journalists often were not proud of their culture and had called for imparting a more fairer treatment.

By this time, non-Russians found their appetite whetted rather than satiated by korenizatsiya and there was indication it was encouraging inter-ethnic violence to the extent that the territorial integrity of the USSR would be in danger. In addition, ethnic Russians resented the institutionalized and artificial "reverse discrimination" that benefited non-Russians and regarded them as ungrateful and manipulative as a result. Another concern was that the Soviet's westernmost minorities - Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, Finns etc - who had been previously treated with conscious benevolence in order to provide propaganda value to members of their ethnic groups in nations bordering the USSR (and thus facilitating future national unification, which would then bring about territorial expansion of the USSR) were now instead increasingly seen a vulnerable to influence from across the border, "fifth columns" for expansionist states seeking to acquire Soviet territory inhabited by their own ethnic group.Martin, Terry Dean.

People might even be expected to tolerate serious but accidental personal injuries.” A dignity culture, according to Campbell and Manning, has moral values and behavioral norms that promote the value of every human life, encouraging achievement in its children while teaching that "sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me." Because victimhood culture is now claimed to confer the highest moral status on victims, Campbell and Manning argue that it “increases the incentive to publicize grievances.” Injured and offended parties who might once have thrown a punch or filed a law suit now appeal for support on social media. According to Campbell and Manning, victimhood culture engenders “competitive victimhood,” incentivizing even privileged people to claim that they are victims of, for example reverse discrimination. According to Claire Lehmann, Manning and Campbell's culture of victimhood sees moral worth as largely defined by skin color and membership in a fixed identity group, such as LGBTIQ, Muslims, or indigenous peoples.

In June 2018, arguing that her right to privacy and equality had been violated, amounting to a breach of the Basic Law and the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, a Hong Kong lesbian woman known as "MK" sued the Hong Kong Government for denying her the right to enter into a civil partnership with her female partner. The High Court heard the case in a preliminary brief 30-minute chambers hearing in August 2018. In April 2019, a judge rejected a bid by the Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong and other conservative groups to join litigation and ruled that the court can not arbitrate on social or theological issues and works only on legal considerations, as the counsel for the Catholic Diocese claimed that the outcome of the court case could lead to 'reverse discrimination' and create a chilling effect on the church. The case was heard on 28 and 29 May 2019.

Almost instantly, Touchi-Peters' chemistry with the new ensemble was undeniable to almost everyone involved; and after only a few rehearsals several of the musicians asked the orchestra's board to allow Touchi-Peters to apply for the permanent position. This put Ford and the orchestra's board in a delicate situation; board members wondered aloud about the ramifications for the gay community of having a non-gay conductor leading America's first gay orchestra. At the same time, word had gotten out to the Twin Cities music community about the new gay ensemble, and rumblings were being heard to the effect that restricting membership of the new orchestra to only gay and lesbian persons was a form of reverse discrimination. Sensitive to this issue—and to increasing demands from the orchestra's players to consider Touchi-Peters for the permanent conducting post—the Philharmonia's board changed their new charter to also allow for musicians "supportive of the mission of the gay community".

In the original articles on this subject in the 1970s (see references below), Mary Rowe defined micro- inequities as "apparently small events which are often ephemeral and hard-to- prove, events which are covert, often unintentional, frequently unrecognized by the perpetrator, which occur wherever people are perceived to be 'different.'" She wrote about homophobia, reactions to perceived disabilities, reactions to the way people look, reverse discrimination against white and Black males in traditionally female environments, and many varieties of religious slights; she collected instances of micro-inequities anywhere at work or in communities—anywhere in the world—that people are perceived to be "different." These differences indeed reach beyond unchangeable characteristics such as race or gender. In his book, "Micromessaging: Why Great Leadership is Beyond Words" (2006 McGraw-Hill), Stephen Young describes the damaging impact micro-inequities have on an individual's workplace performance through additional factors, such as one's political views, marital status, tenure, style, resistance to comply with status quo and other characteristics that are changeable.

He was involved in another lawsuit in 1975, in which the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police was sued by the NAACP and NOW, which claimed that the department had discriminated in hiring women, African Americans and other minorities by the department. In a consent decree in place for 15 years, the department agreed to hire in groups of four that would include a white man, a white woman, a black man and a black woman. Until the decree was overturned following a lawsuit alleging reverse discrimination, the Police Bureau had the highest percentages of female and African-American police officers nationwide. He also supplied statistical analysis for cases against discount store G. C. Murphy and Kroger supermarkets, calculating the wages that female employees there lost as a result of gender-based discrimination, showing that small differences in pay between men and women when they were hired added up to substantial sums over the period of their employment, by affecting salary increases and opportunities for promotion.

Eaves was criticized for lacking police experience. He generated controversy by appointing an ex-convict as his personal secretary but was criticized more for what was considered as a system of quota promotions and hiring in the police department, which many decried as "reverse discrimination.""A. Reginald Eaves", Atlanta Unfiltered, 6 September 2009 Jackson fired Eaves after revelation of a police exam cheating scandal."Maynard Holbrook Jackson Jr.", Encyclopedia of World Biography, at Bookrags Eaves was later convicted by a federal jury of extortion in 1988 after selling his vote on two rezonings."Scalawag" , Atlanta Magazine In 1991 Jackson awarded transgender supermodel Caroline Cossey (known under the stage name "Tula") honorary citizenship to Atlanta, though he later rescinded it after he learned that she was transgender, saying “I wouldn’t have given it to somebody whose claim to fame was being transsexual” despite Cossey having a career for many years before her gender reassignment was public knowledge.

As defined by Kinder and Sears, > Symbolic racism represents a form of resistance to change in the racial > status quo based on moral feelings that blacks violate such traditional > American values as individualism and self-reliance, the work ethic, > obedience, and discipline. Whites may feel that people should be rewarded on > their merits, which in turn should be based on hard work and diligent > service. Hence symbolic racism should find its most vociferous expression on > political issues that involve 'unfair' government assistance to blacks: > welfare ('welfare cheats could find work if they tried'); 'reverse > discrimination' and racial quotas ('blacks should not be given a status they > have not earned'); 'forced' busing ('whites have worked hard for their > neighborhoods, and for their neighborhood schools'); or 'free' abortions for > the poor ('if blacks behaved morally, they would not need abortions'). The symbolic racism is an effort to understand White's continuing resistance to efforts and policies aiming to increase racial inequality despite the decline of the level of overt racism in the USA. Although slightly revised versions of the theory symbolic racism have appears in the literature under label like “modern racism” and “racial resentment”, they have been operationalized empirically with similar survey items.