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"pharmacopeia" Synonyms
pharmacy apothecary drugstore chemist's dispensary druggist's pharmacopoeia(UK) dispensing chemist's chemist pharmacist druggist dispenser pharmacologist chemist's shop stock supply fund reservoir reserve store cache hoard inventory stockpile accumulation pool range repertoire variety assortment collection pile quantity selection More

184 Sentences With "pharmacopeia"

How to use pharmacopeia in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "pharmacopeia" and check conjugation/comparative form for "pharmacopeia". Mastering all the usages of "pharmacopeia" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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Hamilton's Pharmacopeia airs Wednesdays at 10 PM on VICELAND Want to know if you get VICELAND?
HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA airs Tuesdays on VICELAND at 10 PM. Find out how to tune in here.
The library was founded by Dr. Ronald K. Siegal, a respected writer on drugs, drug literature, and pharmacopeia.
Weediquette airs Wednesdays at 9:30 PM, followed by Hamilton's Pharmacopeia at 10, and DESUS & MERO at11 on VICELAND.
The season finale of HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA airs Tuesday on VICELAND at 10 PM. Find out how to tune in here.
On this episode of HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, host Hamilton Morris treks to New Zealand to meet activist and musician Matt Bowden.
Give the trailer a watch above and catch the premiere HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA on November 28 at 10 PM on VICELAND.
In an all new episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, Hamilton explores magic mushrooms with the help of shamans, clandestine growers, and ethnomycologists.
Check out the clip above and watch all new episodes of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia Wednesdays at 10:00 PM EST on VICELAND.
Watch the clip above and make sure to check out new episodes of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia every Wednesday at 10 PM on VICELAND.
Watch the full first episode above and make sure to watch new episodes of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia every Wednesday at 10 PM on VICELAND.
Ronald T. Piervincenzi, Ph.D., is chief executive officer of U.S. Pharmacopeia, an independent, nonprofit, nonpartisan scientific organization that sets quality standards for medicines.
On an all-new episode of VICELAND's HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, host Hamilton Morris travels across the country to study how and why DMT exists.
Catch the first trailer for the show above and make sure to watch the premiere of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia Wednesday, October 26 on VICELAND.
If you want a pill supplement, look for a label from the United States Pharmacopeia, a nonprofit that establishes standards for medicines and supplements.
Check out the season two premiere of HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA above, and make sure to catch new episodes every Tuesday on VICELAND, starting November 28.
On an all-new episode of VICELAND's HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, host Hamilton Morris digs into the history of one of his favorite psychoactive plants: peyote.
On an all-new episode of VICELAND's HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, host Hamilton Morris tracks down a handful of low-profile scientists who specialize in making MDMA.
On an all new episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, Hamilton heads to Réunion Island and Madagascar to investigate icthyoallyeinotoxism and a twisted history of hallucinogenic fish.
Marijuana's medicinal properties have been documented in the United States at least as far back as the 493s, according to the medical reference book United States Pharmacopeia.
On the most recent episode of VICELAND's Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, we met Jean Pascal Quod, an esteemed marine biologist who specializes in studying neurotoxins found in tropical fish.
A newer test that uses nuclear magnetic resonance is more effective, according to Norberto Garcia, chairman of the United States Pharmacopeia Expert Panel on Honey Quality and Authenticity.
As an example of the crucial need for public quality standards for biologic medicines, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) first began developing public standards for insulin in 1955.
On an all-new episode of VICELAND's HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, host Hamilton Morris climbs the Carpathian Mountains in search of a potent, psychotropic mushroom native to Eastern Europe: amanita muscaria.
Last night's episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia looked at kratom, a drug known in the US mostly as a green powder you can find in gas stations or head shops.
For more on LSD, watch the early episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia "Getting High on Krsytle": A lot of people have said that LSD was what helped technologists create the internet.
Watch 'Hamilton's Pharmacopeia': The Haitian Zombie: When the plane touched down, the US marshals grabbed me and the other guy, and took us with our cuffs on down the ramp.
Methadone, for example, is probably the most regulated drug in the American pharmacopeia, and when used in the treatment of addiction, cannot be prescribed anywhere other than a licensed clinic.
On tonight's episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, VICE's resident chemist and drug stalwart Hamilton Morris heads to the dense forests in the State of Oaxaca to look for Salvia divinorum leaves.
On the season two premiere of VICELAND's HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, Hamilton Morris tracked down the first person to discover the venom's psychedelic effects and sample it, uncovering the chemical's untold history.
Though Ron Piervincenzi, CEO of the nonprofit United States Pharmacopeia (USP), also doesn't foresee drug shortages reaching the average consumer in the next few months, he expects shortages at hospitals.
On a new episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, Hamilton travels to Réunion Island and Madagascar in search of a species of fish fabled to hold intoxicating qualities and mess with people's dreams.
On an all new episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, Hamilton investigates the psychedelic plant Salvia divinorum by searching for it in its natural habitat and meeting the people most devoted to understanding it.
Usually there will be something on their website or a seal or marking on the packaging from companies such as the United States Pharmacopeia or NSF International, so keep your eyes peeled.
Then, on the season premiere of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, Hamilton heads to South Africa, the last place on earth Quaaludes can still be found, to study the drug and explore its history of experimentation.
On the most recent episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia about psychedelic—or Psilocybin—mushrooms, Hamilton explores the forests of Mexico alongside expert Alan Rockefeller, a Mycologist who discovers, classifies, and photographs different varieties of mushrooms.
On Tuesday, VICELAND is debuting the second season of HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, on which host Hamilton Morris travels the world looking for the most potent, unique, and hard-to-find psychoactive drugs known to man.
Check out the deleted scene from the season two premiere of HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA above, and make sure to catch new episodes every Tuesday on VICELAND at 10 PM. Find out how to tune in here.
The season finale of HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA takes us to the Andean highlands of Peru, where host Hamilton Morris embarks on a quest to discover how local shamans use the San Pedro cactus for powerful medicinal purposes.
The introduction to "We Ate the Acid" is penned by Hamilton Morris, host of VICE TV's Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, and a short video documentary on Roberts made for the series yielded commentary equal parts admiring and derisive.
On an all new episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, Hamilton travels across the US to meet with addicts, dealers, and chemists to trace the history of PCP from its pharmaceutical origins to its escape onto the streets.
On the season finale of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, we meet up with famed LSD chemist Casey Hardison in the Nevada desert and embark on a road trip to visit Darrell Lemaire, the unsung hero of psychedelic history.
VICE's resident chemist and stalwart drug anthropologist Hamilton Morris is back with a new season of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, where he'll investigate the history, chemistry, and social impact of the world's most extraordinary mind-altering substances for VICELAND.
VICE's resident chemist and stalwart drug anthropologist Hamilton Morris is back with a new season of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, where he investigates the history, chemistry, and social impact of the world's most extraordinary mind-altering substances for VICELAND.
After tasting hallucinogenic fish brains in Madagascar and infiltrating the underground shroom trade on the first season of VICELAND's HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, host Hamilton Morris, VICE's resident drug anthropologist, still has some psychoactive substances he'd like to explore.
On tonight's episode of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, host and resident chemist Hamilton Morris meets various mushroom kingpins and gets a look inside their massive underground grow room to learn more about the latest popular strains of the psychoactive drug.
On Tuesday, VICELAND is debuting the season of HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, where host Hamilton Morris treks to Mexico to hunt for bufo alvarius: a rare species of toad native to the Sonoran Desert and known for producing a potent strand of DMT.
This is why countries from around the world seek FDA's advice and work with U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP), a global U.S.-based nonprofit organization that convenes independent experts in science, medicine, pharmacy and public health to set quality standards for medicines.
On an all-new episode of VICELAND's HAMILTON'S PHARMACOPEIA, host Hamilton Morris treks to southern Thailand to get his hands on kratom, a contraband tree with leaves that can be used as an herbal medicine—or, in skilled hands, a psychoactive drug.
Way back in 2009, VICE's resident chemist and stalwart drug anthropologist Hamilton Morris launched his web series,Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, where he explored the myriad ways human beings around the world like to get high, and periodically got high himself in the process.
That said — and having now reviewed the extent of the literature on meldonium, which convincingly describes anti-diabetic effects in animal models, and offers a scientific basis for cardiovascular protection -- I am not shocked that a Russian doctor or someone practicing in that region would have recommended this drug, which is already common in their local pharmacopeia.
Testing of pharmaceutical products is carried out according to a Pharmacopeia of which there are a few types. For example: In America, the United States Pharmacopeia is used; in Japan there is the Japanese Pharmacopeia; in the United Kingdom there is the British Pharmacopoeia and in Europe the European Pharmacopeia. These contain a test method which is to be followed when testing, along with defined specifications for the amount of microorganisms allowed in a given amount of product. The specifications change depending on the product type and method in which it is introduced to the body.
SEC is the official technique (suggested by European pharmacopeia) for the molecular weight comparison of different commercially available low-molecular weight heparins.
Prednisone 20 mg oral tablet The pharmaceutical industry uses prednisone tablets for the calibration of dissolution testing equipment according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP).
Therefore the term has acquired measurable standards that further define both advancing needs and advancing technology in ultrapure water production. A number of organizations and groups develop and publish standards associated with the production of UPW. For microelectronics and power, they include Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International (SEMI) (microelectronics and photovoltaic), American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM International) (semiconductor, power), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) (power), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (power), and International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) (power). Pharmaceutical plants follow water quality standards as developed by pharmacopeias, of which three examples are the United States Pharmacopeia, European Pharmacopeia, and Japanese Pharmacopeia.
The clinical use of 15O-water in routine is not widespread. Within the European Union, 15O-water is recognized as a radiopharmaceutical and regulated as a drug. A pharmacopeia monograph exists, allowing hospital facilities to produce and use 15O-water within the confines of their national legislation. In the US, 15O-water is recognized as a radiopharmaceutical and regulated as a drug, but no pharmacopeia monograph exists currently.
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is a pharmacopeia (compendium of drug information) for the United States published annually by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (usually also called the USP), a nonprofit organization that owns the trademark and also owns the copyright on the pharmacopeia itself. The USP is published in a combined volume with the National Formulary (a formulary) as the USP-NF. If a drug ingredient or drug product has an applicable USP quality standard (in the form of a USP-NF monograph), it must conform in order to use the designation "USP" or "NF". Drugs subject to USP standards include both human drugs (prescription, over- the-counter, or otherwise) and animal drugs.
He held a similar chair in the University of Pennsylvania from 1850 to 1876. In 1870 he was president of the national convention for the revision of the United States Pharmacopeia.
Priority Existing Chemical Assessment Report No. 30 . National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Jan. 2009. Web. Apr. 2014. The United States Pharmacopeia formulary has published a monograph for triclosan that sets purity standards.
Rogers was a representative at the national medical convention in 1847, and a delegate to the national convention for the revision of the United States Pharmacopeia in 1850, and a member of various learned societies.
Hamilton Morris (born April 14, 1987) is an American journalist and pharmacological researcher. He is known for his television series Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, in which he investigates the chemistry, history, and cultural impact of various psychoactive drugs.
Many other countries use the USP-NF instead of issuing their own pharmacopeia, or to supplement their government pharmacopeia. USP's standards for food ingredients can be found in its Food Chemicals Codex (FCC). The FCC is a compendium of standards used internationally for the quality and purity of food ingredients like preservatives, flavorings, colorings and nutrients. While the FCC is recognized in law in countries like Australia, Canada and New Zealand, it currently does not have statutory recognition in the United States, although FCC standards are incorporated by reference in over 200 FDA food regulations.
USP works internationally, largely through agreements with other pharmacopeias, as well as regulatory bodies, manufacturer associations and others. In recent years, USP signed a series of Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) with groups including the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission, nine countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the Federal Service on Surveillance in Healthcare and Social Development of the Russian Federation (Roszdravnadzor). USP also operates an international office in Switzerland and offices and laboratories in Brazil, India, and China.
Ferric subsulfate solution is a styptic or hemostatic agent used after superficial skin biopsies. Ferric subsulfate solution is also known as basic ferric sulfate solution or Monsel's solution. It has a recognised formula published in United States Pharmacopeia 29.
Temperature ranges are defined as room temperature for certain products and processes in industry, science, and consumer goods. For instance, for the shipping and storage of pharmaceuticals, the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) defines controlled room temperature as between , with excursions between allowed, provided the mean kinetic temperature does not exceed . The European Pharmacopoeia defines it as being simply , and the Japanese Pharmacopeia defines "ordinary temperature" as , with room temperature being . Merriam- Webster gives as a medical definition a range of as being suitable for human occupancy, and at which laboratory experiments are usually performed.
In modern-day Taiwan, regulations to address the criticisms are introduced due to Chinese patent medicines being prescription drugs since the 1970s and a part of the public health system since 1995. Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopeia () provides information on acceptable herbs in Taiwan.
1997 "Michael Servetus, editor of the Dioscorides", González Echeverría, Francisco Javier. Institute of Sijenienses Studies "Michael Servetus" ed, Villanueva de Sijena, Larrosa ed and "Ibercaja", Zaragoza. It has 277 marginalia and 20 commentaries on a De Materia Medica of Jean Ruel. According to Gonzalez Echeverría, to be associated to an anonymous Pharmacopeia that "Michel de Villeneuve" published the same year, meant to be a single unit, which is typical when it comes to De Materia Medica- Pharmacopeia. This work had six later editions, in 1546 and 1547 by Jean Frellon, who considered Michael de Villeneuve "his friend and brother", another in 1547 by Thibaut Payen, etc.
In 1874, Bentley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and he served as joint editor of the British Pharmacopeia of 1885. Bentley died at his home in Warwick Road, Kensington, on 24 December 1893, and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery.
For most vitamins, pharmacopoeial standards have been established. In the United States, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) sets standards for the most commonly used vitamins and preparations thereof. Likewise, monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) regulate aspects of identity and purity for vitamins on the European market.
Three of the esoteric "Inner Chapters" (1–20) refer to taking Cold-Food Powder, and using the Five Minerals to make waidan "external alchemy" miracle elixirs and magic daggers. One of the exoteric "Outer Chapters" (21–52) criticizes using Five Minerals Powder during mourning. "The Genie's Pharmacopeia" (chap.
Opium tincture remains in the British Pharmacopoeia, where it is referred to as Tincture of Opium, B.P., Laudanum, Thebaic Tincture or Tinctura Thebaica, and "adjusted to contain 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine."The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.
Barker edited the Dublin Pharmacopeia from 1826 and in collaboration with John Cheyne wrote An account of the rise, progress and decline of the fever lately epidemical in Ireland (2 vols., 1821).A Dictionary of Irish History, D. J. Hickey & J. E. Doherty, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1980. Pp. page 24.
Its marketing and distribution persists because its historical use preceded the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938. Tincture of opium B.P., containing 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine, also remains in the British Pharmacopoeia,The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.
Hamilton's Pharmacopeia is an American docuseries, which premiered on Viceland on October 26, 2016. The show follows Hamilton Morris as he explores the history, chemistry, and societal impact of psychoactive substances. It chronicles Morris' travels and first-hand experiences, as well as interviews with scientists, shamans, and fringe culture figures.
Meng Shen's c. 670 Shiliao bencao ( "Nutritional Therapy Pharmacopeia") says people will combine equal parts of raw cannabis flowers, Japanese sweet flag, and wild mandrake, "pound them into pills of the size of marbles and take one facing the sun every day. After one hundred days, one can see spirits." (tr.
As with other pharmaceutical drugs, there is standardization of the drug nomenclature for radiopharmaceuticals, although various standards coexist. The International Nonproprietary Names (INNs), United States Pharmacopeia (USP) names, and IUPAC names for these agents are usually similar other than trivial style differences. The details are explained at Radiopharmacology § Drug nomenclature for radiopharmaceuticals.
Even though unused in general botanical pharmacopeia, Zanthoxylum coco tissues are very rich in alkaloids. Fagarine, N-methylisocoridine, eskimminianine, α-fagarine, fagarine-2, magnoflorinne, nitidine, cheleritrinne, berberine, palmatine and candicine have been isolated from foliage and wood.Boelcke, O.: (1989) Plantas vasculares de la Argentina - Bs.As., Ed. H. Sur, 2da. reimpresión, 171 - 369 pp.
Li Shizhen's 1578 Bencao Gangmu pharmacopeia describes a shenlong Divine Dragon holding in its mouth leizhu (雷珠, "thunder pearls/beads") that would "light the entire house at night" (tr. Laufer 1912: 64). The grateful snake kills its benefactor in some later iterations of the Marquis of Sui's theme (Eberhard 1968: 381).
" The historian and sinologist Joseph Needham connected myths about Magu "the Hemp Damsel" with early Daoist religious usages of cannabis. Cannabis sativa is described by the oldest Chinese pharmacopeia, the (ca. 100 CE) Shennong Bencaojing ("Shennong's Materia Medica Classic"). "The flowers when they burst (when the pollen is scattered) are called [mafen] or [mabo].
He had also translated a treatise on the ophthalmology of Hunayn bin Ishaq and the Viaticus of Ibn al-Jazzar. The most famous pharmacopeia of the Middle Ages, the Antidotarium Nicolai, also was written in the circles of the school. Among the physicians who trained at the Schola Medica Salernitana is Gilles de Corbeil.
The USP Controlled Room Temperature is a series of United States Pharmacopeia guidelines for the storage of pharmaceuticals; the relevant omnibus standard is USP 797. Although 100% compliance remains challenging for any given facility, the larger protocol may be regarded as constituting a form of clean room which is included in a suite of best practices.
Therefore, to accelerate polymer degradation acidic additives must be added (such as octanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid or 2-methylidenebutanedioic acid). Zero-order release kinetics were achieved when embedding the cytostatic agent 5-fluorouracil. In toxicity tests as specified in the US Pharmacopeia USP polyorthoester preparations were found to be acutely nontoxic in cellular, intradermal, systemic and intramuscular implants.
The title page of the first draft The Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia was a medical guide consisting of recipes and methods for making medicine. It was first published by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1699 as the Pharmacopoea Collegii Regii Medicorum Edimburgensium. The Edinburgh Pharmacopeia merged with the London and Dublin Pharmacopoeia's in 1864 creating the British Pharmacopoeia.
For example, Purdue University School of Pharmacy and the university's Envision Center for Data Perceptualization collaborated with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) to create a virtual clean room that is USP 797 standards compliant.Lin, K., Travlos, D. V., Wadelin, J. W., & Vlasses, P. H. (2011). Simulation and IntroductoryPharmacy Practice Experiences. American journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 75(10), 209.
Elaterin is extracted from elaterium by chloroform and then precipitated by ether. It has the formula C32H44O7. It forms colorless scales which have a bitter taste, but it is highly inadvisable to taste either this substance or elaterium. The British pharmacopeia contained a useful preparation, the Pulvis Elaterini Compositus, which contains one part of the active principle in 40.
USP 800 Hazardous Drugs - Handling in Healthcare Settings is a chapter of a book which provides guidance about the handling of hazardous drugs (HDs) in the healthcare setting. It was created by the United States Pharmacopeia Convention. USP 800 was published on February 1, 2016 and originally planned for implementation in December, 2019, but implementation has been delayed.
Eastland Press. a treatment not supported by evidence-based medicine: this treatment has been compared to consuming fingernail clippings in water."Bitter Pills – Parts from some endangered species are worth more than gold or cocaine", The Economist, 18 July 2014. In 1993, China signed the CITES treaty and removed rhinoceros horn from the Chinese medicine pharmacopeia, administered by the Ministry of Health.
Friability and abrasion testing is performed in rotating testing drums, designed according to the pharmacopeia. The measured parameter is weight loss before and after testing and tumbling the tablets at a particular time and speed. In the friability test drum tablets are being carried up by a "shovel" and dropped. Tablets are also not allowed to fall apart during the test.
The company's attempts to hold onto its Aspirin sales incited criticism from muckraking journalists and the American Medical Association, especially after the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act that prevented trademarked drugs from being listed in the United States Pharmacopeia; Bayer listed ASA with an intentionally convoluted generic name (monoacetic acid ester of salicylic acid) to discourage doctors referring to anything but Aspirin.
Effervescent tablets are tablets which are designed to dissolve in water, and then release a level of carbon dioxide.British Pharmacopeia 2003 The common ingredients are citric acid and sodium bicarbonate, which react when in contact with water to produce carbon dioxide. Effervescent antacids may also contain aspirin, sodium carbonate, or tartaric acid. Well known brands are Alka-Seltzer, Eno and Andrews.
The monocyte activation test (MAT) is another proposed method to test for endotoxins based on monocytes in human blood. It measures the release of cytokines from these due to the presence of pyrogens, basically mirroring the process by which these toxins cause fever in humans. A protocol for the MAT test, using cultured cells, is described in the European Pharmacopeia.
5 (London, 1961), pp. 418-9. Of significance to the medical professions was the division of the Grocers' Company allowing the formation of the chartered Apothecaries' Company from 1617. Resistance to the proposals of Atkins for the split had come from Sir William Paddy. In 1618, under the active presidency of Atkins, the College of Physicians issued the first London Pharmacopeia.
Qing dynasty plate with two dragons and a flaming pearl Li Shizhen's 1578 Bencao Gangmu pharmacopeia describes leizhu (雷珠, "thunder pearls/beads") that the divine dragon shenlong "held in its mouth and dropped. They light the entire house at night" (tr. Laufer 1912: 64). Chinese dragons are frequently depicted with a flaming pearl or gem under their chin or in their claws.
The earliest roots of standardization of generic names for drugs began with city pharmacopoeias, such as the London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Hamburg, and Berlin Pharmacopoeias. The fundamental advances in chemistry during the 19th century made that era the first time in which what we now call chemical nomenclature, a huge profusion of names based on atoms, functional groups, and molecules, was necessary or conceivable. In the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th, city pharmacopoeias were unified into national pharmacopoeias (such as the British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopeia, Pharmacopoeia Germanica (PhG or PG), Italian Pharmacopeia, and Japanese Pharmacopoeia) and national formularies (such as the British National Formulary, the Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary, and the National Formulary of India). International pharmacopeias, such as the European Pharmacopoeia and the International Pharmacopoeia of the World Health Organization (WHO), have been the next level.
Drugs manufactured in India have to be labelled with the mandatory non-proprietary drug name with the suffix I.P. This is similar to the B.P. suffix for British Pharmacopoeia and the U.S.P. suffix for the United States Pharmacopeia. The IPC was formed according to the Indian Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and established by executive orders of the Government of India in 1956.
He began writing for Vice magazine as a college sophomore. He was given a monthly print column titled "Hamilton's Pharmacopeia" that evolved into a series of articles and documentaries for VBS.tv focused on the science of psychoactive drugs. He is a science editor of Vice and a correspondent and producer for Vice on HBO, as well as a regular science columnist for Harper's Magazine.
The 1699 Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (from the obsolete typography pharmacopœia, literally, "drug- making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society. Descriptions of preparations are called monographs. In a broader sense it is a reference work for pharmaceutical drug specifications.
Nutrilite Double X was tested by ConsumerLab.com in their Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review of 38 of the leading multivitamin/multimineral products sold in the U.S. and Canada. Double X passed ConsumerLab's test, which included testing of selected index elements, their ability to disintegrate in solution per United States Pharmacopeia guidelines, lead contamination threshold set in California Proposition 65, and meeting FDA labeling requirements.
The textbook first appeared in two volumes in 1903–1904 and went through multiple editions. Haines was recognized as an authority in chemistry. He was a member of the American Chemical Society, the American Medical Association, and the Chemical Society of London, among others. He served on the Committee on Revision of the U.S. Pharmacopeia, an official national reference book for pharmaceutical standards and practice, from 1900 to 1920.
E-liquids containing THC or other cannabinoids is also sold. Specific kinds of e-liquids contain a tiny amount of alcohol. The amount of alcohol in e-liquids vary, and there are cases where it has not been disclosed as an ingredient. It is uncertain whether the nicotine used in e-liquid is manufactured using a US Pharmacopeia grade nicotine, a tobacco plant or tobacco dust extract, or a synthetic nicotine.
Gerolamo Ferranti started producing and selling orviétan in early 17th-century Paris. He was a fairground attraction, asking onlookers to give him unknown poisons to swallow and watch him cure himself with the remedy. Other charlatans in the business were Jean Vitrario, Desiderio Descombes, and Cristoforo Contugi. Though most physicians and pharmacists were skeptical, the reputed medical doctor Johann Schröder published his own recipe in Pharmacopeia Medico-Chymica in 1655.
It documented the effects of drugs made from these substances on patients. De Materia Medica was the first extensive pharmacopeia, including about a thousand natural product drugs (mostly plant- based), 4,740 medicinal usages for drugs, and 360 medical properties (such as antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, stimulant). The book was heavily translated, and portrayed some of the emblematic actions of physicians and herbalists. One such page is Physician Preparing an Elixir.
Manufacturers of plant-based foods will sometimes report B12 content, leading to confusion about what sources yield B12. The confusion arises because the standard US Pharmacopeia (USP) method for measuring the B12 content does not measure the B12 directly. Instead, it measures a bacterial response to the food. Chemical variants of the B12 vitamin found in plant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body.
Hamilton Morris, son of Oscar-winning documentarian Errol Morris, began writing for the print magazine VICE while he was still a sophomore at The New School. His first article, under the pseudonym D.H. Ticklish, reported on emerging psychoactive drugs. After publishing a second article, about young Hasidic men converting to rituals with psychedelics, Morris started a column called Hamilton's Pharmacopeia. This evolved into an identically titled webseries on VBS.
Pharmaceutical Product Impurities: Considering Beta Glucans, American Pharmaceutical Review, 16 (5) Supplement S1: 16-19] Since 2003, a synthetic substitute for the LAL test has been commercially available. This recombinant factor C (rFC) test is based on Limulus clotting factor C, the LPS-sensitive part of LAL. The adoption of this test was slow, which began to change in 2016 when the European Pharmacopeia listed this test as an accepted bacterial-toxin test.
Silky Cup has been tested as per United States pharmacopeia (USP) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International standards. Silky Cup has passed the all necessary ISO 10993 tests with great success. “Silky Cup is tested according to ISO 10993-5 (Cytotoxicity), ISO 10993-10 (Mucosal Irritation), ISO 10993-10 (Sensitization), Directive 2011/65/EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (ROHS), USP <88> “CLASS VI” Tests Acute Systemic Injection, Intracutaneous Injection and Implantation.
Much like Pliny, Pedanius Dioscorides constructed a pharmacopeia, De Materia Medica, consisting of over 1000 medicines produced form herbs, minerals, and animals. The remedies that comprise this work were widely utilized throughout the ancient period and Dioscorides remained the greatest expert on drugs for over 1,600 years. Similarly important for herbalists and botanists of later centuries was Theophrastus' Historia Plantarum, written in the 4th century BC, which was the first systematization of the botanical world.
Li Shizhen's (1578) Bencao Gangmu classic pharmacopeia mentions both burning-mirrors and dew-mirrors. Yangsui "burning-mirror" occurs with huǒzhū 火珠 (lit. "fire pearl/bead") "burning-lens" in the entry for àihuǒ 艾火 "igniting mugwort for moxibustion". > The fire used in cauterizing with mugwort ought to be fire really obtained > from the sun by means of a sun-mirror [艾火] or fire-pearl (lens?) [火珠] > exposed to the sun.
1\. Definition A pharmaceutical reference standard is a highly characterized material suitable to test the identity, strength, quality and purity of substances for pharmaceutical use and medicinal products. 2\. Pharmacopoeial Reference standards Pharmacopoeial Reference standards are a subset of Pharmaceutical Reference Standards. They are established for the intended use described in Pharmacopeial texts (monographs and general chapters). Pharmacopeial Reference Standards are available from various pharmacopoeias such as United States Pharmacopeia and the European Pharmacopoeia.
Reagent Chemicals is primarily of interest to manufacturers and suppliers of chemicals to laboratories worldwide. Most chemists simply specify “ACS Reagent Grade,” knowing that these chemicals will be sufficiently pure for their needs, without knowing the details. Many standards organizations and federal agencies that set guidelines require the use of ACS-grade regent chemicals for many test procedures. This includes the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
The yunshi ( "Caesalpinia decapetala; cat's claw") was a versatile drug plant in the Chinese pharmacopeia, and the root, flowers, and seeds were all used in medicine. The Shennong Bencao says, "[The flowers] could enable one to see spirits, and when taken in excess, cause one to stagger madly. If taken over a prolonged period, they produce somatic levitation and effect communication with spirits." Tao Hongjing, who edited the official Shangqing Daoist canon, also compiled the c.
It houses artifacts of early Samoa, including the va'a and 'alia (bonito and war canoes) that inspired the old name for the Samoan Islands, the Navigator Islands. It also houses coconut- shell necklaces, seashell and whales' teeth necklaces, seed and fruit jewelry, pigs' tusk armlets, fly-whisks, bamboo panpipes, stone tools, siapo cloth, and a variety of weapons. Besides items commonly used in early island life, it has a display of native pharmacopeia used by early Polynesians.Swaney, Deanna (1994).
The title, translated as "Materia Medica, Arranged according to Drug Descriptions and Technical Aspects", uses two Chinese compounds. Bencao (Pen-tsao; "roots and herbs; based on herbs, pharmacopeia, materia medica") combines ben (pen; 'root; origin, basis') and cao (tsao; 'grass, plant, herb'). Gangmu (Kang-mu; 'detailed outline; table of contents') combines gang (kang; 'main rope, hawser; main threads, essential principles') and mu ( 'eye, look; category, division'). The characters and were later used as 'class' and 'order', respectively, in biological classification.
Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua, Qing Hao) is believed under TCM to treat fever, headache, dizziness, stopping bleeding, and alternating fever and chills. Sweet wormwood had fallen out of common use under TCM until it was rediscovered in the 1970s when the Chinese Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments (340 AD) was found. This pharmacopeia contained recipes for a tea from dried leaves, prescribed for fevers (not specifically malaria). The plant extracts often used in TCM are antimalarial, due to the presence of artemisinin.
In the US, glycine is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia (“USP”), and technical grade. USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for glycine. If purity greater than the USP standard is needed, for example for intravenous injections, a more expensive pharmaceutical grade glycine can be used. Technical grade glycine, which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold at a lower price for use in industrial applications, e.g.
The Cutlerian Theatre in Warwick Lane, an anatomy theatre designed by Robert Hooke rebuilt after the Fire (demolished 1866). The frontispiece to the Royal College's pharmacopeia, 1677. Engraving by David Loggan The college was based at three sites in the City of London near St Paul's Cathedral, before moving to Pall Mall East (overlooking Trafalgar Square), and finally on to its current location in Regent's Park. The first Harveian Librarian was Christopher Merret, a fellow of the college and a friend of Harvey.
He was replaced as CEO by Henry F. Blissenbach who sold all the company's commercial operations and cut the workforce. In January 2007 John Higgins, a former investment banker, was brought in as CEO. He changed the company's strategy to one of acquiring candidate drugs and forming partnerships to develop them further. During the Great Recession that began in the late 2000s, the company used its capital to acquire other companies including Neurogen, Pharmacopeia biotechnology, Metabasis Therapeutics and Cydex Pharmaceuticals.
He dedicated his life to scientific research and teaching (his teaching skills included Physics, Physicochemical Analysis, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Galenic Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, among others). He was also vice- Principal and President of the Scientific Council at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Director of the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology at the same faculty, and President of the "Comissão da Farmacopeia Portuguesa" (Portuguese Pharmacopeia Commission). Luís Prista died in 2004, at the age of 79.ANF - Associação Nacional das FarmáciasRof 61.
When Prohibition was enacted in 1920, sale of alcohol became illegal nationwide, prompting consumers to search for substitutes. Patent medicines with a high alcohol percentage, such as Jamaica ginger, became obvious choices, as they were legal and available over the counter without prescriptions. By 1921, the United States government made the original formulation of Jamaica ginger prescription-only. Only a fluid extract version defined in the United States Pharmacopeia, with a high content of bitter- tasting ginger oleoresin, remained available in stores.
Crieff Hydro is a hotel in Crieff, Perthshire, Scotland. The purpose-built hotel opened in 1868 as the Crieff Hydropathic Establishment, and is locally known as the Hydro. It was founded in 1868 by Dr Thomas Henry Meikle, who had received treatment at a centre in Gräfenberg, Austria (now known as Lázně Jeseník, Czech Republic), where Vincenz Priessnitz had built such an establishment. Preissnitz based his pharmacopeia on water, exercise, fresh mountain air, water treatments in the brooks and simple country food.
Elaterium has been produced in light, thin, friable, flat or slightly incurved opaque cakes, of a greyish-green color, bitter taste and tea-like smell. The extract is soluble in ethanol, but insoluble in water and diethyl ether. The official dose used to be grain, and the British pharmacopeia at the beginning of the 20th century directs that the drug is to contain from 20 to 25% of the active principle elaterinum or elaterin. A resin in the natural product aids its action.
One of the first advertisements for Bayer Aspirin, published in The New York Times in 1917 From the era of Greek medicine to the mid-19th century, the discovery of medicinal agents was classed as an empirical art; folklore and mythological guidance were combined in deploying the vegetable and mineral products that made up the expansive pharmacopeia of the time. Myrtle leaves were in use by 1500 BCE. Hippocrates (460–377 BCE) first reported using willow barkJohn McMurry. Química Orgánica (in Spanish).
Although the law drew upon many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in individual states, the federal law defined "misbranding" and "adulteration" for the first time and prescribed penalties for each. The law recognized the U.S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as standards authorities for drugs, but made no similar provision for federal food standards. The law was principally a "truth in labeling" law designed to raise standards in the food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen.
Though the natives > hold … (tr. Schafer 1961: 94-95). Li Shizhen's 1578 Bencao Gangmu classic pharmacopeia objects to applying the term langgan to these marine invertebrates, which should properly be called shanhu while langgan should only be applied to the stone occurring in the mountains. Li's commentary suggests that the terminological confusion arose from the Shuowen jiezi definition of shanhu 珊瑚: 色赤生於海或生於山 "coral is red colored and grows in the ocean or in the mountains".
Australian Aboriginals use eucalyptus leaf infusions (which contain eucalyptus oil) as a traditional medicine for treating body pains, sinus congestion, fever, and colds.Low, T., Bush Medicine, A Pharmacopeia of Natural Remedies, Angus & Robertson, p. 85, 1990.Barr, A., Chapman, J., Smith, N., Beveridge, M., Traditional Bush Medicines, An Aboriginal Pharmacopoeia, Greenhouse Publications, pp. 116–117, 1988, Dennis Considen and John White, surgeons on the First Fleet, distilled eucalyptus oil from Eucalyptus piperita found growing on the shores of Port Jackson in 1788 to treat convicts and marines.
The cell culture facility in the Biotech R&D; is capable of handling mammalian cell lines for screening novel biological and chemical entities. The Company has made more than 500 product registrations across the world. It has more than 63 US ANDA filings, 34 approved ANDAs and more than 60 European submissions. The Company holds more than 70 US DMF, 27 Certificate of suitability to European Pharmacopeia (CEP) issued by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare (EDQM) and several DMFs across the world.
Jean-Marie Pelt in 2008. Jean-Marie Pelt (24 October 1933 – 23 December 2015) was a French biologist, botanist and pharmacist with degrees in both Biology and Pharmacy. He was professor at the University of Lorraine, specializing in medicinal plants and traditional pharmacopeia, and is the author of several scientific articles and books on pharmaceutical plants, plant biology and urban ecology. Jean-Marie Pelt was known to the French public as the producer of several television series and radio broadcasts on plant biology and ecology.
For example, abciximab is predictably , because for INNs ending in -ciximab, the sound is familiar. The United States Pharmacopeia gives suggested pronunciations for most USANs in its USP Dictionary, which is published in annual editions. Medical dictionaries give pronunciations of many drugs that are both commonly used and have been commercially available for a decade or more, although many newer drugs or less common drugs are not entered. Pharmacists also have access to pronunciations from various clinical decision support systems such as Lexi-comp.
Following in the footsteps of the Beats, many hippies used cannabis (marijuana), considering it pleasurable and benign. They enlarged their spiritual pharmacopeia to include hallucinogens such as peyote, LSD, psilocybin mushrooms and DMT, while often renouncing the use of alcohol. On the East Coast of the United States, Harvard University professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) advocated psychotropic drugs for psychotherapy, self-exploration, religious and spiritual use. Regarding LSD, Leary said, "Expand your consciousness and find ecstasy and revelation within.".
In 1837 he prepared a Manual of Chemistry of which a thousand copies were printed for use in Calcutta. A second edition was produced in 1842. Another major book was the Bengal Dispensatory and Pharmacopeia which included an appendix on the "improvement of Bengal pottery" (1840) since earthenware imports from Europe were proving to be expensive. The Bengal Dispensatory included descriptions of several plant species that were made or overseen by Wallich including those of Abelmoschus longifolius, Pharbitis caerulea, Hebradendron pictorium and Garcinia pictoria.
The Roman encyclopedist Celsus, in his De Medicina of ca. 30 AD, suggested willow leaf extract to treat the four signs of inflammation: redness, heat, swelling and pain. Willow treatments also appeared in Dioscorides's De Materia Medica, and Pliny the Elder's Natural History. By the time of Galen around the year 200 C.E., willow bark was commonly used throughout the Roman world and later after the Arab–Byzantine wars passed on to the Arab world as a small part of a large, growing botanical pharmacopeia.
USP establishes written (documentary) and physical (reference) standards for medicines, food ingredients, dietary supplement products, and ingredients. These standards are used by regulatory agencies and manufacturers to help to ensure that these products are of the appropriate identity, as well as strength, quality, purity, and consistency. USP 800 is an example of a publication created by the United States Pharmacopeia. Prescription and over-the-counter medicines available in the United States must, by federal law, meet USP-NF public standards, where such standards exist.
"Before the Christian Era" from The oldest texts of Traditional Chinese Medicine listed herbal uses for cannabis and noted some psychodynamic effects. The (ca. 100 CE) Chinese pharmacopeia Shennong Ben Cao Jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica) described the use of mafen 麻蕡 "cannabis fruit/seeds": A Taoist priest in the fifth century A.D. wrote in the Ming-I Pieh Lu that: Later pharmacopia repeated this description, for instance the (ca. 1100 CE) Zhenglei bencao 證類本草 ("Classified Materia Medica"): The (ca.
The Catawba American Indians were known to use the Elliott's gentian for medicinal purposes. They would steep the roots in hot water and then use the produced liquid to soothe sore backs. This is not surprising as the European gentian, G. lutea, has been used as a digestive tonic and was listed in the United States Pharmacopeia from 1820 to 1995 as a gastric stimulant. In fact, the very name of the genus is derived from Gentius, a king of Illyria who recognized the tonic properties of the plant.
Gogel's General Taxation Plan was finally enacted in June 1805; a first government-approved attempt at unification of the Dutch spelling was made; an embryonic Department of Agriculture and Department of Hydraulics were formed, to foreshadow the later government departments; even a Pharmacopeia Batavia started the regulation of drugs; and the School Law of 1806 organized a national system of public elementary education. Most importantly perhaps, the local-government law of July 1805 founded the first Dutch system of public administration.Schama, pp. 474–477. The French reaction to this flurry of reforms was mixed, however.
The term derives from pharmakopoiia "making of (healing) medicine, drug-making", a compound of φάρμακον pharmakon "healing medicine, drug, poison", the verb ποιεῖν poiein "to make" and the abstract noun suffix -ία -ia., . In early modern editions of Latin texts, the Greek diphthong οι (oi) is latinized to its Latin equivalent oe which is in turn written with the ligature œ, giving the spelling pharmacopœia; in modern UK English, œ is written as oe, giving the spelling pharmacopoeia, while in American English oe becomes e, giving us pharmacopeia.
PharMed® BPT is a polypropylene-based thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) which is opaque beige in color. It remains flexible and stable at temperatures between -40 and 135 °C, and meets the requirements of United States Pharmacopeia Class VI. It has low gas permeability compared to typical silicone materials and can withstand repeated sterilization cycles in an autoclave. It is considered to have a long service life on a peristaltic pump (much higher than silicone, with roughly a 20x increased service life). It is frequently used in medical applications, laboratory applications and single-use pharmaceutical applications.
Tao is considered "the effective founder of critical pharmacology in China", and his editions and commentaries were "painstaking productions, using, for example, different colored inks to distinguish text, original annotations, and his own editorial additions" (Strickmann 1994: 40). In addition, he wrote other pharmacological texts including Tao Yinju Bencao (陶隱居本草, "Hermit Tao's Pharmacopeia"), Yao Zongjue (藥總訣, "General Medicinal Formulae"), and Yangsheng Yanming Lu (養生延命錄, "Extracts on Nourishing Spiritual Nature and Prolonging Bodily Life") (Espesset 2013: 970; Robinet 1993).
The Rwandan National Institute of Scientific Research is a scientific institution based in Butare, Rwanda. It plays an important role in science and technology in Rwanda. The institute has worked with the National University of Rwanda in the Phytomedicine and Life Sciences Research Plan which began research into pharmacopeia and traditional medicine in the country at the National University of Rwanda in 1972 in the Faculty of Medicine. The Rwandan National Institute of Scientific Research later became involved and also collaborates with researchers from the National Institute of Scientific Research (INRS) and researchers from the Institute of Agronomic Sciences of Rwanda (ISAR).
E.R. Squibb & Son facility in Long Island City, New York, in 1948 The Squibb corporation was founded in 1858 by Edward Robinson Squibb in Brooklyn, New York. Squibb was known as an advocate of quality control and high purity standards early within the pharmaceutical industry. He went on to self-publish an alternative to the U.S. Pharmacopeia titled Squibb's Ephemeris of Materia Medica, after failing to convince the American Medical Association to incorporate higher purity standards. Materia Medica, Squibb products, and Edward Squibb's opinion on the fundamentals of pharmacy are found in many medical papers of the late 1800s.
Vitamin World's Ultra Man Daily multivitamin was tested by ConsumerLab.com in its Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review of 38 of the leading multivitamin/multimineral products sold in the U.S. and Canada. This multivitamin passed ConsumerLab's test, which included testing of selected index elements, their ability to disintegrate in solution per United States Pharmacopeia guidelines, lead contamination threshold set in California Proposition 65, and meeting U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling requirements. Vitamin World announces a new joint antioxidant research initiative with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), a teaching hospital affiliated with Harvard Medical School.
Erysimum species have a long history of use in traditional medicine. In Naturalis Historia by Pliny the Elder (~77), Erysimum is classified as a medicinal rather than a food plant. Erysimum cheiri is described as a medicinal herb in De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides (~70), which was the predominant European medical pharmacopeia for more than 1,500 years. Other medieval descriptions of medicinal herbs and their uses, including the Dispensatorium des Cordus by Valerius Cordus (1542), Bocks Kräuterbuch by Hieronymus Bock (1577), and Tabernaemontanus’ Neuw Kreuterbuch by Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus (1588), also discuss applications of E. cheiri.
The average amounts of exposure to cadmium from 1200 e-cigarette puffs were found to be 2.6 times lower than the chronic Permissible Daily Exposure from inhalation medications, outlined by the US Pharmacopeia. One sample tested resulted in daily exposure 10% greater than chronic PDE from inhalation medications, while in four samples the amounts were comparable to outdoor air levels. Cadmium and lead have been found in the e-cigarette vapor at 2–3 times greater levels than with a nicotine inhaler. A 2015 study stated the amount of copper have been found to be six times greater than with cigarette smoke.
Food fraud, "the intentional adulteration of food with cheaper ingredients for economic gain," is a well-documented crime that has existed in the U.S. and Europe for many decades. It has only received more attention in recent years as the fear of bioterrorism has increased. Numerous cases of intentional food fraud have been discovered over the last few years. As of 2013, the foods most commonly listed as adulterated or mislabelled in the United States Pharmacopeia Convention's Food Fraud Database were: milk, olive oil, honey, saffron, fish, coffee, orange juice, apple juice, black pepper, and tea.
The first century AD Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and Roman army surgeon Pedanius Dioscorides authored an encyclopedia of medicinal substances commonly known as De Materia Medica. This work did not delve into medical theory or explanation of pathogenesis, but described the uses and actions of some 600 substances, based on empirical observation. Unlike other works of Classical antiquity, Dioscorides' manuscript was never out of publication; it formed the basis for the Western pharmacopeia through the 19th century, a true testament to the efficacy of the medicines described; moreover, the influence of work on European herbal medicine eclipsed that of the Hippocratic Corpes.
Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Also see Margaret M. Bruchac (2018) “Indian Stories: Gladys Tantaquidgeon and Frank Speck.” In Savage Kin: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists, pp. 140-175. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Tantaquidgeon later did field work related to the Lenape and other eastern Algonquian tribes. She expanded her knowledge of traditional pharmacopeia by researching herbal medicine practices among many related East Coast tribes. From 1934 to 1947, at the time of the Indian Reorganization Act and the Indian New Deal under the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Tantaquidgeon started work with the US Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Ether was once used in pharmaceutical formulations. A mixture of alcohol and ether, one part of diethyl ether and three parts of ethanol, was known as "Spirit of ether", Hoffman's Anodyne or Hoffman's Drops. In the United States this concoction was removed from the Pharmacopeia at some point prior to June 1917,The National druggist, Volume 47, June 1917, pp.220 as a study published by William Procter, Jr. in the American Journal of Pharmacy as early as 1852 showed that there were differences in formulation to be found between commercial manufacturers, between international pharmacopoeia, and from Hoffman's original recipe.
The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII sent a copy of Dioscorides' pharmacopeia to the Ummayad Caliph Abd al-Rahman III who ruled Córdoba in the 9th century, and also sent a monk named Nicolas to translate the book into Arabic. It was in use from its publication in the 1st century until the 16th century, making it one of the major herbals throughout the Middle Ages. The taxonomy criteria of medieval texts is different from what is used today. Plants with similar external appearance were usually grouped under the same species name, though in modern taxonomy they are considered different.
Michel De Villeneuve(Michael Servetus) also published a pharmacopeia. Michel De Villeneuve, fellow student of Vesalius and the best galenist of Paris according to Johann Winter von Andernach,2011 "The love for truth. Life and work of Michael Servetus", (El amor a la verdad. Vida y obra de Miguel Servet.), Francisco Javier González Echeverría, Francisco Javier, printed by Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarra, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra, 607 pp, 64 of them illustrations.pag 194-204 published the anonymous " 'Dispensarium or Enquiridion" in 1543, at Lyon, France, with Jean Frellon as editor.
The term "rubbing alcohol" in North American English is a general term for either isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) or ethyl alcohol (ethanol) products. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) defines "isopropyl rubbing alcohol USP" as containing approximately 70 percent alcohol by volume of pure isopropyl alcohol and defines "rubbing alcohol USP" as containing approximately 70 percent by volume of denatured alcohol. In Ireland and the UK, the comparable preparation is surgical spirit B.P., which the British Pharmacopoeia defines as 95% methylated spirit, 2.5% castor oil, 2% diethyl phthalate, and 0.5% methyl salicylate. Under its alternative name of "wintergreen oil", methyl salicylate is a common additive to North American rubbing alcohol products.
Because elements are easily distinguished in ICP-MS, the problem of compensation in multiplex flow cytometry is effectively eliminated. In the pharmaceutical industry, ICP-MS is used for detecting inorganic impurities in pharmaceuticals and their ingredients. New and reduced maximum permitted exposure levels of heavy metals form dietary supplements, introduced in USP (United States Pharmacopeia) <232>Elemental Impurities—Limits and USP <233> Elemental Impurities—Procedures, will increase the need for ICP-MS technology, where, previously, other analytic methods have been sufficient. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a powerful technique for the elemental analysis of a wide variety of materials encountered in forensic casework.
Amīn al-Dawla Abu'l-Ḥasan Hibat Allāh ibn Ṣaʿīd ibn al-Tilmīdh (; 1074 – 11 April 1165) was a Christian Arab physician, pharmacist, poet, musician and calligrapher of the medieval Islamic civilization. Ibn al-Tilmidh worked at the ʻAḍudī hospital in Baghdad where he eventually became its chief physician as well as court physician to the caliph Al-Mustadi, and in charge of licensing physicians in Baghdad. He mastered the Arabic, Persian, Greek and Syriac languages. He compiled several medical works, the most influential being Al-Aqrābādhīn al-Kabir, a pharmacopeia which became the standard pharmacological work in the hospitals of the Islamic civilization, superseding an earlier work by Sabur ibn Sahl.
His autographs have been lost, but many of his works which remained unpublished during his lifetime were edited by Johannes Huser of Basel during 1589–1591. His works were frequently reprinted and widely read during the late 16th to early 17th century, and although his "occult" reputation remained controversial, his medical contributions were universally recognized, with e.g. a 1618 pharmacopeia by the Royal College of Physicians in London including "Paracelsian" remedies. The late 16th century also saw substantial production of Pseudo-Paracelsian writing, especially letters attributed to Paracelsus, to the point where biographers find it impossible to draw a clear line between genuine tradition and legend.
Muslims from North Africa crossed the Strait of Gibraltar in 711 and established the Caliphate of Córdoba in the southern part of the Iberian peninsula, which they called Al-Andalus. During their long reign of prosperity, the Muslims created a culture that favored the proliferation of cultural and scientific works, including agronomic works. The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII sent a copy of Dioscorides' pharmacopeia to Caliph Abd al-Rahman III, and also sent a monk named Nicolas to translate the book into Arabic. The first Andalusi botanical garden known from 8th century sources was created in the Palace Al-Munyat al- Rusafa (Arruzafa) of Abd al-Rahman I.
The veterinarian has a much smaller pharmacopeia available than does the human practitioner. Therefore, drugs are more likely to be used "off-label" – typically, this involves the use of a human medication in an animal, where there is no corresponding medication licensed for that species. This problem is compounded in "exotic" species (such as reptiles and rodents) where there are very few, if any licensed medications. In addition, especially in Europe, equine veterinarians are forced to use many drugs off-label, as the horse is classified as a "food-producing animal" and many veterinary drugs are labeled specifically not for use in animals intended for human consumption.
Industry at first took little interest in the new product, however, as it was patent-encumbered, not yet approved by regulators, and sold by a single manufacturer, Lonza Group. In 2013, however, Hyglos GmbH also began manufacturing its own rFC product. This, combined with the acceptance of rFC by European regulators, the comparable cost between LAL and rFC, and support from Eli Lilly and Company, which has committed to use rFC in lieu of LAL, is projected to all but end the practice of blood harvesting from horseshoe crabs. In June 2020, it was reported that U.S. Pharmacopeia had declined to give rFC equal standing with horseshoe crab blood.
Cover of 1828 reprint of an 1803 booklet extolling the virtues of Água de Inglaterra Água de Inglaterra (“Water of England” or “English Water”) was an example of the 'secret remedies' that were in vogue in Portugal during the 18th century. The name was used for various pharmaceutical preparations produced by several manufacturers from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th. In addition to the name, these preparations had in common the fact that the major therapeutic ingredient was the bark of the cinchona tree, from which quinine is obtained. Reference to the drug can be found in all Portuguese Pharmacopeia between 1681 and 1821.
The Antidotarium Nicolai, also known as the Antidotarium parvum or small antidotarium, was a late 11th or early 12th-century Latin book with about 150 recipes for the creation of medicines from plants and minerals. It was written in the circles of the Schola Medica Salernitana, the center of European medical knowledge in the High Middle Ages. It was based in part on the Antidotarium of Constantine the African, an 11th-century work also written in Salerno which was itself partially a translation of older Arabic works. It has been called "without doubt one of the most influential medical texts in medieval literature", "the essential pharmacopeia of the Middle Ages" and "the bible of medieval practical pharmacy".
Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), pharmacopeia, Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue LEDs, and Beamprop (used in photonics). Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year. More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market. These include Remicade (for arthritis), Reopro (for blood clot complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, Latanoprost (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, homocysteine (testing for cardiovascular disease), and Zolinza (for cancer therapy).
Oleander shrub, Morocco Nerium oleander has a history of cultivation going back millennia, especially amongst the great ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean Basin. Some scholars believe it to be the rhodon (rose), also called the 'Rose of Jericho', mentioned in apocryphal writings (Ecclesiasticus XXIV, 13) dating back to between 450 and 180 BC. The ancient Greeks had several names for the plant, including rhododaphne, nerion, rhododendron and rhodon. Pliny confirmed that the Romans had no Latin word for the plant, but used the Greek terms instead. Pedanius Dioscorides states in his 1st century AD pharmacopeia De Materia Medica that the Romans used the Greek rhododendron but also the Latin Oleander and Laurorosa.
In 1858, he left the military and started his own pharmaceutics manufacturing business in Brooklyn. His laboratory burned down three times, and in one of these instances an ether explosion left Squibb badly burned. In 1892, Squibb created a partnership with his two sons, Dr. Edward H. Squibb and Charles F. Squibb, the firm being known for generations afterwards as E. R. Squibb and Sons. Squibb was known as a vigorous advocate of quality control and high purity standards within the fledgling pharmaceutical industry of his time, at one point self-publishing an alternative to the U.S. Pharmacopeia (Squibb's Ephemeris of Materia Medica) after failing to convince the American Medical Association to incorporate higher purity standards.
Bayer began advertising directly to American consumers just before the expiration of the aspirin patent. This ad, from The New York Times, 19 February 1917, emphasizes Bayer as the "One Real Aspirin" in anticipation of legal competition in the American market. With the coming of the deadly Spanish flu pandemic in 1918, aspirin—by whatever name—secured a reputation as one of the most powerful and effective drugs in the pharmacopeia of the time. Its fever-reducing properties gave many sick patients enough strength to fight through the infection, and aspirin companies large and small earned the loyalty of doctors and the public—when they could manufacture or purchase enough aspirin to meet demand.
Because this product is a "homeopathic" over-the-counter drug, it is exempt from a number of the requirements ordinarily applicable to OTC drug products, provided it conforms to the standards of the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States (HPUS) and is labeled as a homeopathic product. The only biologically active ingredients present in Zicam Cold Remedy are zinc acetate (2X = 1/100 dilution) and zinc gluconate (1X = 1/10 dilution). Other sources list the ionic zinc content as "33 mmol/L of zincum gluconium". Zicam is marketed as a homeopathic product which the maker unscientifically claims can shorten the duration of a cold and may reduce the severity of common cold symptoms.
The abbreviation "DTO," traditionally used to refer to Deodorized Tincture of Opium, is sometimes also erroneously employed to abbreviate "diluted tincture of opium." Diluted tincture of opium, also known as Camphorated Tincture of Opium (Paregoric) is a 1:25 mixture of opium tincture to water prescribed to treat withdrawal symptoms in newborns whose mothers were using opioids while pregnant. The United States Pharmacopeia and FDA recommend that practitioners refrain from using DTO in prescriptions, given this potential for confusion. In cases where pharmacists have misinterpreted DTO, and given "deodorized tincture of opium" when "diluted tincture of opium" was meant, infants have received a massive 25-fold overdose of morphine, sometimes resulting in fatalities.
A June 2010 investigation by Consumer Reports, a US consumer advocacy magazine, found that two of Cytosport's Muscle Milk products contained levels of heavy metals near or exceeding levels proposed by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Muscle Milk's Chocolate powder had four heavy metals — cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury — and three of these metals were found to be at the highest levels of all the health drinks tested. Average cadmium levels of 5.6 µg in three daily servings exceeded the USP limit of 5 µg per day, and the average lead level of 13.5 µg also topped the USP limit of 10 µg per day. The average arsenic level of 12.2 µg was near the USP limit of 15 µg per day.
Princeton University Press. p. 38. The Dutch sinologist Frank Dikötter's history of drugs in China says, > The medical uses were highlighted in a pharmacopeia of the Tang, which > prescribed the root of the plant to remove a blood clot, while the juice > from the leaves could be ingested to combat tapeworm. The seeds of cannabis, > reduced to powder and mixed with rice wine, were recommended in various > other materia medica against several ailments, ranging from constipation to > hair loss. The Ming dynasty Mingyi bielu provided detailed instructions > about the harvesting of the heads of the cannabis sativa plant (mafen, > mabo), while the few authors who acknowledged hemp in various pharmacopoeias > seemed to agree that the resinous female flowering heads were the source of > dreams and revelations.
The trend towards pharmacy specialization started to take effect in Bruges, Belgium where a new law was passed that forbid physicians to prepare medications for patients. The oldest pharmacy is claimed to be set up in 1221 in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. The medieval Esteve Pharmacy, located in Llívia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerdà, is also now a museum dating back to the 15th century, keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs. Florence is also the birthplace of the first official pharmacopeia, called the Nuevo Receptario, in which all pharmacies would use that document as guidance for caring for the sickly.
Juice Plus+ Garden Blend was tested by ConsumerLab.com in their Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review of 38 of the leading multivitamin/multimineral products sold in the U.S. and Canada. Testing included amounts of selected index elements, their ability to disintegrate in solution per United States Pharmacopeia guidelines, lead contamination threshold set in California Proposition 65, and meeting U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling requirements. Garden Blend failed ConsumerLab's test as it contained only 76.4% of its claimed calcium, which was noted was low to start (labeled as just 4% of the Daily Value per serving.) On 23 June 2011, ConsumerLab was informed of misinformation circulated by a Juice Plus distributor incorrectly stating the variation was due to the analytical method used.
They were available over-the-counter without a prescription in many states until the early 1990s, at which time the FDA banned the sale of anti-diarrheal drugs containing kaolin and pectin; also, Donnagel-PG contained tincture of belladonna, which became prescription-only on January 1. 1993. Paregoric is currently listed in the United States Pharmacopeia. Manufacture of the drug was discontinued for several months beginning in late 2011; however, production and distribution resumed in 2012, so the drug is still available in the United States by prescription. Thus, it is unclear as to whether the lapse in manufacture actually resulted in a shortage of the drug at any time, since prescription drugs are often still available for many months after manufacture has been discontinued.
The purpose of the act was to prohibit all non-medical use of cannabis in the U.S.; however, it also had the effect of severely curtailing medical use of the drug, due to new fees and regulatory requirements put in place that imposed a significant burden on doctors prescribing cannabis. For this reason the American Medical Association opposed the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, but to no avail. Cannabis was removed from the U.S. Pharmacopeia in 1941, at the urging of famed anti- cannabis crusader Harry Anslinger. During the 1960s, as large numbers of people began to use cannabis recreationally, the medical utility of cannabis was rediscovered by some as anecdotes began to appear about its effectiveness in treating a variety of medical conditions.
The Act applied similar penalties to the interstate marketing of "adulterated" drugs, in which the "standard of strength, quality, or purity" of the active ingredient was not either stated clearly on the label or listed in the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary. The responsibility for examining food and drugs for such "adulteration" or "misbranding" was given to Wiley's USDA Bureau of Chemistry. Wiley used these new regulatory powers to pursue an aggressive campaign against the manufacturers of foods with chemical additives, but the Chemistry Bureau's authority was soon checked by judicial decisions, which narrowly defined the bureau's powers and set high standards for proof of fraudulent intent. In 1927, the Bureau of Chemistry's regulatory powers were reorganized under a new USDA body, the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration.
In the U.S. "uniformity of dosage units" is defined by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), which describes itself as "the official public standards-setting authority for all prescription and over-the-counter medicines, dietary supplements, and other healthcare products manufactured and sold in the United States."About USP, USP web site, undated, accessed 25 Nov 2007 More than 140 countries develop or rely upon US pharmaceutical standards according to the USP. The USP standard for dosage uniformity expresses statistical criteria in the complex language of sampling protocols. The pharmaceutical dosage literature sometimes boils this down as requiring a standard deviation in dosage weight of less than 6%, which roughly corresponds to the weaker rule-of-thumb offered for public consumption that the vast majority of dosage units should be within 15% of the dosage target.
In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Food and Drug Act, also known as the "Wiley Act" after its chief advocate. The Act prohibited, under penalty of seizure of goods, the interstate transport of food which had been "adulterated," with that term referring to the addition of fillers of reduced "quality or strength," coloring to conceal "damage or inferiority," formulation with additives "injurious to health," or the use of "filthy, decomposed, or putrid" substances. The act applied similar penalties to the interstate marketing of "adulterated" drugs, in which the "standard of strength, quality, or purity" of the active ingredient was not either stated clearly on the label or listed in the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary. The act also banned "misbranding" of food and drugs.
The NSF Water Division certifies products that come into contact with drinking water, such as plumbing components, water treatment chemicals and drinking water filters, as well as pool and spa equipment. The NSF Health Sciences Division offers training and education, consulting, auditing, good manufacturing practice (GMP) and good laboratory practice (GLP) testing, certification, R&D; and regulatory guidance for the pharmaceutical, medical device and dietary supplement industries throughout the product lifecycle. It also supplies pharmaceutical secondary reference standards, traceable to United States Pharmacopeia and European Pharmacopoeia standards. The NSF Consumer Products Division tests and certifies consumer products and appliances used in and around the home including home appliances, cookware, bakeware, small kitchen electronics, bottled water and beverages, nutritional and dietary supplements, private label goods and personal care products.
Cannabis pills sold by Parke, Davis & Co. Cannabis was entered into the United States Pharmacopeia in 1850, as a treatment for neuralgia, tetanus, typhus, cholera, rabies, dysentery, alcoholism, opiate addiction, anthrax, leprosy, incontinence, snakebite, gout, convulsive disorders, tonsillitis, insanity, excessive menstrual bleeding, and uterine bleeding. It was widely available in pharmacies and even grocery stores during the latter half of the 19th century, priced affordably relative to other drugs with no requirement for a doctor's prescription. Cannabis was commonly sold in tincture form by Parke-Davis, Eli Lilly, E. R. Squibb & Sons, and other drug manufacturers. By the end of the 19th century, the use of cannabis in medicine had declined due to a number of factors, including difficulty in controlling dosages and the rise in popularity of synthetic and opium-derived drugs.
In the wake of extensive adverse media coverage, Vitamin Shoppe withdrew the product, but in a statement made by CEO Tom Tolworthy denied it had any proof the vitamins were contaminated and asserted that, despite the high lead levels found in the Consumer Labs tests, its vitamins were manufactured in accordance with "good manufacturing practices." On June 15, 2011, Vitamin Shoppe's Ultimate Woman Gold multivitamin was tested by ConsumerLab.com in their Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review of 38 of the leading multivitamin/multimineral products sold in the U.S. and Canada. This multivitamin passed ConsumerLab's test, which included testing of selected index elements, their ability to disintegrate in solution per United States Pharmacopeia guidelines, lead contamination threshold set in California Proposition 65, and meeting U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling requirements.
In 1953 the WHO created the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) system, which issues INNs in various languages, including Latin, English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Arabic. Several countries also have national-level systems for creating generic drug names, including the British Approved Name (BAN) system, the Australian Approved Name (AAN) system, the United States Adopted Name (USAN) system (which is mostly the same as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) system), and the Japanese Accepted Name (JAN) system. At least several of these national-level Approved Name/Adopted Name/Accepted Name systems were not created until the 1960s, after the INN system already existed. In the 21st century, increasing globalization is encouraging maximal rationalization for new generic names for drugs, and there is an increasing expectation that new USANs, BANs, and JANs will not differ from new INNs without special justification.
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by the Federal Government in the twentieth century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors. It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by The United States Pharmacopeia or The National Formulary. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair was an inspirational piece that kept the public's attention on the important issue of unsanitary meat processing plants that later formed the Pure Food and Drug Act.
On 22 August 2009, Singh was appointed as the 25th Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India. During his three-year tenure as vice chancellor at BHU, Singh took a 1 token salary from the university. From 2014 Singh was associated with several academic and research organisations in various capacities. These included being a member of the Governing Board of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi; chairman of the Research Advisory Council (RAC) of National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal; chairman of the RAC of Project Directorate on Poultry (PDP), Hyderabad; member of the advisory committee of Pharmacopeia Commission of India; chairman of the RAC of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Lucknow; member of the Board of Management of Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai and member of the Board of Governors of Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali.
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors. It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, with its graphic and revolting descriptions of unsanitary conditions and unscrupulous practices rampant in the meatpacking industry, was an inspirational piece that kept the public's attention on the important issue of unhygienic meat processing plants that later led to food inspection legislation.
In order to assist these workers to achieve the diploma, Friedländer prepared on May 5, 1934 a memorandum indicating cardinal points that are required for establishing a clinic and a university institute in Jerusalem that will create the basis for the school of pharmacy, a place where professional courses will be taught to pharmacy students that did not complete their formal studies. Their pharmacy will create the basis of the Hebrew Pharmacopeia. On April 19, 1935, Friedländer wrote a memorandum to Professor Otto Warburg, one of the research pioneers of nature in Erez Israel and the manager of the Botanical Department in the Hebrew University. Friedländer indicated in his memorandum the need for establishing a school of pharmacy in Erez Israel in order to qualify pharmacists to become competent professional workers and provided a plan for Pharmacy school establishment that included various requirements such as: necessities, facilities, facility equipment, teachers and more.
William Procter, Jr., who graduated from, then taught at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy for 20 years, went on to exert so much influence over the formative years of professional pharmacy that he's now widely considered the "Father of American Pharmacy." Procter successfully argued for the establishment of a chair of Pharmacy for pharmacist-professors at the PCP in 1844, then wrote "the first American pharmacy textbook," which came to be known as Mohr, Redwood, and Procter's Practical Pharmacy (1849). The book was not commercially successful, but became a model for subsequent "works of long- lived popularity: Edward Parrish's An Introduction to Practical Pharmacy (1855-1884), and Joseph P. Remington's Practice of Pharmacy (1888-1995 [19th ed.])". Procter also led the American Journal of Pharmacy for 22 years, served 30 years on the U.S.P. Revision Committee, where he did much to improve the U.S. Pharmacopeia, and following five years as the American Pharmaceutical Association's corresponding secretary, he became the APhA's president, leading delegations of American pharmacists in conferences with their counterparts offshore.
The name codeine is derived from the Ancient Greek (, "poppy head"). The relative proportion of codeine to morphine, the most common opium alkaloid at 4% to 23%, tends to be somewhat higher in the poppy straw method of preparing opium alkaloids. Until the beginning of the 19th century, raw opium was used in diverse preparations known as laudanum (see Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium- Eater, 1821) and paregoric elixirs, a number of which were popular in England since the beginning of the 18th century; the original preparation seems to have been elaborated in Leiden, the Netherlands around 1715 by a chemist named Lemort; in 1721 the London Pharmacopoeia mentions an Elixir Asthmaticum, replaced by the term Elixir Paregoricum ("pain soother") in 1746. The progressive isolation of opium's several active components opened the path to improved selectivity and safety of the opiates-based pharmacopeia. Morphine had already been isolated in Germany by in 1804. Codeine was first isolated in 1832 in France by , already famous for the discovery of alizarin, the most widespread red dye, while working on refined morphine extraction processes.
Tao's preface explains that beginning in the Wei-Jin period, copies of the Shennong bencao jing text had become corrupted, and contemporary medical practitioners "are not able to clearly comprehend information and as a result their knowledge has become shallow" (Greatrex 1998: 142). He further explains that his commentary combines previous material from the Shengnong bencao jing (which Tao refers to as Benjing) and other early pharmacological sources, material from his Mingyi bielu (名醫別錄, "Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians"), and information gathered from alchemical texts, notably what he calls xianjing (仙經, "classics on immortality elixirs") and daoshu (道書, "books on Daoist techniques"). While the early pharmacopeia had only graded substances into superior, medium and inferior, Tao rearranged them into a classification that continues to be used today: minerals, trees and plants, insects and animals, fruits, cultivated vegetables, and grains. For each substance in the Bencao jing jizhu, Tao gives information on the availability, sources, alternative nomenclature, appearance, similarities and confusions, suitability for medicinal usage, effectiveness, quotations from classical and other sources, and errors in existing texts (Greatrex 1998: 143).

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