PHARMACOPOEIA PUSH The leading U.S. pharmaceuticals standards organisation, U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP), which publishes a compendium of drug information, told Reuters it was pressing ahead to recognise synthetic tests as comparable to crab blood-based ones.
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There is, in other words, a whole pharmacopoeia of botanical products out there.
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"We have pretty much all the herbs in the Chinese-medicine pharmacopoeia here in powder form," Williams said.
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He published his findings in a pharmacopoeia eventually known as "De Materia Medica," a standard reference for the next 1,500 years.
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Very few of its cures come from animals and the official pharmacopoeia has been purged of illegal (and useless) treatments such as rhino horn and tiger bone.
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"I've read many pharmacopoeia, and none of them record the medical function of manta ray gills," said Li Junde, a traditional medicine researcher at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in Beijing.
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The Pen-T'sao Ching, the oldest pharmacopoeia in existence, records the use of cannabis in China around 2700 BC as treatment for rheumatic pain, constipation, female reproductive disorders (such as endometriosis), and malaria.
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The leading U.S. pharmaceuticals standards organization, U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP), which publishes a compendium of drug information, told Reuters it was pressing ahead to recognize synthetic tests as comparable to crab blood-based ones.
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Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine quickly followed suit, replacing the banned materials with sustainable substitutes and removing tiger bone and rhino horn — which have no scientifically proven benefits — from textbooks and the pharmacopoeia.
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Of the several million chemical reactions in the human body, one estimate suggests that only 250 — a fraction of a percent — are currently targeted by our pharmacopoeia (this number changes every year, of course).
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There is a pharmacopoeia of legal drugs in the U.S. that Thoroughbreds receive to treat the effects of the wear and tear of racing, such as phenylbutazone, an anti-inflammatory, and furosemide, a diuretic used for pulmonary bleeding.
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Rhino horns and tiger bones were removed from its official pharmacopoeia 25 years ago, and in 2010, the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, hoping to stem their use, dismissed many of the health benefits of tiger bones.
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Phase 2 studies look at larger groups of people to see if the intervention remains safe and also whether, in the tortured English of pharmacopoeia, it is "nonfutile," meaning that it has enough beneficial effect to deserve further testing.
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Not all centres require extra personnel or equipment, and those that do are in the process of getting full staff, said V. Kalaiselvan, principal scientific officer at the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission which hosts the pharmacovigilance programme's headquarters in Ghaziabad outside New Delhi.
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And she'd exhausted just about every drug in the pharmacopoeia — including the ones that sound like Spanish dances (Cymbalta, Strattera, Concerta), the ones that look like typing tests (Zoloft, Effexor, Seroquel) and the ones that could well be craters on the moon (Valium, Ambien, Lunesta).
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An Aboriginal 'pharmacopoeia' documenting indigenous medicines, their active compounds and their traditional uses was published in 1988, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is currently working with indigenous people on a new atlas of medicinal plants to preserve more of this knowledge in print.
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A veritable fictional pharmacopoeia followed, from David Foster Wallace (DMZ), George Saunders (Verbaluce) and Jonathan Franzen (Mexican A). In these writers' hands, the self's integrity is under assault not by illicit indulgences but by capitalism's imperative to market us shiny neurological upgrades — and by our complicit desire to be thus reworked.
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Perhaps we need to rebuild the human diet from scratch, much as we built our medical pharmacopoeia: Rather than relying on received knowledge, or on presumed ideas, we might examine our diet molecule by molecule, and trial by trial, probing the aspects of food that incite or treat particular diseases, for particular humans, with particular genetic attributes.
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Which is a lucky thing, for the liver's to-do list is second only to that of the brain and numbers well over 300 items, including systematically reworking the food we eat into usable building blocks for our cells; neutralizing the many potentially harmful substances that we incidentally or deliberately ingest; generating a vast pharmacopoeia of hormones, enzymes, clotting factors and immune molecules; controlling blood chemistry; and really, we're just getting started.
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" John Goodrich, chief scientist and Tiger Program senior director for Panthera, which protects wild cats, acknowledged that many TCM bodies have already taken wild animal parts out of their pharmacopoeia but stressed: "Any recognition of Traditional Chinese Medicine from an entity of the World Health Organization's stature will be perceived by the global community as a stamp of approval from the United Nations on the overall practice, which includes the use of remedies utilizing wild animal parts.
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Unlike the London Pharmacopoeia, the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia went through many editions and revisions. In the 142 years from initial publication to the merging into the British Pharmacopoeia, the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia had twelve acknowledged editions, the last two in English. Opposition to revision argued that it made the pharmacopoeia appear unstable but proponents argued it kept the pharmacopoeia relevant with scientific and medical developments. The last two editions were published in English under the title The Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
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There are equivalent pharmacopoeia in many other countries, such as U.S. (the United States Pharmacopoeia), Japan (Japanese Pharmacopoeia), and China (Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China), and the World Health Organization maintains The International Pharmacopoeia. The British National Formulary (BNF) and its related publications contains information on prescribing, indications, side effects and costs of all medication drugs available on the National Health Service (NHS).
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The standards that are in effect since 1 December 2010,Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Effective Date. is the Indian Pharmacopoeia 2010 (IP 2010). The Pharmacopoeia 2014 was released by Health Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad on 4 November 2013. I.P., the abbreviation of 'Indian Pharmacopoeia' is familiar to the consumers in the Indian sub-continent as a mandatory drug name suffix.
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From 1864, the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia combined with the London and Dublin editions to create the British Pharmacopoeia, which is still in circulation today.
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Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) is an autonomous institution of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare which sets standards for all drugs that are manufactured, sold and consumed in India.Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Official Website. About IPC, Introduction. The set of standards are published under the title Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) which has been modelled over and historically follows from the British Pharmacopoeia.
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The first Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia was published in 1699 and the last in 1841; the first Dublin Pharmacopoeia in 1807 and the last in 1850.
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The European Pharmacopoeia, 2002. fourth ed., Council of Europe, Strasbourg. However, it plays a role in 44% of syntheses in the United States pharmacopoeia.
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Many species are registered medicinal plants and are listed in the Russian Pharmacopoeia (The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation), such as bistort Bistorta officinalis.
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The British Pharmacopoeia Commission continues the work of the earlier Commissions appointed by the GMC, and is responsible for preparing new editions of the British Pharmacopoeia and the British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary), and for keeping them up to date. Under Section 100 of the Medicines Act, the British Pharmacopoeia Commission is also responsible for selecting and devising British Approved Names (BANs )(see #British Approved Names). Since its first publication back in 1864, the distribution of the British Pharmacopoeia has grown throughout the world. It is now used in over 100 countries.
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The precedence for creating a pharmacopoeia went back to 1618 when the College of Physicians of London created their own London Pharmacopoeia to regulate the manufacture of medicine. The first edition of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia was created in a period of tension between physicians and surgeons and the College of Physicians in Edinburgh sought to regulate the practice of medicine by providing standardized recipes. The first item in the College of Physician's minutes in 1682 note the need for a committee for creating a pharmacopoeia. The committee for the creation of the pharmacopoeia struggled for the next seventeen years, finally agreeing upon a text and publishing the first edition of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia in 1699.
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State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. . It is slightly aromatic in odor and bitter in taste.
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The three colleges published, at infrequent intervals, pharmacopœiae, the London and Dublin editions having the force of law. Imperial apothecaries' measures, based on the imperial pint of 20 fluid ounces, were introduced by the publication of the London Pharmacopoeia of 1836, the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia of 1839, and the Dublin Pharmacopoeia of 1850. The Medical Act of 1858 transferred to The Crown the right to publish the official pharmacopoeia and to regulate apothecaries' weights and measures.
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The British Pharmacopoeia is published on behalf of the Health Ministers of the United Kingdom; on the recommendation of the Commission on Human Medicines, in accordance with section 99(6) of the Medicines Act 1968, and notified in draft to the European Commission (EC) in accordance with Directive 98/34/EEC. The monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (as amended by Supplements published by the Council of Europe) are reproduced either in the British Pharmacopoeia, or in the associated edition of the British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary). In the pharmacopoeia, certain drugs and preparations are included regardless of the existence of actual or potential patent rights. Where substances are protected by letters patent, their inclusion in the pharmacopoeia neither conveys, nor implies, licence to manufacture.
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The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (PPRC) or the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP), compiled by the Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, is an official compendium of drugs, covering Traditional Chinese and western medicines, which includes information on the standards of purity, description, test, dosage, precaution, storage, and the strength for each drug. It is recognized by the World Health Organization as the official pharmacopoeia of China.World Health Organization, Index of Pharmacopoeias, 2004.
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Cover of the European Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition The European Pharmacopoeia (Pharmacopoeia Europaea, Ph. Eur.) is a major regional pharmacopoeia which provides common quality standards throughout the pharmaceutical industry in Europe to control the quality of medicines, and the substances used to manufacture them. It is a published collection of monographs which describe both the individual and general quality standards for ingredients, dosage forms, and methods of analysis for medicines. These standards apply to medicines for both human and veterinary use.
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The New Latin name that had some currency at the time was Pharmacopoeia Britannica (Ph. Br.). A commission was first appointed by the General Medical Council (GMC), when the body was made statutorily responsible under the Medical Act 1858 for producing a British pharmacopoeia on a national basis. In 1907, the British Pharmacopoeia was supplemented by the British Pharmaceutical Codex, which gave information on drugs and other pharmaceutical substances not included in the BP, and provided standards for these. The Medicines Act 1968 established the legal status of the British Pharmacopoeia Commission, and of the British Pharmacopoeia, as the UK standard for medicinal products under section 4 of the Act.
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In 1699 The College first published a medical guide with standardised recipes Pharmacopoea Colegi Regii Medicorum Edimburgensium; thirteen editions of this Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia were published unit 1841 when it was replaced by a British Pharmacopoeia.
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Bazhen Wan () is a brownish-black pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish qi and blood".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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"Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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"Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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"Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Siwu Tang Wan () is a brownish-black pill used in traditional Chinese medicine to "normalize menstruation and enrich blood".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Maiwei Dihuang Wan () is a blackish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "nourish the kidney to receive qi".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Wuzi Yanzong Wan () is a deep brown pill used in traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish the kidney with vital essence".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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The bark was included as Cortex Peruanus in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1677.
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Dabuyin Wan () is a dark brownish-black water-honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "nourish yin and to lower fire". State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Fuzi Lizhong Wan () is a brownish-black pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "warm and reinforce the spleen and the stomach".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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The mananambal's pharmacopoeia is made up of plants (80%), animals (10%) and minerals (10%).
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Huaijiao Wan () is a blackish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "arrest bleeding by reducing heat from blood in treating hematochezia".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Huanglian Shangqing Wan () is a blackish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "remove heat , ease constipation, dispel wind and relieve pain". State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Qianjin Zhidai Wan () is a greyish-black pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "restore vital energy, arrest excessive leukorrhea and regulate menstruation".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Xiangfu Wan () is a dark yellow to dark brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "regulate the flow of qi and nourish blood".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Tongjing Wan () is a brownish-black pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "promote blood flow, dispel cold, regulate menstruation and relieve pain".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Anshen Buxin Wan () is a dark brown or sugar-coated pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "calm the spirit and tonify the heart".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Baizi Yangxin Wan () is a brown to dark brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish qi and blood and induce sedation".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Hence the only solution is for the physician to use the chemical name (which cannot be patented) as given in the Pharmacopoeia, or, for those synthetic remedies not included in the Pharmacopoeia, the scientific and chemical name given in the British Pharmaceutical Codex.
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Converting insoluble amines into hydrochlorides is a common way to make them water soluble. This characteristic is particularly desirable for substances used in medications. The European Pharmacopoeia lists more than 200 hydrochlorides as active ingredients in medications.European Pharmacopoeia 7th Edition 2011, EDQM.
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Benn Brothers. (1895). Pharmacopoeia Suggestions. The Chemist and Druggist: The Newsweekly for Pharmacy. Volume 46.
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The Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia (CETS 50) which was adopted by the Council of Europe in 1964, laid the groundwork for the development of the European Pharmacopoeia. In 1994, a Protocol (ETS No. 134) was adopted, amending the Convention to prepare for the accession of the European Union (EU), and defining the respective powers of the European Union and its Member States within the European Pharmacopoeia Commission. European Union Directive 2001/82/EC and Directive 2001/83/EC, (as amended) state the legally binding character of European Pharmacopoeia texts for Marketing Authorisation Applications (MAA). All manufacturers of medicines or substances for pharmaceutical use therefore must apply the European Pharmacopoeia quality standards in order to be able to market and use these products in Europe.
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Guizhi Fuling Wan () is a brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "activate blood circulation, to remove blood stasis and mass in the abdomen".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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In East Africa sap of the leaves is used for eye infections. Leaf powder is used for maggot-infested wounds. Acalypha indica is listed in the Pharmacopoeia of India as an expectorant to treat asthma and pneumonia. It was formerly listed in the British Pharmacopoeia.
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Mingmu Dihuang Pills () is a blackish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "nourish yin of the liver and the kidney, and to improve eyesight".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Shaofu Zhuyu Wan () is a blackish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "promote blood flow, remove blood stasis, dispel cold and relieve pain".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Shengmai Wan () is a brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish qi, restore normal pulse, nourish yin and promote the production of body fluids".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Shihu Yeguang Wan () is a brownish-black pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish yin of the kidney, quench liver-fire and improve eyesight".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Xiangsha Yangwei Wan () is a black pill with a dark brown core, and is used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "regulate the function of the stomach".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Baohe Wan () is a greyish-brown, slightly sour and astringent pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "stimulate digestion, remove retained food and regulate the stomach function".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Sijunzi Tang Wan () also called the Four Gentlemen, is a brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish qi and invigorate the functions of the spleen".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Shouwu Wan () is a black pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish the liver and the kidney, strengthen the tendons and bones, and blacken the hair".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Wuling San Wan (, Pīnyīn: Wǔlíng sǎn wán) is a blackish-brown pill used in traditional Chinese medicine to "invigorate the function of the kidney and cause diuresis".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Xianglian Wan () is a pale yellow to yellowish brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "eliminate damp-heat, promote the flow of qi and relieve pain".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Baihe Gujin Wan (, pinyin: bǎihégù jīnwán ) is a blackish-brown honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "nourish yin of the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve cough". State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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The earliest roots of standardization of generic names for drugs began with city pharmacopoeias, such as the London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Hamburg, and Berlin Pharmacopoeias. The fundamental advances in chemistry during the 19th century made that era the first time in which what we now call chemical nomenclature, a huge profusion of names based on atoms, functional groups, and molecules, was necessary or conceivable. In the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th, city pharmacopoeias were unified into national pharmacopoeias (such as the British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopeia, Pharmacopoeia Germanica (PhG or PG), Italian Pharmacopeia, and Japanese Pharmacopoeia) and national formularies (such as the British National Formulary, the Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary, and the National Formulary of India). International pharmacopeias, such as the European Pharmacopoeia and the International Pharmacopoeia of the World Health Organization (WHO), have been the next level.
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Xiangsha Liujun Wan () is a pale yellowish brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish qi, invigorate the function of the spleen and regulate the function of the stomach".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Tianma Wan () is a blackish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "relieve rheumatism, alleviate muscle contracture, remove obstructions from collaterals and channels, promote blood circulation and relieve pain".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Chaihu Shugan Wan () is a blackish-brown honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "disperse stagnated liver-qi, to activate the flow of qi, to relieve distension and pain". State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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He proposed limits on the specific gravity of eucalyptol and eucalyptus oil.Barbour, S. (1895). Pharmacopoeia Suggestions. Australian Notes.
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In 1884 he presided over the Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Swiss Pharmacists Association, and belonged to the permanent Pharmacopoeia of this association as secretary until 1897. Studer-Steinhäuslin was also treasurer of the Society of Natural Sciences in Bern. Studer-Steinhäuslin died of pneumonia on March 28, 1910 in Bern.
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This page is about Si Ni Tang (and NOT Si Ni San) Si Ni Tang () is a brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "dispel cold and cause restoration upon collapse".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Fuke Tongjing Wan () is a vermillion waxed pill with yellowish-brown core used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "remove blood stasis and emmenagogue, to alleviate mental depression, and to relieve pain".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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The National Botanic Pharmacopoeia printed in 1921 stated that cubeb was "an excellent remedy for flour albus or whites" .
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As with all Arawak (Schultes, Raffault. 1990) and similar cultures there was considerable use of natural pharmacopoeia (Robineau, 1991).
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Abu al-Fadl was the author of an Arabic pharmacopoeia in twelve chapters, entitled Aḳrabadhin, treating chiefly of antidotes.
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Huoxiang Zhengqi Shui () is a liquid herbal formula used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "induce diaphoresis and clear away summer-heat, to resolve damp and regulate the function of the spleen and stomach".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Kanggu Zengsheng Wan () is a black pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "nourish loins and kidney and strengthen the tendons and bones, activate blood circulation and qi flow, and to relieve pain ".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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Lidan Paishi Pian () is a sugar-coated tablet or film-coated tablet with a brown core, used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "remove damp-heat, increase the flow of bile and expel calculi".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)". Chemical Industry Press. .
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EDQM building, Strasbourg, France While the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), a directorate of the Council of Europe, provides scientific and administrative support for the European Pharmacopoeia, the governing body is the European Pharmacopoeia Commission. The European Pharmacopoeia Commission determines the general principles applicable to the elaboration of the European Pharmacopoeia. It also decides the work programme, sets up and appoints experts to the specialised groups responsible for preparing monographs, adopts these monographs, and recommends dates for the implementation of its decisions within the territories of the contracting parties. This Commission meets in Strasbourg, France, three times a year, to adopt texts proposed by its groups of experts, and to decide on its programme of work and general policies.
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The European Pharmacopoeia has a legally binding character. It is used as an official reference to serve public health, and is part of the regulatory requirements for obtaining a Marketing Authorisation (MA) for a medicinal (human or veterinary) product. The quality standards of the European Pharmacopoeia apply throughout the entire life-cycle of a product, and become legally binding and mandatory on the same date in all thirty-eight (38) signatory states, which include all European Union member states. Several legal texts make the European Pharmacopoeia mandatory in Europe.
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It is considered useful in traditional medicine in China and is in the 2015 Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China.
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The title page of the first draft The Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia was a medical guide consisting of recipes and methods for making medicine. It was first published by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1699 as the Pharmacopoea Collegii Regii Medicorum Edimburgensium. The Edinburgh Pharmacopeia merged with the London and Dublin Pharmacopoeia's in 1864 creating the British Pharmacopoeia.
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The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) is the national pharmacopoeia of the United Kingdom. It is an annually published collection of quality standards for UK medicinal substances. It is used by individuals and organisations involved in pharmaceutical research, development, manufacture and testing. Pharmacopoeial standards are publicly available and legally enforceable standards of quality for medicinal products and their constituents.
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Chynn EW (editor), et al. Pocket Pharmacopoeia. Section Editor for Ophthalmology for the leading pocket and electronic drug reference for MDs. Tarascon Publishing.
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The Soviet Union had a nominally supranational pharmacopoeia, the State Pharmacopoeia of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSRP), although the de facto nature of the nationality of republics within that state differed from the de jure nature. The European Union has a supranational pharmacopoeia, the European Pharmacopoeia; it has not replaced the national pharmacopoeias of EU member states but rather helps to harmonize them. Attempts have been made by international pharmaceutical and medical conferences to settle a basis on which a globally international pharmacopoeia could be prepared, but regulatory complexity and locoregional variation in conditions of pharmacy are hurdles to fully harmonizing across all countries (that is, defining thousands of details that can all be known to work successfully in all places). Nonetheless, some progress has been made under the banner of the International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), a tri-regional organisation that represents the drug regulatory authorities of the European Union, Japan, and the United States.
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Erlong Zuoci Wan () is a brownish-black honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "replenish the kidney and subdue hyperactivity of the liver". It is used in cases where there is "deficiency of yin of the liver and the kidney marked by tinnitus, impairment of hearing, dizziness and blurred vision". State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)".
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The 1699 Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (from the obsolete typography pharmacopœia, literally, "drug- making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society. Descriptions of preparations are called monographs. In a broader sense it is a reference work for pharmaceutical drug specifications.
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The first edition of originally Soviet pharmacopoeia was published in 1954 with him as only author. The book soon became classical and was used both as pharmacopoeia and as a textbook for students of medicine and pharmacology. Although the book did not actually have the status of official pharmacopoeia, it was the most known and the most used book whatever among medical and pharmaceutical professionals of Soviet Union. Shortly after the publication of his book, Mashkovsky was accepted to the Pharmacopoeial Committee of Soviet Union, which he headed from 1960 ещ 1992 (from 1992 due to his retirement he worked as consultant and advisor).
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The British Pharmacopoeia is an important statutory component in the control of medicines which complements and assists the licensing and inspection processes of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) of the United Kingdom. Together with the British National Formulary (BNF), the British Pharmacopoeia defines the UK's pharmaceutical standards. Pharmacopoeial standards are compliance requirements; that is, they provide the means for an independent judgement as to the overall quality of an article, and apply throughout the shelf-life of a product. Inclusion of a substance in a pharmacopoeia does not indicate that it is either safe or effective for the treatment of any disease.
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The pharmacopoeia also covers areas like sterility testing, endotoxin testing, the use of biological indicators, microbial limits testing and enumeration, and the testing of pharmaceutical grade water.
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Tang Shenwei (; c.1056-1093), courtesy name Shenyuan, was a Chinese physician of the Song Dynasty. He compiled an influential pharmacopoeia, Zhenglei bencao (證類本草).
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Erchen Wan () is a greyish-brown to yellowish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "remove damp-phlegm and regulate the stomach function". It is used in cases where there is "cough with copious expectoration, sensation of stuffiness in the chest and epigastrium, nausea and vomiting due to the stagnation of damp-phlegm". State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)".
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A second monograph also introduced into the US Pharmacopoeia XXII in 1992 was entitled 'Modified Lanolin'. Lanolin conforming to this monograph is intended for use in more exacting applications, for example on open wounds. In this monograph, the limit of total pesticides was reduced to 3 ppm total pesticides, with no individual limit greater than 1 ppm. In 2000, the European Pharmacopoeia introduced pesticide residue limits into its lanolin monograph.
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Through this act, he encouraged physicians in his College of Physicians (founded by him in 1518) to appoint four people dedicated to consistently inspecting what was being sold in apothecary shops. In conjunction with this first piece of legislation, there was an emergence of standard formulas for the creation of certain ‘drugs’ and ‘antidotes’ through Pharmacopoeias which first appeared in the form of a decree from Frederick II of Sicily in 1240 to use consistent and standard formulas. The first modern pharmacopoeias were the Florence Pharmacopoeia published in 1498, the Spanish Pharmacopoeia published in 1581 and the London Pharmacopoeia published in 1618. In the United States, regulation of drugs was originally a state right, as opposed to federal right.
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The International Pharmacopoeia (Pharmacopoeia Internationalis, Ph. Int.) is a pharmacopoeia issued by the World Health Organization as a recommendation, with the aim to provide international quality specifications for pharmaceutical substances (active ingredients and excipients) and dosage forms, together with supporting general methods of analysis, for global use. Its texts can be used or adapted by any WHO member state wishing to establish legal pharmaceutical requirements. The Ph.Int. is based primarily on medicines included in the current WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) and medicines included in the current invitations to manufacturers to submit an expression of interest (EOI) to the WHO Prequalification Team – Medicines (PQT) and those of interest to other UN Organizations.
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Storz Ophthalmics Inc, Clearwater, FL, 1995aReynolds JEF (Ed): Martle: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc. Englewood, CO. 1995. Dorzolamide is a sulfonamide and topical carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor.
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While the British Pharmacopoeia and BANs are the official pharmacopoeia/names defined by legislation in many of these countries, the former BANs often continue to be used, purportedly because of the difficulty of changeover. Despite the importance of the BP, there appears to be little or no movement in the direction of changing these names. In Australia, the Australian Approved Names are generally the same as BANs, but a few exceptions remain.
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Daochi Wan () is a blackish-brown honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "remove heat, quench fire, relieve dysuria and to relax bowels". It is used in cases where there are "ulcers in the mouth or on the tongue, sore throat, fidgetness and distress in the chest, micturition of small amount of red urine, and constipation due to virulent-internal-heat". State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)".
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ISO Certified McGuff Compounding Pharmacy operates under U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) process standards General Chapters <797> Pharmaceutical Compounding – Sterile Preparations and <795> Pharmaceutical Compounding – Nonsterile Preparations and General Chapter <1075> Good Compounding Practices.
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The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) is a Directorate of the Council of Europe that traces its origins and statutes to the Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia (an international treaty adopted by the Council of Europe in 1964: ETS 50,«Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia ETS No.: 050, Treaty Office, Council of Europe» Protocol«Protocol to the Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia»). The signatories to the convention, – 39 member states and the European Union (EU) as of March 2020"List of Ph. Eur. Members & Observers" – are committed to the harmonisation of quality standards for safe medicines throughout the European continent and beyond. In addition to the member states there are currently 30 observers, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA). The EDQM’s quality standards for medicines are published in the European Pharmacopoeia (officially abbreviated to Ph. Eur.), which is recognised as a scientific benchmark worldwide and is legally binding in member states.
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There are thousands of plants that are used as medicines.Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology, by John K. Chen, Tina T. Chen The following list represents a very small portion of the TCM pharmacopoeia.
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Biruni wrote a pharmacopoeia, the "Kitab al-saydala fi al-tibb" (Book on the Pharmacopoeia of Medicine). It lists synonyms for drug names in Syriac, Persian, Greek, Baluchi, Afghan, Kurdi, and some Indian languages. He used a hydrostatic balance to determine the density and purity of metals and precious stones. He classified gems by what he considered their primary physical properties, such as specific gravity and hardness, rather than the common practice of the time of classifying them by colour.
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In the case of drugs, the entry for "Vitamin C/Lonicera/Forsythia tablet" () in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP) calls for 105 mg of paracetamol and 1.05 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate each pill. Such a combination is common for Chinese cold medicine. In a more hidden case, the herb Ephedra naturally contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and is required by the ChP to have more than 0.8% of the two decongestants (as hydrochloride salts) in its dry weight.Chinese Pharmacopoeia. 2015. . 1:50,137,320,336,1570.
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He published the book 5 years after the Amsterdam Pharmacopoeia was completed, which was his own personal initiative, and that helped to set intercity medical standards in the region known as the United Provinces.
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Death usually occurs within two to six hours in fatal poisoning (20 to 40 ml of tincture may prove fatal).The Extra Pharmacopoeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 38.
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Certain sections of the Traditional Health Practitioners Act, Act No. 35 of 2004, came into operation on 13 January 2006. Efforts are ongoing to develop a pharmacopoeia of traditional medicines.I.Truter. SA Pharmaceutical Journal. September 2007.
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Among St Amand's many treatises was one on the magnet. His pharmacopoeia was the Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas. Like Roger Bacon (c. 1219–c. 1292)) after him, St Amand wrote on experimental method.
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United States Pharmacopoeia, 2004. 27th ed. The USP Convention Inc., Rockville, MD. This could possibly be due to differences in monetary and time constraints, as HPLC on a large scale can be an expensive technique.
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In Traditional Chinese medicine, a decoction of this fungus is used to help relieve the symptoms of gastralgia, or stomach ache.Bo L, Bu Y-S. Fungi Pharmacopoeia (Sinica). The Kinoko Company: Oakland, California. p. 246.
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In 1952, he gave up medical practice to join the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), investigating parasites. He was promoted to Head of the Division of Biological Standards at the NIMR in 1961. From 1972 to 1987 he was Head of the Hormones Division of the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC). He was also a member of the World Health Organization's European committee on biological standardization, the committee of the European Pharmacopoeia and the committee of the British Pharmacopoeia Commission.
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Shocked at the exorbitant prices asked for useless anti-plague medicines (Amsterdam was severely hit by the plague in 1635), Dr Tulp decided to do something about it. He gathered his doctor and chemist friends together and they wrote the first pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam in 1636 the Pharmacopoea Amstelredamensis. The Apothecary guild would require an exam based on Dr Tulp's book for new chemists to set up shop in Amsterdam. This pharmacopoeia became a standard work and set an example for all the other cities of Holland.
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Back cover of the Chinese pharmacopoeia (1930) The legacy of the herbal extends beyond medicine to botany and horticulture. Herbal medicine is still practiced in many parts of the world but the traditional grand herbal, as described here, ended with the European Renaissance, the rise of modern medicine and the use of synthetic and industrialized drugs. The medicinal component of herbals has developed in several ways. Firstly, discussion of plant lore was reduced and with the increased medical content there emerged the official pharmacopoeia.
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Melting point vary depending on the compound type. It may also vary depending on the source consulted. Example: For the A1 type: The Merck Index reports 155-156 Celsius. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia reports 153–158 Celsius.
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Warburg's Tincture was a secret, proprietary remedy. The formula was not published until 1875. Later, it was included in the first edition of Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia. Warburg's Tincture included an array of ingredients, including quinine.
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Linnean Society Symposium Series Number 7.Cited in Ratsch et al. 2010. Aiston G. The Aboriginal narcotic pitcheri. Oceania. 1937;8:372–377.Barr A, Chapman J, Smith N, Beveridge M. Traditional bush medicines: an Aboriginal pharmacopoeia.
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On the second floor of this building is local museum where collect scripture of Buddhism and Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia that are a significant resources of knowledge.เทวประภาส มากคล้าย. (2553). คุ้งตะเภา จากอดีตสู่ปัจจุบัน : พัฒนาการทางประวัติศาสตร์ ประเพณีวัฒนธรรม ความเชื่อ และภูมิปัญญาท้องถิ่น. กรุงเทพฯ : โรงพิมพ์แห่งมหาวิทยาลัยมหาจุฬาลงกรณราชวิทยาลัย.
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It is a constituent of some types of kidney stone.The International Pharmacopoeia, p.1292, Volume 1, World Health Organization, 2006 .N G Coley, "The collateral sciences in the work of Golding Bird (1814-1854)", Medical History, iss.
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Chenxiang Huaqi Wan () is a greyish-brown to yellowish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "regulate the flow of qi in the liver and the stomach, and to remove the retention of undigested food". It is used in cases where there is "stagnation of qi in the liver and the stomach marked by distending pain in the epigastrium, feeling of stuffiness and fullness in the chest, anorexia, belching and acid regurgitation". State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)".
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The supposed health effects of pangolin meat and scales claimed by folk medicine practitioners and quacks are based on their consumption of ants, long tongues, and protective scales. The Chinese name chuan shan jia () "penetrating-the-mountain scales") emphasizes the idea of penetration or passing through even massive obstructions such as mountains, plus the distinctive scales which embody penetration and protection. The official pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China included Chinese pangolin scales as an ingredient in TCM formulations. Pangolins were removed from the pharmacopoeia starting from the first half of 2020.
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Although older writings exist which deal with herbal medicine, the major initial works in the field are considered to be the Edwin Smith Papyrus in Egypt, Pliny’s pharmacopoeia and De Materia Medica (Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς), a five-volume book originally written in Greek by Pedanius Dioscorides. The latter is considered to be precursor to all modern pharmacopoeias, and is one of the most influential herbal books in history. In fact it remained in use until about CE 1600. A number of early pharmacopoeia books were written by Persian and Arab physicians.
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The monograph also details the manufacturing methods that must be followed, how to process and cook the herbs, often including specific requirements for finished product testing including authenticating and assessing the potency of the formula with active ingredient markers where known, as well as testing for dissolution time and content uniformity. All good manufacturing practice (GMP) certified factories must also test for heavy metal levels and microbials for all patent medicines they produce.State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005). "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (Volume I)".
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Within weeks the fellows were organizing a library and starting to produce a pharmacopoeia; within a year a series of scientific papers were being presented, which were collected in the Transactions of the College of Physicians starting in 1793.
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Shikov, Alexander N.; Pozharitskaya, Olga N.; Makarov, Valery G.; Wagner, Hildebert; Verpoorte, Rob; Heinrich, Michael (3 July 2014). "Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia; their history and applications". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 153 (3): 481–536. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.007.
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Pumpkin seeds were once used as an anthelmintic in traditional medicine in China to expel tapeworms parasites, such as Taenia tapeworms. This led to the seeds being listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia as an antiparasitic from 1863 until 1936.
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Under his supervision the 9th and 10th editions of the National Soviet pharmacopoeia were published. From 1998 he was the head of editorial board of the Registry of Medical Compounds, which can be likened to the Pharmacopoeial Committee of Soviet Union.
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Holmes' writings included Veterinary Pharmacopoeia of Bazaar Drugs and Description of the Muktesar Laboratory and its Work. He died of a cerebral haemorrhage at Bareilly. He is commemorated at the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Memorial in Belgravia House, London.
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Claudia Müller-Ebeling (born 1956), is a German anthropologist and art historian. She has coauthored with her husband Christian Rätsch (and in association with others) a number of works of shamanic pharmacopoeia, ethnopharmaceuticals and ethnohallucinogens. Müller-Ebeling resides in Hamburg, Germany.
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The large leaves were used to wrap food. The young leaves, when boiled, are edible. The bark is used in the Japanese pharmacopoeia as a decoction against gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric hyperacidity. In addition, the fruit has anthelmintic properties.
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The FDA Code of Federal Regulations establishes limitations for the amount of fluoride that can be added to water. Mineral water contains at least 250 parts per million total dissolved solids (TDS). "Purified water" is defined in the United States Pharmacopoeia.
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He wrote the encyclopedia De Materia Medica describing over 600 herbal cures, forming an influential pharmacopoeia which was used extensively for the following 1,500 years. Early Christians in the Roman Empire incorporated medicine into their theology, ritual practices, and metaphors.
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Materials made in China (Pinyin transcription: yushizhi and yushizhi ruangao) and offered outside China as Ichthammol or Ammonium Bituminosulfonate do not meet the requirements for this substance in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) or European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur). Also, there is no conformity with the definition as connected to CAS# 8029-68-3. The Chinese material is derived from vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) instead of bituminous schists as required (Chinese definition according to ChP 10: "Ichthammol is a mixture obtained by sulfuration of vegetable oils (soybean oil, tung oil, corn oil, etc.), sulfonation, and neutralization with ammonia").
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The regulation of medicinal products by officials in the United Kingdom dates back to the reign of King Henry VIII (1491–1547). The Royal College of Physicians of London had the power to inspect apothecaries’ products in the London area, and to destroy defective stock. The first list of approved drugs, with information on how they should be prepared, was the London Pharmacopoeia, published in 1618. The first edition of what is now known as the British Pharmacopoeia was published in 1864, and was one of the first attempts to harmonise pharmaceutical standards, through the merger of the London, Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmacopoeias.
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Smilax ornata was considered by Native Americans to have medicinal properties, and was a popular European treatment for syphilis when it was introduced from the New World. From 1820 to 1910, it was registered in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia as a treatment for syphilis.
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The manuscript has the reference MMM/23/2/1 and contains elements of a pharmacopoeia as well as references to the role of the zodiac and the works of Paracelsus and Jean Beguin. He also uses the title eques romanus in this manuscript.
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Medicinal properties were ascribed to it in the first century AD by Dioscorides in De Materia Medica and also in medieval pharmacopoeia texts. There have now been studies in the 21st century demonstrating that it did not have significant anti-inflammatory properties.
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Shikov, Alexander N.; Pozharitskaya, Olga N.; Makarov, Valery G.; Wagner, Hildebert; Verpoorte, Rob; Heinrich, Michael (3 July 2014). "Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia; their history and applications". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 153 (3): 481–536. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.007. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
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Detailed information and guidance on various aspects of current pharmacopoeial policy and practice is provided in supplementary chapters of the British Pharmacopoeia. This includes explanation of the basis of pharmacopoeial specifications, and information on the development of monographs including guidance to manufacturers.
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In the UK, a medication containing magnesium sulfate, called "drawing paste", is claimed to be useful for small boils or localised infections, and removing splinters. The standard British Pharmacopoeia composition is dried magnesium sulfate 47.76% (by mass), phenol 0.49%, and glycerol to balance.
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The is the official pharmacopoeia of Japan. It is published by the . The first edition was published on 25 June 1886, with revisions being issued from time to time. The current revision is number 17, issued electronically in English language on 7 March 2016.
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The hash oils made in the nineteenth century were made from hand collected hashish called charas and kief. The term hash oilWalton, Robert P., Pharmaceutical and Chemical Considerations, Marihuana, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1938 tincture p178, hashish oil p159 was hashish that had been dissolved or infused into a vegetable oil for use in preparing foods for oral administration. Efforts to isolate the active ingredient in cannabis were well documented in the nineteenth century, and cannabis extracts and tinctures of cannabis were included in the British Pharmacopoeia and the Pharmacopoeia of the United States. These solvent extracts were termed cannabin (1845), cannabindon, cannabinine, crude cannabinol and cannabinol.
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In Brazil, P. alata is officially recognized as a phytomedicine, and was included in first edition of Brazilian Pharmacopoeia in 1929. It is well known in folk medicine throughout South America, though the exact pharmacological composition of the plant is little understood and requires more study.
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Page 134. One Chinese book, The Pharmacopoeia of the Heavenly Husbandman, asserted that iodine-rich sargassum was used to treat goitre patients by the 1st century BC, but this book was written much later.Temple, Robert. (1986). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention.
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Reynoutria multiflora is listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and is one of the most popular perennial traditional Chinese medicines. It is known as he shou wu in China and East Asia. Another name for the species is fo-ti. Overconsumption can lead to toxicity-induced hepatitis.
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All parts of Gloriosa contain colchicine, the roots and seeds are especially rich. The lethal dose of colchicine is about 6 mg/kg,Martindale - the Extra Pharmacopoeia and Gloriosa superba has been used as a means of committing suicide.Allender, WJ (1982) J. Forensic Sci. 27: 944-947.
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For most vitamins, pharmacopoeial standards have been established. In the United States, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) sets standards for the most commonly used vitamins and preparations thereof. Likewise, monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) regulate aspects of identity and purity for vitamins on the European market.
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Roman chamomile (C. nobile L.) is known as a medicinal plant from the middle ages. The European cultivation of the plant started in England in the 16th century. The plant was listed first in the pharmacopoeia of Würtenberg as a carminative, painkiller, diuretic and digestive aid.
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The EDQM runs a quality evaluation programme for active ingredients and excipients used in the manufacture of medicines. The Certification of Suitability& Legal Framework for the procedure for ‘Certification of Suitability to the monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia'" to the Monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia procedure was initially set up in 1992 as a pilot programme but went on to become routine for chemical substances in 1994; it was expanded in 2003 to include herbal drugs (active substances obtained from plants).AP-CSP (07) 1 (adopted by the Public Health Committee (Partial Agreement) (CD-P-SP) on 21/02/2007) Certification of suitability to the monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (revised version)s" Granted after an assessment of the documentation submitted by the applicant, a Certificate of Suitability (CEP) provides proof that the methods used by a manufacturer or distributer result in an product whose quality complies with the requirements laid down in the corresponding Ph. Eur. monograph(s). The EDQM also runs an inspection programme for CEP-holders, targeting their manufacturing and/or distribution sites.
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The United States Pharmacopoeia lists diazepam as soluble 1 in 16 ethyl alcohol, 1 in 2 of chloroform, 1 in 39 ether, and practically insoluble in water. The pH of diazepam is neutral (i.e., pH = 7). Due to additives such as benzoic acid/benzoate in the injectable form.
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The ACG Films & Foils business offers specialty packaging films, high-barrier films, pharmaceutical-grade and camera-inspected range of aluminium-based foils and anti-counterfeiting and polymer films. The products of ACG Films & Foils comply with international standards such as US FDA, Canada-DMF, ISO and European Pharmacopoeia.
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Marked symptoms may appear almost immediately, usually not later than one hour, and "with large doses death is almost instantaneous." Death usually occurs within two to six hours in fatal poisoning (20 to 40 mL of tincture may prove fatal).The Extra Pharmacopoeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition.
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Opium tincture remains in the British Pharmacopoeia, where it is referred to as Tincture of Opium, B.P., Laudanum, Thebaic Tincture or Tinctura Thebaica, and "adjusted to contain 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine."The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.
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Quain's work and particularly letters he wrote to newspapers and magazines turned the tide and the recommendations to exterminate were carried out with success. Appointed a Crown nominee in 1863, Quain became chairman of its Pharmacopoeia Committee in 1874 and took a major part in the preparation of the Additions to the British Pharmacopoeia of 1867 (1874) and of the British Pharmacopoeias of 1885 and 1898. He was chosen as a member of the Senate of London University in 1860 and was one of the organisers of the Brown Institution. Quain was regarded universally as a fine physician, but apparently achieved his results by intuition and instinct rather than by analysis of the patient's problems.
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The change occurred with the fourth edition of the British Pharmacopoeia in 1898. A committee of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain was appointed at the request of the General Medical Council to advise on pharmaceutical matters. A census of prescriptions was taken to ascertain the relative frequency with which different preparations and drugs were used in prescriptions, and suggestions and criticisms were sought from various medical and pharmaceutical bodies across the British Empire. As regards the purely pharmaceutical part of the work a committee of reference in pharmacy, nominated by the pharmaceutical societies of Great Britain and Ireland (as they were then), was appointed to report to the Pharmacopoeia Committee of the Medical Council.
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In total, more than 8000 compounds were tested for promising therapeutic effects. Besides his work as the Head of the Pharmacopoeial Committee of Soviet Union, he during many years worked as an expert of WHO for quality control of medical compounds and a member of the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention.
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The drug, along with gum, fatty oils, and malates of magnesium and calcium, contains also about 1% of cubebic acid, and about 6% of a resin. The dose of the fruit is 30 to 60 grains, and the British Pharmacopoeia contains a tincture with a dose of 4 to 1 dram.
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Marked symptoms may appear almost immediately, usually not later than one hour, and "with large doses, death is almost instantaneous".R.D. Mann Death usually occurs within two to six hours in fatal poisoning (20 to 40 mL of tincture may prove fatal).The Extra Pharmacopoeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition.
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Diazepam is a 1,4-benzodiazepine. Diazepam occurs as solid white or yellow crystals with a melting point of 131.5 to 134.5 °C. It is odorless, and has a slightly bitter taste. The British Pharmacopoeia lists it as being very slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, and freely soluble in chloroform.
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Its marketing and distribution persists because its historical use preceded the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938. Tincture of opium B.P., containing 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine, also remains in the British Pharmacopoeia,The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.
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Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40–90 CE), was a Greek botanist, pharmacologist and physician who practiced in Rome during the reign of Nero. He became a famous army doctor. Dioscorides wrote a 5-volume encyclopedia, De Materia Medica, which listed over 600 herbal cures, forming an influential and long-lasting pharmacopoeia.
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11 "MATERIALS BASED ON NON-PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FOR CONTAINERS FOR DRY DOSAGE FORMS FOR ORAL ADMINISTRATION". In order to be suitable for pharmaceutical blister packs, the PVC formulation also needs to comply with the US Pharmacopoeia <661>; EU food legislation; US 21.CFR and Japanese food contact requirements.
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Melaleuca cajuputi was first formally described in 1809 by Thomas Powell in Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of London with a reference to an earlier (1747) description by Rumphius in Herbarium Amboinense. The specific epithet (cajuputi) is "probably a corruption of the Indonesian name for the plant, kayu putih".
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The Northern Song dynasty scholar Xing Bing () wrote the (c. 1000) Erya shu (, "Erya Subcommentary"), which quoted many descriptions from both ordinary literature and medicinal bencao (, "pharmacopoeia; herbal") texts. A century later, Lu Dian () wrote the (1096) Piya ("Increased [Er]ya") and the (1099) Erya Xinyi ( "New Interpretations of the Erya") commentary.
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Plants used in herbalism include ginkgo, echinacea, feverfew, and Saint John's wort. The pharmacopoeia of Dioscorides, De Materia Medica, describing some 600 medicinal plants, was written between 50 and 70 AD and remained in use in Europe and the Middle East until around 1600 AD; it was the precursor of all modern pharmacopoeias.
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As of September 2018, thirty-eight (38) member states and the European Union are signatories to the Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia. Twenty-eight (28) countries from all continents are part of its observers, as is the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA).
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Retrieved 22 April 2020. In 1879, a Russian medical doctor, N. O. Buhnow, first introduced into medicine alcoholic extracts of the plant as a cardiac stimulant.Shikov, Alexander N.; Pozharitskaya, Olga N.; Makarov, Valery G.; Wagner, Hildebert; Verpoorte, Rob; Heinrich, Michael (3 July 2014). "Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia; their history and applications".
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Joseph Browne, Theo. Turquet Mayernii Opera medica: Formulae Annae & Mariae (London, 1703), pp. 112-6 He successfully championed the effort to produce the first official pharmacopoeia, which would specify treatments that apothecaries should provide for specific ailments. In this he included chemical remedies, which were easier to introduce in Protestant England than in Catholic France.
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The first edition was rife with dispute amongst the College of Physicians. Robert Sibbald was a main figure in its eventual publication, however the College divided into two camps; the 'new science' and Sibbald's dated faction. Members of the College not only disagreed on content of the pharmacopoeia, but style and structure as well.
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According to Indian ancient system of medicine Ayurveda, Dash Mool a very powerful combination of ten different roots to improve body vigor and maintain good health contains Clerodendrum phlomidis (Arni) Root.Anonymous.: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Government of India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dept. of ISM and Homeopathy, New Delhi Part 1, Vol.
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Bock created his own system of plant classification. Physician Valerius Cordus (1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516–1565) and herbalist John Gerard (1545–c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants.
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Second year plants die after bearing fruits, but regrow from the underground portion of the plant. Blackberry leaves were in the official U.S. pharmacopoeia for a long time and were said to treat digestive problems, particularly diarrhea. Their dried leaves make an excellent tea even when you're healthy. There are many different species of blackberries.
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The 14th edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) (日本薬局方 Nihon yakkyokuhō) lists 165 herbal ingredients that are used in kampo medicines. Tsumura (ツムラ) is the leading maker of kampo medicine . They make 128 of the 148 kampo medicines. The most common herb in kampo medicine is Glycyrrhizae Radix (Chinese liquorice root).
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He also contributed to the Great Exhibition of 1878 at Paris. He also contributed descriptions to the Pharmacopoeia of India. Wishing that Indian medical officers would gain a knowledge of India's Materia Medica, he set about preparing a text on the topic in 1877. At the Calcutta Exhibition of 1883-84, he was a judge for about fifteen sections.
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Observationes Medicae became so popular, that a hundred years later a translated version was published. Professor Tulp never wanted to publish in Dutch for fear of hypochondriac behavior. He was very against quacks and self- medication and it was for this reason that he worked on the Amsterdam Pharmacopoeia. This second version therefore, would have been against his wishes.
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Known as Fehling's solution it is a solution of copper sulfate mixed with alkali and potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt). He was a contributor to the Handwörterbuch of Liebig, Friedrich Wöhler and Johann Christian Poggendorff, and to the Graham-Otto Textbook of Chemistry. For many years was a member of the committee of revision of the Pharmacopoeia Germanica.
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The Biopharmaceutics Classification System is a system to differentiate the drugs on the basis of their solubility and permeability. This system restricts the prediction using the parameters solubility and intestinal permeability. The solubility classification is based on a United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) aperture. The intestinal permeability classification is based on a comparison to the intravenous injection.
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The Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) is the leading national authority for identifying and responding to drug safety problems in India. Its activities include receiving reports of adverse drug events and taking necessary action to remedy problems. The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation established the program in 2010. It is part of the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission.
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Nicolaes Tulp, mayor of Amsterdam and respected surgeon general, gathered all of his doctor and chemist friends together and they wrote the first pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam in 1636 Pharmacopoea Amstelredamensis. This was a combined effort to improve public health after an outbreak of the plague, and also limit the number of quack apothecary shops in Amsterdam.
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Aqueous infusions of the aerial parts of the plant have been traditionally used in Siberia against edema, cardiac edema and several other issues that are heart related, kidney diseases, and even malaria.Shikov, Alexander N.; Pozharitskaya, Olga N.; Makarov, Valery G.; Wagner, Hildebert; Verpoorte, Rob; Heinrich, Michael (3 July 2014). "Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia; their history and applications".
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People's Republic of China Pharmacopoeia, 2010 edition. As a result, its chemical basis is totally different from the one of Ichthammol USP/Ph.Eur./CAS# 8029-68-3. The characteristic bitumen-like odor (originating from the bituminous source material) is missing with Chinese material and, thereby, the original qualities according to common standards cannot be identified without doubt. Noncomparable.
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Ginger has been used for medicinal purposes since antiquity. In particular, it has been an important plant for the traditional Chinese and Korean pharmacopoeia. One of its indications has always been the treatment of nausea and vomiting. The aromatic, spasmolytic carminative and absorbent properties of ginger suggest that it has direct effects on the gastrointestinal tract.
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In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), A. annua is traditionally used to treat fever. Due to duplication in ancient TCM scriptures, A. annua is more commonly referred to as qinghao (), the modern Chinese name for Artemisia carvifolia, as opposed to its current Chinese name huanghuahao. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China defines qinghao in TCM as "dried aboveground parts of A. annua".
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In addition to its culinary use, red yeast rice is also used in Chinese herbology and traditional Chinese medicine. Medicinal use of red yeast rice is described in the Chinese pharmacopoeia Ben Cao Gang Mu compiled by Li Shizhen ca. 1590. Recommendations were to take it internally to invigorate the body, aid in digestion, and revitalize the blood.Erdogrul O, Azirak S. (2004).
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The GSRS is a freely distributable software system provided by through a collaborations between FDA and NIH/NCATS. The GSRS was developed to implement the ISO 11238 standard which one of the core ISO Identification of Medicinal Product (IDMP) standards. The GSRS Board which governs the GSRS includes experts from FDA, European Regulatory Agencies, and the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP).
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Mikhail Davidovich Mashkovsky () (March 1, 1908 - June 5, 2002) was a famous Russian pharmacologist, and Academician of the Russian Academy of Science, the author of the famous Soviet and later on Russian pharmacopoeia "Medical compounds", which had 15 successful editions (the last 15th edition was published after his death in 2005 in RussiaЛекарственные средства, Машковский М.Д., Новая волна, 2005, (15th edition)).
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In 1605 he reissued the Stirpium, including in it an essay on the pharmacological studies of his mentor, Guillaume Rondolet, the Pharmacopoeia Rondelletii. At the time of his death in 1616, his Stirpium illustrationes was unpublished, and was not published till 1655 (in part) by William How. In the meantime, John Parkinson had used it in his Theatrum botanicum (1640).
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Balfour and Sibbald set up a garden together near Holyrood Abbey, which Balfour subsequently persuaded the university to fund. Balfour and Sibbald were also key figures in the creation of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. Sutherland's catalogue of 1684 indicates that the garden had about 2,000 non- indigenous species. After Balfour's death, his library was sold, with a printed catalogue listing 3,501 items.
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His published books were A Physicall Directory (1649), which was a pseudoscientific pharmacopoeia. The English Physitian (1652) and the Complete Herbal (1653), contain a rich store of pharmaceutical and herbal knowledge. His works lacked scientific credibility because of their use of astrology, though he combined diseases, plants and astrological prognosis into a simple integrated system that has proved popular to the present day.
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Tang spent several years on studying books on pharmaceuticals to create his own compendium. He merged the entirety of some existing works and added information researched on his own to the compilation. The book was ready about 1082–1083. Its full title, Jingshi zhenglei beiji bencao () translates as "Ready-to-use pharmacopoeia, classified as collected from the Classics and historiographical books".
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Nitya Anand (born 1 January 1925 in Layallpur, British India) is a scientist who was the director of Central Drug Research Institute in Lucknow for several years. In 2005, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) appointed him chairman of its scientific committee. In 2012, he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Indian government. Anand is currently the chairman of Ranbaxy Science Foundation (RSF).
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Trying to Give Ease: Tommie Bass and the Story of Herbal Medicine. Durham : Duke University Press. 335 pp Patton, Darryl. Tommie Bass: Herb Doctor of Shinbone Ridge (np: Back to Nature Publications, 1988) Bass's immense knowledge of herbal lore encompassed more than 300 local plants in his personal pharmacopoeia and others that might not be useful to "give ease" to others.
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Many of Theophrastus' names survive into modern times, such as carpos for fruit, and pericarpion for seed vessel. Dioscorides wrote a pioneering and encyclopaedic pharmacopoeia, De Materia Medica, incorporating descriptions of some 600 plants and their uses in medicine. Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History, assembled a similarly encyclopaedic account of things in nature, including accounts of many plants and animals.
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Philip K. Hitti (cf. Kasem Ajram (1992), Miracle of Islamic Science, Appendix B, Knowledge House Publishers. ). These included The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna in 1025, and works by Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) in the 12th century (and printed in 1491), and Ibn Baytar in the 14th century. The Shen-nung pen ts'ao ching (Divine Husbandman's Materia Medica) is the earliest known Chinese pharmacopoeia.
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Microbiological studies have proven that resin is also effective on antibiotic resistant microbes (MRSA & VRE). Spruce resin affects both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.Sipponen A and Laitinen K: Antimicrobial properties of natural coniferous rosin in the European Pharmacopoeia test. APMIS 2011;119;720-724 Reducing the bacterial and fungal contamination of the wound is generally known to improve the wound healing.
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Laudanum is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight (the equivalent of 1% morphine).Also labeled Tr. Opii, Tinctura Opii Deodorati, Tincture of Deodorized Opium, Opii tinctura. Tincture of Opium, U.S.P, "yields, from each 100 cc, not less than 0.95 gm and not more than 1.05 gm of anhydrous morphine". Source: The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America.
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Zhong Hua Ben Cao, 3–460–509. Shanghai Science Technology Publication. 1999. The Encyclopedia lists 23 species of Aristolochia, though with little mention of toxicity. The Chinese government currently lists the following Aristolochia herbs: A. manshuriensis (stems), A. fangchi (root), A. debilis (root and fruit), and A. contorta (fruit), two of which (madouling and qingmuxiang) appear in the 2005 Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China.
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Physicians like Vesalius improved upon or disproved some of the theories from the past. The main tomes used both by medicine students and expert physicians were Materia Medica and Pharmacopoeia. Andreas Vesalius was the author of De humani corporis fabrica, an important book on human anatomy. Bacteria and microorganisms were first observed with a microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, initiating the scientific field microbiology.
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It was later realized that Roman's jalap was not the Mexican jalap, but a relative in the family Convolvulaceae, probably Solanum jamesii. This "wild jalap" or "wild potato" was in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States from 1820 until 1863. Romans pursued his botanizing enthusiastically, collecting many plant specimens and seeds, and began seeking support for a plan to establish a botanical garden in West Florida.
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Drugs manufactured in India have to be labelled with the mandatory non-proprietary drug name with the suffix I.P. This is similar to the B.P. suffix for British Pharmacopoeia and the U.S.P. suffix for the United States Pharmacopeia. The IPC was formed according to the Indian Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and established by executive orders of the Government of India in 1956.
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In the 19th century the U.S. Pharmacopoeia listed eastern skunk cabbage as the drug "dracontium". It was used in the treatment of respiratory diseases, nervous disorders, rheumatism, and dropsy. In North America and Europe, skunk cabbage is occasionally cultivated in water gardens.Flora of North America: S. foetidus Skunk cabbage was used extensively as a medicinal plant, seasoning, and magical talisman by various tribes of Native Americans.
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Qingfei Yihuo Wan () is a yellowish-brown honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "remove heat from the lungs, relieve cough, resolve phlegm and relax the bowels". It has a slight odor, and tastes bitter. It is used where there is "heat in the lung marked by cough, yellowish sticky phlegm, dryness of the mouth, sore throat and constipation".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005).
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Yinqiao Jiedu Wan (, Pinyin: yín qiáo jiě dú wán) is a brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "induce diaphoresis, remove heat and counteract toxicity". It is aromatic, and it tastes bitter, pungent and slightly sweet. It is used where there is "upper respiratory infection with fever, headache, cough, dryness of the mouth and sore throat".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005).
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In addition to general purity requirements, lanolin must meet official requirements for the permissible levels of pesticide residues. The Fifth Supplement of the United States Pharmacopoeia XXII published in 1992 was the first to specify limits for 34 named pesticides. A total limit of 40 ppm (i.e. 40 mg/kg) total pesticides was stipulated for lanolin of general use, with no individual limit greater than 10 ppm.
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Goldenseal contains the isoquinoline alkaloids hydrastine, berberine, berberastine, hydrastinine, tetrahydroberberastine, canadine and canalidine. A related compound, 8-oxotetrahydrothalifendine, was identified in one study. The United States Pharmacopoeia requires goldenseal sold as a supplement to have hydrastine concentrations of at least 2% and berberine concentrations of at least 2.5%. The requirements in Europe are that hydrastine concentrations be at least 2.5% and that berberine concentrations at least 3%.
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Medicinal uses for American columbo have mostly been rebutted. However, it was a common belief in the early 19th century that the root of the plant might be externally used for gangrene. It was also claimed to be useful in treating jaundice, scurvy, gout and rabies. The dried root, which was official in the United States Pharmacopoeia from 1820 to 1880, is used as a simple tonic.
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Both Sibbald and Balfour were proponents of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. In 1685 he was appointed the first professor of medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He was also appointed Geographer Royal in 1682, and his numerous and miscellaneous writings deal with historical and antiquarian as well as with botanical and medical subjects. He based many of his cartographical studies on the work of Timothy Pont.
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He served as the president of the Indian Pharmaceutical Association and Indian Pharmaceutical Congress Association and was a member of the Expert Committee on International Pharmacopoeia of the World Health Organization. He was a member of the first Pharmacy Council of India when it was constituted in 1949 and served as a member of several government committees and sub committees related to public health.
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The limited pharmacopoeia of the day meant that opium derivatives were among the most effective of available treatments, so laudanum was widely prescribed for ailments from colds to meningitis to cardiac diseases, in both adults and children. Laudanum was used during the yellow fever epidemic. Innumerable Victorian women were prescribed the drug for relief of menstrual cramps and vague aches. Nurses also spoon-fed laudanum to infants.
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Joshua Harold Burn. 6 March 1892 – 13 July 1981 Edith Bülbring and J. M. Walker Page 52 of 44–89 From 1933 he worked closely with Edith Bülbring. In 1931 he was a founder member of the British Pharmacological Society and he was a member of the commission that produced the reforming British Pharmacopoeia in 1932. In 1933 he was appointed Dean of The School of Pharmacy, University of London.
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Eucalyptus polybractea or Blue-leaf Mallee, a species yielding high quality eucalyptus oil Global production is dominated by Eucalyptus globulus. However, Eucalyptus kochii and Eucalyptus polybractea have the highest cineole content, ranging from 80 to 95%. The British Pharmacopoeia states that the oil must have a minimum cineole content of 70% if it is pharmaceutical grade. Rectification is used to bring lower grade oils up to the high cineole standard required.
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His five-volume Materia MedicaDioscorides' Materia Medica Retrieved: 2010-08-05 was a forerunner of the herbal which led to the modern pharmacopoeia. This work was endlessly plagiarised by later herbals including those printed between about 1470 and 1670 CE: it listed 600 to 1000 different kinds of plants including the cultigens Gallica, Centifolia, the rose of uncertain origin known as Alba and other rose cultivars grown by the Romans.
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Then a disease pattern is stated based on the theories of Chinese medicine. Amongst others, the acupuncture points BL-1 (jingming , "Bright Eyes") and ST-1 (chengqi , "Container of Tears") are said to have a special relationship to eye diseases. Chinese herbs such as Chrysanthemi flos (, júhuā) have a special relationship to the eyes.Guojia yaodian weiyuanhui : Zhonghua renmin gongheguo yaodian (Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China) vol.
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He also served as chair of the British Pharmacopoeia Commission's Expert Advisory Group on Nomenclature from 2006; as a member of the Formulary Committees of the British National Formulary from 2006, and of the British National Formulary for Children from 2003. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, an Honorary Fellow of the British Pharmacological Society and an Honorary Fellow of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine.
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In China, Z. bungeanum has traditionally been used as an herbal remedy, listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China and prescribed for ailments as various as abdominal pain, toothache, and eczema. Research has revealed that Z. bungeanum can have analgesic, anti- inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. Pharmacological basis has also been found for the medicinal use of Z. armatum to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders.
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He translated the London pharmacopoeia of 1836 in Bengali, the Aushadh Kalpabali. This book gave "with the English, Latin and names the mode of preparation of Acids, Alkalis, Confections, Decoctions, Plasters, Infusions, Linimentts, Metals, Pills, Powders, Syrups, Tinctures, Ointments". His skill and comprehension of the medical Shastras and familiarity and knowledge of Western science rendered him a reliable and invaluable aid when translating Hindu medical text.Arnold, David (1993) p.
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The U.S. government sought an order mandating that Carter make its meprobamate patent available at no charge to any company desiring to use it. In April 1965, meprobamate was removed from the list of tranquilizers when experts ruled that the drug was a sedative, instead. The U.S. Pharmacopoeia published the ruling. At the same time, the Medical Letter disclosed that meprobamate could be addictive at doses not much above recommended.
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This was a clay used in Classical Antiquity. It was mined on the island of Lemnos. Its use continued until the 19th century, as it was still listed in an important pharmacopoeia in 1848 (the deposits may have been exhausted by then). Pliny reports about the Lemnian earth: > if rubbed under the eyes, it moderates pain and watering from the same, and > prevents the flow from the lachrymal ducts.
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In 2016, he became President of The School of Pharmacy (University of Louvain), and vice president of the Louvain Drug Research Institute. Muccioli is also member of the Commission for Herbal Medicines for Human Use and the Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Belgian Federal Agency for Medecines and Health Products (FAMHP). Since 2018, Giulio Muccioli became with the BPBL research group co-organizer of the European Workshop on Lipid Mediators.
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Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis) - the plant's botanical name suggests its pharmaceutical use Officinal drugs, plants and herbs are those which are sold in a chemist or druggist shop. Officinal medical preparations of such drugs are made in accordance with the prescriptions authorized by a pharmacopoeia. Officinal is not related to the word official. The classical Latin officina meant a workshop, manufactory, laboratory, and in medieval Latin was applied to a general storeroom.
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In 1950, Ōtsuka Keisetsu, Yakazu Dōmei, Hosono Shirō (1899–1989), Okuda Kenzō (1884–1961), and other leaders of the pre- and postwar Kampō revival movement established the "Japan Society for Oriental Medicine" (Nippon Tōyō Igakkai) with 89 members (2014: more than 9000 members). In 1960, raw materials for crude drugs listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (Nippon Yakkyoku-hō) received official drug prices under the National Health Insurance (NHI, Kokumin kenkō hoken).
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Gastrodin is a chemical compound which is the glucoside of gastrodigenin. It has been isolated from the orchid Gastrodia elata and from the rhizome of Galeola faberi. It can also be produced by biotransformation of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde by Datura tatula cell cultures. G. elata is a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat headache, and it is standarized in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia by gastrodin and gastrodigenin content.
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As with more traditional formulae, standards for Chinese patent medicine are found in Volume 1 of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Some of the resultant medications require a prescription to purchase, while others are considered over-the-counter drugs. Heavy metal limits are present for a few herbs, although they tend to be laxer than those defined for foods. As listed above, intentionally added heavy metals and drug adulterants are found in many products.
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HPLC has many applications in both laboratory and clinical science. It is a common technique used in pharmaceutical development, as it is a dependable way to obtain and ensure product purity. While HPLC can produce extremely high quality (pure) products, it is not always the primary method used in the production of bulk drug materials. According to the European pharmacopoeia, HPLC is used in only 15.5% of syntheses.
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Russian postage stamp Svetoslav Roerich was in charge of the work of the Natural Sciences Department. He carried out unique researches in various fields of the natural sciences. At the basis of his scientific investigations was understanding of nature as one whole that is inalienably connected with the cosmic laws. The scope of his interests: cultural studies, comparative religious studies and philosophy, botany, mineralogy, Tibetan pharmacopoeia, chemistry and its alchemical sources.
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She has even found records of ancient cancer treatments such as pharmacopoeia, surgery, cauterization, and fasting. These texts also listed many different plants used as a remedy to cancer, including spurge, which is similar to a castor bean, and Ecballium elaterium,also known as the squirting cucumber. Finding textual evidence of cancer inspired Hunt to pursue physical evidence of cancer. She began studying bones as the primary method for identifying cancer.
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A work known as the Antidotarium Florentinum, was published under the authority of the college of medicine of Florence in the 16th century. In 1511, the Concordie Apothecariorum Barchinone was published by the Society of Apothecaries of Barcelona and kept in the School of Pharmacy of the University of Barcelona. Engraved frontispiece of the 1703 Pharmacopoeia Bateana The term Pharmacopoeia first appears as a distinct title in a work published at Basel, Switzerland, in 1561 by A. Foes, but does not appear to have come into general use until the beginning of the 17th century. Before 1542 the works principally used by apothecaries were the treatises on simples by Avicenna and Serapion; the De synonymis and Quid pro quo of Simon Januensis; the Liber servitoris of Bulchasim Ben Aberazerim, which described the preparations made from plants, animals, and minerals, and was the type of the chemical portion of modern pharmacopoeias; and the Antidotarium of Nicolaus de Salerno, containing Galenic formulations arranged alphabetically.
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Routine tests for surface dealkalization in the glass container industry all generally aim to evaluate the amount of alkali extracted from the glass when it is rinsed with or exposed to purified water. For example, dealkalization can be quickly checked by introducing a small volume of distilled water to a freshly made bottle and rolling the bottle gently to pass the water completely over its inside surface. The pH of the rinse water is then measured; untreated containers will tend to yield a slightly alkaline pH in the 8-9 range due to extracted alkali, while dealkalized containers tend to yield a pH that remains approximately neutral. A much more thorough version of this test is outlined in various international and domestic testing standards for glass containers,ASTM C225-85(2004) Standard Test Methods for Resistance of Glass Containers to Chemical AttackUnited States Pharmacopoeia, Section 661, "Containers; Chemical Resistance – Glass Containers"European Pharmacopoeia, Chapter 3.2.
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In 2013, SHINE constructed a full-scale prototype particle accelerator at their Monona, Wisconsin facility to be used to demonstrate the technology. Eight accelerators would be used at the Janesville facility. On June 15, 2015, Argonne National Laboratory demonstrated that SHINE's production, separation and purification process could produce Mo-99 which meets purity specifications of the British Pharmacopoeia. The NRC approved SHINE's construction permit for a facility in Janesville, Wisconsin in late February 2016.
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Many Dryopteris species are widely used as garden ornamental plants, especially D. affinis, D. erythrosora, and D. filix-mas, with numerous cultivars. Dryopteris filix-mas was throughout much of recent human history widely used as a vermifuge, and was the only fern listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. Traditional use in Scandinavia against red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation is to place fronds in nesting boxes under nesting material and under floor covering material.
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It first appeared in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1788. Folk tales suggest Marco Polo thought the Chinese were using it as a diuretic. Bearberry leaves are used in traditional medicine in parts of Europe, and are officially classified as a phytomedicine. Native Americans use bearberry leaves with tobacco and other herbs in religious ceremonies, both as a smudge (type of incense) or smoked in a sacred pipe carrying the smoker's prayers to the Great Spirit.
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While a student at Edinburgh Berkenhout published in 1762 a botanical lexicon, Clavis Anglica Linguæ Botanicæ Linnæi, second edition 1764, and third edition 1766. For his M.D. he wrote Dissertatio Medica inauguralis de Podagra, dedicated on publication to Baron de Bielfeld. In 1766 he published Pharmacopoeia Medici. In 1769 appeared the first volume of Berkenhout's Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain; the second volume followed in 1770, and the third in 1771.
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He wrote four medical treatises in Arabic and four in Persian. His nephew Muhammad Husayn ibn Muhammad Hadi al-‘Aqili al-‘Alavi al-Khurasani al-Shirazi (fl. 1771-81), known as Hakim Muhammad Hadikhan, used ‘Alavi Khan's pharmacopoeia titled Jami‘ al-javami‘-i Muhammad-Shahi, which was dedicated to the Mughal ruler Muhammad Shah, as the main source a large portion of his comprehensive work on simple and compound remedies written in 1771.
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Many Iranians took the Chinese name Li to use as their last name when they moved to China. One prominent family included Li Xian (pharmacologist) and Li Xun. Sources say that either one of them was responsible for writing the "Hai Yao Ben Cao" (Hai yao pen ts'ao), translating to "Pharmacopoeia of foreign drugs". Li Xun was interested in foreign drugs and his book, The Haiyao Bencao, was all about foreign drugs.
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Many developed countries set up their pharmacovigilance programs following the Thalidomide scandal in the 1960s. India set up its program in the 1980s. This general concept of drug safety monitoring went through different forms, but the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation established the present Pharmacovigilance Program of India in 2010. Now the program is well integrated with government legislation, a regulator as leader, and a research center as part of the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission.
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He was a professor of clinical medicine at Jefferson Medical College from 1902 to 1927, when he retired as professor emeritus. He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a trustee of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia Convention. His basic research in medicine was widely noted. He was a founder and trustee of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and a founder of the Jewish Publication Society of America.
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1\. Definition A pharmaceutical reference standard is a highly characterized material suitable to test the identity, strength, quality and purity of substances for pharmaceutical use and medicinal products. 2\. Pharmacopoeial Reference standards Pharmacopoeial Reference standards are a subset of Pharmaceutical Reference Standards. They are established for the intended use described in Pharmacopeial texts (monographs and general chapters). Pharmacopeial Reference Standards are available from various pharmacopoeias such as United States Pharmacopeia and the European Pharmacopoeia.
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In a medical journal published in 1892, the first advertisement of Okamura's chaulmoogra oil was found. It was registered in Japanese Pharmacopoeia. Chaulmoogra oil was produced later by Ministry of Welfare, but the quality of the oil was inferior to Okamura's oil. The efficacy of chaulmoogra oil for leprosy was studied in a special lecture in 1940 by Yutaka Kamikawa; it differed depending on sanatoriums from 30% to 80% and there were many recurrences.
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Harman stayed on at St Thomas's and became a consultant in 1938. He served in the RAMC during the Second World War. Later he edited St Thomas's Pharmacopoeia reference book. In 1971, Harman took over the chairmanship of the British National Formulary and between 1975–1978 was instrumental in persuading the Department of Health and Social Security to make it the National Health Service's medicine handbook at a time when its existence was under threat.
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He was also instrumental in the establishment of such institutions like Indian Brain Research Association, Indian Biophysical Society and Indian Association for Biological Sciences as well as many research laboratories. His contributions led to the publication of Indian Pharmaceutical Codex, a reference book of Indian vegetable drugs. He was the chairman of the committee which published the second edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia in 1966. Mukerjee did extensive research on drugs, especially indigenous drugs.
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Chinese pharmaceutical literature mainly comprises texts called bencao (), translatable as English herbal, pharmacopoeia, or materia medica. This word compounds ben "(plant) root/stem; basis, origin; foundation; book" and cao "grass; herb; straw". Although bencao is sometimes misinterpreted as "roots and herbs", the approximate meaning is "[pharmaceutics whose] basis [ben] [is] herbs [cao]" (Unschuld 1986: 14). These works deal with drugs of all origins, mainly vegetable but also mineral, animal, and even the human body.
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Amfecloral (INN), also known as amphecloral (USAN), is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes that was used as an appetite suppressant under the trade name Acutran, but is now no longer marketed. It was classified as an anorectic drug with little to no stimulant activity in a 1970 review. The British Pharmacopoeia Commission approved the name in 1970. The raw ingredients used in manufacturing it were d-amphetamine and chloral hydrate.
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Papaveretum (BAN) is a preparation containing a mixture of hydrochloride salts of opium alkaloids. Since 1993, papaveretum has been defined in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) as a mixture of 253 parts morphine hydrochloride, 23 parts papaverine hydrochloride, and 20 parts codeine hydrochloride. It is commonly marketed to medical agencies under the trade name Omnopon. Although the use of papaveretum is now relatively uncommon following the wide availability of single-component opiates and synthetic opioids (e.g.
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As the fraternity began to grow in its early years, it became necessary to hold a yearly convention. The first such affair took place at the Hotel Walton, Philadelphia in June 1922, with E. Fullerton Cook, Chairman of the Pharmacopoeia Revision Committee, as guest and toastmaster. At times there have been as many as 3 conventions per year. Currently, two meetings are held each year—a National Convention in July and a Regional Convention in January.
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The preceptor of Rahula was perhaps the Nagarjuna mentioned by Alberuni who stated that Nagarjuna flourished about 100 years before his time. Thus both Nagarjuna and Rahula can be placed about the middle of the tenth century. Nagarjuna was also a physician and alchemist. In the Kamrupi Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia there are still certain specific remedies which are associated with the name of Nagarjuna.. Besides Minanatha and Rahula, two other Buddhist teachers mentioned in Tibetan records viz.
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Su categorized and accurately described the attributes of many minerals, including the red, pitted surface of realgar seen above. In 1070, Su Song and a team of scholars compiled and edited the Bencao Tujing ('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia', original source material from 1058–1061), which was a groundbreaking treatise on pharmaceutical botany, zoology, and mineralogy.Wu, 5. In compiling information for pharmaceutical knowledge, Su Song worked with such notable scholars as Zhang Yuxi, Lin Yi, Zhang Dong, and many others.Unschuld, 60.
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Ropren has been the subject of extensive trials to determine its efficacy and safety in the treatment of liver disease . In 2007, Ropren was approved by the Russian Ministry of Health for entry into the Russian Pharmacopoeia as an effective treatment for liver disease. As such, it is the only natural medication of Russian origin to be registered in Russia for over 20 years. The trials in Russia also showed that Ropren had wider application than liver disease.
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Writing in 1870, Carl Warburg lamented that his medicine was still "comparatively unknown".Warburg, Carl (1870, London) Warburg Tincture: statement proving by numerous official documents its remarkable curative powers in fevers.... He decided to disclose the formula in 1875. Warburg's Tincture subsequently appeared in the first edition of Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia in 1883, and continued to be included until the 1928 edition.The medico-chirurgical review and journal of medical science, volume 34, 1839, p. 658.
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Guipi Wan () is a brown honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "invigorate the spleen function, nourish blood and cause sedation". It has a slight odor, and tastes sweet, and then slightly bitter and pungent. It is used where there is "deficiency syndrome of both the heart and the spleen marked by shortness of breath, cardiac palpitation, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, dizziness, lassitude, anorexia, excessive menstrual discharge or hematochezia".State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the PRC (2005).
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One of the earliest known instances of blackberry consumption comes from the remains of the Haraldskær Woman, the naturally preserved bog body of a Danish woman dating from approximately 2,500 years ago. Forensic evidence found blackberries in her stomach contents, among other foods. The use of blackberries to make wines and cordials was documented in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1696. As food, blackberries have a long history of use alongside other fruits to make pies, jellies and jams.
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An early written reference to tofu skin appeared in 1587 in Japan in the Matsuya Hisamatsu chakai-ki [Three-generation diary of the Matsuya's family's tea ceremonies]. The writer, Matsuya Hisamasa, states simply that tofu skin is the film that forms atop soymilk. Other written references to tofu skin appeared around that time in China in the Bencao Gangmu [The great pharmacopoeia] by Li Shizhen. This work was completed in 1578, but not published until 1596.
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Desiccated thyroid has been described in the United States Pharmacopoeia for a century as the cleaned, dried, and powdered thyroid gland previously deprived of connective tissue and fat... obtained from domesticated animals that are used for food by man (USP XVI). In the last few decades, pork alone is the usual source. Before modern assays, the potency was specified only by iodine content ("not less than 0.17% and not more than 0.23%"), rather than hormonal content or activity.
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Johns, pp. 216, 314–315. Martyn was responsible for a wide range of books, including the religious works that were so characteristic of his century, like Edward Wetenhall's Enter Into Thy Closet, or A Method and Order for Private Devotion (1666). He issued Francis North's A Philosophical Essay of Music and John Milton's The History of Britain, both in 1677; and he published medical works, like the London Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians (also 1677).
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A species of angophora apple tree, tapped for its tannin-rich kino, formed part of the Ngarabul pharmacopoeia. The gum of Eucalyptus robusta, yarra was also used medicinally. The leaves of the Manna Gum,, horra, were used to treat ophthalmic maladies such as narrada mil (bad eye). In terms of internal medicine, their properties were used in cases of diarrhoea, something MacPherson observed as working when he applied the remedy to a pet opossum suffering from loose bowels.
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Mercury(II) bromide is used as a reagent in the Koenigs–Knorr reaction, which forms glycoside linkages on carbohydrates. It is also used to test for the presence of arsenic, as recommended by the Pharmacopoeia. The arsenic in the sample is first converted to arsine gas by treatment with hydrogen. Arsine reacts with mercury(II) bromide: :AsH3 \+ 3HgBr2 → As(HgBr)3 \+ 3HBr The white mercury(II) bromide will turn yellow, brown, or black if arsenic is present in the sample.
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According to the World Health Organization, approximately 25% of modern drugs used in the United States have been derived from plants. At least 7,000 medical compounds in the modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants. [www.ienica.net/reports/ienicafinalsummaryreport2000-2005.pdf Free full-text]. Among the 120 active compounds currently isolated from the higher plants and widely used in modern medicine today, 80% show a positive correlation between their modern therapeutic use and the traditional use of the plants from which they are derived.
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Tang dynasty herbalists and pharmacists changed the denotation of langgan from the traditional blue-green gemstone to a kind of coral. Chen Cangqi's c. 720 Bencao shiyi 本草拾遺 "Collected Addenda to the Pharmacopoeia" described it a pale red coral, growing like a branched tree on the bottom of the sea, fished by means of nets, and after coming out of the water gradually darkens and turns blue (Schafer 1963: 246; 1967: 159). Langan already had an established connection with coral.
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MHRA hosts and supports a number of expert advisory bodies, including the British Pharmacopoeia Commission, and the Commission on Human Medicine which replaced the Committee on the Safety of Medicines in 2005. As part of the European system of approval, MHRA or other national bodies can be the rapporteur or co-rapporteur for any given pharmaceutical application, taking on the bulk of the verification work on behalf of all members, while the documents are still sent to other members as and where requested.
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The Edwin Smith Papyrus documents ancient Egyptian medicine, including the diagnosis and treatment of injuries. The medicine of the ancient Egyptians is some of the oldest documented. From the beginnings of the civilization in the late fourth millennium BC until the Persian invasion of 525 BC, Egyptian medical practice went largely unchanged but was highly advanced for its time, including simple non-invasive surgery, setting of bones, dentistry, and an extensive set of pharmacopoeia. Egyptian medical thought influenced later traditions, including the Greeks.
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From ancient times to the present, Ayurvedic medicine as documented in the Atharva Veda, the Rig Veda and the Sushruta Samhita has used hundreds of pharmacologically active herbs and spices such as turmeric, which contains curcumin. The Chinese pharmacopoeia, the Shennong Ben Cao Jing records plant medicines such as chaulmoogra for leprosy, ephedra, and hemp. This was expanded in the Tang Dynasty Yaoxing Lun. In the fourth century BC, Aristotle's pupil Theophrastus wrote the first systematic botany text, Historia plantarum.
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"Fordyce, George", by Joseph Frank Payne, Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 19. In 1765 he became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians and in 1770 was elected physician to St Thomas' Hospital. In 1774 he was chosen as a member of the Literary Club, in 1776 a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1778 a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. This latter was chiefly to secure his assistance with a new edition of the College's Pharmacopoeia.
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Cannabis tincture appeared in the United States Pharmacopoeia until 1942 (Australia 1977, UK 1970s). In the 20th century cannabis lost its appeal as a medicinal product, largely due to the development of apparently suitable alternatives, such as the hypodermic needle, water-soluble analgesics and synthetic hypnotics. A major concern of the regulatory authorities at that time was the widespread recreational use of cannabis. The pharmacological target for cannabis, the endocannabinoid system, has been researched since its discovery in the 1980s.
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The 14th edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP, Nihon yakkyokuhō) lists 165 herbal ingredients that are used in Kampō medicines. cited in: Lots of the Kampō products are routinely tested for heavy metals, purity, and microbial content to eliminate any contamination. Kampō medicines are tested for the levels of key chemical constituents as markers for quality control on every formula. This is carried out from the blending of the raw herbs to the end product according to the Ministry's pharmaceutical standards.
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An analysis of 31 commercial samples in 1993 found that the total level of five alkaloids in samples of P. wilsonii and P. amurense var. sachalinense was 4.1% (mostly berberine), while the level in P. amurense and Ph. chinense was 1.5%. The levels of four harmful trace heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and thallium) in P. chinense for export are limited by the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China and the Green Trade Standard for Importing and Exporting Medicinal Plant and Preparation.
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The Central Council of Homoeopathy was established in 1973 to monitor higher education in homeopathy, and the National Institute of Homoeopathy in 1975. Principals and standards for homeopathic products are covered by the Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of India. A minimum of a recognized diploma in homeopathy and registration on a state register or the Central Register of Homoeopathy is required to practice homeopathy in India. In the United States each state is responsible for the laws and licensing requirements for homeopathy.
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Australian Aboriginals use eucalyptus leaf infusions (which contain eucalyptus oil) as a traditional medicine for treating body pains, sinus congestion, fever, and colds.Low, T., Bush Medicine, A Pharmacopeia of Natural Remedies, Angus & Robertson, p. 85, 1990.Barr, A., Chapman, J., Smith, N., Beveridge, M., Traditional Bush Medicines, An Aboriginal Pharmacopoeia, Greenhouse Publications, pp. 116–117, 1988, Dennis Considen and John White, surgeons on the First Fleet, distilled eucalyptus oil from Eucalyptus piperita found growing on the shores of Port Jackson in 1788 to treat convicts and marines.
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As a Chinese patent medicine it is listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. One dried, soluble form lists Chai-Hu/Saiko (dried Bupleurum chinense or scorzonerifolium root), Huangqin (dry Scutellaria baicalensis stem), Banxia (Pinellia ternata), ginger, licorice, jujube, and Codonopsis pilosula as ingredients. This form is standardized to contain at least 20 mg baicalin per serving. Some formulae use ginseng instead of C. pilosula.方剂学，段富津主编，上海科学技术出版社，1995.6.
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Masawaih al-Mardini was a Nestorian Christian. He is known due to his books on purgatives and emetics (De medicins laxativis) and on the complete pharmacopoeia in 12 parts called the Antidotarium sive Grabadin medicamentorum, which remained for centuries the standard textbook of pharmacy in the West. He also described methods of distillation of empyreumatic oils. A method of extracting oil from "some kind of bituminous shale", one of the first descriptions of extraction of shale oil was described by him in the 10th century.
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Ibn al-Bayṭār’s largest and most widely read book is his Compendium on Simple Medicaments and Foods (). It is a pharmacopoeia (pharmaceutical encyclopedia) listing 1400 plants, foods, and drugs, and their uses. It is organized alphabetically by the name of the useful plant or plant component or other substance—a small minority of the items covered are not botanicals. For each item, Ibn al-Bayṭār makes one or two brief remarks himself and gives brief extracts from a handful of different earlier authors about the item.
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As of 1825, the London Pharmacopoeia listed a compound called "Ethiops- mineral" or Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Nigrum ("black sulfide of mercury"), a black powder that was obtained by combining solid sulfur and mercury at room temperature. This preparation did not leave the characteristic stain of metallic mercury when rubbed onto gold. When a large amount of Ethiops-mineral was vigorously ground, however, it formed mercury and cinnabar with evolution of smoke and heat. However, the existence of mercurous sulfide was disputed in 1816 by French pharmacist N. Guibourt.
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One of the first written texts covering the use of ginseng as a medicinal herb was the Shen-Nung Pharmacopoeia, written in China in 196 AD. In his Compendium of Materia Medica herbal of 1596, Li Shizhen described ginseng as a "superior tonic". However, the herb was not used as a "cure-all" medicine, but more specifically as a tonic for patients with chronic illnesses and those who were convalescing. Control over ginseng fields in China and Korea became an issue in the 16th century.
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Native Americans used black cohosh to treat gynecological and other disorders. Following the arrival of European settlers in the U.S. who continued the use of black cohosh, the plant appeared in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia under the name "black snakeroot". In the 19th century, the root was used to treat snakebite, inflamed lungs, and pain from childbirth. Black cohosh is used as a dietary supplement marketed mainly to women for treating gynecological problems, but there is no high-quality scientific evidence to support such uses.
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A British Approved Name (BAN) is the official, non-proprietary, or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as defined in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP). The BAN is also the official name used in some countries across the world, because starting in 1953, proposed new names were evaluated by a panel of experts from WHO in conjunction with the BP commission to ensure naming consistency worldwide (an effort leading to the International Nonproprietary Name system). There is also a British Approved Name (Modified) (BANM).
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The history of aspirin (IUPAC name acetylsalicylic acid) begins with its synthesis and manufacture in 1899. Before that, salicylic acid had been used medicinally since antiquity. Medicines made from willow and other salicylate- rich plants appear in clay tablets from ancient Sumer as well as the Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt. Hippocrates referred to the use of salicylic tea to reduce fevers around 400 BC, and willow bark preparations were part of the pharmacopoeia of Western medicine in classical antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Still of all the discoveries made in ancient Egypt, the most important discovery relating to ancient Egyptian knowledge of medicine is the Ebers Papyrus, named after its discoverer Georg Ebers. The Ebers Papyrus, conserved at the University of Leipzig, is considered one of the oldest treaties on medicine and the most important medical papyri. The text is dated to about 1550 BCE and measures 20 meters in length. The text includes recipes, a pharmacopoeia and descriptions of numerous diseases as well as cosmetic treatments.
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Needham, Volume 1, 136. As for Shen Kuo's equally brilliant peer, Su Song created a celestial atlas of five different star maps, wrote the 1070 AD pharmaceutical treatise of the Ben Cao Tu Jing (Illustrated Pharmacopoeia), which had the related subjects of botany, zoology, metallurgy, and mineralogy, and wrote his famous horological treatise of the Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao in 1092 AD, which described in full detail his ingenious astronomical clock tower constructed in the capital city of Kaifeng.Sivin, III, 32.Needham, Volume 3, 208 & 278.
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Frequent alerts and warnings can interrupt work flow, causing these messages to be ignored or overridden due to alert fatigue. CPOE and automated drug dispensing was identified as a cause of error by 84% of over 500 health care facilities participating in a surveillance system by the United States Pharmacopoeia. Introducing CPOE to a complex medical environment requires ongoing changes in design to cope with unique patients and care settings, close supervision of overrides caused by automatic systems, and training, testing and re-training all users.
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In 1628 the English physician William Harvey made a ground-breaking discovery when he correctly described the circulation of the blood in his Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus. Before this time the most useful manual in medicine used both by students and expert physicians was Dioscorides' De Materia Medica, a pharmacopoeia. Replica of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's microscope of the 1670s Bacteria and protists were first observed with a microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, initiating the scientific field of microbiology.
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Among other ingredients entering into some of these formulae were the excrements of human beings, dogs, mice, geese, and other animals, calculi, human skull, and moss growing on it, blind puppies, earthworms, etc. Although other editions of the London Pharmacopoeia were issued in 1621, 1632, 1639, and 1677, it was not until the edition of 1721, published under the auspices of Sir Hans Sloane, that any important alterations were made. In this issue many of the remedies previously in use were omitted, although a good number were still retained, such as dogs’ excrement, earthworms, and moss from the human skull; the botanical names of herbal remedies were for the first time added to the official ones; the simple distilled waters were ordered of a uniform strength; sweetened spirits, cordials and ratafias were omitted as well as several compounds no longer used in London, although still in vogue elsewhere. A great improvement was effected in the edition published in 1746, in which only those preparations were retained which had received the approval of the majority of the pharmacopoeia committee; to these was added a list of those drugs only which were supposed to be the most efficacious.
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E. albidum flower European settlers considered it to have similar properties to meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale), and white fawnlily was often used as a substitute for it. The plant was listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States from 1820-1863 as a treatment for gout. Some believe that wounds will be healed if the plant is soaked in cold water, then removed and wrapped it in cloth and applied to a wound or bruise. It is left there until the bundle is warm, and then removed and buried in a muddy place.
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Instruction in homeopathy continued at UCSF until 1939, when the school dropped it from the curriculum. ; Boericke & Tafel – publisher, manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer of homeopathic preparations FDA inspectors go through a collection of homeopathic drugs from long-time manufacturer Boericke & Tafel. The Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States became an official compendium under the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In 1853, William Boericke's uncle, Francis Edmund Boericke (1826–1901), and Rudolph Leonhard Tafel (1831–1896) founded a bookstore specializing in Swedenborgian literature, at 24 South 5th in Philadelphia.
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A physician preparing an elixir, from an Arabic version of Dioscorides's pharmacopoeia, 1224 Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of medicinal plants dates back to the Paleolithic age, approximately 60,000 years ago. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5,000 years to the Sumerians, who compiled lists of plants. Some ancient cultures wrote about plants and their medical uses in books called herbals. In ancient Egypt, herbs are mentioned in Egyptian medical papyri, depicted in tomb illustrations, or on rare occasions found in medical jars containing trace amounts of herbs.
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Problems may arise with the lack of validation for quantifying of A-type proanthocyanidins (PAC) extracted from cranberries. For instance, PAC extract quality and content can be performed using different methods including the European Pharmacopoeia method, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, or a modified 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde colorimetric method. Variations in extract analysis can lead to difficulties in assessing the quality of PAC extracts from different cranberry starting material, such as by regional origin, ripeness at time of harvest and post- harvest processing. Assessments show that quality varies greatly from one commercial PAC extract product to another.
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From 1890 to 1932 he was a professor of pharmacy and pharmacognosy at the University of Bern, serving as rector in 1908–09. Tschirch is known for his studies in plant anatomy and for his research of resins and anthraquinone glycosides. He made significant contributions towards the fourth and fifth editions of the Pharmacopoeia Helvetica. He was the author of twenty books and numerous journal articles -- among his written works is "Die Harze und die Harzbehälter mit Einschluss der Milchsäfte", a highly regarded reference book on resins and other plant extracts.
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It is used by pharmacists and doctors (both general practitioners (GPs) and specialist practitioners), and by other prescribing healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacy technicians, paramedics, and dentists); as a reference for correct dosage, indication, interactions and side effects of drugs. It is also used as a reassurance by those administering drugs, for example a nurse on a hospital ward, and even for patients and others seeking an authoritative source of advice on any aspect of pharmacotherapy. The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) specifies quality standards for the making of drugs listed in the BNF.
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Cerate, historically simple cerate, (from Latin cera "wax") is an unctuous preparation for external application, of a consistency intermediate between that of an ointment and a plaster. It can be spread upon cloth without the use of heat, but does not melt when applied to the skin. Cerate consists essentially of wax (for which resin, lead acetate or spermaceti is sometimes substituted) mixed with oil, lard, and various medicinal ingredients. The cerate of the United States Pharmacopoeia is a mixture of three parts of paraffin and seven parts of lard.
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Guido Samson von Himmelstiern, ca 1860 Hermann Guido von Samson-Himmelstjerna; name sometimes given as Guido Samson von Himmelstiern (, Korast - , Dorpat) was a Baltic German physician and professor of Staatsarzneikunde (state pharmacopoeia). From 1826 he studied medicine at the University of Dorpat, earning his doctorate in 1834. Afterwards he continued his education at the Frederick William's University of Berlin, the University of Würzburg and the University of Vienna, where he studied with Karl von Rokitansky (1804-1878). From 1845 until his death in 1868 he was a medical professor at Dorpat.
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Low, T (1990) Bush Medicine: A pharmacopoeia of natural remedies Sydney: Angus & Robertson Additionally, this park also contained native pants that were actually used by early European settlers. The nectar-laden liquid from banksia flowers was used as a cough syrup, and from the native grapes (Cissus hypoglauca) a throat gargle was made. The use of animals and other living things may also be used in bush medicine. In Warrabri, Northern Territory, one cure for earache is squeezing the fatty part of a witchetty grub into the sore ear.
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The term derives from pharmakopoiia "making of (healing) medicine, drug-making", a compound of φάρμακον pharmakon "healing medicine, drug, poison", the verb ποιεῖν poiein "to make" and the abstract noun suffix -ία -ia., . In early modern editions of Latin texts, the Greek diphthong οι (oi) is latinized to its Latin equivalent oe which is in turn written with the ligature œ, giving the spelling pharmacopœia; in modern UK English, œ is written as oe, giving the spelling pharmacopoeia, while in American English oe becomes e, giving us pharmacopeia.
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As noted above, Shennong is said in the Huainanzi to have tasted hundreds of herbs to test their medical value. The most well-known work attributed to Shennong is The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic (), first compiled some time during the end of the Western Han Dynasty -- several thousand years after Shennong might have existed. This work lists the various medicinal herbs, such as lingzhi, that were discovered by Shennong and given grade and rarity ratings. It is considered to be the earliest Chinese pharmacopoeia, and includes 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals.
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Cloth is often made from cotton, flax, ramie or synthetic fibres such as rayon and acetate derived from plant cellulose. Thread used to sew cloth likewise comes in large part from cotton. A physician preparing an elixir, from an Arabic version of Dioscorides's pharmacopoeia, 1224 Plants are a primary source of basic chemicals, both for their medicinal and physiological effects, and for the industrial synthesis of a vast array of organic chemicals. Note that the details of each plant and the chemicals it yields are described in the linked subpages.
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In order to overcome the lack of barrier properties of PVC film, it can be coated with PVDC or laminated to PCTFE or COC to increase the protective properties. Multi-layer blister films based on PVC are often used for pharmaceutical blister packaging, whereby the PVC serves as the thermoformable backbone of the structure. Also, the PVC layer can be colored with pigments and/or UV filters. The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph Eur) references the requirements for PVC blister packs for pharmaceutical primary packaging in the monograph EP 3.1.
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Haji Zayn Attar (died c.1403) was a 14th-century Persian physician. He served for sixteen years as the court physician to the Muzaffarid ruler Shah Shuja, who ruled from 1358 to 1384. Shah Shuja is famous for being the patron of the famous poet Hafiz of Shiraz. Haji Attar's comprehensive Persian pharmacopoeia of simple and compound remedies, the Ikhtiyarat-i Badi‘i was apparently composed for the Muzaffarid princess Badi‘ al-Jamal, who is named in the title of the treatise but of whom very little is known.
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In the United States the purity requirements for citric acid as a food additive are defined by the Food Chemicals Codex, which is published by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). Citric acid can be added to ice cream as an emulsifying agent to keep fats from separating, to caramel to prevent sucrose crystallization, or in recipes in place of fresh lemon juice. Citric acid is used with sodium bicarbonate in a wide range of effervescent formulae, both for ingestion (e.g., powders and tablets) and for personal care (e.g.
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Linnaeus later used the word as a scientific name for the genus Pastinaca, which includes parsnips. The plant is depicted and described in the Eastern Roman Juliana Anicia Codex, a 6th-century AD Constantinopolitan copy of the Greek physician Dioscorides' 1st-century pharmacopoeia of herbs and medicines, De Materia Medica. Three different types of carrots are depicted, and the text states that "the root can be cooked and eaten".Folio 312, 313, 314, Juliana Anicia Codex Carrots in a range of colours The plant was introduced into Spain by the Moors in the 8th century.
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In 1917, he came to Collis P. Huntington Memorial Hospital in Boston; he became chief of medical services in 1923, and was appointed physician-in-chief in 1934. In addition, Minot became professor of medicine at the Harvard University, and was appointed director of the Thorndik Memorial Laboratory at Boston City Hospital. He also worked in the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital as a staff member. He was a member of the Pernicious Anemia Committee at Harvard and served on the Anti-Anemia Preparation Advisory Board of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia.
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In collaboration with Otto Karl Berg (1815-1866), professor of pharmaceutical botany at Berlin University, Schmidt was published in Darstellung und Beschreibung in den Pharmacopoea Sämtliche Borussica offizinellen Gewächse aufgeführten (1853). Publisher: Arthur Felix, LeipzigOtto Karl Berg Schmidt both drew and lithographed the plates. Benjamin Daydon Jackson describes this work, a survey of plants used in the Prussian pharmacopoeia, as "A thoroughly good book, probably the very best of its class; both in text and illustrations". Berg and Schmidt also published the Pharmacopoea Borussica aufgeführten offizinellen Gewächse in 1846.
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It is not surprising that an increase by 17% and more met with some inertia. The 1770 edition of the pharmacopoeia Dispensatorium Austriaco-Viennense still used the Nuremberg standard libra medicinalis minor, indicating that even in the Austrian capital Vienna it took some time for the reform to become effective. In 1774, the Pharmacopoea Austriaco-provincialis used the new standard, and in 1783 all old apothecaries' weight pieces that were still in use were directed to be destroyed. Venice was not part of these reforms and kept its standard of approximately 25 g per ounce.
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Homeopathic preparations are regulated and protected under Sections 201(g) and 201(j), provided that such medications are formulated from substances listed in the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, which the Act recognizes as an official drug compendium. However, under separate authority of FTC Act, the Federal Trade Commission declared in November 2016 that homeopathic products cannot include claims of effectiveness without "competent and reliable scientific evidence." If no such evidence exists, they must state this fact clearly on their labeling, and state that the product's claims are based only on 18th- century theories that have been discarded by modern science.
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In 1846 he took part in the formation of the Cavendish Society, of which he was secretary for three years, and from then on had many engagements as chemical expert in legal cases. In 1851 he revised the ‘'Translation of the Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians'’ into English, left unfinished by Richard Phillips. He was also engaged in the construction of the British Pharmacopoeia from 1864, and was joint editor with Boverton Redwood of the second edition in 1867. In 1854 he was appointed chemical referee by four of the London coal gas suppliers, and held this post for seven years.
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It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. As of 2014, the wholesale cost in the developing world was 22 to US$52 for a 250 mL bottle. It is available as a volatile liquid, at 30, 50, 200, and 250 ml per containerNational formulary of India, 4th Ed. New Delhi, India, Indian Pharmacopoeia commission; 2011: 411 but in many developed nations is not available having been displaced by newer agents. It is the only inhalational anesthetic containing bromine, which makes it radiopaque.
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He also served as "first-physician" to Napoleon Bonaparte. Hallé was a pioneer of hygienic reform in France, and was a catalyst towards educating others as to its importance. He created distinctions between public and individual hygiene, and initiated studies and awareness involving the multiple issues that involve hygiene, such as contagious diseases, health in the workplace, and problems associated with living in a high density urban environment, to name a few. He was co-editor of the 1813 "Code des médicaments" (a work involving French pharmacopoeia), and made contributions to the "Dictionnaire des Sciences médicales" (Dictionary of Medical Sciences).
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Testing of pharmaceutical products is carried out according to a Pharmacopeia of which there are a few types. For example: In America, the United States Pharmacopeia is used; in Japan there is the Japanese Pharmacopeia; in the United Kingdom there is the British Pharmacopoeia and in Europe the European Pharmacopeia. These contain a test method which is to be followed when testing, along with defined specifications for the amount of microorganisms allowed in a given amount of product. The specifications change depending on the product type and method in which it is introduced to the body.
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According to Charles Richardson, a collector of pharmaceutical artifacts, two apothecaries arrived in Jamestown, Virginia (1607) shortly after it was founded, and the colonists asked the Virginia Company to send more physicians and apothecaries to the colony. In the early American settlements there was a shortage of health professionals; public officials, religious leaders, educators and household heads served as health advisors. Herbs and Indian remedies were used and apothecary shops were set up in large population centers. During the Revolutionary War medicine and pharmacy emerged as separate professions, and the first American Pharmacopoeia was printed in 1778.
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He set up a pharmacy in Brussels, and after the Belgian Revolution of 1830 was appointed chief pharmacist to the newly formed Belgian army. He served on a number of government and civic commissions on medical qualifications and medical practice, including the revision of the Belgian pharmacopoeia, and was particularly active during the 1826–1837 cholera pandemic, which reached Brussels in 1832. He taught pharmacy and toxicology at the Free University of Brussels from 1834 until his death. He collected a large variety of natural history specimens and exotic plants, in 1827 being the first in Belgium to grow vanilla fruit.
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Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the brand name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents.
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In 1982, Ofori-Adjei joined the University of Ghana as a lecturer in medicine and therapeutics at the Department of Medicine and the Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology. He was elected to the Council of the Division of Clinical Pharmacology of the International Union of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology in 2000, serving until 2006. Ofori-Adjei has promoted the Rational Use of Drugs in Ghana and the development of a National Essential Drugs List with Therapeutic Guidelines in association with the Ministry of Health. He served on the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention and the International Health Advisory Panel for 10 years.
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The United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary (1927) states that the root of Dorstenia contrajerva contains contrayerbine (= contrajervin, a peptide), cajapine, volatile oil, resin, a bitter principle, and starch.Culbreth, David M. A Manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology, 7th edition, Philadelphia, 1927: A 2016 study isolated the following 11 compounds from Dorstenia contrajerva: dorsjervin A, dorsjervin B, psoralen, dorstenin, squalene, y-sitosterol, cycloartocarpesin, 1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-stearoyl-3-O-ß- D-galactopyranosyl glycerol, bergapten, dorsteniol, and xanthoarnol.Peniche- Pavía,H.A.,et al. “Metabolites isolated from the rhizomes of Dorstenia contrajerva with anti-leishmanial activity”.
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Chinese pharmacopoeia Chinese herbs have been used for centuries. Among the earliest literature are lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified by the manuscript "Recipes for 52 Ailments", found in the Mawangdui which were sealed in 168 BC. The first traditionally recognized herbalist is Shénnóng (, lit. "Divine Farmer"), a mythical god-like figure, who is said to have lived around 2800 BC. He allegedly tasted hundreds of herbs and imparted his knowledge of medicinal and poisonous plants to farmers. His Shénnóng Běn Cǎo Jīng (, Shennong's Materia Medica) is considered as the oldest book on Chinese herbal medicine.
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Dodoens' initial work was in the fields of cosmography and physiology. His De frugum historia (1552), a treatise on cereals, vegetables, and fodders marked the beginning of a distinguished career in botany, and his herbal Cruydeboeck (herb book) with 715 images (1554, 1563) was influenced by earlier German botanists, particularly that of Leonhart Fuchs. Rather than the traditional method of arranging the plants in alphabetical order, he divided the plant kingdom into six groups (Deel), based on their properties and affinities. It treated in detail especially the medicinal herbs, which made this work, in the eyes of many, a pharmacopoeia.
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The first British Pharmacopoeia was published in the English language in 1864, but gave such general dissatisfaction both to the medical profession and to chemists and druggists that the General Medical Council brought out a new and amended edition in 1867. Secondly, at a more popular level, there are the books on culinary herbs and herb gardens, medicinal and useful plants. Finally, the enduring desire for simple medicinal information on specific plants has resulted in contemporary herbals that echo the herbals of the past, an example being Maud Grieve's A Modern Herbal, first published in 1931 but with many subsequent editions.Arber, p. 268.
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In the 19th and early 20th centuries, several preparation routes for have been described, but their reliability is questionable. According to W. T. Brande (1825), mercurous sulfide can be reliably obtained by passing through a very dilute solution of mercurous chloride (calomel) or nitrate, and carefully filtering the black precipitate. According to 19th- century pharmacopoeia, the preparation Ethiops-mineral, claimed to be mercurous sulfide, was prepared by gentle grinding of equal parts of mercury and sulfur, until the mercury globules were no longer visible. According to Scherer, could be obtained by reaction of mercurous nitrate and sodium thiosulfate .
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THSU operates a 6,300-square-foot Student Intern Clinic with fifteen treatment rooms, an intern discussion room, a bookstore, and an herbal dispensary stocked with more than 500 kinds of raw herbs, patent pills and granular extracts from the traditional Chinese medicine herbal pharmacopoeia. The THSU Student Intern Clinic shares its facility with Austin Acupuncture Clinic (AAC), which is a professional acupuncture services clinic that is located near the THSU campus. THSU offers its students in the Master of Science in Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine Program an internship providing acupuncture treatments and receiving treatments through the Student Intern Clinic.
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One of the most beautiful ones is a portrait of his mother Helena Roerich, the woman of exceptional spiritual and physical beauty. Svetoslav headed the department of folk art and pharmacopoeia at the Institute of Himalayan Studies "Urusvati". In 1989 up to the initiative of Svetoslav the Soviet Foundation of the Roerichs was established in the USSR; at the base of it there were the study and spread of the ideas of Agni Yoga. In 1991 he gave the archives of his parents and his eldest brother, which were kept in India until that time, to the Foundation.
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Part D plans are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs.Medicare Part D / Prescription Drug Benefits: PART D COVERED DRUGS, medicareadvocacy.org They establish their own formularies, or list of covered drugs for which they will make payment, as long as the formulary and benefit structure are not found by CMS to discourage enrollment by certain Medicare beneficiaries. Part D plans that follow the formulary classes and categories established by the United States Pharmacopoeia will pass the first discrimination test. Plans can change the drugs on their formulary during the course of the year with 60 days' notice to affected parties.
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European Union legislation from 2001 required harmonisation of the BP with the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), as well as the adoption of International Nonproprietary Names through directives (2001/82/EC"2001/82/EC" and 2001/83/EC,"2001/83/EC" as amended, and 2003/63/EC"2003/63/EC"). Across the EU has meant that, with the notable exception of adrenaline/epinephrine, BANs are now the same as the INNs. For example, the old BAN methicillin was replaced with the current BAN meticillin, matching the INN. This has resulted in an interesting situation in other countries that use BANs.
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Ether was once used in pharmaceutical formulations. A mixture of alcohol and ether, one part of diethyl ether and three parts of ethanol, was known as "Spirit of ether", Hoffman's Anodyne or Hoffman's Drops. In the United States this concoction was removed from the Pharmacopeia at some point prior to June 1917,The National druggist, Volume 47, June 1917, pp.220 as a study published by William Procter, Jr. in the American Journal of Pharmacy as early as 1852 showed that there were differences in formulation to be found between commercial manufacturers, between international pharmacopoeia, and from Hoffman's original recipe.
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The Slip melting point (SMP) or "slip point" is one conventional definition of the melting point of a waxy solid. It is determined by casting a 10 mm column of the solid in a glass tube with an internal diameter of about 1 mm and a length of about 80 mm, and then immersing it in a temperature-controlled water bath. The slip point is the temperature at which the column of the solid begins to rise in the tube due to buoyancy, and because the outside surface of the solid is molten.European Pharmacopoeia method 2.2.
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"Lettuce opium" was used by the ancient Egyptians, and was introduced as a drug in the United States as early as 1799. The drug was prescribed and studied extensively in Poland during the nineteenth century, and was viewed as an alternative to opium, weaker but lacking side-effects, and in some cases preferable. However, early efforts to isolate an active alkaloid were unsuccessful. It is described and standardized in the 1898 United States Pharmacopoeia and 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex for use in lozenges, tinctures, and syrups as a sedative for irritable cough or as a mild hypnotic (sleeping aid) for insomnia.
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After at least six failures, he was admitted in September 1609. He became a prosperous London doctor, serving as Censor of the College four times (1618, 1627, 1633, and 1634). He also participated in an inspection of the London apothecaries put on by the College in 1614, and helped to author the Pharmacopoeia Londinensis in 1618—a directory of standardized pharmaceutical preparations given by the London College of Physicians. He became such an established figure within the College that he was included in seventeenth- century critiques of the college, including those by Nicholas Culpepper and Peter Coles.
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Temperature ranges are defined as room temperature for certain products and processes in industry, science, and consumer goods. For instance, for the shipping and storage of pharmaceuticals, the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) defines controlled room temperature as between , with excursions between allowed, provided the mean kinetic temperature does not exceed . The European Pharmacopoeia defines it as being simply , and the Japanese Pharmacopeia defines "ordinary temperature" as , with room temperature being . Merriam- Webster gives as a medical definition a range of as being suitable for human occupancy, and at which laboratory experiments are usually performed.
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Items are added to the work programme in response to requests received by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare from the Member States and their national authorities, industry or experts from around the world, based on current scientific and health issues. Each national delegation has one vote. In all technical questions, the decisions of the Commission are taken by a unanimous vote of the national delegations that cast a vote. Member States' representatives mostly come from health authorities, national pharmacopoeia authorities and universities; and are appointed by the national authorities on the basis of their expertise.
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Sheriff graduated from the Madras Medical College in the 1850s and worked at the Triplicane Dispensary in 1858 where he worked until his retirement on 7 July 1889. Sheriff served as "Native Surgeon" and was made an Honorary Assistant Surgeon in December 1869. Sheriff contributed notes to the Madras Quarterly Journal of Medicine and corresponded with other physicians and pharmacists of the period. Sheriff prepared a Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia of India (1869) which included names of medicinal plants in fourteen Indian languages and was involved in selecting drugs to be exhibited at the Calcutta International Exhibition of 1883.
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Both the Army Medical Department and the Medical Corps trace their origins to 27 July 1775, when the Continental Congress established the first Army Hospital to be headed by a "Director General and Chief Physician". The language of the Congressional resolution spoke of “an Hospital” which in those days meant a hospital system or medical department. Among the accomplishments of Army surgeons during the years of the Revolution was completion (in 1778, at Lititz, Pennsylvania) of the first pharmacopoeia printed in America. In 1789, the Department of the Hospital was disbanded and a system of "Regimental Surgeons" was established in its place.
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Both written history and molecular genetic studies indicate that the domestic carrot has a single origin in Central Asia. Its wild ancestors probably originated in Persia (regions of which are now Iran and Afghanistan), which remains the centre of diversity for the wild carrot Daucus carota. A naturally occurring subspecies of the wild carrot was presumably bred selectively over the centuries to reduce bitterness, increase sweetness and minimise the woody core; this process produced the familiar garden vegetable. A depiction labeled "garden" carrot from the Juliana Anicia Codex, a 6th-century AD Constantinopolitan copy of Dioscorides' 1st-century Greek pharmacopoeia.
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1923 advertisement Medicines made from willow and other salicylate-rich plants appear in clay tablets from ancient Sumer as well as the Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt. Hippocrates referred to the use of salicylic tea to reduce fevers around 400 BC, and willow bark preparations were part of the pharmacopoeia of Western medicine in classical antiquity and the Middle Ages. Willow bark extract became recognized for its specific effects on fever, pain, and inflammation in the mid-eighteenth century. By the nineteenth century, pharmacists were experimenting with and prescribing a variety of chemicals related to salicylic acid, the active component of willow extract.
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Dutta was associated with the World Health Organization, serving as a member of their Experts' Panel in Bacterial Diseases and Cholera. He was a member of the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission and the Drugs Technical Advisory Board of the Government of India and sat in the Expert Scientific Committee of Indian Council of Medical Research. He was also a member of the editorial boards of Archives internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie and the Indian Journal of Pharmacology and served as the president of the Maharashtra chapter of the Indian Pharmaceutical Association. He died on 2 May 1982, at the age of 68.
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In Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay, boldo is mixed with yerba mate or other teas to moderate its flavor. Some families keep a boldo plant at home for this purpose, although boldo teabags are readily available in nearly all supermarkets. Boldo and plants with similar properties are widely used as mild folk medicine in various South American countries in both urban and rural areas, even among people who do not usually drink herbal teas other than mate beverage. Boldo is officially listed as phytotherapic plant as cholagogue and choleretic, for treatment of mild dyspepsia in Brazilian pharmacopoeia.
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Around this time his interest in science (Natural Philosophy) began to develop. He familiarised himself with the new quantitative chemical theory of Antoine Lavosier; and read widely, including - Nicolai Tychsen's "Apothekerkunst" (Theoretical and practical instructions for Pharmacists, 1804), Gren's Chemistry, Adam Hauch's Priniciples of Natural Philosophy and Ørsted's papers in Scandinavian Literature and Letters (whose treatise on spontaneous combustion made an especially strong impression on him). At the same time he experimented with a home-made voltaic pile. At 17 years old, he rearranged his father's pharmacy in accordance with the new pharmacopoeia of 1805, which had imposed the antiphlogistic nomenclature.
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It is marketed in accordance with the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, a private organization not linked to nor regulated by any part of any government, and its cold reduction claims are claimed to be supported by various non-scientific private studies done by and for the homeopathic industry: Center of Integrative Medicine, Department of Infections Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland OH. Some of the homeopathic ingredients used in the preparation of Zicam are galphimia glauca histamine dihydrochloride (homeopathic name histaminum hydrochloricum),Description of Histaminum Hydrochloricum luffa operculata,Luffa operculata L. COGN Sponge Cucumber and sulfur.
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Tao Hongjing's father and grandfather were experts in herbal drugs, and he shared their interests in pharmacopoeia and medicine. Shortly after compiling the c. 499 Zhen'gao he completed a major work of pharmacology: the Bencao jing jizhu (本草經集注, "Collected Commentaries to the Materia Medica"), which was a critical reedition of the Han dynasty Shennong Bencao Jing attributed to Shennong, the legendary inventor of agriculture and pharmacology. Although Tao's original commentary is no longer extant, it is widely quoted in later materia medica, and portions were discovered in the Dunhuang manuscripts (Knechtges and Chang 2014: 1080).
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Medicinal properties have been ascribed to Phallus indusiatus from the time of the Chinese Tang Dynasty when it was described in pharmacopoeia. The fungus was used to treat many inflammatory, stomach, and neural diseases. Southern China's Miao people continue to use it traditionally for a number of afflictions, including injuries and pains, cough, dysentery, enteritis, leukemia, and feebleness, and it has been prescribed clinically as a treatment for laryngitis, leucorrhea, fever, and oliguria (low urine output), diarrhea, hypertension, cough, hyperlipidemia, and in anticancer therapy. Modern science has probed the biochemical basis of these putative medicinal benefits.
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Paracelsus von Hohenheim, a 16th-century Swiss-German alchemist, experimented with various opium concoctions, and recommended opium for reducing pain. One of his preparations, a pill which he extolled as his "archanum" or "laudanum", may have contained opium. Paracelsus' laudanum was strikingly different from the standard laudanum of the 17th century and beyond, containing crushed pearls, musk, amber, and other substances. One researcher has documented that "Laudanum, as listed in the London Pharmacopoeia (1618), was a pill made from opium, saffron, castor, ambergris, musk and nutmeg".“In the Arms of Morpheus: The Tragic History of Laudanum, Morphine, and Patent Medicines”, by Barbara Hodgson.
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A single coffee plant in Hortus's collection served as the parent for the entire coffee culture in Central and South America. Likewise, two small potted oil palms brought back from Mauritius produced seeds which were propagated throughout all of Southeast Asia, becoming a major source of revenue in the Dutch East Indies and present-day Indonesia. In 1646, Johannes Snippendaal was appointed director of the garden. During his tenure, he determined the collection comprised 796 plant species, most of which were medicinal plants. Many of these plants are still grown at the Hortus Botanicus in its Snippendaal garden, referred to as 'the 17th century pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam’.
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The Chinese visitor Zhou Daguan, who toured the Khmer capital in 1292, also relates in his travelogue that monks would recite daily prayers read from books made of "very evenly stacked palm leaves". Khmer literature is generally divided into three main categories, namely Tes, containing sacred Buddhist knowledge, Lbaeng with literary verses of a rich vocabulary for general entertainment, and the technical Kbuon containing knowledge of medicine, pharmacopoeia, astronomy, law, chronicles, magics, divination or demonology. Apart from sastra olla books, the ancient Khmers also made paper books (from mulberry bark) known as Kraing and wrote on stone, metals, and human skin (tattoos) but rarely used animal hide or skins.
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The ninth five-year plan (1998-2002) ensured for its integration with western medicine and was also the first to tackle different aspects of the AYUSH system in a standalone manner and focused on an overall development ranging from investing in human resource development and preservation and cultivation of medicinal plants to completing a pharmacopoeia and outlining good manufacturing processes. The department was renamed to AYUSH in November 2003. The National Rural Health Mission was subsequently launched in 2005 to integrate AYUSH practitioners in national health programmes esp. in primary health care (AYUSH medical officers at community health centers, para- professionals et al.) and provide support for research in the field.
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The term "rubbing alcohol" in North American English is a general term for either isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) or ethyl alcohol (ethanol) products. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) defines "isopropyl rubbing alcohol USP" as containing approximately 70 percent alcohol by volume of pure isopropyl alcohol and defines "rubbing alcohol USP" as containing approximately 70 percent by volume of denatured alcohol. In Ireland and the UK, the comparable preparation is surgical spirit B.P., which the British Pharmacopoeia defines as 95% methylated spirit, 2.5% castor oil, 2% diethyl phthalate, and 0.5% methyl salicylate. Under its alternative name of "wintergreen oil", methyl salicylate is a common additive to North American rubbing alcohol products.
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The Baopuzi "Genie's Pharmacopoeia" chapter tells Daoist adepts how to go into the mountains and gather supernatural, invisible shizhi "rock mushrooms/excrescences". > Whenever excrescences are encountered, an initiating and an exorcising > amulet are placed over them, then they can no longer conceal or transform > themselves. Then patiently await the lucky day on which you will offer a > sacrifice of wine and dried meat, and then pluck them with a prayer on your > lips, always approaching from the east using Yü's Pace and with your vital > breaths well retained. (tr. Ware 1966:179-180) > Yü' s Pace: Advance left foot, then pass it with the right.
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To confer medical authority upon themselves, doctors of the day often published their theories, clinical findings, and pharmacopoeia (collections of "receipts" or prescriptions). Radcliffe, however, not only wrote little but also took a certain iconoclastic pride in having read little, remarking once of some vials of herbs and a skeleton in his study: “This is Radcliffe’s library.” However, he bequeathed a substantial sum of money to Oxford for the founding of the Radcliffe Library, an endowment which, Samuel Garth quipped, was "about as logical as if a eunuch should found a seraglio."Otto L. Bettmann, A Pictorial History of Medicine (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1956), 192. 3\.
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Outside the University, Prof Onyeji served as Governing Board member of different establishments. He has made excellent contributions to the advancement of Science through his studies with focus on pharmacokinetic, metabolism and pharmacodynamic evaluations of anti-infective drugs, with the overall objective of generating information relevant for optimization of therapeutic utility of the drugs. These studies, published in various high-impact journals, have provided the vital information on the need or otherwise for downward or upward dosage adjustment of the drugs when concurrently administered with other drugs. Some of his research findings are cited in National Drug Formularies including United States and British Pharmacopoeia, indication of relevance.
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Over the following decades, new products were developed and trialled in leading Russian and European institutions for medical, cosmetic, agricultural and veterinary applications. Between 1950 and 1975, several Bioeffectives were entered into the Russian Pharmacopoeia and used on a national scale. Bioeffectives were also used with great success to treat people exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl disaster. In 1990, one of the leaders of the research effort in the Soviet Union, Dr Vagif Soultanov, now Executive Chairman of Solagran, went to Australia to work at their Government's peak scientific body, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, as part of an inter-government scientific exchange programme.
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Jarman described his garden as "a therapy and a pharmacopoeia", and would go on to write a book about it, Derek Jarman's Garden, illustrated with photographs by Howard Sooley and published posthumously in June 1995. A set of prints of the photographs was acquired by the Garden Museum for its collection in 2012. The gardeners Beth Chatto and Christopher Lloyd stumbled across Prospect Cottage and its garden in the summer of 1990; the garden became the inspiration for the Gravel Garden at Beth Chatto Gardens at Elmstead Market in Essex. After Jarman's death in 1994, the cottage was bequeathed to his partner Keith Collins.
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Some of the most commonly-used biocompatible materials (or biomaterials) are polymers due to their inherent flexibility and tunable mechanical properties. Medical devices made of plastics are often made of a select few including: cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polycarbonate (PC), polyetherimide (PEI), medical grade polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethersulfone (PES), polyethylene (PE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and even polypropylene (PP). In order to ensure biocompatibility, there are a series of regulated tests that a material must pass in order to be certified for use. These include the United States Pharmacopoeia IV (USP Class IV) Biological Reactivity Test and the International Standards Organization 10993 (ISO 10993) Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices.
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The first western medical effort in China was the foundation of a public dispensary for Chinese at Macau in 1820 by the Rev Robert Morrison and Dr. John Livingstone, who was a surgeon to the East India Company. Although Morrison was not a medical practitioner, he had studied briefly at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. One of the objects of Morrison's dispensary was to discover whether the Chinese Pharmacopoeia "might not supply something in addition to the means now possessed of lessening human suffering in the West." Morrison stealthily purchased a collection of over 800 volumes of Chinese medical books, along with a collection of Chinese medicines.
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In China, seeds likely used for herbalism have been found in the archaeological sites of Bronze Age China dating from the Shang Dynasty. The mythological Chinese emperor Shennong is said to have written the first Chinese pharmacopoeia, the "Shennong Ben Cao Jing". The "Shennong Ben Cao Jing" lists 365 medicinal plants and their uses - including Ephedra (the shrub that introduced the drug ephedrine to modern medicine), hemp, and chaulmoogra (one of the first effective treatments for leprosy). Succeeding generations augmented on the Shennong Bencao Jing, as in the Yaoxing Lun (Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs), a 7th-century Tang Dynasty treatise on herbal medicine.
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Shortly before his death he was on the sub-committee appointed by the Medical Society of Queensland to assist in the revision of the British Pharmacopoeia. He made important researches in leprosy and became well known through his studies in filaria disease; he was the discoverer of the mature parasite Filaria bancrofti and was one of the first to suggest it was borne by mosquitoes. Bancroft was a leading scientist of his period in Queensland. He was at various times vice-president of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, president of the Queensland Medical Board, of the Royal Society of Queensland and the Medical Society of Queensland.
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Although he was offered a position of assistant professor at the University of Vienna due to various circumstances Domac was forced to return to Vinkovci. After working several years as a secondary school chemistry teacher at several gymnasiums he became an associate professor and then a full professor of pharmacognosy at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb, as well as a rector of University of Zagreb. In 1896 he established the Department of Pharmacognosy, one of the rare independent institutions of its type in the world at the time. He co-wrote Croato-Slavonian Pharmacopoeia, an extremely well received work among European pharmaceutical experts which introduced a number of innovations.
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TMAP was initiated in the fall of 1997 and the initial research covered around 500 patients. TMAP arose from a collaboration that began in 1995 between the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation (TDMHMR), pharmaceutical companies, and the University of Texas Southwestern. The research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Meadows Foundation, the Lightner-Sams Foundation, the Nanny Hogan Boyd Charitable Trust, TDMHMR, the Center for Mental Health Services, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Health Services Research and Development Research Career Scientist Award, the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention Inc. and Mental Health Connections.
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Commercial tannic acid is usually extracted from any of the following plant parts: Tara pods (Caesalpinia spinosa), gallnuts from Rhus semialata or Quercus infectoria or Sicilian sumac leaves (Rhus coriaria). According to the definitions provided in external references such as international pharmacopoeia, Food Chemicals Codex and FAO-WHO tannic acid monograph only tannins sourced from the above-mentioned plants can be considered as tannic acid. Sometimes extracts from chestnut or oak wood are also described as tannic acid but this is an incorrect use of the term. It is a yellow to light brown amorphous powder; 2850 grams dissolves in one litre of water (1.7 moles per liter).
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Kishore graduated in homoeopathic medicine from the Calcutta Homoeopathic College, West Bengal and started his practice in 1945 to begin a career which spanned for over 65 years. During this period, Kishore served as the honorary physician to the President of India for four tenures, honorary homoeopathic advisor to the Government of India once and was the Chairman of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee of India. When the Government of Delhi established Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital in New Delhi, Kishore was made its first director. He was the president of the Asian Homoeopathic Medical League (AHML) and a member of the national executive committee of the International Homoeopathic Medical Organization, Geneva.
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Artemisia annua, source of the antimalarial drug artemisinin The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of cinchona tree, which contains quinine. This tree grows on the slopes of the Andes, mainly in Peru. The indigenous peoples of Peru made a tincture of cinchona to control fever. Its effectiveness against malaria was found and the Jesuits introduced the treatment to Europe around 1640; by 1677, it was included in the London Pharmacopoeia as an antimalarial treatment. It was not until 1820 that the active ingredient, quinine, was extracted from the bark, isolated and named by the French chemists Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.
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The plant source of colchicine, the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), was described for treatment of rheumatism and swelling in the Ebers Papyrus (circa 1500 BC), an Egyptian medical papyrus. It is a toxic alkaloid and secondary metabolite. Colchicum extract was first described as a treatment for gout in De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, in the first century AD. Use of the bulb-like corms of Colchicum to treat gout probably dates to around 550 AD, as the "hermodactyl" recommended by Alexander of Tralles. Colchicum corms were used by the Persian physician Avicenna, and were recommended by Ambroise Paré in the 16th century, and appeared in the London Pharmacopoeia of 1618.
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The first known work of this kind published under civic authority appears to have been that of Tang Dynasty in China. The treatise was written by several officials of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. The pharmacopoeia contained 850 sorts of crude medicine, revising the treatises written by ancient Chinese pharmacists. However, the first dated work appeared in Nuremberg in 1542; a passing student Valerius Cordus showed a collection of medical prescriptions, which he had selected from the writings of the most eminent medical authorities, to the physicians of the town, who urged him to print it for the benefit of the apothecaries, and obtained for his work the sanction of the senatus.
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An attempt was made to simplify further the older formulae by the rejection of superfluous ingredients. In the edition published in 1788 the tendency to simplify was carried out to a much greater extent, and the extremely compound medicines which had formed the principal remedies of physicians for 2,000 years were discarded, while a few powerful drugs which had been considered too dangerous to be included in the Pharmacopoeia of 1765 were restored to their previous position. In 1809 the French chemical nomenclature was adopted, and in 1815 a corrected impression of the same was issued. Subsequent editions were published in 1824, 1836, and 1851.
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I.P. appearing after the product name. Though formerly printed there has been a transition to a situation where pharmaceutical information is available as printed volumes and on the internet. The rapid increase in knowledge renders necessary frequent new editions, to furnish definite formulae for preparations that have already come into extensive use in medical practice, so as to ensure uniformity of strength, and to give the characters and tests by which their purity and potency may be determined. However each new edition requires several years to carry out numerous experiments for devising suitable formulae, so that current pharmacopoeia are never quite up to date.
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In the very early 18th century, Jakob Le Mort (1650–1718), a professor of chemistry at Leiden University, prepared an elixir for asthma and called it "paregoric". The word "paregoric" comes from the Greek word "paregoricon" which was originally applied to oratory - to speak, but, more accurately, talk over, soothe, and finally came to have the same meaning as "anodyne". Le Mort's elixir, consisted of "honey, licorice, flowers of Benjamin, and opium, camphor, oil of aniseed, salt of tartar and spirit of wine," became official as "Elixir Asthmaticum" in the London Pharmacopoeia of 1721. Its ingredients were assembled out of the obsolete humoral philosophy and quasi-scientific reasoning of the Renaissance.
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Many hundreds of medicines are derived from plants, both traditional medicines used in herbalism and chemical substances purified from plants or first identified in them, sometimes by ethnobotanical search, and then synthesised for use in modern medicine. Modern medicines derived from plants include aspirin, taxol, morphine, quinine, reserpine, colchicine, digitalis and vincristine. Plants used in herbalism include ginkgo, echinacea, feverfew, and Saint John's wort. The pharmacopoeia of Dioscorides, De Materia Medica, describing some 600 medicinal plants, was written between 50 and 70 AD and remained in use in Europe and the Middle East until around 1600 AD; it was the precursor of all modern pharmacopoeias.
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The most famous Persian medical treatise was Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, which was an early pharmacopoeia and introduced clinical trials. The Canon was translated into Latin in the 12th century and remained a medical authority in Europe until the 17th century. The Unani system of traditional medicine is also based on the Canon. Translations of the early Roman-Greek compilations were made into German by Hieronymus Bock whose herbal, published in 1546, was called Kreuter Buch. The book was translated into Dutch as Pemptades by Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585), and from Dutch into English by Carolus Clusius, (1526-1609), published by Henry Lyte in 1578 as A Nievve Herball.
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1 "Glass Containers for Pharmaceutical Use" all with comparable methodologies. These tests evaluate the hydrolytic stability of the containers under more severe conditions, wherein containers, filled close to capacity with purified water, are covered and then heat-cycled in an autoclave at 121 °C for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, the water is titrated with acid to evaluate the pH of the water, and therefore the equivalent amount of alkali extracted during the heat cycle. The alkali content of the rinse water can also be evaluated more directly by chemical analysis of the rinse water, as outlined in more recent versions of the European Pharmacopoeia.
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In 1540 Cordus discovered and described a revolutionary technique for synthesizing ether, which involved adding sulfuric acid to ethyl alcohol. In 1542 he began travelling back and forth between Germany and Italy for his research and studies, and also presented his great pharmacopoeia, Dispensatorium, to the Nuremberg city council. The council presented him with 100 gold guilders following the presentation, and published the work posthumously as a single volume in 1546. The University of Wittenberg awarded him a medical degree in 1544, the same year that his great herbal in five volumes, Historia Plantarum, was published—a work unique at the time for its balanced analysis of interest not only to botanists, but to pharmacists and herbalists as well.
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The first Chinese character dictionary, the (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi defines many names of simians, primarily under the (犬部 "dog/quadruped" radical) in Chapter 11. The classic Chinese pharmacopoeia, Li Shizhen's (1597) Bencao Gangmu (獸之四 "Animals No. 4" chapter) lists medical uses for five Yu 寓 "monkeys" and three Kuai 怪 "supernatural beings". The latter are wangliang 魍魎 "a demon that eats the livers of corpses", penghou 彭侯 "a tree spirit that resembles a black tailless dog", and feng 封 "an edible monster that resembles a two-eyed lump of flesh". Li Shizhen distinguishes 11 varieties of monkeys: > A small one with a short tail is called Hou ([猴] monkey).
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In New York, the medical department of King's College was established in 1767, and in 1770, awarded the first American M.D. degree.Jacob Ernest Cooke, ed. Encyclopedia of the North American colonies (3 vol 1992) 1:214 Smallpox inoculation was introduced 1716–1766, well before it was accepted in Europe. The first medical schools were established in Philadelphia in 1765 and New York in 1768. The first textbook appeared in 1775, though physicians had easy access to British textbooks. The first pharmacopoeia appeared in 1778.Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625-1742 (1938) pp 399-400Ola Elizabeth Winslow, A destroying angel: the conquest of smallpox in colonial Boston (1974).
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Human placenta has been used traditionally in Chinese medicine, though the mother is not identified as the recipient of these treatments. A sixteenth-century Chinese medical text, the Compendium of Materia Medica, states in a section on medical uses of the placenta that, "when a woman in Liuqiu has a baby, the placenta is eaten", and that in Bagui, "the placenta of a boy is specially prepared and eaten by the mother’s family and relatives." Another Chinese medical text, the Great Pharmacopoeia of 1596, recommends placental tissue mixed with human milk to help overcome the effects of Ch'i exhaustion. These include "anemia, weakness of the extremities, and coldness of the sexual organs with involuntary ejaculation of semen".
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This, the first authorized London Pharmacopoeia, was selected chiefly from the works of Mezue and Nicolaus de Salerno, but it was found to be so full of errors that the whole edition was cancelled, and a fresh edition was published in the following December. At this period the compounds employed in medicine were often heterogeneous mixtures, some of which contained from 20 to 70, or more, ingredients, while a large number of simples were used in consequence of the same substance being supposed to possess different qualities according to the source from which it was derived. Thus crabs’ eyes (i.e., gastroliths), pearls, oyster shells, and coral were supposed to have different properties.
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The French diplomat Jean Nicot used a tobacco poultice as an analgesic, and Nicolás Monardes advocated tobacco as a treatment for a long list of diseases, such as cancer, headaches, respiratory problems, stomach cramps, gout, intestinal worms and female diseases. Contemporaneous medical science placed much weight on humorism, and for a short period tobacco became a panacea. Its use was mentioned in pharmacopoeia as a tool against cold and somnolence brought on by particular medical afflictions, its effectiveness being explained by its ability to soak up moisture, to warm parts of the body, and to therefore maintain the equilibrium so important to a healthy person. In an attempt to discourage disease tobacco was also used to fumigate buildings.
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The plant is used in folk medicine, typically as an herbal tea, but may be used as an alcohol extract or in dietary supplements. It has not seen widespread use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), being adopted only in the past 20 years, because it grows far from central China where TCM evolved; consequently, it was not included in the standard pharmacopoeia of the TCM system. Before then, it was a locally-known herb used primarily in mountainous regions of southern China and in northern Vietnam. It is described by the local inhabitants as the "immortality herb", because a large number of elderly people within Guizhou Province reported consuming the plant regularly.
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Kalyan Banerjee is an Indian homoeopath from New Delhi. An alumnus of the Mihijan Institute of Homeopathy, he is the founder of Dr. Kalyan Banerjee Clinic, a homoeopathic healthcare centre based in Chittaranjan Park, New Delhi since 1977. He has been associated several government agencies such as the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, formerly a member of their Governing Council, and the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH) of the Ministry of AYUSH, holding a seat in the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee and the Standing Finance Committee. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2009, for his work in the field of medicine.
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John Marriot maintained his London business from 1616 to 1657; his shop was at the sign of the "White Flower de Luce" in St. Dunstan's Churchyard in Fleet Street. Marriot published a wide range of books on many subjects, including the religious works that were a dominant feature of his era; John Meredith's The Sin of Blasphemy Against the Holy Ghost (1622) is only one of various possible examples. In 1618 Marriot became the publisher of the Royal College of Physicians, and published their Pharmacopoeia (1618, 1619) -- though his relationship with the College would prove difficult and contentious.Benjamin Woolley, Heal Thyself: Nicholas Culpeper and the Seventeenth-Century Struggle to Bring Medicine to the People, New York, HarperCollins, 2004; pp.
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John Jackson. John Latham, FRS, M.D. (29 December 1761 – 20 April 1843) was a physician who bought the Bradwall estate.Norman Moore, "Latham, John (1761–1843)", rev. Anita McConnell, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 He became President of the Royal College of Physicians,Geoffrey Davenport, Ian McDonald, Caroline Moss-Gibbons, The Royal College of Physicians and its collections: an illustrated history, Publisher: Royal College of Physicians, 2001, , , 168 pages (page 148) and also updated their Pharmacopoeia.John Latham, Thomas Longman ((Londres)), The Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Thomas Healde, Printed by H.S. Woodfall, for T. Longman, 1791 (via Google Books) Latham was the eldest son of the Rev.
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During the same year, he was appointed chief pharmacist of the French army. From 1758, he served as apothecary to the army headquarters of Bas-Rhin, during which time he studied plants found in the vicinity of Cologne and Braunschweig.Google Books Recueil des travaux de la Société des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts by the Société des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts de Lille In 1770 he was appointed professor of botany by the magistrate of Lille, and from 1796 served as a professor of natural history at the École centrale du département du Nord à Lille. With Pierre Riquet, he was editor of Pharmacopoeia, jussu Senatus insulensis tertiary edita.
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Born on May 10, 1728 in Yorkshire, England, Robert Proud was a son of Ann and William Proud, a prosperous farmer. Initially reared "on a leasehold near the North-Riding market-town of Thirsk," according to historian J. H. Powell, he was educated in a primary school in the community of his birth, but was then sent at the age of 18 by his parents to David Hall's Quaker boarding school at Skipton. While there, he trained intensively in classical studies. After completing his education in 1750, he worked briefly as a bookkeeper in London before being persuaded by Dr. John Fothergill to pursue studies in botany and pharmacopoeia, which he did.
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It is an anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine is a potent single-dose agent for treatment of S. mansoni infection, and it causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver, where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs.Martidale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121 Oxamniquine is a semisynthetic tetrahydroquinoline and possibly acts by DNA binding, resulting in contraction and paralysis of the worms and eventual detachment from terminal venules in the mesentry, and death. Its biochemical mechanisms are hypothesized to be related to an anticholinergic effect, which increases the parasite's motility, as well as inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acids.
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Others in the order of decreasing > excellence are gold, silver, ch'ih, the five jades, mica, pearl, realgar, > t'ai i yü yü liang, shih chung huang tzu (literally yellow nucleus in > stone), shih kuei (stony cinnamon), quartz, shih nao , shih liu huang (a > kind of raw sulfur), wild honey and tseng ch'ing. (11, tr. Davis and Ch'en > 1941:311) > Medicines of superior quality for immortality are: cinnabar; next comes > gold, then follows silver, then the many chih, then the five kinds of jade, > then mica, then ming-chu, then realgar, then brown hematite, then > conglomerate masses of brown hematite, then stone cassia (?), then quartz, > then paraffin, then sulphur, then wild honey, then malachite (stratified > variety) (tr. Feifel 1946:2) > At the top of the genie's pharmacopoeia stands cinnabar.
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At the Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute, Zippin performed various laboratory and statistical duties under Lloyd C. Miller, Ph.D., later Director of Revision (1950-1970) of the United States Pharmacopoeia. Dr. Miller encouraged Zippin to pursue a career in statistics which led to his graduate work at Johns Hopkins where he also held an appointment as a Research Assistant in Statistics from 1950 to 1953. Following graduate school, Zippin became an Instructor in Biostatistics (1953-1955) at the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. He moved to the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco where, at the level of assistant professor, he held appointments in the Cancer Research Institute and the Department of Preventive Medicine.
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Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America lists the following medicinal activities: alexiteric, anti-HIV, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenaggogue, febrifuge, leihmanicide, orexigenic, stimulant, tonic.Duke, James A. Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America, CRC Press, 2008: 273. The United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary of 1927 says that the root of this plant was used for low fevers, typhoid, diarrhea, dysentery, serpent bites; in decoction, tincture.Culbreth, David M. A Manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology, 7th edition, Philadelphia, 1927: Maud Grieve writes in her Modern Herbal (1931) that contrayerva given as a powder or decoction is a “Stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic; given in cases of low fevers, typhoid, dysentery, diarrhoea, and other illnesses needing a stimulant.” Grieve, M. “Contrayerva”, A Modern Herbal. Retrieved on 14.10.2017.
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The official pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China continues to include Chinese pangolin scales as an ingredient in TCM formulations, and there is a legal market for scales. Today the main uses of pangolin scales are to unblock blood clots, promote blood circulation, and to help lactating women secrete milk. There are many other applications for treating gynecological diseases, and pills that contain powdered pangolin scales are used for treating blockages of the fallopian tubes to cure infertility. TCM researchers and inventors continue to expand the number of applications of pangolin scales: patents continue to be filed for medicinal formulations, and medical journals continue to publish articles extolling health and healing benefits, including the treatment of diseases that are not recognized by Western medicine.
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Page 66, f33v, has been interpreted to represent a sunflower The overall impression given by the surviving leaves of the manuscript is that it was meant to serve as a pharmacopoeia or to address topics in medieval or early modern medicine. However, the puzzling details of illustrations have fueled many theories about the book's origin, the contents of its text, and the purpose for which it was intended. The first section of the book is almost certainly herbal, but attempts have failed to identify the plants, either with actual specimens or with the stylized drawings of contemporaneous herbals. Only a few of the plant drawings can be identified with reasonable certainty, such as a wild pansy and the maidenhair fern.
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The earliest known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC. Alcmaeon, author of the first anatomical compilation, worked at this school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established. Despite their known respect for Egyptian medicine, attempts to discern any particular influence on Greek practice at this early time have not been dramatically successful because of the lack of sources and the challenge of understanding ancient medical terminology. It is clear, however, that the Greeks imported Egyptian substances into their pharmacopoeia, and the influence became more pronounced after the establishment of a school of Greek medicine in Alexandria.Heinrich von Staden, Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 1-26.
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According to the historian of science Londa Schiebinger, in the 17th and 18th centuries "many sources taken together – herbals, midwifery manuals, trial records, Pharmacopoeia, and Materia medica – reveal that physicians, midwives, and women themselves had an extensive knowledge of herbs that could induce abortion." Schiebinger further writes that "European exploration in the West Indies yielded about a dozen known abortifacients." In aboriginal Australia, plants such as quinine bush (Petalostigma pubescens), or blue-leaved mallee (Eucalyptus gamophylla) were ingested, inserted into the body, or were smoked with Cooktown ironwood (Erythropleum chlorostachys). According to Virgil Vogel, a historian of the indigenous societies of North America, the Ojibwe used blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) as an abortifacient, and the Quinault used thistle for the same purpose.
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Of this last work, there were two editions in use -- Nicolaus magnus and Nicolaus parvus: in the latter, several of the compounds described in the large edition were omitted and the formulae given on a smaller scale. Also Vesalius claimed he had written some "dispensariums" and "manuals" on the works of Galenus. Apparently he burnt them. According to recent research communicated at the congresses of the International Society for the History of Medicine by the scholar Francisco Javier González Echeverría,Michael Servetus Research Website with graphical study on the pharmacopoeia Dispensarium by Servetus1998 "The 'Dispensarium' or 'Enquiridion' the complementary work of the Dioscorides, both by Servetus" and "The book of work of Michael Servetus for his Dioscorides and his 'Dispensarium'".
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Until 1617 such drugs and medicines as were in common use were sold in England by the apothecaries and grocers. In that year the apothecaries obtained a separate charter, and it was enacted that no grocer should keep an apothecary’s shop. The preparation of physicians’ prescriptions was thus confined to the apothecaries, upon whom pressure was brought to bear to make them dispense accurately, by the issue of a pharmacopoeia in May 1618 by the College of Physicians, and by the power which the wardens of the apothecaries received in common with the censors of the College of Physicians of examining the shops of apothecaries within 7 m. of London and destroying all the compounds which they found unfaithfully prepared.
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These drugs are used along with analgesics to modulate and/or modify the action of opioids when used against pain, especially of neuropathic origin. Dextromethorphan has been noted to slow the development of and reverse tolerance to opioids, as well as to exert additional analgesia by acting upon NMDA receptors, as does ketamine. Some analgesics such as methadone and ketobemidone and perhaps piritramide have intrinsic NMDA action. High-alcohol liquor, two forms of which were found in the US Pharmacopoeia up until 1916 and in common use by physicians well into the 1930s, has been used in the past as an agent for dulling pain, due to the CNS depressant effects of ethyl alcohol, a notable example being the American Civil War.
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Since 1988, he has been a member of the WHO Expert Committee on the International Pharmacopoeia and Pharmaceutical Preparations and Drug Quality Assurance of Medicines chairing meetings of the Committee numerous times. He was a member of the Expert Advisory Committee of the WHO/TDR/EU- funded malaria drug development initiative, and the TDR-ANDI Drug and Diagnostics Development Initiative. He is a member of the WHO-AFRO African Advisory Committee on Health Research and Development (AACHRD), and was involved in various meetings of AACHRD and WHO-AFRO to study, review and make recommendations on the WHO-CEWG report on Health research and development (R&D;), Financing and Coordination. From 1980 to 1982, he was the Chairman of the Volta River Authority.
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These trends spread to the colonies, and though apothecaries never organized into a legally distinct and guilded profession in North America, the rural hinterlands mirrored the prevalence of the apothecary in Britain, where "in more remote locales, the apothecary 'was usually the only doctor.'" The pharmacopoeia, which simply lists useful drugs—or sometimes more importantly, drops questionable substances from the canon—"came fully into its own in the early modern age", encompassing roughly the span of history covering the 1500s up until the French Revolutions in the late 1700s. But pharmacopoeias mainly offered some basics and compounding instructions. Not until the first dispensatories were there books disseminating more comprehensive information on pharmaceuticals: guidance on uses for drugs, how and in what situations to employ them, experience with best practices, etc.
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Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum The Sumerians are said to have cultivated and harvested the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) in lower Mesopotamia as early as 3400 BC, though this has been disputed. The most ancient testimony concerning the opium poppy found to date was inscribed in cuneiform script on a small white clay tablet at the end of the third millennium BC. This tablet was discovered in 1954 during excavations at Nippur, and is currently kept at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Deciphered by Samuel Noah Kramer and Martin Leve, it is considered to be the most ancient pharmacopoeia in existence. Some Sumerian tablets of this era have an ideogram inscribed upon them, "hul gil", which translates to "plant of joy", believed by some authors to refer to opium.
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Wight left India after retiring from service in March 1853. He returned to England with poor health and difficulty in hearing. He returned to England and bought the 66-acre estate of Grazeley Lodge near Reading. Although his intention had been to continue with taxonomic research, he got diverted into small-scale agriculture, and published very little thereafter. Eight short articles on cotton cultivation were published in the Gardeners’ Chronicle in 1861 and as a substantial pamphlet in 1862. In 1865 Wight was a member of the committee that helped Edward John Waring edit the Pharmacopoeia of India (published in 1868) and in 1866 he read a paper on On the Phenomenon of Vegetation in the Indian Spring to the International Botanical Congress in London.Noltie(2005):3-24.
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Two of the Faulding company's major innovations were the development of a process for distillation of eucalyptus oil, and the development of the test for determining the eucalyptol content of the oil. Faulding's success was founded on eucalyptus oil, which formed the basis of an antiseptic marketed as "Solyptol" (for soluble eucalyptus oil). The test became the industry standard, and the British Pharmacopoeia standard method in 1898. Other well-known products were Milk Emulsion (a pleasant alternative to cod-liver oil), Solyptol Soap, (which won a gold medal at the Franco-British Exhibition in London in 1908), Solyptol disinfectant, junket tablets, cordials, essential oils for perfumery and reagents such as Epsom salts, most produced in its factory in Thebarton on the land once occupied by Bean Brothers' tannery.
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The NSF Water Division certifies products that come into contact with drinking water, such as plumbing components, water treatment chemicals and drinking water filters, as well as pool and spa equipment. The NSF Health Sciences Division offers training and education, consulting, auditing, good manufacturing practice (GMP) and good laboratory practice (GLP) testing, certification, R&D; and regulatory guidance for the pharmaceutical, medical device and dietary supplement industries throughout the product lifecycle. It also supplies pharmaceutical secondary reference standards, traceable to United States Pharmacopeia and European Pharmacopoeia standards. The NSF Consumer Products Division tests and certifies consumer products and appliances used in and around the home including home appliances, cookware, bakeware, small kitchen electronics, bottled water and beverages, nutritional and dietary supplements, private label goods and personal care products.
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In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world.
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An in-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) has been defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as "a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in-vitro property of a dosage form and an in-vivo response". Generally, the in-vitro property is the rate or extent of drug dissolution or release while the in-vivo response is the plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) also defines IVIVC as "the establishment of a relationship between a biological property, or a parameter derived from a biological property produced from a dosage form, and a physicochemical property of the same dosage form". Typically, the parameter derived from the biological property is AUC or Cmax, while the physicochemical property is the in vitro dissolution profile.
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Triguna is the president of the All India Ayurvedic Congress and the vice president of Central Council of Indian Medicines, a Government of India nodal agency. He sits in the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia Committee of the Government of India. He presides over the governing body of the Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, a Government of India centre of higher learning for Ayurveda and the founder president of the International Ayurveda Congress. He sits in the Ayurveda advisory committees of the Governments of Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and serves as a member of the Employees' State Insurance Corporation, Board of Ayurveda and Unani Tibbia College and the board of directors of Oriental Bank of Commerce.
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In 1989, the faculty opened the Doctoral Degree in 3 fields, and the later year, the faculty improved the curriculum in bachelor's degree to be a half-professional field featuring hospital pharmacy, manufacturing pharmacy, research and development, administration and retail community pharmacy and public health pharmacy. In 1993, the faculty opened the new building named "80th Pharmacy", which provided the new technology in lecture room and also in laboratory, to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the faculty. At the present time, the faculty provides the curriculum covering 3 degrees—Bachelor of Pharmacy, Master's degree and Doctoral Degree. It has one museum that collecting international herbs, crude drugs, and antique application for making the medicine such as Dvaravati stone mortar and pestle, Thai long book which collected the pharmacopoeia.
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Following qualification, Hamill worked at St Bartholomew's and at other hospitals in posts including demonstrator in Pathology, and in 1916 went to Mesopotamia with the RAMC; he was invalided out after suffering from dysentery and malaria. On his return to London, Hamill established a practice as a physician, working in hospitals in London including the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest and St Andrew's Hospital at Dollis Hill. He was appointed Lecturer in Pharmacology and Therapeutics at St Bartholomew's in 1914, remaining in the post until 1950. Alongside this work he was an examiner at several universities, member of the Medical Trials Committee and secretary to the Pharmacopoeia Committee of the General Medical Council, later being appointed inspector of teaching in pharmacology for the GMC.
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According to the Pharmacopoeia standards, internally treated or dealkalized soda-lime glass containers are designated as "Type II" containers, thus setting them apart from their untreated counterparts due to their improved resistance to product interactions (as opposed to "Type III", which is standard, untreated soda-lime glass, or "Type I", which is reserved for highly resistant borosilicate glass). While not routine, dealkalization can also be measured in a variety of other ways. Since dealkalized surfaces are more chemically durable, they are also more resistant to weathering reactions, and appropriate evaluation of this parameter can give indirect evidence of a previously dealkalized surface. It is also possible to evaluate dealkalization through the use of advanced, surface analytical techniques such as SIMS or XPS, which give direct measurements of glass surface composition.
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British Approved Names (BANs) are devised or selected by the British Pharmacopoeia Commission (BPC), and published by the Health Ministers, on the recommendation of the Commission on Human Medicines, to provide a list of names of substances or articles referred to in Section 100 of the Medicines Act 1968. BANs are short, distinctive names, for substances; where the systematic chemical or other scientific names are too complex for convenient general use. As a consequence of Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, the British Approved Names, since 2002, may be assumed to be the recommended International Non-proprietary Name (rINN), except where otherwise stated. A World Health Organization (WHO) INN identifies a pharmaceutical substance or active pharmaceutical ingredient by a unique name that is globally recognised, and in which no party can claim any proprietary rights.
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The disease is named in conjunction with Auguste Louis Jules Millard (1830–1915), who initially described the disorder in 1855. The eponymous "Gubler's line" is a line of superficial origin of the trigeminal nerve on the pons, a lesion below which results in the aforementioned Millard-Gubler syndrome. He was the author of many works on botany, clinical medicine, physiology and pharmacology, with several articles on the latter subject being published in the "Journal de thérapeutique". Among his better written efforts was an 1856 treatise on hemiplegia titled De l'hémiplégie alterne envisagée comme signe de lésion de la protubérance annulaire et comme preuve de la décussation des nerfs faciaux, and a major publication involving pharmacopoeia called Commentaires thérapeutiques du codex medicamentarius, a book that was awarded the "Chaussier Prize" (Prix Chaussier, named after anatomist François Chaussier) by the Académie des sciences.
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College publications include the first ten editions of the London Pharmacopoeia (written in Latin, and used for regulating the composition of medicines from 1618 and, through the college's police the Censors, for enforcing the college's monopoly on medical science, then being challenged by the Society of Apothecaries), and the 'Nomenclature of Diseases' in 1869. The latter created the international standard for the classification of diseases which was to last until the World Health Organization's Manual of the international classification of diseases superseded it in the twentieth century. The college became the licensing body for medical books in the late seventeenth century, and sought to set new standards in learning through its own system of examinations. The college's tradition of examining continues to this day and it is still perhaps how the college is best known to the general public.
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A Chinese Pharmacopoeia The therapeutic uses of puffer fish (tetraodon) eggs were mentioned in the first Chinese pharmacopoea (Pen-T’ so Ching, The Book of Herbs, allegedly 2838–2698 BC by Shénnóng Běn Cǎo Jīng; but a later date is more likely), where they were classified as having “medium” toxicity, but could have a tonic effect when used at the correct dose. The principle use was “to arrest convulsive diseases”. In the Pen-T’ so Kang Mu (Index Herbacea or The Great Herbal by Li Shih-Chen, 1596) some types of the fish Ho-Tun (the current Chinese name for tetraodon) were also recognized as both toxic yet, at the right dose, useful as part of a tonic. Increased toxicity in Ho-Tun was noted in fish caught at sea (rather than river) after the month of March.
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In 1901, Jōkichi Takamine patented a purified extract from the adrenal glands, and called it "adrenalin" (from the Latin ad and renal, "near the kidneys"), which was trademarked by Parke, Davis & Co in the US. The British Approved Name and European Pharmacopoeia term for this drug is hence adrenaline. However, the pharmacologist John Abel had already prepared an extract from adrenal glands as early as 1897, and coined the name epinephrine to describe it (from the Greek epi and nephros, "on top of the kidneys"). In the belief that Abel's extract was the same as Takamine's (a belief since disputed), epinephrine became the generic name in the US, and remains the pharmaceutical's United States Adopted Name and International Nonproprietary Name (though the name adrenaline is frequently used). The terminology is now one of the few differences between the INN and BAN systems of names.
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Dioscorides's De Materia Medica, written by 70 AD, listed some 600 medicinal plants and around 1000 drugs made from them, including substances known to be effective such as aconite, aloes, colocynth, colchicum, henbane, opium and squill. The book remained a standard reference for nearly two thousand years, and was the basis of the European pharmacopoeia until the end of the 19th century. Also since the earliest times, people have exploited some of the many psychoactive substances manufactured by plants in religious rituals and for pleasure. Among the most widely used throughout history are alcohol, produced by fermenting cereals with yeast (a fungus), tobacco, coffee, tea, chocolate, cannabis, coca (used as leaf for some 8,000 years in Peru,Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru Volume: 84 Number: 326 Page: 939–953 and in recent times also purified to cocaine), mescaline (from a cactus) and psilocybin (from a fungus).
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As soon as Columbus started his explorations of the Americas in the late 15th century, a European effort to find valuable medicinal plants among the flora of the New World to add to the medical canon got underway. Early New World medicines uncovered included guaiacum from the West Indies (for coughs, rheumatism and a wide variety of other uses), sassafras from Florida, copaiba from Brazil, Peru balsam and, most famously, cinchona bark from Peru, also called "Jesuit's bark" in honor of its discoverer, which became the first effective treatment for malaria. The active ingredient of this cinchona bark, quinine, was the primary treatment for malaria well into the 1940s. "About 170 drugs used by the Indians of British North America, and perhaps 50 used by the indigenous people of the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America" became important enough in the U.S. (as the practitioners of chemistry and pharmacy eventually catalogued, analyzed and understood them) to merit listing in the United States Pharmacopoeia (est.
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On 26 May 1994, the European Commission and the Council of Europe decided to launch a new, jointly funded, co-operative venture targeting the quality control of medicines for human and veterinary use on the market, called the European Network of Official Medicines Control Laboratories (OMCLs). Open to both member states and observers of the Ph. Eur. convention,"Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia ETS No.: 050, Treaty Office, Council of Europe" this network is made up of independent public laboratories that have been appointed by their respective national authorities. Their primary mission is to ensure, through random sample testing, that medicines supplied to patients – wherever they are in Europe – comply with the applicable quality standards and the terms and conditions of their MA. The laboratories that form the network share resources, expertise and workloads: this not only contributes to reducing public health expenditure, a broader coverage of medicines on the market and to the development of future harmonised common standards, but means that laboratories across Europe have access to state-of- the-art technology and selective analytical procedures.
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Later, Bigelow expanded his botanic surveys into New Hampshire and Vermont. The results of this work were included in a second, expanded edition of Florula Bostoniensis (1824) which became a standard reference of New England flora for the next 25 years. Bigelow was appointed professor of materia medica at the Harvard Medical School in 1815 and held the post until 1855. His most important botanical work was American Medical Botany, which he authored and illustrated. Published in three volumes from 1817 to 1820, Bigelow developed an improved method of reproducing his illustrations using a new aqua-tint process. He was also an important contributor to the first American pharmacopoeia in 1820. Bigelow became interested in mechanics and was appointed Rumford Professor at Harvard College, teaching applied science from 1816 to 1827. He is credited with promoting the word "technology"Elliott, Clark A. Biographical Dictionary of American Science: The Seventeenth through the Nineteenth Centuries. 1979. and in 1829 he published a treatise on mechanics and non-biological sciences, Elements of Technology.
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The name codeine is derived from the Ancient Greek (, "poppy head"). The relative proportion of codeine to morphine, the most common opium alkaloid at 4% to 23%, tends to be somewhat higher in the poppy straw method of preparing opium alkaloids. Until the beginning of the 19th century, raw opium was used in diverse preparations known as laudanum (see Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium- Eater, 1821) and paregoric elixirs, a number of which were popular in England since the beginning of the 18th century; the original preparation seems to have been elaborated in Leiden, the Netherlands around 1715 by a chemist named Lemort; in 1721 the London Pharmacopoeia mentions an Elixir Asthmaticum, replaced by the term Elixir Paregoricum ("pain soother") in 1746. The progressive isolation of opium's several active components opened the path to improved selectivity and safety of the opiates-based pharmacopeia. Morphine had already been isolated in Germany by in 1804. Codeine was first isolated in 1832 in France by , already famous for the discovery of alizarin, the most widespread red dye, while working on refined morphine extraction processes.
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