72 Sentences With "perturbs" | Random Sentence Generator

America's new president, Donald Trump, perturbs them daily with his tweets.

It's body fat—any body fat he can see—that perturbs him.

I always feel a sense of disquiet when I'm staying in one, a fundamental rootlessness that perturbs me greatly.

Naturally, this perturbs Bernie Sanders fans, who see it as one more way the Democratic nomination contest has been rigged from the start.

There's strong evidence that a warmer Arctic also perturbs global weather patterns and stokes weather extremes thousands of miles away, in heavily populated areas.

In F. Scott Fitzgerald's fictional West Egg, Nick Carraway's "ragged lawn" so perturbs Jay Gatsby that he sends his own gardener to tame it.

Musing over tea on the 275th afternoon of his confinement, what perturbs Mr Gulab is that he too now thinks in terms of "us" and "them".

By definition rape is the absence of promiscuity, rape is the absence of consent, and it perturbs me deeply that he can't even see that distinction.

But in this new play by Richard Greenberg, directed by Lynne Meadow, she plays a woman on her deathbed, who perturbs her grown children with an upsetting confession.

By definition rape is not the absence of promiscuity, rape is the absence of consent, and it perturbs me deeply that he can t even see that distinction.

"It's kind of a long-term investigation of very slowly watching how much solar radiation the asteroid receives and how it perturbs the orbit of the asteroid over that time," says Beshore.

Jabbari: What perturbs me is that the upcoming Venom film exists without the inclusion of Spider-Man and is being developed by the studio who single-handedly drove the IP off a cliff.

But this moisture also perturbs air currents, so in some years, Pacific moisture is all channeled toward California via atmospheric rivers while in other years, this concentrated plume discharges elsewhere, leaving the Golden State to dry out.

Usually, the northern lights stay pretty close to the poles, but during a solar storm — also known as a geomagnetic storm — the lights can be visible in lower latitudes due to the way the storm perturbs Earth's magnetic field.

Listening to Neon Bible in the wake of Everything Now perturbs; one wonders if their urge to hide under the covers from the "ocean of violence" outside really targeted Bush, or if the chaotic entanglements of modern life just offended their regressive notions of purity.

This is Ted Cruz, the conservative firebrand who perturbs senators, actresses, and college roommates alike, a man so polarizing that Republican Representative Peter King told Morning Joe this week he would rather eat cyanide than live in a country that elected the Texas senator to the White House.

The dipole perturbs the potential at the surface leading, for example, to a change of the metal work function.

As scoliosis perturbs the architecture of the shoulders, spine and pelvis, gait also differs between patients and non-scoliotic people.

This star was reported to have stellar activity, making the confirmation process for CoRoT-7b more difficult. In fact, mass estimates are affected by large uncertainty due to stellar activity, that perturbs the radial velocity measurements needed to "weigh" the planets.

Valmonte sends in the ruler's doctor. The Pillow Bearer, Keeper of the Purse and Executioner also voice their concerns over the King's absence. The situation also perturbs the courtiers, who are instructed by Valmonte to get continue with their work.

The primary star is a late F-type subgiant star. It has a mass 1.72 times that of the Sun. The companion star regularly perturbs the primary star, causing it to wobble around the barycenter. From this, an orbital period of 35.5 years has been calculated.

The changing gravity field can be detected by repeated land measurements with absolute gravimeters and recently by the GRACE satellite mission. The change in long-wavelength components of Earth's gravity field also perturbs the orbital motion of satellites and has been detected by LAGEOS satellite motion.

Iota Virginis is an astrometric binary. The secondary regularly perturbs the primary, causing the latter to wobble around its barycenter. A preliminary orbit with a period of 55 years has been calculated. Iota Virginis A is a yellow-colored star with a spectral class of F7IV-V.

Besides, Suraiah (Satyanarayana) a deleterious and always begrudges Chandraiah. Yet, benevolent Chandraiah knitted his elder daughter Satya with Prasad. Ramakrishna is a gallant who always accepts the challenges, and triumphs which perturbs his father. Meanwhile, Suraiah carries several barbarities in the village, and to escape he purports devils on the outskirts.

Frequent disturbance often perturbs agricultural habitats and the response to disturbance varies among EPN species. In traditional agricultural systems, tilling disturbs the soil ecosystem, affecting biotic and abiotic factors. For example, tilled soils have lower microbial, arthropod, and nematode species diversity (Lupwayi et al. 1998). Tilled soil also has less moisture and higher temperatures.

The primary star is an early G-type subgiant star. It has a mass 1.61 times that of the Sun, and is 6.8 times more luminous. The companion star regularly perturbs the G-type primary star primary, causing it to wobble around the barycenter. From this, an orbital period of 45 years has been calculated.

This technique uses isotope exchange to measure indirectly the interconversion of the free enzyme between its two forms. The radiolabeled substrate and product diffuse in a time-dependent manner. When the system reaches equilibrium the addition of unlabeled substrate perturbs or unbalances it. As equilibrium is established again, the radiolabeled substrate and product are tracked to determine energetic information.

Carmichael's presence perturbs Mary, who offers him money to depart. Carmichael refuses, wishing to earn the fare on his own. Cobb puts up a poster telling about a murder Chamalis ordered and how the Bella Donna cheats customers. Seeing it, Chamlis' henchman "Knuckles" Jacoby (Brian Donlevy) shoots both the man who put it up and the publisher when he tries to defend him.

Manav is engaged to the beautiful Shanti, who is an innocent but possessive girlfriend. Disha (Isha Koppikar), an attractive girl arrives joins the college, and although Manav loves Shanti, he finds himself strangely drawn towards Disha. Disha gradually gets close to Manav, which perturbs Shanti. Manav explains that he feels strangely protective of Disha but that his real love is Shanti.

Bump mapping is much faster and consumes less resources for the same level of detail compared to displacement mapping because the geometry remains unchanged. There are also extensions which modify other surface features in addition to increasing the sense of depth. Parallax mapping is one such extension. The primary limitation with bump mapping is that it perturbs only the surface normals without changing the underlying surface itself.

In general, the oblateness of the Earth perturbs the argument of perigee (\omega), so that even if the apogee started near the north pole, it would gradually move unless constantly corrected with station- keeping thruster burns. Keeping the dwell point over Russia, and useful for communications necessitated without excessive fuel use meant that the satellites needed an inclination of 63.4°, for which these perturbations are zero.

Gamma Ursae Majoris is also an astrometric binary: the companion star regularly perturbs the Ae-type primary star, causing the primary to wobble around the barycenter. From this, an orbital period of 20.5 years has been calculated. The secondary star is a K-type main-sequence star that is 0.79 times as massive as the Sun, and with a surface temperature of 4,780 K.

What perturbs Miss Hargreaves is that the paper in which the chocolates were wrapped was re-used from a previous parcel sent to the Grange, evidenced by a small doodle of three intertwined fish that she drew on it. The poisoner is therefore someone in her own home. Miss Hargreaves is a rich heiress. She inherited her fortune from her aunt, the wealthy widow Lady Radclyffe.

Sarah accompanies her new boyfriend, Ted, at his family's farmhouse in rural Wisconsin for Christmas. Ted's artist mother, Cathy, immediately senses a psychic connection with Sarah that she cannot explain, which perturbs Sarah. Sarah goes with Ted, his mother's boyfriend Gary, his sister Dolly, and his uncle Peter, on a hunting excursion in the woods. Sarah becomes upset when they prepare to shoot a deer, and flees into the woods.

A violation paradigm is a scientific method where the scientist perturbs an expected factor to look at the subject's following reactions. These reactions are believed to be relevant to the process studied. For example, creating wrong word segmentations in a text will destabilize the reader. This warns the researcher that the respondent's brain considers the characters are united into words, and not just as a succession of given sets of letters.

A systemic shock is a shock to any system that perturbs a system enough to drive it out of equilibrium. Systemic shocks occur in a wide range of fields, ranging from medicine (see shock) to economics to engineering. Designers of systems usually desire their systems to be able to withstand or recover from foreseeable system shocks; therefore, many systems are designed with mechanisms in place to restore an equilibrium state.

Gonadotropic hormones in Drosophila maintain homeostasis and govern reproductive output via a cyclic interrelationship, not unlike the mammalian estrous cycle. Sex peptide perturbs this homeostasis and dramatically shifts the endocrine state of the female by inciting juvenile hormone synthesis in the corpus allatum. D. melanogaster is often used for life extension studies, such as to identify genes purported to increase lifespan when mutated. D. melanogaster is also used in studies of aging.

Briefly, the ground and the first excited energy curves of the H2+ ion are dressed in photons. The laser field perturbs the curves and turns their crossings into anticrossings. Bond softening occurs on the lower branches of the anticrossings and bond hardening happens if the molecule is excited to the upper branches – see Fig. 1. To trap the molecule in the bond- hardened state, the anticrossing gap cannot be too small or too large.

The geocentric orbit of is chaotic due to the combined effects of tidal forces from the Sun and Earth as well as repeated close encounters with the Moon. The Moon gravitationally perturbs 's geocentric orbit, causing it to be unstable. Over the course of 's orbit around Earth, repeated close encounters with the Moon will eventually lead to ejection from its geocentric orbit as the Moon's perturbations can transfer enough momentum for to escape Earth's gravitational influence.

Inclined orbital planes For geostationary spacecraft, thruster burns orthogonal to the orbital plane must be executed to compensate for the effect of the lunar/solar gravitation that perturbs the orbit pole with typically 0.85 degrees per year. The delta-v needed to compensate for this perturbation keeping the inclination to the equatorial plane amounts to in the order 45 m/s per year. This part of the GEO station-keeping is called North-South control.Soop, E. M. (1994).

When she learns she will probably never have children, this heightens her anguish. She tries to communicate with those around her - living or dead: the Virgin Mary, the protecting ghost of her father seated on the family sofa, the mischievous phantom of her lover perched in a tree. She laughs and cries in turn, a nothing perturbs her, a look from her mother, or simply a kiss from the young lead in the play she is acting in.

Michael calls Dwight on the phone and tells Dwight he is going to steal his biggest client while he listens. Dwight races to the HarperCollins office, where Michael and Dwight start fighting over the client, Daniel Scofield (Bob Gebert). Mr. Scofield asks for both of their offers via email, and they agree to do so. Before leaving, Dwight then looks at Daniel's personal information from Michael's Rolodex card and asks him about his "gay son", which seemingly perturbs Daniel.

The marine boundary layer (MBL) is the part of the atmosphere in direct contact with the ocean surface. The MBL is influenced by the exchange of heat, moisture, gases, particulates, and momentum, primarily via turbulence. The MBL is characterized by the formation of convective cells (or vertical flow of air) above the ocean surface, which perturbs the direction of the mean surface wind and generates texture, roughness, and waves on the sea's surface. Two types of boundary layers exist.

In drosophila, Sti (Sticky, ortholog of Citron-K) localizes to the cleavage furrow via association of a predicted coiled-coil region with actin and myosin. However, Sti depletion perturbs RhoA localization and causes excessive accumulation of phosphorylated MRLC (myosin regulatory light chain) at the cleavage site in late cytokinesis. Sti is believed to maintain correct RhoA localization at the cleavage site, which is in turn important for proper contractile ring organization at the end of cytokinesis.

It appears that the neurotoxicity of 2,5-hexanedione resides in its γ-diketone structure since 2,3-, 2,4-hexanedione and 2,6-heptanedione are not neurotoxic, whereas 2,5-heptanedione and 3,6-octanedione and other γ-diketones are. 2,5-Hexanedione reacts with lysine residues in axonal proteins by Schiff base formation followed by cyclization to give pyrroles. Oxidation of the pyrrole residues then causes cross-linking and denaturation of proteins, which perturbs axonal transport and function and causes damage to nerve cells.

Jupiter's moon Io has an orbital period of 1.769 days, nearly half that of the next satellite Europa (3.551 days). They are in a 2:1 orbit/orbit resonance. This particular resonance has important consequences because Europa's gravity perturbs the orbit of Io. As Io moves closer to Jupiter and then further away in the course of an orbit, it experiences significant tidal stresses resulting in active volcanoes. Europa is also in a 2:1 resonance with the next satellite Ganymede.

When strong laser field perturbs the molecule, its energy levels are no longer the same as in the absence of the field. To calculate the new energy levels, the perturbation must be included as off-diagonal elements of the Hamiltonian, which has to be diagonalised. In consequence, the crossings turn into anticrossings and the higher the laser intensity, the larger the gap of the anticrossing as shown in Fig. 2. The molecule can dissociate along the lower branch of the anticrossings as indicated by the red arrows.

Schematic diagram illustrating how optical wavefronts from a distant star may be perturbed by a layer of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere. The vertical scale of the wavefronts plotted is highly exaggerated. Astronomical seeing refers to the amount of apparent blurring and twinkling of astronomical objects like stars due to turbulent mixing in the atmosphere of Earth, causing variations of the optical refractive index. The seeing conditions on a given night at a given location describe how much Earth's atmosphere perturbs the images of stars as seen through a telescope.

The Winslows are soon met by Jessica Jones, a local insurance agent and director of the Steaming Springs Country Club. At work, Grace, the secretary, attempts to give Matt a binder of secret information, and is replaced by a new secretary mere days later. Matt receives increasing pressure from his boss and peers to join the Steaming Springs club, which Tom and his family have already joined. The overt pressure to become members perturbs Matt, while Patricia suggests that they join, as it may help ensure Matt's professional success.

The play is set in fog-bound London in 1880, at the upper middle class home of Jack Manningham and his wife Bella. It is late afternoon, a time that Hamilton notes as the time "before the feeble dawn of gaslight and tea." Bella is clearly on edge, and the stern reproaches of her overbearing husband (who flirts with the servants) make matters worse. What most perturbs Bella is Jack's unexplained disappearances from the house: he will not tell her where he is going, and this increases her anxiety.

Disk migration arises from the gravitational force exerted by a sufficiently massive body embedded in a disk on the surrounding disk's gas, which perturbs its density distribution. By the reaction principle of classical mechanics, the gas exerts an equal and opposite gravitational force on the body, which can also be expressed in terms of a torque. This torque alters the angular momentum of the planet's orbit, resulting in a variation of the semi-major axis and other orbital elements. An increase over time of the semi-major axis leads to outward migration, i.e.

With orbital lifetimes short compared to the age of the Solar System, new asteroids must be constantly moved into near-Earth orbits to explain the observed asteroids. The accepted origin of these asteroids is that main-belt asteroids are moved into the inner Solar System through orbital resonances with Jupiter. The interaction with Jupiter through the resonance perturbs the asteroid's orbit and it comes into the inner Solar System. The asteroid belt has gaps, known as Kirkwood gaps, where these resonances occur as the asteroids in these resonances have been moved onto other orbits.

Simulated annealing is closely related to graduated optimization. Instead of smoothing the function over which it is optimizing, simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount, which may have a similar effect. Because simulated annealing relies on random sampling to find improvements, however, its computation complexity is exponential in the number of dimensions being optimized. By contrast, graduated optimization smooths the function being optimized, so local optimization techniques that are efficient in high-dimensional space (such as gradient-based techniques, hill climbers, etc.) may still be used.

This ensures exclusive silencing for both X chromosomes. Xite and Tsix are both essential within the orientational directional processes in cis and trans as it is seen that without Tsix and Xite in trans it perturbs pairing and counting of genes. Once the Xist is turned off and no longer regulates the process, the Tsix will slowly decrease in expression as well until both proteins’ RNA are no longer being changed by Xic. Xite is the protein that harbors intergenic transcription start sites from hypersensitive sites of allelic crossovers/differences.

Over many millions of years, the interaction forces changes to their orbits and rotation rates as a result of energy exchange and heat dissipation. When one of the bodies reaches a state where there is no longer any net change in its rotation rate over the course of a complete orbit, it is said to be tidally locked. The object tends to stay in this state when leaving it would require adding energy back into the system. The object's orbit may migrate over time so as to undo the tidal lock, for example, if a giant planet perturbs the object.

Approaching the hut in the woods where he works, she sees him stripped to the waist and washing himself; the sight perturbs her. She is falling into a depression, for which the doctor says there is no physical cause, urging her to take charge of her life and not give in as her mother did. Told that the first daffodils are blooming in the woods, she ventures out to pick some, but the effort tires her and she has to sit. Parkin grudgingly lets her rest on the steps of the hut, where she falls asleep.

Clinical hallmarks, in addition to blisters and erosions of the skin and mucous membranes, include nail dystrophy, loss of hair, and dental anomalies. Collagen XVII also plays a role as an autoantigen in Bullous pemphigoid (BP) and herpes gestationis (HG), both acquired subepithelial blistering disorders. Most immunodominant epitopes lie within the NC16A domain, and the binding of the autoantibodies perturbs adhesive functions of the collagen XVII, and this (together with inflammation-related processes) leads to epidermal-dermal separation and skin blistering. Other mutations make the epithelium of the cornea in the eye brittle, which results in dominantly inherited recurrent corneal erosion dystrophy (ERED).

The Earth's gravity gradient is dominated by the component due to Earth's near-spherical shape, which results in a vertical tensile gravity gradient of 3,080 E (an elevation increase of 1 m gives a decrease of gravity of about 0.3 mGal), and horizontal compressive gravity gradients of one half that, or 1,540 E. Earth's rotation perturbs this in a direction-dependent manner by about 5 E. Gravity gradient anomalies in mountainous areas can be as large as several hundred eotvos. The eotvos unit is named for the physicist Loránd Eötvös, who made pioneering studies of the gradient of the Earth's gravitational field.

Ivan the Cow's Son, called Storm-Bogatyr is victorious. The prince suggests a rematch by competing over who can make the reptile (serpent) of the Black Sea stop its clucking, but no amount of shouting by the other two Ivans perturbs the creature, and it was only the Storm-Bogatyr who made it flee with his shouting and stick-throwing. The other two Ivans are dissatisfied by the outcome, and they part ways, continuing their journey on their own. ;Storm-Bogatyr reports to the king and is punished The Storm-Bogatyr returns to the kingdom alone and is thrown into the fortress, left starving without food for three days.

Heliocentric solutions are unstable due to the changing position of Jupiter over Jupiter's 12 year orbit which perturbs the eccentricity of the two-body solution of the Sun+asteroid. Barycentric solutions are more stable for objects that take thousands of years to orbit the Sun. Between epoch 2017 and epoch 2029, the heliocentric orbital period varies from a low of 17400 years "PR= (epoch 2017-Nov-16)" to a high of 26100 years "PR= (epoch 2023-Nov-16)". As of April 2019, its perihelion distance of q= and semi-major axis a= make a possible sednoid, according to the most common definition of the term (q>, a>).

Strong absorption features at 1.5 and 2 micrometres in the infrared spectrum are consistent with nearly pure crystalline water ice covering much of the surface. The unusual spectrum, along with similar absorption lines on Haumea, led Brown and colleagues to conclude that capture was an unlikely model for the system's formation, and that the Haumean moons must be fragments of Haumea itself. Namaka, the smaller, inner satellite of Haumea, was discovered on June 30, 2005, and nicknamed "Blitzen". It is a tenth the mass of Hiiaka, orbits Haumea in 18 days in a highly elliptical, non-Keplerian orbit, and is inclined 13° from the larger moon, which perturbs its orbit.

Tracy takes offense to the fact that Liz calls him an idiot in it, and he calls upon all the idiots of the world (including special guest star Denise Richards) to strike in front of the building, which upsets Liz and perturbs Jack. Finally, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) convinces Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) to sneak into a supply closet and get some lights for her dressing room, but he drops them, emitting mercury fumes into the air. Later, they find Pete in the closet unconscious, supposedly due to the fumes, so they call their former partner in crime Kelsey Grammer to help them clean up the situation.

The first of Wilde's stories to be published, appearing in the magazine The Court and Society Review in February 1887. When a family from the United States buys Canterville Chase, they are told it is haunted by a horrible spirit, but this does not deter them in the slightest. Indeed, when they find a recurring blood stain on the floor, and hear creaking chains in the night, even seeing the ghost himself, all they do is clean up the blood and insist that the ghost oil his manacles if he is going to keep living in the house. This perturbs the ghost to no end, and he does everything he can to try to frighten the family.

The exact biochemical process by which trans fats produce specific health problems are a topic of continuing research. Intake of dietary trans fat perturbs the body's ability to metabolize essential fatty acids (EFAs, including Omega-3) leading to changes in the phospholipid fatty acid composition of the arterial walls, thereby raising risk of coronary artery disease. Trans double bonds are claimed to induce a linear conformation to the molecule, favoring its rigid packing as in plaque formation. The geometry of the cis double bond, in contrast, is claimed to create a bend in the molecule, thereby precluding rigid formations.. While the mechanisms through which trans fatty acids contribute to coronary artery disease are fairly well understood, the mechanism for their effects on diabetes is still under investigation.

Months after a potential conflict of interest was addressed in the May pre-trial hearing due to an unknown individual paying for the nephews legal fees, it was revealed that Wilmer Ruperti, a Venezuelan businessman who has close relations to the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela, was the one who was involved. Ruperti had helped circumvent the Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 and was given the Star of Carabobo by Maduro's predecessor, President Hugo Chávez for his actions. He had recently received a "$138 million contract to dispose of tons of petroleum coke" and described his support for the presidential family stating "This perturbs the tranquility of the presidential family. You need the president to be calm ... I am helping to preserve the constitutional government".

The most important factor in influencing homoaromatic character is the addition of a single homoconjugate linkage into the parent aromatic compound. The location of the homoconjugate bond is not important as all homoaromatic species can be derived from aromatic compounds that possess symmetry and equal bond order between all carbons. The insertion of a homoconjugate linkage perturbs the π-electron density an amount δβ, which depending on the ring size, must be greater than 0 and less than 1, where 0 represents no perturbation and 1 represents total loss of aromaticity (destabilization equivalent to the open chain form). It is believed that with increasing ring size, the resonance stabilization of homoaromaticity is offset by the strain in forming the homoconjugate bridge.

This approach to Morse–Bott homology appeared in the context of unpublished work for contact homology by Bourgeois, in which the critical submanifolds are the sets of Reeb orbits, and the gradient flows between the critical submanifolds are pseudoholomorphic curves in the symplectization of a contact manifold asymptotic to Reeb orbits in the relevant critical manifolds of Reeb orbits. If we extend each Morse function to a function on the entire manifold supported near the critical submanifolds, we can explicitly write down a Morse–Smale function that perturbs the original Morse–Bott function. Namely, multiply each of the extended functions by some small positive constant, sum them and add the result to the original Morse–Bott function. The broken flows described above will be C0 close to the flow lines of this Morse–Smale function.

Neurons firing in synchrony in circadian pacemaker cells Phase resetting in neurons is a behavior observed in different biological oscillators and plays a role in creating neural synchronization as well as different processes within the body. Phase resetting in neurons is when the dynamical behavior of an oscillation is shifted. This occurs when a stimulus perturbs the phase within an oscillatory cycle and a change in period occurs. The periods of these oscillations can vary depending on the biological system, with examples such as: (1) neural responses can change within a millisecond to quickly relay information; (2) In cardiac and respiratory changes that occur throughout the day, could be within seconds; (3) circadian rhythms may vary throughout a series of days; (4) rhythms such as hibernation may have periods that are measured in years.

In 1821, Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus, making predictions of future positions based on Newton's laws of motion and gravitation.Bouvard (1821) Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesize some perturbing body.[Anon.] (2001) "Bouvard, Alexis", Encyclopædia Britannica, Deluxe CDROM edition These irregularities or "residuals", both in the planet's ecliptic longitude and in its distance from the Sun, or radius vector, might be explained by a number of hypotheses: the effect of the Sun's gravity, at such a great distance might differ from Newton's description; or the discrepancies might simply be observational error; or perhaps Uranus was being pulled, or perturbed, by an as-yet undiscovered planet. At position a, Neptune gravitationally perturbs the orbit of Uranus, pulling it ahead of the predicted location.

As a result, some parts of the membrane of a neuron may be excitable (capable of generating action potentials), whereas others are not. Recent studies have shown that the most excitable part of a neuron is the part after the axon hillock (the point where the axon leaves the cell body), which is called the initial segment, but the axon and cell body are also excitable in most cases. Each excitable patch of membrane has two important levels of membrane potential: the resting potential, which is the value the membrane potential maintains as long as nothing perturbs the cell, and a higher value called the threshold potential. At the axon hillock of a typical neuron, the resting potential is around –70 millivolts (mV) and the threshold potential is around –55 mV.

However, recent computer simulations suggest that Jupiter does not cause a net decrease in the number of comets that pass through the inner Solar System, as its gravity perturbs their orbits inward roughly as often as it accretes or ejects them. This topic remains controversial among scientists, as some think it draws comets towards Earth from the Kuiper belt while others think that Jupiter protects Earth from the alleged Oort cloud. Jupiter experiences about 200 times more asteroid and comet impacts than Earth. A 1997 survey of early astronomical records and drawings suggested that a certain dark surface feature discovered by astronomer Giovanni Cassini in 1690 may have been an impact scar. The survey initially produced eight more candidate sites as potential impact observations that he and others had recorded between 1664 and 1839.

Even the earliest ICF laser experiments demonstrated that one of the main problems which needed to be addressed was poor focusing of the beams and damage caused to optics due to the beam's extreme intensities caused by the optical Kerr effect, where, because the beam is so intense, that during its passage through either air or glass the electric field of the light actually alters the index of refraction of the material and causes the beam at the most intense points to "self focus" down to filament like structures of extremely high intensity. When a beam collapses into extremely high intensity filaments like this, it can easily exceed the laser damage threshold of laser glass and other optics, severely damaging them by creating pits, cracks and grey tracks through the glass. This novel problem only became obvious as the lasers were scaled up in power to where nonlinear phenomena occur with very intense beams of light. LLNL's Krupke stated: > If the intensity of the light gets high enough --as in fusion lasers-- the > electric field in the light perturbs the atoms of the glass so strongly that > the glass responds in a nonlinear way.