208 Sentences With "North American Indian"

The genocide of indigenous Californians was remarkable among North American Indian wars for its sheer scale and evil.

The point is, I think, that Curtis, through The North American Indian, realized that white America had something to learn.

Insensitive backpackers can now combine it with distinctly non-Amazonian Indian elements, such as sweat lodges (North American Indian) or yoga (Indian Indian).

The second is the Critical Indigenous Photographic Exchange (CIPX), a pointed response to Edward S. Curtis's early 20th-century encyclopedic study The North American Indian.

Plus, a George Condo painting sells for $75,000, and Christopher Cardozo Fine Art donates Edward Curtis's republication of The North American Indian to 12 tribal colleges.

Curtis's portraits look different because they were intended for publication in "The North American Indian," a hugely expensive and intricate photographic undertaking that occupied him for decades.

Bruce Kapson (2357) has an extraordinary display of copper photogravure printing plates by Edward S. Curtis, created for his project "The North American Indian" and completed in 17183.

According to the narrative presented by the museum, by the end of The North American Indian, Curtis was basically penniless and died in obscurity, as popular interest in his project waned while his own obsession mounted.

But I have to wonder, if we are dealing with a population whose baseline takeaway from The North American Indian is that "Indians are people, too," is putting 723 images on display enough to truly move the needle?

The Muskegon Museum of Art owns one of the estimated 225 sets of The North American Indian (many of which are likely incomplete), and this exhibition is one of very few that has put the collection on display in its entirety.

Throughout the gallery, clusters of Curtis's beautiful photogravures from his 20-volume tome The North American Indian are arranged to illustrate the ways in which he superimposed his Western perspective onto the lives and fates of the people he photographed.

The North American Indian is a seminal and controversial blend of documentary and staged photography — one which contributes to much of the foundational imagery and, often-stereotypical, understanding possessed by white America about some 730-plus native tribes that the United States eradicated over a century of colonization.

This is the question that emerged for me as I visited the Muskegon Museum of Art for Edward S. Curtis: The North American Indian, a massive installation of the 2100-year-plus ethnographic survey of surviving Native American culture by turn-of-the-2723th-century, Seattle-based photographer Edward S. Curtis.

An unnamed US foundation, a group of private donors, and Christopher Cardozo Fine Art have donated to 12 tribal colleges complete sets of Edward Curtis's republication of The North American Indian, along with hundreds of Curtis photographs and a curated, digital collection of materials created by Edward Curtis for his photoethnographic publication.

Lyon, William S. Spirit Talkers: North American Indian Medicine Power, 2012, pp. 354–55.

Douglas D. Anderson. "Prehistory of North Alaska." In Handbook of the North American Indian, vol. 5, pp.

Opler, Morris Edward. “New approaches to North American Indian traditions.” Journal of American Folklore, vol. 72, no.

Edwards, K. (1994). North American Indian Music Instruction : Influences upon attitudes, cultural perceptions, and achievement.D.M.A. dissertation. Tempa, Arizona.

Also, in 1897 he became the first North American Indian to be licensed to preach in the U.S.

The Cherokee, A New True Book, by Emilie U. Lepthien, published in 1985, calls Gritts a famous Cherokee. His 1950, "Stomp Dance" was included in C. Szwedzicki's "The North American Indian Works" which is a collection of 364 images and six texts. Between 1929 and 1952 C. Szwedzicki, a publisher in Nice, France, produced six portfolios of North American Indian art.

Dubin, Lois Sherr. North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 170–171. .Jacobs, Jaap.

Bull Chief of the Absaroke tribeCurtis, Edward S. 1909. The North American Indian. Folio plate 128. Curtis, Edward S.Bull Chief was an Apsaroke (Crow) chief.

Bull Chief, born in 1825 with an unknown death date, was part of the Crow, or Apsaroke tribe.Curtis, Edward S. (1976). The North American Indian (Vol. 4, pp. 197-198).

Oxford: Oxford University Press. . Other unattested extinct languages of Tamaulipas include Pisone, "Negrito" and Olive.Landar H. (1977) North American Indian Languages. In: Sebeok T.A. (eds) Native Languages of the Americas.

Carl Waldman, Atlas of the North American Indian, New York: Checkmark Books (2009) pp 229. Rumors floated that Smohalla was preparing for battle. An exchange took place in which Rev.

Manitou and God: North-American Indian Religions and Christian Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. pg 35. According to Lakota activist Russell Means a better translation of Wakan Tanka is the Great Mystery.

Spanish exploration in the southwest, 1542–1706 (pp. 182–183). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.Garcia-Mason, Velma. 1979. Acoma Pueblo. In Handbook of North American Indian: Southwest (Vol 9, pp 450–466).

Hollywood Behind the Wall: The Cinema of East Germany. Manchester University Press. . Page 42. Her "North American Indian" quintet "Das Blut des Adlers" ("Blood of the Eagle") was also extremely popular in the German Democratic Republic.

Murdoch, North American Indian, p. 28 Three mounted Piegan chiefs on the prairie. Photographed by Edward S. Curtis. Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth.

In 1935, the Morgan estate sold the rights to The North American Indian and remaining unpublished material to the Charles E. Lauriat Company in Boston for $1,000 plus a percentage of any future royalties. This included 19 complete bound sets of The North American Indian, thousands of individual paper prints, the copper printing plates, the unbound printed pages, and the original glass-plate negatives. Lauriat bound the remaining loose printed pages and sold them with the completed sets. The remaining material remained untouched in the Lauriat basement in Boston until they were rediscovered in 1972.

He was then attached to duty on the Texas border fighting Comanche Indians.Russell D. James, "Henry Wilson," in Spencer C. Tucker (ed.), The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890 (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 848.

Gitche Manitou in Algonquian, and in many Native American (excluding Alaskan Natives and Native Hawaiians) and Aboriginal Canadian (specifically First Nations people).Thomas, Robert Murray. Manitou and God: North-American Indian Religions and Christian Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.

She took great pride in the accomplishments of her "son" Austin Paul, who graduated from college in 1979. Madonna Swan-Abdalla was selected as the North American Indian Woman of the Year by her tribal sisters at Cheyenne River in 1983.

The Foxwoods Resort Casino opened in 1992 in Ledyard, Connecticut. Operated by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe and earning $1.5 billion, it was more profitable than any one casino in Las Vegas or Atlantic City.Waldman, Carl. Atlas of The North American Indian.

Retrieved 19 February 2009. Her mother, Joyce Growing Thunder Fogarty, is also an acclaimed bead and quill artistDurbin, Lois Sherr (1999). North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Publishers. pp.

Applying academic discipline, Liselotte Welskopf- Henrich's "North American Indian" novels were able to appeal to an intellectually minded readership by combining research based context with imagination driven plots, targeted in the first instance on younger readers. She also composed the original filmscript for the 1966 film The Sons of Great Bear, a film adaption of her six part novel Die Söhne der Großen Bärin ("Sons of the Great Bear"). The DEFA film, starring Gojko Mitić, turned out to be the first in a long and successful series of films on the "North American Indian" theme.Berghahn, Daniela (2005).

The North American Indian Women's Association named Wright the outstanding Indian woman of the 20th century in 1971. Wright retired in 1973. She died of a stroke in Oklahoma City on February 27, 1975. She was buried at Rose Hill Burial Park in Oklahoma City.

Toppan Rare Books Library at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, Wyoming, holds the entire 20 volume set of narrative texts and photogravure images that make up The North American Indian. Each volume of text is accompanied by a portfolio of large photogravure plates.

Marie C. Cox (1920-2005) was a Comanche activist who worked on legislation for Native American children. She received many accolades for her efforts including the 1974 Indian Leadership Award from the Bureau of Indian Affairs and state recognition that same year as the Outstanding Citizen of Oklahoma from Governor David Hall. She was named as an Outstanding Indian Woman of 1977 by the North American Indian Women's Association, and served on the National Advisory Council on Indian Education from 1983 to 1990. In 1993, she was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame for her work with foster children and the founding of the North American Indian Women’s Association.

During her time in captivity, she was treated as a slave instead of an adopted family member as in other North American Indian captivties. Her status within the tribe as a slave meant that she was forced into hard labor and menial tasks until her eventual escape.

Leaf's baskets can be found in collections at the Newark Museum of New Jersey, the North American Indian Traveling College of Ontario, and the National Museum of the American Indian. In 2015, the Thunder Bay Art Gallery featured her baskets in an exhibition, Woven from Wood.

The war chief, Santa Anna, > presented an altogether different appearance. He was a powerfully built man > with a benevolent and lively countenance. The third, Buffalo Hump, was the > genuine, unadulterated picture of a North American Indian. Unlike the > majority of his tribe, he scorned all European dress.

Peter Jones, Augustus Jones' younger son by Tuhbenahneequay. This photograph was taken August 4, 1845 by Hill & Adamson in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the oldest surviving photograph of a North American Indian. On April 27, 1798, Jones married Sarah Tekarihogen (Tekerehogen), the daughter of Mohawk chief Tekarihogen.

He is a cannibal, but in addition to eating his fellow demons he is also depicted as hungry for human flesh.Jackson and Macfarlan, North American Indian Legends, 2001, p. 59.Cushing, Zuñi Folk Tales, New York: Putnam, 1931, p. 261. He is also an inveterate liar.

This Day in North American Indian History is a reference work on the history of the indigenous peoples of North America, organized by calendar date. The author is Phil Konstantin, a member of the Cherokee Nation. The book was published in 2002 by Da Capo Press.

Host Laboratory Division Federal Bureau of Investigation. Pages v (Roman numeral 5) & 112\. Wayback Machine link. In 1987, a report to the National Institute of Justice indicated that the following skeletal collections were of the "Mongoloid" "Ethnic Group": Arctic Eskimo, Prehistoric North American Indian, Japanese, and Chinese.

Atlas of The North American Indian. 3rd ed. New York: Infobase, 2009. Print. 281 Because these have sometimes shown negative effects such as a dependence on tribal government, low attendance in school, and an unwillingness to work, some tribes have experimented with decreasing per capita payments as punishment.

"Wallentine, Douglas aka Douglas Spotted Eagle - Native Inspired or Influenced Musician (not Native)" at Folk Library Index : A Library of Folk Music Links (09-01-2015). Accessed 10 Oct 2015."NAIIP Musical Paths - North American Indian & Indigenous People " at The People's Paths / Yvwiiusdinvnohii (2010). Accessed 10 Oct 2015.

Bison hunters with wolf skin disguises. Depiction of Bison being driven over a "buffalo jump". The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the American bison (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about tall and weighing up to .David Murdoch, "North American Indian", eds.

The term wampum (or wampumpeag) initially referred only to the white beads which are made of the inner spiral or columella of the Channeled whelk shell Busycotypus canaliculatus or Busycotypus carica.Dubin, Lois Sherr. North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 170-171. .

Jean Mulder is a linguist. Mulder's research interests include Australian English and Tsimshian, a North American Indian language. Mulder is currently an Honorary Senior Fellow in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Melbourne, having been a Professor there until 2017. She is currently the editor of the Australian Journal of Linguistics.

One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s-1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret.

Together Manuel and Paul would have six children. Unfortunately, Manuel's developing responsibilities as a political leader began to be a growing strain on his marriage. He was elected chief of the Neskonlith Indian Band. In 1959, following the death of his mentor Andy Paull, Manuel was elected head of the North American Indian Brotherhood.

Tucker, Spencer C., The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, p. 606 The Virginia Governor's Council later censured Hill for his lack of leadership.Department of Historic Resources, "Battle of Bloody Run", Historical Marker Number SA-71 Following Totopotomoi's death, the Colonial Government recognized Cockacoeske the Pamunkey "Queen".

Mildred "Millie" Noble (July 13, 1921 – January 19, 2008) was an American writer and Native American activist. Noble helped to found the Boston Indian Council, which is now known as the North American Indian Center of Boston. Noble was the author of Sweet Grass: Lives of Contemporary Native Women, which was published in 1997.

Big boats of skin and wood were already being made before the Vikings started making their big ships. The boats were quite similar to the North American Indian models. bow – the Tellervo of Astuva – a rarity among the rock paintings. The human figures are both shamans and spirits, who are connected with hunting ceremonies.

Two Moons (1847–1917), or Ishaynishus (Cheyenne: Éše'he Ôhnéšesêstse),Cheyenne Dictionary by Fisher, Leman, Pine, Sanchez. was one of the Cheyenne chiefs who took part in the Battle of the Little Bighorn and other battles against the United States Army.Curtis, E. (1907) The North American Indian. Vol.6 The Piegan, the Cheyenne and the Arapaho..

Mary Rosamond Haas (January 23, 1910 – May 17, 1996) was an American linguist who specialized in North American Indian languages, Thai, and historical linguistics. She served as president of the Linguistic Society of America. She was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

All but eight of the corpses were women and children. Twenty-nine children had been captured and were sold into slavery in Mexico by the Tohono O'odham and the Mexicans themselves. A total of 144 Aravaipas and Pinals had been killed and mutilated, nearly all of them scalped.Phil Konstantin, "This day in North American Indian history", p.

Steffen Basho- Junghans has released recordings on the German label Blue Moment Arts; the American labels Sublingual, Strange Attractors and Locust; the Italian label Sillyboy; the Australian label Preservation; and Kning Disk in Sweden, appears on several compilations. His music, unorthodox explorations between traditions and experimentation, is influenced by North American Indian, Asian, New music and European classical music.

Both of these figures are slightly higher than the numbers for Nunavut as a whole (24.1 and 67.3%). In 2006, 82.7% (Nunavut: 85.0%) of the population were listed as Aboriginal and 17.7% (Nunavut: 15%) as non-Aboriginal. Of the total population 78.9% (Nunavut: 84%) were Inuit, 1.7% (Nunavut: 0.4%) Métis and 1.4% (Nunavut: 0.3%) North American Indian.

The lower part then steadily contracts in a series of Pythagorean proportions (12:9:8:6) until the parts come back into alignment . As an analytical concept, isorhythm has proven valuable for understanding musical practices in other cultures; for example, the peyote cult songs of certain North American Indian groups and the music of India and Africa .

In another, his torso is said to be at least as big as a large elk's.Cushing, Zuñi Folk Tales, New York: Putnam, 1931, p. 260. In one story, he is said to have long, wild grey hair and hands with skin so thick and gnarled that the knuckles appeared horned.Jackson and Macfarlan, North American Indian Legends, 2001, p. 60.

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon was a military confrontation and a significant United States victory during the Red River War.Dillon, Richard H. (1983). North American Indian Wars The battle occurred on September 28, 1874 when several U.S. Army regiments under Ranald S. Mackenzie attacked a large encampment of Plains Indians in Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas Panhandle.

Fate was one of the founders of the North American Indian Women's Association (NAIWA) which formed in 1970 in Fort Collins, Colorado. The organization was the first pan-Indian group of indigenous women to organize with a national platform. In 1975, Fate became the third president of the NAIWA, succeeding Agnes Dill. and served until 1977.

This replica of a Six Nations (Haudenosaunee) longhouse represents where the traditional practices take place. The Longhouse Religion is the popular name of the religious movement known as The Code of Handsome Lake or Gaihwi:io ("Good Message"), founded in 1799 by the Seneca prophet Handsome Lake (Sganyodaiyoˀ).Waldman, Carl. (2009). Atlas of the North American Indian.

North American Indian childhood cirrhosis (NAIC) is a disease in humans that can affect Ojibway-Cree children in northwestern Quebec, Canada. The disease is due to an autosomal recessive abnormality of the CIRH1A gene, which codes for cirhin. NAIC is a ribosomopathy. An R565W mutation of CIRH1A leads to partial impairment of cirhin interaction with NOL11.

Nunavut is a territory of Canada. It has a land area of . In the 2016 census the population was 35,944, up 12.7% from the 2011 census figure of 31,906. In 2016, 30,135 people identified themselves as Inuit (83.8% of the total population), 190 as North American Indian (0.5%), 165 Métis (0.5%) and 5,025 as non-aboriginal (14.0%).

He was the first North American Indian to be known as a printer. In 1717, he translated the Lord's Prayer into Mohegan- Pequot. Mayhew published Indian Converts in 1727, which covers the lives and culture of four generations of Wampanoag men, women, and children on Martha's Vineyard. Mayhew is also the author of the sermon Grace Defended.

There are currently approximately 1500 Baháʼís in Alaska.National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Alaska Alaska Baháʼí Community - History And there have been conferences. In 1986 North American Indian Baháʼí Lee Brown gave a talk at the 1986 Baháʼí Continental Indigenous Council held at Tanana Valley which was recorded — it includes his interpretation of Native American, especially Hopi, prophecies.

The tribe determines citizenship. It is primarily based on an individual having at least 1/4 North American Indian ancestry and direct descent from an individual listed on the Durant Roll (1907-1910) or the Annuity Rolls of Ottawa and Chippewa of Michigan, from 1836 to 1871, and referenced by the 1850 through 1920 censuses as residing within the boundaries of the reservation. In recognition that the Odawa and other indigenous peoples have had their own territories that are now divided by the border of the United States and Canada, they require that citizens have at least 1/4 North American Indian ancestry, in addition to direct descent from individuals listed on the tribal records described above. They do not accept persons who are enrolled in other tribes.

The string "nai" exists in ISO 639-2 and is allocated to North American Indian languages. Similarly, the string "sai" exists in ISO 639-2 and is allocated to South American Indian languages, as is the string "aus" for Australian languages. Related linguistic and cultural top-level domains and pending applications are .cat for the Catalan (català) language and culture, .

Daniel N. Paul, , (born 1938) is a Miꞌkmaq elder, author, columnist, and human rights activist. Paul is perhaps best known as the author of the book We Were Not the Savages. Paul asserts that this book is the first such history ever written by a First Nations citizen. The book is seen as an important contribution to the North American Indian movement.

This photograph of Jones was taken August 4, 1845 in Edinburgh, Scotland by Hill & Adamson. Photographs taken of Jones that day are the oldest surviving photographs of a North American Indian. (subscription required) Jones travelled to Great Britain in 1845 for a third fundraising tour, giving speeches and sermons. Wherever he travelled, Jones drew huge crowds, but inwardly he was depressed.

In retaliation for the attack on Fort Defiance, Canby's Campaign set out in early October. Over the next several months seven army expeditions killed 23 Navajo and destroyed Navajo stock and crops. Spencer Tucker, James R. Arnold, Roberta Wiener, The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, Vol. I, ABC-CLIO, Sep 30, 2011, pp.

Marchand was born in Vernon, British Columbia, as a member of the Okanagan Indian Band. An agronomist by training, he left his profession in the mid-1960s to work with the North American Indian Brotherhood. His work in native affairs took him to Ottawa to lobby on Aboriginal issues. He was hired as a special assistant to two successive Cabinet ministers.

Early inhabitants of the area were the Twana people, inhabiting the length of the Hood Canal, and rarely invading other tribes.Twana Edward Sheriff Curtis. The North American Indian. Volume 9, 1907-1930, p.30-31 The name "Quilcene" comes from the Twana word /qʷəʔlsíd/, referring to a tribal group and the name of an aboriginal Twana village and community on Quilcene Bay.

Since its absorption of the Pacific Coast Native Fishermen's Organization and its primarily Kwakwaka'wakw membership in 1942, it became oriented more towards fishing rights. In 1945, Andy Paull and chapters centered in Coast Salish communities in B.C. split off to form the North American Indian Brotherhood. The formation of the Brotherhood in B.C. is recounted in North Vancouver filmmaker Marie Clements' 2017 musical documentary The Road Forward.

A 1919 drought destroyed crops and increased the cost of beef. Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed.Murdoch, North American Indian, 29 In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act, passed by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, ended allotments and allowed the tribes to choose their own government. They were also allowed to practise their cultures.

In 1886, Slocum began preaching a message he designated "Tschadam."Carl Waldman, Molly Braun, Atlas of the North American Indian, Facts on File library of American history, Infobase Publishing, 2009; p. 230. Slocum said God had informed him that that Native Americans would be saved if they gave up harmful behaviors such as drinking, smoking tobacco, and gambling. He also warned against shamanistic healers and their rituals.

Curtis, Edward S. (1970): The North American Indian. Vol. 4. New York, p.48. In 1829, seven Crow warriors were neutralized by Blood Blackfoot Indians led by Spotted Bear, who captured a pipe-hatchet during the fight just west of Chinook, Montana. In the summer of 1834, the Crows (maybe led by chief Arapooish) tried to shut down Fort McKenzie at the Missouri in Blackfeet country.

Hopi basketry bread tray, donated to the U.S. National Museum of Natural History by J.W. Powell in 1876. Powell became the director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution in 1879 and remained so until his death. Under his leadership, the Smithsonian published an influential classification of North American Indian languages.Reprinted in In 1898, Powell was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.

By 1558, the disease had spread throughout South America and had arrived at the Plata basin. Colonist violence towards Indigenous peoples accelerated the loss of lives. European colonists perpetrated massacres on the indigenous peoples and enslaved them. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the North American Indian Wars of the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 Europeans and 30,000 Native Americans.

About two-thirds (1,608) of these images were not published in The North American Indian and therefore offer a different glimpse into Curtis's work with indigenous cultures. The original glass plate negatives, which had been stored and nearly forgotten in the basement of the Morgan Library, in New York, were dispersed during World War II. Many others were destroyed and some were sold as junk.

The most traditional Conchero dances wear tunics called naguillas (little skirt) and often a cape. These dancers will also have large quantities of gold and silver colored adornments and headdresses made of dyed ostrich feathers. Azteca or Mexica costumes tend to not wear tunics, instead try to copy Aztec dress as depicted in Mesoamerican codices, sometimes with elements of North American Indian dress. Headdresses tend to be made with pheasant feathers.

Archambault was responsible for the redesign of the North American Indian Ethnology Halls for the “Changing Culture in a Changing World” exhibit. She has also curated four major exhibits: “Plains Indian Arts: Change and Continuity” (1987), “100 Years of Plains Indian Painting” (1989), “Indian Basketry and Their Makers” (1990), and “Seminole!” (1990). She also contributed to the Los Angeles Southwest Museum's quincentennial exhibit “Grand-father, Heart our voices” in 1992.

From that blending of many tribes, ethnogenesis led to the emergence of new ethnic groups and identities for the consolidated natives who had managed to survive the invasion of European people, animals, and diseases. After 1700, most North American Indian "tribes" were relatively new composite groups formed by these refugees who were trying to cope with massive epidemics and violence brought by the Europeans who were exploring the area.

In 1922, the museum was one of the first on the east coast to exhibit, as art, a collection of North American Indian objects. With the acquisition of these objects, the museum started its ethnographic collections. In 1924, decorative arts were added to the museum with examples from the Trenton-area ceramics industry. In 1929, the museum moved into larger space in the newly constructed State House Annex.

By using the name Uncas for one of his characters, he seemed to confuse the two regional tribes: the Mohegan of Connecticut, of which Uncas had been a well-known sachem, and the Mahican of upstate New York. The popularity of Cooper's book helped spread the confusion.Uncas In Spencer Tucker, James R. Arnold, Roberta Wiener: The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890. ABC-CLIO, 2011, , p.

The Indian Picture Opera is a magic lantern slide show by photographer Edward S. Curtis. In the early 1900s, Curtis published the renowned 20-volume book subscription entitled The North American Indian. He compiled about 2400 photographs with detailed ethnological and language studies of tribes of the American West. In 1911, in an effort to promote his book sales, Curtis created a traveling Magic Lantern slide show The Indian Picture Opera.

At exactly 2 minutes to the televised draw time, all syndies should pull their lower foundation garments over their heads. Then in typical North American Indian style, skip in clockwise circles whooing and popping in staccato by using the right hand to tap the whooing-shape-formed lips. Cease & desist at the draw of the first ball and immediately commence to write out your job resignation. It works every time.

Lamb did research in North American Indian languages specifically in those geographically centered on California. His contributions have been wide- ranging, including those to historical linguistics, computational linguistics, and the theory of linguistic structure. His work led to innovative designs of content-addressable memory hardware for microcomputers. Lamb is best known as the father of the relational network theory of language, which is also known as "stratificational theory".

In 1994 Dr. Bill Burkhardt held a convention in Boulder, Colorado about and with American Indian composers, who have made innovations by working with traditional instruments and forms within classical music structure. The American Composers Forum, based in Minneapolis and working to support the composition of new music, implemented the First Nations Composers Initiative (FNCI). FNCI has commissioned several works from North American Indian composers. FNCI is no longer active.

In 1942 he became the business manager for the Native Brotherhood of British Columbia, but in 1942 he split with the organization and formed the North American Indian Brotherhood. He spoke against enfranchisement for Aboriginals saying, "You would be merely selling your birthright for the doubtful privilege of putting a cross on a ballot every four years." A number of issues he fought for were Aboriginal rights and title, education, potlatching, and political organizing.

Connecticut [...] James Youngblood Henderson, professor of law, calls the case "the first major legal test of indigenous tenure."James Youngblood Henderson, "Aboriginal Rights in Western Legal Tradition," in The Quest for Justice: Aboriginal Peoples and Aboriginal Rights, 193 (1985). Robert Clinton calls it the "first formal litigation of North American Indian rights."Robert N. Clinton, Symposium: "Rules of the Game: Sovereignty and the Native American Nation", 27 University of Connecticut Law Review (CTLR), p.

Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 Cambridge studies in North American Indian history, Cambridge University Press, 1991. Chartier and his people recognized that, by defying the Provincial Governor and accepting French patronage, they were now compelled to leave Pennsylvania.Céloron de Blainville states that Chartier was ordered by the Marquis de Beauharnois to leave Pennsylvania. See Expedition of Céloron to the Ohio Country in 1749.

DeLay, 317–319 The Comanches had turned northern Mexico into a "semicolonized landscape of extraction from which they could mine resources with little cost."Hamalainen, 231 The Comanche have often been portrayed by historians in the U.S. as a simple and crude tribe lacking any coherent political organization or authority.See, for example, the description in Curtis, Edward. S. The North American Indian, Vol. 19, 1930 edition, Murietta, CA: Classic Books, 2007, pp.

Cirhin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CIRH1A gene. It has been associated with North American Indian childhood cirrhosis (not to be confused with Indian Childhood Cirrhosis which has greatly decreased over the past 100 years and was thought to be secondary to the use of various herbal remedies), a form of cirrhosis of the liver occurring in American Indian children from the Abitibi region of northern Quebec.

The North American Indian carves his wooden fish- hook or his pipe stem just as the Polynesian works patterns on his paddle. The native of Guyana decorates his cassava grater with a well-conceived scheme of incised scrolls, while the native of Loango Bay distorts his spoon with a design of figures standing up in full relief carrying a hammock. Wood carving is also present in architecture. Figure-work seems to have been universal.

North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 227. Those tribes who traded furs with the French are most known for their ribbon work, such as the Kickapoo, Mesquakie, Miami, Odawa, Ojibwa, Osage, Otoe-Missouria, Potawatomi, and Quapaw, but the practice has spread to many other tribes. Initially, layers of ribbons were sewn on the edges of cloth, replacing painted lines on hide clothing and blankets.

Estimating the number of Native Americans living in what is today the United States of America before the arrival of the European explorers and settlers has been the subject of much debate. While it is difficult to determine exactly how many Natives lived in North America before Columbus,"Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations". Science June 16, 1995: Vol. 268. no. 5217, pp.

The three sisters were grown together: the stalk of corn supported the beans, and squash or pumpkins provided ground cover and reduced weeds. The men would hunt bears, deer, fish, and birds. The Abenaki were a patrilineal society, which was common among New England tribes. In this they differed from the six Iroquois tribes to the west in New York, and from many other North American Indian tribes who had matrilineal societies.

Rhodes was one of the new wave of British designers who put London at the forefront of the international fashion scene in the 1970s. Her designs are considered clear, creative statements; dramatic but graceful; audacious but feminine. Rhodes' inspiration has been from organic material and nature. Her unconventional and colourful prints were often inspired by travel; chevron stripes from the Ukraine and the symbols of the North American Indian, Japanese flowers, calligraphy and shells.

In 2006, Statistics Canada have listed the following ethnic origins in Newfoundland; 216,340 English, 107,390 Irish, 34,920 Scottish, 30,545 French, 23,940 North American Indian etc. Most of the Irish migration to Newfoundland was pre-famine (late 18th century and early 19th century), and two centuries of isolation have led many of Irish descent in Newfoundland to consider their ethnic identity "Newfoundlander", and not "Irish", although they are aware of the cultural links between the two.

After graduating from college in 1907, Cunningham went to work for Edward S. Curtis in his Seattle studio, gaining knowledge about the portrait business and practical photography. Cunningham worked for Curtis on his project of documenting American Indian tribes for the book The North American Indian, which was published in twenty volumes between 1907 and 1930. Cunningham learned the technique of platinum printing under Curtis's supervision and became fascinated by the process.

The early Spanish explorers in the Americas reported on the Indian kings and kept extensive notes during what is now called the conquest. Some of the native tribes in the Americas had princes, nobles, and various classes and castes. The "Great Sun" was somewhat like the Great Khans of Asia and eastern Europe. Much like an emperor, the Great Sun of North America is the best example of chiefdoms and imperial kings in North American Indian history.

Pomo girl c. 1924, by Edward S. Curtis' from The North American Indian volume 14. According to the book California Place Names, "The name of the Indian tribe is mentioned in baptismal records of 1815 as Chucuines o Sonomas, by Chamisso in 1816 as Sonomi, and repeatedly in Mission records of the following years." According to the Coast Miwok and the Pomo tribes that lived in the region, Sonoma translates as "valley of the moon" or "many moons".

On September 10, 1813, during the War of 1812, nine vessels of the United States Navy under Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, decisively defeated six vessels of Great Britain’s Royal Navy in the Battle of Lake Erie near Put-in-Bay. This action was one of the major battles of the war. Ottawa County was formed on March 6, 1840 from portions of Erie, Lucas and Sandusky counties. It was named after the North American Indian tribe of the Ottawa.

Plains Sign Talk's antecedents, if any, are unknown, due to lack of written records. But, the earliest records of contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples of the Gulf Coast region in what is now Texas and northern Mexico note a fully formed sign language already in use by the time of the Europeans' arrival there.Wurtzburg, Susan, and Campbell, Lyle. "North American Indian Sign Language: Evidence for its Existence before European Contact," International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol.

The twin war gods, Åhayúta and Mátsailéma, hear the commotion and kill Átahsaia. The two heroes guard the girl during the night. The next day, they kill hundreds of rabbits for her, and send her back to her village. The maiden learns that even though a woman can be a great hunter, it is better for her to marry a great hunter than to be one herself.Jackson and Macfarlan, North American Indian Legends, 2001, p. 54-61.

McElrath (2003) pp. 3-4; Bozeman Daily Chronicle (May 17, 1997) A memorial service was held for him on June 17, 1997 at the Carmichael Auditorium in the National Museum of American History. After his death, the Western History Association established the John C. Ewers Prize, awarded biennially for the best book on the North American Indian ethnohistory. In 2003, The People of the Buffalo: Essays in Honor of John C. Ewers, was published by Tatanka Press.

Without research to support, Sears stated such wood carvings were similar and comparable with other North American Indian art. William H. Marquardt an authority on Calusa wood carvings found only one other slightly comparable tradition, the Northwest Coast tribes. Sears also stated he believed the carved effigies had no community function despite their apparent connection to regional funeral and burial rituals. Sears interprets the pond as a "charnel" pond, with a wooden platform in the pond holding bundled bodies.

The North American Indian, volume 1, 1907 In 1906, J. P. Morgan provided Curtis with $75,000 to produce a series on Native Americans. This work was to be in 20 volumes with 1,500 photographs. Morgan's funds were to be disbursed over five years and were earmarked to support only fieldwork for the books, not for writing, editing, or production of the volumes. Curtis received no salary for the project, which was to last more than 20 years.

A Gathering of Spirit: A Collection of Writing and Art by North American Indian Women was the first published collection of Indigenous women's writing in North America, as well as the first anthology edited by an aboriginal woman.Brant, Beth. The Good Red Road: Journeys of Homecoming in Native Women's Writing, from And Still We Rise: Feminist Political Mobilizing in Canada, ed: Linda Carty, Women's Press, Toronto, , p452Armstrong et al., Native Poetry in Canada: A Contemporary Anthology, Broadview Press, 2001, , p. 47.

Shingebis in North American Indian mythology, is a diver who dared the North Wind to single combat. The Indian Boreas rated him for staying in his dominions after he had routed away the flowers, and driven off the sea-gulls and herons. Shingebis laughed at him, and the North Wind went at night and tried to blow down his hut and put out his fire. As he could not do this, he defied the diver to come forth and wrestle with him.

The US Army sanctioned and actively endorsed the wholesale slaughter of bison herds.Hanson, Emma I. Memory and Vision: Arts, Cultures, and Lives of Plains Indian People. Cody, WY: Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 2007: 211. The federal government promoted bison hunting for various reasons, to allow ranchers to range their cattle without competition from other bovines, and primarily to weaken the North American Indian population by removing their main food source and to pressure them onto the Indian reservations during times of conflict.

Rose Charlie of the Indian Homemakers' Association, Philip Paul of the Southern Vancouver Island Tribal Federation and Don Moses of the North American Indian Brotherhood invited bands from across the province to a conference in Kamloops to discuss the policy and the recognition of Aboriginal title and rights more generally. The conference was a success with over 140 bands represented and it resulted in the formation of the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, an organization dedicated to the resolution of land claims.

In the 1940s, Seminoles living across the state began moving to reservations and establishing official tribal governments to form ties with the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In 1957, most Seminoles established formal relations with the US government as the Seminole Tribe of Florida, which is headquartered in Hollywood, Florida and control the Big Cypress Indian Reservation, Brighton Reservation, Fort Pierce Reservation, Hollywood Reservation, Immokalee Reservation, and Tampa Reservation.Atlas of the North American Indian, 3rd ed. New York: Checkmark Books, 2009. Print.

He felt the crowds were only there to see the exotic Indian Kahkewāquonāby and his native costume, and did not appreciate all the work he had put into becoming a good Christian. Despite his misgivings about the trip, he raised £1000, about two thirds of that total in Scotland, and one third in England.Smith (1987), 199 On August 4, 1845 in Edinburgh Jones was photographed by Robert Adamson and David Octavius Hill. These were the first photographs taken of a North American Indian.

Other towns serve the tourist economy along the edge of the park: St. Mary and East Glacier Park Village, which has an Amtrak passenger station and the historic Glacier Park Lodge. Small communities include Babb, Kiowa, Blackfoot, Seville, Heart Butte, Starr School, and Glacier Homes. The nation celebrates North American Indian Days, an annual festival held on pow wow grounds, near the Museum of the Plains Indian in Browning. Adjacent to the reservation's eastern edge is the city of Cut Bank.

The appendix to Vogel's book lists red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), American pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides), tansy, Canada wild ginger (Asarum canadense), and several other herbs as abortifacients used by various North American Indian tribes. The anthropologist Daniel Moerman wrote that calamus (Acorus calamus), which was one of the ten most common medicinal drugs of Native American societies, was used as an abortifacient by the Lenape, Cree, Mohegan, Sioux, and other tribes; and he listed over one hundred substances used as abortifacients by Native Americans.

In Swedish Sign Language and French Sign Language, the DNS dominates. In British Sign Language and Japanese Sign Language, people may be named with a lexical sign for something related to them. The practice has a counterpart in North American Indian practices in which (spoken) names were also acquired by a personality trait, a physical feature, or especially a defining memorable event, and in which a name might also change if a still more significant occasion seemed to call for it.

Ondrechen is a community leader and activist. She has recently served on the Board of Advisors of the Washington, DC-based Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC), representing the interests of community and tribal stakeholders.Willett, A., (2012) She is the former President of the Board of Directors of the North American Indian Center of Boston (NAICOB)Dunn, J., About NAICOB. (2013). and served as Chair of the Board of Directors of the Albuquerque, New Mexico-based American Indian Science and Engineering Society (AISES) from 2011 to 2013.

Reed worked there until 1927, doing some studio and commercial photography as well as continuing to sell copies of his photographs. Wanderlust again set in. Reed returned for a short time to Minnesota, but then soon began work on yet another studio in San Diego. This venture never actually materialized and by 1930 he had fully retired to San Diego. In the early 1930s, Reed began to work on a book of his photographs under the working title Reed's Photographic Art Studies of the North American Indian.

Charles Ainsworth, his mining partner, was among the many gold-seeking miners Asahel photographed between 1897 and 1899. After working together for a few years, Edward and Asahel parted ways forever after a bitter disagreement over the rights to Asahel's Yukon photos, which Edward had published under his own name. From then on, the brothers traveled separate paths. A 1908 parade in Seattle, tinted photograph by Asahel Curtis Edward concentrated on securing funding for the North American Indian project through lectures and photograph showings.

Originally a trade pidgin, Plains Sign Talk, also known as Plains Standard or Prairie Sign Language, became a full language after children began to learn the language as a first language across many Nations. From "HANDS" and "TO TALK TO," Hand Talk was used as a lingua franca across linguistic and national boundariesDavis, Jeffrey. 2006. "A historical linguistic account of sign language among North American Indian groups." In Multilingualism and Sign Languages: From the Great Plains to Australia; Sociolinguistics of the Deaf community, C. Lucas (ed.), Vol.

Piper also wrote for the De Kiva Journal as an eastern North American Indian foreign correspondent. The De Kivas advocates for Native American rights before the International Human Rights Council in Geneva and is based in Belgium and Netherlands. Piper's son, Kenneth, who is also known as Moonface Bear, was involved on a ten-week standoff between Connecticut State Police and the Colchester, Connecticut, branch of the Golden Hill Paugussett. The standoff stemmed from the illegal sale of untaxed cigarettes on the Colchester portion of the reservation.

CRC Press LLC. pp. 60 Eugénia Maria Guedes Pinto Antunes da Cunha (2006), of the Department of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, said there has been a modern trend in "most of the forensic anthropology literature" to "rename" the term "Mongoloid", a term in which she includes the "North American Indian", with the term "Asian" or "Asiatic". Da Cunha said that, even though the "terminology" has changed, the "underlying assumptions are the same".Aurore Schmitt, Eugénia Maria Guedes Pinto Antunes da Cunha, and João Pinheiro. (2006).

Nanabozho in the flood. (Illustration by R.C. Armour, from his book North American Indian Fairy Tales, Folklore and Legends, 1905) Nanabozho is one of four sons from what some historical and religious scholars have interpreted as spirits of directions.He is descended from a human mother, and his father spiritually impregnated a mother like the virgin birth of Jesus and other gods and heroes cross-culturally. The Anishinaabeg say the mother's name means "nourishment", but Henry Schoolcraft suggests the name is from the Dakota Winona ("first-born daughter").

Born in Kamloops, British Columbia in 1957, Yuxweluptun grew up in Richmond, British Columbia. His father, Ben Paul, belongs to the Cowichan Tribes, a Coast Salish First Nation, and his mother, Connie Paul, is Syilx, part of the Okanagan Nation Alliance. Yuxweluptun's upbringing provided an acute awareness of the issues facing Aboriginal peoples. Growing up in a politically active family, his father, an astute politician, was an active member of the North American Indian Brotherhood, and a founder and former head of the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs.

Cooper, John, 1939, p. 281 Michelson studied Indo-European historical linguistics at Harvard University, completing his doctoral degree in 1904, with further study at the Universities of Leipzig and Bonn in 1904-1905, followed by study with Franz Boas.Cooper, John, 1939, p. 281 Soon after joining the Bureau of American Ethnology, Michelson began an extensive program of field research on North American Indian languages. Much of Michelson's research focused on languages of the Algonquian family. Bibliographies of his publications are available in Boas (1938), Cooper (1939), and Pentland and Wolfart (1982).Boas, Franz, 1938, pp.

During Merriam's multiple trips to western North America to research and catalog biological organisms, he came to rely on the indigenous "locals" (Native Americans) for valuable information about the mammals he was studying. Through these inquiries and encounters, Merriam tried to learn Native languages to communicate with his contacts. He also became fascinated with the Native American cultures of California. As the North American Indian populations decreased dramatically in the late 19th century, Merriam realized that the people, languages, culture, and knowledge of these diverse tribes was being lost.

Benedict worked with mentor Ray Fadden-Tehanetorens to organize the Akwesasne Mohawk Counsellor Organization, which visited historical sites while meeting with other Native nations and learning about their heritage while traveling in the eastern part of North America. Their travels would influence the formation of the White Roots of Peace in the mid-1930s. Benedict started the North American Indian College Traveling College with Michael Kanentakeron Mitchell, as a continuation of the Counsellor Organization. Benedict founded Manitou College as an attempt to create a college composed of mostly Native Americans.

In April 2006 he performed with Joanne Shenandoah in the photography exhibition "Sacred Legacy: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian" at Cemal Resit Rey Concert Hall and MEB Sura Concert Hall in Istanbul. He is frequently cited as an ambassador of Native American culture to the United States and the world. He has also been active on the board of directors of the Lakota Language Consortium, a non-profit organization working towards the Lakota language revitalization. Locke is on the advisory board of the World Flute Society.

In 1970, Cox founded the North American Indian Women's Association (NAIWA) and served as its first national president. She identified the goals of the organization as improvement of home and community, healthcare and education, and intertribal communication, as well as cultural preservation and fellowship. It was one of the first national organizations of Native American women and sought intertribal solutions for women's issues. In 1971, the organization held its first conference in Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, followed a few months later by one in Albuquerque, New Mexico establishing education as its focus for the coming year.

In 1991, Penn was a Resident Writer at the Banff Center for the Arts. He received the North American Indian Prose Award from the University of Nebraska Press in 1994 for All My Sins Are Relatives and an All University Research Completion Grant from Michigan State University to complete the work. In 1996, All My Sins Are Relatives received the Critic's Choice Award for the Most Acclaimed Books of 1995-96. Penn was named Native American Writer of the Year in Non- fiction by the Wordcraft Circle of Native Writers and Storytellers in 1997.

She took on the project to forestall the work of more famous non-Aboriginal authors, who were "dripping at the mouth" to document Native history (Williamson qtd in Jones 60). Slash explores the history of the North American Indian protest movement through the critical perspective of central character Tommy Kelasket, who is eventually renamed Slash. Tommy has encountered intolerance in an assimilationist school system and racist North American society, but his family encourages him to be proud of his Okanagan heritage. He becomes an activist for Aboriginal rights.

Budd attended the Church Missionary Society school which West had established in what was then known as the Red River Colony in what is now the province of Manitoba. Budd would become the first North American Indian to be ordained to the ministry, in 1850. In 1822 the CMS appointed West to head the mission in the Red River Colony. West converted Henry Budd in 1822 Attendance at West's services was encouraging but he alienated many in his congregation such as the Presbyterian Scots by his exclusive use of Anglican liturgy and rites.

The total owed was $4,500, but the charges were dropped. For Christmas of 1927, the family was reunited at the home of his daughter Florence in Medford, Oregon. This was the first time since the divorce that Curtis was with all of his children at the same time, and it had been 13 years since he had seen Katherine. In 1928, desperate for cash, Curtis sold the rights to his project to J. P. Morgan Jr. The concluding volume of The North American Indian was published in 1930.

In 1841 Catlin published Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, in two volumes, with approximately 300 engravings. Three years later he published 25 plates, entitled Catlin’s North American Indian Portfolio, and, in 1848, Eight Years' Travels and Residence in Europe. From 1852 to 1857 he traveled through South and Central America and later returned for further exploration in the Far West. The record of these later years is contained in Last Rambles amongst the Indians of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes (1868) and My Life among the Indians (ed.

He recorded an orchestral work entitled The Choctaw Diaries by the Choctaw composer George Quincy, which was released by Lyrichord Classical on June 17, 2008. In 2008, he joined an all- Native American orchestra called The Coast Orchestra. As a composer, in the spring of 2007 he composed a work for solo cello for the Mohawk cellist, as a part of her North American Indian Cello Project; this work will be released on CD in late 2008. Archambault is a member of the First Nations Composer Initiative and performed at the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. in November 2006.

The country is being modernised, although there are still some people who trust in Mohammed (film) or Christ (a man telling his rosary) or Buddha (film) and there is a Siberian shaman looking remarkably like a North American Indian, and even a reindeer being slaughtered (by axe blows to the neck) as a sacrifice. The film shows crowds of women in full-face veils, but also a modernising country as a woman lifts her veil. Then there are some tundra-dwellers eating raw reindeer meat. It is a travelogue and anthropological document. Lenin’s mausoleum is his alone at this time (1926).

Expositor, Brantford Ontario, 27 May 2003: B1 Following his playing career, Powless coached various All-Indian teams to three national titles, including leading the Rochester Chiefs to the Can-Am Lacrosse League title in 1969. He also coached a team featuring six of his sons to the championship at the North American Indian Lacrosse Tournament, which he later said was one of his biggest thrills. He twice won the Tom Longboat Award as Canada's outstanding First Nations athlete, and was inducted into the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1969. Ross is also a member of the Ontario Lacrosse Hall of Fame.

Thompson, Laurence C. & M. Dale Kinkade "Languages" in Handbook of the North American Indian: Volume 7 Northwest Coast. p.51 One of the first and most notable American maritime fur traders was Robert Gray.The Columbia Rediviva and Lady Washington might have been the first American vessels to trade on the Northwest Coast; possibly the Eleanora under Simon Metcalfe was the first; according to Gray made two trading voyages, the first from 1787 to 1790 and the second from 1790 to 1793. The first voyage was conducted with John Kendrick and the vessels Columbia Rediviva and Lady Washington.

This issue has caused problems for their descendants in the late 20th and 21st- century. The Nation passed legislation and a constitutional amendment to make membership more restrictive, open only to those with certificates of blood ancestry (CDIB), with proven descent from "Cherokee by blood" individuals on the Dawes Rolls. Western frontier artist George Catlin described "Negro and North American Indian, mixed, of equal blood" and stated they were "the finest built and most powerful men I have ever yet seen." By 1922 John Swanton's survey of the Five Civilized Tribes noted that half the Cherokee Nation consisted of Freedmen and their descendants.

Included in Coe's collection were kachina dolls, war bonnets, ceramic pieces and beaded garments. The material he found was located by crisscrossing the country to visit Indian reservations across the United States, where he acquired pieces and learned about the history and significance of the articles he collected. In 1976, an exhibition based on his work titled Sacred Circles: 2,000 Years of North American Indian Art opened at the Hayward Gallery in London. The exhibit was relocated to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1977, where Coe served as the museum's director until 1982.

Noble first became genuinely interested in Native American causes and pride in her heritage during the 1970s. Noble began working at the newly established Boston Indian Council in several different roles beginning in 1972. The Boston Indian Council, which is now known as the North American Indian Center of Boston, was established around this time to provide social services to Native Americans who lived or had recently settled in the Boston Metropolitan Area. These Native Americans included a significant population of Mi'kmaq, who, like Noble, had migrated to Boston from Canada in search of work and opportunities.

Some Indian accounts, however, place the Northern Cheyenne encampment and the north end of the overall village to the left (and south) of the opposite side of the crossing. The precise location of the north end of the village remains in dispute, however. Curtis. (Credit: Northwestern University Library Edward S. Curtis's The North American Indian, 2003). 1:5260 of Custer battlefield — surveyed 1891, detailing U.S. soldiers' body locations Edward Curtis, the famed ethnologist and photographer of the Native American Indians, made a detailed personal study of the battle, interviewing many of those who had fought or taken part in it.

Colorized photograph of chief Mountain Chief During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation. Settlers were also encroaching on their territory. Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies.Murdoch, North American Indian, 34 In 1855, the Niitsitapi chief Lame Bull made a peace treaty with the United States government. The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation.

The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace. The United States passed laws that adversely affected the Niitsitapi. In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi. They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana.Murdoch, North American Indian, 28-29 The winter of 1883–1884 became known as "Starvation Winter" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone.

According to the Cultural Model, the origins of polyphony are connected to the development of human musical culture; polyphony came as the natural development of the primordial monophonic singing; therefore polyphonic traditions are bound to gradually replace monophonic traditions.Bruno Nettl. Polyphony in North American Indian music. Musical Quarterly, 1961, 47:354–62 According to the Evolutionary Model, the origins of polyphonic singing are much deeper, and are connected to the earlier stages of human evolution; polyphony was an important part of a defence system of the hominids, and traditions of polyphony are gradually disappearing all over the world.

At one point, the music exists in the composer's mind. In 1928, Edgard Varèse started working on an opera called L'Astronome based on North American Indian legends, a project he never completed and destroyed the drafts. In 1932, he asked Antonin Artaud to write the libretto of a large scale oratorio, Il n'ya plus de firmament (There is no longer any firmament). In his book Phantasmatic Radio Allen S. Weiss translates the beginning of Artaud's text: The piece was never completed and Varèse turned to other projects, including a radiophonic work involving various synchronised choirs located in different places of the world.

Harry Colebourn and Winnie, the bear from which Winnie-the-Pooh got his name American black bears feature prominently in the stories of some of America's indigenous peoples. One tale tells of how the black bear was a creation of the Great Spirit, while the grizzly bear was created by the Evil Spirit.Lippincott, Joshua B. (2009) Folklore and Legends of the North American Indian, Abela Publishing Ltd., In the mythology of the Haida, Tlingit and Tsimshian people of the Northwest Coast, mankind first learned to respect bears when a girl married the son of a black bear chieftain.

The Death of General Wolfe, 1770 West painted his most famous, and possibly most influential painting, The Death of General Wolfe, in 1770 and it exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1771. The painting became one of the most frequently reproduced images of the period. It returned to the French and Indian War setting of his General Johnson Saving a Wounded French Officer from the Tomahawk of a North American Indian of 1768. When the American Revolution broke out in 1776 he remained ambivalent, and neither spoke out for or against the Revolutionary War in his land of birth.

The household then included Curtis's mother, Ellen Sheriff; his sister, Eva Curtis; his brother, Asahel Curtis; Clara's sisters, Susie and Nellie Phillips; and their cousin, William. During the years of work on The North American Indian, Curtis was often absent from home for most of the year, leaving Clara to manage the children and the studio by herself. After several years of estrangement, Clara filed for divorce on October 16, 1916. In 1919 she was granted the divorce and received Curtis's photographic studio and all of his original camera negatives as her part of the settlement.

Ian W. Brown, Salt and the Eastern North American Indian: An Archaeological Study, Cambridge, Mass., 1980. Salt was still being produced as late as 1755 when the captive Mary Draper Ingles was employed in boiling brine before she escaped from Lower Shawneetown in October of that year. Many 18th century European trade goods were also found at the site, including gun spalls and gunflints, gun parts (sideplate, mainspring, ram pipes, and breech plugs), wire-wound and drawn glass beads, tinkling cones, a button, pendants, an earring, cutlery, kettle ears, a key, nails, chisels, hooks, a buckle, a Jew's harp, and pieces of a pair of iron scissors.

The film opened in New York City and Seattle, Washington in December 1914, with live performances of a score by John J. Braham. Braham had access to wax cylinder recordings of Kwakwaka'wakw music, and the promotional campaign at the time suggested that his score was based on these; in fact, there were few snatches of Kwakwaka'wakw music in the score. Curtis hoped the film would be successful enough to fund the completion of The North American Indian, a multi-volume history of every indigenous tribe on the continent he had been working on since 1906. Although critically praised, the film was a commercial failure.

The natives of the Congo, now two nations, covered by the landmass of the Republic of the Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo does good work of this kind. Carving in relief is common enough, idols being produced in many forms. The South African carves the handle of his spoon perhaps in the form of a giraffe, and in the round, with each leg cut separately and the four hoofs meeting at the bowl, hardly a comfortable form of handle to hold. The North American Indian shows a wider invention than some nations, the twist in various shapes being a favorite treatment say of pipe stems.

Burland was a fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute as well as a member of the British Society of Aesthetics, the Folk- Lore Society of London, and Societe de Americanistes de Paris. Burland's first work was Gods of Mexico (1948), a hitherto unexplored subject for which he researched pre-Columbian religious manuscripts. He authored several works on Native American culture including North American Indian Mythology, published in 1966, Peoples of the Sun: The Civilizations of Pre-Columbian America, published a decade later, and The Incas, published in 1979. Burland is also noted for his research into the occult as related to mythology and magical practices.

One Feather and Katus co- hosted the Red-White TV Dialogue; for seven years, this program aired on over 20 commercial television stations in eight states, reaching an audience of 4.3 million viewers. In 1977, PS created an Indian Advisory Board, which toured Mexico and Guatemala considering an exchange program between Central and North American Indian groups. Phelps Stokes' American Indian Program relied primarily on grants from foundations and corporations, including General Mills Foundation, Donner Foundation, Aetna Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, New Land Foundation, Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, AMAX Corporation and Union Carbide. By the end of the 1970s, the Phelps Stokes budget for American Indian programs was $114,000.

Lomawaima also provides extensive evidence that female pupils were particularly surveilled, with school officials constantly enforcing highly regimented rules about the bodies and behavior of girls who went to school at Chilocco. Because of all of these complexities, They Called it Prairie Light was described in reviews as a highly nuanced book, with Lomawaima permitting messy facts to coexist in the volume, facilitated by her goal of allowing the 61 interviewees to be the primary voice in their stories. They Called it Prairie Light received the 1993 North American Indian Prose Award, as well as the 1995 Critics' Choice Award from the American Educational Association. Lomawaima has also coauthored multiple books.

He studied at Harvard University from 1912 to 1914 under George Lyman Kittredge, writing the dissertation "European Borrowings and Parallels in North American Indian Tales," and earning his Ph.D. (The revised thesis was later published in 1919).(pp. 226-249) This grew out of Kittredge's assignment, whose theme was investigating a certain tale called "The Blue Band",The tale that Pliny Earle Goddard collected and published in Chipewyan Texts (1912) is "The Boy who became Strong". The tale Kittredge refers to is the parallel, Müllenhoff (1845)'s tale "XI. Der blaue Band" from Marne in Dithmarschen, Schleswig- Holstein, Germany, translated by Benjamin Thorpe (1853) as "The Blue Riband".

His North American Indian Card (for which he qualified because his grandmother was a Chippewa) entitled him to citizenship in both the U.S. and Canada, as well as a U.S. passport, which was all he needed for tournament eligibility. Unlike other star centremen, longevity was not Trottier's hallmark. Following his 13th season, his skills seemed to deteriorate precipitously, decreasing from 82 points in 1988 to 45 points just one year later, and 24 points in 1990. After that low output, Islanders management released Trottier from his contract, believing that his best years were behind him and that younger centers such as Pat LaFontaine and Brent Sutter should get his ice time.

Mary Jane Fate (née Evans; September 4, 1933 — April 10, 2020) was a Koyukon Athabascan activist. She was a founding member of the Fairbanks Native Association and the Institute of Alaska Native Arts and worked as a lobbyist for the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. She co-founded the Tundra Times newspaper and served as a director of the corporate board for Alaska Airlines for over two decades. She served as co-chair of the Alaska Federation of Natives between 1988 and 1989, the first woman to serve in the capacity, and was the third president and a founding member of the North American Indian Women's Association.

Starr did not win her re-election bid as Chair. Starr joined the North American Indian Women's Association (NAIWA), an organization formed to foster inter-tribal betterment for Native Americans. In 1977, she attended the National Women's Conference, which was held in conjunction with the United Nations' International Women's Year celebrations. As one of Arizona's four Native American delegates, of specific interest to her were the anti-discrimination resolution passed by the women which addressed minority rights, including the removal of American Indian children from their homes and tribes, as well as the discussion of the failure of Arizona to pass Medicaid legislation to provide health care to low-income families.

2 of Guide to the Collections of the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-02-04. In his unpaid hours over the next 15 years Pilling compiled an extensive bibliography of books and manuscripts on North American languages. He was also responsible for the initial development of the BAE library and for maintaining its archives system. By 1891, a debilitating illness he had contracted during his years of ethnological fieldwork forced him to resign from such administrative duties, but he continued his ethnology work until his death in 1895. In 1885, the BAE published his labour of love as the 1,200-page Proof- sheets of a Bibliography of North American Indian Languages; only 100 copies were printed.

This Day in North American Indian History. Da Capo Press, pp. 99-100. Four witch trials and three executions for witchcraft occurred in the town in the 17th century. Mary Johnson was convicted of witchcraft and executed in 1648, Joan and John Carrington in 1651.List of New England witchcraft cases In 1669, landowner Katherine Harrison was convicted, and although her conviction was reversed, she was banished and her property seized by her neighbors.Brief summary of Katherine Harrison case From 1716 to 1718, Yale University was located in Wethersfield. The Wethersfield elm, pictured in 1917, was the largest in New England at in circumference. Silas Deane, commissioner to France during the American Revolutionary War, lived in the town.

Historian Richard White characterizes such "Indian republics" as multiethnic and autonomous, made up of a variety of smaller disparate social groups: village fragments, extended families, or individuals, often survivors of epidemics and refugees from conflicts with other Native Americans or with Europeans.Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 Cambridge studies in North American Indian history, Cambridge University Press, 1991. In 1749 Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps estimated that the entire town had about 60 cabins,"Relation du voyage de la Belle Rivière faite en 1749, sous les ordres de M. de Céloron," in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 73 vols.

At The Spring, 1908 Roland W. Reed Reed left Montana in 1899 and opened his own photo studio in Ortonville, MN, where his sister Mabel lived with her husband Ova Chamberlin. He quickly developed a multi-state reputation as an excellent portrait photographer, especially of children, and a photographer of local landscapes. As his business grew, he opened a second studio about 250 miles away in Bemidji, MN. After a few years, he began to periodically venture from his Bemidji Studio to photograph the Ojibwe Indians on nearby reservations. In 1907 he sold his Ortonville and Bemidji studios and went to live near the Ojibwe Red Lake Reservation to begin his pursuit of portraying the North American Indian.

"Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations". Science. 268 (5217): 1601–1604. . Contemporary estimates range from 2.1 million to 18 million people living on the North American continent prior to European colonization with the bulk living south of the Rio Grande, but the US Census Bureau stated in 1894 that North America was an almost empty continent in 1492 and that Indian populations "could not have exceeded much over 500,000." The number of Indians dropped to below half a million in the 19th century because of infectious diseases, conflict with Europeans, wars between tribes, assimilation, migration to Canada and Mexico, and declining birth rates.

His first important work was The Moqui Runner, which was followed by A Primitive Chant, and The Sun Vow, all figures of the North American Indian. Several of his earlier American Indian sculptures served as the inspiration for his later contribution to the long running Society of Medalists, Hopi Prayer for Rain. Fountain of Liberty, for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and other Indian themes came later; his Agnese and his Beatrice, which are two fine busts of women, and his nude statuettes, which echo his time spent in Rome and Paris, also deserve mention. One of his principal works is the William McKinley Monument sculpture in Columbus, Ohio, in honor of President William McKinley.

With all of her commercial success as an individual artist, she has also collaborated on famous pieces, even receiving a Grammy nomination for her works as a vocalist and cellist on Grover Washington's album Breath of Heaven, released in 1997. It was released as a Christmas collaboration of many artists, with the main focal point on Washington's soprano saxophone. The album also featured Billy Childs, a renowned jazz pianist that has multiple pieces charting #1 on the jazz album billboards. In addition to touring her most recent downtempo project 50 Shades of Red, Avery tours with the North American Indian Cello Project, in which she premieres contemporary classical works by Native composers.

Edward Ayer went on to amass an enormous collection of books and manuscripts on American history as it pertained to the North American Indian (inclusive of Central America). Ayer was a charter Trustee of Chicago's Newberry Library when it incorporated in 1892. In 1897, he determined to donate his roughly 50,000 pieces to the library, but because of the enormity of the undertaking, this took until 1911 to complete. As of 1941, three major holographs have been discovered in the collection: Bernardino de Sahagún's Latin-Spanish-Nahua dictionary, Father Junípero Serra's 1769 diary, and Father Francisco Ximénez' bicolumnar transcription- translation of the K'iche' Maya oral tradition (today known as Popol Vuh.Lockwood (1929)).

As reported in the 2001 census, the Chinese represented nearly four percent of Alberta's population, and South Asians represented more than two percent. Both Edmonton and Calgary have historic Chinatowns, and Calgary has Canada's third-largest Chinese community. The Chinese presence began with workers employed in the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. Aboriginal Albertans make up approximately three percent of the population. In the 2006 Canadian census, the most commonly reported ethnic origins among Albertans were: 885,825 English (27.2%); 679,705 German (20.9%); 667,405 Canadian (20.5%); 661,265 Scottish (20.3%); 539,160 Irish (16.6%); 388,210 French (11.9%); 332,180 Ukrainian (10.2%); 172,910 Dutch (5.3%); 170,935 Polish (5.2%); 169,355 North American Indian (5.2%); 144,585 Norwegian (4.4%); and 137,600 Chinese (4.2%).

48 By periodically bringing man back to the mythical age, these liturgical cycles turn time itself into a circle. Those who perform an annual ritual return to the same point in time every 365 days: "With each periodical [ritual] festival, the participants find the same sacred time—the same that had been manifested in the festival of the previous year or in the festival of a century earlier."The Sacred and the Profane, p. 69 According to Eliade, some traditional societies express their cyclic experience of time by equating the world with the year: > In a number of North American Indian languages the term world (= Cosmos) is > also used in the sense of year.

Sellers's difficulties in getting his film career to take off, and increasing problems in his personal life, prompted him to seek periodic consultations with astrologer Maurice Woodruff, who held considerable sway over his later career. After a chance meeting with a North American Indian spirit guide in the 1950s, Sellers became convinced that the music hall comedian Dan Leno, who died in 1904, haunted him and guided his career and life-decisions. Sellers was a member of the Grand Order of Water Rats, the same exclusive theatrical fraternity founded by Leno in 1890. In 1958 Sellers starred with David Tomlinson, Wilfrid Hyde-White, David Lodge and Lionel Jeffries as a chief petty officer in Val Guest's Up the Creek.

Because of differing fundamental concepts of music, the languages of many cultures do not contain a word that can be accurately translated as "music" as that word is generally understood by Western cultures . Inuit and most North American Indian languages do not have a general term for music. Among the Aztecs, the ancient Mexican theory of rhetoric, poetry, dance, and instrumental music used the Nahuatl term In xochitl-in kwikatl to refer to a complex mix of music and other poetic verbal and non-verbal elements, and reserved the word Kwikakayotl (or cuicacayotl) only for the sung expressions . There is no term for music in Nigerian languages Tiv, Yoruba, Igbo, Efik, Birom, Hausa, Idoma, Eggon or Jarawa.

In 1946, after the Second World War, the Union of Saskatchewan Indians emerged from the Protective Association and a newly founded "Association of Saskatchewan Indians." In 1945, the North American Indian Brotherhood was founded by Andy Paull as a national lobby group which urged extension of voting rights without loss of Indian rights, removal of liquor offences as a way of ending most of the criminal charges faced by Indian people, and advocating pensions and welfare for Indians on the same level as the Canadian population. In 1956, the Union of Saskatchewan Indians transformed itself into the Federation of Saskatchewan Indians. In 1965, the federation was incorporated by Walter Deiter, Henry Langan, Max Goodwill, Hilliard McNabb and Lucien Bruce.

Curtis had been using motion picture cameras in fieldwork for The North American Indian since 1906. He worked extensively with the ethnographer and British Columbia native George Hunt in 1910, which inspired his work with the Kwakiutl, but much of their collaboration remains unpublished. At the end of 1912, Curtis decided to create a feature film depicting Native American life, partly as a way of improving his financial situation and partly because film technology had improved to the point where it was conceivable to create and screen films more than a few minutes long. Curtis chose the Kwakiutl tribe, of the Queen Charlotte Strait region of the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada, for his subject.

Boyle Street (also called the Downtown East Side or Jasper-East) is a neighbourhood located in central Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, immediately east of the downtown core. The neighbourhood is bounded by Grierson Hill to Rowland Road until Alex Taylor Road and then Jasper Avenue east until 82 Street by the south, 82 Street by the east, 97 Street by the west, and the LRT tracks to the north, with Jasper Avenue and 103A Avenue running through the neighbourhood. The area is ethnically diverse, with a large Chinese community (14.7% of the population in 2001), and Aboriginal descent (4.0% North American Indian, 1.2% Métis, 0.2% Inuit in 2001). The community is represented by the Boyle Street Community League, established in 1946.

Nancy Oestreich Lurie (January 29, 1924 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin - May 13, 2017) was an American anthropologist who specialized in the study of North American Indian history and culture. Lurie’s research specialties were ethnohistory, action anthropology and museology; her areal focus was on North American Indians, especially the Ho-Chunk (aka Winnebago) and the Dogrib (Tlicho) of the Canadian NWT; and the comparative study of territorial minorities. During the mid-20th century, she represented several tribes as an expert witness at a time of Native American activism when tribes were pressing to make claims for compensation of lands they were forced to cede and for which they did not receive adequate payment. Her experience with ethnohistory enabled her to research documentation that helped represent their claims.

Pictou helped create the Boston Indian Council (now the North American Indian Center of Boston), to work to improve conditions for Indians in the city. In 1972 Pictou participated in the Trail of Broken Treaties march of American Indian activists to Washington, D.C. Protesters occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs national headquarters and presented a list of 20 demands to the government, 12 of them dealing with treaty issues. In Boston, Pictou had met Nogeeshik Aquash, from Walpole Island, Canada, and they began a relationship. In 1973 Nogeeshik and Anna Mae traveled together to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota to join AIM activists and Oglala Lakota in what developed as the 71-day occupation of Wounded Knee.

161 Berkeley sailed to England to protest reforms imposed by London, and died shortly after his after landing in May 1677. Cockacoeske and her son signed the Treaty of Middle Plantation with new Virginia Governor Jeffreys on May 29, 1677 by, which other tribes signed in the following years.Tucker, Spencer C., The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, p. 816 Essentially, these tribes accepted their de facto position as subjects of the British Crown, and gave up their remaining claims to their ancestral land, in return for protection from the remaining hostile tribes and a guarantee of a limited amount of reserved land—the first Native American reservation to be established in America.

The ethnographic collection consists of specimens that represent the Lenape and other North American Indian groups, and also include a small number of West African specimens collected to interpret the heritage of New Jersey's African-American population. Additionally, the collection also consists of a small grouping of Asian objects collected by New Jersey donors while they were on business or pleasure trips during the late 19th century through the 1950s. In a move toward reinterpreting the African and Asian works, these objects are now being presented as examples of cultural objects from people who have moved to New Jersey from around the globe. "New Jersey's Original People," "Cultures in Competition" and "A Much Moved People" are on view on the lower level.

There is currently no art museum at City College, thus much of the collection is not on view for the student population or public. The collection includes works by Edwin Howland Blashfield, Walter Pach, Charles Alston, Raphael Soyer, Louis Lozowick, Stephen Parrish, Paul Adolphe Rajon, Mariano Fortuny, Marilyn Bridges, Lucien Clergue, Elliott Erwitt, Andreas Feininger, Harold Feinstein, Larry Fink, Sally Gall, Ralph Gibson, Jerome Liebling, Robert Mapplethorpe, Mary Ellen Mark, Joel Meyerowitz, Dorothy Norman and Gilles Peress. The drawings, prints and photos which comprise the collection are housed within the libraries as a part of the City College archive, where individuals can make appointments to view the works. Some notable works from the collection include several Keith Haring prints and Edward Curtis's The North American Indian.

Friendship Centres emerged out a grassroots movement in the 1950s. The Friendship Centre Movement worked to establish organizations that could provide programs and services to a growing number of Indigenous people who had migrated to urban centres. This migration was largely a result of enfranchisement and assimilation policies in Canada, that meant many people were not allowed to return to their home communities and were forced to relocate to towns and cities. Native Friendship Centre of Montréal Some of the earliest Friendship Centres in Canada include the North American Indian Club, which was registered as a society in Toronto, Ontario in 1951, the Coqualeetza Fellowship Club which opened its doors in 1952 in Vancouver, British Columbia, and the Indian and Métis Friendship Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

The Ritual clown (Heyókȟa) in some Native American culture uses the painfully ridiculous, and is believed to become closer to the gods by its primordiality.Native American Postcolonial Psychology, E Duran, B DuranAmbigere: The Euro-American Picaro and the Native American Trickster, Melus, The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States Vol. 17, No. 1, Spring 1991, F Ballinger Native American clowns are ridiculous in their contrary and rule breaking antics.The Mythology of Evil Among North American Indian Yuroks and Its Implications for Western Spirituality, Anthropology of Consciousness, Volume 7, Issue 3, pages 15–29, September 1996, Royal Alsup, Stanley Krippne, In the film Little Big Man, the sacred clown rides sitting backwards on his horse, "washes" himself with dirt and "dries" himself with water.

New Capitalists: Law, Politics, and Identity Surrounding Casino Gaming on Native American Land. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2004. Print. 224 of the 550 tribes in 28 states operate the 350 Native American gaming enterprises nationwide,Waldman, Carl. Atlas of The North American Indian. 3rd ed. New York: Infobase, 2009. Print. and 68% of Native Americans belong to a tribe with gaming operations. According to the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, these enterprises earned $19.4 billion in 2005. As compared to the $4.5 billion earned by Native American gaming revenues in 1995, these enterprises have shown substantial growth in just 10 years. These enterprises, earning $19.4 billion a year, account for 25.8% of the nation's $75 billion revenue (brought in by the total gaming enterprises in the country).

Among Powell's fellow Society members and associates at the Bureau were William Henry Holmes (member from 1886 to 1933), later Chief of the Bureau of Ethnology and director of Smithsonian American Art Museum; Col. Garrick Mallery (member from 1876 to 1894), the "father" of the study of Indian sign language and pictographs; Alice Cunningham Fletcher (member from 1889 to 1923), the first prominent female American anthropologist who visited numerous North American Indian tribes and transcribed hundreds of their songs before they were lost; Matilda Coxe Stevenson, an ethnologist who documented the Pueblo Indians; and Frank Hamilton Cushing (member from 1890 to 1900), who "went native" and lived with the Zuni Pueblo Indians from 1879 to 1884 to learn about their culture, becoming the first anthropologist to use participant observation as a research strategy.

He attended Tulane University on a football scholarship, and he has a master's degree in Library Science as well as in History. Lyons is also the grandson of Captain Ulysses Grant Lyons, who ran and was briefly pronounced winner of a U.S. house of Representatives seat, before Earl Beshlin was eventually named the winner. Lyons published primarily children's nonfiction books, most of which focused on North American Indian tribes and all of which were published by the now defunct publisher Julian Messener.WorldCat His earliest book was Tales That People Tell In Mexico (1972), and later ones include Andy Jackson and the battles for New Orleans (1976), The Creek Indians (1978), Mustangs, Six Shooters, and Barbed Wire: How the West Was Really Won (1981), and Pacific Coast Indians of North America (1983).

The modern reservation era in Native American history began with the adoption of the Native American Church and Christianity by nearly every Native American tribe and culture within the United States and Canada as a result of Parker and Wilson's efforts. The peyote religion and the Native American Church were never the traditional religious practice of North American Indian cultures. This religion developed in the nineteenth century, inspired by events of the time being east and west of the Mississippi River, Parker's leadership, and influences from Native Americans of Mexico and other southern tribes.Annexation of Native American LandIndian Removal Act of 1830Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867President Andrew Jackson's Manifest DestinyRed River War of 1874–1875Texas–Indian Wars 1821–1875 They had used peyote in spiritual practices since ancient times.

Shute reiterated English claims of sovereignty over the disputed areas in letters to the Lords of Trade and to Governor General Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil of New France. Vaudreuil pointed out in response that France claimed sovereignty over the area, while the Wabanakis maintained possession, and he suggested that Shute misunderstood the way in which European ideas of ownership differed from those of the Indians. In response to the raid on Norridgewock, the Abenakis raided Fort George on June 13Goold, William, Portland in the Past, pp.184-185 which was under the command of Captain John Gyles. They burned the homes of the village and took 60 prisoners, most of whom were later released. The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890: A Political ... edited by Spencer C. Tucker, James Arnold, Roberta Wiener, p.

In November 1953, David P. McAllester, Alan P. Merriam, and Willard Rhodes attended the 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association taking place in the city of Philadelphia. The three found they shared a common interest, particularly in North American Indian music, but also had productive conversation about, "the problems of ethnomusicology, historical, theoretical and methodological, and above all, a need for association and communication with persons with similar interests." The scholars believed that the ever- evolving field of ethnomusicology would be better navigated if the scholars, musicologist, anthropologists, and anyone with passion for ethnomusicology formed a society. The three agreed that producing a newsletter was the first step in founding a society, as it would unite the wider community of scholars to better communicate research and ideas of their fellow scholars.

Initially the band performed under the name Harlequins and comprised Toulson-Clarke (vocals/guitar) and Close (saxophone) together with Paddy Talbot (keyboards), Rob Legge (bass) and Martin Nickson (drums). The band later took the name Red Box, after some deliberation, from a box left behind by the rock group Slade following a performance at college (and in which they had since been storing microphones). The name was favoured for its political (Red) connotations – Toulson-Clarke describes the band members as 'Student Activists'. He was also attracted to the notion of square (Box) being an old North American Indian term for 'white man' (circle being the term for 'man' before Europeans were encountered), a concept which would be explored further on the debut The Circle & the Square album in the song "Heart of the Sun", a line from which gave the album its title.

The alleged associations and origins of crystal skull mythology in Native American spiritual lore, as advanced by neoshamanic writers such as Jamie Sams, are similarly discounted.See discussion of the various claims put forward by Sams, Kenneth Meadows, Harley Swift Deer Reagan and others concerning crystal skulls, extraterrestrials, and Native American lore, in Jenkins (2004, pp. 215–218). Instead, as Philip Jenkins notes, crystal skull mythology may be traced back to the "baroque legends" initially spread by F.A. Mitchell-Hedges, and then afterwards taken up: > By the 1970s, the crystal skulls [had] entered New Age mythology as potent > relics of ancient Atlantis, and they even acquired a canonical number: there > were exactly thirteen skulls. > None of this would have anything to do with North American Indian matters, > if the skulls had not attracted the attention of some of the most active New > Age writers.

If they were descended from Scottish fur traders and Indigenous women, they were often baptized as part of the Presbyterian church if their fathers chose to acknowledge their existence. Case studies have been done on the birth and baptism registers at the St. Gabriel Street Presbyterian Church in Montreal because it provides a good example of how Métis children adjusted to staying temporarily or living in an urban environment that was considerably foreign compared to the remote, rural fur trading settlements or Indigenous camps where they were born. Thus, most Anglo-Métis were the result of relationships, officially recognized by the Church or not, between English and Scottish fur traders and Indigenous women.Brown, J. S. H. (1996). “Fur Trade as Centrifuge: Familial Dispersal and Offspring Identity in Two Company Contexts.” In DeMallie, R. J., & Ortiz, A. (eds.), North American Indian Anthropology: Essays on Society and Culture (pp. 197-219).

In 2015 their 170 acres in Mashpee and an additional 150 acres in Taunton, Massachusetts were taken into trust on their behalf by the US Department of Interior, establishing these parcels as reservation land. On March 27, 2020, under the Trump Administration, the Tribal Council was informed by the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs that reservation designation would be rescinded and, with the US Department of the Interior, over 300 acres of land would be removed from the federal trust. Cedric Cromwell, the tribal chair, said this action is "unnecessary" and "cruel." "This is an existential crisis for tribes," said Jean-Luc Pierite, of the North American Indian Center, a Boston-based advocacy group. On June 6, a US District Court ruling reversed the Department of Interior's ruling ordered the DOI to maintain the reservation status of the tribe’s 321 acres of land until the department issues a new decision.

The review continues to state that the theme regarding identity, home, race, poverty, tradition, friendship, hope and success is seen throughout the entire book, leaving the readers on the edge of their seats and wanting more. Roen says that she could hardly put the book down and is avidly looking for something similar. In the review, "A Brave Life: The Real Struggles of a Native American Boy make an Uplifting Story" published in The Guardian, author Diane Samuels says that Alexie's book has a "combination of drawings, pithy turns of phrase, candor, tragedy, despair and hope … [that] makes this more than an entertaining read, more than an engaging story about a North American Indian kid who makes it out of a poor, dead-end background without losing his connection with who he is and where he's from." In some areas, Samuels criticizes Alexie's stylistic reliance on the cartoons.

Kinepox is an alternative term for the smallpox vaccine used in early 19th-century America. Popularized by Jenner in the late 1790s, kinepox was a far safer method for inoculating people against smallpox than the previous method, variolation, which had a 3% fatality rate. In a famous letter to Meriwether Lewis in 1803, Thomas Jefferson instructed the Lewis and Clark expedition to "carry with you some matter of the kine-pox; inform those of them with whom you may be, of its efficacy as a preservative from the smallpox; & encourage them in the use of it..." Jefferson had developed an interest in protecting Native Americans from smallpox, having been aware of epidemics along the Missouri River during the previous century. A year before his special instructions to Lewis, Jefferson had persuaded a visiting delegation of North American Indian chieftains to be vaccinated with kinepox during the winter of 1801–1802.

Curtis respected the Native Americans he encountered and was willing to learn about their culture, religion and way of life. In return the Native Americans respected and trusted him. When judged by the standards of his time, Curtis was far ahead of his contemporaries in sensitivity, tolerance, and openness to Native American cultures and ways of thinking." alt=portrait of Theodore Roosevelt from 1904, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904, orotone by Curtis Theodore Roosevelt, a contemporary of Curtis's and one of his most fervent supporters, wrote the following comments in the foreword to Volume 1 of The North American Indian: Curtis has been praised as a gifted photographer but also criticized by some contemporary ethnologists for manipulating his images. Although the early twentieth century was a difficult time for most Native communities in America, not all natives were doomed to becoming a "vanishing race.

Additionally, the new Elizabeth P. and Frederick K. Cressman Art Park and public Piazza was created for the display of sculpture. ;TimelineHistory of the Speed Art Museum. Louisville, KY: The Speed Art Museum, 2002. 1927 – The Speed Art Museum is built. More than 74,000 visitors fill the museum in the first year. 1928 – The centenary of Kentucky portrait painter Matthew Harris Jouett is celebrated with a major exhibition of his portraits, many owned by prominent Louisvillians. 1933 – The museum is incorporated as a privately endowed institution and its board of governors was established. 1934 – The museum received its first major donation, a valuable collection of North American Indian artifacts given by Dr. Frederick Weygold. 1941 – Dr. Preston Pope Satterwhite makes a significant gift to the museum – his collection of 15th century and 16th century French and Italian Decorative Arts including tapestries and furniture. 1944 – Satterwhite donates the English Renaissance room, which was moved in its entirety from Devon, England.

In the post- World War Two era, Verna Patronella Johnston was a local activist in Toronto and a crucial figure in the development of the NCCT who created a home for the Indigenous community in Toronto on the Danforth. The Jamieson family, from the Six Nations of the Grand River Reserve, also offered their home as a local meeting place for the Indigenous community. Partnering with the YMCA, the North American Indian Club was formed in 1962. First located at the YMCA at Yonge and College street, the club moved several times in the 1950s and the early 1960s, before landing at 603 Church Street in January 1963 By that time, the club incorporated as the Canadian Indian Centre of Toronto on 4 April 1962. In 1963 approximately 6,000 people dropped by the centre which grew to 10,000 people the following year and more than doubled with 16,000 visitors by 1964-1965.

Finding aids and guides for these and other monographic collections are available online under the Collections/Photographs/Learn More tabs on the ACMAA website.William Henry Jackson (1843–1942), Cañon of the Rio Las Animas, 1882The ACMAA photography collection contains early images of Americans at war, anchored by 55 Mexican–American War (1847–1848) daguerreotypes. The collection houses a copy of Alexander Gardner’s two-volume work, Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War and a copy of Photographic Views of Sherman’s Campaign (1865) by George Barnard. A group of more than 1,400 nineteenth and early twentieth-century portraits of Native Americans that originated with the Bureau of American Ethnology is another of the collection’s highlights, along with a complete set of Edward Curtis's The North American Indian. The ACMAA’s collection of nineteenth-century landscape photographs includes images by John K. Hillers (1843–1925), William Henry Jackson (1843–1942), Timothy H. O'Sullivan (1840–1882), Andrew J. Russell (1830–1902), and Carleton E. Watkins (1829–1916).

Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S ..., Volume 3 By George Washington Cullum, United States Military Academy. Association of Graduates, (Houghton, Mifflin, 1891) pg. 133 He participated in "The Plains" Indian warfare from 1869 to 1876 and also served "Ku Klux" duty in the South, according to a comrade, during the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era when Porter served in various cities between 1871 and 1873, including Chester, South Carolina, Rutherfordton, North Carolina, Lincolnton, North Carolina and then Shelbyville, Lebanon and Louisville, Kentucky while the 7th was charged with suppressing the Ku Klux Klan.Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S ..., Volume 3 By George Washington Cullum, United States Military Academy. Association of Graduates, (Houghton, Mifflin, 1891) pg. 133Duane Schultz, Custer: Lessons in Leadership (Macmillan, 2010), pg. 146The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890, (2011) pg. 144James Michael Martinez, Carpetbaggers, Cavalry, and the Ku Klux Klan: Exposing the Invisible Empire (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 126, 127, 139, 145Mark S. Weiner, Black Trials: Citizenship from the Beginnings of Slavery to the End of Caste (Random House, 2007), pg.

Never before have we seen the Indians of North America so close to the origins of their humanity ... Curtis' photographs comprehend indispensable images of every human being at every time in every place" Don Gulbrandsen, the author of Edward Sheriff Curtis: Visions of the First Americans, put it this way in his introductory essay on Curtis's life: "The faces stare out at you, images seemingly from an ancient time and from a place far, far away ... Yet as you gaze at the faces the humanity becomes apparent, lives filled with dignity but also sadness and loss, representatives of a world that has all but disappeared from our planet." In Shadow Catcher: The Life and Work of Edward S. Curtis, Laurie Lawlor revealed that "many Native Americans Curtis photographed called him Shadow Catcher. But the images he captured were far more powerful than mere shadows. The men, women, and children in The North American Indian seem as alive to us today as they did when Curtis took their pictures in the early part of the twentieth century.

The first book to achieve a sale price of greater than $1 million was a copy of the Gutenberg Bible which sold for $2.4 million in 1978. The book that has sold most copies over $1 million is John James Audubon's The Birds of America (1827–1838), which is represented by eight different copies in this list. Other books featured multiple times on the list are the first folio of Shakespeare's plays with five separate copies, the Gutenberg Bible and The North American Indian with four separate copies each, three copies of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, three separate broadside printings of the United States Declaration of Independence, two printings each of the Emancipation proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, two illustrated folios from the Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp, two copies of the Principia Mathematica, Hortus Eystettensis, Geographia Cosmographia and William Caxton's English translation of Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye have also been repeatedly sold. Abraham Lincoln is the most featured author, with three separate works, while Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Martin Waldseemüller, George Washington, André Breton and Robert Schumann have two separate works each.

Barry Ace's artwork has been exhibited at galleries such as the National Gallery of Canada, including Abadakone in 2019, the Ottawa Art Gallery, Karsh-Masson Gallery, the Art Gallery of Southwestern Manitoba, Winnipeg Art Gallery, the Royal Ontario Museum, and the Canadian Museum of History. Ace's work has been collected by the Canada Council Art Bank, Woodland Cultural Centre, the Royal Ontario Museum, the Ottawa Art Gallery, Indigenous Affairs and Northern Development Canada, the National Gallery of Canada, Nordamerika Native Museum, the City of Ottawa, and Global Affairs Canada. Some notable exhibitions that Ace has been included in have been the Canadian Biennial at the National Gallery of Canada (2017), Insurgence/Resurgence at the Winnipeg Art Gallery (2018), raise a flag: works from the Indigenous Art Collection (2000 - 2015) at OCAD University (2017), It's Complicated with 007 at Central Art Garage (2017), Always Vessels at Carleton University Art Gallery (2017), Every.Now.Then: Reframing Nationhood at the Art Gallery of Ontario (2017), Native Fashion Now: North American Indian Style at the Peabody Essex Museum (2016), Memory Landscape at Museu Nogueira da Silva, Universidade do Minho (2016), and In/Digitized – Indigenous Culture in a Digital World (007 with Special Agent Robert Houle) at SAW Gallery (2013).

They provide unique views of the western landscape, Indian life, natural history, ancient Spanish culture, and life in nineteenth-century American frontier communities. The Frémont Expeditions (1842–44), Emory Expedition (1846–47), Abert Expedition (1846–47), and Simpson Expedition (1849) are among the sources of western survey prints collected by the ACMAA. The ACMAA’s nineteenth-century print collection also includes a copy of the landmark Hudson River Portfolio (1821–25) based on the work of painter William Guy Wall (1792–after 1864) and engraver John Hill (1770–1850); original copper plate etchings of Native Americans as depicted in field studies by Karl Bodmer (1809–1893); a complete set of planographic prints from George Catlin’s North American Indian Portfolio (1844); and ornithological prints from John James Audubon’s landmark book The Birds of America (published 1827-38).Henry Roderick Newman (1843–1917), Anemones, 1876Examples of work in the collection by other noted expeditionary artists include rare nineteenth-century field studies by Edward Everett (1818–1903), Richard H. Kern (1821–1853), John H. B. Latrobe (1803–1891), Alfred Jacob Miller (1810–1874), and Peter Rindisbacher (1806–1834); nineteenth-century views of the American West by John Mix Stanley (1814–1872) and Henry Warre (1819–1898); and early views of San Francisco by Thomas A. Ayres (1816–1858).