There was a messaging that we should use opioids for chronic, non-malignant pain.
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Although there are some non-malignant and non-infectious HIV/AIDS complications that can result in death, these are less common.
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Rabanus dispsutes the claims, telling PEOPLE that Burgett's son has a genetic condition—Neurofibromatosis — that can led to non-malignant brain tumors.
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As Simone Giertz continues to recover from brain surgery she underwent to remove a non-malignant tumor, she's updating fans on her progress as honestly as possible.
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"Imaging techniques (3D ultrasonography and MRI), biomarker and genetic testing have improved over the last 20 years enhancing our ability to differentiate between malignant and non-malignant ovarian conditions," he explained.
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A treatment based on this technology would only work for patients with non-malignant bone marrow diseases, like aplastic anemia, a condition where the body can't make enough platelets and blood cells.
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It was also characterized as having a low risk for addiction among non-malignant pain patients, despite the fact that at the time, rates of opioid dependence among patients prescribed OxyContin were soaring.
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The YouTuber and "Shitty Robots" creator, who announced she had a non-malignant brain tumor in April, shared her first post-op photo update on Monday, uploading a picture of her surgical scar to Twitter.
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It was a masterstroke, and it paid off: Between 210 and 2000, there was a near tenfold increase in OxyContin prescriptions in the US for chronic non-malignant pain, from 670,000 to 6.2 million annually.
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Like Brown, the new patient had a form of cancer and received a treatment involving chemotherapy to wipe out his immune system and replace it, via a stem cell transplant, with non-malignant donor cells.
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"The most compelling evidence of harm has to do with the brain and malignant and non-malignant tumors," says Joel Moskowitz, director of the Center for Family and Community Health at the University of California, Berkeley.
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In a 2628 study of our members, four other treatment methods—physical and occupational therapy, oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, acetaminophen and antidepressants—were prescribed or recommended for patients dealing with non-malignant chronic pain before opioids.
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After a non-malignant brain tumor led her to need brain surgery (and, as she notes with a laugh, caused her to miss a day on her yoga calendar), she focused on making the calendar something that others could have, too.
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Hematopoietic cell transplantation is a standard treatment for a range of conditions, including malignant diseases such as multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and acute myeloid leukemia, as well as non-malignant diseases and autoimmune disorders such as aplastic anemia and thalassemia.
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The researchers observed immune system disorders linked to the absorption of nano-sized E171 particles and found that swallowing regular doses of the additive led to a non-malignant stage of early cancer formation in the colon in 40 percent of animals, INRA said.
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Anyone who needed care deemed extraordinary — cancer, a non-malignant blood disorder (me), a pregnancy, an emergency exam after rape, diabetes… the list is long — and who had even a brief lapse in insurance coverage would find it next to impossible to get covered again.
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The relatively high compensation received by claimants with non-malignant injuries has been an ongoing problem. Ten of the 26 known active trusts in 2008 report their payouts broken down by malignant and non-malignant injuries. During 2007 and 2008 combined, 86 percent of the claims these trusts reported were for non-malignant injuries. Non-malignant claims represented 37 percent of reported trust expenditures in these years.
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Non- malignant inflammatory white blood cells, including eosinophils, are also commonly found in these infiltrates.
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Another sign is autoimmune cytopenias and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and a family history of ALPS or non- malignant lymphoproliferation. A definitive diagnosis is chronic non-malignant lymphoproliferation and/or elevated peripheral blood DNTs plus one primary accessory criterion. A probable diagnosis is the same but with one secondary accessory criterion.
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These neoplastic tissue infiltrates are often accompanied by small non-malignant T-cell lymphocytes and histiocytes that have a reactive morphology.
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Many countries developed standards for radiation therapy of non-malignant diseases, its indications and risks. The DEGRO (the Germany Association for Radiation Therapy) has one working group of "Benign Diseases" and has developed a solid foundation for radiation therapy of non-malignant diseases, its indications and risks. Modifications of Fried's principals have been made, such as the strict exclusion of juvenile patients. Sensitive organs and tissue are also principally avoided.
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The book chronicles Marshall's experience after being diagnosed with a non-malignant tumour, and details her journey back to health. Ruth Marshall lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada with her husband and two sons.
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Igglesden suffered a seizure in 1999 and, after a routine MRI scan, doctors discovered a non-malignant but inoperable brain tumour.Petropoulos T (2004) 'Being alive is all that counts', BBC News, 26 December 2004.
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Fas and Fas-ligand interact to trigger the caspase cascade, leading to cell apoptosis. Patients with ALPS have a defect in this apoptotic pathway, leading to chronic non-malignant lymphoproliferation, autoimmune disease, and secondary cancers.
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There are several non-malignant causes for elevation of thymidine kinase in serum including vitamin B12 deficiency, leading to pernicious anemia viral infections (particularly by virus from the herpes group) and wound healing after trauma and operation.
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Treosulfan in combination with fludarabine is indicated as part of conditioning treatment prior to allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) in adults with malignant and non malignant diseases, and in children older than one month with malignant diseases.
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The host response to cancer therapy is defined as a physiological response of the non-malignant cells of the body (also known as host cells) to a specific cancer therapy. The response is therapy-specific, occurring independently of cancer type or stage.
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After suffering shortness of breath at a Teamsters executive board meeting, Fitzsimmons underwent surgery in late December 1979 which removed a non-malignant tumor in his bronchial passage."Fitzsimmons, Teamsters Chief, Is Back on the Job After Surgery." New York Times. January 7, 1980.
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EBV-associated reactive lymphoid proliferations are a set of disorders in which B cells or NK/T cells proliferate as an apparent reaction to EBV infection. They are usually self- limiting, non-malignant disorders but have a variable possibility of progressing to a malignant lymphoproliferative disease.
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The old diagnostic criteria for the illness included: Chronic non-malignant lymphoproliferation, elevated peripheral blood DNTs and defective in vitro Fas mediated apoptosis. The new criteria require chronic non-malignant lymphoproliferation (over six months lymphadenopathy and/or splenomegaly), elevated peripheral blood DNTs. A primary accessory in diagnosis is defective in vitro Fas mediated apoptosis and somatic or germline mutation in ALPS causative gene (FAS, FASL, CASP10). The secondary accessory in diagnosis are elevated biomarkers (plasma sFASL over 200 pg/ml, plasma IL-10 >20 pg/ml, plasma or serum vitamin B12 >1500 ng/L, Plasma IL-18 >500pg/ml) and immunohistochemical findings on biopsy consistent with ALPS as determined by an experienced hematopathologist.
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The MRN complex's roles in cancer development are as varied as its biological functions. Double-strand DNA breaks, which it monitors and signals for repair, may themselves be the cause of carcinogenic genetic alteration, suggesting MRN provides a protective effect during normal cell homeostasis. However, upregulation of MRN complex sub-units has been documented in certain cancer cell lines when compared to non-malignant somatic cells, suggesting some cancer cells have developed a reliance on MRN overexpression. Since tumor cells have increased mitotic rates compared to non-malignant cells this is not entirely unexpected, as it is plausible that an increased rate of DNA replication necessitates higher nuclear levels of the MRN complex.
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The disease often appears to be a non-malignant proliferation of EBV+ large B cells that are unable to survive outside of the sequestered sites: DLBCL-CI is an aggressive lymphoma with a five-year overall survival rate of 20–35% while FA-DLBCL, usually has a highly favorable outcome.
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Worldwide, EBV infection is associated with 1% to 1.5% of all cancers. The vast majority of these EBV-associated cancers are LPD. The non-malignant, premalignant, and malignant forms of EBV+ LPD have a huge impact on world health. The classification and nomenclature of the LPD reported here follow the revisions made by the World Health Organization in 2016.
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Clusters of glomus cells, of which the carotid bodies and aortic bodies are the most important, are called non-chromaffin or parasympathetic paraganglia. They are also present along the vagus nerve, in the inner ears, in the lungs, and at other sites. Neoplasms of glomus cells are known as paraganglioma, among other names, they are generally non- malignant.
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One of the challenges in using ctDNA as a cancer biomarker is whether ctDNA can be distinguished with cfDNA from normal cells. cfDNA is released by non-malignant cells during normal cellular turnover, but also during procedures such as surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. It is thought that leukocytes are the primary contributors to cfDNA in serum.
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It is the second most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedure, after cesarean section, in the United States. Nearly 68 percent were performed for benign conditions such as endometriosis, irregular bleeding, and uterine fibroids. It is expected that the frequency of hysterectomies for non-malignant indications will continue to fall given the development of alternative treatment options.
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Compared to non-malignant IMR-90 and immortalized but non- malignant MCF-10A human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, ZR-75-1, T47-D, MDA- MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-453, and SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cell lines (see list of breast cancer cell lines) overexpress BLT2 mRNA and protein but show relatively little expression of BLT1 mRNA; treatment of the malignant but not non-malignant cells with a BLT2 antagonist, LY255283, but not a BLT1 antagonist, U75302, blocked proliferation of the cells in culture. LY255283 concurrently caused apoptosis in estrogen receptor negative MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-453 but not estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 and T47-D malignant cells. Since LY255283 also inhibits the BLT1 receptor, the apoptosis-inhibiting action of BLT2 receptors was also demonstrated by showing that siRNA-induced transient Gene knockdown of BLT2 receptors caused apoptosis in the MDA-MB-468 cell line. BLT2 receptors link to the activation of the NADPH oxidase, NOX1 (a synthesizer of the Superoxide anion which is a reactive oxygen species that, when inappropriately overproduced, causes cell death and tissue injury); the attendant increased production of reactive oxygen species and activation of NF-κB appeared responsible for these BLT-2 receptor dependent effects.
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In December 1969, Saugestad was named the head football coach after Edor Nelson resigned the position. Saugestad was the head football coach during the 1970 and 1971 football seasons. From 1981 to 1987, he was also Augsburg's men's athletic director. In the fall of 1995, Saugestad's left kidney shut down, and he underwent six surgeries to diagnose and remove a non-malignant growth.
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Moreover, ~10% of individuals diagnosed with TMD develop acute megakaryoblastic leukemia at some time during the 5 years following its resolution. TMD is a life-threatening, precancerous condition in fetuses as well as infants in their first few months of life. Transient myeloproliferative disease involves the excessive proliferation of non- malignant megakaryoblasts. Megakaryoblasts are hematological precursor cells which mature to megakaryocytes.
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THRLBCL is distinguished from the other DLBCL subtypes by the predominance of non- malignant T-cell lymphocytes and histiocytes over malignant B-cells in its tumors and tissue infiltrates. THRLBCL commonly afflicts middle-aged individuals but has been diagnosed in rare pediatric cases. The disease usually presents with lymphadenopathy, i.e. bulky enlargements of lymph nodes in the neck, arm pit, or groin.
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The diagnosis of THRLBCL, particularly as it pertains to differentiating it from DLBCL and other lymphomas, depends on examining involved tissues obtained by biopsy or operation for their histology, i.e. microscopic anatomy. The tissues involved in THRLBCL commonly show an effacement of their normal architecture by a diffusely growing infiltrate of non-malignant T-cell lymphocytes, histiocytes, and neoplastic (i.e. malignant) B-cells.
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Chlorin photosensitiser tin etiopurpurin is marketed as Purlytin. Purlytin has undergone Phase II clinical trials for cutaneous metastatic breast cancer and Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Purlytin has been used successfully to treat the non-malignant conditions psoriasis and restenosis. Chlorins are distinguished from the parent porphyrins by a reduced exocyclic double bond, decreasing the symmetry of the conjugated macrocycle.
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In 2006, a persistent but apparently benign disease that involved the proliferation of NK cells at multiple sites throughout the intestines was described. This disorder appeared similar to and easily mistaken for a highly malignant disease, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. In 2010, a similarly non-malignant disorder that involved the proliferation of NK cells in the stomach was described. The disease mimicked gastrointestinal lymphomas.
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Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a group of rare, typically non- malignant tumors of the joints. TGCT tumors often develop from the lining of joints (also known as synovial tissue). Common symptoms of TGCT include swelling, pain, stiffness and reduced mobility in the affected joint or limb. This group of tumors can be divided into different subsets according to their site, growth pattern, and prognosis.
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However, LNCaP and PC3 cells also express BLT2 receptors; in LNCaP cells, BLT2 receptors are positively linked (i.e. stimulate the expression of) to the growth- and metastasis-promoting androgen receptor; in PC3 cells, BLT2 receptors stimulate the NF-κB pathway to inhibit the apoptosis caused by cell detachment from surfaces (i.e. Anoikis; and, in BLT2-overexpressing PWR-1E non-malignant prostate cells, 12(S)-HETE diminish anoikis-induced apoptosis.
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Regardless of the exact pathophysiology causing monoclonal immunoglobulin-induced kidney injury, MGRS has a greater morbidity and mortality than other forms of MGUS. Since renal dysfunction usually improves with therapy directed at the underlying plasma cell dyscrasia, MGRS may warrant treatment even when other parameters of plasma cell dyscrasia severity (e.g. low levels of serum monoclonal immunoglobulin and bone marrow plasma cells) suggest the presence of minimal, non-malignant disease.
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He still failed to contract the disease and saw this as proof of his hypothesis that yellow fever was non-contagious. However, it later emerged that the samples used by Ffirth for his experiments had come from late-stage patients who were no longer contagious. Ffirth published his findings in his 1804 thesis, A Treatise on Malignant Fever; with an Attempt to Prove its Non-contagious Non-Malignant Nature.
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A pineal gland cyst is a usually benign (non-malignant) cyst in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain. Historically, these fluid-filled bodies appeared on of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans, but were more frequently diagnosed at death, seen in of autopsies. A 2007 study by Pu et al. found a frequency of 23% in brain scans (with a mean diameter of 4.3 mm).
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By restoring nuclear transport of these proteins to normal, SINEs lead to a buildup of tumor suppressors in the nucleus of malignant cells and reduce levels of oncogene products which drive cell growth, ultimately triggering apoptosis. In vitro, this effect appears to spare normal (non-malignant) cells. Nevertheless, because CRM1 is a pleiotropic gene, inhibiting it affects many different systems in the body, which causes a high rate of adverse reactions.
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Secondary lymphedema is a condition characterized by swelling of the soft tissues in which an excessive amount of lymph has accumulated, and is caused by certain malignant diseases such as Hodgkin's disease and Kaposi sarcoma. Secondary lymphedema also can be caused by several non-malignant diseases, such as lipedema, and can result from the removal of lymph nodes during various cancer surgeries, especially for breast and prostate cancers.
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The treatment of patients with H. heilmanni s.l.-associated diseases has employed the same antibiotic-based drug regiments that have been successfully used to treat and cure H. pylori- associated diseases. These regimens have eradicated the H. heilmanni s.l. bacterium in the stomach to achieve symptomatic relief and total regression of some of the infection-associated non-malignant as well as malignant diseases, particularly extranodal marginal B-cell lymphoma.
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Plantar fascial fibromatosis, also known as Ledderhose's disease, Morbus Ledderhose, and plantar fibromatosis, is a relatively uncommon non-malignant thickening of the feet's deep connective tissue, or fascia. In the beginning, where nodules start growing in the fascia of the foot the disease is minor . Over time walking becomes painful. The disease is named after Dr. Georg Ledderhose, a German surgeon who described the condition for the first time in 1894.
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Chemotherapies, including alkylating agents, microtubule inhibitors, antimetabolites and antibiotics, represent a major systemic therapeutic modality for many cancers. These agents induce death in rapidly dividing cells thus targeting tumor cells, but at the same time damaging healthy tissue. Consequently, non-malignant host cells activate wound healing and inflammatory mechanisms to repair chemotherapy-induced damage. These repair mechanisms have the potential to exacerbate tumor promoting processes such as angiogenesis and metastasis.
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SEMS and self-expanding plastic stents have also been used for non-malignant conditions that cause narrowing or leaks of the esophagus or colon. These include peptic strictures caused by esophageal reflux and perforations of the esophagus. SEMS may also be placed in tandem fashion to treat ingrowth or overgrowth tumours, and fractures or migration of other SEMS. For the latter, the second SEMS in usually deployed within the lumen of the first.
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Sunburn is a form of radiation burn that affects living tissue, such as skin, that results from an overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, usually from the Sun. Common symptoms in humans and other animals include: red or reddish skin that is hot to the touch or painful, general fatigue, and mild dizziness. Excessive UV radiation can be life-threatening in extreme cases. Excessive UV radiation is the leading cause of, primarily, non-malignant skin tumors.
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Portrait of Forrest by Broothorn Studios Forrest had a rodent ulcer removed from his left temple in January 1915, which was initially thought to be non- malignant. Another operation followed in Perth in March 1917, but the cancer returned. He had a third operation in January 1918, after which he was hospitalised for nearly two weeks. The surgeons buried radium in the wound in that hopes that it would help prevent a recurrence.
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Some researchers have suggested that this disease should be regarded as a non-malignant or pre-malignant lymphoproliferative disorder rather than a malignant DLBCL-CI. FA-DLBCL is an Epstein–Barr virus- associated lymphoproliferative disease (EBV+ LPD), i.e. disease in which lymphocytes infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proliferate excessively in one or more tissues. EBV infects ~95% of the world's population to cause no symptoms, minor non-specific symptoms, or infectious mononucleosis.
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By inhibiting the XPO1 protein, SINEs lead to a buildup of tumor suppressors in the nucleus of malignant cells and reduce levels of oncogene products which drive cell proliferation. This ultimately leads to cell cycle arrest and death of cancer cells by apoptosis. In vitro, this effect appeared to spare normal (non-malignant) cells. Inhibiting XPO1 affects many different cells in the body which may explain the incidence of adverse reactions to selinexor.
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It was found that expression of NR2F6 was consistently upregulated in neoplastic tissues in leukemic, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer as compared to non-malignant tissues, while the silencing of NR2F6 induces a reduction of cancer cell proliferation, inhibiting clonogenicity and self-renewal of proliferating cancer cells, and induces differentiation.Ichim, C. V. (2015). Methods and Compositions for treatment of cancer by inhibition of NR2F6 U.S. Patent No. 20,150,291,964. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
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Putative ribosomal RNA methyltransferase NOP2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOP2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a nucleolar antigen expressed in proliferating cells. It is not detectable in non- proliferating normal tissue but is detectable in many human tumors. Overexpression of p120 leads to malignant transformation of 3T3 cells while treatment with antisense p120 mRNA causes the transformed cells to revert to their original non-malignant phenotype.
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Some drugs are specifically directed against dividing cells. They can be used against tumors and viral diseases (both against retrovirus and against other virus), as the diseased cells replicate much more frequently than normal cells and also against some non-malignant diseases related to excessively rapid cell replication (for instance psoriasis). It has been suggested that the antiviral and anti-cancer activity of thymidine analogues is, at least partly, achieved by down-regulation of mitochondrial thymidine kinase.
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She liked the state enough that she decided live there, and found a position teaching first grade. During her years in Oregon, she also continued her education, ultimately graduating from Pacific University in 1899, at the age of twenty-nine. When she was thirty, Wilkson was diagnosed with a breast tumor. She went to a hospital in San Francisco for treatment of the non-malignant mass, where she met her future husband Herbert Atkinson, a medical intern.
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The main imaging tests performed in order to identify renal cell carcinoma are pelvic and abdominal CT scans, ultrasound tests of the kidneys (ultrasonography), MRI scans, intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or renal angiography. Among these main diagnostic tests, other radiologic tests such as excretory urography, positron-emission tomography (PET) scanning, ultrasonography, arteriography, venography, and bone scanning can also be used to aid in the evaluation of staging renal masses and to differentiate non-malignant tumours from malignant tumours.
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This procedure of enhancing the activity of the enzyme is known as enzyme induction. The evidence shows that there is in fact activity of alkaline phosphatase in tumor cells, but it is minimal and needs to be enhanced. Results from this study further indicate that activities of this enzyme vary among the different choriocarcinoma cell lines and that the activity of the alkaline phosphatase protein in these cells is lower than in the non-malignant placenta cells.
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Less often, it is also associated with overt hemophagocytosis (i.e. the engulfment by non-malignant histiocytes of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and their precursor cells that is most commonly found in the bone marrow and other tissues. The syndrome often reflects excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines and severe systemic inflammation similar to that seen in the cytokine storm syndrome. In general, individuals present with a rapidly progressive disease (median time from onset to diagnosis~4 weeks, range 2–12 weeks).
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The malignant B-cells represent <10% of the cells in these lesions and bear resemblances to centroblast, immunoblasts, and/or the Reed–Sternberg cells found in Hodgkin disease, including in particular Hodgkin disease's nodular variant. The non-malignant T-cells generally have a reactive morphology as indicated by their larger than normal size and irregularly shaped cell nuclei. And, the histiocytes, which are not always present in these lesions, have a non-epithelial cell appearance. These infiltrates often resemble these seen in inflammation.
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WR-1065, 2-((aminopropyl)amino)ethanethiol, the active metabolite of amifostine Amifostine is an organic thiophosphate prodrug which is hydrolysed in vivo by alkaline phosphatase to the active cytoprotective thiol metabolite, WR-1065. The selective protection of non-malignant tissues is believed to be due to higher alkaline phosphatase activity, higher pH, and vascular permeation of normal tissues. Amifostine can be administered intravenously or subcutaneously after reconstitution with normal saline. Infusions lasting less than 15 minutes decrease the risk of adverse effects.
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Natural killer cell enteropathy, also termed NK cell enteropathy (NKCE), and a closely related disorder, lymphomatoid gastropathy (LG), are non-malignant diseases in which one type of lymphocyte, the natural killer cell (i.e. NK cell), proliferates excessively in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). This proliferation causes red, sore-like spots, raised lesions, erosions, and ulcers in the mucosal layer surrounding the GI tract lumen. Both disorders cause either no or only vague symptoms of GI tract disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and bleeding.
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If needle techniques are used (such as EUS-NA, TBNA, EBUS-NA, or TTNA) a non-malignant result should be further confirmed by mediastinoscopy as explained above. EUS can reliably reach the lymph node stations 5, 7, 8 and 9. In the superior mediastinum the trachea is somewhat to the right of the esophagus which makes it often possible to reach left-sided area 2 and 4 lymph nodes and, less often, right sided paratracheal lymph nodes.Larsen S et al.
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Studies conducted on the expression of microRNAs in cultured malignant NK cells have also revealed that many are either over- or under-expressed compared to non-malignant cultured NK cells. This dysregulation of thse microRNA genes may reflect the action of products expressed by certain EBV genes and/or the overexpression of the infected cells' MYC gene. In all cases, the epigenetic dysregulation of these genes requires further study to determine its significance for the development and progression of ENKTCL-NT.
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Lymphomatoid granulomatosis involves malignant B cells and reactive, non-malignant T cells and is almost always associated with infection of the malignant B cells by the Epstein-Barr virus; it is therefore considered to be a form of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. The disease is believed to be induced by a combination of Epstein Barr virus infection and immunosuppression through immunosuppressive drugs (with case reports of methotrexate and azathioprine), infections such as HIV or chronic viral hepatitis or endogenous T cell defects.
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Various GATA1 mutations that cause this gene to make GATA1-S but unable to make GATA1 result in the excessive proliferation of platelet precursor cells, reductions in the levels of circulating blood platelets, mild reductions in the levels of circulating red blood cells, and the development of transient myeloproliferative disease (TMD). TMD is a disorder involving the excessive proliferation of non- malignant megakaryoblasts and descendent cells due to the cited truncating mutations in the GATA1 gene. TMD is a necessary predecessor to DS-AMKL.
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In May 1994, Owens-Corning acquired UC Industries, which produced Foamular polystyrene insulation, as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1996, the company changed its name to Owens Corning. In May 1997, Owens Corning acquired Fibreboard Corporation, a vinyl siding and other industrial material manufacturer, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of Owens Corning. The company was ordered to pay $5 million to an asbestos victim in 1997, making it the highest jury verdict in the history of the United States for a single non-malignant asbestos case.
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According to the 50th edition of the British National Formulary (BNF), diamorphine hydrochloride may be used in the treatment of acute pain, myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary oedema, and chronic pain. The treatment of chronic non-malignant pain must be supervised by a specialist. The BNF notes that all opioid analgesics cause dependence and tolerance but that this is "no deterrent in the control of pain in terminal illness". When used in the palliative care of cancer patients, diamorphine is often injected using a syringe driver.
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There are many lymphoproliferative disorders that are associated with organ transplantation and immunosuppressant therapies. In most reported cases, these cause B cell lymphoproliferative disorders; however, some T cell variations have been described. The T cell variations are usually caused by the prolonged use of T cell suppressant drugs, such as sirolimus, tacrolimus, or ciclosporin. The Epstein-Barr virus, which infects >90% of the world population, is also a common cause of these disorders, being responsible for a wide range of non-malignant, pre-malignant, and malignant Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases.
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Procedures for collecting proximal fluids still need to be standardized and non-malignant controls are needed. In addition, environmental and genetic differences between patients can complicate analysis. Secretomic analysis has discovered potential new biomarkers in many cancer types, including lung cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the current standard biomarker for prostate cancer, has a low diagnostic specificity – PSA levels can not always discriminate between aggressive and non-aggressive cancer – and so a better biomarker is greatly needed.
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The hydrochloride salt is available as ampoules of 10 mg/ml solution for injection, 5 mg tablets, and 10 mg suppositories. It is possible that other manufacturers distribute 10 mg tablets and other concentrations of injectable nicomorphine in ampoules and multidose vials. It is used, particularly in the German-speaking countries and elsewhere in Central Europe and some other countries in Europe and the former USSR in particular, for post-operative, cancer, chronic non-malignant and other neuropathic pain. It is commonly used in patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) units.
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In the 1980s the World Health Organization published guidelines for prescribing drugs, including opioids, for different levels of pain. In the U.S., Kathleen Foley and Russell Portenoy became leading advocates for the liberal use of opioids as painkillers for cases of "intractable non-malignant pain". With little or no scientific evidence to support their claims, industry scientists and advocates suggested that chronic pain sufferers would be resistant to addiction. The release of OxyContin in 1996 was accompanied by an aggressive marketing campaign promoting the use of opioids for pain relief.
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Asbestos-related diseases are disorders of the lung and pleura caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibres. Asbestos-related diseases include non-malignant disorders such as asbestosis (pulmonary fibrosis due to asbestos), diffuse pleural thickening, pleural plaques, pleural effusion, rounded atelectasis and malignancies such as lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. People who worked in jobs with high asbestos dust exposure are at the highest risk of developing asbestos-related disease. However, exposure to asbestos may also occur in the worker’s home due to dust that has accumulated on the worker's clothing (para- occupational exposure).
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Physiotherapy in the field of oncology and palliative care is a continuously evolving and developing specialty, both in malignant and non-malignant diseases. Rehabilitation for both groups of patients is now recognized as an essential part of the clinical pathway, as early diagnoses and new treatments are enabling patients to live longer. it is generally accepted that patients should have access to an appropriate level of rehabilitation, so that they can function at a minimum level of dependency and optimize their quality of life, regardless of their life expectancy.
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In the studies referred to below the methods used and the way the results are reported are so different that comparisons between different studies are not possible. The TK1 levels in fetal tissues during development are higher than those of the corresponding tissues later. Certain non-malignant diseases also give rise to dramatic elevation of TK values in cells and tissue: in peripheric lymphocytes during monocytosis and in bone marrow during pernicious anemia. As TK1 is present in cells during cell division, it is reasonable to assume that the TK activity in malignant tissue should be higher than in corresponding normal tissue.
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After a brief spell on loan at Peterborough United, he joined Cardiff City in 1998. Legg was initially unpopular with fans due to his previous spell with South Wales rivals Swansea City, even being sent death threats, former teammate Winston Faerber had his finger sliced open after opening one of Legg's letters which contained a razor blade. However, he eventually became a fan favourite and was awarded the club's player of the season award in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons. In 1999, Legg's wife Lucy noticed a lump on his neck which was later diagnosed as a non-malignant tumour.
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Standard measures are use for the treatment of lymphedema, sensorineural hearing loss, and the other non- malignant anomalies associated with the Emberger syndrome. However, treatment of the disorder's myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia differs somewhat from standard measures. Like other GATA2 insufficiencies, Emberger syndrome is associated with a deficiency of hematological stem and early progenitor cells that is often due to a hereditary loss of one GATA2 gene. Consequently, the use of radical myeloablative conditioning regimens to remove native bone marrow stem/progenitor cells in preparation for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may entail excessive morbidity and mortality.
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The cells respond by producing PPIX (photosensitiser) at a faster rate than the ferrochelatase enzyme can convert it to haem. ALA, marketed as Levulan, has shown promise in photodynamic therapy (tumours) via both intravenous and oral administration, as well as through topical administration in the treatment of malignant and non-malignant dermatological conditions, including psoriasis, Bowen's disease and Hirsutism (Phase II/III clinical trials). ALA accumulates more rapidly in comparison to other intravenously administered sensitisers. Typical peak tumour accumulation levels post-administration for PPIX are usually achieved within several hours; other (intravenous) photosensitisers may take up to 96 hours to reach peak levels.
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Certain lymphomas (extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type and type II enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma) can be mimicked by two benign diseases which involve the excessive proliferation of non- malignant NK cells in the GI tract, natural killer cell enteropathy, a disease wherein NK cell infiltrative lesions occur in the intestine, colon, stomach, or esophagus, and lymphomatoid gastropathy, a disease wherein these cells' infiltrative lesions are limited to the stomach. These diseases do not progress to cancer, may regress spontaneously and do not respond to, and do not require, chemotherapy or other lymphoma treatments.
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Linitis plastica is a widely used term for Brinton's disease (also known as leather bottle stomach), a morphological variant of diffuse (or infiltrating) stomach cancer. In some texts, the term is also used to describe the condition of a rigid, non-distensible stomach which may be caused by a non-malignant condition such as a caustic injury to the stomach. Linitis plastica is a type of adenocarcinoma and accounts for 3-19% of gastric adenocarcinomas. Causes of cancerous linitis plastica are commonly primary gastric cancer, but in rarer cases could be metastatic infiltration of the stomach, particularly breast and lung carcinoma.
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For example, one study involving prostate cancer showed an eight-fold longer mean survival rate for patients with only single CTCs versus those with CTC clusters, while other studies have shown similar correlations for colon cancer. In addition, enumerating CTC clusters can provide useful prognostic information for patients with already elevated CTC levels. However, one study has reported that contrary to existing consensus, at least a discrete population of these clusters are non-malignant, and derive instead from the tumor endothelium. These circulating tumor-endothelial clusters also show epithelial-mesenchymal markers but do not mirror the genetics of the primary tumor.
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In the studies referred to below the methods used and the way the results are reported are so different that comparisons between different studies are not possible. The TK1 levels in fetal tissues during development are higher than those of the corresponding tissues later. Certain non- malignant diseases also give rise to dramatic elevation of TK values in cells and tissue: in peripheral lymphocytes during monocytosis and in bone marrow during pernicious anemia. As TK1 is present in cells during cell division, it is reasonable to assume that the TK activity in malignant tissue should be higher than in corresponding normal tissue.
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A 2005 mortality study of creosote workers found no evidence supporting an increased risk of cancer death, as a result of exposure to creosote. Based on the findings of the largest mortality study to date of workers employed in creosote wood treating plants, there is no evidence that employment at creosote wood-treating plants or exposure to creosote-based preservatives was associated with any significant mortality increase from either site-specific cancers or non-malignant diseases. The study consisted of 2,179 employees at eleven plants in the United States where wood was treated with creosote preservatives. Some workers began work in the 1940s to 1950s.
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Survivin is known to be expressed during fetal development and across most tumour cell types, but is rarely present in normal, non-malignant adult cells. Tamm et al. showed that survivin was expressed in all 60 different human tumour lines used in the National Cancer Institute's cancer drug- screening program, with the highest levels of expression in breast and lung cancer lines and the lowest levels in renal cancers. Knowing the relative expression levels of survivin in different tumour types may prove helpful as survivin-related therapy may be administered depending on the expression level and reliance of the tumour type on survivin for resistance to apoptosis.
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Unlike PC-3 cells, LNCaP and CWR22rv-1 human prostate cancer cell lines require exogenous androgen for their survival; this mimics the androgen dependency exhibited by most human prostate cancers in their early, untreated stages. Both cell lines overexpress BLT2 receptors compared to the PWR-1E non-malignant human prostate cell line. Treatment with the BLT2 receptor antagonist, Ly255283, caused both cell lines to become apoptotic; furthermore, BLT2 receptor knockdown using interference mRNA caused LNCaP but not PWR-1E cell apoptosis. The effect appears due to the loss of BLT2-induced NOX4 generation, consequential reactive oxygen species- induced NF-κB-activation, and NF-κB-stimulated expression of androgen receptors.
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The syndrome includes as its primary symptoms: serious abnormalities of the blood such as the myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia; lymphedema (i.e. fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system) of the lower limbs, and sensorineural hearing loss. However, the anomalies caused by GATA2 mutations are highly variable with some individuals showing little or no such symptoms even in old age while others exhibit non- malignant types of hematological anomalies; lymphedema in areas besides the lower limbs, little or no hearing loss; or anomalies in other tissues. The syndrome may present with relatively benign signs and/or symptoms and then progress rapidly or slowly (i.e.
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EBV+ lymphomatoid granulomatosis (EBV+ LG, also termed lymphomatoid granulomatosis [LG]) is a rare disease that involves malignant B cells and reactive, non-malignant T cells; it is almost always EBV+. This LPD occurs primarily in middle aged males (male:female ratio 2:1). EBV+ LG usually (~90% of cases) presents as a lung disorder with coughing, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, and chest X-rays showing multiple nodular lesions at the base of both lungs. It may also evidence signs and symptoms caused by nodular or infiltrative lesions in the skin, central nervous system, kidney, liver, and/or peripheral nervous system, At presentation the disease usually does not involve lymph nodes.
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Studies show that the alkaline phosphatase protein found in cancer cells is similar to that found in nonmalignant body tissues and that the protein originates from the same gene in both. One study compared the enzymes of liver metastases of giant-cell lung carcinoma and nonmalignant placental cells. The two were similar in NH2-terminal sequence, peptide map, subunit molecular weight, and isoelectronic point. In a different study in which scientists examined alkaline phosphatase protein presence in a human colon cancer cell line, also known as HT-29, results showed that the enzyme activity was similar to that of the non-malignant intestinal type.
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The oxygen effect has particular importance in external beam radiation therapy where the killing of tumour cells with photon and electron beams in well oxygenated regions can be up to three times greater than in a poorly vasculated portion of the tumour. Besides tumour hypoxia, the oxygen effect is also relevant to hypoxia conditions present in the normal physiology of stem cell niches such as the endosteum adjacent to bone in bone marrow and the epithelium layer of the intestine. In addition, there are non-malignant diseases where oxygenated tissues can become hypoxic such as in stenosed coronary arteries associated with cardiovascular disease. Change with ionizing density.
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Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors is characterized by a hypervascular proliferation of apparently non-malignant spindled cells associated with a variable amount of ‘smudgy’ calcified matrix but a small subset of these tumors exhibit malignant histological features and may behave in a clinically malignant fashion. In a series of 15 patients with this disease, 9 were found to have tumors that bore fusions between the FGFR1 gene and the FN1 gene located on human chromosome 2 at position q35. The FGFR1-FN1 fusion gene was again identified in 16 of 39 (41%) patients with phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors. The role of the(2;8)(35;11) FGFR1-FN1 fusion gene in this disease is not known.
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Initially, the risks associated with asbestos exposure were not publicly known. However, an increased risk of developing mesothelioma was later found among naval personnel (e.g., Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard), shipyard workers, people who work in asbestos mines and mills, producers of asbestos products, workers in the heating and construction industries, and other tradespeople. Today, the official position of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the U.S. EPA is that protections and "permissible exposure limits" required by U.S. regulations, while adequate to prevent most asbestos-related non-malignant disease, are not adequate to prevent or protect against asbestos-related cancers such as mesothelioma.
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The EBV+ B cells have numerous non-malignant crippling mutations, often proliferate excessively, and in some cases transform into EBV+ B cell lymphomas. EBV may be involved in the development and/or transformation of these EBV+ B cells to lymphoma but the virus's role in this as well as ATIL is uncertain. The diagnosis of AITL depends on demonstrating TFH cells expressing the appropriated markers, particularly CXCL13; the presence of EBV+ cells supports the diagnosis. The malignant TFH cells in AITL have mutations in their TET2, IDH2, and RHOA genes in 30–83% of cases whereas the malignant cells in PTCL, NOS exhibit these mutations in 17%, 0%, and 0% of cases, respectively.
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Vessels of death or life. Sci Am, 285: 38-45, 2001 These include uncovering the barriers to the delivery and efficacy of molecular and nano-medicines in tumors, developing new strategies to overcome these barriers, and then translating these strategies from bench to bedside.Jain, RK. Normalizing tumor microenvironment to treat cancer: bench to bedside to biomarkers. J Clin Oncol, 31: 2205-18, 2013Video of the award lecture, Normalizing Tumor Microenvironment to Treat Cancer: Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers; 2012 ASCO Annual Meeting He is most celebrated for proposing a new principle – normalization of vasculature – for treatment of malignant and non-malignant diseases characterized by abnormal vessels that afflict more than 500 million people worldwide.
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ENKTCL-NT can be mimicked by two benign diseases which involve the excessive proliferation of non-malignant NK cells in the GI tract viz., Natural killer cell enteropathy, a disease wherein NK cell infiltrative lesions occur in the intestine, colon, stomach, and/or esophagus, and lymphomatoid gastropathy, a disease wherein these cells infiltrative lesions are limited to the stomach. Another lymphoproliferative disorder of the GI tract, indolent T cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract may also mimic ENKTCL-NT. This chronic disorder involves the proliferation of CD+4, CD8+, CD4-/CD8-, or CD4+/CD8+ T cells in the mucosal layers of the GI tract to give a variety of GI tract symptoms.
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The large B cells are infected with EBV in latency III and express this virus's EBER, EBNA2, and LMP-1 genes. The infiltrations typically do not spread beyond these initial sites and there is no evidence of lymph node, spleen, or other tissue involvement: FA-DLBCL appears to be a non- malignant proliferation of EBV+ large B cells. Similar to DLBCL-CI, the development of FA-DLDCL may be due to localized immune suppression at its sites of origin. Unlike DLBCL-CI, however, the large B cells in FA-DLBCL appear unable to proliferate and survive long-term outside of the sequestered sites; consequently, the EBV+ cells tend to spread beyond these sequestered sits and FA-DKBCL does not appear to be a truly malignant disease.
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EBV has been implicated in several diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, stomach cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, multiple sclerosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Specifically, EBV infected B-cells have been shown to reside within the brain lesions of multiple sclerosis patients. Additional diseases that have been linked to EBV include Gianotti–Crosti syndrome, erythema multiforme, acute genital ulcers, oral hairy leukoplakia. The viral infection is also associated with, and often contributes to the development of, a wide range of non- malignant lymphoproliferative diseases such as severe hypersensitivity Mosquito bite allergy reactions, Epstein-Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcers, and hydroa vacciniforme as well as malignant lymphoproliferative diseases such as Epstein–Barr virus-positive Burkitt lymphoma, Epstein–Barr virus-positive Hodgkin lymphoma, and primary effusion lymphoma.
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Given reprimo's inherent role in cancer prevention, investigations have focused on whether it is a point of failure worth monitoring for the purposes of diagnosis. In contrast to non- malignant tissues, in which it has been found in less than eleven percent of samples, methylations to reprimo's promoter region have been detected in a majority of gastric, gallbladder, lymphoma, and colorectal cancers, and in significant proportions of esophageal adinocarcinomas, breast cancers and leukemias. In other types of cancer, the presence of these methylations are not significantly more common than the baseline non-cancerous tissues. In those whom have already been diagnosed with primary pancreatic cancer, there is a correlative relationship to suggest there will be a much worse prognosis when said tissues were found to contain these methylations to reprimo's promoter.
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Veeck and colleagues found all of their eight breast cancer cell lines had complete methylation in the SFRP1 promoter region, while no methylation was detectable in non-malignant cell lines. After treatment with 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine (DAC), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, SFRP1 expression was restored in all four treated breast cancer cell lines, supporting the hypothesis of methylation-mediated SFRP1 gene silencing in breast cancer. Furthermore, the transcriptional silencing mechanism underlying DNA methylation which is brought about through the hypermethylation of CpG-rich islands present in the promoter region of genes, can cooperate with histone deacetylation to change chromatin structure to a repressed form. Lo and colleagues looked at the effects of DAC and trichostatin A (TSA, selectively inhibits the mammalian histone deacetylase family of enzymes) on cancer cells.
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Family members with thrombocytopenia 5 need to be regularly monitored with complete blood count and blood smear screenings to detect the early changes brought on by the malignant transformations of this disease into hematological neoplasms. Patients who developed these transformations have generally been treated similarly to patients who have the same hematological neoplasms but on a non-familial basis. Patients developing non-malignant hematological or non-hematological solid tumor manifestations of thrombocytopenia 5 are also treated like to patients with the same but no- familial disease. The acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with L349P or N385fs mutations in ETV6 appeared far less sensitive to standard chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with 2 among 3 family members moving rather quickly from chemotherapy to bone marrow transplantation and the third family member expiring.
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The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), formally called Human gammaherpesvirus 4, is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis ("mono" or "glandular fever"). It is also associated with various non-malignant, premalignant, and malignant Epstein–Barr virus- associated lymphoproliferative diseases such as Burkitt lymphoma, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and Hodgkin's lymphoma; non-lymphoid malignancies such as gastric cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus such as hairy leukoplakia and central nervous system lymphomas. The virus is also associated with the childhood disorders of Alice in Wonderland syndrome and acute cerebellar ataxia and, based on some evidence, higher risks of developing certain autoimmune diseases, especially dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis.
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The GPR31 receptor appears to mediate the responses of PC-3 prostate cancer cells to 12(S)-HETE in stimulating the MEK-ERK1/2 and NFκB pathways and therefore may contribute to the growth-promoting and metastasis-promoting actions that 12(S)-HETE is proposed to have in human prostate cancer. However, LNCaP and PC3 human prostate cancer cells also express BLT2 receptors; in LNCaP cells, BLT2 receptors stimulate the expression of the growth- and metastasis-promoting androgen receptor; in PC3 cells, BLT2 receptors stimulate the NF-κB pathway to inhibit the apoptosis induced by cell detachment from surfaces (i.e. Anoikis; and, in BLT2-overexpressing PWR-1E non-malignant prostate cells, 12(S)-HETE diminished anoikis-associated apoptotic cell death. Thus, the roles of 12(S)-HETE in human prostate cancer, if any, may involve its activation of either or both GPR31 and BLT2 receptors.
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Individuals with the disease may be immune deficient due to subtle reductions in their immune function or, based on individual case reports, immunodeficiency diseases such as HIV/AIDS, common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, sarcoidosis, methotrexate-treated rheumatoid arthritis, or the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. They may also have, again based on case reports, a history of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases such as chronic hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, or primary biliary cholangitis. EBV+ LG may progress to or become complicated by the non- malignant skin disease, lymphomatoid papulosis, or a second lymphoid malignancy such as Hodgkin lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or diffuse large B cell lymphoma. EBV+ LG appears in part due to the virus causing its infected B cell to release chemokines which attract, and thereby stimulate T cells to injure tissues, particularly blood vessels.
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To date, several international government agencies, as well as individual authors, have developed occupational exposure limits (OEL) to reduce the risk of any possible human health effects associated with workplace exposures to CNT. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a risk assessment using animal and other toxicological data relevant to assessing the potential non-malignant adverse respiratory effects of CNT and proposed an OEL of 1 μg/m3 elemental carbon as a respirable mass 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration. Several individual authors have also performed similar risk assessments using animal toxicity data and have established inhalation exposure limits ranging from 2.5 to 50 ug/m3. One such risk assessment used two data from two different types of exposures to work toward an OEL as part of an adaptive management where there is an expectation that recommendations will be reevaluated as more data become available.
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The diagnoses of NKCE and LG depends on clinical and pathological findings indicating that the two diseases: a) are indolent and non-malignant; b) usually manifested by mild, vague, or no symptoms; c) localize to the GI tract without involvement of the head, neck, or organs such as the liver and spleen; d) consist of one or more lesions localized primarily to the lamina propria of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and/or large intestine (for NKCE} or to the stomach (for LG); and e) involve lesions which contain medium-to large- sized, atypical, and non-clonal lymphocytes that are activated NK cells (see Pathophysiology section) which proliferate at moderately rapid rates (as gauged by, e.g. analysis of their Ki-67 protein levels), lack evidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection, gene mutations, or chromosome abnormalities, and show little evidence of centering around, and destroying, blood vessels.
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In July 2011, Stephenson's judgement was questioned after it emerged that Neil Wallis, a former executive editor of the News of the World had acted as a media consultant to the MPS in 2009 and 2010,Met Police Chief Quits Amid Hacking Claims, Sky News, 17 July 2011. and also that in early 2011 Stephenson received £12,000 of free hospitality from a Champneys health spa, where Wallis was working at the time whilst Stephenson was recovering from surgery for the removal of a non-malignant tumour in his femur. On 14 July 2011, Wallis was arrested by the Metropolitan Police investigating the News of the World phone hacking scandal. On 17 July, in a lengthy statement in which he defended his actions, Stephenson announced his intention to resign as commissioner, saying that questions surrounding his integrity would otherwise become detrimental to the Met as a whole.
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12-HHT stimulates the PC3 human prostate cancer cell line to activate several pro-growth and/or pro-survival signaling pathways including protein kinase B, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase C, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, and (by inducing the proteolytic cleavage and release of a ligand for the Epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] receptor from HB-EGF), EGFR. When detached from surfaces, cultured non-malignant PWR-1E and PC3 prostate cancer cells die by engaging suicidal apoptosis pathways, a reaction termed anoikis. This is accompanied by increased expression of BLT2 receptors, activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), increases in NOX-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ROS-induced activation of the pro-survival transcription factor, NF-κB. Ectopic expression and stimulation of BLT2 receptors by 12(S)-HETE or a synthetic BLT2 receptor agonist, CAY-10583, inhibits whereas Gene knockdown by mRNA interference or pharmacological inhibition by LY255283 enhances these cells' anoikis response to surface detachment.
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Non-malignant disorders associated with secondary HLH include: autoimmune disorders such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile Kawasaki disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, the juvenile onset and adult onset forms of Still's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; immunodeficiency disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, and dyskeratosis congenita); and infections caused by EBV, cytomegalovirus, HIV/AIDS, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Secondary HLH may also result from iatrogenic causes such as bone marrow or other organ transplantation; chemotherapy; or therapy with immunosuppressing agents; About 33% of all HLH cases, ~75% of Asian HLH cases, and nearly 100% of HLH cases caused by mutations in SH2D1A (see X-linked lymphoproliferatgive disease type 1) are associated with, and thought triggered or promoted by, EBV infection. These cases are termed Epstein-Barr virus-positive hemophagocytic lympphohistiocytosis (EBV+ HLH). In EBV+ HLH, the virus may be found in B cells but mainly infects NK and T cells, including cytotoxic T cells.
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In 2007, Slavin established a new center of excellence in Tel Aviv, the International Center for Cell Therapy & Cancer immunotherapy (CTCI). This center was devoted to develop and apply innovative approaches for treatment of cancer and life-threatening non-malignant disorders, including the use of stem cells for regenerative medicine focusing on the use of proprietary technologies for using bone marrow, cord/placenta and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for treatment of neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, treatment of renal failure and diabetes mellitus, repair of cartilage and regeneration of bone. At present, Slavin operates his new clinic, Biotherapy International, The Center for Innovative Cancer Biotherapy & Regenerative Medicine in Tel Aviv. Slavin's current activities focuses on improving the therapeutic effects of cell- mediated strategies based on the use of activated effector cells of the immune system, both T cells and especially NK cells for immunotherapy of cancer aiming for cure by elimination of all existing cancer cells at an early stage of minimal residual disease, in parallel with induction of long-lasting anti- cancer immunity against residual or re-emerging malignant cells.
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As such, innovative reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) or non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) were pioneered by Slavin for safer stem cell transplantation for treatment of malignant and life-threatening non-malignant disorders correctable by using stem cells and post-transplant immunotherapy if indicated for all patients in need. The use of RIC or NST made it possible to apply much safer curative stem cell transplantation for every patient in need with no lower or upper age restriction, including also patients with less than optimal clinical condition that would not be eligible for the standard myeloablative stem cell transplantation.Slavin S, Napier A, Naparstek E, Kapelushnik J et al., Non myeloablative conditioning in preparation for allogeneic stem cell transplantation: the future treatment of choice of hematologic malignancies and genetic diseases, ResearchGate Baxter International recognized the potential of cell therapy and signed an agreement which resulted in major investment with Slavin at Hadassah Medical Center for further development of new approaches based on cell therapy for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation based on new approaches for regulation rather than non-specific suppression of the immune system.
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