Blackface dates back to minstrel shows The origins of blackface date back to the minstrel shows of mid-19803th century.
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They know the racist history of blackface and minstrel shows.
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"It is a minstrel show for women," she told him.
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The format grew out of minstrel shows and medicine shows.
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By 1845, minstrel shows spawned their own industry, NMAAHC says.
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Frederick Douglass called blackface minstrel groups the "filthy scum of white society" in 1848, and the NAACP went to court in 1951 to prevent the televising of the blackface minstrel radio show Amos 'n' Andy.
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A racist caricature from 19th-century minstrel theater still haunts America.
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" We say "mean" because he called Leslie ... "worthy of a minstrel show.
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He cannot help seeing a touch of minstrel show in his act.
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Century-old vaudeville and minstrel posters plaster walls in the light booth.
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It's origins date back to minstrel shows of the mid-19th century.
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The song was a minstrel ballad sung from the perspective of a slave.
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"Dixie" celebrates life in the old South and originated in blackface minstrel shows.
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The Klu Klux Klan started as a joke inspired by the minstrel stage.
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Blackface and minstrel shows have largely been deemed unacceptable and racist by most.
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His most recent book of fiction, "The Ancient Minstrel," was published this month.
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The blackface practice dates back to 19th century minstrel shows that caricatured slaves.
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Or, as Gloria Steinem put it, a "gendered version of a minstrel show"?
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Julia Margaret Cameron, A Minstrel Group, 1867; Mary Dillwyn, The Picnic Party, 1854.
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Minstrel show figures, Blaxploitation heroes and a Norman Rockwell painting inspired other characters.
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Blackface is a shameful American pastime dating to early 19th century minstrel shows.
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At 15, Charles left home to play saxophone with the Rabbit's Foot Minstrel Show.
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Blackface was popularized in the mid-19th century in the U.S. by minstrel performers.
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The origins of blackface date back to minstrel shows of the mid-19th century.
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The origins of blackface date back to the minstrel shows of mid-19th century.
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Minstrel shows were usually the only depiction of black life that white audiences saw.
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Like a sort of digital wandering minstrel, Bagel seduces with his own brand of balladry.
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"I started listening and watching, especially the stuff he took from minstrel shows," he said.
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But given this allegation, I have to remind myself what precisely a "minstrel show" is.
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What materializes, however, is a chilling, goofy stereotype — equal parts minstrel, slave, phantom, and ghost.
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His first hit, "Swanee," was a latter-day minstrel song Al Jolson sang in blackface.
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Minstrel acts were a common part of campus life at many schools into the 22008s.
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It depicts gun violence amid a mélange of racism, minstrel shows, police brutality and mass killings.
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Guitar impresario and professional wandering minstrel John Mayer is single and ready for a relationship. E!
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Gillum has also been the subject of two racist robocalls which feature a minstrel-style voice.
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Gillum has also been the subject of two racist robocalls which feature a minstrel-style voice.
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Pop-oriented rappers trotting out hood stereotypes were quite literally the target of The Minstrel Show.
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They're also racist, riddled with depictions of American Indians as violent "savages" and with minstrel shows.
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It opens with the all-black cast performing a minstrel show and moves on from there.
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But it gradually achieved mainstream popularity once blackface minstrel performers adopted it, in the eighteen-thirties.
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Minstrel shows caricaturized black life in antebellum America, with whites popularizing the myth of happy slaves.
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While many stan, others say she makes Disney music, or that she's just a minstrel act.
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I told my 40-year-old son the story of the minstrel shows a week ago.
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Oh, and a thoroughly annoying Minstrel kept interrupting everyone with his lute and his parable-like ditties.
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In "Blackness in Opera," the musicologist Naomi André writes that Krenek's Jonny was reliant on minstrel caricatures.
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But many aspects of the character reveal Apu to be the brown equivalent of blackface minstrel performances.
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But there were also the instruments we associate more closely with a "minstrel" band—fiddles and banjos.
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The university band no longer plays "Dixie," a Southern folk song with minstrel roots, at sporting events.
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White Supremacy's Minstrel Face The grinning stereotype that shuffled across the minstrel stage owes much to the itinerant actor and New Yorker Thomas Dartmouth Rice, the "father of American minstrelsy," who put on black makeup around 1830 to sing and dance as a character known as Jim Crow.
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The difference is that the cakewalk was performed for the white gaze, eventually devolving into the minstrel show.
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He returned to acting, appearing in silents, serials, and talkies, including Happy Days, a full-length minstrel show.
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They were originally posted around Manhattan to advertise Shakespeare plays, minstrel shows, new American plays and early musicals.
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This minstrel version of Topsy turned into the pickaninny, one of the most damaging racist images ever created.
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Then she moved to a chair, picked up her old minstrel banjo, and sat quite upright, tuning it.
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And the place that minstrelsy took hold was in the North — places like Philadelphia and New York and Boston, where you'd have these theaters dedicated to minstrel acts, where minstrel acts would just move into a theater and do their act night after night after night after night after night.
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One sketch from American Dad transmogrified Houston into a stuttering minstrel in withdrawal, singing to be compensated with crack.
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The spectacle of black suffering has long been turned into entertainment for white people, as the minstrel tradition demonstrates.
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You have little boys going to bed and dreaming about how they can become part of this minstrel show.
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And if you listen to something like "Camptown Races," you can hear in it all of its minstrel properties.
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Though early minstrel shows started in New York, they quickly spread to audiences in both the North and South.
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White entertainers started doing this in the early 1800s, before the Civil War, in traveling song and dance "minstrel" shows.
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City officials performed in blackface in minstrel shows, and black children were allowed in the local pool only on Wednesdays.
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Didion's work is an unrelenting exercise in class superiority, and it will soon be as unendurable as a minstrel show.
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In the minstrel show, blacks — and free blacks in particular — were objects of ridicule, lampooned for seeking equality and respectability.
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With roots in demeaning minstrel-show traditions that date to the 1830s, blackface has a long history in American society.
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In original minstrel shows, white entertainers would paint their faces with burned cork, greasepaint or shoe polish and perform songs.
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In the United States, the racist practice has its roots in 19th century minstrel shows but it also appeared in Europe.
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Vine has been criticized for reinforcing racial stereotypes due to its minimalist nature, drawing frequent comparisons to 19th-century minstrel shows.
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" Comedian Margaret Cho voiced what would probably be the overriding reaction today, calling the Harajuku Girls part of a "minstrel show.
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He doesn't like that she's "playing a minstrel character" on television, and feels that the director is taking advantage of her.
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Residents discovered archival photos of minstrel shows performed in the theatre where they now attend Sunday services and classical music concerts.
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At this concert, you might see her with a violin in hand, or maybe her replica of an 1858 minstrel banjo.
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The minstrel song of the same name was adopted as a kind of anthem of the Confederacy during the Civil War.
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Blackface dates to nearly 200 years, when white performers darkened their faces with polish to mock enslaved Africans in minstrel shows.
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Blackface was used in the mid-19th century by white actors in minstrel shows to depict false stereotypes of black people.
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As Jenée Desmond-Harris explained for Vox in 813, blackface dates back to minstrel shows in the mid to late 281th century.
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Though cultivated in a fusion of cultures, tap dance also has roots in minstrel shows, where it was viewed as American comedy.
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I mean, racial stereotypes are really cute sometimes, and I don't want to bum everyone out by pointing out the minstrel show.
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The most recent robocall, which went out this week, used minstrel-style dialect to imitate Gillum as monkeys screeched in the background.
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The protagonist has deep black skin and oversized red lips that distort and exaggerate African facial features, much like in minstrel performance.
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But that's not really a lineage that Ike is interested in, mostly because Ologun's on-screen character was a stereotypical minstrel buffoon.
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As Jenée Desmond-Harris explained for Vox in 2014, blackface dates back to minstrel shows in the mid- to late 19th century.
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The imagery mirrors racist caricatures of black people that have been around since the days of minstrel shows comparing them to monkeys.
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There's plenty of useful history in this book, including a look at how minstrel performance perverted the public perception of black English.
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This practice was especially common in movies and minstrel shows, and has since led to widespread and innacurate stereotypes of black people.
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He then pointed to a Wikipedia page about minstrel shows, which entailed white people dressing up in blackface to negatively portray black people.
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In the past, white performers wore blackface as a way to mock African-Americans in minstrel shows as lazy, ignorant, cowardly or hypersexual.
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Voter in Florida on Friday were reportedly exposed to racist robocalls mocking Democratic gubernatorial hopeful Andrew Gillum in a black minstrel-style voice.
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Sorry, those little white gloves have their root in minstrel shows, intensely racist vaudeville acts whose repercussions are still seen in today's media.
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As a newspaperman he covered boxing matches that sometimes set Black men against Whites, and he himself appeared in blackface in minstrel shows.
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The tortured minstrel face embodied the assertion that blackness was grotesque in itself because it could never achieve the mythical ideal of whiteness.
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I was a 12-year-old kid at my cousins' school-sanctioned minstrel show near Providence, R.I., where many kids were in blackface.
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The origins of blackface date to 19th-century "minstrel" shows in which white performers covered their faces in black grease paint to caricature slaves.
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The Florida robocall reportedly featured a minstrel-style voice mocking Gillum with jungle noises that played in the background, The Tallahassee Democrat first reported.
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Consider the Coon Chicken Inn, a fried chicken restaurant in Seattle that included a towering minstrel-style blackface (and was, of course, white-owned).
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Is he the profound moral center of the masterpiece, or a minstrel-show character mocked with impunity and sold up the river for laughs?
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Blackface dates back nearly 200 years, when white performers started darkening their faces with polish and cork to mock enslaved Africans in minstrel shows.
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This last week has reinforced that blackface, with its roots in demeaning minstrel-show traditions that date to the 1830s, has never gone away.
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The week has also reinforced that blackface, with its roots in demeaning minstrel-show traditions that date to the 1830s, has never gone away.
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In the late 50s, when I was 8 or 9 years old, I remember attending minstrel shows put on as fund-raisers for schools.
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Suttle is dressed in a dapper suit and bowtie, while Brown dons an ornate dress — costumes that Field says were typical of minstrel performers.
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Japan has had a long history with blackface, with it appearing as early as 1845 when Commodore Perry showed a minstrel show to Japanese officials.
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Harmeet Kaur at CNN delved into the racist roots of blackface: The origins of blackface date back to the minstrel shows of mid-19th century.
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Johan Botha stars as the titular character, a knight minstrel in spiritual crisis, and Eva-Maria Westbroek is the young princess in love with him.
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By the Book The author, most recently, of "The Ancient Minstrel" is an inveterate reader of cookbooks, including Mario Batali, Anthony Bourdain and Gabrielle Hamilton.
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It emerged in the 1820s, where it was used in minstrel shows, which were sort of comic variety shows that depicted people of African descent.
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There is the truly alarming sight of Mr. Glover's body, and the minstrel twitch that sends his limbs spasming and causes his eyes to pop.
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A woman with improbable eyelashes and a Pierrot's face has us gather around an upright piano as she sings a sad tale of a minstrel.
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In their early days, the bands gave black performers a crucial outlet outside of the minstrel and vaudeville roles to which they had been relegated.
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Go deeper: The controversy has reinforced that blackface, with its roots in demeaning minstrel-show traditions that date to the 21s, has never gone away.
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Northam, 59, acknowledged last weekend to having worn blackface - a practice dating to 19th century minstrel shows caricaturing slaves - in 1984 to impersonate Michael Jackson.
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Perdriolle will also feature meditative, pencil-on-paper drawings by the singer Paban Das Baul, a mystic minstrel from the Indian state of West Bengal.
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The cover of an American minstrel show songbook, which depicts a performer dancing in costume and blackface makeup, published by Belmont Music Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1938.
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Minstrel shows could be found throughout the country for decades, Reece said, and then spread into radio, film and television, remaining popular well into the 1900s.
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Blackface, popularized in the mid-19th century in the U.S. by minstrel performers, has historically been used mostly by white people to caricature black people. Gov.
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Foster is known for writing minstrel songs, and the monument has been criticized for depicting a Black banjo player sitting at the feet of the composer.
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When Black Pete was introduced in 19993, he was described as being a Moor from Spain, which is where the minstrel makeup came into play originally.
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Text in the museum honors James Bland, the author of the Mummers' unofficial theme, "O Dem Golden Slippers" — interestingly, Bland was an African-American minstrel composer.
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The use of blackface began in the mid-19th century, when performers would darken their skin and exaggerate their lips as part of traveling minstrel shows.
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The phone recording features a man pretending to be Gillum speaking in an exaggerated black minstrel-style accent as by jungle noises play in the background.
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In another exhibit, a dancer inside a box festooned with black movie posters puts on whiteface in front of a mirror, preparing for a minstrel performance.
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A humorous set-piece in the tradition of the minstrel favorite "The Arkansas Traveler," the record reached the Top 20 of the Billboard country singles chart.
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Together with Carlo Conti, another local, he even wrote "a poetical musical voyage" honoring Pasolini and the late Roman minstrel Alvaro Amici, who died in 2003.
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Nineteenth-century minstrel entertainers spawned a racist caricature that endures to this day when they darkened their faces to portray black people as grinning, dancing simpletons.
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A veteran of minstrel shows and the Chitlin' Circuit, Mabley attracted mainstream attention in the '60s, when she played Carnegie Hall and often appeared on television.
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While the burgeoning immigrant population would head to the Bowery for minstrel shows and revues, upper-class patrons preferred the more refined offerings focused around Broadway.
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" The day after Johnson defeated the former champ Jim Jeffries, Tisserand notes, Herriman drew a "massive pen-and-ink minstrel show titled 'Uncle Tom's Cabin — 1910.
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" She added that minstrel shows and blackface performances both reinforced and popularized the "stereotype of the dimwitted slave who was happy to be in the South.
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As the 19th century wore on, the country swooned over minstrel and vaudeville productions, which often used burnt cork or shoe polish to darken performers' faces.
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In Florida, Andrew Gillum has faced racist robocalls from a neo-Nazi group where a person pretending to be Gillum speaks with an exaggerated minstrel dialect.
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In the photo, Drake is seen wearing Blackface, and a hoodie from Toronto-based label Too Black Guys printed with a minstrel-era cartoon also wearing Blackface.
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The robocall recording begins with someone speaking in a minstrel dialect pretending to be Gillum, according to the Tampa Bay Times, and asking voters to support him.
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He also did a bunch of terrible things, like promoting minstrel shows and jump-starting his career by purchasing a slave he claimed worked for George Washington.
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Instead, she learned the tune was originally performed in blackface in a minstrel show as "One Horse Open Sleigh" at Ordway Hall on Washington Street in Boston.
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An Alabama high school is ending its tradition of playing "Dixie" during football games this year because of the "negative connotations" associated with the minstrel show song.
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It's hypnotic to watch them move from screen to screen: troubadours on the loose, minstrel poets wandering through the landscape, couples in love strolling through a meadow.
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HUNTER BOTS One of Twitter's vilest subcultures is its collection of minstrel accounts, which impersonate Jews and people of color in order to mock and discredit them.
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Like that's annoying and I make it very clear, I don't ever go out for auditions where I feel like I'm making a minstrel out of our people.
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Much has been said by scholars like Christopher Ricks and Sean Wilentz about the way Dylan draws on English ballads, American folk music, minstrel songs, blues, the Bible.
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Nonetheless, everything about the Irishman's performance — from commands that Mr. Mayweather dance to Mr. McGregor's own nonstop nervous shuffling — seemed like something from America's enormous minstrel-show catalog.
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The Providence theory may have sprung up because the band of minstrel musicians with whom he had toured earlier in his career, the Georgia Champions, formed in that city.
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" But he's also terrified by recurring dreams of an amateur minstrel show he saw as a little boy: "The men were recognizable as town leaders despite their heavy makeup. . . .
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She organized the wandering minstrel-style reading (and consulted with doctors about its advisability), which will be performed by students from Yeshiva Mesivta Menachem, in nearby Hastings-on-Hudson.
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The Tallahassee Democrat had the story: The automated calls are narrated by someone pretending to be Gillum and using an exaggerated minstrel dialect with jungle noises in the background.
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The minstrel stage convention of the "pickaninny" rendered black slave children as cheery performers who, the historian Robin Bernstein argues, were "comically impervious to pain" inflicted by their labor.
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While blackface, a signature of minstrel shows, was often performed in public by white men to mock African-Americans, black figurines were found in homes, according to Dr. Barnes.
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When the photos were taken in 2008, Drake may have been trying to offer a conscious critique on the rap industry becoming a modern minstrel show pandering to white audiences.
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China's 55 officially designated minorities are today still depicted in the state's propaganda in terms remarkably like black people in the minstrel shows that were once popular in the West.
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Layered on top of this delicate dance of power is the objective you need to fulfill: meet a witch, recruit a minstrel and have an heir — and other kingly duties.
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In 1904, Rainey married the comedian, dancer and vocalist Will Rainey, and they toured as a duo with a variety of minstrel troupes, billing themselves as Ma and Pa Rainey.
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The origins of blackface date back to 19th century minstrel shows, when white actors covered themselves in black grease paint in a caricature of the singing and dancing of slaves.
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The minstrel show spread rapidly from the Northeast to the rest of the country and came to encompass a range of ready-made stereotypes that new performers could step into.
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And after all, minstrel shows -- a display of racist imagery meant to dehumanize black people -- where blackface originated, was viewed by many whites as a form of all-American fun.
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It doesn't indicate that Trudeau has any clue about the very damaging history of blackface—about how Black people were mocked via awful caricatures and black paint during minstrel shows.
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" Another Facebook group, Artists Against The Mikado, was "dedicated to the controversial idea that minstrel shows where white people dress up as fake Japanese is a little out of date.
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The wall hanging featured a caricature of a Black man, drawing comparisons to a character in a 19th-century minstrel show in which white actors in blackface mocked African-American culture.
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Even as Barnum was exhibiting his Tom Thumb, another dwarf called Tom Thumb was making the rounds; and, in the mid-nineteenth century, minstrel shows were a popular form of entertainment.
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"This kind of black imitation is very reminiscent of blackface minstrel shows," the singer-songwriter Moses Sumney wrote in a letter to the festival, explaining his decision to withdraw from it.
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The first is a minstrel show in which the five black actors play the roles they said they were used to getting — drug addict, criminal — with a kind of Brechtian awkwardness.
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In the audio of one robocall obtained by The New York Times, a man pretending to be Mr. Gillum can be heard talking in the exaggerated accent of a minstrel performer.
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Or something like "Burn Hollywood Burn," where you have Ice Cube and Kane, the star power, plus the video was cool itself with the old racist cartoons and minstrel show stuff.
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"Little Town on the Prairie," published in 1941, included a description of a minstrel show with "five black-faced men in raggedy-taggedy uniforms" alongside a jolting illustration of the scene.
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The scandal is similar to cases in the United States of politicians or other public figures donning blackface, a practice that dates back to 19th century minstrel shows that caricatured slaves.
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She utilizes mementos from Jim Crow in works like "Let Me Entertain You" (1972), to return autonomy to mammy and minstrel figures and re-envision them with a pro-Black message.
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But it also faced rejection by a white supremacist social order uniquely if not uniformly hostile to it — or, perhaps worse, it was allowed to thrive only on the minstrel circuit.
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They're an on-brand minstrel show for the same Trump supporters who would probably vote not to convict the cops who could very well murder one of their relatives in the streets.
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That being said, at least one person in the thread posited a connection to racist minstrel shows from the 19th century that used blackface on white actors to depict African Americans unfavorably.
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Similar racist robocalls have dialed up voters in Florida to target Democratic gubernatorial candidate Andrew Gillum this month, featuring a man speaking in minstrel-style dialect as monkeys screeched in the background.
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Digital blackface extends the historical and ongoing minstrel practice that gives it its name, but new technology also "presents whole new type of animal, more dangerous and more pervasive" than anything before.
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" The author's note to "The Ancient Minstrel," the most rambling yet the most satisfying of these three pieces, identifies it as a fictional continuation of Harrison's 2002 memoir, "Off to the Side.
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The miasma shown is similar to Calamity Ganon's aura, and the placement of this corpse seems to coincide with a legend told to us by our friend Kass, the wandering Rito minstrel.
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Instead, the work reveals an ignorance of issues surrounding the racial appropriation of blackness by whites — a type of privileged identity tourism, evoking no less than the history of blackface minstrel shows.
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Beyond College Campuses and Public Scandals, a Racist Tradition Lingers Blackface, with its roots in demeaning minstrel-show traditions, has persisted in fraternity houses and private clubs, occasionally exploding into public view.
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One of the best has to do with his henpeckedshoe-salesman father, who briefly frees himself from his wife's suffocating influence by taking the part of Mr. Bones in a minstrel show.
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So you have other minstrel acts who come along and try to do what Thomas Dartmouth Rice is doing — a song and a dance, and a black face on their white skin.
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If you wanted to be an entertainer at any point after 1830, you, in all likelihood, were at least going to try to be a blackface minstrel, even if you were black.
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In the late 1980s Ms. Carlos joined Robbie McCauley and Jessica Hagedorn to form Thought Music, a performance-art group that created the updated minstrel show "Teenytown" at Franklin Furnace in 1988.
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An innocuous comment on its own, her words take on a darker tone in view of the types of items she sells and collects: mechanical banks, minstrel postcards, slave documents, K.K.K. pamphlets.
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When people put on shoe polish or whatever it is they are using to execute blackface, they don't necessarily need to be thinking about minstrel shows to know their actions will cause harm.
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Today after returning to NYC after a very... With roots in the 1830s, blackface refers to the practice of white minstrel show performers putting on dark makeup to mock and stereotype African Americans.
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But as his career went on, his grinning stage persona — an expansion on the minstrel shows and New Orleans cabarets of his youth — fell out of step with most African-American listeners' tastes.
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In the audio of one of the robocalls obtained by The New York Times, a man pretending to be Mr. Gillum could be heard talking in the exaggerated accent of a minstrel performer.
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She also hosted a segment featuring two black panelists, Roland Martin and Amy Holmes, who explained the history of blackface, a demeaning practice with a history going back to 19th-century minstrel shows.
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" ("Pickaninny" has long been seen as an offensive term for a black child.) She addresses Mary Poppins in minstrel dialect and invokes the convention of blacking up: "My, but dem's very white babies.
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The name of the minstrel genre's most famous character, "Jim Crow," applied to laws adopted by U.S. states that segregated blacks and whites and remained on the books through the mid-20th century.
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Phipps Soeiro cited Gracie Hwang Lynch's article in the School Library Journal analyzing the children's book and the theory that the Cat in the Hat is a caricature of black (or blackface) minstrel entertainers.
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These days, Amos 'n' Andy is remembered as a prime example of minstrel comedy: characters originally created on radio by white actors who adopted broad black dialect that played up a lack of education.
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He found that blackface had become much rarer by the 1960s, and when it did show up, it was in photographs of private fraternity parties rather than at campuswide public events like minstrel shows.
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Blackface traces its history to 19th-century minstrel shows that mocked African-Americans, and is seen as offensive by many Americans - though its use continued in U.S. popular culture through to the early 21st century.
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Northam denied appearing in the photo but admitted to dressing that year in blackface, which traces its history to 19th-century minstrel shows that mocked African-Americans and is seen as offensive by many Americans.
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The panel "can only wonder what might have been possible if Unmik had undertaken to collaborate with the Panel in good faith, instead of turning this process into a human rights minstrel show," it said.
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In the audio of one robocall placed on Friday and obtained by The New York Times, a man pretending to be Mr. Gillum can be heard talking in the exaggerated accent of a minstrel performer.
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Based on a 2004 performance by the El Paso-born artist, the parodic video features Ibarra in the guise of her alias La Chica Boom, a minstrel Mexican housewife who challenges race and gender stereotypes.
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By the time I got to Little Town on the Prairie, in which Pa performs in a minstrel show and Laura raves about the hilarity of the "darkies," I was old enough that I had grasped without help that minstrel shows were racist, and had developed a strategy for reading such passages: I would say, "Oh my god, Laura," and then skim past to get to the good part about all the girls at Laura's school playing cliquish power games with their calling cards.
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And even when Blacks did begin to make inroads in radio and television, like on Amos and Andy in 1930, those harmful minstrel stereotypes lingered — so much so that there were protests over the Black exploitation.
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But in pro wrestling, where characterization is a part of the performance, and one might have expected hideous minstrel show-type portrayals, the black women were simply lauded as extraordinary athletes and as attractive, desirable women.
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He has explored the American racial divide through a dizzying range of variations on classic, creaky forms: minstrel show ("Neighbors"); 19th-century melodrama ("An Octoroon"); and even the Southern gothic potboiler, replete with closeted skeletons ("Appropriate").
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Because of this behavior, there's a subtle desire for your life to be a type of minstrel show where you perform a type of peaceful, black boy joy and black carefreeness that you don't actually know.
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From early vaudeville and minstrel shows, to television shows like Dick Clark's American Bandstand, to musicians like Elvis Presley, white America has long maintained a largely unacknowledged extractive relationship with the creative output of its black folk.
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Blackface performances in the United States, which have roots in minstrel shows of the early 1800s and became especially widespread during the early 20th century, have persisted despite criticism that they amplify hurtful, demeaning and racist stereotypes.
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She was introduced to its ancestors, like the minstrel banjo, an instrument from the mid-1800s, as well as earlier, homemade gourd instruments that African slaves brought with them to America and continued to make on plantations.
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The black shoes in both styles drew comparisons to blackface, the racist face-painting practice that started as a way for white performers to mock enslaved Africans in minstrel shows using black paint and exaggerated facial features.
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In the United States the use of dark makeup evokes the painful legacy of racism and minstrel shows, in which performers darkened their skin with burnt cork to play characters that perpetuated racist stereotypes about African-Americans.
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In August, an Idaho-based white supremacist group placed racist robocalls to Florida voters in which a man claiming to be Mr. Gillum spoke in the exaggerated accent of a minstrel performer while monkeys screamed in the background.
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As a wandering minstrel with an enigmatic hippie smile, the Scottish folk singer Donovan seems vaguely embarrassed in the title role, while Donald Pleasence and John Hurt run boisterously amok as the villainous baron and his evil son.
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In the center of the painting's intense blue background, a face in minstrel makeup stares out, the image culled from a photograph of Louis Armstrong disguised as a Zulu king at Mardi Gras in New Orleans in 1949.
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The three panes of "Let Me Entertain You" show a minstrel singer with a guitar transforming into a black liberation fighter with a rifle; along the way, his ghostly outline appears atop a horrific photograph of a lynching.
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They say their Carnival getups have nothing to do with the racist minstrel shows and offensive depictions implicit in the blackface legacy that demeans African-Americans -- even when the black makeup is worn by the club's white members.
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His research takes him to a Chinese factory that manufactures racist figurines; a flea market in North Carolina where vendors sell Confederate collectibles; and a neighborhood in Brooklyn where a black artist tries to reclaim minstrel-show themes.
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Mr. McKayle worked in film and television as well, choreographing movies like the animated classic "Bedknobs and Broomsticks" (1971) and the remake of "The Jazz Singer" (1980), starring Neil Diamond, and earning an Emmy nomination for "Minstrel Man" (1977).
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Tucked away in the basement of the university's FLITE Library, the museum contains $1.3 million worth of segregation signs, minstrel show programs, photos of lynchings, and postcards portraying black people as animals, or caricatured beyond recognition as human beings.
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The record that Giddens had just finished making, in Louisiana, with the musician and producer Dirk Powell, "Freedom Highway," is built on the sound of the minstrel banjo, which represents a mid-nineteenth-century phase in the instrument's evolution.
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"The nonsensical rhyme and direct reference to his status as a slave reaffirm his role as a minstrel in Iranian society -- a role that, despite the end of slavery in Iran, still persists in Norooz celebrations today," Baghoolizadeh says.
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Compounding the uproar over that comment, a white supremacist group placed racist robocalls to voters, in which a man claiming to be Mr. Gillum spoke in the exaggerated accent of a minstrel performer while monkeys screamed in the background.
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What is one to make of Mark Steven Greenfield's "Lesson #218" (22002), a lithograph composed of a vintage portrait photograph depicting a grinning white minstrel player in blackface, complete with banjo, clown costume, and mortarboard perched jauntily on his head?
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Similar minstrel frogs populated the 1937 MGM short cartoon "Swing Wedding" and the Warner Brothers classic "One Froggy Evening" (where Michigan J. Frog partly embodies nostalgia for the creativity of Tin Pan Alley music, which was predominantly played by African Americans).
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It also promotes the building of a Dutch slavery museum and it hopes to abolish the black minstrel character called Zwarte Piet, or Black Pete, who appears in Dutch winter holiday celebrations with Sinterklaas, or a kind of Dutch Santa Claus.
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An aging doo-wop group, which claims to pay homage to black people and music by dressing up in old Motown-like get-ups, Afros and blackface, was going to perform a minstrel show on Fuji TV, a national network.
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His daughter, Willie, embodies the Great Migration, sings gospel, marries a light-skinned man who deserts her to pass for white, has her own skin subjected to the paper-bag test, and takes in a minstrel show while she's at it.
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Some of the earliest examples of black cultural appropriation can be found in minstrel shows: vaudeville acts in which white performers would paint their skin tar black and create poor mimicries of the cultural traditions and speech patterns of slaves and free blacks.
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During this era, burlesque and other forms of entertainment like vaudeville, a genre that included varied theatrical acts, and minstrel shows, designed to mock people of African descent using comedy, dancing and music, became viable markets and sources of income for performers.
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Before the screening, TIFF artistic director Cameron Bailey announced that the location had once been home to vaudeville and minstrel shows — a far cry from celebrating a film about the life of Nat Turner and the slave rebellion he led in 1831.
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DeSantis's allies have raced to defend the former congressman against insinuations that he has aligned himself with white supremacists after Road to Power, an Idaho-based white supremacist group, has launched a round of racist robocalls impersonating Gillum with a minstrel-style dialect.
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I'm a middle-class white person, but in the case of people painting themselves black, if they're not mimicking a black person in any other way, not doing the minstrel or mime thing, then it's just the colour that the face is painted.
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The name is obviously meant to be punny, with a joke I have never understood, but the character himself was clearly created as a minstrel caricature with his servility and loyalty reminiscent of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom and Margaret Mitchell's Mammy.
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Kelly went on hiatus from "Megyn Kelly Today" on Thursday, after a Tuesday segment defending white people for wearing dark-pigmented makeup in Halloween costumes — a practice that has a demeaning history going back to the minstrel shows of the 19th century.
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Taking a break from playwriting, she knocked on doors and sent résumés and showed up for local casting calls until in 2010 she snagged a part in Mr. Jacobs-Jenkins's "Neighbors," playing a character named Topsy, derived from the African-American minstrel tradition.
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RUSSONELLO Four banjo-wielding songwriters — Rhiannon Giddens, Amythyst Kiah, Leyla McCalla and Allison Russell — reckon with the history of slavery, particularly women's slavery, on the album "Songs of Our Native Daughters," drawing on slave chronicles and minstrel songs as well as contemporary perspectives.
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Her comments then could have had a far more meaningful impact about healing the deep wounds caused by racism and cultural insensitivity and combating the negative racist portrayals, perceptions and stereotypes that blackface has perpetuated since the minstrel shows of the 1800s.
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Rabbi Jonah Pesner, director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, drew an analogy between Ms. Omar's comments and those who make light of blackface without understanding the hateful history of minstrel shows and how they were used to dehumanize African-Americans.
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More than a century after the heyday of minstrel shows and the peak production of racist objects, some Americans are still learning about the how these cultural products — viewed as forms of entertainment and decorations during the Jim Crow era — dehumanize black people.
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His very presence at Trump Tower offers a dramatic symbol of the racial bait-and-switch that the president-elect has perfected as entertainment: a 21st -century minstrel-meets-reality-show, starring disgraced rap stars, aging sports icons and an assortment of other rogues.
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According to the Tallahassee Democrat newspaper, which first reported on the robocalls, they include jungle noises in the background and a man who pretends to be Gillum, the 39-year-old mayor of Tallahassee, using a minstrel performer's exaggerated accent and speaking about mud huts.
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Cartoon characters' rubberiness, their jazziness, their cheerful buoyance and idleness all chimed with popular images of African Americans, already embodied in minstrel shows and in Joel Chandler Harris's tales of Uncle Remus, which Disney was to make into an animated feature, Song of the South, in 1946.
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As it turns out, she had other stuff to do, and I think the Pink story is really fascinating to me because she was somebody who was sold to us as a minstrel act, who fought really hard to make the music she wanted to make.
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Keith, contending that the war hero Othello wouldn't need to perform a "minstrel show" for these men, rejects that interpretation in favor of something cooler, but it's part of the cleverness of "American Moor" that Keith is now in exactly the position the director imagines for Othello.
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When Northam initially admitted that he was in the offensive photo -- although he reportedly told others he didn't know if he was the blackface minstrel or the Klansman -- he was acknowledging that those racist actions and beliefs were very much a part of who he was.
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And all of those elements are present in that early description of how it feels to watch Fred Astaire dance — as well as in the embarrassed, understated shock of the mixed-race narrator as she realizes that Fred Astaire's shadow dance is a minstrel show and Astaire is in blackface.
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Dickens had written under the pen name Boz, so when Juba went to London in 1848, under the sponsorship of a white blackface minstrel named Gilbert Ward Pelham (the leader at that time of the Ethiopian Serenaders, with whom Juba also toured), the young dancer was billed as Boz's Juba.
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"From its inception," Nick Tosches wrote in "Country: The Biggest Music in America," his classic history of the genre, "country and western was as mongrelized a style as any of earth," describing its origins as an amalgamation of blues and jazz, minstrel comedy, yodeling, Tin Pan Alley and Hawaiian slide guitar.
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The idea that a Michael Jackson costume would need shoe polish to read as "Michael Jackson" seems simultaneously to misread the racial tragedy of Michael Jackson and to practice upon him some very classic blackface-minstrel critique that puts him in his racial place — as a puppet for some white dude.
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Instead, I see a game that's haunted by ghosts; not those confined to its macabre boss fights, but the specter of black culture, appropriated first by the minstrel set then by the Fleischers, Disney and others -twisted into the caricatures that have helped define American cartoons for the better part of a century.
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The 1931 short "The Darktown Revue" is a blatant provocation: In addition to featuring a clownish preacher in a black-in-blackface skit, this parade of negative stereotypes opens with a choir performing the minstrel song "Watermelon Time" with an incongruously pretentious solemnity (the essence of what Micheaux's audience might have deemed "dicty").
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Spending 24 hours filtering 240 years of predominantly American music — battle hymns, black spirituals, war ballads, minstrel tunes, works songs, Tin Pan Alley, Broadway musicals, Motown, Top 40 and lesbian-feminist punk done up in Afro-beat, the blues and Laurie Anderson sci-fi — through the prerogatives of a drag show is daring.
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Mr. Doley pointed to the rapper Kanye West's appearance with Mr. Trump in the Oval Office last year, calling it a "bad and embarrassing minstrel show" that served to only drive black people away from the G.O.P. "People look at that and say, 'I don't want to be a part of that,'" Mr. Doley said.
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A section of the cemetery was reserved for actors, and many of the names on the ledger pages are obscure, like Olive Collins, a teenage performer who died in 1887 after a botched abortion, and Ebenezer Nicholson, a Canadian dwarf nicknamed Little Mac who had a brief heyday after the Civil War as a minstrel performer.
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N.L." Stefon sketch: "phony 'fashion shows,' lap dancers from Jumbo's Clown Room, guys in dog suits performing pop-rock hits in Scooby-Doo voices; a twisted minstrel calling himself Mr. Banjo, who sat atop a 10-foot-high stool performing murder ballads and sea chanteys peppered with tasteless jokes about child molestation; and, of course, the Nude Breakdancer.
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As for black people, including the slaves only recently freed by the Civil War and also in search of safe homes, there are none besides the smiling Dr. Tan, who appears only to save all the white settlers along the Kansas creek from "fever 'n' ague," though at one point the townspeople put on a horrid minstrel show.
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Two pieces from 303 that represent her shift from the mystical to the political — "Black Crows in the White Section Only," which brings together a variety of racist advertisements, and "Let Me Entertain You," which shows a minstrel singer with a guitar transforming into a black liberation fighter with a rifle — serve as a kind of coda.
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Written in 1858 by a former slave turned writer and abolitionist, the play is one of the earliest known examples of African-American dramatic literature, but has rarely been staged, probably due to Brown's frank approach to the sexual reality of a female slave and its bracingly dark comedy, which includes scenes of torture as well as characters from the era's minstrel tradition.
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White actors (who used items like burnt cork, greasepaint, and shoe polish to darken their skin) performed exaggerated and highly racist caricatures of black people, presenting white audiences with a dehumanized image of African Americans, who at the time were disenfranchised and denied basic rights under racial caste systems like Jim Crow laws (in fact, the name "Jim Crow" came from a minstrel character).
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Some said they were a sign that Colombia was stuck in its own traditions but were unsure if the performance should be changed, while others were quick to say the paint was distinctively different than "blackface" in the United States, where it was was employed for centuries to scapegoat and negatively stereotype African Americans, particularly as costumes in minstrel shows that ridiculed black communities.
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Also brought up in the conversation over Chinese racism: The Chinese version of Disney's "The Force Awakens" poster, which minimized black British hero John Boyega's image, and the continued popularity of a brand of toothpaste called Darlie -- a scrubbed version of its original name, "Darkie," which should be obvious to anyone who sees the grinning minstrel image that's still prominently featured on the product's packaging.
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